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(b) Explain the phenotypic ratio of the offsprings.
Terangkan nisbah fenotip anak-anak.
………………………………………………………………………………................
………………………………………………………………………………................
[2 marks/markah]

(c) (i) State which blood group of offspring could be a Universal recipient.
Nyatakan kumpulan darah anak yang manakah akan menjadi penerima
universal
……………………………………………………………………………….......
[1 marks/markah]

(ii) Explain your answers in (c)
Terangkan jawapan anda. Di (c)(i)
……………………………………………………………………………….......
……………………………………………………………………………….......

[2 marks/markah]
(d) Puan Ana is pregnant for the second time. She is Rhesus negative. The

foetus that she is carrying is a Rhesus positive.
Puan Ana mengandung buat kali kedua.Dia mempunyai Rhesus negative.
Fetus yang dikandungnya ialah Rhesus positif
(i) Explain the problems that will arise.

Terangkan masalah-masalah yang akan timbul.

……………………………………………………………………………….......
……………………………………………………………………………….......
……………………………………………………………………………….......
...................................................................................................................

[4 marks/markah]
(ii) Suggest one prevention that can be taken.

Cadangkan satu pencegahan yang boleh diambil.
……………………………………………………………………………….......

[1 marks/markah]

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Biologi Kertas 2, Percubaan SPM 2018, JPN Terengganu dan SPM 2018.

3 Diagram 5.1 shows a dyhibrid cross between pure breeding rabbit R and S.
Phenotype for rabbit is black fur, red eyes while phenotype for rabbit S is white fur,
black eyes.
Rajah 5.1 menunjukkan kacukan dihibrid baka tulen antara arnab R dan S. Fenotip
untuk arnab R ialah bulu hitam,mata merah manakala fenotip untuk arnab S ialah
bulu putih, mata hitam.

Key:
Kekunci :
Allele B for black fur and R for red eyes are dominant allele.
Alel B untuk bulu hitam dan R untuk mata merah adalah alel dominan.

Rabbit R X Rabbit S
Arnab R X Arnab S

Parent’s phenotype : Black fur, Red eyes X White fur, Black eyes
Fenotip induk : Bulu hitam,mata merah X Bulu putih,mata hitam

Rabbit T
Arnab T

Offspring’s phenotype : All black fur, red eyes
Fenotip anak : Semua bulu hitam, mata merah

Diagram 5.1
Rajah 5.1

(a) State the genotype of rabbit T
Nyatakan genotip bagi arnab T.

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark/markah]

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(b) Table 5 shows the Punnett’s square of the self-cross between of offspring’s in
F1 generation to form F2 generation.
Jadual 5 menunjukkan segiempat punnet bagi kacukan sesama sendiri anak
generasi F1 menghasilkan generasi F2.

Male gamete
Gamet jantan

BR Br bR br
Female gamete
Gamet betina

BR BBRR BBRr BbRR BbRr

Br ………… …………... ………….. …………..

bR …………. …………... ………….. …………..

br BbRr Bbrr bbRr bbrr

Table 5
Jadual 5

(i) Complete the Punnett’s square to show the genotype of offspring if
rabbit offspring is self-crossing
Lengkapkan segiempat Punnett untuk menunjukkan genotip anak jika
arnab dikacukkan sesama sendiri.
[2marks]

(ii) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Table 5, describe Mendel’s Second Law.
Berdasarkan Rajah 5.1 dan Jadual 5, huraikan Hukum Mendel Kedua.

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks/markah]

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(c) Diagram 5.2 shows a schematic diagram of genetic disease.
Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan rajah skema pewarisan bagi satu penyakit genetik.

Diagram 5.2
Rajah 5.2

(i) What is the characteristic of Down Syndrome offspring?
Apakah ciri bagi anak Sindrom Down?
……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/markah]

(ii) Explain how a fault in the formation of sperm cell can cause this genetic
disorder.
Terangkan bagaimana kesilapan dalam pembentukan sel sperma boleh
menyebabkan penyakit genetik ini.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks/markah]

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(d) Diagram 5.3 shows another example of a genetic cross.
Rajah 5.3 menunjukkan satu contoh lain bagi kacukan pewarisan.

Parent : Tall tree X Short tree
Induk Pokok tinggi Pokok rendah

Offspring : Tall tree
Anak Pokok tinggi

Diagram 5.3
Rajah 5.3

State the differences between this genetic cross in Diagram 5.3 with the cross
shown in Diagram 5.1.
Nyatakan perbezaan antara kacukan pewarisan dalam Rajah 5.3 dengan
kacukan yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5.1.

Diagram 5.1 / Rajah 5.1 Diagram 5.3 / Rajah 5.3

[3 marks/markah]

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Section B
Bahagian B

Biologi Kertas 2, SPM 2013
1 Diagram 7.1 shows a pair of homologous chromosomes. A characteristic is

determined by a pair of alleles. T and t represent the alleles for the characteristic of
height.
Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan sepasang kromosom homolog. Suatu ciri ditentukan oleh
sepasang alel. T dan t mewakili alel bagi ciri ketinggian.

Diagram 7.1
Rajah 7.1

(a) Based on Diagram 7.1, explain how the characteristic of height is determined.
Berdasarkan Rajah 7.1, terangkan bagaimana ciri ketinggian ditentukan.
[4 marks/markah]

(b) Diagram 7.2 shows the inheritance of haemophilia in a family.
Haemophilia is a sex-linked disease. The father is a normal male with
genotype XHY, while the mother is a haemophiliac female with genotype XhXh.
Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan perwarisan hemofilia dalam sebuah keluarga.
Hemofilia adalah pentakit terangkai seks. Bapanya seorong lelaki normal
dengan genotip XHY, manakala ibunya seorang wanita hemofilia dengan
genotip XhXh.

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Diagram 7.2
Rajah 7.2

Explain the probability of the offsprings to inherit haemophilia.
Terangkan kebarangkalian anak-anak mewarisi hemofilia.

[6 marks/markah]
(c) Diagram 7.3 shows the conditions of red blood cells of two individuals, P and

Q. Individual Q suffers from a genetic disease.
Rajah 7.3 menunjukkan keadaan sel darah merah dua individu, P dan Q.
Individu Q menghidap suatu penyakit genetik.

Diagram 7.3 / Rajah 7.3
Explain the difference in health between individuals P and Q.
Terangkan perbezaan kesihatan antara individu P dengan individu Q.

[4 marks/markah]
(d) Bacteria can genetically modified to produce insulin.

Explain the use of the insulin for a diabetic patient.
Bakteria boleh diubah suai secara genetik untuk menghasilkon insulin.
Terangkan kegunaan insulin itu bagi seorang pesakit kencing manis.

[6 marks/markah]

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Chapter 14 : Inheritence Section A
Bab 14 : Pewarisan Bahagian A

No Criteria Marks
1.(a) Able to state the genotypes of the chicken S, U and V 2

Boleh menyatakan genotip bagi ayam S, U dan V. 1
1
Sample answers:

S: Bb
U: bb

(b) (i) Able to Draw a schematic diagram to show the trait of offspring 4
produced if S and V were crossed

Boleh melukiskan rajah skema untuk menunjukkan trait anak yang
terhasil jika S dan V dikacukkan.

Sample answers:

Bb 1
1

1
B b1

1

1

1

1
1

(Any 4)

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(b)(ii) Able to state the phenotypic ratio from the schematic diagram in 1
(b)(i).

Boleh menyatakan nisbah fenotip berdasarkan rajah skema
kacukan (b)(i).

Sample answers:

Phenotype ratio 3 Walnut comb : 1 Pea comb 1
Nisbah fenotip 3 Balung Walnut : 1 Balung Pea

Able to explain how traits among offspring in (b)(ii) can be produced 2
(iii) Boleh menerangkan bagaimana trait dikalangan anak dalam (b)(ii)

dapat dihasilkan.

Sample answer : 1
P1: Allele B/walnut comb is dominant to allele b/pea comb

Alel B/balung walnut adalah dominan kepada alel b/pea comb

P2: If the organism have dominant homozygote BB or 1
heterozygous/Bb, will show/express phenotype walnut comb.
Jika organisma tersebut adalah homozygous dominan BB
atau heterozygous/Bb ia akan menunjukkan fenotip balung
Walnut.

P3 : If the organism with homozygous recessive / bb it will show 1
phenotype pea comb.
Jika organisma tersebut adalah homozygous resesif /b ia
akan menunjukkan fenotip balung Pea.
(Any 2)

(c) Able to explain how we are able to obtain chicken with pea comb if 3
both of the parents are walnut comb.
Dapat menerangkan bagaimana kita boleh memperolehi ayam
balung Pea jika kedua-dua induknya ialah balung Walnut.

Sample answer : 1
P1 : Both parent are walnut comb with genotype Bb

Kedua-dua Induk mereka adalah ayam balung Walnut dengan
genotip Bb

P2 : both their gamete have recessive allele b 1
kedua-dua gamet mereka mempunyai alel resesif b

P3 : when gamete b fertilized with another gamete b will produce 1
chicken with pea comb.
Oleh itu, apabila gamet b bersenyawa dengan gamet b yang
lain, oleh itu ayam balung Pea diperolehi

TOTAL 12

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No Criteria Marks
2. (a) Able to state the genotype of offsprings in the boxes. 2

Sample answers:

P1 : I A I B 1
P2 : I B I O 1

(b) Able to explain the phenotypic ratio of the offsprings. 2

Sample answers: 1
P1: Phenotype ratio is a ratio between blood group AB with 1

(c) (i) blood group B 1
Nisbah fenotip ialah nisbah antara jenis kumpulan darah AB
dengan kumpulan darah B.
P2: Phenotype ratio for the offspring are 1 blood group AB : 1
blood group B.
Nisbah fenotip anak-anak adalah 1:1 iaitu 1 kumpulan darah
AB dengan 1 kumpulan darah B.

Able to state which blood group of offspring could be a
Universal recipient.

Sample answer :

Blood group AB 1
Kumpulan darah AB 2

Able to explain answer in (c)(i).
(ii)

Samples answer :

P1: AB can received all types of blood group 1
AB boleh menerima semua jenis darah. 1
1
P2: AB has an Antigen A and Antigen B
(d) (i) Ini kerana AB ada Antigen A dan Antigen B. 4

P3: AB can received both Antigen A and Antigen B
maka dua-dua jenis antigen boleh diterima oleh AB.
(Any 2)

Able to explain the problems that will arise to Puan Ana and her
foetus.

Sample answer :

P 1 : Puan Ana blood do not contain Antigen rhesus / Rhesus 1
factor.
Puan Ana tiada antigen rhesus di dalam darahnya.

P2 : During pregnancy, foetal blood with rhesus positive may 1
enter the mother blood.

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Sekiranya dia mengandungkan bayi dengan rhesus positif 1
yang didapati dari genetik suami,
P3 : Mixing blood between mother and child during pregnancy
or at birth can cause the mother's body to produce anti-
rhesus antibodies.
Darah antara ibu dan anak akan bercampur ketika
kehamilan atau ketika kelahiran boleh menyebabkan tubuh
ibu membina antibodi anti-rhesus.

P4 : If the second baby also has a positive rhesus, antibody 1
produced will attack the baby
Sekiranya bayi kedua yang dikandungkan turut mempunyai
rhesus positif, antibodi yang terhasil akan menyerang bayi

P5 : can lead the death of the baby. 1
dan ini boleh menyebabkan kematian bayi.

P6 : Condition known as erythroblastosis fetalis. 1
Keadaan ini dinamakan erythroblastosis fetalis.

(Any 4) 1

Able to give suggestion how prevention condition in (d)(i).
(ii)

Sample answer :

P1 : Giving the mother anti-Rh globulin after first pregnancy. 1
Memberikan suntikan anti-Rh globulin kepada ibu selepas 1
mengandung pertama kali.
12
P2 : to prevent the production of antibodies.
Menghalang penghasilan antibody.
(Any 1)

TOTAL

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Question Criteria Marks
1
3(a) Able to state genotype for rabbit T

Boleh menyatakan genotip arnab T

BbRr 1

(b)(i) Able to complete the Punnett’s square to show the genotype of

offspring if rabbit offspring is self-crossing
Boleh melengkapkan segiempat punnet untuk menunjukkan
genotip anak jika anak-anak arnab dikacukkan sesama sendiri

2

BBRr BBrr BbRr Bbrr 1

BbRR BbRr bbRR bbRr 1

(ii) Able to describe Mendel’s Second Law.
Boleh menghuraikan Hukum Mandel Kedua
Sample answer :

P1 : Law of Independent Assortment 1
Hukum Pengaturan Bebas 2

P2 : Two pairs of alleles//BbRr control the traits of fur color and 1
eye color
Dua pasang alel // BbRr mengawal trait warna bulu dan
warna mata

P3 : The alleles segregate independetly of one another during 1
the formation of gametes
Semasa pembentukan gamet, setiap ahli daripada
pasangan alel boleh berkombinasi dengan mana-mana
ahli daripada pasangan alel yang ciri yang lain

P4 : The alleles may combine randomly with either members of 1
another pair of alleles during gamet formation // random
fertlization
akan bergabung secara rawak antara satu sama lain
semasa pembentukan gamet. // Persenyawaan rawak

P5 : The traits of fur color and eye colors are randomly 1
inherited to the offspring.
(c)(i) Trait warna bulu dan warna mata diwarisi oleh anak secara
rawak/bebas antara satu sama lain.
Any 2

Able to state the characteristic of Down Syndrome person.
Boleh menyatakan ciri anak Sindrom Down

1

Sample answer : 1
Flat/broad faces/slanted eyes/protruding tongue/mental
retarded.

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(c)(ii) Any 1
(d)
Able to explain how a fault in the formation of sperm cell can
cause this genetic disorder.
Boleh menerangkan bagaimana kesilapan dalam pembentukan
sel sperma boleh menyebabkan kecacatan genetik

Sample answer : 3

P1 :Cause by chromosomal mutation 1
disebabkan oleh mutasi kromosom 1

P2: During meiosis /anaphase I // anaphase II, spindle fibres fail 1
to function 1
Semasa meiosis / anafasa I // anafasa II, gentian 1
gelendong gagal berfungsi

P3 : chromosome 21 fail to separate normally // nondisjuntion
occurs
kromosom nombor 21 gagal berpisah // nondisjunsi occurs

P4: Gamete produced have 24/extra 1 number of chromosome.
menghasilkan gamet yang mengandungi 24/lebih 1
kromosom.

P5: Produces zygote that have 47 number of chromosomes //
zygote has extra number 21 chromosomes

menghasilkan zigot yang mempunyai 47 kromosom // zigot
mempunyai lebih satu kromosom 21.

(any 3)

Able to state the differences between the genetic cross in

diagram 5.1 with diagram 5.3.
Boleh menyatakan perbezaan antara kacukan pewarisan bagi
Rajah 5.1 dengan Rajah 5,3.

Sample answer :

Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.3

P1 Dihybrid inheritance Monohybrid inheritance 13
Kacukan dihibrid Kacukan monohibrid

P2 Involves 2 pairs of allele Involves a pair of allele //

// involves 2 type of involves a type of gene 1
genes Melibatkan sepasang
Melibatkan 2 pasang alel alel // melibatkan 1 jenis
// melibatkan 2 jenis gen gen

P3 Involves two Involves one

characteristics of the characteristic of the plant 1
rabbit Melibatkan satu ciri
Melibatkan 2 ciri arnab pokok.

P4 Characteristic : Characteristic :

Colour of fur and colour Height
Ketinggian
of eyes 1

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Warna bulu dan warna
mata

P5 Traits / phenotype : Traits / phenotype :

Blacked fur Tall tree 1
Bulu hitam Pokok tinggi 1

White fur Short tree
Bulu putih Pokok rendah

Red eyes
Mata merah

Blacked eyes
Mata hitam

P6 Involves Mendel’s (First Involves Mendel’s First

and) Second Law // Law Law // Law of

of independent Segregation.
Melibatkan Hukum
assortment Mendel Pertama //
Melibatkan Hukum Hukum segregasi
Mendel (Pertama dan)
Kedua // Hukum
pengaturan bebas.

(any 3)

Total 12

Section B Marks
Bahagian B 4

No Criteria 1
1 (a) Able to explain how the characteristic of height is determined
1
P1: Characteristics of height is determined by a pair of alleles T 1
and t 1
Ciri ketinggian ditentukan oleh sepasang alel T dan t 1
1
P2: T represent dominant allele and t represent recessive allele 1
T mewakili alel dominan dan t mewakili alel resesif

P3: Both alleles are located on the same locus
Kedua-dua alel berada pada lokus yang sama

P4: in heterozygous state / Tt, tall trait is expressed
Dalam keadan heterozigot / Tt, trait tinggi akan ditunjukkan

P5: because T / dominant allele is present
Kerana terdapat T/alel dominan

P6: in homozygous state / TT, tall, (trait) is expressed
Dalam keadaan homozigot / TT, trait ketinggian ditunjukkan.

P7: short trait is only express if both alleles are recessive / tt
//homozygous recessive
Trait rendah hanya akan ditunjukkan apabila kedua-dua alel

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adalah resesif / tt // homozigot resesif 6
(Any 4)

(b) Able to explain the probability of the offsprings to inherit
haemophilia

P1: Haemophilia is caused by a recessive allele / gene 1
Haemophilia disebabkan oleh alel resesif / gen 1
1
P2: on X chromosome 1
Pada kromosom X 1
1
P3: during meiosis // Genetic diagram 1
Semasa meiosis // Rajah skema 1

P4: The male gametes XH and Y are formed // Genetic diagram 1
Gamet lelaki XH dan Y terhasil // Rajah skema
1
P5: The female gametes Xh is formed // Genetic diagram 1
Gamet perempuan Xh terhasil // Rajah skema 1

P6: During fertilisation // Genetic diagram
Semasa persenyawaan // Rajah Skema

P7: The offspring genotype is XHXh, XhY
Genotip anak adalah XHXh , XhY

P8: (All) male offspring / sons are haemophiliac // Genetic
diagram
Semua anak lelaki adalah haemophilia // Rajah skema

P9: (All) female offsprings daughters are carrier / normal //
Genetic diagram
Semua anak perempuan adalah pembawa / normal //
Rajah skema

P10: Probability of male offspring to have haemophilia is 100%
Kebarangkalian anak lelaki haemophilia adalah 100%

P11: While probability of female offspring to have haemophilia
is 0%
Kebarangkalian anak perempuan haemophilia adalah 0%

P12: Probability of offspring inherit haemophilia is 50% / 0.5 / ½
Kebarangkalian bagi anak yang haemophilia adalah

50%/0.5/½
(Any 6)

OR

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Parent’s phenotype Normal X Haemophiliac
Parent’s genotype
male female
XHY XhXh

Meiosis {P3}

Gametes XH {P4} Y Xh {P5} Xh

Fertilisation {P6}

Offspring’s genotype {P7} XHXh XHXh XhY XhY

Offspring’s phenotype {P8} carrier haemophiliac
Female {P9} male {P8}

(c) Able to explain the difference in health between individuals P 4
and Q

P Q
Easily feel tired / fatigue /
Able to carry out difficult in breathing / 1
breathless 1
P1 vigorous activity Mudah berasa 1
Boleh melakukan letih/lesu/kesukaran 1
aktiviti cergas. bernafas
Sickle shape (by red blood
Normal biconcave cell)
Sel darah merah berbentuk
P2 shape (of RBC) sabit
Sel darah merah
berbentuk dwicekung Smaller surface area
Luas permukaan yang kecil
Larger surface area
P3 Luas permukaan yang Store less haemoglobin
Kurang hemoglobin
besar

Store more

haemoglobin
P4 Mempunyai lebih

hemoglobin

Transport more oxygen Transport less oxygen 1
P5 Mengangkut lebih Mengangkut kurang 1
oksigen oksigen 1

Efficient cellular Less efficient in cellular
respiration
P6 respiration Respirasi sel kurang cekap
Respirasi sel yang
cekap

P7 Normal / healthy Suffer from sickle cell
individual anaemia

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Individu sihat Inidividu mengalami
aneamia

(Any 4) 6
(d) Able to explain the use of insulin produced for a diabetic patient

P1: Diabetic person’s sugar / glucose level in the blood is high / 1
hyperglycaemia
Aras gula / glukosa dalam darah yang tinggi / 1
hyperglycaemia bagi pesakit diabetis. 1
1
P2: No / less insulin is produced / secreted by pancreas 1
Insulin tidak / kurang dirembeskan oleh pancreas. 1
1
P3: Insulin is produced by genetic engineering 1
Insulin dihasilkan menggunakan kejuruteraan genetic. 1
1
P4: through manipulation of genes
Dengan manipulasi genetik 20

P5: The insulin is injected to the patient
Insulin akan disuntik kepada pesakit

P6: stimulated liver cells
Untuk merangsang sel hati

P7: Increase the intake of glucose from blood
Pengambilan glukosa dalam darah akan meningkat

P8: and converts excess glucose into glycogen
Glukosa yang berlebihan akan ditukar kepada glikogen

P9: stored in the liver
Disimpan di hati

P10: Reduce / decrease blood sugar / glucose to normal range
Mengurangkan / menurunkan aras gula / glukosa dalam
darah kembali normal.
(Any 6)

TOTAL

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Section A
Bahagian A

Chapter 15 : Variation
Bab 15 : Variasi

Percubaan Kertas 2, MRSM 2019

1. (a) Diagram 1.1 shows a trait of ability to roll the tongue between two
individuals.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan trait kebolehan menggulung lidah antara dua
individu.

Individual P Individual Q
Individu P Individu Q

Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1

(i) Name the type of variation of individual P and individual Q.
Namakan jenis variasi bagi individu P dan individu Q.

……………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark/1 markah]

(ii) State two factors causing the variations.
Nyatakan dua faktor yang menyebabkan variasi tersebut.

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………….

[2 marks/2 markah]
(iii) A student is unable to roll his tongue. He practices to roll his

tongue everyday but fails. Explain why.
Seorang pelajar tidak berkebolehan menggulung lidah. Dia
cuba untuk menggulung lidah setiap hari tetapi gagal.
Terangkan mengapa.

..................................................................................................

Biologi Kertas 2

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[3 marks/3 markah]

(b) Diagram 1.2 shows a chameleon with a change in a habitat from A to
B.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan seekor sesumpah berpindah dari habitat A
ke B

Habitat A Habitat B
Habitat A Habitat B
Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2

(i) Based on Diagram 1.2, explain how chameleon’s ability to
change colour helps it’s survival.
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.2, terangkan bagaimana perubahan
warna membantu sesumpah untuk terus hidup.

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[3 marks/3 markah]

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(iii) Compare the varitaion shown in Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2

Berikan satu perbezaan di antara variasi yang ditunjukkan
dalam Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2
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………………………………………………………………………
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[3 marks/3 markah]
SUMBER : Modul PPD Pasir Gudang 2016.
2. Diagram 2.1 (a) and 2.1 (b) show different types of fingerprint and a group of

Form Five students with various body heights.
Rajah 2.1 (a) dan 2.1 (b) menunjukkan jenis cap jari yang berbeza dan
sekumpulan murid Tingkatan Lima dengan pelbagai ketinggian.

Diagram 2.1 (a)
Rajah 2.1 (a)

Diagram 2.1 (b)
Rajah 2.1 (b)

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(a) State the types of variation shown by the Diagram 1.1 (a) and 1.1 (b).
Nyatakan jenis variasi yang ditunjukkan oleh Rajah 1.1 (a) dan 1.1 (b).
Diagram 1.1 (a) : ____________________________________________
Rajah 1.1 (a)
Diagram 1.1 (b) : ____________________________________________
Rajah 1.1 (b)
[2 marks/markah]

(b) State two differences between the two types of variation in 1 (a).
Nyatakan dua perbezaan variasi yang dinyatakan dalam 1 (a).
1. _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
[2 marks/markah]

(c) Explain the importance of variation.
Terangkan kepentingan variasi.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
[2 marks/markah]

(d) Mutation is one of the factors that cause variation. Diagram 2.2 shows two
types of chromosomal mutation.
Mutasi merupakan salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan variasi. Rajah 2.2
menunjukkan dua jenis mutasi kromosom.

Diagram 2.2
Rajah 2.2

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(i) Name the processes involved in the mutation of P and Q.

Namakan proses-proses yang terlibat dalam mutasi P dan Q
P : _______________________________________________
Q : _______________________________________________

[2 marks/markah]
(ii) Explain one factor that causes mutation.

Terangkan satu faktor yang menyebabkan mutasi.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

[2 marks/markah]
(iii) Explain one bad effect caused by mutation.

Terangkan satu kesan buruk yang disebabkan oleh mutasi.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

[2 marks/markah]

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Section B
Bahagian B

1. Diagram 2.1 shows types of variation in human.
Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan variasi dalam manusia.

Diagram 2.1
Rajah 2.1

(a) Explain the two types of variation in Diagram 2.1.
Terangkan dua jenis variasi dalam Rajah 2.1.
[10 marks/10 markah]

(b) Variation is the differences in characteristics between individuals of the
same species.
Diagram 2.2 shows some examples of variation in a few species.
Variasi ialah perbezaan dalam ciri-ciri antara individu untuk spesies yang
sama.
Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan beberapa contoh variasi pada beberapa
spesies.

Biologi Kertas 2

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Diagram 2.2
Rajah 2.2

Discuss the factors that can cause variation in the species and the
importance of variation in the survival of a species.
Bincangkan faktor-faktor yang boleh menyebabkan variasi di dalam
spesies dan kepentingan variasi dalam kemandirian sesuatu spesies.

[10 marks/10 markah]

Biologi Kertas 2

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Section A
Bahagian A

Chapter 15 : Variation
Bab 15 : Variasi

1. (a) (i) Discontinuous variation 1m
(ii) Variasi tak selanjar 1
(iii) 1
P1 : Control by one gene 1
(b) (i) Dikawal oleh satu gen 1
2m
(ii) P2 : Crossing over (during Prophase I) 1
Pindah silang (semasa Profasa I) 1
1
P3 : Independent Assortment (during Metaphase I) 1
Penyusunan rawak (semasa Metafasa I) 3m
1
P4 : Random fertilisation of gametes
Persenyawaan secara rawak oleh gamet 1

Any 2 P 1
1
P1 : determine by genetic factor 1
Dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik 3m

P2 : not influenced by environment 1
Tidak dipengaruhi oleh persekitaran

P3 : permanent characteristics
Ciri yang kekal

P4 : determine by one allele/gene
Dikawal oleh satu alel/gen

Any 3 P

P1 - chameleon can change the skin colour same with the

environmental factor (genetic factor)
Sesumpah boleh berubah warna kulit yang sama
mengikut persekitaran

P2 - enables to adapt better to changes in environment
Membolehkkan mereka menyesuaikan diri dengan
lebih baik dengan perubahan persekitaran

P3 - called as camouflage
Dikenali sebagai penyamaran

P4 - able to protect itself from predator
Boleh melindungi diri dari pemangsa

P5 - population become increase
Populasi meningkat

Any 3P

Discontinuous (Diagram Continuous Diagram 5.2)
5.1)

Distinctive differences Not distinctive differences
Perbezaan ketara Perbezaan tidak ketara

No intermediate Has intermediate

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characteristics characteristics 1
Tiada ciri-ciri perantaraan Mempunyai ciri-ciri 1
perantaraan 1
Qualitative // Cannot be Quantitative // Can be
measured measured 1
Kualitatif // Tidak boleh Kuantitatif // Boleh diukur 1
diukur 3m
Not influenced by Influenced by
environmental factor environmental factor (and
Tidak dipengaruhi oleh genetic factor)
faktor persekitaran Dipengaruhi oleh faktor
persekitaran (dan genetik)
Single gene control the trait Two or more genes control
of characteristic the same characteristic
Ciri dikawal oleh satu gen Ciri dikawal oleh dua atau
lebih gen
Phenotypes controlled by a Phenotypes controlled by
pair of alleles many alleles
Fenotip dikawal oleh satu Fenotip dikawal oleh lebih
pasang alel dari satu pasang alel

Shows the graph of Shows the graph of normal
discrete distribution distribution
Menunjukkan graf taburan Menunjukkan graf taburan
diskrit normal

Any 3 diferences 12

TOTAL/JUMLAH

No Mark scheme Sub- Total
mark mark
2 (a)(i) Able to state the types of variation shown by the
(b) 1 2
Diagram 1.1 (a) and 1.1 (b). 1

Answer 1
Diagram 1.1 (a) : Discontinuous variation / Variasi tak
selanjar
Diagram 1.1 (b) : Continuous variation / Variasai
selanjar

Able to state two differences between the two

types of

variation.

Answer

Continuous variation Discontinuous variation

D1 : Not distinctive D1 : Distinctive

differences differences

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Perbezaan tidak ketara Perbezaan ketara 1
1
D2: Influences by D2: Influenced by 1
environmental (and genetic factor only 1
genetic factor) Dipengaruhi oleh faktor 1
Dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik sahaja
persekitaran (dan faktor
genetik) 2

D3: Shows the graph of D2 : Shows the graph of
normal distribution discrete distribution
Menunjukkan graf Menunjukkan graf
taburan normal taburan diskrit

D4: Shows intermediate D4: Do not shows
characteristics intermediate
Menunjukkan ciri characteristices
perantaraan Tidak menunjukkan ciri
perantaraan

D5: Controlled by D5: Controlled by one
polygene/many pairs of gene/
alelle one pair of alelle
Dikawal sebilangan gen Dikawal oleh satu gen /
/ pasangan alel yang satu pasang alel sahaja
banyak
D6: Qualitative// Cannot
D6: Quantitative// Can be measured
be Kualitatif //tidak boleh
Measured diukur
Kuantitatif // boleh
diukur

[Any two]

(c) Able to explain the importance of variation.
Answer

P1: (Some individuals) adapt better to changing 2
environment 1
(Sesetengah individu) boleh menyesuaikan diri
dengan lebih baik pada perubahan persekitaran 1

P2: Survival of the species
Kemandirian spesies

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P3 : Protect from predator 1 2
Melindungi diri dari pemangsa 2
1
[Any two] 1 2
(d) i Able to name the processes involved in the 1
1
mutation of P and Q. 1
Answer 1
P: Deletion / Penyelapan
Q: Duplication / Penggandaan 1
ii Able to explain one factor that causes mutation.
Answer

F1: Mutagen is radioactive radiation// X-ray// gamma
ray // Formaldehyde// benzene // pesticides //Any
suitable example
Mutagen seperti sinaran radioaktif // sinar-X // sinar
ultraungu // sinar gama // formaldehid // benzene //
pestisid

E1: The mutagen has high penetrating power/ high
radiation//mutagen able to reach the DNA in the cells/
nucleus/chromosomes
Mutagen mempunyai kuasa penembusan yang tinggi
/ radiasi yang tinggi / // mutagen boleh sampai ke
DNA di dalam sel/nukleus/kromosom

E2: causing (drastic) change to the structure of of
chromosome
Menyebabkan perubahan (drastik) pada struktur
kromosom

E3: resulting section P to be deleted// gene to be
missing//Section Q to be duplicated
Menyebabkan bahagian P dilenyapkan // kehilangan
gen // bahagian Q digandakan

[Any two]
iii Able to explain one bad effect caused by

mutation.
Answer

P1: Mutation that occurs in a somatic cell may
damage the normal cell
Mutasi yang berlaku di sel soma boleh
memusnahkan sel normal

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P2: This makes the normal cell becoming cancerous 1
cell// kill the cell
Ini menyebabkan sel normal menjadi sel kanser / 1
memusnahkan sel tersebut 1

P2 : Mutation that occurs in gametes may be
inherited (to the next generation)
Mutasi yang berlaku pada gamet boleh diwarisi

P3 : Causing genetic defects / diseases to their
offsprings.
Menyebabkan kecacatan / penyakit genetik kepada
anak mereka

[Any two]

TOTAL 12

Section B
Bahagian B

1 (a)

F1: Type A graph is graph for continuous variation 1
Jenis A graf menunjukkan graf untuk variasi selanjar 1
1
P1 : Distinctive difference 1
Perbezaan ketara 1
1
P2 : No intermediate characteristics 1
Tiada ciri-ciri perantaraan
1
P3 : Qualitative 1
Kualitatif 1
1
P4 : Not influenced by environmental factor
Tidak dipengaruhi oleh faktor persekitaran

P5 : Single gene control the trait of character
Dikawal oleh satu gen

P6 : Phenotypes controlled by a pair of alleles
Fenotip dikawal oleh satu pasang alel

F2: Type B graph is graph for discontinuous variation
Jenis B graf menunjukkan graf untuk variasi tidak selanjar

P7 : Not distinctive
Perbezaan tidak ketara

P8 : Has intermediate characteristics
Mempunyai ciri-ciri perantaraan

P9 : Quantitative
Kuantitatif

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P10 :Influenced by environmental factor (and genetic factor) 1
Dipengaruhi oleh faktor persekitaran (dan genetik) 1
1
P11 : Two or more genes control the same character 10m
Dikawal oleh dua atau lebih gen

P12 : Phenotypes controlled by many alleles
Fenotip dikawal oleh lebih dari satu pasang alel

At least 2 P from each F

Factors that can cause variation in the species
Faktor-faktor yang boleh menyebabkan variasi di dalam spesies:

(b) E1: Environmental factor 1
Faktor persekitaran 1

P1: Cause continuous variation 1
Menyebabkan variasi selanjar 1
1
P2: Example : food / climate / surrounding temperature / pH / 1
any suitable example 1
(contoh)makanan/iklim/suhu persekitaran/pH/contoh 1
yang sesuai
1
E2: Genetic factor
Faktor genetik 1
1
P3: Cause discontinous variation 1
Menyebabkan variasi tak selanjar 1
1
P4: Due to crossing over (of homologous chromosomes)
Disebabkan oleh pindah silang (diantara kromosom
homolog)

P5: During prophase I//meiosis I
Semasa profasa 1//meiosis I

P6: Produce different combination of genes
Menghasilkan pelbagai kombinasi gen

P7: Independent assortment of chromosomes during
metaphase I/metaphase II/meiosis
Penyusunan rawak kromosom semasa metafasa
I/metafasa II/meiosis

P8: Produce different combinantion of gametes
Menghasilkan pelbagai kombinasi gamet

P9: Random fertlisation between gametes
Persenyawaan rawak antara gamet

P10: Produce variation in genotype/phenotype
Menghasilkan variasi genotip/ fenotip

P11: Mutation (chromosomal/gene)
Mutasi (kromosom/gen)

P12 : Produce new characteristics (which is different from
parents)

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Menghasilkan ciri baru (yang berlainan/tidak dijumpai
daripada induk)

Any 7 P
The importance of variation in the survival of a species.
Kepentingan variasi dalam kemandirian sesuatu spesies :

Better adapted to the changing environment 1
P1: Boleh menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan
1
persekitaran 1
P2: Avoid extinction of a species
1
Mengelakkan kepupusan spesies
P3: Protect from predator 10m
20
Melindungi diri dari pemangsa
P4: For the survival of a species

Untuk kemandirian spesies

Any 3 P
Total

Biologi Kertas 2

Penasihat Editorial PANEL
Encik Abdul Rahman bin Bujang
Puan Haslina Marzoki Bidang Sains dan Matematik,
Sektor Pembelajaran,
Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Sarawak

Senarai Ahli Panel SMK Sheikh Haji Othman Abdul Wahab
1 Ajibah binti Dolhan SMK Sadong Jaya
2 Hehiman bin Sakuan SMK Serian
3 Imelda a/k Nyaun SMK Bako
4 Juhaidah binti A.Wahab SM Sains Kuching
5 Melson Manggis SM Sains Kuching Utara
6 Mohamad Nadzrull bin Wahid SMK St. Elizabeth
7 Ngu Wee Ping SM Sains Kuching
8 Norshamsiah binti Samsudin SMK Sadong Jaya
9 Rohidin bin Rohim SMK Bako
10 Siti Azima binti Abon SMK Siburan
11 Siti Salwa binti Ismail SMK Bandar Samariang
12 Suhana binti Abang Abu Bakar SM Sains Kuching Utara
13 Vanessa anak Clement SMK Matang Jaya
14 Wan Hanim bt Wan Yahya@Wan Abdullah