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(d) Able to explain the condition of the cell at point Q and R in the 6
Diagram 1.4.
Dapat menerangkan keadaan sel di titik Q dan R pada Rajah
1.4.

Sample answer:
Contoh jawapan

Point Q
Titik Q

F1 – Mass of the potato strip does not change (no increase or 1
decrease)
Jisim jalur ubi kentang tidak berubah (tiada kenaikan atau
penurunan)

P1 – This is caused by the isotonic solution to the cell (sap) 1
Hal ini kerana larutan gula ialah isotonic terhadap (sap) sel

P2 – Water diffuses in and out of the cell at the same rate / 1
achieve balanced.
Air meresap ke dalam dan keluar sel pada kadar yang sama /
mencapai keseimbangan.

P3 – By osmosis 1
Secara osmosis

P4 - no gain or loss of water molecule ( the mass is
maintained)
Tiada penambahan atau kehilangan molekul air (jisim adalah
kekal)

Point R (Any 3) 1
Titik R 1

F2 – The mass of potato strip decreases
Jisim jalur ubi kentang berkurang

P5 – This is caused by the hypertonic solution to the cell (sap) 1
Hal ini berlaku kerana larutan adalah hipertonik kepada
(sap)sel.

P6 – Water molecule diffuses out from the cell / from high 1
concentration region to low concentration region / solution
outside the cell
Molekul air meresap keluar daripada sel / daripada kepekatan
tinggi kepada kepekatan rendah / larutan di persekitaran sel

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P7 – by osmosis 1
secara osmosis

P8 – Cell becomes flaccid (the mass decreases)
Sel menjadi flasid ( jisim berkurang)

(Any 3)
*P3 = P7: marks as once

TOTAL 20

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Section A
Bahagian A
Chapter 4 : Chemical Composition of the Cell
Bab 4 : Komposisi Kimia Dalam Sel
Biologi Kertas 2, Percubaan SPM 2019, JPN Negeri Sembilan
1. Diagram 1.1 shows the different levels of organisation in protein structure.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan aras organisasi berlainan di dalam struktur protein

Structure X Structure Y Structure Z
Struktur X Struktur Y Struktur Z

Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1

(a) (i) Based on Diagram 1.1, name the level of organisation in the protein
structure of X and Z.
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1, namakan aras organisasi di dalam struktur
protein X dan Z.

X: _____________________________________________

Y: _____________________________________________
[2 mark]

[2 markah]

(ii) Explain the level of organisation of protein which forms the enzyme.
Terangkan aras organisasi bagi struktur protein yang membentuk
enzim.

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________
[2 mark]

[2 markah]

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(b) Diagram 1.2 shows the organelles involved during the synthesis of an
extracellular enzyme.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan organel- organel yang yang terlibat semasa
sintess enzim luar sel.

Secretory vesicle
Vesikel rembesan

Golgi apparatus Transport
Jasad Golgi vesicle
Vesikel
Nucleus angkutan
Nukleus
Ribosom
Ribosom

Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Jalinan
endoplasma
kasar

Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2

(i) Explain the formation of extracellular enzyme.
Terangkan pembentukan enzim luar sel

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________
[3 mark]

[3 markah]

(ii) Give one example of the extracellular enzyme in human digestive
system. State the function of the enzyme.
Berikan satu contoh enzim luar sel di dalam sistem pencernaan
manusia. Nyatakan fungsi enzim tersebut.

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________
[2 mark]

[2 markah]

(c) Diagram 1.3 shows a gene mutation that occurs in the DNA strand
containing the base sequence CTC.
Rajah 1.3 menunjukkan mutasi gen yang berlaku pada rantai DNA
mengandungi urutan bes CTC.

Before mutation After mutation
Sebelum mutasi Selepas mutasi

DNA strand
Rantai DNA

Amino acid
determined
Asid amino
yang ditentukan

Synthesized
protein
Protein yang
disintesiskan

Diagram 1.3
Rajah 1.3

Based on Diagram 1.3, discuss how the mutation affects the formation of
the enzyme.
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.3, bincangkan bagaimana mutasi ini memberi kesan
terhadap pembentukan enzim.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
[3 mark]

[3 markah]

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Biologi Kertas 2, Percubaan SPM 2019, SBP Malaysia

2. Diagram 2.1 shows two types of food, J and K
Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan dua jenis makanan, J dan K.

JK
Diagram 2.1
Rajah 2.1

(a) (i) Name the class food for J and K.
Namakan kelas makanan J dan K
J : _________________________________________
K : __________________________________________
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(ii) What is the main function of food J in human body?
Apakah fungsi utama makanan J dalam badan manusia?
_______________________________________________________
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

(iii) Explain the effect if an infant does not drink enough K.
Terangkan kesan sekiranya seorang bayi tidak minum K dengan
secukupnya.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

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(b) Diagram 2.2 shows the breakdown of maltose that occurs in the ileum.

Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan pemecahan maltosa yang berlaku di dalam ileum.
Enzyme X
Enzim X

Maltose Two molecules of N
Maltosa Dua molekul N
Diagram 2.2
Rajah 2.2

(i) Name enzyme X and molecule N.
Namakan enzim X dan molekul N.

Enzyme X: ____________________________________
Enzim X

Molecule N: ____________________________________
Molekul N [2 marks]

[2 markah]

(ii) Explain the chemical reaction shown in Diagram 2.2
Terangkan tindakbalas kimia yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2.2

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________
[3 marks]

[3 markah]

(iii) State the effect to the chemical reaction if enzyme M is not used.
Nyatakan kesan ke atas tindakbalas kimia jika enzim M tidak
digunakan.

_______________________________________________________
[1 mark]

[1 markah]

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Section B
Bahagian B

1. (a) Water is an important inorganic compound. Explain the importance of
water in cells.
Air merupakan sebatian inorganik yang penting. Terangkan kepentingan
air di dalam sel.
[6 marks]
[6 markah]

(b) (i) Explain the structure of nucleic acid.
Huraikan struktur asid nukleik.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(ii) State the importances of nucleic acid in cells.
Nyatakan kepentingan asid nukleik di dalam sel.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(c) (i) Explain the effect of mercury in biochemical reactions catalysed by
enzymes.
Terangkan kesan merkuri ke atas tindakbalas biokimia yang
dimangkinkan oleh enzim.

[4 marks]
[4 markah]

Enzymes are widely used in everyday life.
Enzim digunakan secara meluas dalam kehidupan
seharian.

(ii) Based on the statement above, discuss the uses if enzymes in food
industries.
Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, bincangkan kegunaan enzim dalam
industri makanan.
[6 marks]
[6 markah]

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Cadangan Jawapan

Section A
Bahagian A

Chapter 4 : Chemical Composition of the Cell
Bab 4 : Komposisi Kimia Dalam Sel

Question 1 Criteria Marks
2
No Able to state the different levels of organisation in protein
(a) (i) structure
Dapat menamakan aras organisasi berlainan di dalam
struktur protein

Sample answers:

Structure X : Quarternary structure 1
Struktur kuarterner 1

Structure Z : Tertiary structure
Struktur tertier

(a) (ii) Able to explain the level of organisation of protein which 2
forms the enzyme.
Dapat menerangkan aras organisasi bagi struktur protein
yang membentuk enzim.

Sample answers:

F1 – Tertiary structure 1
Struktur tertier

P1 – The alpha -helix chains or beta- pleated sheet are 1

folded to form a globular protein.
Rantai heliks alfa atau kepingan berlisu beta berlipat
membentuk protein globul

P2 – Three - dimensional structure of protein 1
Berbentuk tiga dimensi

(F1 and P1 or P2)
(F1 dan P1 atau P2)

(b) (i) Able to explain the formation of extracellular enzyme. 3
Dapat menerangkan pembentukan enzim luar sel

Sample answers:

P1 – Proteins are synthesized in the ribosomes 1
Protein disintesis di dalam ribosom 1

P2- Rough endoplasmic reticulum will transport the protein
Jalinan Endoplasma kasar akan mengangkut protein.

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P3 - Transport vesicles containing the protein bud off from 1
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 1
Vesikel angkutan yang mengandungi protein
membentuk tunas yang menggenting daripada Jalinan
endoplasma kasar.

P4 –The proteins are transported to Golgi apparatus (via 1
transport vesicles)
Protein diangkut ke Jasad Golgi (melalui vesikel
angkutan)

P5 – The proteins are modified into enzyme in the Golgi 1
apparatus
Protein diubahsuai membentuk enzim di dalam Jasad
Golgi

P6 – Secretory vesicles containing the enzyme bud off from 1
Golgi apparatus
Vesikel rembesan yang mengandungi enzim
membentuk tunas yang menggenting daripada Jasad

Golgi.

P7 – The vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to 1
release the enzyme out of the cell (as extracellular
enzyme)
Vesikel rembesan berpadu dengan membran plasma
untuk membebaskan enzim ke luar sel (sebagai
enzim luar sel)

(b) (ii) (Any 3) 2
(Mana-mana 3)

Able to give one example of the extracellular enzyme and
its function
Dapat memberikan satu contoh enzim luar sel dan
fungsinya.

Sample answers:

F1 – Amylase 1
Amilase 1
1
P1 – To hydrolyse starch to maltose 1
Menghidrolisis kanji kepada maltosa 1
1
F2 – Trypsin
Tripsin

P2 – To hydrolyse polypeptides to peptides
Menghidolisis polipeptida kepada peptida

F3 – Lipase
Lipase

P3 – To hydrolyse lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

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Menghidrolisis lipid kepada asid lemak dan gliserol

(Any F and P)
(Mana-mana F dan P)

(c) Able to explain how the mutation affects the formation of 3

the enzyme.
Dapat menerangkan bagaimana mutasi memberi kesan
terhadap pembentukan enzim.

Sample answers:

F – The nucleus contains DNA which carries the 1
information for enzyme synthesis
Nukleus mengandungi DNA yang membawa maklumat
untuk sintesis enzim.

P1 – Nitrogenous base sequence in the DNA strand 1
changes due to mutation //Mutation changes CTC to
CAC
Susunan bes bernitrogen di dalam bebenang DNA
berubah disebabkan mutasi // Mutasi mengubah CTC
kepada CAC

P2 – Leads to changes in amino acid / protein coding // 1
Different protein is formed
Menyebabkan perubahan ke atas asid amino /
pengekodan protein // Protein berbeza dihasilkan.

P3 – Which forms different types of enzyme 1
Yang menghasilkan enzim yang berbeza

(Any 3)
(Mana-mana 3)

TOTAL 12

Question 2 Criteria Marks
Able to state the class food for J and K. 2
No Dapat menamakan kelas makanan untuk J dan K
(a) (i) 1
1
Sample answer :
4551
J – Carbohydrate
Karbohidrat

K – Protein // Mineral // Vitamin // Fat // Water //
Carbohydrate

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Protein // Mineral // Vitamin // Lemak // Air //
Karbohidrat

(a) (ii) Able to state the main function of food J in human body 1
(a) (iii) Dapat menyatakan fungsi utama makanan J dalam badan
manusia

P – source of energy (that can be used by cells) / glucose / 1
substrate of respiration
sumber tenaga (yang digunakan oleh sel) / glukosa /
substrat respirasi

Able to explain the effect if an infant does not drink enough 3
K.
Dapat menerangkan kesan sekiranya seorang bayi tidak
minum K dengan secukupnya.

Sample answers:

F1 – Insufficient of protein 1
Kekurangan protein 1

P1 – Process of growth slow / stunted growth / body mass 1
decrease
Proses pertumbuhan berkurang / pertumbuhan
terbantut / kekurangan jisim badan

P2 – Kwasyiokor // any symptom of kwasyiokor
Kwasyiokor // apa -apa symptom kwasyiokor

F2 – Insufficients of calcium // phosphorus 1
Kekurangan kalsium // fosforus 1
1
P3 – Formation bones tissue slow 1
Pembentukan tisu tulang perlahan 1

P4 – Length of bones reduces
Panjang tulang berkurang

P5 – Height of baby remains
Ketinggian bayi tidak berubah

P6 – Formation of baby tooth slow
Pembentukan gigi bayi perlahan

F3 – Insufficient of vitamin A 1
Kekurangan vitamin A 1
1
P7 – Infant skin become dry
Kulit bayi kering

P8 – Infant skin become scally
Kulit bayi bersisik

F4 – Insufficient of vitamin B 1
Kekurangan vitamin B 1

P9 – Might have a pellagra (symptom)
Menghidapi pelagra (simptom)

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(b) (i) P10 – Infant has a skin problem 1
(b) (ii) Bayi mengalami masalah kulit 2

(b) (iii) (Any 3 of Fs or/and Ps) 1
(Mana – mana 3 F atau/dan P) 1
Able to state name enzyme X and molecule N.
Dapat menamakan enzim X dan molekul N 3

Sample answers: 1
1
Enzim X – Maltase
Maltase 1
1
Molecule N – Glucose
Glukosa 1

Able to explain the chemical reaction to produce molecules
N
Dapat menerangkan tindakbalas kimia yang menghasilkan
molekul N.

Sample answers:

P1 – Hydrolysis occur
Hidrolisis berlaku

P2 – The bond between two molecules of glucose /
glycosidic bond is broken down // Maltose is broken
down / hydrolysed / digested
[Reject converted]
Ikatan antara dua molekul glukosa / ikatan glikosidik
terputus // Maltosa dipecahkan / dihidrolisiskan /
dicernakan
[Tolak ditukarkan]

P3 – Involves the addition of water // Water (molecule) is
used // Water in involved // Maltose react with water
Melibatkan penambahan air // Molekul air digunakan
// Melibatkan air // Maltosa bertindakbalas dengan air

P4 – Two molecules of glucose formed
Dua molekul glukosa dihasilkan

[Reject molecule N formed]
[Tolak molekul N dihasilkan]

(Any 3)
(Mana-mana 3)
Able to state what will happen if enzyme M is not used.
Dapat menyatakan jika enzim M tidak digunakan.

Sample answers:

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P1 – Hydrolysis / biochemical / metabolic reaction 1
becomes slow 1
Hidrolisis / tindakbalas biokimia /mebolisme menjadi
perlahan

P2 – The quantity of molecules N / glucose / product
decreases
Kuantiti molekul N / glukosa / hasil berkurang

(Any 1)
(Mana-mana 1)

TOTAL 12

Section B
Bahagian B

Question 1 Criteria Marks
Able to explain the importance of water in cells. 6
No Boleh menerangkan kepentingan air di dalam sel.
(a) 1
1
Sample answers: 1
1
F1 – As a solvent
Sebagai pelarut 1
1
E1 – dissove ionic compound / salt/ sugar
larut di dalam sebatian ion / garam / gula

F2 – As a medium transport in blood / lymph
Sebagai medium pengangkutan di dalam darah /
limfa

E2 – transport sugar / amino acids / respiratory gases /
waste products.
mengangkut gula/asid amino/ gas respirasi/ bahan
kumuh.

F3 – As a medium for biochemical reactions
Sebagai medium bagi tindakbalas biokimia

E3 – Water is necessary in biochemical reactions which
involve enzymes // hydrolysis of protein / lipid /
polysaccharide
Air diperlukan dalam tindakbalas biokimia yang
melibatkan enzim // hidrolisis protein / lipid /
polisakarida.

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F4 – As a lubricant 1
Sebagai pelincir 1

E4 – form mucus to assist movement of food substances
in intestinal tract
Mukus membantu pergerakan makanan di dalam
salur pencernaan

F5 – give support to the plant cells 1
Memberi sokongan kepada sel tumbuhan 1

E5 – high concentration in the cell sap encourage the
diffusion of water into the cell sap / turgidity of the
cell
Kepekatan sap sel yang tinggi menyebabkan
resapan air ke dalam sap sel / kesegahan sel

F6 – move in a long unbroken column through 1
xylem / vascular tissue 1
Bergerak dalam turus air yang panjang dan tidak
terputus di dalam xilem / tisu vaskular

E6 – because water has high cohesion.
Air mempunyai daya lekitan yang tinggi

(b) (i) (Any 3Fs and 3Es) 2
(Mana-mana 3F dan 3E)
Able to describe the structure of nucleic acid.
Dapat menjelaskan struktur asid nukleik

Sample answers:

P1 – nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and 1
nitrogen
Asid nukleik mengandungi karbon, hidrogen,
oksigen dan nitrogen

P2 – basic unit of nucleic acid is nucleotide 1
Unit asas asid nukleik ialah nukleotida

P3 – (Nucleotide) consists of pentose sugar, phosphate 1
and nitrogen base. 1
(Nukleotida) terdiri daripada gula pentosa, fosfat 1
dan bes bernitrogen.

P4 – Two types of nucleic acids: RNA (ribonucleic acids)
and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids)
Terdapat dua jenis asid nukleik : RNA (asid
ribonukleik) dan DNA (asid deoksiribonukleik)

P5 – DNA consists of two strands polynucleotide twisted
into a double helix
DNA terdiri daripada dua rantai polinukleotida yang

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berpintal membentuk heliks ganda dua. 1
P6 – RNA consists of single strands of polynucleotide

RNA terdiri daripada rantai polinukleotida tunggal.

(Any 2)
(Mana-mana 2)

(b) (ii) Able to state the importance of nucleic acids in cells 2
(c) (i) Boleh menerangkan kepentingan asid nukleik di dalam 4
sel

Sample answers: 1
P1 – carry genetic information (in all living cells)

Membawa maklumat genetik (dalam semua sel
hidup)

P2 – control all the main activities in the cell 1
mengawal semua aktivti utama di dalam sel

P3 – (carry genetic information) for synthesis of proteins 1
(Membawa maklumat genetik) untuk sintesis
protein
(Any 2)
(Mana-mana 2)

Able to explain the effect of inhibitor to the biochemical
reactions catalysed by ezymes.
Boleh menerangkan kesan perencat ke atas tindakbalas
biokimia yang dimangkinkan oleh enzim

Sample answers:

F – Mercury is an inhibitor 1
Merkuri merupakan perencat 1
1
P1 – Inhibitors are (molecules) which are similar in shape
to the normal substrate molecules. 1
Perencat merupakan (molekul) yang mempunyai
bentuk yang serupa dengan substrat.

P2 – (Inhibitor) can bind to the active site of the enzyme
// prevent the substrate to bind to the active site.
(Perencat) boleh bergabung dengan tapak aktif
enzim // menghalang substrat untuk bergabung
dengan tapak aktif.

P3 – The shape of the active site of the enzyme changed

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Bentuk tapak aktif berubah

P4 – No enzyme-substrate complex formed 1
Tiada kompleks enzim-substrat terbentuk

P5 – No products formed 1
Tiada hasil terbentuk

P6 – The rate of enzymes reaction decreases / 1
completely stopped
(c) (ii) Kadar tindakbalas enzim berkurang / berhenti 6
sepenuhnya.
(Any 4)
(Mana-mana 4)

Able to discuss the uses if enzymes in food industries.
Dapat membincangkan kegunaan enzim dalam industri
makanan.

F1 – Protease / papain 1
Protease / papain 1

E1 – to tenderize meat
melembutkan daging

F2 – Amylase / Amyloglucoxidase 1
Amilase / Amiloglukosidase 1

E2 – change starch to sugar in the making or syrup and
chocolates.
Menukarkan kanji kepada gula dalam pembuatan
sirap dan coklat

F3 – Lipase 1
Lipase 1

E3 – ripening the cheese
Mempercepatkan pematangan keju

F4 – Lactase 1
Laktase 1

E4 – to hydrolyse lactose to glucose and galactose in the
making of ice cream
Menghidrolisis laktosa kepada glukosa dan
galaktosa dalam pembuatan aiskrim

F5 – Rennin 1
Renin 1

E5 – to solidify milk protein
Memejalkan protein susu

F6 – Zymase 1
Zimase 1

E6 – to convert sugars to ethanol (in alcoholic drink)

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Menukarkan gula kepada etanol (dalam minuman
beralkohol)

F7 – cellulase 1
Selulase 1

E7 – to breakdown cellulose / remove seed coat 20
Memecahkan selulosa / mengeluarkan kulit biji
daripada bijirin

(Any 3Fs and 3Es)
(Mana-mana 3F dan 3E)

TOTAL

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Chapter 5 : Cell Division Section A
Bab 5 : Pembahagian Sel Bahagian A

‘Biologi Kertas 2, Percubaan SPM 2020, JPN Perak’

1 Meiosis is divided into two stages of cell division, which are meiosis I and meiosis
II. Diagram 1.1 shows part of the stages of meiosis in an animal cell.
Meiosis dibahagikan kepada dua peringkat pembahagian sel iaitu meiosis I dan
meiosis II. Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada peringkat meiosis dalam
sel haiwan.

Process R
Proses R

Structure S
Struktur S

Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1

(a) Name process R and structure S.
Namakan proses R dan struktur S
Process R/ Proses R
____________________________________________________________

Structure S/ Struktur S
____________________________________________________________

[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(b) Explain the importance of process S.
Terangkan kepentingan proses S.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

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(c) Diagram 1.2 shows a phase in meiosis.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan satu fasa dalam meiosis

Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2

(i) Name the phase of meiosis shown in diagram 1.2. Describe the chromosomal
behaviour during this phase.
Namakan fasa meiosis yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah 1.2. Jelaskan perlakuan
kromosom semasa fasa ini.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(ii) Explain the effect on the number of chromosome if structure X malfunctions.
Huraikan kesan kepada bilangan kromosom sekiranya struktur X tidak berfungsi
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

Biologi Kertas 2

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(d) Diagram 1.3 shows the development of cancer in a patient.
The cancer cells will spread and destroy normal cells around them. Cancer
that is not identified at an early stage can cause damage to the organs and
finally death.
Rajah 1.3 menunjukkan perkembangan kanser dalam seorang pesakit.
Sel kanser akan merebak dan memusnahkan sel-sel normal di sekitarnya.
Kanser yang tidak dikesan pada peringkat awal akan menyebabkan
kerosakan organ dan akhirnya membawa maut.

Diagram 1.3
Rajah 1.3

Cancer cells are formed after normal cells are exposed to mutagens.
Sel kanser terbentuk apabila sel normal terdedah kepada mutagen.
(i) By using suitable example, describe how mutagen causes the formation of

cancer cells.
Dengan menggunakan contoh yang sesuai, huraikan bagaimana mutagen
menyebabkan pembentukan sel kanser.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

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(ii) Explain how radiotherapy method is able to control or stop the growth of cancer
cells.
Terangkan bagaimana kaedah radioterapi dapat mengawal atau menghentikan
pertumbuhan sel kanser
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

‘Biologi Kertas 2, Modul Berfokus Biologi Set B 2020, MPSM Johor’
2. Diagram 2.1 shows three stages of cell division, P, Q and R, in an animal cell.

Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan tiga peringkat pembahagian sel; P, Q dan R, dalam sel
haiwan.
.

Diagram 2.1
Rajah 2.1

(a) (i) Based on Diagram 2.1, name the type of cell division.
Berdasarkan Rajah 2.1, namakan jenis pembahagian sel
________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
[1 markah

(ii) Name the stages P, Q and R in the spaces provided in Diagram 2.1
Namakan peringkat P, Q dan R dalam ruang yang disediakan dalam
Rajah 2.1.
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

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(iii) State the chromosome behavior at the following stages.
Nyatakan perlakuan kromosom pada peringkat berikut:

Stage P :
Peringkat P :

________________________________________________________

Stage R :
Peringkat R :

________________________________________________________
[2 marks]

[2 markah]
(b) Explain how cell division in (a) (i) can be applied to increase the

production of the orchid plants in a short time.
Terangkan bagaimana pembahagian sel di (a) (i) boleh digunakan untuk
meningkatkan penghasilan pokok orkid dalam tempoh masa yang
singkat.
_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]

[3 markah]

(c) Diagram 2.2 shows normal cells develop to become cancerous cells.
Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan sel-sel yang normal berkembang menjadi sel-
sel kanser.

Diagram 2.2
Rajah 2.2

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Explain the formation of cancerous cell.
Terangkan pembentukan sel-sel kanser.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

[3 marks]
[3 markah]
‘Biologi Kertas 2, Percubaan SPM 2019, JPN Negeri Sembilan’
3. Diagram 3.1 shows cell X and cell Y undergo two different types of cell division.
Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan sel X dan sel Y mengalami dua jenis pembahagian sel
yang berbeza
P

Q

Cell X / Sel X Cell Y / Sel Y

Diagram 3.1
Rajah 3.1

(a) (i) Name the structures labelled P and Q.
Namakan struktur berlabel P dan Q.

P: ______________________________________________________

Q: ______________________________________________________
[2 marks]

[2 markah]
(ii) State one function of P.

Nyatakan satu fungsi P.

________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

[1 markah]

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(iii) State the importance of cell division in X and Y.
Nyatakan kepentingan pembahagian sel dalam X dan Y.

X: ______________________________________________________

Y: _____________________________________________________
[2 marks]

[2 markah]

(b) (i) Based on Diagram 3.1, state two differences in cell division between
Cell X and Cell Y.
Berdasarkan Rajah 3.1, nyatakan dua perbezaan dalam
pembahagian sel antara sel X dan sel Y.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
[2 marks]

[2 markah]

(ii) Cell Y has been exposed to gamma rays which results in the failure of
formation of spindle fibre.
Sel Y telah terdedah kepada sinar gama yang menyebabkan
kegagalan penghasilan gentian gelendung.

Explain the effect to the formation of daughter cells of cell Y.
Terangkan kesan kepada pembentukan sel anak dari sel Y.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
[2 marks]

[2 markah]

(c) Diagram 3.2 shows the growth of a lizard’s tail after being cut off.
Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan pertumbuhan ekor cicak setelah terputus.

Diagram 3.2
Rajah 3.2

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Explain the process above.
Terangkan proses di atas.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

[3 marks]
[3 markah]

‘Biologi Kertas 2, Modul PPD Pasir Gudang 2016’.

4. Diagram 4 shows nucleus of a parent cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells
after a cell division.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan satu nukleus sel induk dan dua nukleus sel-sel anak
selepas pembahagian sel.

Parent cell
Sel induk

Cell division
Pembahagian sel

Daughter cells
Sel-sel anak

Diagram 4
Rajah 4

(a) Based on Diagram 4,
Berdasarkan Rajah 4,

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(i) State the type of cell division.
Nyatakan jenis pembahagian sel yang ditunjukkan.

_____________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

(ii) Give two reasons for your answer in (a)(i).
Berikan dua alasan bagi jawapan anda (a)(i).

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(b) Explain the importance of the process to the living organism.
Terangkan kepentingan proses tersebut terhadap organism hidup.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[2 marks] [2 markah]
(c) (i) For a plant cell where 2n=4, draw the cell in the box below to show the
chromosomal behaviour during the stage of Metaphase I in meiosis.
Untuk satu sel tumbuhan yang mempunyai 2n=4, lukis sel tersebut dalam
kotak di bawah untuk menunjukkan perlakuan kromosom dalam
peringkat Metafasa 1 dalam meiosis.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

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(i) Explain the events during Metaphase I which contribute to variation in
organisms.
Terangkan kejadian semasa Metafasa I yang menyumbang kepada
variasi dalam organisma.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(d) Name two chemical substances which can cause cancer.
i. ______________________________
ii. ______________________________
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(e) Uncontrolled meiosis leads to production of gametes with an abnormal
number of chromosomes. Name one disease caused by uncontrolled
meiosis.
Meiosis tidak terkawal mengakibatkan penghasilan gamet dengan bilangan
kromosom yang tidak normal. Namakan satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh
pembahagian meiosis yang tidak terkawal.
______________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

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Section B
Bahagian B

‘Biologi Kertas 2, Percubaan SPM 2019, JPN Pulau Pinang’

1. The concept of mitosis has been used in research to produce a better
quality and quantity of agricultural products.

Konsep mitosis telah banyak digunakan di dalam penyelidikan untuk
menghasilkan produk yang lebih berkualiti dan dalam kuantiti yang
banyak.

(a)(i) A group of researchers are keen to develop a cosmetics industry based on
a wild orchid species rarely found.
Based on the above information, name the technique which can be used by
the researchers to gain lots of raw material of the orchid plants.
Sekumpulan penyelidik berminat untuk memperkembangkan industri
kosmetik berasaskan satu spesis orkid yang jarang dijumpai.
Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, namakan teknik yang boleh di gunakan oleh
penyelidik tersebut untuk mendapatkan lebih banyak bahan mentah
tumbuhan orkid berkenaan.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(ii) Outline the processes involved in generating the orchid plants that you
mention in (a)(i)
Huraikan proses yang terlibat dalam penghasilan pokok orkid seperti yang
dikenalpasti di (a)(i)
[8 marks]
[8 markah]

(b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the application in the
agriculture sector.
Bincangkan kelebihan dan kekurangan aplikasi teknik berkenaan dalam
sektor pertanian
[10 marks]
[10 markah]

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‘Biologi Kertas 2, OTI 2008 Set 2, JPN Terengganu’

2. (a) “Dolly” the sheep was the first vertebrate cloned from the cell of an adult
. animal in 1997. That was a remarkable scientific breakthrough and it
gained interest and concern from around the world on the of cloning and
how it would affect humans.

“Dolly” si biri-biri merupakan haiwan vertebrata pertama yang diklon
daripada sel haiwan dewasa pada tahun 1997. Ia merupakan satu
penemuan saintifik yang amat bermakna dan telah menimbulkan minat
dan perhatian daripada pelbagai pihak di seluruh dunia terhadap
pengklonan dan bagaimana ia memberi kesan ke atas manusia.

i) Based on the statement above, explain the principles used in the cloning
technique.
Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, terangkan prinsip-prinsip yang digunakan
dalam teknik pengklonan.
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

ii) State the advantages and disadvantages of this technique.
Nyatakan kebaikan dan keburukan teknik tersebut

[7 marks]
[7 markah]

(b) Describe how cytokinesis occurs in plant and animal cells to produce two
daughter cells.
Terangkan bagaimana sitokinesis berlaku dalam sel tumbuhan dan sel
haiwan untuk menghasilkan dua sel anak.
[10 marks]
[10 markah]

END OF QUESTIONS
KERTAS SOALAN TAMAT

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Cadangan Jawapan Section A
Bahagian A

Chapter 5 : Cell Division
Bab 5 : Pembahagian Sel

Question 1

No Criteria Marks
(a) 12
Able to name S and R. 1
(b) Answer
R: Crossing over

Pindah silang
S: Centromere

Sentromer

Able to explain importance of process Q (crossing over)
Answer

(c)(i) P1 : exchange of genetic material between homologous 1 2
chromosome 1 2
pertukaran bahan genetik antara kromosom homolog 1
P2 : produce new genetic combination 1
menghasilkan gabungan genetik baru
P3 : cause variation 1
menghasilkan variasi 1
P4 : enhance the ability of survival in different environment
meningkatkan keupayaan hidup dalam persekitaran
berbeza

Any two P
Mana- mana 2
Able to explain the chromosomal behaviour in
anaphase I.

F1 : Anaphase 1/ Anafasa 1
P1: The spindle fibres contract and pulled each homologous

chromosome
Gentian gelendong mengecut dan menarik setiap
kromosom homolog

P2: each homologous chromosome to separate from its 1
homologous pair
setiap kromosom homolog berpisah daripada pasangan
homolognya

P3 : being pulled to the opposite poles 1
tertarik ke kutub sel yang bertentangan

*F with any P

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(ii) Able to explain the effect on the number of chromosomes if
the chromosomal behaviour in (c ) (i)
did not occur.

P1: X is spindle fibre 12
X adalah gentian gelendung

P2 : the homologous chromosome fails to separate 1
(nondisjunction)
Sekiranya kromosom homolog gagal berpisah (tak
disjunksi).

P2: Gametes will have an abnormal number of
chromosomes.
Gamet mempunyai bilangan kromosom tidak normal

P3: If fertilisation between a normal gamete (23 chromosomes) 1
and an abnormal chromosome (24 chromosomes) occurs,
Jika persenyawaan antara gamet normal (23 kromosom) dan
gamet abnormal (24 kromosom) berlaku,

P4: the zygote will carry 47 chromosomes/abnormal

condition 1
zigot akan mempunyai 47 kromosom iaitu satu keadaan
yang tidak normal

Any 2P
Mana- mana 2P

d)(i) Able to state any example of mutagen and how it leads to

the formation of cancer cells. 2

E1 – radiation such as radioactive radiation/ X-ray/ 1
gamma ray/ultraviolet 1
faktor radiasi seperti sinaran radioaktif / X-ray/
sinar gamma/sinar uv

E2 – carcinogens such as formaldehyde/benzene/
faktor karsinogen seperti formaldehid/benzene

E3 - chemical substances such as monosodium glutamate tar 1
and tar in tobacco 1
faktor bahan kimia seperti monosodium glutamat dan
dalam tembakau

P1 – This will cause uncontrolled cells division /by mitosis
continuously and (develop into a cancer cell)

Akan menyebabkan sel-sel membahagi /bermitosis
berulang kali tanpa terkawal, (maka terhasil sel kanser)

P2 – The cancer cells will spread and destroy normal cells 1
around them.

Sel kanser akan tersebar dan memusnahkan sel normal
yang berada di sekelilingnya.

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Any 1E and 1P

(ii) Able to explain radiotherapy method is used to control or 2
stop the growth of cancer cells.
P1: This method uses high ionization radiation 1
Kaedah ini menggunakan radiasi mengion bertenaga 1
tinggi 1
P2: to kill cancer cell
untuk membunuh sel kanser.

P3: Higher dosage is targeted to tumor area
Pemberian dos tinggi ditujukan kepada sasaran (tumor)
Any 2P

TOTAL 12

Question 2 Marks
No Criteria 11
2(a)(i) Able to name the type of cell division
1
Answer: Mitosis 13
1
2(a)(ii) Able to name the stages P, Q and R
P : Metaphase
Metafasa

Q : Prophase
Profasa

2(a)(iii) R : Anaphase 1
Anafasa
2
Able to state the chromosome behavior at the following 1
stages

P :The chromosomes are lined up on the equatorial plane
Kromosom tersusun sebaris di tengah sel pada satah

khatulistiwa.

R : Sister chromatids move towards the opposite poles.
Kromatid kembar tertarik/bergerak ke kutub sel

bertentangan.

2(b) Able to explain how cell division in (a) (i) can be applied to
increase the production of the orchid plants in a short time

P1 : By using tissue culture// Clone the plant

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Menggunakan kaedah kultur tisu // klon tumbuhan 1 Ma

P2 : Cells divide by mitosis // Culture medium promotes mitosis 1 x
Sel membahagi melalui mitosis // Medium kultur 1 3
1
menggalakkan proses mitosis
P3 : to form callus / mass of undifferentiated cells

Membentuk kalus / sekumpulan tisu yang belum
membeza

P4 : Cell in callus develops into plantlet // Culture medium

promotes differentiation / specialization of the callus into

plantlet
Sel dalam kalus membesar menjadi anak tumbuhan //
medium kultur menggalakkan proses pengkhususan
menjadi anak tumbuhan.

Any 3P 1
2(c) Able to explain the formation of cancerous cell
Ma
P1 : Gene mutation x3
Mutasi gen 1

P2 : Uncontrolled mitosis
Mitosis tidak terkawal

P3 : Cells divide repeatedly 1
Sel membahagi berulang kali 1

P4 : Caused by chemical / radioactive substances/mutagen
Disebabkan oleh bahan kimia / bahan radioaktif/mutagen

Any 3P

TOTAL 12

Question 3 SECTION A Marks
12
No Criteria 1
3 (a) (i) 11
Able to state name of structure P and Q
P: Centriole

Sentriol
Q: Chromosome // (sister) chromatid

Kromosom // kromatid

*Reject: chromatin, homologous chromosome

(ii) Able to state one function of P
To form spindle fibres (during cell division)
Untuk membentuk gentian gelendong (ketika pembahagian
sel)

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(iii) Able to state the importance of cell division in X and Y 12

Cell X: Growth // Repair damaged tissues //
Replace dead cells
Tumbesaran // Membaiki tisu rosak //
Mengganti sel-sel mati

Cell Y: Produce (haploid) gametes // 1
Maintain the diploid number of chromosome //
Produce genetic variation
Menghasilkan gamet haploid // mengekalkan bilangan
kromosom diploid // menghasilkan variasi secara
genetik

Cell X (Sel X) Cell Y (Sel Y)

D1 Undergoes mitosis Undergoes meiosis 1
2
(b) (i) / anaphase / meiosis 1/ Anaphase
Menjalani mitosis / 1 1
Anafasa Menjalani Meiosis /
Anafasa 1

D2 Chromosome / Homologous
chromosome
sister chromatids separated and pulled
to opposites poles
separated and
Kromosom homolog
pulled to berpisah daripada
pasangan homolog
opposites poles dan bergerak/ tertarik
Kromosom / ke kutub bertentangan
kromatid kembar
berpisah dan
tertarik ke kutub
bertentangan

(b)(ii) F1: daughter cells have more / less number of 1
chromosomes 12

Sel anak mengandungi lebih/kurang bilangan
kromosom

P1: due to the homologous chromosomes not separated/
divided equally / correctly
Kerana kromosom homolog tidak berpisah / membahagi

dengan betul

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P2: lead to chromosomal mutation 1
menyebabkan berlaku mutasi kromosom
*F with any P

P1: Lizard’s tail undergoes regeneration. 13
Ekor cicak mengalami proses penjanaan semula 1

P2: Each cell around the cut tail undergoes mitosis. 1
Setiap sel di bahagian ekor yang terputus menjalani

mitosis
(c) P3: To form identical daughter cells.

Untuk membentuk sel-sel anak yang seiras.

TOTAL 12

QUESTION 4

No Criteria Marks
4 (a)(i) Able to state the type of cell division 11
1
Answer:
Mitosis

(a)(ii) Able to give two reasons for the type of the cell division

Sample answer:

P1: each daughter cells has identical number of chromosome
to the parent cell

setiap sel anak mempunyai bilangan kromosom yang
seiras / serupa dengan induknya

P2: chromosomes in daughter cells have same genetic 1
material to the parent cell 12
. kromosom di dalam sel anak mempunyai
maklumat genetik sama dengan induk

P3: two daughter cells are produced by each parent cell
dua sel anak dihasilkan bagi setiap induk

Any 2

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(b) Able to explain the importance of mitosis 1 2
(c)(i) Sample answer:
1
F1: increases the number of cells
menambahkan bilangan sel 1
1
P1. replacing dead cell/repair the damaged tissue/organ
menggantikan tisu mati/ membaik pulih tisu/organ rosak

P2. for growth/development in living organism
untuk pertumbuhan/ perkembangan organisma hidup
F2: to produce genetically identical for daughter cells
untuk menghasilkan sel anak yang seiras secara genetik

P3. asexual reproduction (for unicellular organisms) 1
pembiakan aseks (untuk organisma unisel) 1

P4. maintain the chromosomal number (of daughter cells)
mengekalkan bilangan kromosom (pada sel-sel anak)

Any 2

Able to draw the stage of Metaphase I correctly. 1

Criteria:
2 homologous chromosomes are aligned on either side of the
equatorial plane
2 kromosom homolog tersusun secara berpasangan
di satah khatulistiwa

One chromosome of each pair is attached to the spindle 1
fibre

from one pole while its homologue is attached to the fibre
from the opposite pole

satu kromosom dari setiap pasangan melekat pada
gentian gelendong di satu kutub manakala kromosom
homolog satu lagi melekat pada gentian di kutub
bertentangan

Sample answer

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2

(c)(ii) Able to explain events during cell division

Sample Answer: 2
P1: independent assortment of chromosomes, 1

pengaturan bebas kromosom

P2: which are randomly arranged during metaphase I, 1
yang secara spontan disusun semasa metafasa 1

P3: to produce different haploid gametes. 1
untuk menghasilkan gamet haploid yang berbeza.

Any two P

(d) Able to name two chemical substances which cause
cancer
Sample Answer:

P1: benzene 1
benzena
1
P2: asbestos 1

P3: tar (in tobacco) 1
tar dalam tembakau
1
P4: formaldehyde Any 2
Formaldehid

P5: arsenic
arsenik

2

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(e) Able to name the disease caused by uncontrolled 11
meiosis 12

Sample answer:
Down / Turner/ Klinefelter syndrome

TOTAL

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Question 1 Section B / Bahagian B Mark
Question Marking Scheme 12

1 (a)(i) Able to define tissue culture marks
1
P1 : Tissue culture
Kultur tisu 1

P2 : is a technique or process of keeping tissues alive and 1
growing in a culture medium 1
teknik atau proses menyimpan tisu hidup dan
membiarkannya tumbuh dalam medium kultur 1
18
(a)(ii) Able to outline the processes involved in generating the
orchid plants marks
1
P1: all apparatus and materials used in this technique must be
sterilized 1

semua peralatan dan bahan yang digunakan dalam teknik
perlu disteril

P2: the tissue sample is sterilized with ethanol
sampel tisu perlu disteril dengan etanol

P3: the tissue sample then cut into small pieces from the
parent plant called explant
sampel tisu dipotong dalam kepingan kecil daripada pokok induk,
dipanggil eksplan

P4: the explants are then placed inside a test tube containing
nutrient agar and growth hormone
Eksplan dimasukkan ke tabung uji yang mengandungi agar
nutrien dan hormon pertumbuhan

P5: tissue is cultured on a nutrient medium, an undifferentiated
mass of cell appears, is called callus
tisu dikulturkan dalam medium nutrien, membentuk kalus

P6: growth hormones can be added to the media triggering the
callus cells to develop roots, shoots
hormon pertumbuhan ditambahkan sebagai medium
bagi menggalakkan pertumbuhan akar dan pucuk dalam
sel kalus

P7: when the shoots are form then place in a flask containing a
new medium that helps roots to develop
apabila pucuk terbentuk, ia dirawat dengan nutrien
yang menggalakkan pertumbuhan akar.

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P8: the rooted plantlets are then transferred to nursery and kept in 1
a controlled environment
anak pokok (yang berakar) dipindahkan ke tapak semaian
dan disimpan dalam persekitaran terkawal

P9: from one original plant, hundreds of genetically identical 1
plants could be produced
dari satu pokok induk, beratus-ratus anak pokok yang seiras dari
segi genetik dapat dihasilkan

1 (b) Any 8P
[mana-mana 8]

Able to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the
application in the agriculture sector.

Advantages/ Kelebihan

P1: The early stage in the process of plant growth is in sterile 1
conditions

Proses awal pertumbuhan tumbuhan di dalam keadaan steril

P2: can produce plants that can resist against diseases. 1
Menghasilkan tumbuhan (klon) yang mempunyai rintangan

terhadap jangkitan penyakit

P3: Reduces the formation of bad/ poor genetic trait 1
Mengurangkan trait genetik yang tidak baik

P4: Large numbers of plants can be produced in a shorter time. 1
Banyak tumbuhan baru boleh dihasilkan dalam jangka masa

pendek

P5: High quality of plants can be selected and multiplied by cloning 1 10
Tumbuhan berkualiti tinggi boleh dipilih dan di klon

marks

P6: Can save and copies useful/ quality genes of clones 1
tidak kehilangan ciri genetik yang dimilikinya // kualiti genetic

terpelihara

P7: Can be grown at any time, in any season and anywhere in 1
the world
Boleh ditanam pada bila-bila masa, dalam semua musim dan di

semua tempat di muka bumi.

P8: Cloned plants produced fruits in a shorter time 1

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Tumbuhan berbuah lebih cepat

P9: Crops such as wheat which are resistant to herbicides, 1
pests and diseases can be produced.

Tanaman seperti gandum yang tahan racun rumpai,
serangga perosak dan penyakit dapat di hasilkan.

P10: Cloning and culture techniques do not need pollinating 1
agents.

teknik pengklonan dan kultur tisu tidak memerlukan agen
pendebungaan

P11: Cloned plants produce higher number of yields/ food products 1
menambahkan hasil makanan sedunia

Disadvantages/ Kekurangan 1
1
P12: Technique which involves high cost.
Teknik yang melibatkan kos yang tinggi 1

P13: If there is a new disease or pest, all the clones will be 1
affected and die. 1
Jika terdapat penyakit atau perosak yang baru maka 1
semua klon akan terkesan atau mati.

P14: If there are changes to the environment, the clones
could be destroyed easily
Jika persekitaran menjadi tidak sesuai, semua klon
boleh musnah dengan mudah

P15: Cloning prevents natural selection
Pengklonan menghalang proses pembiakan semulajadi

P16: No genetic variation / reduces diversity
Tiada variasi/ Akan mengurangkan diversiti/ kepelbagaian
tumbuhan

P17: Short life span
Jangka masa hidup yang pendek

[5 advantages and 5 disadvantages]

TOTAL 20

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Question 2

No Criteria Marks
2(a)i
Able to explain the principles used in the cloning
technique

P1- used to produce organisms or clones that are 1 3 marks
similar to the parent cell in all aspects 1
proses penghasilan klon atau organisma yang seiras
dengan organisma induk

P2- a form of asexual reproduction / based on mitotic
cell division
merupakan pembiakan secara aseks / melalui
pembahagian sel secara mitosis

P3- the clones have the same genetic content / 1
chromosomal number with one another and with the
parent cell

Klon mempunyai kandungan genetik yang sama /
bilangan kromosom yang sama antara satu sama lain
dan juga dengan induknya.

2(a)ii Able to state the advantages and disadvantages of
this technique.

Advantages/ Kelebihan

P1-multiply copies of useful genes or clones dan 1 Any 4
klon yang mempunyai trait atau ciri yang baik advantages
berkualiti dapat dihasilkan dengan banyak

and 3

P2-can be produced in a shorter time and in larger disadvantages

numbers 1 or
Banyak tumbuhan baru boleh dihasilkan dalam jangka Any 3

masa pendek advantages

and 4

P3- produce clones through asexual reproduction disadvantages
Menghasilkan klon melalui pembiakan aseks 1

P4- produce clones that are resistant to diseases 7 marks
Dapat menghasilkan klon yang tahan kepada penyakit 1

Disadvantages/ Kekurangan 1
P5- clones have the same level of resistance towards

certain diseases
klon mempunyai daya rintangan yang serupa
terhadap jangkitan sesuatu penyakit

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P6- may undergo mutations which can disrupt natural 1
equilibrium

boleh mengakibatkan mutasi yang akan
mengganggu keseimbangan semulajadi

P7- do not show any genetic variations 1
Tidak menunjukkan variasi dari segi genetik 1

P8- unable to adapt to the changes of the environment
Tidak dapat menerima/tahan pada perubahan
keadaan sekeliling

2(b) Able to describe how cytokinesis occurs in plant
and animal cells to produce two daughter cells.

P1- process of cytoplasmic division 1
proses pembahagian sitoplasma

P2- begins immediately after the nucleus is formed / 1
happen at the end of telophase to form two daughter
cells
berlaku sebaik sahaja nukleus terbentuk / berlaku pada
akhir telofasa untuk membentuk dua sel anak.

A1- in animal cells, occurs when the plasma 1 10 marks
membrane constricts in the middle of the cell (between 1
two nuclei) 1
bagi sel haiwan, berlaku apabila membran plasma 1
mencerut di bahagian tengah sel (di antara dua
nukleus.) 1

A2- Microfilaments (at the point of constriction) will
contract
Mikrofilamen (yang terdapat di tempat pencerutan)
mengecut

A3- forming a groove/ cleavage furrow
berlaku pembentukan alur / pencerutan membran
plasma

A4- the cleavage furrow pinches at the equator of the
cell and deepens progressively until it splits (to form two
daughter cells.)
pencerutan membran plasma di bahagian tengah sel
menyebabkan sel mencerut sehingga terputus
(menjadi dua sel anak)

T1- in plants cells, the membranous vesicles are formed
along the equator (between the two nuclei)

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dalam sel tumbuhan, vesikel-vesikel bermembran 1
berkumpul di bahagian tengah sel (di antara dua
nukleus. )

T2- the vesicles fuse to form a cell plate
vesikel-vesikel bercantum dan membentuk plat sel 1

T3- the cell plate grows outwards until its edges fuse 1
with the plasma membrane of the parent’s cell

plat sel berkembang ke arah luar sehingga bercantum
dengan membran plasma yang asal

T4 –(at the end of cytokinesis,) cellulose fibers are
produced by the cells
(pada akhir sitokinesis), gentian selulosa
dihasilkan oleh sel

T5 – cellulose fibre is to strengthen the new cell walls
Gentian selulosa adalah untuk menguatkan
dinding sel baru.

TOTAL 20

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Section A
Bahagian A

Chapter 6 : Nutrition
Bab 6 : Nutrisi

1. Diagram 1.1 shows the human digestive system.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan sistem pencernaan manusia.

J

Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1

(a) Based on Diagram 1.1, name the structures labeled J and L.
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1, namakan struktur berlabel J dan L.
J: _____________________________________________________________
L: _____________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(b) (i) Explain the function of fluid released by J during food digestion.
Terangkan fungsi cecair yang dibebaskan oleh J semasa pencernaan
makanan.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

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(ii) Name the class of food being digested in K.

Namakan kelas makanan yang dicernakan di K.
___________________________________________________________

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(iii) Explain the digestion of the class of food which is named in 1(b)(ii) in K .
Terangkan pencernaan kelas makanan yang dinamakan dalam 1(b)(ii) di
K.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(c) Diagram 1.2 shows the transport of glucose in the liver and body cells.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan pengangkutan glukosa dalam sel hati dan badan.

Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2

(i) Based on Diagram 1.2, state the process involved.
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.2, nyatakan proses yang terlibat.
___________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

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(ii) An athlete started practicing for his cycling tour event. He cycles 40 km per
day. Explain what happen in his liver when the body of the athlete requires
energy.
Seorang atlet mula berlatih untuk acara berbasikalnya. Dia mengayuh
basikal sejauh 40 km setiap hari. Terangkan apa yang berlaku di hati
apabila badan atlet itu memerlukan tenaga.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

2. Diagram 2 shows the part of digestive system of goat.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan bahagian sistem pencernaan bagi kambing.

Omasum
Omasum P

Rumen
Rumen

Q

Diagram 2
Rajah 2

(a) (i) Mark (√) for the types of digestive system of a goat.
Tandakan (√) bagi jenis sistem pencernaan seekor kambing.

Rodent
Rodensia
Ruminant
Ruminan

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

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(ii) Name the part label P and Q.
Namakan bahagian berlabel P dan Q.

P: _________________________________________________________

Q: _________________________________________________________
[2 marks]

[2 markah]

(b) (i) Name the enzyme that produced by bacteria found in rumen.
Namakan enzim yang dihasilkan oleh bakteria yang terdapat dalam
rumen.

__________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

[1 markah]

(ii) State the function of enzyme that state in (b)(i).
Nyatakan fungsi enzim yang dinyatakan dalam (b)(i).

___________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

[1 markah]

(iii) Explain what happen when food enter section P.
Terangkan apakah yang berlaku apabila makanan memasuki bahagian P.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
[2 marks]

[2 markah]

(c) State two differences of digestive system between human and goat.
Nyatakan dua perbezaan sistem pencernaan antara manusia dan
kambing.

Digestive system in human Digestive system in goat
Sistem pencernaan manusia Sistem pencernaan kambing

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

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(d) Pak Ali breeds rabbit and goat. He found that his rabbit produced liquid

and soft faeces during night. The rabbits ingest their faeces pellets and
produced hard faeces.
Pak Ali memelihara arnab dan kambing. Beliau mendapati arnabnya
menghasilkan sejenis tinja seperti cecair yang lembik pada waktu malam.
Arnab ini memakan semula tinjanya dan menghasilkan tinja yang keras.
(i) Based on the observation, explain why rabbit need to ingest their faeces
whereas goat does not need to do that.
Berdasarkan pemerhatian ini, mengapa arnab perlu memakan semula
tinjanya manakala kambing tidak perlu berbuat demikian.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(ii) Digestive system of the rabbit is also involved in the digestion of cellulose.
State the part which store the cellulose-digesting bacteria in a rabbit
digestive system
Sistem pencernaan arnab juga terlibat dalam pencernaan selulosa.
Nyatakan bahagian yang menyimpan bakteria pengurai-selulosa di dalam
sistem pencernaan arnab.
___________________________________________________________

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

Biologi Kertas 2