New Gateway to Computer Science 6

NEW GATEWAY TO 6BOOK

COMPUTER SCIENCE

VideoWTiuthtorials

Approved by Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Curriculum Development
Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur as an Additional Learning Material.

NEW GATEWAY
TO

COMPUTER SCIENCE

6

Authors

Dinesh Adhikari
Dilendra Prasad Bhatt

Laxman Adhikari
Shekhar Poudel

Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Kathmandu, Nepal

Published by:

Shubharambha Publication Pvt.Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal
URL: www.shubharambhapublication.com
E-mail: shubharambha.publication@gmail.com

www.facebook.com/shubharambhapublication

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

Authors : Dinesh Adhikari, Dilendra Prasad Bhatt,

Laxman Adhikari, Shekhar Poudel

Layout Design : Ram Malakar

Video Content : Dinesh Adhikari

Language Editor : Krishna Prasad Regmi

Copyright © : Dinesh Adhikari

Edition : First 2076

: Second 2077

ISBN : 9789937579315

© : Publisher

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by means (electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission from the
publisher. Any breach of this condition will entail legal action and prosecution.

Printed in Nepal

Preface

It has become a fundamental right of children to get computer education. It is
very essential to get basic to advance knowledge about computer education to
compete the future. Nepal government has prescribed the syllabus and course
outline for the computer education from primary to higher secondary level. But
students are not able to get quality education due to the lack of systematic course
book and the computer system in the school. So we have developed the complete series
of computer science.
Along with the evolution of human beings new thoughts, area of knowledge and
technology also developed together. Among the eruptions, ICT (Information and
Communication Technology) is one which has unquestionably become important part
of human beings. A person is not better than a caged pigeon if s/he is far from computer
technology in this century. New Gateway to Computer Science is a complete package
which obviously supports a lot to the students as this is one of the most useful Text Book,
so far available in the market.
This book is completely prepared considering the level of the students. This text has the
various salient features like it focuses on child psychology, pictorial descriptions, video
tutorials, quiz section, practical sections, etc.

How to get video tutorials?
1. Install QR code reader apps on your mobile device (smart phone) from play store.
2. After installation, open the apps from your device.
3. When you open this apps, a camera will appear.
4. Move your camera over the QR code picture (Scan here for video tutorials) that
is provided in your text book.
5. Now QR code reader automatically scans it and displays the link of related video.
6. Touch on the link and open it in YouTube for video tutorials.
Ensure that you have internet connection before scanning the code from the
text book.

It is impossible to acknowledge all who have directly or indirectly encourage me to
prepare this book on this single page. My special thanks goes to the students and teachers
of different schools for their regular interactions during the preparation of this book.
Comments and constructive suggestions are highly welcomed from the readers and
professionals to update this text book.

Dinesh Adhikari
dinesh.nayaghare@gmail.com

Content

Unit 1: Fundamental Knowledge and Skill of Computer 5-137

1. Introduction to Computer ..................................................................6
2. Introduction to Computer Hardware ................................................17
3. Introduction to Computer Software ..................................................29
4. Storage Devices ...............................................................................36
5. Basic Introduction to Operating System ..........................................43
6. Typing Tutor ....................................................................................58
7. Working with Word Processing Programme 2010 ..........................69
8. Working with Microsoft Excel 2010 ...............................................95
9. Working with Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 ....................................121

Unit 2: ICT, Ethics and Cyber Laws 138-167

10. Introduction to ICT and Computer Ethics ....................................139

11. Introduction to Computer Virus......................................................148

12. Introduction to Internet ..................................................................154

Unit 3: Computer Graphics and Multimedia 168-204

13. Working with Paint Brush .............................................................169

14. Introduction to Multimedia ............................................................195

Unit 4: Computer Programming 205-223

15. Basic Concept of Programming Language ...................................206

16. QBASIC Statement .......................................................................221

Programming on Qbasic 224-231

Brainwave Quiz 232-239

Fundamental Knowledge and
Skill of Computer

Unit

1

This unit covers the following lessons.

Lesson 1 Introduction to computer
Lesson 2 Introduction to computer hardware
Lesson 3 Introduction to computer Software
Lesson 4 Storage Devices
Lesson 5 Basic Introduction to Operating System
Lesson 6 Typing Tutor
Lesson 7 Working with Word Processing Programme 2010
Lesson 8 Working with Microsoft Excel 2010
Lesson 9 Working with Microsoft PowerPoint 2010

1Lesson Introduction to Computer

Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

• give the definition of computer and tell its working principle.
• classify the computer brand.
• tell the characteristics and limitations of the computer.
• explain the application areas of a computer.

Lets Update

• There are mainly two different types of CPUs used in modern desktop
systems they are 32-bit CPU and 64-bit CPU.
• The first Pentium chips were released on March 22, 1993 A.D.
• Intel Core i7 is a name that the Intel company uses for the computer
processors.

Introduction

A computer is an amazing electronic machine. It
has touched every part of our lives like the way we
work, the way we learn, the way we live, even the
way we play. It is almost impossible to go through a
single day without a device dependent on a computer
and information produced by a computer. Because
of the significance of computers in today’s world,
it is essential for everyone to have the knowledge
of the computer. We must have the knowledge and
understanding of this device.

6 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

Computer Quick Learn

A computer is an electronic device that  Data is a collection of raw
accepts the data and instructions given unprocessed facts, figures, and
by the user, process it according to the symbols.
set of instructions, stores it and provides  Information is organized,
the result which has complete meaning. meaningful, and useful data.
 The computers allow the users
Data: It is a collection of raw to generate correct information
unprocessed facts, figures, and symbols. quickly, store and share the
information with other
Information: It is an organized, computer users.
meaningful, and useful data. A computer  Hardware is the physical
uses hardware and software to process components of computer and
data into information. software are the set of
instructions given to the
Hardware: It is the physical part that computer to perform the task.
makes up a computer which we can touch
and feel.

Software: It is a collection of programs that tells the hardware about how to
perform the tasks.

Why computer is a powerful tool?

A computer is a powerful tool because it is able to perform input, process, output,
and storage with a very high speed in a few seconds. The computer is also more
reliable and accurate device. The computer allows the users to generate correct
information quickly, store and share the information with other computer users.
Let's discuss the working principles of computer.

Working principle of computer
The basis working principle of all the modern digital computer is input, process ,
output and storage.

Input Process Output

Storage 7

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

A computer receives an input, processes the information, then display an output.
Let’s take an example of sending a text message from a mobile phone:
input: Type in the message box and press send.
process: The phone’s hardware and network process of the message is process.
output: The message goes to the receiver.

Let’s observe the given diagram.

Characteristics of computer

Speed: Computer is the fastest device. It can work at a very high speed. It takes
only few seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete. It can perform
millions of instructions within a very few second.
Accuracy: The degree of accuracy of the computer is very high and every
calculation is performed with the same accuracy. If we enter the wrong data to the
computer, the computer produces wrong output.
Diligence: A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, weakness,
etc. It can work for a long hours without creating any error. It can work for a long
time without any rest. If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer

8 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

will perform every calculation with the Quick Learn
same accuracy.

Versatility: The capacity of the  The basic working principle

computer is performing more than one of all the modern digital

task at the same time is called versatility computer is input, process,

of the computer. It means the capacity output and storage.

to perform different types of work  On the basis of brand, the

completely. types of computers are IBM
PC, IBM Compatible and
Storage: The Computer has an in-built Apple/ Macintosh.
memory where we can store a large  Speed, accuracy, diligence,

amount of data. We can also store data versatility and storage are the

in secondary storage devices such as major characteristics of the

hard disk, memory card, CD, DVD, etc. computer.

When we save the data in the secondary

storage, then we can get it easily whenever we need.

Limitations of computer

.
A computer is a powerful electronic device. However, it has some limitations.
Some limitations of the computer are as follows:
1. It does not have self-thinking power.
2. It cannot be used on the dusty and the rough environment.
3. It is expensive device, so it is not affordable for all.
4. The repair and maintenance of this device should be frequently done.

5. Skilled manpower is required to work with the computer.

Classification of computer

There are different types of computers available in the market. The type of computer
suitable for you depends upon your requirement. Some people use computer for
general purpose and some use for special purpose. Special purpose computers are
applicable on particular application and they have limited area for application.
Here we are going to discuss the types of computer on the basis of their brand and
model.

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 9

On the basis of brand

The types of computer on the basis of brand are as below:

International Business Machine (IBM) personal computer

IBM PC is one of the popular computer brands in the
world. It is the brand name of the first popular commercial
personal computer, which was developed by the IBM
Corporation in 1981 AD. The first IBM PC’s had only
16 Kilobyte RAM and they used cassettes to load and
store Programmes. They were unable to use other storage
devices such as floppy disk, hard disk, compact disk, etc.

International Business Machine (IBM) compatible computer

A PC that is compatible with the IBM PC and PS/2
standards are IBM compatible computers. IBM
compatible computers have the same functional
characteristics and the principles of IBM computers.
These computers are cheaper and their parts are easily
available in the market. Most of the microcomputers are
IBM compatible computers.

Differences between IBM PC and IBM compatible computers

IBM PC IBM Compatible

The computers that are developed by The computers that are developed by
IBM company itself are known as IBM another companies rather than
PC. IBM company are IBM compatible

computers.

These computers are branded These computers are called assembled

computers. computers.

These computers are more reliable, These computers are less reliable, less

durable, and have better quality than durable and have lower quality than

IBM compatible computers. IBM PCs.

These computers are more expensive These computers are less expensive

than IBM compatible computers. than IBM PC.

These computers have their own These computers follow the principle

principle. of IBM PC.

These computers are designed for pro- These computers are designed for gen-

fessional and scientific purpose. eral purpose.

10 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

Apple / Macintosh computer

This computer was introduced by Apple Inc. in 1984
AD. The first computer introduced was Mac 128K. The
Macintosh computer was a Graphical Unser Interface
(GUI) based computer which utilizes windows, icons,
and a mouse to make it relatively easy for beginners to
use the computer effectively. There are many different
Macintosh models with various speed and power. All
models are available in different configurations. All models are based on the Power
PC microprocessor.

Application areas of computer

The role of the computer is massively increasing these days in our society. People
are almost depending on the technology specially in computing technology. We
can use the computer and computing devices for the effective and efficient work.
Here, we are going to discuss about some major application areas of the computer.

Computer in education field

These days, computer education in schools
and colleges plays an important role for the
career development of students. Computer
tools, internet connection and multimedia
based teaching activities are the most
powerful tools for the students as well as the
teachers to ensure the active participation of
the students in teaching learning activities
so that they can learn new skills and approach of teaching. The use of computers
and internet is being increased day by day all over the world. New technological
tools are available in the market for the effective learning.

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 11

Computers at banking sector

Nowadays, computers are massively used in
banking sectors. With the help of the computer,
we can keep the records of customers; calculate
money; check balance, verify signature, deposit
and withdraw money, etc. Online banking,
mobile banking, ATM card and Electronic Fund
Transfer system are available because of the use
of the computer at banks. Latest and advanced
types of software are used in banking sectors for the transactions.

Computers for entertainment

Entertainment is also an important part of
human life. There is no any age bar for the
entertainment. Any group of people can enjoy
by listening to the music and by watching the
movies for refreshment. The computers are
used for watching videos and films, play games,
online booking of film tickets, downloading music and videos, etc. Computers
are used to put special effects on music and movies to make them more
interesting to listen to or watch them.

Computer at hospital

Many hospitals are using computer and computing
tools for the treatment of patients these days. They
are also used to keep the records of patients, doctors
and staff. They are used to keep and display the duty
schedule of doctors also. They are used to check
various internal organs of human to find out the
health problems without any complication. It is
possible to do X-Ray , CT-Scan, test of heart, test of
kidney, endoscopy, ultrasound, etc. within a second with the help of the computer.
So, it plays a significant role in the medical science.

12 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

Computer in business

Almost every business sector use computers to
complete their daily activities. Businesses use
varieties of computers and computing tools such as
desktops, laptops, servers, smartphones and tablets
depending on their needs. Employees are able to
work anytime and anywhere with the help of them.
A business person can send email, instant messaging
and custom customer contact systems are possible
with this device. Computerized phone systems also can be used for automated
support during off hours and to provide services to the people.

Quick Learn

 We can use the computer and computing devices for the effective and
efficient work.

 X-Ray , CT-Scan, test of heart, test of kidney, endoscopy, ultrasound, etc.
is possible to do within a second with the help of the computer.

 Online banking, mobile banking, ATM card and Electronic Fund Transfer
system are possible because of the use of computer at bank.

 Computerized phone systems also can be used at bank for automated
support during off hours and to provide services to the people.

Evaluation Activities

1. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.
a. Collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures, and symbols is called:
i. Data ii. Information iii. Processing
b. When did IBM introduce its first PC?
i. 1981 AD ii. 1999 AD iii. 1953 AD



New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 13

c. What was the first computer introduced by Apple?
i. Apple 6 ii. Mac 128K iii. IBM 620
d. Which of the following is the characteristics of a computer?
i. Speed ii. Automatic iii. Both i and ii.
e. For what purpose are computers used at bank?
i. Signature verification ii. Test of heart
iii. Teaching learning activities
2. State whether the following statements are true or false.
a. Hardware is the physical component of the computer.
b. The computers allow the users to generate correct information quickly, store
and share it with other computer users.
c. General purpose computers are applicable on particular application area
and have limited area for application.
d. The first IBM PC’s had 16 GB RAM and they used cassettes to load and
store Programmes.
e. The first computer introduced was Mac 128K by Apple.
f. The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation is
performed with the different accuracy.
g. Computer tools, internet connection and multimedia based teaching activities
are the most powerful tools for the students.
h. Computers are also used to keep the records of patients at school.

14 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

3. Fill in the blanks.

a. ………………… is a collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures, and
symbols.

b. ……………….. is organized, meaningful, and useful data.

c. …………………. is the physical components of computer and software
are the set of instructions given to the computer to perform the task.

d. The basic working principle of all the modern digital computer is input,
…………….. , output and storage.

e. On the basis of brand, the types of computers are IBM PC,…………
and Apple/ Macintosh.

f. Speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility and storage are the major …………..
of the computer.

g. X-Ray , CT-Scan, test of heart, test of kidney, endoscopy, ultrasound, etc.
is possible to do within a second with the help of computer at ………

4. Write down the single technical term for the followings.

a. The physical components of computer system.

b. The data and instructions given to the computer.

c. A set of instructions.

d. The media, where we can store data and programmes.

e. A part of computer system where all the processing activities are done.

5. Answer the following questions.
a. Why is the computer a powerful tool?
b. What is the basic working principle of the computer?
c. Name the computer on the basis of brand.

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 15

d. Write any four limitations of using the computer.
e. Write any three differences between IBM PC and IBM Compatible.
f. What are the characteristics of a computer? Write any two of them in
detail.
g. What are the application areas of the computer?
h. What is the role of the computer in banking system?
i. Why are computers are popular in education these days?
j. Define the term: versatile and accuracy.

Project Work & Activity

a. Prepare a chart paper about the characteristics of the computer in a chart
paper and present it in the class.
b. Conduct a speech competition programme about the ‘uses of computer
technology in education’.

16 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

2Lesson Introduction to
Computer Hardware

Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
• explain the input hardware such as mouse, keyboard, etc.
• tell about the output hardware such as monitor, printer, etc.
• describe about the keys of a keyboard.
• write the function of mouse.
• introduce the types of printer.

Lets Update

• Christopher Latham Sholes was an American inventor who
invented the QWERTY keyboard.

• Trackball was invented in 1946 A.D. by Ralph Benjamin.

• The computer mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1964 A.D.

• The first laser printer was called EARS. It was developed by Xerox and
was completed in November 1971 A.D.

Introduction

A computer’s hardware is the combination of various
input, output, processing and storage devices.
Hardware is the physical components of the computer.
The physical parts like monitor, keyboard, printer,
processing unit and storage media are computer
hardware. Basically, there are two types of computer
hardware. They are input and output hardware. In this
unit, we are going to discuss about them.

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 17

Input hardware

A device that can be used to insert data and instruction
into a computer or other computational devices are
input hardware. An input device is a piece of computer
hardware equipment that is used to provide data
and control signals to an information processing
system such as a computer. Examples of input devices
are keyboards, light pen, mouse, scanners, digital
camera, joysticks, etc. Some of the input devices are explained below.

Keyboard

Keyboard is a piece of computer hardware used
to input text, characters, and other commands
into a computer or similar devices. Even though the
keyboard is an external peripheral device in a desktop
system or is “virtual” in a tablet PC, it is an essential part
of the complete computer system. Different keyboard
layouts are available in the market but the mostly used
keyboards are QWERTY type keyboards.

The keys of a keyboard can be divided into several groups based on
function:

Typing (alphanumeric) keys: These keys include the letters, numbers,
punctuations, and symbol keys.

Control keys: These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys
to perform certain actions. The most frequently used control keys are Ctrl, Alt,
Windows logo key , Esc key, etc.

Function keys: The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are
labelled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. It has different functions according
the programmes that are used.

Navigation keys: These keys are used for moving the keys around in
documents or webpages and editing text. They include the keys like the Arrow,
Home, End, Page Up, Page Down, Delete and Insert key, etc.

18 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

Numeric keypad: The numeric keypad is handy for
entering numbers quickly. The keys are grouped together
in a block like a conventional calculator or adding
machine.

Mouse

Computer mouse is a handheld-operated input device
used to manipulate objects on a computer screen. Whether
the mouse uses a laser or ball, or is wired or wireless, a
movement detected from the mouse sends instructions to
the computer to move the cursor on the screen in order to
interact with files, and other software elements. Mouse is
a peripheral device that is attached outside the main computer housing. In desktop
computers, the mouse is placed on a flat surface such as a mouse pad or a desk and
is placed in front of your computer.

Functions of mouse

Move the mouse cursor: The primary function of the mouse is to move the
cursor on the required position of the screen.

Open or execute a programme: Once you’ve moved the cursor to an icon,
folder, or other object clicking or double clicking that object opens the
document or executes the programme.

Select: A mouse also allows you to select a text or a file or highlight and select
multiple files at once.

Drag-and-drop: Once something is selected; it can also be moved using the
drag-and-drop method.

Hover: Moving the mouse cursor over objects with an additional hover
information can help discover the function of each object on the screen.

Scroll: When working with a long document or viewing a long web page you
may need to scroll up or down which can be done using the mouse wheel or
clicking and dragging the scroll bar.

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 19

Scanner

A scanner is a device that captures images from
photographic prints, posters, magazine pages, and similar
sources for computer editing and display. Scanners come in
hand-held and flatbed types. Very high resolution scanners
are used for scanning for high-resolution printing, but
lower resolution scanners are acceptable for capturing
images for computer display. Scanners usually come with
software, which lets you to resize and modify a captured
image.

We can also use the scanner for the following purposes.

Make quick copies, or change the settings on the printer control panel to
perform specific copy jobs.

Send a fax using the printer control panel.

Send a fax to multiple fax destinations at the same time.

Scan documents and send them to your computer, send an e-mail address in a
flash drive, or in a network or publish on the internet.

Scan documents and send them to another printer.

Light Pen

A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a
light-sensitive pointer used in combination with a
computer’s display unit. It allows the user to point to the
displayed objects or draw on the screen in a similar way
to a touchscreen with greater positional accuracy.

Joystick

It is a popular input device that is used to move an object
on the display screen. It is mainly used to play games.
It can be used for controlling the movement of the
cursor or a pointer in a computer device. The first
joystick was invented at the U.S. Naval Research
Laboratory by C. B. Mirick and patented in 1926.

20 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

It was a two-axis electronic joystick, similar to the joysticks in use
today, and was originally designed for remotely piloting aircraft. Most computer
joysticks connect to the computer using a USB port.

Quick Learn

 The physical parts like monitor, keyboard, printer, processing unit
and storage media are the computer hardware.
 An input device is a piece of computer hardware equipment that is
used to provide data and instructions to the computer.
 Keyboard is a piece of computer hardware used to input text, characters,
and other commands into a computer or similar devices.
 A light pen allows the user to point to the displayed objects or draw on the
screen in a similar way to a touchscreen but with greater positional
accuracy
 A joystick is an input device that can be used for controlling the movement
of the cursor or a pointer in a computing device.

Output hardware

As we know, output is the final result displayed
after the processing, which is meaningful. The
devices that are used to display the result to the
user are called output hardware. The output can
be softcopy, hardcopy or even in audio or visual
format. The monitor and printer are the commonly
used output devices. The output displayed by the
monitor is called softcopy output and the output
displayed by the printer is called hardcopy output.
Here, we are going to discuss about some computer output hardware.

Monitor

The computer monitor is an electronic device that shows pictures or text in visual
format. Monitors look like a television but monitors have higher display resolution
than televisions. A high display resolution makes it easier to see smaller letters

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 21

and graphics. The monitor is also called as a screen, display, video display, video
display terminal, video display unit, or video screen.

There are three types of computer displays:

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor

The CRT monitors are very big and heavy which need
large space of desk and more electricity. It is difficult
to carry from one place to another because it is heavy
and large in size. CRT is the oldest technology used by
monitors and is based on the cathode ray tube technology
that was developed for television. Monitors are made
with better parts which give a higher display resolution
and picture sharpness than a television. This type of
monitor is not much popular these days.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitor

The LCD monitor is the most common kind of flat
panel display monitor. It is a newer technology than
CRT. LCD monitors use much less desk space. These
are light in weight and use less electricity than CRT
monitor. They have been used for many years in the
screens of laptop and notebook computers. They also
work as touch screens in tablet computers, mobile
phones, and other handheld technologies. LCD monitors are much thinner, use less
energy, and provide a greater graphics quality.

LED (Light Emitting Diode) monitor

The LED Monitor or LED display is an LCD Monitor
that uses light emitting diodes for back lighting. The first
LCD Monitors used Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps
(CCFL) instead of LEDs to illuminate the screen. It has a
very short depth and is light in terms of weight. The actual
difference between LED and a typical LCD monitor is the
backlighting. Some of the advantages of LED monitors are
listed below.

22 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

It is typically less expensive and more reliable.

It can run at a lower temperature, and consume less power.

It has a higher dynamic contrast ratio.

It has longer lifespan and less environmental impact.

Quick Learn

 The devices that are used to display the result to the user are output
hardware.

 The output can be softcopy, hardcopy or even in audio or visual format.

 The computer monitor is an electronic device that shows pictures or text
in visual format. It is also called soft copy output device.

 The CRT monitors are very big and heavy which need large space of
desk and more electricity.

 The LCD monitor is the most common kind of flat panel display monitor

 The LED Monitor or LED display is an LCD Monitor that uses light
emitting diodes for back lighting.

 The first LCD Monitors used Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFL)
instead of LEDs to illuminate the screen.

Printer

A printer is a hardcopy output device that takes the
electronic data stored on a computer or other device and
generates a hard copy of it. The output displayed by the
printer is permanent. A printer is essential for printing the
text, graphics and images. There are mainly two types of
printers they are impact and non-impact. Here, we are
going to discuss about some of them.

Dot-Matrix Printers

The dot-matrix printer is a type of impact printer that uses print heads
containing from 9 to 24 pins. These pins produce patterns of dots on the paper

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 23

to form the individual characters. The 24 pin dot-matrix
printer produces more dots than a 9 pin dot-matrix
printer, which results in much better quality and clearer
characters. The pins strike the ribbon individually as
the print mechanism moves across the entire print
line in both directions, i.e from left to right, then right
to left, and so on. Dot-matrix printers are inexpensive and
typically print at the speed of 100-600 characters per second.

Daisy-Wheel Printers

A daisy wheel printer is a specific type of mechanical impact printer that uses
individual letter, number and symbol keys to imprint
text on paper. It is called daisy-wheel printer
because the print mechanism looks like a daisy; at
the end of each “Petal” is a fully formed character
which produces solid-line print. A hammer strikes
a “petal” containing a character against the ribbon,
and the character prints on the paper. Its speed is
slow typically 25-55 characters per second.

Drum Printer

A drum printer consists of a solid, cylindrical drum that has
raised characters in bands on its surface. The number of print
positions across the drum equals to the number available on
the page. This number typically ranges from 80-132 print
positions. The drum rotates rapidly. For each possible print
position there is a print hammer located behind the paper.
These hammers strike the paper along the ink ribbon against
the proper character on the drum as it passes. One revolution of the drum is required to
print each line. A typical speed of drum printers is in the range of 300 to 2000 lines
per minute.

24 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

Laser Printer

A laser printer is a popular non-impact printer which
works like a photocopy machine. Laser printers
produce images on paper by directing a laser beam
at a mirror which bounces the beam onto a drum.
The drum has a special coating on it to which toner
(an ink powder) sticks. The speed of laser printers is
high and they print quietly without producing much
noise. Many home-use laser printers can print eight
pages per minute, but faster can print approximately 21,000 lines per minute. Some
of the advantages of laser printer are mentioned below.

It has very high speed and it is more efficient.

It produces high-quality output as compared to other printers.

This printer is quiet and does not produce any sound.

This printer is also capable to produce colour prints.

Quick Learn

 The output displayed by the printer is permanent.

 A printer is essential for printing the text, graphics and images.

 The dot-matrix printer is a type of impact printer that uses print heads
containing from 9 to 24 pins.

 A drum printer consists of a solid, cylindrical drum that has raised
characters in bands on its surface.

 Laser printers produce images on paper by directing a laser beam at a
mirror which bounces the beam onto a drum.

 The speed of laser printers is high and they print quietly without producing
much noise.

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 25

Evaluation Activities

1. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.
a. Which of the following is input hardware?
i. Keyboard ii. Hard disk iii. Printer
b. Which of the following is a function key?
i. CTRL key ii. F10 Key iii. Shift Key
c. Which of the following is the function of the mouse?
i. Click ii. Double Click iii. Both i and ii
d. When was Joystick invented?
i. 1924 AD ii. 1925 AD iii. 1926 AD
e. Which of the following is an output hardware?
i. Printer ii. Speaker iii. Both i and ii
f. Which of the following is a hardcopy output?
i. Monitor ii. Printer iii. RAM
g. Which of the following is an impact printer?
i. Laser printer ii. Dot matrix Printer iii.Ink Jet printer
h. Which of the following is a non-impact printer?
i. Dot matrix printer ii. Daisy wheel printer iii. Laser printer
2. State whether the given statementsare true or false.
a. The devices that are used to display the result to the user are output
hardwares.
b. The output can be softcopy, hardcopy or even in audio or visual format.
c. CRT monitors are more expensive than LCD monitor.

26 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

d. The CRT monitor, is the most common kind of flat panel display monitor

e. The first LCD Monitors used Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFL)
instead of LEDs to illuminate the screen.

f. The monitor is essential for printing the text, graphics and images.

g. The laser printer is a type of impact printer that uses print heads containing
from 9 to 24 pins.

h. The speed of laser printers is high and they print quietly without producing
much noise.

3. Fill in the blanks with suitable words/phrases.

a. The computer monitor is an electronic device that shows pictures or text in
visual format. It is also called ………………. copy output device.

b. The ………………… monitors are very big and heavy which need large
space of desk and more electricity.

c. The LED Monitor or LED display is an LCD Monitor that uses light
………………….. for back lighting.

d. The output displayed by the printer is ……………………….

e. A …………… printer consists of a solid, cylindrical drum that has raised
characters in bands on its surface.

f. ………………….. printers produce images on paper by directing a laser
beam at a mirror which bounces the beam onto a drum.

4. Write down the single technical term for the followings.

a. The output displayed by the monitor.

b. The monitors that are very big and heavy which need large space of desk
and more electricity to work.

c. The monitor which is the most common kind of flat panel display
monitor.

d. A device which is essential for printing the text, graphics and images.

e. The impact printer that uses print heads containing from 9 to 24 pins.

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 27

f. A printer that consists of a solid, cylindrical drum that has raised characters
in bands on its surface.
g. A popular non-impact printer works like a photocopy machine.
5. Answer the following questions.
a. What is an input hardware? Name any four input hardware.
b. Name various keys found on a keyboard.
c. Write down the functions of the mouse.
d. Define an output hardware with its examples.
e. Define the types of monitors.
f. Mention any two advantages of LED monitor.
g. What is a printer? Name some printers.
h. Why is the monitor is called a softcopy output and the printer called a hard
copy output hardware?
i. Write some advantages of laser printers.
j. Define light pen, joystick and drum printer.

Project Work & Activity

a. Prepare a chart paper with the pictures of input and output hardware
and submit it to your teacher. (Search the pictures with the help of the
internet and paste it on a chart paper)
b. Visit your school’s computer lab and list out the name of input and output
hardware that are available.
c. Conduct a presentation competition in your class about the “Importance
of input and output hardware in computer system”.

28 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

3Lesson Introduction to
Computer Software

Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
• define computer and its types.
• explain the system software
• identify application software.
• differentiate between application software and other software.

Lets Update

• The first operating system used for real work was GM-NAA I/O. It
was produced in 1956 A.D.
• Windows 10 is a personal computer operating system developed and
released by Microsoft on July 29, 2015 A.D.
• Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google and it
was released on September 23, 2008 A.D.

Introduction

The computer system is a combination of
hardware and software. As we discussed earlier,
hardware are the physical components of the
computer system. In this unit we will discuss
about the computer software. Software is a set of
instructions given to the programme to complete
the task. All the computer hardware need software
to perform the task. The computer software is a
Programme that enables a computer to perform a
specific task, in coordination with the computer hardware. Software is often divided

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 29

into two categories. They are system software and application software. A system
software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the
computer to function. An application software includes programmes that do real
work for users. For example, word processors, spread sheets, and database
management systems are the category of application software. Here, we are going
to discuss about the types of software.

Types of software

.

There are mainly two types of software. They are system software and application
software which we are going to discuss below.

System Software

A system software is the computer software which is used to control and
coordinate with the computer hardware and to provide a working environment
for executing the application software. A system software is operating system (OS),
device drivers, utility software, etc. which help to configure, optimize and maintain
the computer system. The system software helps to all the parts of the computer to
work together. Some popular operating systems are Windows, Android, LINUX,
UNIX, etc. Some of the types of system software are explained below.

Operating System (OS) Android is a popular mobile
operating system developed
The operating system that is used to by Google. This OS is based
activate the computer system and provide on a modified version of the
common platform between the user and Linux kernel and other open
hardware to work is called an operating source software and designed
system. It is the first software that is loaded primarily for touchscreen
into the computer’s memory during the mobile devices such as smart-
booting process. phones and tablets. In addition,
Google has further developed
Device Drivers Android TV for televisions,
Android Auto for cars and
The device driver is a programme that Android Wear for wrist
controls a particular type of device that watches, each with a
is attached to the computer system. For specialized user interface.
example, to work with modem and printers
we have to install their driver software,
then only these devices will work.

30 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

Language Translator

The computer accepts data and instructions on natural language like English. But
it cannot process such data and instructions on natural language. So they should
be translated into machine code. To convert such natural languages into machine
code, we need the system called the language translator. These are interpreters,
compilers and assemblers.

Utility Software

A special type of system software that is used to maximize the utility of the hardware
devices and the computer system are utility software. We can use this software for
scanning the hard disk, repairing and maintaining of the computer system and
removing the viruses of the computer. Popular utility software are antivirus, disk
cleaner, disk defragmenter, and other toolkits.

Quick Learn

 The computer system is a combination of hardware and software.
 A software is the set of instruction given to the Programme to complete the
task.
 A system software is a computer software which is used to control and
coordinate with the computer hardware.
 A system software helps to all the parts of the computer to work together.
 An operating system is the first software that is loaded into the computer’s
memory during the booting.
 To convert the natural languages into machine code, we need the system
called the language translator.

Application Software

The computer software which is developed to help the user to perform specific
tasks is called the application software. The application software is a term which
is used for software created for a specific purpose. It is generally a programme or

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 31

collection of programmes used by end users. It can be called an application or an
app. Some examples of the application software are listed below.

Word processing software
Database programmes
Entertainment software
Business software
Educational software
Computer-aided design(CAD) software
Spread sheet software, etc.

Application Software
Word processors
Databases
Spread sheets

Computer System Software Internet
Games Browsers
Operating Utilities
System System Software

CPU, disks,
mouse, printer,

etc.

Types of Application Software

There are two types of application software. They are:

Packaged Software: Packaged software is ready made, advance and standard
software for general works. All word processing, database management, graphics
and representation, animation, web-designing software are packaged software.
This software is equipped with all essential tools and technology to enhance the
user productivity.

Tailored Software: Tailored software is a small software developed in higher level
language for specific small process. These types of software are developed for
certain specific purpose. Software for Payroll for Specific organization, Software
for specific Bank, Software for Railway Reservation, Hotel Reservation, etc. are
the examples of tailored software.

32 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

Quick Learn

 The computer software which is developed to help the user to perform
specific tasks is called application software.
 There are two types of application software they are packaged software
and tailored software.
 All word processing, database management, graphics and representation,
animation, web-designing software are packaged software.
 Tailored software is small software developed in higher level language
for specific small process.
 Software for specific Bank, Software for Railway Reservation, Hotel
Reservation, etc. are the examples of tailored software.

Evaluation Activities

1. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.
a. Which of the following is a type of software?
i. System software ii. Application Software iii. Both i and ii
b. Which of the following is an operating system?
i. Windows ii. Word iii. Excel
c. Which of the following is a language translator?
i. PowerPoint ii. Paint Program iii. Compiler
d. Which of the following is an application programme?
i. MS-Word ii. OS iii. Utility Programme
e. Which of the following is an utility software?
i. Application Programme ii. Operating system iii. Antivirus Programme

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 33

2. State whether the given statements are true or false.
a. The computer system is a combination of hardware and software.
b. Hardware is the set of instruction given to the programme to the complete the
task.

c. System software helps to all the parts of the computer to work together.

d. To convert natural languages into machine code, we need a language
translator.

e. Device drivers is a term which is used for software created for a specific
purpose.

f. Word processing, database management, graphics and representation,
animation, web-designing software are the examples of system software.

3. Fill in the blanks with suitable words/phrases.

a. …………… is the computer software which is used to control and
coordinate with the computer hardware.

b. ……………….…… is the first software that is loaded into the computer’s
memory during the booting process.

c. The computer software which is developed to help the user to perform
specific tasks is called ……………… software.

d. There are two types of application software they are ………………..
software and tailored software.

e. …………………..software is small software developed in higher level
language for specific small process.

f. Software for specific Bank, Software for Railway Reservation, Hotel
Reservation, etc. are the ……………….. software.
4. Write down the single technical term for the followings.

a. It is a set of instructions given to the programme to complete the task.

b. The programme that enables a computer to perform a specific task, in
coordination with computer hardware.

34 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

c. A computer software which is used to control and coordinate with the
computer hardware and to provide a working environment.

d. A programme that controls a particular type of device that is attached to the
computer system.

e. The computer software which is developed to help the user to perform
specific tasks.

f. A ready-made, advance and standard software for general works.

g. A small software developed in higher level language for specific small
process.

5. Answer the following questions.

a. Define the term ‘Computer System’.

b. What is the computer software? Does a hardware can work without
software?

c. What are the major two types of software?

d. Define system software and application software.

e. Name any six popular application software.

f. Write down the types of application software.

g. What is package software? Write with examples.

h. Define tailored software with some examples.

Project Work & Activity

a. Make a list of operating system in a photocopy paper with the help of
the internet.

b. Visit your school’s computer lab and list out the name of any 10 software
programmes that are used.

c. Prepare a speech about the ‘Operating System’ and present it in the morning
assembly of your school.

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 35

4Lesson Storage Devices

Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

• define storage devices.
• explain the types of storage devices.
• identify secondary storage devices such as Hard Disk,
Memory Card, Floppy Disk, Pen Drive , etc.

Lets Update

• The commercial usage of hard disk drives began in 1957 A.D.
• Trek Technology and IBM began selling the first USB flash drives
commercially in 2000 A.D. with the size of 8 MB.
• The miniSD form was introduced on March 2003 A.D.
• The Motorola E398 was the first mobile phone to contain a
TransFlash (later microSD) card.
• In August 2017 A.D., SanDisk launched a 400 GB microSDXC card.

Introduction

Data and programmes are very essential for USB Flash
the computer user. It is essential to store the Memort
computers data for the future use. Computer Media
Devices
Memory Card Reader
ZIP Drive
system is useless if we will be unable to
store the data and programmes. To store the data
and programmes we must have storage devices.
A storage device is any computing hardware
that is used for storing and extracting data External Optical Device
files and programmes. It can hold and store

36 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

information both temporarily and permanently. Storage devices can be internal
or external to a computer or any other computing devices. A storage device is also
known as a storage medium or storage media.

Types of storage device

Primary storage devices

The primary memory is internal storage memory or device. The primary memory
is called the main memory of the computer system. Primary memory can store
non-volatile data in computers and other computing devices. It is used to store data
and applications temporarily or for a shorter period of time while the computer is
running. Primary storage is also known as main storage, main memory or internal
memory. Primary storage devices have an instance of all the data and applications
currently in use or being processed. There are mainly two types of primary memory
and they are:

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM is a popular volatile memory. It is also
called a temporary memory. It has various
names like main memory, primary memory,
or system memory. Random Access Memory
(RAM) is a hardware device that allows
information to be stored and retrieved on a
computer. There are two types of RAM they
are Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and Static Random Access
Memory (SRAM).

Read Only Memory (ROM)

ROM is a popular non-volatile memory. It is also known
as a permanent memory. ROM is a storage medium that
is used with computers and other electronic devices.
As the name indicates, data stored in ROM may only
be read. It is either modified with extreme difficulty

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 37

or not at all. ROM is mostly used for firmware updates. The types of ROM are
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM), Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory (EPROM) and Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
(EEPROM).

Quick Learn

 We must have storage devices to store the data and programmes.
 The primary memory is called the main memory of the computer system.
 Primary memory can store non-volatile data in computers and other
computing devices.
 RAM is a popular volatile memory. It is also called a temporary
memory.
 The RAM is called a volatile or permanent memory because if the
computer is turned off, all data contained on the RAM get lost.
 ROM is a popular non-volatile memory. It is also called a permanent
memory.

Secondary storage devices

Secondary storage devices have large storage capacity, and they store data
permanently. They can be both internal and external to the computer, and they
include the hard disk, compact disk drive and USB storage device. Let’s discuss
some popular storage devices used on computer system.

Hard Disk

A hard disk drive is also called as Hard drive, HD, or
HDD. It is a non-volatile memory hardware device that
permanently stores and retrieves data on a computer. A
hard drive is a secondary storage device that consists of
one or more platters to which data is written using a magnetic head, all inside of an
air-sealed casing. Internal hard disks reside in the open space and that is connected
to the motherboard using an ATA, SCSI, or SATA cable, and are powered by a
connection to the PSU (power supply unit).

38 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

Memory Card

Memory card is also known as a flash memory card. It is a type of
storage media that is often used to store photos, videos, or other
data in electronic devices. Devices that commonly use a memory
card include digital cameras, digital camcorders, handheld
computers, MP3players, PDAs, cell phones, game consoles, and
printers. The given picture is a Micro SD flash memory card,
which is just one of the types of the memory card available in the market.

Floppy Disk

A floppy disk is also called a floppy or floppy diskette. It is a
type of storage media, capable of storing electronic data, like
a computer file. The floppy diskette was first created in 1967
by IBM as an alternative to buying hard drives, which were
extremely expensive at that time. The floppy disk is a very
small storage device which was capable to store the data in
the term of Mega Byte (MB) only. Nowadays floppy disks are replaced with other
storage media and they have almost disappeared from the market.

Pen Drive

A pen drive is also called a USB flash drive, data stick,
memory unit, thumb drive and jump drive. It is one
of the portable storage devices. It is often the size of
a human thumb and it connects to a computer through
a USB port. Flash drives are an easy way to store and
transfer information. They are available in sizes ranging
from 2 GB to 1 TB in the market these days. Unlike
a standard hard drive, the flash drive has no movable parts; it contains only an
integrated circuit memory chip that is used to store data. Flash drives usually have
plastic or aluminium casings surrounding the memory chip and a USB connector
for use with most modern computers.

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 39

Quick Learn

 The secondary storage devices have a large storage capacity.
 A hard disk drive is also called Hard drive, HD, or HDD. It is a non-volatile
memory.
 A memory card is also called as flash memory card.
 A floppy disk is a type of storage media, capable of storing electronic data,
like a computer file.

Evaluation Activities

1. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.

a. Which of the following is the primary memory?

i. RAM ii. Floppy iii. Pendrive

b. Which of the following is the secondary storage?

i. Memory card ii. Hard disk iii. Both

c. Which of the following is the volatile memory?

i. ROM ii. RAM iii. CPU

d. What is the meaning of volatile?

i. Permanent ii. Temporary iii. Both

e. What is the full form of ROM?

i. Read only memory ii. Read once memory iii. Read one memory

f. Which of the following is a small storage device?

i. Pen drive ii. Memory card iii. Hard disk

g. Which of the following is a large storage device?

i. Hard disk ii. Memory card iii. Compact disk



40 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

h. Which of the following is a traditional type of storage media?

i. Hard disk ii. Memory card iii. Floppy disk

i. Which of the following has a large storage capacity.

i. Floppy disk ii. Pen drive iii. Hard disk

2. State whether the given statements are true or false.

a. We must have storage devices to store the data and programmes.

b. The secondary memory can store non-volatile data in computers and other
computing devices.

c. The RAM is a popular non-volatile memory. It is also called as a permanent
memory.

d. The secondary storage devices has a large storage capacity.

e. The floppy disk is the latest and popular storage device.

f. The hard disk and floppy disk has the equal storage capacity.

3. Fill in the blanks with suitable words/phrases.

a. A ……………… device is any computing hardware that is used for storing
and extracting data files and programmes

b. The primary memory is called the ……………. memory of the computer
system.

c. RAM is a popular …………. memory. It is also called a …………
memory.

d. A ……………………. drive is also called Hard drive, HD, or HDD.

e. The memory card is also called a ………….. memory card.

f. …………… is also called a USB flash drive, data stick, memory unit,
thumb drive and jump drive.

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 41

4. Write down the single technical term for the followings.
a. A computer which is volatile in nature.
b. A popular storage device which is essential to work with the computer
system.
c. It is a traditional type of storage device which can hold the data in the term

of MB only.
d. A pen like storage device which can work when it is connected on USB
port.
e. A memory device which is also called a flash memory.
5. Write down the full form of the following abbreviations.
USB , RAM , ROM , DRAM , HDD,
6. Answer the following questions.
a. What is a storage? Name any four popular storage media that you know.
b. What are the types of storage media? Name them.
c. Define primary memory with example.
d. Why is RAM considered as a volatile memory?
e. What is ROM? Why is it called non-volatile memory?
f. Write any three differences between Hard Disk and Floppy Disk.
g. What is a memory card?

Project Work & Activity

a. Collect any 10 storage devices with the help of your teacher and display
them in a chart paper.
b. Collect information about the various types of hard disks with the
help of the internet and prepare a project report.
c. Conduct a presentation programme in your class on the topic ‘Primary storage
devices’ and ‘secondary storage devices’

42 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

5Lesson Basic Introduction to

Operating System

Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
• define the operating system.
• tell the functions of an operating system.
• explain the types of an operating system.
• operate the computer system.
• list out the components of windows desktop.
• use desktop gadgets correctly.

Lets Update

• iOS is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple
Inc. It was released on June 29, 2007 A.D.

• Windows 7 was introduced on October 22, 2009 A.D.

• Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (SP1) was announced on March 18,
2010 A.D.

• A beta version of windows 7 was released on July 12, 2010 A.D.

• The final version of windows 7 was released to the public on February
22, 2011 A.D.

Introduction

An operating system manages and coordinates the functions performed by the
computer hardware, including the CPU, input/output devices and secondary
storage devices. Operating systems are the most important system programmes that
run on a computer. Each and every type of the computer must have an operating
system to run the other programmes. The operating system is used for various
purposes but the primary purpose of using an operating system is to maximize
the productivity of a computer system by operating it in the most efficient manner

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 43

and minimizing the amount of human intervention required. Examples of some
popular micro computer operating systems are Windows, Linux, UNIX, OS/2,
Mac OS, etc. The OS performs basic tasks, such as controlling and allocating
memory, prioritizing the processing of instructions, controlling input and output
devices, facilitating networking, and managing files.

Functions of an operating system
It controls all the hardware components and software programmes of a

computer.
It manages the computer’s memory like primary and secondary.
It provides an interface between the user and the machine.
It provides an environment for software applications to function.
It displays the structure/directories for the data management.
It manages and coordinates with the various input, output and storage

devices.

Types of operating system

Single-User, Single Task Operating System

These operating systems can be used only for a
single task and single user at a time. Here, a single
task or operation can be carried out efficiently
and thoroughly by a single user. The Palm OS
for Palm handheld computers is a good example
of a modern single-user, single-task operating system.

Single-User, Multi-Task Operating System

These operating systems work on more than
one task and process them concurrently at
a time. The processors of this OS divides the
time among the several executed tasks. This
division of time is called Time Sharing systems.
Here, the processors switch rapidly between the
processes. For example, the user can listen to

44 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

music on the computer while writing an article using word processor software.
Users can also switch between the applications and transfer the data between them;
all latest versions of Windows the are examples of multitasking OS.

Multiuser Operating System

In these operating systems, multiple
users are allowed to access the same data
or information at a time via a network.
The users can also interact among each-
other. Some examples of this type of
operating systems are: Linux, UNIX, and
Windows 7.

Multiprocessing Operating System

In this operating system, a single process
runs on two or more processors. All the
processing and their management takes place
in a parallel way, hence this OS is also called
Parallel Processing. Each processor works on
different parts of the same task, or, on two or
more different tasks. As their execution works
in parallel, these are applicable for high speed
execution, and also to increase the power of
the computer. Linux, UNIX and Windows 7
are examples of the multiprocessing OS.

Embedded Operating System

These operating systems are embedded in
a device, which is located in ROM. These
operating systems are less resource intensive.
These are mainly applicable in appliances like
microwaves, washing machines, traffic control
systems, etc.

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 45

Quick Learn

 Operating systems are the most important system programmes that run
on a computer.
 An operating system (OS) is a software programme that manages
the hardware and software resources of a computer.
 An operating system controls all the hardware components and software
programmes of a computer.
 Single user, single tasking operating system can be used only for a single

task and single user at a time.
 A single user multitasking operating system works on more than one
task and processes them at a time.
 In a multi user operating system, multiple users are allowed to access
the same data or information at a time through a network.
 In a multi-processing operating system, a single process runs on two or
more processors.
 An embedded operating system is embedded in a device, which is located
in ROM.

Operating the computer

Operating the computer means opening the computer system to work. Before
working with the computer, we should know how to start it? And after every use of
the computer, we should shut it down. Here, we are going to learn how to operate
(start) the computer.

Starting the computer in windows 7
Make sure that your system unit and monitor are connected properly with

electricity and are connected together to work.
Connect the computer system with the power socket and switch on the power

socket.
Press the power button of the system unit and the monitor.
Now, the computer will start to boot.

46 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

Wait for a while, Computer may display the ‘Log on’ screen where you can
type the user name and password.

After this, you can see the windows desktop as below. It means your computer
system is ready to work.

Shutting down the computer in windows 7
Save all the documents and make sure
that all the programmes that you have
opened are closed.
Click on the start button.
Select the option Turn off the computer/
Shutdown.
Now, the computer will automatically
shut down.
After this, switch off the monitor power
button and switch off the main power.

Shutting down the computer in Windows 8

In windows 8, the opening process of the computer system is same as in windows
7, but the shutting down way is somehow different than in windows 7. Here are a
few steps to shut down the computer in windows 8.

Move your mouse to the lower left-hand corner of the screen
Right-click on the Start button.
A Windows 8 tiles screen will appear.

New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6 47

Click on the Power Option botton. A list of options
will appear as given in the right side.

Click on Shut down option to turn off your PC.

Or

Press the Windows logo key and X key together
from the desktop with the help of the keyboard.

Click on the Shut down or sign out and choose the
Shut down.

Now, your computer system will get turned off.

After this, switch off the monitor power button and
switch off the main power switch.

Components of windows desktop

The graphical desktop environment has various components. The main components
of the desktop are the icons on the desktop and the task bar which is located at the
bottom of the screen. Here, we are going to discuss some other icons of the desktop.

Desktop

It is the first windows screen that you get after starting your computer. It contains
some icons and task bars with start button at the button of the windows. The
different items available on windows desktop are: icons, recycle bin, computer,
network, control panel, users, etc.

Computer

The Computer icon is the access point
to all of the files on your computer.
The screen that immediately appears
and shows all of the Local Drives
(Hard Drives), Optical Drives (CD-
ROMs, DVD-ROMs, CD-RW’s, etc.),
Removable Drives (Floppy Drives,
Zip Drives, Portable Hard Drives, Digital Cameras, etc.) with the symbol A, B, C,
D E, F, G, etc.

48 New Gateway to Computer Science Book-6

Network

This icon is a shortcut to open a network. It shows all the Network
Places which are placed within your network that you have visited.

User

This folder is different depending upon the version of Windows
that you are using. User folder is the default location to save all
of your documents, downloaded files, pictures, and music. Here,
ram is the default user folder which is appeared after creating an
account.

Recycle Bin

It is a desktop icon which stores the deleted items from the windows
system. It is just like a dust bin that is kept at your school. You can
also restore the items which are stored in the Recycle Bin.

The Taskbar

The Taskbar is a part of desktop which is available at the buttom of the windows
Desktop. Windows includes this feature in order to allow the user to easily switch
between the programmes.

Start menu

The start menu button is located on the task
bar which is commonly found at the bottom
of the screen. The start button launches the
start menu, which is the main access point
to the user programmes that are installed on
the system.

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