Picturepedia An Encyclopedia on Every Page ( PDFDrive )

GERMANY POLAND UKRAINE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WHO PRODUCES WHAT?
In Poland nearly 50 per Agriculture is one of Ukraine’s most
cent of the land is used successful businesses, producing Almost 50 per cent The top 50 foods produced in the largest quantities
for agriculture. profits of between 40 and 60 per cent. of land in the Russian across the world are listed in the key below. The
Federation is forest, two countries that produce the greatest amount
TURKEY so only a tiny proportion of each food are shown on the map. Some larger
is used for agriculture. countries, like India and China, produce a vast
amount of food, but need most of it to feed
their own population.

ITALY FOODS KEY Sorghum
FRANCE Sugar cane

Maize (corn) Palm oil

Rice Aubergine

ASIA Wheat Peanuts

Cow’s milk Sunflower seeds

EUROPE Potatoes Plantains
Cassava Carrots and turnips
Soya beans Chillies and peppers

Sugar beet Millet

AFRICA CHINA Tomatoes Tangerines and
China is the leading Barley mandarins
PHILIPPINES producer of many of Pig meat Peas (dry and green)
the top 50 foods. Watermelon Lettuce
Bananas Garlic
IVORY PAKISTAN INDIA OCEANIA Sweet potatoes Oats
COAST UGANDA Chicken meat Spinach
India is the world’s Apples Beans
NIGERIA largest producer Water buffalo milk Cauliflower and
Agriculture is very of many fruits and Grapes broccoli
important to Nigeria’s vegetables, such Rapeseed Peaches and
economy, employing as bananas. Oranges nectarines
about 70 per cent of Cabbages and other brassicas Cheese
MALAYSIA INDONESIA Cucumbers and gherkins Olives
the population. Indonesia is the main Eggs Rye
producer of palm oil. Cattle meat Lemons and limes
Yams Triticale

Coconuts

MEAT FRUIT, NUTS,
AND SEEDS
For thousands of years, animals have been reared to
provide meat. Most large farms specialize in just one Tropical fruit like bananas and
type of animal, raising cattle (cows and bulls) for beef, coconuts, and Mediterranean
pigs for pork, sheep for lamb and mutton, and deer for fruit like oranges, lemons, and
venison. Pigs are the most popular because limes need sunshine and warmth
their meat can be used in many ways. to grow. These major crops in
warm countries are exported (sent
abroad) to colder places that do BANANAS PLANTAINS PEACHES AND
not have the right climate to grow OLIVES NECTARINES
them. Fruit can be picked and
CHICKEN PIG COW eaten straight away, used to GRAPES TOMATOES
make juices, or added to recipes.
Grapes are also harvested to
make wine, and olives to make
oil for salads and cooking.

CUCUMBERS AUBERGINES CARROTS PEANUTS TANGERINES AND APPLES ORANGES LEMONS AND LIMES
AND GHERKINS AND TURNIPS MANDARINS

YAMS CHILLIES AND PEPPERS CAULIFLOWER AND BROCCOLI DWATTYAHETEESAEFRRFIMRSROSEATMLGORONNEIECNHAOARERRLGDYVYOEP5SFT,0TA00 WATERMELONS COCONUTS

199



Culture

World WHICH FAITH? BUTASSRRNTURAIODACECNLHLMEIEGDSEOAIIVTOBNGIAENUDESCME,C,KTNTAEHCTONNROETTOBEASTUEMSHGSEH,
religions
Christianity is the largest of the
A religion is a collection of beliefs that attempts world religions. The number of
to explain the meaning of life. Most religions followers of any religion changes
recognize a supreme power, usually a god or all the time, as people decide to join
gods. There are many different faiths worldwide, or leave a faith, or to convert from
most with their own laws and history set down one to another.
in sacred books. The followers of a faith unite
through prayer, rituals, and beliefs. 33% WORLD RELIGIONS
14% BY PERCENTAGE

12.3% Christianity
Islam
21% Hinduism
Buddhism
0.2% Sikhism
0.5% Judaism
Other religions
No religious belief

6%

13%

SYMBOL CHRISTIANITY SYMBOL HINDUISM
Cross Letter for the sacred
Christians believe in one God and in his son, Jesus Christ. Their There are hundreds of millions of Hindus worldwide. Their religion
holy text, the Bible, tells how Jesus was born on Earth to be the sound “OM” includes many gods and goddesses, the greatest being Brahma.
saviour of humankind. His teachings gave rise to Christianity, of Hindus believe in reincarnation: the cycle of life, death, and rebirth
which there are various branches. These include the Protestant, that continues until the soul is set free. Most of them worship by
Roman Catholic, and Orthodox churches. Each has a different saying individual prayers, and do not attend communal services,
form of worship, but they all pray to the same God. although they join together at festivals.

GANESH NADI TEMPLE
Hindu temples are built in
Elephant-headed many styles. This one is
Ganesh is the Hindu the Nadi temple in Fiji.
god of learning
and new ventures.

ICONS ST PETER’S SQUARE KRISHNA
The square lies at the heart Usually shown with blue
The Orthodox Christian church uses of the Vatican City, in Rome, skin, Krishna is one of the
icons – often paintings such as this one where the Pope, head of the
of the infant Christ with his mother best-loved Hindu gods.
Mary – as a focus for prayers. Catholic Church, lives.
BUDDHISM
CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL
This English cathedral is Buddhists do not worship a single, creator god.
one of the oldest and They follow a way of thinking based on the teachings
most important Christian of Siddhartha Gautama, born a prince in 5th-century
buildings in the world. India, who became known as the Buddha. Through
recurring lifecycles, Buddhists hope to reach a
SYMBOL ISLAM SYMBOL state called Nirvana – freedom from all suffering.
Crescent Wheel of law
and star The people who belong to this religion are called Muslims. They
live according to the Five Pillars of Islam: faith, prayer, fasting,
alms-giving, and pilgrimage. Their holy book is the Qur’an,
which contains the word of the one Muslim God, Allah, as told
to the Prophet Muhammad. Muslims pray at five set times
every day. On Fridays, Muslims gather for prayers at a mosque.

FACING MECCA STUPA BUDDHIST NOVICE
Dome-shaped mounds Boys as young as
At prayer, Muslims kneel called stupas were built all
facing the direction of the over Asia to house Buddhist seven years may enter
holy city of Mecca, to which relics. This one is in Buddhist monasteries as
all aim to make a pilgrimage. Sri Lanka.
trainees, or novices.
JUMEIRAH MOSQUE QUR’AN GIANT BUDDHA
In this copy of the Qur’an This giant-sized statue PRAYER FLAGS
The mosque is the centre the text is surrounded by of the Buddha in Uva Buddhist flags, fluttering
of a Muslim community – ornate borders. Province, Sri Lanka, is in the mountains of Nepal,
a place for people to pray, carved from solid rock. carry prayers into the wind.
meditate, and learn.

202

SYMBOL JAINISM SYMBOL BAHA’I
Hand and wheel Nine-pointed star
Followers of this faith, who are One of the world’s newest
called Jains, mostly live in India. religions, Baha’í began in Persia
They believe, in common with (now Iran) in the mid-19th
members of many other religions, century. The aim of the faith is to
that we die and are reborn in a achieve world peace and to strive
repeating cycle. If a person can for justice and equality among
become truly spiritual, the soul people of all religions.
becomes free. Jains respect all
JAIN LAL MANDIR TEMPLE life, including plants and insects, LOTUS TEMPLE
and reject violence. Built in the shape of a lotus flower,
Built in 1658, this is one of the oldest the Baha’í Temple in New Delhi,
temples in New Delhi, India. Within India, is open to people of all faiths.
the ornate buildings there is also a
hospital for birds.

SYMBOL SHINTO SYMBOL TAOISM
Sacred gate Yin and Yang
Arising out of Japanese folklore, (two opposites) Tao means “the way” – the
Shinto developed as a religion GATEWAY natural force or power that TAO FESTIVAL
more than 2,000 years ago. The gateway, known as a torii, to the SYMBOL controls the Universe. People gather outside a colourful
Followers believe in the existence Shinto shrine on Miyajima Island in Guardian angel According to Taoism, people Chinese Taoist temple in Thailand to
of divine spirits, or kami. At Shinto Japan stands in the sea. must accept this power, while celebrate the Vegetarian Festival.
places of worship, called shrines, trying to lead peaceful and
people pay respect to the kami, unselfish lives. Believers
and honour them with many rites hope they will eventually be
and festivals. able to free their spirits and
become immortal.

SYMBOL SIKHISM ZOROASTRIANISM
Circle and swords
The faith was founded in northern India, where many Sikhs today live Founded by Zoroaster, a prophet who
or have family links. In Sikhism, there is one God, who makes his will ZOROASTER lived in ancient Persia (now Iran),
known through gurus (teachers). Believers worship regularly in The prophet believed that Zoroastrianism is more than 2,500
temples known as gurdwaras. At a Sikh service there are prayers, his God, Ahura Mazda, had years old. Followers believe in Ahura
a sermon, and hymns from the sacred Sikh book called the Guru appeared to him in visions. Mazda, the Supreme Creator of the
Granth Sahib. Meditation is an important part of the religion. world, and the eternal struggle
between good and evil. Their holy
DRESS RULES book is called the Avesta.
Male Sikhs always Zoroastrians worship in temples,
have a beard. Their where they hold many ceremonies.
long hair, which is
never cut, is fastened
in a bun and covered
with a turban.

GOLDEN TEMPLE THE GURU GRANTH SAHIB SYMBOL CONFUCIANISM
The Sikh holy text
Built in the state The Chinese This religious philosophy comes
of Punjab, northern contains hymns written character for water from the teachings of Confucius,
India, at the beginning or collected by gurus. a 5th-century Chinese thinker and
of the 17th century, (a life source) is reformer. Kindness, honourable
this famous Sikh sometimes used. behaviour, and respect for family
temple is sited in are key beliefs.
the middle of a lake.
GREAT THINKER
A statue of Confucius stands at

the entrance to the Confucian
Temple in Shanghai, China.

SYMBOL JUDAISM SYMBOL CAO DAI
Star of David Divine Eye
This is the religion of the Jewish people, who can trace their roots Originating in Vietnam, Cao Dai
back to the Hebrews who lived in the Middle East almost 4,000 was founded in 1926. The faith
years ago. Judaism has one God. Followers worship in buildings takes some of its practices
known as synagogues under the guidance of spiritual leaders from other religions, including
called rabbis. Teachings on Judaism are found in the Torah, or Roman Catholicism and
Hebrew Bible, and the Talmud, which is the Jewish code of law. Buddhism. Followers of Cao
Dai would like to see all people
living at peace with each other. TAY NINH TEMPLE
They worship a Supreme Being This elaborate building at Tay Ninh
and honour many saints. in Vietnam is the most important
temple of the Cao Dai faith.

THE WESTERN WALL INDIGENOUS RELIGIONS
Also known as the Wailing Wall, this
stone wall in the city of Jerusalem is From Africa to the Americas, indigenous
considered a holy site by Jewish people. religions are found among remote peoples
untouched by the major faiths. These
religions, which include the widespread
practice of shamanism, often involve
contact with the spirits.

TORAH SCROLL MENORAH BELIEF IN PROTECTION
Followers of indigenous religions often
The scroll, which The menorah, or carry objects – like this African nutshell
contains the Torah seven-branched doll – as protection against harm.
handwritten in
Hebrew, is read in candlestick, is
the synagogue. an important

Jewish symbol.

203

World JANUARY FEBRUARY

celebrations On 1 January, people around the There is a lot of extravagant
world are eager to party as they dressing up, with two big
Throughout the year, in nearly every welcome in a new year. In Rajasthan, carnivals this month in
country or community, people celebrate India, it is time for the world-famous Brazil and in Venice, Italy.
special events with festivals. Many annual Camel Festival that takes It’s also Chinese New
of these events are religious or have place in the desert town of Bikaner. Year, with two weeks
historic links to the farming seasons. of celebrations and
Often, a festival is a joyful holiday with NEW YEAR’S EVE family gatherings.
music, processions, delicious food and, Firework displays
sometimes, gifts. light up cities all over

the world as the
old year turns into

a new one.

BIKANER CAMEL RIO CARNIVAL, BRAZIL
Costume parades, dancing
FESTIVAL, INDIA competitions, loud music, and
Wearing a colourfully feasting last for five riotous days.
decorated bridle,

a camel waits to
perform. Camels
are a much-valued

part of everyday
life in Rajasthan.

FESTIVAL OF AUGUST JULY RAMADAN AND

THE PIG, FRANCE In August, it’s holiday time Heading the festivals is EID AL-FITR
One of the funniest for many. Pigs and a very Independence Day on 4 July. A Moroccan
festivals is found in This celebrates the day in 1776 shopkeeper sells
the French Pyrenees. messy tomato fight are trays of pastries
People dress as pigs, among the fun events on when America declared its baked for Eid.
race piglets, and offer. There are also arts independence from Great This holiday of
challenge each other festivals to enjoy. One of the sweet treats ends
to make the most most important is held in Britain. In Siena, Italy, a historic a month of fasting
lifelike pig noises. horserace takes place. A body- during Ramadan.
Edinburgh, Scotland.
painting festival in Austria is
INDEPENDENCE DAY, USA a popular modern event.
Decorated with the American Stars and Stripes
TOMATO BATTLE, flag, a festive cake takes centre table at
a 4th July celebration.
SPAIN
La Tomatina, as it EDINBURGH FESTIVAL BODY-PAINTING PALIO HORSERACE, SIENA
is called in Spain, Drama, dance, music, and comedy Bareback riders race through the
takes place at the are just some of the events at this FESTIVAL, AUSTRIA streets of Siena. Each wears colours
Scottish cultural festival. At this event, human representing a district of the city.
town of Buñol, bodies are transformed
near Valencia. into amazing works of
Thousands gather art. The festival includes
for a mock fight competitions and displays from
around the world.
with tonnes
of squashy
tomatoes.

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER

Mid-autumn Festival, Moon Festival, Harvest Homes light up in October. Diwali, HALLOWEEN
Festival: these are some of the names for the “festival of lights”, is a big
occasion in the Hindu calendar. Carving a lantern
feasts all over Southeast Asia at full moon. The The date varies, but often falls in from a pumpkin
celebrations were once held to give thanks for October. On 31 October, things get is traditional at
the rice harvest. Harvest celebrations are also spooky when grinning pumpkin Halloween. The
an informal part of the Christian calendar. lanterns appear for Halloween.
festival has ancient
HARVEST FESTIVAL DIWALI roots and developed
Fruit and flowers Hindu people light their houses with
candles and oil lamps to symbolize from ceremonies
decorate a Christian the triumph of good over evil. held to honour
church for the dead.

Harvest Festival.

TET TRUNG MOON FESTIVAL, CHINA
THU, VIETNAM
Scary masks and Rich pastries known as
dancing in the streets mooncakes are made for
are for children to enjoy the autumn moon festival
in Vietnam’s version of in China and other parts
the Mid-autumn Festival. of Southeast Asia.

204

CHINESE NEW YEAR MARCH APRIL POISSON D’AVRIL (APRIL FISH)
On 1 April, children in France
Hidden beneath The feast of St Patrick, Beware of practical jokers pin pictures of fish on their
the costume of a patron saint of Ireland, on 1 April, a day for making friends’ backs for a joke.
fantastic lion with falls on 17 March. The “April Fools” of everyone –
huge swivelling day of Holi, the Hindu or “April Fish” in France.
spring festival, changes More solemn are the major
eyes, performers each year. The Jewish events of the Christian and
dance to bring holiday of Purim varies, Jewish calendars.
good luck for too, according to the
the new year. Hebrew calendar.

HOLI PASSOVER

Whatever the date of Holi, the fun This festival remembers the freeing
is the same as people bombard of the Jewish people from slavery
each other with coloured 3,000 years ago. People eat a
powders and water. special meal including an egg,
herbs, and a lamb bone.

VENICE CARNIVAL ST PATRICK’S DAY PURIM EASTER
On the last day of this annual two-week public
Many Irish people wear Shaking a wooden The Christian holiday celebrates
event in Venice, people crowd the streets green on their saint’s rattle is part of the Jesus Christ’s resurrection after
wearing elaborate masks and costumes. day, and celebrate with his crucifixion. Gifts of chocolate
music and parades. religious service or sugar eggs symbolize rebirth.
for Purim. The day

remembers how
Jewish people in

ancient Persia
escaped a deadly
plot against them.

JUNE MAY

In northern regions, APPLE FLOWER FESTIVAL, DENMARK People have long celebrated
midsummer’s day falls Held on the small Danish island of Lilleø, the warmer days and spring
between 20 and 22 June. this tiny festival celebrates the blossoming growth that come with May.
Many people mark the of the fruit trees.
date with celebrations at During the three week
sunrise. The start of the White Nights festival in
St Petersburg, Russia,
Muslim holy period of revellers can stay up as late
Ramadan can be in late as they like – the nights
June – the date depends
are never completely
on the rising of a dark at this time of year.
new moon.
MAY DAY
MIDSUMMER In an age-old ritual, many British
The prehistoric village communities erect a maypole
monument of on 1 May. The ribbons are wound
Stonehenge, on round the pole as part of a dance.
Salisbury Plain
in Wiltshire, WHITE NIGHTS FESTIVAL, GOHDCAMODENNLAECESYOBISUEDRNORAATFYTOFERFWLDOFOAMLBWSOYAREFNTARIRHSS,SEITN
England, is
a traditional ST PETERSBURG
place to watch An eagerly awaited highlight
the sun rise as of the festival is the
midsummer’s appearance on the Neva
day dawns. River of a sailing ship
with bright scarlet sails.

NOVEMBER DECEMBER

On Thanksgiving Day, Americans DAY OF THE In many countries and cultures, CHRISTMAS
follow the tradition of the early Christmas, Christ’s birthday, is
European settlers, who gave DEAD, MEXICO the time that children most look A tree has been
thanks for the harvest every During this festival forward to, as they can expect part of traditional
year. Today, Thanksgiving is presents and special food.
mainly a family feast. In Mexico, on 2 November, There are also presents, Christmas
people think of loved ones on people buy paper games, and feasts at Hanukkah, celebrations
the Day of the Dead – a time skeletons and eat the Jewish Festival of Lights, for possibly
for happy memories. which often falls in December. hundreds
sugar skulls. of years.

THANKSGIVING HANUKKAH
Figures from early American history One candle is lit on each day
parade in New York on Thanksgiving Day. of this eight-day Jewish festival.

205

World LANGUAGES
languages
The three most widely used languages
Spoken and written language allows us to communicate are spoken by nearly one quarter of
with one another. Around 6,000 languages are spoken the world.
across the world, and many people speak more than
one language. 1 MANDARIN

GREETINGS salaam, PASHTO 848 million speakers worldwide

In all languages there is a way to greet someone. 2 SPANISH
Here is how to greet someone in some of the world's
most widely spoken languages. Not all languages 339 million speakers worldwide
are written using the same alphabet – a large
number of scripts are used across the world. 3 ENGLISH

335 million speakers worldwide

4 HINDI

260 million speakers worldwide

5 ARABIC

242 million speakers worldwide

lee-ho, MIN NAN

min-ga-la-ba, BURMESE sin-chow, VIETNAMESE
nong hao, WU Sum-poo-rah-soon,
SUNDANESE

nee-how, MANDARIN

salaam, PERSIAN ngi-ho, HAKKA nômoshkar, BENGALI

hello, MALAY

nuh-mus-kāram, sawasdee, THAI nuh-mus-kāra, ORIYA
MALAYALAM

marr-hah-bah, ARABIC as-salām-alaykum, nuh-mus-kār, MARATHI
URDU Ni Hao, JIN

néih-hóu, CANTONESE konnichiwa, JAPANESE

vanakkam, TAMIL

nuh-muh-stay, GUJARATI

namaskara, KANNADA

mehr-hah-bah, TURKISH

li hao, XIANG pra-naam, BHOJPURI
206

WHO SPEAKS WHAT? SIGN LANGUAGE

Some languages are spoken in many People who cannot hear spoken language
countries around the globe. There are also use hand signals to communicate. This is
many variations of major languages (dialects). known as sign language. There are many
different types of sign language.
KEY Arabic/French
Chinese (Mandarin, French/other HOW TO SAY "HELLO" IN
Cantonese, etc) English/other BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE
Spanish Arabic/other
Arabic Hindi/English/other
Hindi Chinese/other
English Russian/other
French English/French
Russian Portuguese/other
Portuguese Other language
English/Spanish Uninhabited land
Spanish/other

halo, JAVANESE

nuh-muh-stay, HINDI as-salām-alaykum, SINDHI

as-salam alay-keum, UZBEK

salām-alaykum, AZERBAIJANI namaskārām, TELUGU ahn-nyeong-ha-se-yo, sat-siri-akal, PUNJABI
KOREAN

pra-naam, MAITHILI

cheshch, POLISH ak-kam, OROMO

ENGLISH coo-moos-tah, TAGALOG

oh-lah, PORTUGUESE priveet, UKRAINIAN kay-doo, IGBO
boh-zhoo, FRENCH ha-low, GERMAN
chao, ITALIAN zdrast-wui-tyeh, RUSSIAN
sah-loot, ROMANIAN o-la, SPANISH
no-ngoola-daa, FULA

ja-m-boh, SWAHILI

tena-yste-lle'gn, AMHARIC

bah-wo nee, YORUBA

san-nu, HAUSA

207

The story c.30,000–2500 bce c.3000–539 bce
of art OLDEST
PREHISTORIC ART CIVILIZATIONS
From the beginning of civilization, people in
different cultures have produced art in many Early humans used charcoal and rock Many beautiful examples of art
forms. They have used paint, stone, wood, pigments to paint animals and figures on have been found at the Royal
metal, clay, and even their own bodies to cave walls. Some made spray handprints by Cemetery of Ur, which is
show religious devotion, express ideas, blowing paint through hollow bones. They in modern-day Iraq. They were
or simply reflect the world around them. also carved created by skilled sculptors
figures out and jewellery makers in
PREHISTORIC of stone and Mesopotamia, one of the
FIGURE animal tusks. oldest, and longest lasting,
civilizations in our distant past.
BONE SCULPTURE
OF A MAMMOTH GOLD
ORNAMENT
CAVE PAINTING, FRANCE DRAWING OF A
CAVE ARTIST GOLD AND BEAD WREATH

BYZANTINE ALTAR c.500–1400 c.324–1450 c.1 ce–PRESENT
MOSAIC
MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC NATIVE AMERICAN
AND BYZANTINE
Islamic artists decorated mosques In Native American tribes, practical items like
Metal and enamel work, carvings, with intricate patterns using tiles blankets and bags were so skilfully decorated
and embroidery were prized in medieval and mosaics. Modern Islam uses with beads, feathers, and shells they became
Europe. Manuscripts were illuminated – a similar approach – places of works of art. People also made tiny animal
lit up with decorations in bright pigments worship are beautifully patterned, talismans and towering tree-trunk sculptures
and gold leaf. Earlier Byzantine but they never include images of called totem poles carved with faces, animals,
Christians produced icons of figures people or animals. and birds. These
and frescoes of religious scenes. arts continue today.

SILVER CUP

QUILLWORK BAG

MOSAIC OF VIRGIN
MARY, ISTANBUL

FRENCH TAPESTRY ILLUMINATED THE GREAT MOSQUE, ISLAMIC BUILDING, TURQUOISE
MANUSCRIPT ANIMALS
SPAIN ISRAEL CARVED FACE ON TOTEM POLE

c.1350–1600 c.1600–1800 c.1850–1900

RENAISSANCE BAROQUE AND ROCOCO REALISM AND
IMPRESSIONISM
Beginning in Italy, the Renaissance was Baroque painting was all about drama. Artists painted
a time when every form of art flourished. realistic emotional scenes with intense colour and Realist painters wanted to create pictures
Artists were inspired by Ancient Greek dramatic lighting. Originating in France, Rococo was of modern life and made ordinary working
and Roman works and produced fine a lighter style of architecture, furniture, and art that people the subject of their paintings.
paintings and sculptures that were full was elegant, graceful, and highly decorative. Impressionist artists tried to capture a
of grandeur, personality, and beauty. moment, using delicate brushstrokes and
Venice became a centre for dabs of colour to give fleeting impressions
exquisite glasswork. of flowers, landscapes, picnics, and parties.

MONA LISA BY
LEONARDO DA VINCI

EL GRECO PAINTING IN
BAROQUE STYLE

PORTRAIT BY TITIAN ITALIAN RENAISSANCE PIETA SCULPTURE BY ROCOCO FOUNTAIN RENOIR’S LUNCHEON OF THE BOATING PARTY
GOBLET PENDANT MICHELANGELO
208 ORGAN WITH
ROCOCO DECORATION

c.3000–330 bce c.2000–146 bce

ANCIENT ANCIENT GREEK
EGYPTIAN
The earliest frescoes and pottery,
The Ancient Egyptians found in a Minoan palace on the island
filled elaborate tombs of Crete, are painted with colourful
inside pyramids with scenes of everyday life. Temples in
statues, painted mummy Ancient Greece were decorated with
cases, frescoes, and marble friezes showing processions
picture scrolls to help the and beautifully carved columns.
dead in their afterlife.
Painters had to show TOMB PAINTING
complete human forms
so every figure combines
a front and side view.

DECORATIVE VASE

FRESCO OF A LEAPING BULL

GOLD BULL’S HEAD MODEL OF A GRANARY RITUAL HIGHLY DECORATED DORIC, IONIC, AND CORINTHIAN COLUMNS
WITH SHELL INLAY WATER JAR TOMB FIGURES

c.650 bce–1900 ce c.750 bce–476 ce

EASTERN STONEWARE LION, ANCIENT ROMAN
MING DYNASTY, CHINA
For more than 2,000 years, Statues and busts (just the head)
artists from India, China, of emperors, famous people
and Japan have created from the past, and gods and
beautiful objects using stone, goddesses were popular in
ceramics, precious stones, Ancient Rome. Wealthy people
and metals. Colourful Indian had gold jewellery, decorated
temples were lavishly pottery, and ornate glassware.
decorated with figures of The finest houses were
gods and goddesses. Serene decorated with mosaic floors
Japanese prints on silk and and panels, and painted frescoes.
parchment were known as
“pictures of the floating world”. TERRACOTTA
(CLAY) BUST

HINDU TEMPLE, INDIA HOKUSAI PRINT, JAPAN HEAD OF THE BUDDHA, JAPAN ORNATE FIGURE OF AN BEWARE OF THE DOG FRESCO ON VILLA WALL,
ELEPHANT, CHINA MOSAIC, POMPEII POMPEII

1880–1905 c.1900–1950 1907–1960s 1970s–PRESENT

MONET’S GARDEN MURAL INSPIRED BY EXPRESSIONISM MODERN ART CONTEMPORARY
VAN GOGH’S THE STARRY NIGHT AND SURREALISM
Monet’s paintings of his Cubism was the beginning of In contemporary art, anything
lily ponds captured POST- Expressionist painters used vivid modern art. Leading artist goes. Painters use styles from
changes in the light IMPRESSIONISM colours and stark images, often Picasso created startling the past and often rework and
and seasons. squeezing the paint straight from figures with angular shapes mix them together to show new
Painting got bolder, brighter, the tube on to the canvas. Their that broke all the rules about ideas. Art can take many
and freer in this period. Vincent pictures were not intended to colour, form, and perspective. different forms. It can be a
Van Gogh poured his feelings show real life but express their Many years later in the United shed blown apart with all its
into swirling landscapes personalities. Surrealist art States, abstract expressionist pieces suspended in midair;
created with thick brushstrokes turned the world upside down. artists invented action painting – a skull studded with diamonds;
and heavy paint. Others Artists produced dream-like splashing, smearing, or or lonely figures perched on
developed new techniques. paintings and absurd objects like dribbling paint onto the canvas. buildings across a city skyline.
Seurat’s pointillist pictures furry teacups and spiky irons.

were painted with millions “IF YOU UNDERSTAND
of tiny dots of colour BMNEAOIFGTPOHARPTIAENASHIUTNSARISRTNANEWLAVGIDLATIEDSTY”OLRALORDTAUILSIT,
NATURAL LIGHT FIGURE BY that blended together. ANTONY MILLENIUM PARK

Using new RODIN GORMLEY’S FOUNTAIN, CHICAGO
portable easels Rodin produced
life-like figures INSPIRED BY JACKSON POLLOCK EVENT HORIZON
and tubes of that portrayed
paint, artists left
powerful
their studio to emotions.
paint outdoors.

209

Musical instruments

From very early times, people THE ORCHESTRA KEY Bassoons
have enjoyed making music Conductor Horns
by beating, plucking, rattling, Large orchestras have First violins Trumpets
or blowing into instruments. followed the same Second violins Trombones
Different groups of instruments seating arrangement Violas and tubas
are known as “families”. In for their musicians since Cellos
an orchestra, many of them the 18th century. The Double basses Harp
come together to combine various instruments Flutes Drums
their sounds. are positioned Oboes Other percussion
according to type. Clarinets Piano

BRASS

The brass section of an orchestra makes some of the loudest sounds.
When brass players blow air into their instruments, they put their lips
close to the mouthpiece to create vibrations. Many types of brass have

button-like valves that are pressed down to alter notes.

WOODWIND Bell or
main
These wind instruments are made of metal and plastic,
as well as wood. Holes in the pipe are opened and closed with opening
the fingers to change the notes. Some woodwind instruments
use a vibrating strip, called a reed, as a mouthpiece.

BASS TROMBONE

PICCOLO

PICCOLO TRUMPET

FLUTE TRUMPET
OBOE
Reed

CLARINET
COR ANGLAIS

BASSOON BUGLE

Keys pressed
to control valves
and create
different notes

CONTRABASSOON

FRENCH HORN Mouthpiece TUBA

INTERNATIONAL CHIME KOTO (JAPAN)
INSTRUMENTS (CHINA) RUAN (CHINA)

Round the world, music-making RATTLE DRUM
involves a huge variety of (CHINA)
traditional instruments.
Many are unique to particular
countries or cultures.

DHOLAK ANGKLUNG CONGA DRUM CONGOLESE DRUM DARBUKA KAMANJAH SARASWATI VEENA LAMELLOPHONE
(INDIA) (INDONESIA) (MIDDLE EAST) (MIDDLE EAST) (INDIA) (TANZANIA)
(AFRICA) (AFRICA)

210

PERCUSSION

A percussion instrument is struck or shaken to
keep a rhythm or create a tune. Percussionists
usually play more than one instrument.

TAMBOURINE TRIANGLE

GLOCKENSPIEL

XYLOPHONE TIMPANI
MARACAS
GONG SNARE DRUM

STRINGS Neck, where fingers MOPPRIUETETCHTETEHSOMAOGNOFEDTW7EH0OREDNORIFDVTFOIAEORRFLEEOINNRTM
press strings to
Several types and sizes of create notes
instruments are played with
a bow drawn across a set of
tightly stretched strings. They
all have hollow wooden bodies
that let the sounds vibrate.

Tuning pegs to
adjust strings

PICCOLO VIOLA TENOR VIOL BASS VIOL VIOLIN VIOLA CELLO DOUBLE BASS
VIOLIN D’AMORE
MEXICAN
KEYBOARDS GUITAR FAMILY MARIACHI GUITAR

The piano is the most popular of a A subset of the string family, guitars MANDOLIN
large group of instruments that are may have as many as 18 strings, but most
played by pressing keys or buttons. have six. The strings are played with the
On a keyboard, a musician can play fingers or a small tool called a pick.
many notes at the same time.

Strings struck by hammer
when keys pressed

Bellows

BALALAIKA

UKULELE

ACCORDION CLASSICAL
GUITAR
Keys Attachment
GRAND PIANO ELECTRIC BASS point for
GUITAR strings

Pedals soften or ELECTRONIC KEYBOARD ELECTRIC GUITAR
lengthen notes

211

How music THE PIANO The black notes occur
works KEYBOARD in twos and threes

Understanding how music works – music Each octave on the piano
theory – is a vital part of learning how keyboard has seven white
to read music and play an instrument. notes – A B C D E F G –
To play music, you need to understand and five black notes,
its language – notes, pitch, rhythm, grouped in twos and
and harmony. threes. A full-sized
keyboard usually has
around seven octaves.
Its central C is
called Middle C.

CD E FGABCD

MAUNCS3AT,AI4CLHN0LWE0CEDIYFAEIESRNCASUWTRTNLSRKEAIAITNNFGTOOGOEWRUNMANIG,NE THE PIANO The white note between a pair of black
With its unique layout, the piano is a useful instrument notes grouped in twos is always D
for learning music theory. The pattern of black and
white keys shows the relationships between notes.

WRITING MUSIC CLEFS TREBLE BASS
CLEF CLEF
Music is usually written on five parallel A clef is normally written at the start – the left-hand end – of
lines known as a stave. Notes are every stave on the page. It fixes the pitches of the lines and
placed on the lines, or in the spaces spaces. The two most common clefs are the treble (or G) clef,
between them. The higher a note is and the bass (or F) clef.

placed, the higher its pitch.

THE G CLEF D E F GAB CDE F GA
The centre of the treble
clef shows where G C NOTES ON THE TREBLE CLEF
sits on the stave. From G, the other notes on the stave can be

THE F CLEF worked out by going forwards or backwards
The two dots of the bass
ON THE LINES clef show where F sits through the musical alphabet.
IN THE SPACES on the stave.
B C

BCDEF G A

F G A NOTES ON THE BASS CLEF

E From F, the other notes on the stave

can be worked out by going forwards or

backwards through the musical alphabet.

NOTE VALUES TIME VALUES BEAMS DOTTED NOTES

A note value is how long a note lasts for. The chart below shows Two or more consecutive quavers can be joined together with When a note is followed by a dot, it makes the
It is measured in relation to other notes. how the note values a thick line called a beam, which replaces the individual tails. note half as long again. The dotted crotchet below
Shown below – in descending order of relate to each other. Semiquavers or demisemiquavers can be joined in the same is 1½ times longer than a crotchet, and the dotted
length – are the five most common note Each column represents way. Beams make the rhythm easier to read. minim is 1½ times longer than a minim.
values: semibreve, minim, crotchet, one crotchet, so a
quaver, and semiquaver. semibreve lasts as long Tail
as four crotchets.

1 QUAVERS
semibreve

2 SEMIQUAVERS Beam
minims
DEMISEMIQUAVERS Two Four Three Nine
4 crotchet crotchet minim quaver
crotchets TIME beats to beats to beats to beats to
SIGNATURES the bar the bar the bar the bar
8
quavers Time signatures appear at the Three Two Six Twelve
beginning of a piece of music. The crotchet minim quaver quaver
16 top number indicates the number beats to beats to beats to beats to
semiquavers of beats in a bar, and the bottom the bar the bar the bar the bar
number shows the note-value of
212 each beat: 2 = minim, 4 = crotchet,
8 = quaver, and 16 = semiquaver.

E F G AB CD E F G AB CD E F G AB CD E

Lower notes Higher notes

The C nearest the middle A pitch can be “low” or “high”. An octave is the distance from one note to
of a full-size keyboard is On a piano keyboard, this works from left to right – the the next one with the same letter name.
highest notes are at the right-hand end of the keyboard
called Middle C These two Ds are one octave apart
and the lowest notes are at the left-hand end

SEMITONES B♭ D♭ TONES F♯ G♯ C♯

A semitone is the musical A tone is the equivalent
term for the interval, or of two semitones. If
gap, between notes that two notes have just
are immediately next one note between
to each other on the them on the keyboard,
keyboard. A semitone they are a tone apart.
means “half a tone”
and represents a half EF A D ON THE STAVE CD B
step on the keyboard.
This is how the three As the white notes B and C are
ON THE STAVE tones shown on the
This is how the keyboard are written onablyoaveseBmisittohneebalpaacrkt,naotteonCe♯
three semitones on the stave.
shown on the
keyboard are
written on
the stave.

RESTS SHARPS AND FLATS

Rests assign a time 1 semibreve rest Sharps and flats are symbols that raise or lower notes on the keyboard. Sharps
raise a note by one semitone, and flats lower a note by one semitone. Notes
value to silences – that are not sharpened or flattened are called naturals.

gaps in the music

during which a player

or singer does not 2 minim rests

produce any sound.

They work just like

notes and have the

same time values. 4 crotchet rests Down a Up a
semitone semitone
When playing or
FLAT NATURAL SHARP
writing music, the
G♯ is a
rests are as important SHARPS AND FLATS
semitone
as the notes. 8 quaver rests above G ON BLACK NOTES
The black notes are sharps
TIME VALUES 16 semiquaver rests ThcisalnleodteDis♯ E♭ G♯ B♭ or flats depending on
D♯ GB whether the white notes
The chart shows because it is DE are above or below them.
rests and how their one semitone
time values relate B♭ is a semitone
to each other. up from D,
but it can also below B

TEMPO PRESTO FAST ACCELERANDO GETTING be called E♭ SHARPS AND FLATS ON
ALLEGRO PIU MOSSO FASTER
The speed at which music MODERATO because it is WHITE NOTES
is played is known as tempo. ANDANTE STRINGENDO one semitone The white notes on the
Tempo is usually indicated ADAGIO RITENUTO down from E keyboard have different
by descriptive terms. Shown names. They can be known
here are some of the most LENTO RITARDANDO F♭ F C♭ C as naturals, sharps, or flats.
common Italian terms for RALLENTANDO
tempo and tempo changes. GETTING E E♯ B B♯ This note is usually
SLOWER called C, but because
SLOW This note is usually called E, but it is one semitone up
because it is one semitone down
cfraolmledBB, i♯t can also be
from F, it can also be called F♭

213

Dance

All over the world and in every culture, people enjoy dancing –
moving their bodies to music with a partner, in groups, or solo.
People dance to tell stories, express their faith, show their
patriotism, keep fit, get ready for battle or sport, celebrate
an important event, compete, or purely for fun.

SACRED DANCE

Dance plays an important
part in many religions.
People include dance in
their religious ceremonies
or to communicate with
their gods.

CORYBANTES BUDDHISM MUSLIM DERVISHES NATIVE AMERICANS SIVA NATARAJA
These Ancient Greek Dancing figures are Spin themselves into a Danced to ask the gods Hindu god Siva is often
priests danced and often used to decorate state of ecstasy, so they for such things as rain shown dancing at the
drummed in armour. Buddhist shrines. can feel closer to god. creation of the world.
or a good harvest.

FOLK DANCING

People perform folk
dances at festivals and
celebrations. The dances
are often accompanied
by traditional music,
and are passed down
through generations.

FLAMENCO ROMA DANCE LATVIAN DANCE EGYPTIAN DANCING IRISH DANCE AFRICAN DANCE
A dramatic, rhythmic Often performed The Latvian Song and Ancient Arabic dance, Often performed at African dance is often
dance that originated in at family weddings competitions, either accompanied by drums
and christenings. Dance Festival is a usually performed
southern Spain. huge annual event. by a solo woman. solo or in teams. and voices.

CLASSICAL INDONESIAN CAMBODIAN K ATHAK ALI KABUKI BALLET BALINESE
DANCE This style, called A slow style, with South Indian dance- Japanese theatrical The classical dance A story-telling
bedhaya, is performed smooth, wave-like drama performed in dance performed in dance form, always
Classical dance is only by women. elaborate make-up. colourful costumes. form of most performed barefoot.
performed by trained movements. Western countries.
or professional dancers.
The focus is on formal
steps and poses. These
dances usually tell stories
from literature or legend.

DANCE CRAZES BOLLYWOOD STYLE Both arms are
raised during
Some dance crazes caused outrage when they first Bollywood films are famous for song- the dance
appeared. In the 1780s people were shocked by the waltz and-dance routines. In early films,
because men and women embraced as they danced. dancers just acted out song lyrics,
but the style is now a rich mix that
CANCAN CANCAN borrows from the many different
folk and classical styles of India.
The cancan was a lively, high-kicking dance that
became wildly popular in the ballrooms and music Positions of
halls of Paris, France, in the 1830s. hands and body

JITTERBUG tell a story,
usually of love
An energetic, acrobatic couples’ dance that originated
in the USA in the 1930s. It spread to Europe via
American servicemen during World War II.

TWIST JITTERBUG TWIST

The twist was a 1960s craze. There were no steps to
learn and no partner needed – dancers just wriggled
and twisted along to the music on their own.

LINE DANCING

Dancers line up in a row and perform a pattern of steps
together to country music. Line dancing started in the USA
the 1970s but became a worldwide craze in the 1990s.

GANGNAM STYLE LINE DANCING GANGNAM BHARATANATYAM BHANGRA Kicks and
A classical dance from south India, A Punjabi folk dance, jumps are
An overnight dance sensation in 2012 when a video of usually accompanied by often used
Korean musician Psy performing his song of the same which features expressive a strong drum beat.
name went viral. hand movements and poses.

214

Jewelled COSTUMES DANCING SHOES BALLET
headpiece
The costume enhances a dancer’s From the stomping drama of
movements or helps set the scene flamenco to the exquisite grace
of a story. Costumes are a traditional of ballet en pointe, wearing the
element of many dance forms and their correct footwear is essential.
design has changed little over time.

MALE TANGO FEMALE TANGO FLAMENCO
IRISH BALLROOM
IRISH DANCER BALLET INDIAN BELLY DANCER BALLROOM TAP

Dresses have long A short, sleeveless Bharatanatyan The bedlah Long dress with
sleeves and a short tutu shows off costumes are consists of fitted full, flowing skirt to
skirt, to emphasize a dancer’s form based on Hindu bikini top, hip belt, enhance a dancer’s
and technique. temple sculptures. and long skirt.
leg movements. movements.

BALLROOM DANCING

Ballroom dancing is both a popular hobby and a competitive,
professional sport. The two main categories in competition
dance are ballroom dances such as the waltz
and foxtrot, and Latin dances
such as the tango.

Jangling bracelets SAMBA RUMBA CHA-CHA
draw attention to A fast, rhythmic The slowest of the Originated in Cuba
arm movements dance from Brazil. via the West Indies.
Latin dances.

FTARMAAOTDUTITTSHHIEFOEENRSSIATOALIMVCLYAABALRDNAIINSINVBCARELAD, AZIL WALTZ TANGO SALSA PASO DOBLE
Latin dance popular Inspired by Spanish
A popular, gliding dance Dramatic dance from bullfighters’ moves.
with amateurs.
from Austria. Buenos Aires, Argentina.

STREET DANCE

New dance styles are always emerging from the streets
of the world’s cities. Breakdancing, or b-boying, came
out of New York City in the 1970s and is still one of
the most popular forms of street dance.

ONE-HAND ELBOW LEVER FLARE WINDMILL HEADSPIN HANDSTAND FREEZE
Breaker balances on his Breaker balances, then
Balance on one bent arm, Breaker swings legs Breaker rotates while head and spins rapidly.
holds the position.
holding the body straight. round him in a wide circle. swinging legs in a V shape.

Facial expressions Intricate hand BEFORE MATCHES, THE
help tell the story movements NEW ZEALAND RUGBY TEAM

DAPNERCFEOCRAMLSLEADMAAHOARKI WA AR

Mongkhon
(headband)

SPORTING
DANCE

Before a fight, Thai
boxers perform a ritual
dance called Wai Khru
Ram Muay, to pay respect
to their trainers and
apologize in advance
for their brutality.

ARABIC TRADITIONAL BOLLYWOOD DANDIYA K ATHAK
Arabic dance uses quick, Early Bollywood dance A Gujarati folk dance A classical dance
vibrating movements of the body from Uttar Pradesh
and requires a lot of stamina. routines focused on acting where dancers hit in northern India.
out the lyrics of a song. dandiyas (sticks) together.

215

Ballet

Ballet started as an entertainment in the royal courts of Europe,
and has grown into a breathtaking art form, enjoyed all over
the world. Professional dancers work hard to reach the
highest levels of fitness and artistry.

1547 1500 THE STORY YEARS OF
OF BALLET TRAINING
Italian Catherine de
Medici becomes queen Ballet developed in France, which Most professional
of France and brings an is why all the steps still have dancers start young.
Italian style of dancing French names. It became a huge After 8–10 years
attraction in the great theatres of of dedicated training,
to the French court. France, Italy, Russia, Scandinavia, only a few of the most
and England. talented students will
join a ballet company
Catherine de Medici 1653 (corps de ballet). BEGINNER BALLET SCHOOL APPRENTICE CORPS DE BALLET PRINCIPAL
1661 The best dancers
King Louis XIV dances might progress to Dancers begin At the age of 11, At 16, the most The dancer joins At this highest
First dance institution the role of Apollo, the become a soloist or around age five, the dancer is promising students a company, then rank a dancer
set up in Paris – Sun god, in Le Ballet de principal dancer. taking classes at accepted at a performs all the
la Nuit (The Dance of a local studio. ballet school. go on to three progresses to leading roles.
l’Académie Royale the Night). more years’ study. minor roles.
de Danse.
1669 Statue of Louis MAKING A
1680 XIV of France POINTE SHOE
King Louis XIV starts Dancer and director
staging regular opera- Pierre Beauchamps Female dancers wear
ballets at Versailles. develops the five basic special reinforced
positions of the feet shoes so they can
Palace of Versailles and arms. dance on the tips
of their toes, a
1738 technique called en 1 SHAPING 2 ADDING TOE BLOCKS 3 SHAPING THE SHOE 4 ADDING
Imperial Russian Ballet pointe. Dancers often THE UPPER A leather sole is The sole is stitched RIBBONS
School is founded in embroider the toe
St Petersburg, Russia. area, to make shoes Layers of satin and inserted, then layers of to the upper with thread. Traditionally, a
last longer and to
Third help prevent slipping. stiff canvas are card, paper, and stiff fabric The shoe is then shaped dancer sews the
position
stitched together. are pasted around the toe with a special hammer. ribbons on to her

area to form a block. shoes herself.

1832 CLASSIC BALLETS COSTUME DESIGN
La Sylphide, choreographed by Filippo
Taglioni, opens in Paris, France. The fashion for full-length Costumes tell the audience about a character but must
ballets reached its height at also allow a dancer to move freely. Below is the costume for
1841 Mariinsky Theatre, home of the the end of the 19th century. a character from Greek myth called Eurydice, who is taken
First performance Russian Imperial Ballet from 1860 Many of the ballets from that to the gloomy Underworld when she dies.
time are still popular today.
of Giselle, danced 1890 Fabric swatches
by Italian ballerina The premiere of Sleeping Beauty SWAN LAKE, 1877
Carlotta Grisi, takes is performed at the Mariinsky Colour samples
Theatre, St Petersburg. A handsome prince falls in love
place in Paris. with a mysterious girl, only to FROM SKETCHPAD
discover that an evil magician TO STAGE
1877 has cast a spell on her. When Eurydice first
Swan Lake, with appears, she is weighed
music by Tchaikovsky, GISELLE, 1841, down by a heavy cloak.
is performed by the ADAPTED 1884 The costume is designed
Bolshoi Ballet in so that she can remove
Moscow, Russia. A young girl is betrayed by the it easily after she makes
man she loves. She dies of grief, her dramatic entrance.
1913 2000 1909 then comes back as a ghost and
The Rite of Spring, Ballet impresario, or organizer, saves the life of the man who Wispy chiffon
choreographed by Sergei Diaghilev forms the Ballets broke her heart. skirt suggests
Russes company in Paris. the spirit world
Vaslav Nijinsky, THE FIREBIRD, 1910
causes outrage at its 1931 Cloak will be
The Sadler’s Based on several Russian folk removed and hung
premiere in Paris. Wells Ballet tales, it tells the story of how up to become part
(renamed the Prince Ivan and the magical of the set
1964 Royal Ballet in Firebird overcome an evil
Dancers Margot 1959) is formed magician called Kostchée.
in London.
Fonteyn and COPPELIA, 1871
Rudolf Nureyev Sculpture outside
receive a record 89 the Royal Opera A light-hearted tale of a young
curtain calls after House, home of man who falls for a life-sized doll,
performing Swan the Royal Ballet before realizing that his true love
Lake in Vienna, is the real, live girl next door.

Austria. THE NUTCRACKER, 1891

BMBEOACANALDLLMYEEMETMOTUEHINNSEETPLFIELLIRRE1SF6DOT8ER1BML,AWAELFDLHOEENRNITNAAINE Toys magically come to life and
take their owner on a journey
to the Kingdom of Sweets, where
the Sugar Plum Fairy lives, in this
Christmas story.

216

THE BASIC Arms make Open arms, in One arm curved Both arms AT THE
POSITIONS an oval shape front of shoulders in front of body up, making BARRE
oval shape
All the positions and The barre is a
handrail in the
steps in ballet are studio. Dancers
hold on lightly
based on the five to the barre so
they can keep
basic positions of their balance
while they
the feet and arms. One arm concentrate
For all five foot up in on moves
and positions.
positions, the feet graceful
are flat on the curve

floor and turned DEMI-PLIE ATTITUDE DEVANT RELEVE DEVANT
Half bend the Stand on one leg, and Balance on the ball of
out (pointing in legs, heels flat raise the other leg in one foot, and bend the
on the floor. front, with knee bent. other leg at the knee.
opposite directions). FIRST POSITION SECOND POSITION THIRD POSITION FOURTH POSITION FIFTH POSITION

CHANGEMENT SISSONE
OUVERT
This jump goes straight EN AVANT
up and down, with the
front foot changing to A sissone is a jump
the back in midair. starting from two
The movement should feet. There are
be done with an easy different kinds,
bounce – this is called but in this version,
ballon. Practise several the legs open wide
in a row to build up a in the air, and then
stronger jump. the dancer lands
on one leg.
Start in the
demi-plié position. Jump, swap feet Land softly in a Start in a demi-plié, Stretch legs wide apart Land on one leg, keeping
positions in the air. deep demi-plié. arms down.
while jumping forwards. back straight.

CAASNHP1RGO2IEENPTSACTEIIPRHVASRELROOYBUFAGMPLHOOLIEUNNRPTTINHTEAO ADAGE

Adage means

“moving smoothly”.

Dancers put together

a series of positions

to make an exercise

that improves TENDU DEVANT ARABESQUE ATTITUDE CHASSÉ RELEVÉ FIFTH
balance and Look to the front Supporting leg
is turned out. Leg passes through Foot placed in wide Feet in demi-pointe
Male
dancers strengthens muscles. of the room. first position. fourth position. and arms lifted.

always

gaze at the PAS DE CHAT
ballerina

This means “cat step”

in French. To

perform it

properly a

dancer must

spring quickly

and land

lightly and quietly,

just like a cat.

Start in third Push up from Spring into Land on the Bring the front foot
position with the floor, lifting the air, bringing the back foot, softly down quickly into
one leg smoothly.
demi-plié. feet together. and quietly. third position.

PAS DE DEUX

A pas de deux is a dance for two
people, usually a man and a woman.
It is a musical, physical, and artistic
partnership between two dancers
that can result in the most
breathtaking moments
in a performance.

Strong knees
and thighs

are essential
for supporting

and lifting

EXPRESSING EMOTION SUPPORTING ACT FISH DIVE
The pas de deux often A lift in which the
portrays a romantic The male dancer ballerina is supported
supports the ballerina with her back arched
vision of love. and arms outstretched.
so she can balance
en pointe for longer. 217

Great c.2560 bce c.700 bce c.1900 bce
buildings
GREAT PYRAMID GREAT WALL PALACE OF KNOSSOS
The first great buildings were AND SPHINX
constructed for worship or for The Great Wall of China was This was the largest centre of the
protection from invaders. In more The Great Pyramid was built built to keep out invaders. Minoan civilization on the Greek island
recent times, many grand buildings as a tomb for Egyptian Various Chinese rulers of Crete. Here, religious ceremonies
are public spaces such as galleries Pharaoh Khufu, and the extended it over hundreds of may have been performed and political
and museums, or towering Sphinx for his son, Khafre. years, and it now stretches issues debated. By uncovering the
skyscrapers of offices and hotels. Both were originally covered for an incredible 21,197 km remains, experts have worked out what
with smooth white limestone, (13,170 miles). the buildings would have looked like.
and would have glittered in
the sunlight.

ARTIST’S IMPRESSION
OF THE PALACE BUILDINGS

THE GREAT PYRAMID AND THE GREAT WALL COPY OF A FRESCO
SPHINX AT GIZA, EGYPT OF CHINA FOUND AT KNOSSOS

1883 1840 1714 1632

SAGRADA FAMILIA HOUSES OF CHRIST CHURCH TAJ MAHAL
PARLIAMENT
This Roman Catholic church This London church is one The Taj was built to be an
is Barcelona’s most famous The United Kingdom’s centre of of six designed by Nicholas elaborate jewelled tomb
building. It was designed by the government was built on the site of a Hawksmoor in a style called for the beloved wife of
Spanish architect Antoni Gaudi, palace, which burned down in 1834. English Baroque. It fell into Mughal emperor Shah
who died in 1926 when only a The remains were incorporated disrepair in the 20th century Jahan. It is known for its
quarter of the church was built. into the new Gothic-style building. but has been restored to its perfect symmetry: it is
It is expected to be completed Construction took 30 years, and its original glory, and its white exactly as wide as it is high.
by 2026. architects died before completion. stone facing gleams in
the sunshine.

SAGRADA FAMILIA, THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, CHRIST CHURCH, THE TAJ MAHAL,
BARCELONA, SPAIN LONDON, UK LONDON, UK AGRA, INDIA

1930 1959 1971 1993

EMPIRE STATE SYDNEY POMPIDOU GUGGENHEIM
BUILDING OPERA HOUSE CENTRE MUSEUM

It took around 3,400 A multi-venue performing Housing a library, The Guggenheim in
workers to complete the arts centre, Sydney Opera museum of modern Bilbao, Spain, is one
construction of this House was designed by art, and a centre for of the world’s most
103-floor Art Deco Danish architect Jorn Utzon music research, the admired and popular
skyscraper in just 410 in a style called Modern Pompidou is a high- buildings. Its architect,
days. It was the world’s Expressionism. The building’s tech arts centre. The Canadian Frank Gehry,
tallest building until 1972, distinctive look comes from its different coloured intended its shiny curves
and remains New York one million self-cleaning, parts are not just to appear random and
City’s most famous glazed white tiles. ornamental: green sculpture-like.
landmark. Every year, pipes indicate
there is a race to the plumbing; blue ducts
86th floor. are for climate control;
elevators, escalators,
and staircases are red. POMPIDOU CENTRE,
PARIS, FRANCE

EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, SYDNEY OPERA MODEL OF THE THE GUGGENHEIM, BILBAO, SPAIN
NEW YORK CITY, USA HOUSE, AUSTRALIA POMPIDOU

218

440s bce 80 ce 537 ce 1113

PARTHENON COLOSSEUM HAGIA SOPHIA ANGKOR
WAT
Its architects decided to make their temple This was the greatest amphitheatre The cathedral church of
to the goddess Athena the most impressive in Ancient Rome. As many as 50,000 Constantinople (now Istanbul), Meaning “City of Temples”,
in Ancient Greece, and today it is one of the people gathered here to watch dramas, was the largest in the world for Angkor Wat is the largest temple
great monuments of the ancient world. gruesome gladiator battles, and 1,000 years. It is famous for its complex in the world. It was built
The Parthenon has many columns, and amazing spectacles. In the arena were massive dome, and for the ornate to symbolize the home of the Hindu
is decorated with carved panels and a passages, trapdoors, and hidden lifts mosaics and marble pillars gods, Mount Meru. Its five towers
sculpture frieze. to allow animals and men to appear inside. Today, Hagia Sophia represent the five peaks of the
from beneath the ground. is a museum. mountain, the walls its mountain
ranges, and the moat the ocean.

THE PARTHENON, THE COLOSSEUM, HAGIA SOPHIA, ANGKOR WAT, SIEM REAP,
ATHENS, GREECE ROME, ITALY ISTANBUL, TURKEY CAMBODIA

1609 1552 1406 1333 1238

BLUE MOSQUE ST BASIL’S TEMPLE OF HEAVEN HIMEJI CASTLE ALHAMBRA
CATHEDRAL PALACE
This mosque was built as This temple complex is intended to Also known as White Heron
an Islamic place of worship Built under the reign of Ivan symbolize Heaven and Earth. Its Castle, Himeji is Japan’s A palace and fortress built by
that would match the the Terrible, this cathedral most important building is the Hall largest and best preserved Moorish (North African Muslim)
brilliance of the Hagia was designed to look like the of Prayer for Good Harvests, where castle. It was built as a kings of southern Spain, the
Sophia cathedral. Its design flames of a bonfire rising up sacred ceremonies were conducted fortress, and its multiple Alhambra was designed to
mixes traditional Islamic to the sky. It is famous for by the Ancient Chinese emperors. moats, fortified gates, and represent Paradise on Earth.
and Byzantine Christian its unique, colourful, and winding passages were There are enclosed landscaped
architecture. It is named ornate appearance. designed to confuse and gardens, and the palace is
for its blue-tiled interior. exhaust intruders. lavishly decorated.

BLUE MOSQUE, ST BASIL’S CATHEDRAL, THE HALL OF PRAYER FOR GOOD HIMEJI CASTLE, THE ALHAMBRA,
ISTANBUL, TURKEY MOSCOW, RUSSIA HARVESTS, BEIJING, CHINA JAPAN GRANADA, SPAIN

1994 2004 TOP 10 TALLEST SKYSCRAPERS

JIN MAO TOWER BURJ KHALIFA A skyscraper is a building used for offices, homes,
or hotels that is higher than 150 m (450 ft).
Traditional Chinese and With 163 floors, Burj Khalifa is BURJ KHALIFA,
modern Western the world’s tallest building. It is Dubai, 828 m
architectural styles are topped with a spiral minaret, like (2,716.5 ft)
combined in this Shanghai those on mosques. Its 24,348 SHANGHAI TOWER,
skyscraper. Each tier flares windows are machine-cleaned, China, 632 m (2,073.6ft)
outwards at its top like a but the top of the spire is cleaned MAKKAH ROYAL CLOCK
pagoda-style roof. The tower by hand, with the workers TOWER HOTEL,
is covered in glass and dangling from ropes. Saudi Arabia, 601 m (1,972 ft)
designed to be wind and ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER, NYC, 541 m
THE GUGGENHEIM earthquake resistant.
AND SURROUNDING There is a swimming (1,775 ft)
BUILDINGS pool on the 57th floor. CTF FINANCE CENTER,
China, 530 m (1,739 ft) (completion 2016)
TAIPEI 101, Taiwan, 509 m (1,670 ft)
SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCIAL
CENTER, China, 492 m (1,614 ft)
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE CENTER,
Hong Kong, 484 m (1,588 ft)
PETRONAS TOWERS, Malaysia, 452 m (1,483 ft)
ZIFENG TOWER, China, 450 m (1,476 ft)

INSIDE THE JIN JIN MAO TOWER, BURJ KHALIFA, DUBAI,
MAO TOWER SHANGHAI, CHINA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

219

Great 2ND MILLENNIUM c.16TH–1ST c.4TH–2ND
bce CENTURY bce CENTURY bce
books
THE EPIC OF THE EGYPTIAN INDIAN EPICS
Thousands of years ago, stories GILGAMESH BOOK OF THE DEAD
were simply spoken aloud or told Mahabharata by Vyasa
with pictures. As writing developed, This poem was inscribed on This collection of drawings and and Ramayana by
tales were inscribed on stone, and clay tablets and is thought to magic spells was written over Valmiki are important
then on parchment and paper. Great be the first piece of written hundreds of years in Ancient Sanskrit poems that
books transport us to different lives literature. It describes the Egypt. The spells were buried began as spoken
and are enjoyed by generations of journey of Gilgamesh, king of with the dead to help them in their songs. They tell stories
readers all over the world. Uruk, who is on a quest with next life in the Underworld. about Indian culture,
a wild man to fight evil. Hinduism, great wars,
and exciting adventures.

“Humbaba’s A WARRIOR FROM
mouth is fire; THE MAHABHARATA
his roar the
floodwater; A PAGE FROM THE BOOK OF
his breath is THE DEAD

death.”

1908 1894 1876 1861 1847

ANNE OF SEVEN LITTLE GREAT JANE EYRE
GREEN AUSTRALIANS EXPECTATIONS
GABLES In Charlotte Brontë’s
This delightful story by Ethel Charles Dickens’s story novel, Jane Eyre has
L M Montgomery Turner is about the mischievous about Pip on his journey a harsh upbringing
tells a heart-warming Woolcot children, running wild at to becoming a gentleman as an orphan. When
tale about an orphan their home in Sydney. includes bitter old Miss she becomes a
with a wonderful Havisham. She has been governess, she
imagination. Anne is TOM SAWYER wearing her wedding falls in love with
sent to a family who gown ever since she her employer,
asked for a boy, but THE ADVENTURES was jilted at the altar. Mr Rochester,
she thrives in her OF TOM SAWYER who has a terrible
new home. “Ask no secret in his house.
Wily Tom Sawyer plays tricks on questions and
“Because when you are everyone but after he witnesses you’ll be told “I am no
imagining you might as a murder, the games get serious.
well imagine something Mark Twain’s adventures include no lies.” bird; and
graverobbers, children lost in
worthwhile.” caves, and a box of gold. no net

ensnares

me.”

BABY WOOLCOT WASHES
THE KITTENS

1935 1937 1937 1943 1945 1947

OF MICE AND THE HOBBIT ANIMAL THE DIARY
MEN FARM OF A YOUNG
For this story, J R R Tolkien GIRL
John Steinbeck tells a sad, created a complete world George Orwell was
bleak story about two called Middle Earth filled with making a political point Anne Frank was
farmhands struggling to find hobbits, wizards, elves, with this story about 13 when she and
work during the Depression dwarves, and trolls. On his animals taking over a her family went into
in the USA. George tries to quest to steal a dragon’s farm to create an equal hiding from the Nazis
look out for his strong, slow- treasure, Bilbo Baggins society. Things go badly in World War II. The
witted friend Lennie who meets many dangers and wrong after Napoleon diary she wrote in
dreams of farming rabbits. finds a powerful magic ring. the pig seizes power. their secret rooms
has been translated
THE LITTLE PRINCE’S into 70 languages.
HOME PLANET

THE PENGUIN LOGO LENNIE’S THE RING THE LITTLE
MOUSE PRINCE
PENGUIN
PAPERBACKS This magical little story NAPOLEON ANNE FRANK’S
from Antoine de Saint- THE PIG DIARY
Most quality books were Exupéry tells the tale of
published with expensive hard a pilot who is stranded
covers until Allen Lane created in the desert. He comes
Penguin paperbacks. He across a little prince, who
wanted people everywhere to has fallen to Earth from
be able to read good books in another planet.
a format that they could afford.

220

c.2ND c.700–1500 ce c.750–1000 1440 c.1595
CENTURY bce
INVENTION OF ARABIAN BEOWULF THE PRINTING ROMEO
PAPER NIGHTS PRESS AND JULIET
Beowulf is an Old English
Before the invention of Arabian Nights (also poem about good and The invention of the printing William Shakespeare wrote 37
paper by a resourceful called One Thousand evil. The hero, Beowulf, press by Johannes Gutenberg brilliant plays and many sonnets.
Chinese civil servant and One Nights) is a destroys a terrible changed everything. Many One of his most famous plays,
called Cai Lun, writers collection of captivating monster and then a more books were available, Romeo and Juliet, tells the tragic
used parchment, papyrus, stories compiled over dragon, but is killed and ordinary people could story of two young lovers whose
or palm leaves. many centuries. Two of the during his last battle. own them for the first time. families are fierce rivals.
best known are Ali Baba
PAPER AND BRUSH and the Forty Thieves and “When a THE PRINTING PRESS “O Romeo,
Sinbad the Sailor. chance came, Romeo,
he caught the
“Open hero in a rush wherefore
Sesame!” of flame and art thou
clamped sharp Romeo?”
(Ali Baba and
the Forty Thieves) fangs into ROMEO’S POISON
his neck.” AND DAGGER

1831 1813 1812 18TH 1605
CENTURY
GRIMMS’ FAIRY DON QUIXOTE
THE HUNCHBACK OF “Angry TALES
NOTRE DAME people are Don Quixote sets out on his
not always The Brothers Grimm wrote many lanky horse Rocinante with
Up in the towers of the Notre gruesome fairy tales with wicked his sidekick Sancho Panza
Dame Cathedral in Paris lives the wise.” characters that still frighten and on a donkey. Miguel de
hunchback Quasimodo. In Victor thrill children today. Little Snow Cervantes’ hero is in
Hugo’s story this tragic hero tries to White and Little Red Riding Hood search of a knightly quest
save a kind gypsy dancer from death. are two of the most famous. and a maiden to woo, but
most of his adventures
PRIDE AND “Mirror, mirror, A TRADITIONAL CHINESE FAN happen inside his head.
PREJUDICE on the wall, who
in this land is the DREAM OF THE “Can we ever
Finding husbands for fairest of all?” RED CHAMBER have too
five daughters is a much of a
major challenge in (Little Snow White) This classic Chinese novel by Cao
the Bennet family. Jane Xueqin is about the rise and fall of good thing?”
Austen’s complicated the aristocratic Jia family. It has
NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL romance between a huge number of characters and
Elizabeth Bennet and paints a vivid picture of life in
Mr Darcy is now a 18th-century China.
classic romance.

1950 1952 1960 1988 1997 2005

CHARLOTTE’S THE HARRY POTTER
WEB ALCHEMIST AND THE
PHILOSOPHER’S
Wilbur the pig is saved Paulo Coelho’s young STONE
from slaughter by a shepherd, Santiago,
supportive spider called tries to fulfil his The Harry Potter series by
Charlotte who weaves Personal Legend by J K Rowling is about the
flattering messages about hunting for treasure. adventures of a special young
him in her web. E B White’s He learns valuable wizard called Harry and his
heart-warming story has lessons on his journey. schoolfriends. In this first
been a favourite for more story, an evil wizard hunts
than 60 years. for the Philosopher’s Stone
so he can live forever.

THE MOCKINGBIRD IS A BURNING BOOKS
SYMBOL OF INNOCENCE
THE WARDROBE

THE LION, THE CHARLOTTE IN TO KILL A SANTIAGO SEEKS THE SORTING HAT TELLS THE BOOK
WITCH AND THE HER WEB MOCKINGBIRD TREASURE STUDENTS WHICH SCHOOL THIEF
WARDROBE
Two children learn harsh AT THE PYRAMIDS HOUSE THEY WILL BE IN Markus Zusak’s novel
C S Lewis set his adventures lessons about equality in is narrated by death.
in Narnia – the mysterious Harper Lee’s explosive He tells the touching
world of ice and snow that novel set in Alabama, story of a young girl
four children discover through USA. Their lawyer father who steals books
a door at the back defends a black man who in Germany during
of a wardrobe. is accused of a crime he World War II.
did not commit.

221

Great c.624–546 bce c.570–495 bce c.563–483 bce
thinkers
THALES PYTHAGORAS SIDDHARTHA
Throughout history, people have “THE WISE” GAUTAMA
asked questions about the world and A Greek scientist, Pythagoras
our place in it. Some great philosophers Thales lived in Asia Minor believed that everything in the Known as the Buddha, or
have come up with answers that have (modern Turkey). He had the universe could be explained by “enlightened one”, he taught
transformed our thinking – and others idea that water was the basic mathematics. He led a group that nothing in the world is
challenge us by posing new problems ingredient of everything, and of followers who obeyed his permanent. His goal was
for us to think about. that our world floated like strict code about how to live, to end people’s suffering,
a log in a universe of water. work, and honour the gods. through teaching them
the Eightfold Path
to enlightenment.

“Even death
is not to be
feared by

one who
has lived
wisely.”

1712–78 1711–76 1694–1778 1632–1704 1596–1650

JEAN-JACQUES VOLTAIRE JOHN LOCKE RENE DESCARTES
ROUSSEAU
A French poet, playwright, Englishman Locke Descartes started a revolution
Rousseau said and historian, Voltaire believed that people have in philosophy by doubting
government is a contract argued for free speech – the right to control their everything – including whether
between people and their that in a civilized society, own body, and no one he really existed. He decided
rulers. If rulers ignore everybody should have can tell them what to do that as he had thoughts,
people’s rights and the right to say and think with it. His ideas about someone must be
freedoms, they break whatever they like. power and freedom thinking them –
the contract and can be influenced lawmakers in so he must
removed from power. the newly formed USA, really exist.
who based the American
“Man was DAVID HUME Constitution of 1787 in
born free but part on Locke’s ideas.
everywhere Hume was a founder of
“sceptical” philosophy, “Where there is “I think,
he is in saying that there is no law, there therefore
chains.” nothing we can know for
certain. He believed is no freedom.” I am.”
knowledge came only
from direct experience,
not from a person’s ideas
or religious beliefs.

1724–1804 1759–97 1806–73 1818–83 1844–1900

IMMANUEL MARY KARL MARX FRIEDRICH
KANT WOLLSTONECRAFT NIETZSCHE
A revolutionary economist
Unlike many philosophers An English writer and teacher, she and thinker, Marx founded A German writer whose
of his time, Kant believed campaigned for women to have the the theory of socialism, main philosophy was
that knowledge of what same opportunities and rights as in which all the property, that people should aim to
is right and wrong is not men. Her book, A Vindication of the resources, and wealth achieve their full potential
born in us or given to Rights of Women, argued that girls of a country is owned by and be a “Superman”
us by God. We decide for should be educated as well as boys. the public, and not by rather than an ordinary
ourselves what is morally individual people. person.
right by using reason.

“Human reason JOHN
is troubled by STUART MILL
questions that it
cannot dismiss, English economist and
but also cannot political thinker who
believed that all people
answer.” should be free to do
whatever they choose, so
222 long as it does not harm
other people, or prevent
them from doing what
they want.

551–479 bce 469–399 bce 427–347 bce 384–322 bce 354–430 ce
CONFUCIUS
SOCRATES PLATO AUGUSTINE
One of the most important early OF HIPPO
Chinese philosophers, Confucius One of the greatest Greek Plato thought that our world is
taught that in order to live good thinkers, Socrates devised a faulty reflection of a perfect Born in North Africa,
and happy lives, people should a way of testing theories world that exists somewhere Augustine was a Christian
respect their neighbours, that involved asking lots of else. He founded the world’s leader and thinker. He tried
honour their families, and questions until he arrived first university, the Academy, to explain why there is so
obey their rulers. at the truth. To him, the near Athens in Greece. much evil in our world,
most important question when God, who created
“To study and of all was: “What makes it, is perfectly good.
not think is a a good life?”
waste. To think ARISTOTLE “Love the
and not study is “I am not an sinner and
dangerous.” Athenian or a Plato’s pupil, Aristotle,
is often called the first hate the
Greek, but scientist. He believed that sin.”
a citizen of we should base our theories
the world.” on what we have seen and
experienced, rather than
what we feel is true.

1588–1679 1469–1527 1225–74 1126–98 1098–1179

THOMAS HOBBES NICCOLO THOMAS IBN-RUSHD HILDEGARD
MACHIAVELLI AQUINAS (AVERROES) OF BINGEN
An English philosopher who
believed that people are basically An Italian writer and A noble-born Italian monk, A Muslim philosopher A German writer, composer, and
selfish. A civilized society needs diplomat. He wrote The he wanted to prove God’s from Cordoba in Spain. He nun, Hildegard wrote about how
to agree on a set of laws, then Prince, a book of advice for existence through reason. studied Aristotle and Plato to treat physical diseases by
appoint a strong leader to make politicians. In it, he argues He believed that it is and tried to combine their “spiritual healing”. From
sure everyone obeys those laws. that sometimes it is right for obvious from observing scientific approach with the age of six she saw
a leader to do terrible things the world that a supremely Muslim religious views to visions that seemed
such as lying or even killing, intelligent being must have create a unified idea of how to be from God, and
if they are done for the good created it, and this being the world she wrote about
of his kingdom. must be God. works. them in many books.

“The first
method for
estimating the
intelligence of a
ruler is to look at
the men he has
around him.”

1868–1963 1889–1951 1905–80 1908–86 1930–2004

W E B DUBOIS JEAN PAUL SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR JACQUES
SARTRE DERRIDA
An African-American historian, French writer who argued that girls are
author, and campaigner, Dubois French writer and not very different from boys when they French philosopher who
fiercely opposed the widely existentialist thinker. He are born. But because people treat devised a way of thinking
held view of the time that white believed that there is no God, women differently, they are forced to called “deconstruction”.
people were a superior race. and people have not been become submissive and obedient. Language must be pulled
He believed that all people invented for any particular apart, or deconstructed,
were equal and deserved equal purpose: we must choose “One is to show how there are no
rights, whatever their ethnicity for ourselves what to do not born, fixed meanings to words. In
or gender. with our lives. but rather fact, words get in the way
becomes, of the search for truth.
LUDWIG a woman.”
WITTGENSTEIN “To pretend,
I actually do the
One of the 20th century’s
most influential thinkers. He thing: I have
was especially interested in therefore only
logic, and the connection pretended to
between language and the
world. He taught that we can pretend.”
only talk or write properly
about things that exist.

223

Food around NORTH AMERICA
the world
People from many cultures have migrated to North
Every country has traditional food, based on America, introducing a wide range of food and
local ingredients and handed-down recipes. recipes. The Thanksgiving roast turkey and pumpkin
Once upon a time you could get pizza only pie date back to the Puritan settlers, who cooked a feast of home-
in Italy and sushi only in Japan. But today grown food to celebrate survival in their new land.
the world is like one huge café – with tastes
from every continent available in big PUMPKIN PIE,
supermarkets and on city streets. CANADA

FRIED CHICKEN, USA HAMBURGER, USA

HOT DOG, USA

SOUTH AMERICA SWEETCORN
CHOWDER, USA
Meat is a feast in South
American countries, TAMALES, BELIZE TOSTONES,
especially fine beef from VENEZUELA
cattle ranches on pampas grasslands.
The continent’s historic links with Spain
and Portugal can be seen in stuffed
empanadas, cheese-filled pastels, and
colourful, spicy rice dishes.

ROAST TURKEY, FAJITAS, MEXICO
USA MECHOUIA, TUNISIA

ARROZ CON POLLO, FEIJOADA, PASTELS, AFRICA
COLOMBIA BRAZIL BRAZIL
Food on this huge continent is
full of flavours and scents – BRIK, TUNISIA
some from the Middle East and
Asia. There are slow-cooked tagines and
African curries, creamy dips with flatbread,
and couscous with pomegranate seeds.

ACARAJE, BLACK BEAN AND EMPANADAS, PUDIM DE ABOBORA, SLADA BATATA TAGINE, MOROCCO HARIRA, COUSCOUS,
BRAZIL PUMPKIN SOUP, BRAZIL BRAZIL BRAZIL HALVA, MOROCCO ALGERIA TUNISIA

ROAST GUINEA PIG, PORK BEAN STEW, YERBA MATE, ICE CREAM WITH FERAKH MAAMER, ZAHLOUK, MOROCCO BSTILLA BIL DJAJ, BABA GANOUSH,
PERU BRAZIL PARAGUAY DULCE DE LECHE MOROCCO MOROCCO EGYPT
SAUCE, PARAGUAY

BOEREWORS, GALINHA AFRICAN,
SOUTH AFRICA MOZAMBIQUE

KIBBEH, DRY-RUB STEAK
ARGENTINA WITH CHIMICHURRI
SAUCE, ARGENTINA

CEVICHE, PERU BOBOTIE, SOUTH AFRICA BILTONG, SOUTH AFRICA FUL MEDAMES, EGYPT

224

EUROPE

Traditional European dishes like Italian
pizza and French coq au vin are served
all over the world. A Mediterranean diet,
rich in vegetables and olive oil, is the healthiest choice
of all. But that doesn’t stop people enjoying English
fish and chips or spicy German sausage.

BLUEBERRY PIE, FISH AND CHIPS, ROAST BEEF, LIMBURGSE VLAAI, STOLLEN,
USA UNITED KINGDOM UNITED KINGDOM THE NETHERLANDS GERMANY

WALDORF SALAD, USA ECLAIRS, FRANCE QUICHE, FRANCE COQ AU VIN, FRANCE MOULES FRITES, SAUERKRAUT, PICKLED HERRINGS,
BELGIUM GERMANY GERMANY

GUMBO, USA GAZPACHO, SPAIN STRUDEL, AUSTRIA GOULASH, BAKLAVA,
HUNGARY GREECE

BURRITOS, MEXICO PAELLA, FONDUE, WIENER SCHNITZEL, SPAGHETTI TIRAMISU, PIZZA,
SPAIN SWITZERLAND AUSTRIA BOLOGNESE, ITALY ITALY ITALY

ASIA AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA

Asian food has become Barbecues are ideal for the outdoor life in
popular everywhere. As well sunny Australia. Ice cream puddings like Peach
as spicy curries, there are Melba are popular too. In the Pacific Islands,
delicately flavoured dim sum dumplings, cooks use Asian flavours and lots of fruit and fish.
juicy kebabs, and hand-rolled sushi.
PASKHA, RUSSIA BORSCHT, RUSSIA TONKATSU, JAPAN

COCONUT CHICKEN
CURRY, MICRONESIA

TABBOULEH,
LEBANON

SUSHI, JAPAN TEMPURA, JAPAN

KEBABS, KULFI, INDIA THAI GREEN CURRY, DIM SUM, CHINA COCONUT, FIJI BARBEQUED CHICKEN,
TURKEY THAILAND AUSTRALIA

PANEER WITH DAHL, INDIA SAMOSA, INDIA KERALA FISH STEW, BANH MI, VIETNAM PHO GA, VIETNAM ANZAC BISCUITS, PEACH MELBA, AUSTRALIA
INDIA AUSTRALIA

ALOO GOBI, INDIA RINGRAH NA BHAJIA, INDIA ICE KACHANG, SATAY, NASI GORENG, INDONESIA KIWI FRUIT SALAD, PAVLOVA, NEW ZEALAND
SINGAPORE INDONESIA NEW ZEALAND

225

Fruit INSIDE A FRUIT Flesh Seed
or pulp Pit
A fruit is the edible part of a plant The flesh surrounding the seeds Seed Flesh or pulp
that develops from its flowers. Each of a fruit is formed into layers:
fruit contains a seed (or seeds) that the central layer holds the seeds, Thin skin MELON
is surrounded by flesh and enclosed while the outer layer is the skin
in a skin or rind. Fruit is full of natural or rind. The skin of some fruit, BERRY PIT FRUIT
sugar and usually tastes sweet. such as apples, can be eaten.
Rows
Juicy segments of seeds

Seeds inside
the core

Hard
rind

Flesh Pith

CORE FRUIT CITRUS Leathery
rind

BERRIES PIT FRUIT

A berry is a fruit with a seed, or The hard stone of a pit
seeds, that is produced from fruit contains a single
a single flower. The seeds are seed. Some pit fruit,
hidden in soft, often juicy, flesh. such as raspberries,
Many smaller berries have are actually made up
edible skins. of individual sections,
each containing a seed.

GUAVA

CHERIMOYA

POMEGRANATE PAPAYA ELDERBERRY

BLUEBERRY CRANBERRY

MANGO

BLACKCURRANT

GRAPES

BANANA

PASSION FRUIT KIWI FRUIT CAPE TAMARILLO
GOOSEBERRY

CITRUS FRUIT KUMQUAT LEMON

Most citrus fruits have a CLEMENTINE
hard rind or skin. Citrus fruits
are grown mainly for their BLOOD ORANGE
delicious juice, which is held
in the fleshy segments. These
segments are enclosed in
a soft, white layer of tissue
known as the pith.

KAFFIR LIME KEY LIME LIME

Central
column

ORANGE GRAPEFRUIT CITRON SHADDOCK WATERMELON

226

SPREADING 1 BIRD EATS FRUIT SIZE STINKIEST FRUIT
SEEDS Birds love to eat COMPARISON
Many people consider the world’s
Fruit seeds are spread in The jackfruit from stinkiest fruit to be the durian. It
a number of ways. They Southeast Asia is the can smell like rotten onions, but
can be blown by the wind, world’s largest fruit. It has a sweet, custard-like flesh.
carried by water, or can grow up to 90 cm
dropped when a fruit the bright fruits that (35 in) long and weigh
falls from a plant or up to 36 kg (79 lb).
tree. Often, seeds hold the seeds.
are spread by birds.

2 BIRD PASSES
SEED OUT

Once the bird has

3 NEW TREE GROWS digested the fruit,
The seed germinates in
it excretes the

the ground and begins to form seed that was

a new plant or tree. inside the fruit. JACKFRUIT DURIAN

ACCESSORY FRUIT

Some kinds of fruit grow differently from
others. They are known as accessory
fruit. The core fruit group is sometimes
included within this category.

LYCHEE RAMBUTAN PEACH OSFTFTRLAHOWEWRBEOERRSIRENIGFEASPMALAIRLNEYTPOASFRT STRAWBERRY

NECTARINE

COCONUT

BLACKBERRY RASPBERRY DAMSON PLUM APRICOT
APPLE
CORE FRUIT

These fleshy fruits have thin,
often edible, skins. Their
seeds are contained in
the core at the centre
of the fruit.

LOUQUAT

BREADFRUIT

PEAR QUINCE PINEAPPLE FIG
CANARY MELON
PMLAEANSLNIOTNDNFCASHEMABREVIOLLEMYOBANAENGSENTTTHOIGMERTEOCHSUWECSNUAMMBEER MELONS

The melon originated in Africa. Each melon
contains many seeds in the centre, which are
surrounded by soft, sweet, juicy flesh. The
hard skin is inedible.

CANTALOUPE CRENSHAW MELON HONEYDEW MELON KIWANO

227

Vegetables POD VEGETABLES OKRA BROAD BEANS

The word “vegetable” is not a scientific Pod vegetables come from plants
term. It is a word that people began to use that produce fruits in the form of
hundreds of years ago to refer to plants that seeds or beans, nestled inside a
were grown to eat, rather than foraged from pod. Many pod vegetables belong
the wild. There are many different types, to a family of vegetables known
and they are rich in vitamins and minerals. as legumes. These vegetables
are very high in protein.

LEAFY VEGETABLES

All vegetables have leaves, but “leafy
vegetables” are the ones where we eat
the leaves, rather than trim them off. The
darker the leaves, the stronger the taste,
and the richer they are in vitamins A and
C and bone-strengthening calcium.

TYPES OF VEGETABLES COLOURS CABBAGE

Vegetables are divided into groups according to You can often tell the health
the part of the plant that is eaten, for example benefits of a vegetable from
roots, stems, leaves, pods, or flowers. Some are its colour. The colours of
strictly “fruits”, but because they are used in vegetables come from
savoury cooking, are commonly called vegetables. their natural pigments.

AMARANTH BRUSSELS
SPROUTS
CHLOROPHYLL CAROTENOIDS RED CABBAGE
Helps replenish Convert to vitamin
FRUIT POD LEAFY red blood cells A, which is good
VEGETABLES VEGETABLES
in the body. for eye health.

FLOWERS ROOT BULBS ANTHOCYANINS LYCOPENE
AND BUDS VEGETABLES AND STEMS Protects body cells
Help protect and may reduce the
the body’s
cells from risk of cancer.
damage.
SALAD ROCKET BOK CHOY CHICKWEED

FRUIT FLOWERS AND BUDS WATER
CHESTNUT
These vegetables are all the fruit of a plant, and These vegetables are taken from plants that are
they contain the seeds it would use to reproduce. grown for their edible flower heads or buds, such
In this sense, they are very like apples and oranges, as broccoli and cauliflower. They are sturdy and
but these fruits contain less sugar and taste high in fibre, which is good
savoury, not sweet. for the digestive system.

RED CHILLI ARTICHOKE

GOURD

PEPPER SQUASH HAMBURG
PARSLEY

CAULIFLOWER BROCCOLI

BUTTERNUT SQUASH SWEDE
MARROW
PARSNIP
AUBERGINE
COURGETTE DI SICILIA VIOLETTO ROMANESCO
CAULIFLOWER CAULIFLOWER

“BROCCOLI” IS AN ITALIAN
WORD THAT MEANS

PUMPKIN “LITTLE SPROUTS” RADISH
OR “LITTLE SHOOTS”

228

PURPLE FRENCH BEANS LIMA BEANS RUNNER BEANS PEAS LABLAB
BEANS

DANDELION LAMB’S LETTUCE BEET GREENS KALE
CAVOLO NERO

CURLY ENDIVE KOMATSUNA

CHARD LETTUCE SPINACH BROAD-LEAVED ENDIVE LOOSELEAF CHICORY

ROOT VEGETABLES BULBS AND STEMS

These are the parts of the plant that grow underground, Stem vegetables are the edible shoots or
absorbing moisture and nutrients. This group includes roots, stalks of plants, such as asparagus, celery,
corms, and tubers, which are thickened, underground stems. and fennel. Bulbs are the underground parts
The potato is a tuber. of plants that store their nutrients, such as
onions, leeks, and garlic.

POTATO TARO

LEEK CELERY ASPARAGUS

SWEET POTATO

KOHLRABI

TURNIP SHALLOT LOTUS STEM
PEARL ONION
WELSH SPRING
ONION ONION

BEETROOT CARROT FENNEL LEMON GRASS GARLIC WHITE ONION ONIONS

229

CHEESE-MAKING FULACLCHSAOEAESFRSULDEIMIV,NIEASIARMENZAAUTG,EGNOTS ADDED FLAVOURS

The first stage in the making of any type of cheese Many people like to eat cheese just as it is. But cheeses
is to curdle the milk. This means getting the milk to are also made with added spices, fruit, and herbs to give
separate into solid lumps (curds) and a liquid called them an interesting new taste.
whey. The photographs below show the steps for
producing a hard cheese such as Cheddar. ROSEMARY

CRANBERRIES

PAPRIK A

CHIVES

1 CURDLING THE MILK 2 DRAINING AND HEATING 3 “CHEDDARING” 4 RIPENING
A machine stirs an The milk curds are cut The curds are To shape the cheeses,

enzyme called rennet into into cubes and the whey is ”cheddared” (piled up) to the curds are put into

the milk to speed curdling. allowed to drain off. press out more moisture. moulds, then left to ripen. THYME GARLIC ASH

TOP CHEESE EATERS Cheese

The eight countries listed here are where Filling a sandwich, used in a sauce, or just nibbled, cheese is
to find the people who eat the most one of the world’s favourite foods. It is delicious, nutritious, and
cheese per person per year (in kg/lb). made in so many varieties that there is a cheese to suit almost
everyone. Most people have eaten only a few different cheeses,
1 FRANCE but there are thousands to try.

26.3 kg (58 lb) Favourites: HARD CHEESE BEAUFORT CANESTRATO DI MOLITERNO COMTE CANESTRATO PUGLIESE
Camembert and brie, both France Italy France Italy
soft and creamy cheeses. This type of cheese is
made from cooked curds
2 ICELAND pressed firmly into shape
and left to age. The
24.1 kg (53 lb) Favourite: method removes as
Skyr, soft cheese with much moisture as
a yogurt-like texture. possible from the curds
and produces a solid
3 GREECE cheese that keeps well.
Semi-hard cheese has a
23.4kg (52 lb) Favourite: higher moisture content.
feta, tangy, white, and crumbly.
PAVE DU NORD GOUDA GRUYERE CHEDDAR
4 GERMANY France Netherlands Switzerland UK

22.9 kg (50 lb) Favourites: Gouda,
semi-hard and rich-tasting; and
Bruder Basil, a semi-soft
smoked cheese.

5 FINLAND

22.5 kg (49 lb) Favourites:
Oltermanni, semi-soft and buttery;
and Aura, blue and creamy.

6 ITALY

21.8 kg (48 lb) Favourites:
Parmesan, nutty and grainy;
mozzarella, made with buffalo
milk; and Gorgonzola,
blue-veined and crumbly.

7 SWITZERLAND

20.8 kg (46 lb) Favourites:
Emmental, classic ”holey” cheese;
and Gruyère, firm and nutty.

8 AUSTRIA

19.9 kg (44 lb) Favourites:
Bergkäse and Tilsiter, both with
a strong taste and smell.

CHESHIRE EDAM JARLSBERG CANTEL MONTEREY JACK
UK Netherlands Norway France USA/Mexico

SOFT CHEESE RICOTTA AFFUMICATA FETA SUSSEX SLIPCOTE HOLY GOAT PANDORA OLIVET CENDRE
Italy Greece UK Australia France
The curds of soft cheeses are not
cooked or pressed, but shaped
and left to drain. Some types are
eaten soon after making. Others
are ripened until a wrinkly rind
forms. Depending on the type
of cheese, the centre may have
a creamy or chalky texture.

MOZZARELLA CHABICHOU DU POITOU KETEM BRIE DE MELUN WABASH CANNONBALL WINNIMERE SAKURA
Italy France Israel France USA USA Japan

230

WHICH MILK MAKES CHEESE? SHEEP GOAT BLUE CHEESE

Most of the world’s cheeses are made with milk The mouldy-looking streaks running through blue
from cows, goats, sheep, and buffalo. In dry regions cheeses really are mould – but a type that is safe to
with poor grazing, camels are an important source eat. To produce blue cheese, the makers add mould
of milk. More rarely, cheese is made from the milk spores to the curdled milk. After shaping the cheese,
of horses, donkeys, yaks, and reindeer. they pierce, or “needle”, it to let in air and kickstart
the mould’s growth. Blue cheese, which can be hard
or soft, usually has a strong flavour.

COW WATER CAMEL HORSE
BUFFALO

GORGONZOLA STILTON ROQUEFORT
Italy UK France

EMMENTAL
DE SAVOIE
Switzerland

BAVARIA BLU BLEU BENEDICTIN BLEU DE CHEVRE
Germany Canada France

GAMONEDO VALDEON BARKHAM BLUE
Spain Spain UK

POSTEL CRESCENT DAIRY K A SHK AVAL
Belgium FARMHOUSE Hungary
New Zealand

Elastic Bacterial action OSTIEPOK SARDO ALLGAUER VASTERBOTTENSOST
texture forms holes as Slovakia Argentina BERGKASE Sweden
cheese ripens
Germany

GRAVIERA TIROLER PECORINO BITTO MANCHEGO PECORINO GAMALOST
Greece GRAUKASE SARDO Italy Spain ROMANO Norway
Italy
Austria Italy

CHEESE HISTORY 4000 BCE 2000 BCE 50 CE 1791 Statue of
The Romans French farmer Marie Harel in
Cheese-making began long ago when Evidence of Egyptian invent the Marie Harel invents Normandy, France
people discovered, probably by chance, dairy farming tomb paintings cheese press. Camembert cheese.
that curdled milk was good food. The in the Sahara show cheese
cheese we eat today has a history of grasslands. being made.
approximately 8,000 years.
1348 1860S
8000 bce First reference to Mass-produced
cheese from Parma, later rennet makes
5500 BCE 3500 BCE 300 CE 1170 known as Parmesan. 1815 cheese-making
more consistent.
Pots dating from Sumerian Cheese is First reference 1697 First-ever
this time in Europe clay writing sold and eaten to Cheddar, First cheese factory 2000
may be the earliest tablets mention reference
cheese strainers. curd making. throughout from Somerset to Gouda, opens in 2011
Europe. in England. named after Switzerland. A 939 kg
the Dutch (2,070 lb)
8000 BCE Ancient town. goats cheese
People start keeping sheep Sumerian takes the
and learn to milk them. script City Hall, world title for
Gouda the biggest
cheese ever.

231

Bread MAKING 1 FLOUR 2 Add a mixture of 3 Place the dough
BREAD Sift plain flour and water, milk, and on a floured board.
First eaten around 30,000 years ago,
bread is a favourite food all around Making bread is not salt into a bowl. yeast. Combine Let it rest for a few
the world. Usually made with wheat difficult, although you
or rye flour, it is easy to make and need some strength
a great source of carbohydrates to knead the dough
for energy. There are thousands of and patience while it
delicious varieties of bread, from proves (rises). These
flat and crisp to plaited and fluffy. steps show how
to make a simple
white loaf.

everything together minutes. Then knead

until they form a dough. it for 5–10 minutes.

ROLLS WHOLEMEAL ROLL PICOS ROLLS SKILLET BREAD PIRAGI
UK Spain USA Latvia
Rolls, and other forms
of bread, come in
all shapes and sizes.
Many, such as bagels,
have become popular
all over the world.

WHO EATS THE LEAVENED PUMPERNICKEL SEVEN GRAIN BREAD WHOLEMEAL COTTAGE LOAF
MOST BREAD? BREAD Germany USA UK

These ten countries eat more bread In leavened breads (where ZOPF
per person per year than anywhere else the dough rises), yeast or Switzerland
in the world. baking powder is added
to the flour combined with
1 TURKEY a liquid like buttermilk to
create carbon dioxide gas.
104.6 kg (230.5 lb) per person per This makes the bread light
year. Favourites: bazlama, and airy. Thousands of
gözleme, and pide. different types of leavened
bread are baked around
2 CHILE the world.

96 kg (211.5 lb) per person per CIABATTA BAGUETTE
year. Favourites: marraqueta, Italy France
hallula, and coliza.
WHITE LOAF SOURDOUGH LOAF PANE DI PATATE PARTYBROT
3 ARGENTINA UK Middle East Italy Germany

76 kg (167.5 lb) per person per RAISING AGENT Compressed PAIN A L’ANCIENNE
year. Favourites: pan de campo, yeast France
pan de chapa, and chipas. Many types of bread are leavened, meaning
that they have had something added to them Powdered
4 DENMARK to make them rise. The most common rising yeast
agent is yeast, which comes in various forms.
70 kg (154 lb) per person per
year. Favourites: rye and MANTOU STEAMED BREAD HEFEZOPF
pumpernickel. China Germany

4 GREECE Dried yeast FOCACCIA BREAD PIZZA
Italy Italy
70 kg (154 lb) per person per
year. Favourites: daktyla, lagana, FLATBREADS PITTA BREAD PIDE NAAN FLAVOURS
and pitta. Middle East Turkey India FOR BREAD
Most flatbreads do not
4 POLAND contain yeast, although FLATBREAD Bread can be mixed with
some, such as pitta Italy lots of different ingredients
70 kg (154 lb) per person per bread and naan bread, to make it taste savoury or
year. Favourites: rye, wholegrain, are slightly leavened. sweet. Savoury breads can
flavoured breads, and bagels. Pitta bread opens up to be flavoured with strong
form a pocket that can tastes, like onion and cheese.
5 IRELAND be filled with different Sweet-flavoured breads
ingredients. Other flat often have fruit, nuts, and
68 kg (150 lb) per person per breads can be used like spices added to them.
year. Favourites: potato, soda, a plate and then eaten.
and barmbrack. CRISPBREAD TORTILLA
Sweden Spain
6 HUNGARY

60 kg (132 lb) per person per
year. Favourites: lángos,
pogácsa, and pretzels.

6 THE NETHERLANDS

60 kg (132 lb) per person per
year. Favourites: wholegrain,
rye, and suikerbrood.

7 GERMANY

57 kg (125.5 lb) per person per
year. Favourites: rye, wholegrain,
and wheat-rye.

ROVLAMLROGSIRE,EARTEMINTEDHASANOPNAYFS1BHT,RA3RE0SIAE0SD,

232

4 Put the dough into 5 Punch the dough 6 Turn the dough out on 7 Form the dough into 8 Bake the bread for about 9 Turn the loaf out on to a wire rack
a clean bowl, cover down while it is still to a floured board and the desired shape, 30 minutes in a pre- and let it cool. Store the bread in

with clingfilm and let it in the bowl to take some knead it again for about or put it in a tin and heated oven at 180˚C/350˚F/ a bread bin or tin so that it stays fresh.

prove (rise) for about of the air out. two minutes. cover with clingfilm and Gas Mark 4 until it is golden

three hours. let it rise for 90 minutes. brown and sounds hollow.

PARKER HOUSE ROLLS BRIOCHE BAGELS GRISSINI FAN TAN (BUTTERMILK ROLL) PRETZELS BRIOCHE
USA France Poland Italy France Germany NANTERRE LOAF

ANADAMA BREAD France
USA
PUGLIESE BREAD BARMBRACK BREAD SPECIAL
Italy Ireland OCCASION BREADS

In many countries and within some
religious groups, there is a tradition of
baking special types of bread for certain
occasions. Some recipes are everyday
breads but with added ingredients such
as fruit or nuts. Other varieties are only
baked once a year.

SEEDED RYE BREAD GLUTEN-FREE BROWN BREAD
Russia USA

PANE DI PRATO FOUGASSE
Italy France

HOT CROSS BUNS CIAMBELLA
UK – Easter MANDORLATA
Italy – Easter

SODA BREAD
Ireland

PANDORO BREAD PANETTONE
Italy – Christmas Italy – Christmas

GOZLEME HEFEKRANZ LOAF STOLLEN TSOUREKI
Turkey Austria Germany – Christmas Greece – Christmas

CHERRIES

CHOCOLATE ONION OLIVES

RAISINS CURRANTS SULTANAS CARDAMOM WALNUTS PISTACHIOS CHEESE CHALLAH MATZO
Middle East – Middle East –
Jewish Sabbath Jewish Passover

233

Pasta MAKING PASTA 1 ADD THE EGGS 2 MIX THE EGGS AND
TO THE FLOUR FLOUR TOGETHER
Made from flour and eggs, plus a little water or olive Pasta is not complicated
oil, pasta has always been a very important food in to make, but it can take Make a well in the centre Combine the eggs and
Italy. Now it is popular throughout the world because a little while. You can make
it can be cooked in so many different ways. Pasta is it by hand, or you can use a of the flour and then add flour to form a dough,
also a great source of energy for our bodies. food mixer. A pasta machine
can be used to roll the the eggs. using a little olive oil or
pasta dough out and cut
it into strips, depending on
the shape that you want.
You can use different types
of flour, such as plain,
semolina, buckwheat,
or wholemeal flour.

water to keep it moist.

SHORT PASTA

These small shapes are good
for eating with chunky vegetable
sauces, or for baked dishes. Many
of their names reflect their shape,
such as conchiglie, which means
“shells”, or ruote meaning “wheels”.

GNOCCHI RUOTE RADIATORI TROTTOLE

CONCHIGLIE

ORECCHIETTE

MACARONI GRAMIGNE

BUCKWHEAT FUSILLI STRIGOLI FARFALLE
FUSILLI

CRESTE DI GALLO

DITALANI PENNE RIGATE PENNONI RIGATONI CAVATAPPI CASARECCE GARGANELLI

LONG PASTA

Long strands of pasta come in various
thicknesses and can be round or flat.
They are usually served with creamy
sauces or tomato sauces that coat
each strand of the pasta and add flavour.

TAGLIATELLE LASAGNE

TAGLIOLINI CAPELLI D’ANGELO MAFALDINE LINGUINE WHOLEWHEAT
SPAGHETTI
TINY PASTA RISONI GRAMIGNA ANELLI ANELLINI STELLINE QUADRETTI FILINI
ALFABETI
Very small pasta shapes
are often used in soups,
or added to stews, because
they are a quick and
easy way to make the
dishes more filling
and serve more people.

234

3 KNEAD 4 REST THE DOUGH 5 FLATTEN 6 ROLL THE DOUGH 7 PASTA STRANDS WHO EATS THE
Use your hands Cover the dough in THE DOUGH Roll the dough out Once the dough MOST PASTA?

to knead the pasta cling film and let it rest Flatten the dough, using with a rolling pin or feed it is thin enough, it can Nearly 13.5 million tonnes of pasta is
produced worldwide each year. Here
dough for about for 30 minutes. Then your hands and a rolling through a pasta machine be cut into strips, or are the nine countries that eat the most
pasta per person.
5–7 minutes until unwrap it and place it pin. Don’t let the dough until it becomes thin. you can cut it by hand
1 ITALY
it is smooth. on a floured board. get too warm or floury. into different shapes.
26 kg (57 lb) per person per
STUFFED PASTA year. Italians eat 1,524,006
tonnes of pasta each year.
Some pasta shapes are stuffed with
a filling and sealed before they are 2 VENEZUELA
cooked. Fillings can include creamy
cheeses and vegetables such as spinach. 12.3 kg (27 lb) per person
per year. Venezuela’s total
DISCHI VOLANTI consumption is 350,213
tonnes each year.
CAVATELLI
3 TUNISIA
PANSOTTI CAPPELLETTI CANNELLONI
11.9 kg (26 lb) per person
CAMPANELLE per year. Tunisia’s total
annual consumption is
nearly 130,000 tonnes.

4 GREECE

10.5 kg (23 lb) per person
per year. The Greeks
consume around 120,000
tonnes of pasta annually.

5 SWITZERLAND

9.3 kg (21 lb) per person
per year. Switzerland’s total
annual consumption is
73,130 tonnes.

6 SWEDEN

9 kg (20 lb) per person
per year. Sweden’s total
consumption is just over
86,000 tonnes.

7 USA

8.8 kg (19 lb) per person per
year. The USA is the world’s
largest consumer overall
with a total of 2,700,000
tonnes of pasta each year.

8 CHILE

8.4 kg (19 lb) per person
per year. Chile’s total
consumption is 144,000
tonnes each year.

9 PERU

8.2 kg (18 lb) per person per
year. The Peruvians consume
250,000 tonnes annually.

STROZZAPRETI LUNETTE TORTELLINI RAVIOLI CARAMELLE

COLOURED PASTA 6T00HEDRIFEFAERREENMTOSRHEATPHEASN
THROOUF GPAHSOTUATPTRHOEDWUCOERDLD
The basic ingredients of pasta don’t change,
but you can add different foods to pasta that
will affect its colour and taste. Added flavours
include garlic, herbs, and wine, as well as
vegetables such as mushrooms.

PERCIATELLI

FETTUCCINE

CURRY HERBS WILD MUSHROOM TOMATO

FUSILLI LUNGHI

STORTINI DITALINI RIGATI FARFALLINE SORPRESE RED WINE SPINACH ONION EGG

235

Fish for food ROUND FISH

All over the world, fish is an important part Round fish have cylindrical bodies, making it possible to fillet
of people’s diets. It contains protein, vitamins, (cut) pieces from both sides of their bodies. Depending on
and minerals. Fish can be cooked in many their texture, they are known as either white fish or oily fish.
different ways or even eaten raw.
Tail

WHO EATS THE SALTED FISH, DRIED FISH CUTS OF SALMON Tail fillet Steak
MOST FISH?
Fish does not stay fresh for long, particularly
These ten countries eat more fish per if it cannot be refrigerated. So fish is often
person per year than anywhere else preserved in salt or brine (very salty water),
in the world. or dried to use later.

1 MALDIVES SALTED ANCHOVIES BOMBAY DUCK (DRIED
BUMMALO FISH)
154 kg (339.5 lb) Favourites:
skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, YELLOW FIN COLEY
and mahi-mahi. SEA BREAM STURGEON

2 ICELAND DRIED SHRIMP DRIED SCALLOP COMMON CARP

94 kg (207.2 lb) Favourites: SALTED COD SALTED MACKEREL RED GURNARD HADDOCK
haddock, halibut, herring, ATLANTIC COD
and plaice. SMOKED FISH SARDINE

3 KIRIBATI Fish can also be preserved by smoking in
one of two ways. Hot-smoked fish are brined,
76.3 kg (168 lb) Favourites: lobster, dried, and then smoked quickly. Cold-smoked
yellowfin tuna, and skipjack tuna. fish are brined and then smoked for 1–5 days.

4 GUYANA POLLOCK

73 kg (161 lb) Favourites: crab, ARBROATH SMOKIES MUSSELS AMERICAN YELLOW PERCH
tilapia, and catfish. (HADDOCK)

5 JAPAN KILN-ROASTED SALMON OYSTERS

71.9 kg (158.5 lb) Favourites: bluefin RAINBOW TROUT
tuna, salmon, prawns, and eel.
TROUT MACKEREL
6 FRENCH POLYNESIA
EEL COLD-SMOKED RED SNAPPER LING
67.5 kg (149 lb) Favourites: tuna, KIPPER SALMON GROUPER
mahi-mahi, octopus, sea urchin,
and prawns. FINNAN
HADDOCK
7 SEYCHELLES

62.3 kg (137 lb) Favourites:
octopus, tuna, squid, red snapper,
and grouper.

8 NORWAY

61.9 kg (136.4 lb) Favourites:
smoked salmon, prawns, trout,
crab, cod, and herring.

9 PORTUGAL

58.7 kg (129.4 lb) Favourites:
cod, sardines, octopus, squid,
crab, lobster, clams, mussels,
and oysters.

10 MALAYSIA

54.2 kg (119.4 lb) Favourites:
prawns, crab, squid, cuttlefish,
octopus, and sea cucumbers.

SUSHI AND SASHIMI

Raw fish is often used in Japanese dishes.
Nigiri sushi uses rice formed into a rectangle
with fish placed on top. Sashimi is very fresh,
sliced raw fish. Maki sushi rolls are wrapped
in seaweed called nori.

ATLANTIC SALMON ARCTIC CHAR

HALIBUT WHITE HADDOCK HAKE

NIGIRI SUSHI SASHIMI MAKI SUSHI ROLLS HERRING YELLOW HADDOCK JOHN DORY BLUE COD

236

Loin fillet FLAT FISH

Flat fish start life as small round fish, but turn BRILL SOLE
on to their side as they grow. Flat fish are usually Cheek
cut into long slices along their backbone. If they
are large and thick enough, it is possible to cut
steaks from them.

Tail fillet

Tail

Head

Single fillet CUTS OF HALIBUT Steak
DAB
CATFISH

TILAPIA

SAND WHITING RED TILAPIA TURBOT PLAICE HALIBUT
ATLANTIC WHITING ATLANTIC MACKEREL
ATLANTIC HERRING FISH ROE

Roe is the name for the ripe eggs that are either found inside
a fish’s body or released outside it. Roe can be eaten raw or
cooked. Sturgeon roe is highly prized and very expensive.
It is made into caviar, by curing it in salt.

BELUGA CAVIAR SEVRUGA CAVIAR

YELLOWFIN TUNA

LUMP FISH ROE FRESH COD ROE SMOKED COD ROE HERRING ROE (SOFT) HERRING ROE (HARD)
ABALONE CUTTLEFISH
SHELLFISH

Shellfish include marine animals such
as oysters and mussels that live in
shells, as well as creatures like
lobsters, crabs, and prawns. They
can be used in many recipes.

BARRAMUNDI WHELKS COCKLES

SEA CUCUMBER SQUID

PIKE SEA
URCHIN
CLAMS WINKLES

SEA BASS RED MULLET
MONKFISH ANCHOVIES

CRAB PRAWNS MUSSELS OYSTERS

MORAY EEL

BREAM LAKE LOBSTER CRAYFISH QUEEN
TROUT SCALLOP

237

Meat BEEF FILLET RIB-EYE STEAK FEATHERBLADE BRISKET
STEAK STEAK
Humans have eaten meat for The meat from a cow is called
thousands of years. Animals beef. If the meat comes from a Middle or loin Forequarter
such as cows, pigs, sheep, and young cow under one month old,
chickens are reared on farms it is called veal. Some cuts of
especially to provide us with beef, such as steaks, are more
meat. Other animals live in the popular than others and more
wild and are hunted for their expensive.
meat. A good source of protein,
meat can be prepared and cooked Hindquarter
in many ways.

OMFEATARHTAMEECHIINVOMEEINATPRTLAOATAMRLHITSNIYNATSSNDHMTIAAEANTITNNDY Breast and
flank
WHO EATS THE
MOST MEAT? CHUCK AND
BLADE JOINT
These ten countries eat more meat per
person per year than anywhere else in RUMP TOPSIDE STEAK SLICED SHIN SHORT RIBS MINCE HANGER STEAK
the world.
DICED VEAL VEAL CHOP VEAL ESCALOPE VEAL TOPSIDE SHOULDER ROAST
1 URUGUAY
PORK TENDERLOIN
126.5 kg (279 lb) Favourites: beef,
veal, and pork. The meat from a pig is called pork. It
can be cured to produce different types
2 USA of bacon and ham as well as many other
kinds of preserved meat products, such
124 kg (274 lb) Favourites: beef as salami.
(especially steak), chicken, and
pork (especially bacon). Forequarter Middle RACK
Hindquarter
3 CYPRUS
LOIN EYE DOUBLE LOIN
117.6 kg (259 lb) Favourites: STEAK CHOP
chicken and pork (especially
tenderloin and preserved forms). MINCE Belly and ribs HOCK
SPARE RIBS PORK BELLY
4 SPAIN SAUSAGES

113.1 kg (249 lb) Favourites: beef, WPAIRTOIIHNSFT1CCH9RO2EEO0APKATOEEPDBDUUBLATAACPCRHEOERSNRCFUEINNMTE
pork (especially cured hams), and
lamb.

5 DENMARK

112.4 kg (248 lb) Favourites: pork
(minced and especially preserved
forms) and beef.

6 NEW ZEALAND

109.9 kg (242 lb) Favourites: lamb
and chicken.

7 AUSTRALIA

108.9 kg (240 lb) Favourites: lamb
and beef.

8 CANADA

101.1 kg (223 lb) Favourites: beef,
venison, pork (especially preserved
forms), chicken, duck, and goose.

9 FRANCE

99.9 kg (220 lb) Favourites: beef,
lamb, pork, chicken, and duck.

10 IRELAND

99.4 kg (219 lb) Favourites: beef,
pork, and lamb.

238

LAMB AND MUTTON Middle or LOIN MINCE RACK
saddle
The meat from a young sheep Leg LOIN
under a year old is called lamb. Breast and CHOPS
Meat from older sheep or goat is flank
known as mutton. The cuts shown
here can be from a sheep or a goat.

Forequarter

SHOULDER
JOINT

SHOULDER CHOP LEG OF LAMB SHANK CHUMP CHOP

POULTRY TURKEY MINCE TURKEY ROLL WHOLE PRESERVED MEATS
TURKEY
Birds that are raised domestically for Most meat can be preserved in different ways.
food are all known as poultry. Types It can be dried, smoked, or cured by soaking
of poultry include chickens, ducks, it in very salty water, or made into sausages
turkeys, and geese. such as salami that can be eaten raw. Pork
is the meat that is preserved most often.

POUSSIN Wing SALAME D’OCA PANCETTA
(SMALL CHICKEN)
Breast DUCK GOUJONS
CHICKEN BREAST Leg
WHOLE DUCK
DUCK BREAST

JAMON

WHOLE CHICKEN CHICKEN LEG CHICKEN THIGH CHICKEN DICED CHICKEN WHOLE GOOSE STREAKY BACON KABANOS
QUARTER DRUMSTICK

GAME SADDLE OF
VENISON
“Game” refers to wild birds and animals that
are hunted for food. This includes deer, the BLACK FOREST HAM KIELBASA LISIECKA
meat of which is called venison, and birds
such as pheasants and pigeons. Forequarter

Middle
or saddle

DICED VENISON VENISON MINCE

VENISON CHOURICO DE PORCO SALAME TOSCANO
FILLET PRETO
Hindquarter

GROUSE

PASTRAMI SALT BEEF

QUAIL VENISON
STEAK

PHEASANT VEAL SALAME HOFER
PARTRIDGE RINDFLEISCHWURST

MALLARD PIGEON

TEAL WOODCOCK WHOLE BONED HAUNCH SMOKED VENISON DROEWORS
HAUNCH OF OF VENISON,
ROLLED UP
VENISON

239

Men’s 2ND CENTURY bce 5TH CENTURY ce 1550s
fashion
THE ROMANS MEDIEVAL COURT STYLE
The style of Western men’s clothing,
hair, and accessories changes as Ancient Rome had strict Rich young men could become The kings of Europe set the
fast as women’s fashion. Even clothing rules. Roman knights. They wore metal armour trends, wearing new fabrics
centuries ago men were obsessed senators, part of the over their legs, while on top they such as silk from China and
with fashion and loved to wear government, were at wore a shirt made from metal Iraq, and cotton from India and
stylish clothes. They often spent mesh, called chain-mail. This Egypt. Clothes came in new
more on clothes than women did. the highest level made it easier for the knight colours, too, such as scarlet-
of society – they to move and protected him
wore tunics from stab wounds. red, as exotic
called togas, dyes were
and sandals. imported
from around
BROOCH TO the world.
HOLD ROBE

IN PLACE

LACE-UP
CHAIN-MAIL

ROMAN TOGA STUDDED SANDALS

1930s 1920s

ELEGANCE THE ROARING TWENTIES

Men dressed to show off their Sport was the new trend, so many men
upper body, wearing jackets dressed in a more casual style, ready
with padded shoulders and for cycling, golf, tennis, athletics, and
wide lapels to give the dancing. Short trousers called
illusion of a strong chest. plus fours were a popular
The athletic look was in new fashion.
fashion, so men took up
sport to get in shape.

KNICKERBOCKERS STRIPED ENAMEL
WITH ARGYLE SOCKS CUFFLINKS

SWIMMING FEDORA HAT
COSTUME

OPEN SUMMER SHOES STRAW BOATER

PLUS FOURS AND POLO SHIRT BAGGY SUIT BROGUES TWEED CAP ATHLETIC PLUS
WEAR FOURS
1940s 1950s
1960s AND
THE FORTIES SMART CASUAL KNITTED

There were not many After years of wearing military uniforms, VEST
clothes for sale during men wanted to relax and wear more casual
World War II, as clothes. Pinstripe, double-breasted suits THE NEW
producing food and were popular, and so were DANDIES
weaponry was more shorter Italian-style
important. Men made jackets. Young men Young men wanted to
do with fewer suits and developed their show off and stand out.
dressed simply, although own style, and They wore slim, ankle-
shoes and hats were jeans were length trousers or jeans
still key accessories. especially with tight-fitting shirts or
fashionable. sweaters. Pop music was
a big influence on fashion
LEATHER and hairstyles.
JACKET
BAGGY
TROUSER

SUIT

HOMBURG HAT BEATLES-STYLE SUNGLASSES

FORMAL SUIT

TRILBY HAT

CASUAL ATTIRE AVIATOR SUNGLASSES SPECTATOR SHOES SUEDE SHOES WITH COWBOY LEATHER COAT, POINTED SHOES
CREPE SOLES JEANS SLIM TROUSERS

240

LATE 1500s 1700s

ELIZABETHAN ROCOCO

Men’s clothes became even In Europe a new style came into
fancier. Gentleman with fashion, Rococo, which was
money wore fitted velvet more glamorous than
jackets with wide, frilly
anything before. Men’s
lace collars, and knee- clothes were richly
length trousers called decorated. They wore
breeches with long huge wigs and make-up
silk or wool socks. to complete the look.

TIGHT WAISTCOAT SUIT WITH
WHITE WIG

FURS WITH FEATHERED HAT SHORT TUNIC WITH SUIT BREECHES WITH LINEN FRILLY BOW
COLOURED STOCKINGS WITH PADDED JACKET UNDERSHIRT AND SLEEVES
RUFF

1900–10s 1850s 1800s

THE NEW CENTURY THE GENTLEMAN THE DANDY

Male fashion became plainer and Clothes became cheaper because Wealthy men of the
more serious. More men worked in they could be made by machine 19th century wore top
offices and dressed to fit in, not to rather than by hand, so more hats and curled their
stand out. They wore suits in dark men could afford to dress well. hair and moustaches.
colours with white shirts and ties. There were outfits for every
occasion, and accessories Their clothes were
such as hats, pointy shoes, tight to show off
and walking sticks were their figure, and
important. they changed outfits
many times a day.

SWIMMING
CAP

BOWLER
HAT

PANAMA HAT WORK SUIT FORMAL OUTFIT EVENING JACKET SWIMMING WAISTCOAT AND TIGHT JACKETS AND FITTED COAT WITH
WITH TOP HAT OUTFIT AND SLIM COSTUME POCKET WATCH HIGH COLLARS HIP POCKETS
TROUSERS

1970s 1980s and 1990s 2000s

FLARES AND INDIVIDUAL ANYTHING GOES
PLATFORMS STYLE
Since the start of the new
Men experimented with fashion There were many millennium, fashion for
and enjoyed dressing up for fun looks to choose from men has become very
in colourful patterned clothes. in the 1980s and 90s. relaxed. Jeans and
Extra-long flared trousers Suits had padded trainers are the most
were worn with high platform shoulders in the 1980s popular look. Other
shoes, and hairstyles were long casual styles include
and shaggy. and became very chinos or khaki
slim in the 1990s. trousers, worn with
BIG SUNGLASSES Many clothing styles polo shirts, graphic
were influenced by music T-shirts, or sweatshirts.
such as punk and hip-hop.

PLATFORM
SHOES

SUNGLASSES

PLAIN SUIT
WITH PINK
STRIPED SHIRT

CHECKED JACKET FANCY PLATFORMS COWBOY BOOTS PUNK STYLE CLASSIC TRAINERS JEANS AND
AND FLARES POLO SHIRT

241

Women’s 1300s 1400–1600s
fashion RICH RENAISSANCE
FASHION
Fashion is the style of what we STARTS HERE Beautiful soft new materials, such as silk and velvet,
wear, and how we wear it. The became available to the rich. Skirts became wider,
most important thing about Women wore the same type and mix-and-match clothes were popular. Sleeves
Western fashion is that it of clothing for centuries, could be untied and taken off for washing.
changes. Hundreds of years but by the 1300s fashion
ago, styles altered slowly, started changing more ORNATE HANDBAG
but now they move on very fast. quickly and new dress
styles were invented.
There were strict
laws on what to
wear but women
found ways to
break the rules.

WOOL MEDIEVAL DRESS VELVET DAY OUTDOOR SHOES COURT DRESS
DRESS
WAR ADVERT
1940s To encourage 1930s
women to make
HAT WITH FLOWERS THRIFTY FORTIES clothes last GLAMOROUS
GOWNS
During World War II, material was longer.
scarce. Women dressed sensibly In this decade, fashion was
inspired by Hollywood film
and learned how to make and stars. Long, slinky dresses were
recycle their own clothes. They designed to create a slender
still wanted to look stylish, using look. Jackets had padded
shoulders, which made the
colourful accessories to add waist and hips look narrower.
personality to plain outfits.

FITTED
JACKET
AND SKIRT

LITTLE EVENING WHITE SATIN FLORAL WIDE-
HAT EVENING DRESS BRIMMED
DRESS STRAW HAT

HAIR TIED UP, KNEE- ELEGANT
LEATHER
EMERALD-GREEN HEELS LENGTH DRESS GLOVES DRESS PATTERN

1950s 1960s

THE “NEW LOOK” THE SWINGING
SIXTIES
Designer Christian Dior created
a new way of dressing in the London designer Mary Quant
1950s. The look was very invented the mini skirt.
feminine, with a tight waist, Hems were the
shortest they had
swirling skirt, pearl necklaces, ever been in the
and earrings. Gloves and hats history of fashion.
were almost always worn Shiny fabrics,
when leaving the house. space-age silver,
knee high boots,
and lots of eye PLASTIC ZIP-UP JACKET
make-up were popular.

DAY HANDBAG

MATCHING HAT, LONG SUIT DRESS PEEP-TOE HEELS SILVER BOOTS WITH POLK A-DOT STRIPED
GLOVES, AND SHOES POINTED TOES MINI DRESS SEQUINNED

MINI

242

1700s RED FOOTWEAR 1850–1900s BONNET
WITH RIBBONS
THE FLAMBOYANT 1700s THE VICTORIANS
FAN
French Queen Marie Antoinette became Victorian women tried all sorts of tricks to
one of the first fashion celebrities. She change their body shape. They wore huge
loved clothing and often changed her petticoats called crinolines under their
outfits. Bright colours and ornate dresses skirts to make their hips look wide, or
were in fashion. pads over their bottoms, called bustles.
This made their waists look smaller.

HIGH-HEELED SHOES

DELICATE SILK BOOTS

1 CAGE CRINOLINE 2 DOME SHAPE CORSET WORN
Step into the Tie it at the waist. UNDER DRESS

DAINTY DANCING crinoline and pull A skirt worn on top BLACK GOWN WITH BUSTLE
SLIPPERS
FORMAL DRESS, FRONT AND BACK it up to the waist. forms a dome shape. TARTAN DRESS

1920s 1900–20s BELLE EPOQUE

THE JAZZ AGE LONG CORSET WORN During the Belle Epoque –
UNDER DRESS French for “the beautiful
In the 1920s, more women era” – women wore pretty
worked, played sport, went to dresses with puffed sleeves,
parties, and lived on their own. lace, frills, and feathered
They wore loose, knee-length hats. Using special
dresses, or trousers, so they underwear, they created
could move freely, especially an S-shape body, with a
when dancing to jazz music. big bust, tiny waist, and
a big bottom.

UNEVEN NO SLEEVES, SIMPLE STYLE WITH
HEMLINE PRETTY STRIPES

SMALL, DECORATION
NEAT HAT
SHORT
HAIR, LONG

BEADS,
STRAIGHT

DRESS

PATTERNED SILK LACE-UPS FOR PURSE WITH SPARKLY LACE-UP HIGH SILK LACE-COVERED
SHOES WALKING EGYPTIAN EVENING BOOTS HEELS PURSE DRESS
SYMBOLS
PURSE

1970s 1980s and 1990s 2000s

HIPPY STYLE THE STYLISH 80s AND 90s ANYTHING GOES

Bright colours, big patterns, Punk music and punk style ruled the streets In the new century, fashion is casual
big hair, and even bigger shoes in the 1980s. The look included ripped jeans, but creative. Jeans and trainers are the
were in fashion in the 1970s. tight T-shirts, heavy black boots, and tartan most popular outfit for young people –
Long skirts and dresses and accessories add an individual touch.
wide flared trousers were skirts. By the 1990s, stretchy “body-con” Styles from the past few decades
worn with high platform dresses and all-black outfits
boots or sandals. Indian- were fashionable. are mixed to make new looks.
style accessories and
decoration were also popular. Shoulder pads

METALLIC STILETTOS

FLOPPY FLOWERY HAT TAN LEATHER SATCHEL BLUE BOWLING BAG

PATCHWORK PLATFORM PUNK TARTAN TIGHT BODY-CON CHUNKY-HEELED JEANS WITH
MAXI DRESS SANDALS MINI AND PINK DRESS
LEGWARMERS HEAVY BOOTS HEAD-TO-TOE BLACK HIGH-TOP TRAINERS SANDALS CASUAL TOPS

243



Sports and
hobbies

Ball sports MARBLE SQUASH TABLE TENNIS GOLF

Ball games have been played for at least 3,500 Two players take A game played by two This fast game is also Golf is played on a
years, and today there are hundreds of different turns to knock an people on a walled, known as ping pong. huge grass course
kinds. Some can be played by a single person, X-shaped group of indoor court. Players Two players hit a very with 18 holes. Golfers
while others involve as many as 30 players and marbles from a large light ball back and use various clubs to
need a huge pitch to play on. chalked circle, by use rackets to bounce forth over a small net hit the small, dimpled
throwing one marble. the ball off the walls ball into the holes.
on a special table.
and floor.

REAL TENNIS TENNIS BOULES HURLING CRICKET HOCKEY

The oldest racket sport, real Played on a variety of Played outside, two teams A traditional Irish game Two teams of 11 players each Played on a large outdoor
tennis is played on an different surfaces. Players hit throw large, very heavy, metal played on a grass pitch. take turns to bat and field. grass pitch by two teams of
a felt-covered bouncy ball to balls, “boules”, towards a small Players use a flat-ended, Batsmen score “runs” by 11. Players pass the ball to
unusual indoor court. Players each other across a net using target ball known as a “jack”. curved stick to catch, bounce, running between two areas, each other using sticks with
hit a felt-covered cork ball and toss the ball to each known as the wickets, while a hook-shaped end and try
back and forth across a net, tightly strung graphite or The team that gets the ball other in order to score goals. the other team tries to get
using wooden rackets. fibreglass rackets. closest to the jack wins. them “out”. to score goals in their
opponent’s net.

SEPAK TAKRAW HANDBALL VOLLEYBALL BEACH VOLLEYBALL

Also known as kick volleyball, two Two teams of seven players bounce Two teams of six players stand on either side This form of volleyball is played by two
teams of three players face each other and throw the ball to each other using of a high net. One player serves the ball over teams of two or more players on a
on either side of a high net. The teams the net using his or her hand and the other
only their hands, and try to score beach or sandy court. The ball must be
kick the ball over the net, winning a goals. Handball is played indoors team must hit it back. The teams try to hit hit, not caught; if it touches the ground,
point if their opponents let the ball and players can take a maximum of the ball back and forth, but if the ball hits the
touch the ground inside the court. three steps while holding the ball. the other team wins a point.
ground the other team gets a point.

DODGEBALL NETBALL BASKETBALL

Dodgeball is played indoors or outdoors on Netball is played by two teams of seven players on Two teams of five players move the ball up
a small court divided into two equal sections. a hard indoor or outdoor court. Players must not and down a court by bouncing the ball with
Two teams of six to ten players start with three run with the ball, they are only allowed to move one hand as they run, or by throwing it to another
balls each, and try to hit someone from the
one foot in order to turn and pass the ball to a team member. The aim is to score goals
other team by throwing the ball at them. team-mate. The aim is to throw the ball into by shooting the ball through one of the raised
If they succeed, that player is out – the aim
a netted hoop and score a goal. hoops that sit at either end of the court.
is to get all the opposing players out. A goal is known as a “basket”.

246

HAND-PELOTA SNOOKER POOL RACQUETBALL ROUNDERS BANDY LACROSSE

One of many forms of This is played on a Similar to snooker, A fast game, played An outdoor bat-and-ball Played on an ice rink, A fierce outdoor sport
pelota, hand-pelota is large, cloth-covered but played on a on an enclosed indoor game for two teams of similar in size to a in which two teams of
played on a court with table with six pockets. 11 players. The batting
two walls. The small, Players take turns to smaller table with court. Two or four football pitch. Players ten players try to
knock the 22 balls into only eight balls. Two players use rackets to team try to score use sticks to shoot an shoot a rubber ball
hard ball is hit with the pockets, using players use cues to “rounders” by hitting orange ball through into each other’s goals
bare hands. wooden cues (sticks). knock the coloured bounce the rubber the ball and running using long sticks with
balls into the pockets. ball off the four walls around four bases. nets at either end
of the rink. nets at the top.
and the ceiling.

BASEBALL POLO CROQUET SHOT PUT SOFTBALL BOWLS

Two teams of nine take turns Two teams of four players An outdoor game, players use Competitors take turns to Softball is a variant of Bowls can be played on an
to bat and field. Batters hit a ride horses while trying to hit a small mallet to hit balls throw a heavy metal ball baseball, played using a indoor or outdoor area known
ball thrown by the “pitcher” (known as the “shot”) from a larger ball on a smaller pitch. as a bowling green. Players
the plastic ball into a goal through metal hoops placed standing position. The person It can be played inside or try to roll weighted bowls as
and then run around four using long sticks called in the ground. Players take who throws the shot the outside by teams of nine or close as possible to a small
bases. The fielding team tries mallets. Games are divided ten. The ball must be pitched
to get the batting team “out”. into periods of time known turns and must play the furthest wins. with an underarm motion. ball, or “jack”, at the end of
hoops in order; the first the green.
as “chukkas”.
to finish wins.

FOOTBALL GAELIC FOOTBALL WATER POLO BOWLING

Two teams of 11 players each try to In Gaelic football, two teams of 15 This game is played in a swimming This is also called “ten-pin bowling”
score goals by kicking a football from players can kick, “hand-pass” (hit), or pool. Two teams of seven players because players try to knock down ten
run with the ball for up to four steps. throw the ball to one another while long, bottle-shaped objects, known as
one to another and then into netted A goal is scored by kicking or hand- treading water. The aim is to throw the
goals at either end of a large grass ball into a net guarded by a goalkeeper. pins. Players score points for the
pitch. Variants of the game can be passing the ball over the top of number of pins knocked down in each
a high crossbar.
played indoors or on the beach. set, after having two attempts.

AMERICAN FOOTBALL RUGBY AUSTRALIAN RULES FOOTBALL

Played by two teams of 11 players on a large pitch, Two teams of 13 (rugby league) or 15 (rugby union) This game is played by two teams of 18 players
the aim is to get the ball into the other team’s “end players try to move the ball down the pitch by on an oval pitch. The aim is to get the ball to the
zone” and score a touchdown. The team with the running with it, passing it to team members, or opponent’s end of the pitch and score points by
kicking it. The opposing team tries to tackle the kicking the ball through a set of goals. Players
ball has four chances to move the ball forwards may use any part of their body to move the ball,
by throwing or running with it in 10 yd (9 m) player with the ball to gain possession. Points are but they cannot throw it. If they run with it, they
scored by getting the ball to the opposite end, or by
chunks. If it succeeds, it has four more chances kicking it through one of the tall, H-shaped goals. must bounce it after every few steps.
to move another 10 yd (9 m) . If it fails, the other

team wins possession of the ball.

247

Football THE GAME

Football is one of the most popular sports in the world. During a football match, two teams of 11 players try to kick a
Its appeal is its simplicity: all you need to play is a ball, ball into each other’s goal. The aim is to score more goals than
and then you can play virtually anywhere – on grass, the other team. If no one scores any goals, or the scores are
indoors, in the street, or even on the beach. equal at the end of the game, it is called a draw.

LASTS 45 45 HAS TWO TEAMS
90 MINUTES OF 11 PLAYERS
TWO HALVES OF
45 MINUTES

THE BALL THE PITCH Technical Halfway line Referee Goal line
area
The first footballs were A football pitch must 3 2 4 6 yard
made of inflated pigs’ bladders be flat and rectangular. 2 3 2 1 (5.5 m) box
covered with leather. They were The field of play is 3
heavy and not very bouncy, marked by white lines, 3 22 Touchline
especially if they got wet. and the goals must 4 9.15 m (10 yd)
Modern footballs are made of be a standard size.
high-tech materials and are However, the length 2
much lighter and bouncier. and width of the pitch
may vary. 5.5(6myd)
43
Light, but Polyester
tough Fourth Assistant referee
synthetic or cotton official 3 33
leather outer
covering inner

lining Latex 16.5 m (18 yd) 2

or butyl (100–130 yd) PLAYERS AND POSITIONS

airbag 1 There are four main types of player on each team.

45–90 m (50–100 yd) 4 90–120 m GOALKEEPER DEFENDERS
2 Their job is to stop the
1 Every team has 2
a goalkeeper. If the
1 goalkeeper is injured 2 other team scoring, so
or sent off, he or she defenders are usually
must be replaced.
strong and good at

heading and tackling.

Goal Centre spot 3 MIDFIELDERS 4 FORWARDS
Penalty area and centre The players in the Sometimes known as
circle
3 middle of the pitch 4 strikers, these players
Penalty spot need good all-round usually score most of the

Corner arc ball skills as they have team’s goals. They must

to defend and attack. be good at shooting.

FORMATIONS RULES OF FOOTBALL

Before a match, the manager During a match, a referee, assisted by
organizes the players in a way officials on each touchline, makes sure
that he or she thinks will help the game is played fairly. Football has
them to win. This is known as 17 official rules, or laws. Here are the
the formation. The formation three most fundamental rules, which
is usually a set of three or four apply whether you are playing in the
numbers, which show how park with friends, or in the World Cup.
many defenders, midfielders,
and forwards there are. Often NO HANDS
teams will start a match in one
formation and then change A goalkeeper is allowed to touch the ball with
during the game. his or her hands during a match, but only in the
penalty area. If another player touches the ball
GOALKEEPER 4-4-2 3-5-2 4-5-1 with his or her hand, the opposition wins a free
kick. If a defender touches the ball with his or
Every team must In this basic formation there This is an attacking formation. This is a defensive formation. her hand in the penalty area, it is a penalty.
have a goalkeeper, are four defenders, four The two wide midfielders, There is only one striker, who
so he or she is not midfielders, and two forwards. often known as wing backs, receives support from the wide FOUL PLAY
The two central midfielders have to help out in both midfield players.
included in have different roles – one defence and attack. If a player commits a foul, such as a bad
the formation. defensive and one attacking. tackle or a handball, a free kick (or penalty
if it is inside the penalty area) is awarded to
FIFA WORLD CUP BRAZIL URUGUAY AROUND THE WORLD the opposition. For a bad foul or a deliberate
handball, a player is shown a yellow card. If
The Fédération Internationale 5 wins – 1958, 1962, 2 wins – FIFA has 208 members, but each that player then commits a second yellow-card
de Football Association (FIFA) 1970, 1994, 2002 1930, 1950 continent, apart from Antarctica, also has offence, he or she will be shown a red card and
governs football around the its own football federation. These govern “sent off” from the pitch. For serious foul play,
world. Since 1932 FIFA has GERMANY ENGLAND the game in the region and organize a player can be shown a straight red card.
organized an international international competitions at club and
competition to find the best 4 wins – 1954, 1974, 1 win – 1966 country level. OFFSIDE
football team in the world. It is 1990, 2014
called the FIFA World Cup and FRANCE UEFA (EUROPE) AND CAF The purpose of the offside rule is to make it
the finals tournament is held ITALY (AFRICA) ARE THE LARGEST harder for a side to score goals. Attackers
every four years. So far, only 1 win – 1998 cannot just stand by the goal waiting to score –
eight different countries have 4 wins – 1934, FEDERATIONS, EACH there must be at least two defenders between
ever won it. 1938, 1982, 2006 SPAIN WITH 52 MEMBERS them and the goal line when the ball is passed
to them. One of these defenders is usually
248 ARGENTINA 1 win – 2010 the goalkeeper. If a player is ruled offside, the
defending team is awarded a free kick.
2 wins –
1978, 1986