were Lal Singh, Laxman, Harka Singh, and Tikaram. Among them,
Harka Singh is migrated away to Kalyan Danda of Andhikhola rural
municipality. Other three lived in my ancestral village, Aahale.
Laxman, the second son of Bahadur Gurung had two sons, Santabir
and Nar Bahadur. My senior grandfather Santabir was the Mukhiya
of our community. Our family is treated respectfully by all people in
our community because of his contribution. I feel proud of being a
member of Mukhiya's family. My father Indra Bahadur Gurung is the
single son of my grandfather Nar Bahadur Gurung. My grandfather
and my father are both ex-armies. My grandfather was a social
worker. He helped many people in my village. He passed away
some years ago. Following the path of my grandfather, my father
is also spending his retired life helping the people in my locality.
He has involvement in many volunteer organisations in my locality.
I have a brother, Roshan and a sister Shruti. We live happily with
our parents. We never forget the support of my mother, Nanu and
sister-in-law, Sophiya, for our daily work. My genealogy is given
below.
Jaskarna
Tikajit Parshuram Newarsingh Kumbasingh
Bahadur Hastabir Keshar Singh
Lalsingh Laxman Harka Singh Tikaram
Santabir Nar Bahadur
Indra Bahadur
Rookie Roshan
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Thank you all for listening, and thank you ma'am for giving me this opportunity.
After completion of Rookie's presentation, other students also presented their
genealogy one after another in the class. The teacher thanked Rookie and other
students. Bell for the next period rings, and the teacher goes out of the classroom.
ACTIVITIES
(1) Prepare a genealogy of your family at least five generations past from you
and share it in the class.
(2) Collect the important aspects of your genealogy from your parents and share
it in the class.
EXERCISE
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What is genealogy?
(b) Write any two importance of genealogy.
(c) What is the name of your great grandfather?
(d) Write any two things that you learnt from Rukie's genealogy given in the
text.
(2) Write short answers to the following questions.
(a) Explain the importance of genealogy in an individual's life.
(b) What should we consider to prepare genealogy? Write any four important
things.
(c) Find two similarities and two differences between your genealogy and
Rukie's genealogy.
(3) Write long answers to the following questions.
(a) Prepare a short report of your study about your family's genealogy on the
following headings.
• Introduction • Objectives • Methodology
• Findings • Conclusion
(b) Write about the genealogy and its importance in brief with suitable example.
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Lesson
7.10 Our Ancestors: Our Guides
Nepal is a unique country with its original culture, tradition and lifestyle. Unity in
diversity, social equity, religious tolerance, self-esteem etc., are its unique features.
Various good aspects of Nepalese society were developed during three different
periods in the ancient, medieval and modern periods of history of Nepal. They have
been implemented as a part of our social life. They have also been reformed as per
the need of time. These traditional activities, culture and lifestyle, are the unique
guidelines of our ancestors for the present and future generation. They are also our
identity and pride. In this lesson, we will discuss some of them in brief.
Unique Social Structure:
Hinduism influenced the Nepali society in the ancient period. The people in
Nepali society were divided into four castes such as Brahmin, Chhetri, Vaishya,
and Shudra based on Hindu Varnashram. The caste system was based on the
profession of the people but not according to birth. Although the society had been
divided into four castes and many sub-castes, there was no any kind of feeling of
differences among them.
Uniqueness in Rituals
Nepal is a country, which has unique rituals practised from the ancient period.
However, most of such rituals were developed during the medieval period.
The rituals such as Pumsawan (worshipping ancestors as a god -sn' bj] tfsf] kh' f_,
Chudakarma (Bratabanda), Sriphal Bibaha (Ihi), Chaurasi Puja, Janko of the
Newar community, funeral rites are unique rituals practised in Nepal. They are
highly convincing unique cultural practices in the present world.
Distinctive Tradition and Lifestyle
Nepalese society has a unique tradition and imitable lifestyle. These all have been
practised from ancient time. The feeling of cooperation in Nepalese people paved
the way to develop supportive systems such as Parma and Paicho in society. The
people in the ancient period were highly virtuous with faith in religion. They were
interested in constructing religious sites to inspire people to do good in society.
They also worked hard to preserve and promote art and culture. We are still proud
of these goods.
There was a joint family system in Nepalese society in the past. The economy of
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society was based on agriculture. However, trade was also developed. There was
a good trade relationship with neighbouring countries. The trade with Tibet was
highly practised in the ancient and medieval periods. Nepal had a trade surplus
with it.
The Sanskrit language was recognised as the national language in the ancient
period. The Newari and Maithali languages were popular in Nepali society during
the medieval period. People used to wear Daura Suruwal, Dhaka Topi, Gunyu
Choli, Ghalek, etc. They used to produce these goods themselves. They celebrated
different festivals based on religion and their capacity to spend.
The distinctive tradition and lifestyle developed by our ancestors have guided
us to be cooperative and self-dependent. These encouraged us to be proud of our
tradition.
Judicial System
The laws in ancient Nepal were formed based on religious beliefs. They were
implemented with the interest of rulers. The justice in the ancient period was not
equal to all. The rate of punishment was different from a different caste. The rulers
in the medieval period reformed it. Ram Shah, the king of Gorkha, is very famous
for justice in the history of Nepal. He reformed unequal justice practised in Nepali
society since the ancient period. There was a tradition to make accused persons
swear the gods and goddess for amnesty.
The decentralisation of power was practised in administration. The judicial
function to settle the local dispute was done through a team of five gentlemen,
called 'Panchakachahari' or 'Panchasamuchaya'. Different persons were appointed
to settle the dispute at a different level. Dware used to settle the dispute at the
local level. The dispute in the area or tole was settled through the area chief or
Pradhan. The Kharidar had a responsibility to settle the national level dispute
ACTIVITIES
(1) Find out the information about the festivals and the ways to celebrate them
developed by our ancestors and share it in the class.
(2) Prepare a short speech on the topic, "our ancestors are our guides" and
present it in the class.
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EXERCISE
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Into how many castes was Nepalese society divided in the ancient period?
(b) Enlist the three periods of Nepalese history.
(c) Who looked after the dispute at the local level during the medieval period.
(d) What was the main responsibility of Kharidar during the medieval period?
(2) Write short answers to the following questions.
(a) Make a list of things that we learn from our ancestors.
(b) "Our tradition, social norms and values are handed over to us by our
ancestors." Justify the statement in your own words.
(c) Describe our past judicial system in your own words.
(d) Write about the Parma and Paicho systems that prevailed in our society as
handed over by our ancestors.
(3) Write long answers to the following question.
(a) Explain the guidelines that we get from the judicial system, social structure
and unique rites developed by our ancestors in brief.
COMMUNITY WORK
Visit a museum or a religious place around your locality with the aim of
studying the various aspects of your ancestors and write a short report of
your visit.
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UNIT
8 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Learning On the completion of this unit, we will be able to:
Achievements • introduce agriculture, industry and trade;
• explain the importance of agriculture, industry and trade and their
problems in Nepal with the solution;
• highlight the interrelationship among agriculture, industry and trade;
• have good support in commercialisation and modernisation of agriculture
system of Nepal;
• say about the economic planning and its contribution to poverty
alleviation and promotion of employment;
• introduce labour, its types and its importance; and
• respect different types of labour around them.
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Lesson
8.1 Agriculture
According to the census report of 2068 BS,
about 66% of people of Nepal are engaged
in agriculture. Nepal is well-known as an
agricultural country. General understanding
of the people about agriculture is that it is just
the production of food and cash crops. However,
agriculture covers growing food crops, cash
crops, vegetables, fruits, animal husbandry,
poultry, bee-keeping, fishery, and so on.
Agricultural products of our country cover 36 %
of the total GDP of the nation. Its contribution is Agriculture
not so high as per the expectation of the people.
More than two-thirds of people of our country are engaged in agriculture, but their
contribution to the national economy is very low. There are various reasons for it.
Following are the problems faced by the people engaged in agriculture in Nepal.
Major Problems in Agriculture
Use of very traditional methods;
Lack of availability of fertilisers in time;
High production cost in agriculture;
Lack of market for produced goods;
Low market price for the agricultural products;
Lack of enough subsidies for the real farmers;
Fragmentation of the land;
Lack of proper storage facilities;
Lack of proper irrigation facilities;
No use of modern agricultural tools; and
Lack of proper vision and mission of government in agriculture.
There are various problems in agriculture sector of Nepal. This is the era of
globalisation. Thus, the agriculture of the nation also should be globally competent
in production cost, quality of goods, market price, and so on. However, people use
very primitive methods of farming in Nepal. Though some people of the Terai
Region use modern tools in agriculture, the use of these tools is not consistent.
Most of the fertile and wide lands are fragmented by the desires of land brokers.
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Government is not able to formulate proper plans and policies to tackle these types
of problems. The political leaders of the country should develop a far-sighted vision
and mission to solve this type of situation. The government should formulate new
and scientific land policies to overcome the problem. The government has to follow
the following steps to overcome these problems.
Measures to Overcome the Problem
Modern equipment should be used in agriculture.
The irrigation system should be developed in various forms.
Developed seed having high productivity should be used.
Storage facilities should be developed.
Modern fertilisers and insecticides should be made available.
Soft loan facilities should be provided to the farmers.
The minimum price of agricultural products should be fixed.
The government should make a high investment for the investigation and
research in agriculture.
Positive Signs in Agriculture
Many youths have brought modern practices
to agriculture in the context of our country
these days. Many youths who have returned
from foreign employment have learnt some
agricultural skills in abroad. If we are able
to utilise their skills in agriculture, we can
bring positive changes in agriculture. So,
the government should facilitate them and
encourage them to get involved in agriculture.
We are self-dependent in some agricultural
activities such as tea production, poultry Farming
farming, fishery, dairy products, and so on.
Many farmers have proved themselves as a role model of society. They have
encouraged the youths to get involved in agriculture. Many agricultural firms are
registered to bring progress in agriculture. The government should bring proper
policies to make these agriculture firms stable.
Importance of Agriculture
Nepal is a landlocked country. We do not have access to the sea for transportation.
We have to pay high transportation cost to import goods through roadway
transportation. That is why it is better to produce the foodstuffs we need ourselves.
Thus, agriculture is important in Nepal because of the following reasons.
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Agriculture supplies foodstuffs that we need.
It supports to minimise the trade deficit.
It supplies raw materials to the industries.
It helps to solve the problems of unemployment.
It creates new job opportunities.
It helps to earn foreign currency.
It contributes to growth in Gross Domestic Products (GDP).
Therefore, agriculture sector of our country should be modernised for the betterment
of the country. It supports to create various opportunities within the nation
ACTIVITY
(1) What kinds of crops are produced in your community? Prepare a list of the
crops produced in your community by asking with your friends and present
the list in your classroom.
EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What do you mean by agriculture?
(b) Clarify the meaning of primitive farming.
(c) Prepare a placard showing a major problem of farmers in Nepal.
(d) Write the extended form of GDP.
(e) Name any two crops which are grown in abundant quantity in your locality.
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) What kind of plans and policies should be formulated to overcome the
problem faced by farmers in Nepal? Write a letter to the mayor or chairperson
of your municipality or rural municipality by mentioning your suggestions.
(b) Prepare a list of the problems of agriculture in Nepal.
(c) Suggest your opinion to solve the problems of agriculture in Nepal.
(d) Explain the importance of agriculture in Nepal.
(e) "Nepal is an agricultural country." Justify this statement.
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Lesson Modernisation and
8.2 Commercialisation in Agriculture
Modernisation in Agriculture
Modern agriculture is an evolving method Modern tool for farming
of agricultural modernisations and farming
system. It helps the farmers to increase the
productivity of the land in various ways. It
supports to meet the present needs of the
growing population of the world. Modern
farming system supports the production of
food, fuel and fibre for the people of the globe.
Water, land and energy are essential for the
modernisation of agriculture.
In the context of Nepal, there was a traditional farming system in most of the parts
of the country. The productivity of the land was very low. People were using very
traditional tools in agriculture. Many people were involved in agriculture, but the
productivity was very less due to the use of traditional technology. The financial
status of the farmer was very low. They were not able to send their children to the
school. Though more than 67 % of people of our country are engaged in agriculture,
it is not able to provide a full-time job for the people in agriculture. Many youths
are going abroad for foreign employment but they are not getting a good job abroad.
Their income is not as high as per their expectations. Many people are either
injured or died in foreign land.
Nowadays, a trend of farming by using modern tools and technology has begun
in our country. Modern tractors are used in the Terai region of our country to
plough the field. People use threshers to crush the crops. Modern fertilisers and
insecticides are used in agriculture. Modern irrigation system has been used in
agriculture. Underground water is used for farming, where the government has
given subsidies in the bill of the electricity used in agriculture. These types of
practices in agriculture is known as modernisation in agriculture.
We can use machinery tools to plough the field, to harvest the crops, for the
plantation of paddy and other crops as well. We can use the machinery tools in
animal husbandry and poultry. We can use the machine to milk animals, to prepare
food for the animals and poultry, for hatching eggs, for preparing meat and so on.
This type of modern farming supports to reduce the production cost of agricultural
products. We cannot develop our country without the development of agriculture.
Agriculture cannot develop without modernisation.
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Agriculture is very much important in the context of Nepal. It is not possible without
the development and use of advanced technology. Following measures should be
adopted to carry out development in agriculture sector in Nepal.
Latest technology should be used in agriculture.
Agricultural soft loan should be provided to the farmers.
More priority should be given in agricultural education and research.
The facility of fertilisers, developed seeds and irrigation should be provided to
all farmers.
Large agricultural estates should be established throughout the nation.
Storage facilities should be provided to the farmer.
Joint farming system should be encouraged.
Pocket areas of the different crops should be declared.
Modern agricultural tools should be used in agriculture.
Commercialisation of Agriculture
Most of the farmers still apply traditional
farming system in Nepal. Most of the farmers
practise farming only for their livelihood.
However, some positive signals can be seen in
the agriculture sector of Nepal. It is still very
challenging for commercialisation of agriculture
in our country.
Commercialisation in agriculture leads
to the industrialisation in agriculture.
Industrialisation needs more agricultural Commercial farming
products. Large agricultural estates should
be established to supply the raw materials for the industries. Farmers should be
encouraged for crop diversification, multiple crops, crop spacing, improved seeds,
testing of soil, production, and uses of fertilisers. These activities support for the
commercialisation in agriculture. We should produce agricultural tools in our own
country. Fertilisers should be produced in our own country. Establishment of such
industries supports the national economy and replaces the imports by its own
production. The industries of Nepal cover only 10 per cent of GDP of our country.
Their coverage is very high in developed countries. We cannot develop our country
without industrialisation. There is no commercialisation of agriculture without
industrialisation.
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There are mainly two important components of commercialisation in agriculture.
Firstly, an increment of the agricultural products and secondly, industrialisation
based on agricultural products. We should increase the productivity of the
agricultural products. We should use improved (developed) seeds, practise
multiple crops, use modern fertilisers, insecticides, do automation in agriculture
and practise community farming for the increment of agricultural productivity.
We should establish very large industries based on agricultural products. Skilled
human resources are another important component. Many technicians and
scientists should be produced to develop the agriculture sector.
Many youths of our country work abroad in the field of agriculture. We should
make proper plans and policies to make them return to their own country. We
can also utilise their skills for the commercialisation of agriculture in our country.
We should also establish many technical institutions for the production of human
resource for the agriculture sector in our own country. Instead of working abroad,
we can produce our skilled human resources in our own country. If people go abroad
after technical education, their earnings will also be very high.
Nepal is a least developed country. We cannot develop our country without the
commercialisation of agriculture. Following measures should be followed for the
commercialisation of agriculture in Nepal.
The government should make proper policies for the establishment of large
agricultural estates.
Agriculture research centres should be established in various parts of the
country.
Modern machinery should be used in farming.
Irrigation system should be developed.
Agricultural loan should be provided with easy access to all farmers.
The government should bring the land reformed policies in agriculture.
Proper support and guidance should be given to the farmers from the side of
the government.
Abundant number of storage houses should be established in various parts of
the country.
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ACTIVITY
(1) Prepare a list of the food and cash crops produced in your community by
asking with your friends and parents and present it in your classroom.
EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What do you mean by commercialisation in agriculture?
(b) Define modernisation in agriculture.
(c) What do you mean by mechanisation in agriculture?
(d) Write the meaning of improved seeds.
(e) Prepare a list of the machinery tools used in agriculture around your locality.
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) Describe the present condition of agriculture in Nepal.
(b) What should be done for the modernisation of agriculture in Nepal?
(c) Compare the commercialisation of agriculture in Nepal with one of the
developed countries of the world?
(d) What measures should be applied for the commercialisation of agriculture in
Nepal?
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Lesson
8.3 Industry
Industry is the economic activity oriented to the processing of raw materials
to manufacture goods from the factories. It is the branch of the economy which
produces raw materials, goods, and services. Goods and services can be produced
by using capital, skills, materials, and knowledge. A full phase development of
industry is required for the development of our country. We have high potentiality
for the development of industries if we are able to modernise and industrialise
agriculture sector in our country.
Many industries of our country are ago-based industries. We import more final
products from foreign nations and export raw materials. Therefore, we have been
facing the problems of trade deficit every year. We should be able to produce more
goods to export them. Such goods should be competent in the global market. We can
earn more foreign currency by exporting industrial goods. Industry occupies only
about 10 per cent of the GDP in our country. This sector occupies more percentage
of GDP in the developed countries. Thus, there should be industrialisation in our
country for its economic progress. Mainly, there are three types of industries in
our country on the basis of their investment. They are cottage and small-scale
industries, medium-scale industries, and large-scale industries.
Types of Industries
Medium-scale Cottage and small- Large-scale
Industries scale Industry Industries
(1) Cottage and Small-Scale Industries
Generally, cottage industries represent very small industries which are
operated by local human resource using locally available raw materials. The cottage
industry is also known as the 'Kutir Udyog' in the local term. The industries that
run on small investment by using locally available material are categorised as
cottage industries. They are also called Gharelu Tatha Kutir Udhyog. According to
the Industrial Act 2067, the cottage and small-scale industry are kept in the single
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category, which has the maximum five crores (50 million) Nepali rupees as the
fixed initial capital. All the capitals including, building, machine, furniture, and
land are included within the fixed capitals.
Importance of Cottage and Small-scale Industries
Small and cottage industries are very important in the context of our country. They
are very useful for the development of entrepreneurship into the local areas. They
are very important because of the following reasons:
We can utilise locally available means and resources.
There will be more employment opportunities within the nation.
We can promote our traditional technologies and skills.
Our traditional arts and cultures will be promoted.
We can reduce the high gap in the trade deficit of our country and enhance
trade surplus.
It can support to reduce the regional disparity by providing job opportunities
in the local areas.
We can earn foreign currency by promoting small and cottage industries.
Many people of our country do not have more capital for investment in large-scale
industries. Thus, these types of small-scale industries are very suitable in the
context of our country. We can use bamboo, wood, straw, jute, stone, clay and metal
for the production of the goods from the small and cottage industries.
Problems of Cottage and Small Industries in Nepal
Cottage and small-scale industries are very useful in various parts of the country.
They contribute to fulfilment of the local needs of people. They have some problems
in specific areas.
Lack of capital for the investment;
Very primitive methods and technologies are used;
Lack of market;
Unstable policy of the government;
Products cannot compete with modern products; and
Lack of skilled human resources.
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Solutions to the Problems of Cottage and Small
Industries
Quality goods should be produced.
The government should bring the policy for preserving cottage and small-scale
industries.
Modern technologies should be mixed with traditional technologies.
Subsidies should be given to protect the traditional technologies.
The government should facilitate to search for new market.
The government should encourage people to utilise their leisure time.
Soft loan should be provided for people.
Appropriate training should be given to the employees of this field.
Traditional knowledge of the employees need to be recognise officially.
Nepal has a very long history of producing goods Cottage industry
by using traditional, indigenous technologies
and skills. Even the trade surplus was high in the
medieval history of Nepal. The local materials
and resources should be utilised at the optimum
level to meet the demands of the present
market. Nepal is an agricultural country. Agro-
based products of the country can be utilised in
these type of industries. Therefore, these types
of industries can support for the development
of agricultural products in our country. People
with low fund for the investment can also enjoy
working in such types of industries.
ACTIVITY
(1) Prepare a list of small and cottage industries in your community with the help
of your parents and complete the given table.
SN Raw materials Human Products
resources
1. Lokta - a forest product Locally available Nepali traditional
paper
2.
3.
4.
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EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What are industries?
(b) What are the types of industries? Name them.
(c) Define cottage and small-scale industry.
(d) Name any two cottage and small-scale industries located in your locality.
(e) What is the maximum fixed capital for small and cottage industries?
(2) Write short answers to the following questions.
(a) Write a paragraph about your understanding regarding small and cottage
industries.
(b) "Cottage and small-scale industries are very important in the context of our
country." Justify this statement.
(c) Illustrate the problems of the cottage and small-scale industries in Nepal.
(d) How can we improve the conditions of the cottage and small-scale industries
of our country? Write your opinion in four points.
(e) Suggest any four measures to solve the problems of cottage and small-scale
industries in Nepal.
(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) Critically analyse the problems of cottage and small-scale industries of Nepal
and suggest appropriate measures to solve them.
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Lesson Medium and
Large-scale Industries
8.4
Medium and large-scale industries are bigger
than cottage and small-scale industries in
terms of production and investment. They use
large pieces of machinery, employ more human
resources, and manufacture more goods. They
also need a large amount of raw materials
and other inputs. According to the Industrial
Act 2067, the industries established with an
initial investment between 5 to 15 crore rupees
are called medium scale industries. Similarly,
the industries established with the initial Large scale industry
investment of more than 15 crore rupees are
large-scale industries. Cement factories, beverage industries, paper industries,
cigarette industries, zinc industries, iron industries, brick industries, soap
industries, cloth industries, tea industries, jute industries, etc. are the examples
of medium and large-scale industries. The economic activities increase with the
development of such industries in the country.
Importance of Medium and Large-scale Industries
Medium and large-scale industries support economic development in the country.
The country becomes self-reliant in the necessary goods and services with the
development of the medium and large-scale industries. The following are the
importance of medium and large-scale industries.
(a) Basis of economic development:
Primary industries such as iron, electricity, machinery, cement etc. are
developed with the development of medium and large-scale industries. Development
of such industries set the base for the national economy.
(b) Growth in national income:
Medium and large-scale industries provide employment to a large number of
people and produce more goods. The per capita income of the people increases.
This ultimately increases national income.
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(c) Creation of employment opportunities:
A large number of Nepali youths go abroad in search of the employment
opportunity every year. Medium and large-scale industries employ a large number
of human resources in different levels. If abundant medium and large-scale
industries are established in the country, the problem of brain drain can be solved.
(d) Upliftment of living standard of people:
Medium and large-scale industries increase the income of the people in the
country. As people have more income, their living standard also increases.
(e) Support for agricultural development:
Modernisation and commercialisation in agriculture is necessary for its
development. Medium and large-scale industries produce agricultural tools,
chemical fertilisers, pesticides, improved seeds, etc., for agriculture sector. Agro-
based medium and large-scale industries also consume raw materials from
agriculture. Thus, agriculture sector develops with the support of medium and
large-scale industries.
(f) Increase in Trade Surplus:
Medium and large-scale industries produce goods on a large scale. They
decrease the imports and increase exports of goods. If the medium and large-scale
industries are developed, the country will have a trade surplus.
Problems of Medium and Large Scale Industries in
Nepal
Nepal is a developing country. The economic prosperity of our country is possible
with the development of industries. Government of Nepal has made great
efforts for industrial development. However, the desired success has not been
achieved yet. Many efforts have been made to encourage industrialists, labourer,
businesspersons, etc. However, medium and large-scale industries have been
facing many problems. The problems should be minimised to have an all-round
development of the country. Some major issues and their mitigating measures are
as follows.
• Lack of capital:
Investment in the industries gets returned after a long time. A huge amount of
money should be invested in building construction, buying machinery, management,
installation, etc. The industrialists get the return of their investment only after
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the industrial products are sold in market. Most of Nepali businesspersons cannot
manage a huge amount of money needed for the establishment of medium and
large-scale industries.
• Lack of raw materials:
Minerals found in Nepal have not been mined due to lack of technology, human
resource and capital. Sustainable farming is being practised. Farmers grow more
food crops and few amount of cash crops. Forest products are also not enough for
supplying timber to furniture industries. Therefore, there is a lack of raw materials
for medium and large scale industries in our country.
• Energy crisis:
Power resources such as petroleum and electricity are used in the industry
to run the machines. Nepal has not been able to produce enough electricity to run
many medium and large scale industries. It has to depend on other countries for
petroleum products.
• Lack of market:
The products of medium and large-scale industries have not got good markets.
They have to compete with the products of the industries in developed countries in
the international markets in the industry.
• Lack of transportation and communication facilities:
Various prerequisites such as raw materials, market, human resources, water
resource, energy supply, etc. are required for industrial development. All these
necessary things for medium and large-scale industries may not be available
at a place. The raw materials for industries must be brought to industrial
areas from distant places. Similarly, the production of medium and large-scale
industries should be sold far away from industrial areas. Therefore, transportation
and communication facilities should be available in the country for industrial
development. These facilities are not enough in our country for the development of
medium and large-scale industries.
• Frequent strike:
Political instability is one of the major problems in our country. Several
political movements take place in Nepal time and again with strikes and bandas.
Such movements hinder industrial development. The owners and trade unions in
different industries have conflict from time to time. Similarly, misunderstanding
between the farmers and industrialists of agro-based industries also takes place
frequently. These activities disturb the day to day functions of industries.
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• Impractical industrial policies and tax policies:
Industries should be established formally after completing the legal procedure
in the country. Due to the unstable government, industrial, and tax policies
get changed from time to time. It discourages industrialists from investing for
industrial development.
• Lack of skilled human resource:
There is lack of opportunities for skill-based training in our country. Therefore,
medium and large scale face the problem of lack of skilled human resource in Nepal.
Mitigating Measures for the Problems in Medium and Large-scale Industries
No industry produces a lock without the key to open it. Similarly, every problem
comes with a solution. The problems in medium and large-scale industries can be
minimised with the help of the following mitigating measures.
There should be provisions of easy and soft loan to the people who want to
establish industries in Nepal.
Minerals found in Nepal should be mined to provide enough raw materials for
mineral-based industries. Similarly, farmers should be trained and encouraged
to cultivate their land with cash crops. Afforestation should be done in the
barren land.
Nepali people should feel proud of their national products. The habit of using
our own national products should be developed. Importing the goods produced
in foreign countries should be discouraged.
Transportation and communication should be developed.
The industrial policies that encourage people to invest in industries should be
formulated and implemented.
There must be a good understanding between industrialists and employees.
Potentiality for the Development of Medium and Large-scale Industries in
Nepal
Nepal is rich in natural resources. Various medium and large-scale industries can
be developed here. Water resources available in Nepal is enough to produce more
electricity. Various kinds of cash crops such as cotton, sugarcane, jute, etc. can be
grown in the fertile land of the Terai region. The timber for furniture industries,
medicinal herbs for medicine industries and raw material for paper, pulp and
match industries are available in the forests of Nepal. Various types of mineral-
based industries can be developed if the minerals found here are mined.
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ACTIVITIES
(1) Discuss in the class and list out the main features of medium and large-scale
industries.
(2) Conduct a speech competition on the topic, "Medium and large-scale
industries are essential for development of Nepal" in the class with the help
of your subject teacher and note down the points brought by the speakers.
EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What is the initial investment for medium scale industries according to the
existing acts?
(b) Give any two examples of agro-based medium and large-scale industries.
(c) Write any two industrial products of our country that you use daily in your
home.
(d) What is the source of raw materials for sugar industries?
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) Why do we need more investment to establish an industry?
(b) How do the energy crisis and lack of market affect industrial development in
Nepal?
(c) "Lack of raw materials is a problem in the industrial development of Nepal."
Justify this statement.
(d) How can the medium and large industries solve the problems of brain drain
in Nepal?
(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) Why should we develop medium and large scale industries in Nepal? Write
about the prospectus of development of medium and large scale industries
in our country.
(b) Make a list of any seven problems of medium and large scale industries in
Nepal with appropriate solutions to each of them.
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Lesson Trade
8.5
Trade is an action of buying and selling goods and services. It involves transferring
goods and services from one place to another to exchange money. It has flourished
in the globe after the Industrial Age. It is important component of the market
because it is depended on the conditions of the market. If there is high demand in
the market, it temps to high trade. Trade depends on the demands of the market.
Trade can be limited within one place to another place of the country, or it may
extend outside the boundary of the nation. Therefore, trade has been categorised
in two parts.
(1) Internal or Domestic Trade
The trade which is limited within the
boundary of a nation is known as the domestic
trade. It is practised within the country from
one place to another. People cannot produce
the necessary goods within their territory.
Somewhere, they produce more products than
their requirements. So, they supply the goods
produced enough in their area. They also demand
the products which they cannot produce in their Internal trade
region. Distribution and selling of various goods
and services produced in different parts of the country to other places is domestic
trade. Paddy, mango, tobacco, wheat, fish, jute, pineapple, nut and coconut produced
in the Terai region are sold to the hilly and the mountain regions of our country.
Similarly, tea produced in Ilam is sold in various parts of our country. The apples,
mountain goats, sheep and medicinal herbs produced in the Himalayan region are
sold to other parts of the country. Likewise, oranges, lemon, vegetables, potato
produced in the Hilly region are exported to various parts of the country.
(2) External or International Trade External trade
Trade which is carried out from one country to
another is known as the external or foreign trade.
It is practised from one country to another. People
cannot produce necessary goods within their own
country. So, they import many goods from other
nations of the globe. In the context of our country, we
import petroleum, salt, machinery tools, electronic
devices, garments, foodstuffs, vehicles and so on from
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countries such as India, China, Japan, Germany, Italy, and USA. Likewise, we
export some goods such as carpets, Pashmina, garments, tea, cardamom, medicinal
herbs and so on to various parts of the globe.
Importance of Domestic and Foreign Trade
Trade is very important to fulfil our daily needs. Domestic and foreign trade are
the key tools to meet our needs. They are equally important in our day to day life.
They are very important because of the following reasons:
They supply basic goods which are needed in our day to day life.
They support for the industrial development of the nation.
They help to earn foreign currencies.
They assist in strengthening foreign relations.
They create employment opportunities within and outside the country.
They support the economic development of the nation.
Trade Surplus and Trade Deficit
Trade Surplus:
If the amount of exporting goods is higher than its imports in terms of monetary
value, this condition of the trade of any country is known as the trade surplus.
Most of the developed countries of the world have a trade surplus.
Trade Deficit:
If the amount of imported goods is higher than its exports in terms of monetary
value, this condition of the trade of any country is known as the trade deficit. Most
of the underdeveloped and developing countries of the world are trade facing the
problem of trade deficit.
Condition of Trade in Nepal
Nepal has not been able to develop its trade well. It is fully depended on foreign
trade. We export fewer goods than our imports. That is why we are facing the
problem of trade deficit every year. We export raw materials whose cost is very
low. But we import industrial goods whose price is very high. For example, we
are export hide to Italy whose cost is very nominal. But then again, we are buying
Italian shoes whose cost is very high. We export medicinal herbs to India. Their
cost is also very insignificant. But then again, we buy medicines from India whose
cost is many times high.
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ACTIVITY
(1) Find any five goods produced in our country and five products that are
exported from foreign nations. Write their names in the table given below.
Goods produced in our country Goods imported from abroad
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What do you mean by trade deficit?
(b) What is meant by domestic trade?
(c) Write the names of any two imported goods you have used.
(d) Name any five locally produced goods that you have consumed.
(e) Name any two Nepali goods that are exported abroad.
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) Differentiate between national and international trade.
(b) Why is trade essential in our daily life?
(c) "Foreign trade is essential for the overall development of our country."
Justify this statement.
(d) What is the present condition of trade in our country? Suggest any five
measures for the promotion of trade in our country.
(3) Offer long answers to the following questions.
(a) "No country can develop without the development of trade." Justify this
statement.
(b) Critically evaluate the condition of foreign trade in Nepal.
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Lesson
8.6 Foreign Trade in Nepal
Nepal has a very long history of trade. It had established trade relations with its
neighbouring countries from ancient time. Tibet and India were the main countries
having trade relations with Nepal. Nepal exported ghee, honey, woollen carpets,
hide and imported ornaments, salt, cotton and so on. Still, Nepal's foreign trade
is concentrated with its neighbouring countries. But the horizon of trade has
extended to various parts of the globe. The imports and exports of Nepali products
have extended globally these days.
Export
There is no significant industrial development in Nepal. So, our products are
based on raw materials and semi-processed goods. There are some industries in
our country which are based on agricultural products. Such industries are not
producing globally competent goods. Their cost is very low. We export noodles,
vegetation ghee, carpet, Pashmina, cardamom, tea, jute, nuts, hide, oilseeds,
garment products, medicinal herbs, and so on. These goods are raw materials
and semi-processed goods whose cost is very low in comparison to the imported
industrial goods.
Import
We cannot produce adequate goods to fulfil the present needs of the country.
So, trade is essential for the fulfilment of the needs of the nation. Nepal imports
very luxurious goods such as; high-cost vehicles, cell phones, laptop, computer,
television, fancy garments, perfume, makeup kit, and so on. Besides, we import
petroleum products, machinery tools, medicines, foodstuff, fruits, utensils, cement,
painting colour, fertilisers, electronic tools, motor parts, and other fancy items.
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So, the imports should be minimised, and exports should be increased for trade
flourishing.
Problems of Foreign Trade and Their Solutions
Nepal is a landlocked country. It has no outlet to the sea to export its products
easily. We have limited goods to export whose cost is very low in comparison to
the imported goods. They are not globally competent. There is a lack of stable
government policies. They keep on changing after the change of government and
change of leaders in the ministry. Nepal and India have an open border system. So,
it is very difficult to control and monitor the trading system of the country. Nepal
imports more goods in comparison to its export. Therefore, it is facing the problem
of high trade deficit. The deficit is increasing every year.
Though we have been facing lots of problems in trade, we can bring some changes
by following these measures.
Stable government policies should be formulated.
Monitoring system should be developed in the border between Nepal and
India.
Globally competent goods should be produced in Nepal.
The trade of Nepal should be extended overseas.
The government should give subsidies to the industries based on their
contributions in creating job opportunities and paying high taxes to the
government.
Consumers awareness programmes should be launched among consumers to
increase the consumption of domestic products.
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ACTIVITIES
(1) How is the pattern of foreign trade of Nepal? Discuss in groups.
(2) Is it necessary to reform the pattern of foreign trade in Nepal? Why? Discuss
in groups.
EXERCISE
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Name the countries where Nepal exports its products.
(b) Can we fulfill our needs with domestic products only? Why?
(c) Name any two goods produced from industries available in your locality.
(d) Which is the major problem of trade in our country? Mention it.
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) What are the major problems of trade in Nepal? Prepare a list of the issues.
(b) "The economy of our country can not uplift without increasing exports to
foreign countries" Justify this statement.
(c) What do you mean by trade deficit and trade surplus? Define with examples.
(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) Mention any four problems of trade in Nepal and also write their solutions
in brief.
(b) What kind of industrial policies should be brought to overcome the problems
of trade in Nepal. Suggest with appropriate reasons.
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Lesson Diversification of Trade in
Nepal
8.7
Trade diversification refers to the extension of the trade into various sectors of the
nation. It is an economic entity which offers a range of different products or service
into various parts of the country. There are other factors to influence trade. Trade
should be diversified for the development of the country. It should be extended to
a wide range of areas and goods. Trade should cover various areas for the overall
development of the country. Mainly, there are two types of diversification in trade.
The policy of trade diversification has been adopted from the fourth economic plan
in Nepal. Nepal has started to produce quality goods to increase its export and gain
foreign currencies.
(1) Diversification of Goods
Goods wise diversification is the process of producing various items to increase
export. Mass production in limited items may not support to increase foreign trade.
So, trade diversification is very much essential. We should increase the production
items to bring variation in trade. Since 2041/42 BS, trade of Nepal with India is
limited in exporting paddy, maize, timber, Khayer, and lentil. But varieties of goods
are exported nowadays. Garments, Pashmina, carpets, noodles, lentil, cardamom,
tea, hide, Nepali paper, handicrafts, medicinal herbs, woods, woollen clothes are
exported to India at present. Production of goods in various items leads to increase
in export of the country.
(2) Diversification of Region or Country
Region-wise diversification of trade leads to extension of trade into various
geographical areas. It leads to the distribution and sales of goods produced in the
various parts of the country. It might be internally or externally diversified. It
means it is extended to various parts of the country or other foreign countries.
Our products should be exported to various parts of the globe and various parts
of the country. From the ancient period, the trade of Nepal was limited to Tibet
and India. It started from the time of Malla kings. At the time of Kaji Bhim Malla,
Nepal imported salt, gold, silver, sheep and mountain goat from Tibet and exported
rice, chilly, sugar and flour. The trade of Nepal was limited to India and Tibet till
2020 BS.
Trade diversification does not mean to diversify goods and services into other
countries only. We can diversify it by producing various goods in various parts of
our country. Goods produced in the Himalayan region can be sold in the Terai and
the Hilly region. Likewise, rice and flour produced in the Terai region are sold in
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the Hilly and Himalayan region. Tea of Ilam, Marsi rice of Jumla, coffee of Gulmi,
Arghakhanchi and Palpa, apple of Mustang and Manang are sold in various parts
of the country. It is a good example of regional trade diversification.
EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What is meant by trade diversification?
(b) What are the types of trade diversification?
(c) Which area of Nepal is ideal for the production of apple?
(d) Suggest one way to bring variation in trade in Nepal.
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) What comes in the commodities diversification? Elaborate in short.
(b) Name any four specific places of Nepal and their products in the given chart
below:
Areas Products
Eg : Ilam and Jhapa Tea
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
(c) Write a paragraph about trade diversification by the region or country.
(d) Name the imported and exported goods between Nepal and Tibet during
the time of Kaji Bhim Malla.
(3) Give long answers of the following question.
(a) What should be done for the promotion of trade in Nepal? Write your
opinion.
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Lesson Trade Promotion and
Marketing
8.8
Promotion and marketing of trade are essential for trade diversification. There are
many problems with trade in the context of our country. These problems should be
addressed for the promotion of trade in Nepal. A good market is required to supply
the produced goods. Goods produced from the industry should have high quality to
be more competitive in the market. Otherwise, they can not be sold in market. The
government should also bring a visionary policy to promote trade of the country.
Following steps should be considered for the promotion of the trade in Nepal.
Produce competitive and quality goods.
The government should adopt a liberal trade policy.
Skilled human resources should be produced.
Highly demanded goods in the market should be produced.
Commodity wise diversification of trade is essential.
Traditional goods and commodities should be given high priority while
producing goods.
Open border between India and Nepal should be supervised well.
The horizon of foreign trade should be extended.
The government of Nepal has taken some steps for the promotion and marketing of
the trade. If the following measures are adapted well, the trade of the county would
be flourished well. The steps to be taken by the government are as follows:
Publish trade bulletins on a regular basis.
Collect statistics on foreign trade.
Conduct training to the artists and businesspersons for the production of
Nepali sculptures, garments, Nepali paper, and so on.
Provide training to the Nepali craftsmen and indigenous ethnic groups and
women for tailoring and making thread from Allo.
Publication of 'Nepal Export Trade Directory' and 'Nepal Trade Statistics'.
Conducting trade agreement such as TIFA (Trade and Investment Framework
Agreement), SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Area), AFTA (ASEAN Free
Trade Area), BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical
and Economic Cooperation).
Above mentioned treaties, agreements and provisions are very much useful for the
promotion of trade in our country. These types of steps should be taken from the
side of government for the promotion of trade.
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ACTIVITY
(1) Write the full forms of the following abbreviations and paste on the display
board of your classroom.
(a) TIFA:
(b) SAFTA:
(c) AFTA:
(d) BIMSTEC:
EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What is meant by trade promotion?
(b) What is required to supply goods?
(c) What do you mean by liberal trade policy?
(d) Suggest a measure to monitor the open border between India and Nepal.
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) What steps should be taken by the government for the promotion of trade?
(b) What steps need to be taken by the government of Nepal for the promotion
of trade? Prepare its list.
(c) International treaties and agreements support to extend trade of our country.
Justify this statement.
(3) Give long answer to the following question.
(a) Write your understanding about the diversification, promotion, and
marketing of trade in Nepal.
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Lesson Interrelationship between
Agriculture, Industry, and Trade
8.9
Agriculture Sugarcane
Industry Trade Sugar Mill Sugar
There is an interrelationship between agriculture, industry and trade. They
cannot be separated in the context of Nepal. There is tripartite relationship among
agriculture, trade and industry. Most of the industries of our country are based on
agriculture. They cannot survive without agricultural products. So, the development
of agriculture is very much essential for industrial development. There would be no
trade without industrial production.
In the above chart, we can observe a close relation between agriculture, industry
and trade. The farmers produce sugarcane for the sugar mill, and sugar mill
produces sugar to sell in the market. The industries produce fertilisers, insecticides,
pesticides, machinery tools and agricultural tools for the farmers. Similarly, farmers
produce raw materials for agro-based industries. The farmers produce paddy for
rice mill, wheat for flour mill, tobacco for the cigarette factory, cotton for the thread
mill and textile industry, jute for jute mill, tea leaves for the tea industry. These
industries cannot establish without agricultural products.
Industries can not survive without development of agriculture. So, agricultural
development is essential for the development of industries. Therefore, modernisation
and commercialisation in agriculture are must to increase agricultural products.
Fertilisers, developed seeds, and insecticides should be easily available to the
farmer to increase agricultural productivity.
Many people get employment opportunities in agriculture, industry, and trade.
These activities create many direct and indirect job opportunities. They help to
activate the economic veins of the nation. They need to develop to raise the gross
domestic products (GDP) of the nation.
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ACTIVITY
(1) Complete the given chart with at least four facts showing interrelationship
among agriculture, industry, and trade.
SN Agriculture Industry Trade
1. Paddy Rice mill Selling rice in market
2.
3.
4.
5.
EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What is meant by agro-based industry?
(b) What are the raw materials necessary for the cigarette and tea industry?
(c) Name any five industries of Nepal based on agriculture.
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) Describe the role of agriculture for the development of industry.
(b) There is tripartite relationship between agriculture, industry and trade.
Explain
(c) Suggest any four measures to increase agricultural products.
(3) Give long answer to the following question.
(a) Agriculture, industry and trade are interrelated to each other. Justify this
statement.
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Lesson
8.10 Economic Planning in Nepal
The term economic planning is based on the word
'planning'. Planning is the process of thinking about
and deciding on a plan for achieving or making
something with the utilisation of estimated time,
investment, human resources, and other resources.
Economic planning refers to the systematic plan of
the government for growing the country's economy.
An economic planning has some visions, missions
and goals, which are essential for the development
of the nation. In 1928 AD, the concept of economic
planning was introduced from the USSR (Union of
Soviet Socialist Republic). Russia had brought a
systematic plan to bring developmental activities
in the field of education, transportation, health,
industry, agriculture, energy, human resources, and
so on. Economic planning was introduced in our country from the year 2013 BS
(1956 AD) for the first time.
Though some steps were taken even during the tenures of Rana rulers. The Rana
prime minister Juddha Shumsher prepared a 20 years plan. Likewise, Mohan
Shumsher formed a national planning committee in 2005 BS, which prepared 15
years planning for the development of agriculture, transportation, and industry.
Even King Mahendra proclaimed a 5-year plan in 2012 BS.
However, the economic planning was implemented systematically from the year
2013 BS. The following economic planning were implemented in the historical
period of time.
SN Planning Years Remarks
1. First plan 2013-2018 BS No plan 2018-19 BS
2. Second plan 2019-2022 BS 3 years plan
3. Third plan 2022-2027 BS
4. Fourth plan 2027-2032 BS
5. Fifth plan 2032-2037 BS
6. Sixth plan 2037-2042 BS
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7. Seventh plan 2042-2047 BS No plan 2047-49 BS
8. Eighth plan 2049-2054 BS
9. Ninth plan 2054-2059 BS 3 years plan
10. Tenth plan 2059-2064 BS 3 years plan
11. Eleventh plan 2064-2067BS 3 years plan
12. Twelfth plan 2067-2070 BS 3 years plan
13. Thirteenth plan 2070-2073 BS
14. Fourteenth plan 2073-2076 BS
15. Fifteenth plan 2076/77-2080/81 BS
Introduction to the 15th Economic Planning (2076/77-2080/81
BS)
After completion of the 14th economic plan, National Planning Commission aimed to
achieve some goal for the development of our country. Poverty alleviation, creation
of the job opportunities and increase the productivity are the major aims of this
plan. Major aims and objectives of the 15th plan are mentioned as follows:
Aim:
The main aim of the 15th Plan is Prosperous Nepal and Cheerful Nepali (Samriddha
Nepal Sukhi Nepali). Major target of this economic planning is to achieve the goal
of public welfare through socialism-oriented economy with prosperous economy,
social justice and modified lifestyle. It also aimed to develop the bases by the
development of public welfare state with social justice and enhance as the high
economic achieved country.
Objectives:
Major objectives of the 15th economic planning are:
1. To achieve poverty alleviation through easy and quality development of
modern infrastructure, productive and reputed employment increment and
high, sustainable and inclusive economic growth.
2. To realise the respectful and sophisticated life of the people through quality
health and education, healthy and balanced environment and social justice,
maintaining quality and responsible public service by improving federal ruling
system.
3. To protect national interest and self-respect of the nation by bringing socio-
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economic transformation and development of independent national economy.
The 15th Economic Planning has some targets which are targeted to fulfill
within 5 years tenure, which are mentioned in the table below:
Economic, Social and Physical Targets of the 15th Plan
SN Description Situation of Aim of 15th plan
fiscal year (By (By 2080/81 BS)
2074/75 BS)
1. Annual economic growth rate (in 5.9 10.3
percentage)
2. Per capita income (In US $) 1,012 1,600
3. Population below poverty line (in 18.7 13.0
percentage)
4. Life Expectancy (in year) 69.7 72
5. School Enrolment Percentage in Basic 92.3 99.5
Level (Grade1-8)
6. Human Development Index 0.574 0.624
7. Electricity production in MW 1,020 5,000
8. Gender Empowerment Index 0.925 0.963
9. Drinking water facilities (In %) 94.9 99.0
Source: NPC approach paper of the 15th Plan, Chaitra, 2075 BS.
ACTIVITIES
(1) Prepare an annual sheet of the income and expenditures of your family.
(2) Prepare a list of the economic planning of Nepal and present it on the display
board of your classroom.
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EXERCISE
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What is planning?
(b) When was the first economic planning introduced in Nepal?
(c) What is the main aim of the 15th plan of Nepal?
(d) What is the target of per capita income of Nepal after completion of the 15th
economic plan?
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) What are the major objectives of the 15th economic plan?
(b) Explain the chart of economic, social and physical targets of 15th plan in
short.
(c) Prosperous Nepal and Cheerful Nepali (Samriddha Nepal Sukhi Nepali).
Explain this slogan made by the government of Nepal.
(d) Write a short description of the historical development of economic planning
in Nepal.
(3) Give long answer to the following question.
(a) Do you think the targets of the 15th economic planning made by the
Government of Nepal will meet or not? Justify your answer with appropriate
logics.
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Lesson Contribution of Economic
8.11 Planning for Employment
Promotion and Poverty Alleviation
Planning is essential in our day to day life. If we do any task without a plan, it may
not complete in time or may not get succeed. So, economic planning is necessary for
the development of the nation. Such economic planning may create job opportunities
in the nation. It is very supportive for the poverty alleviation. However, economic
planning should be effectively implemented.
Importance of Economic Planning
Economic planning is essential for poverty alleviation and to create employment
opportunities. It is very important for the development of basic infrastructures of
the development and creation of a basic foundation of development. Following are
the major importance of economic planning.
It is essential to increase the economic growth of the nation.
It supports to create employment opportunities.
It is very helpful for poverty alleviation.
It helps to end social inequality from society.
It is needed to end the regional disparity and imbalance.
It is important for capital formation.
It helps in the development of tourism and trade.
It is supportive for the development of agriculture and industry.
It brings systematic plans for the development of health and education.
Targets of the Fifteenth Economic Plan
The fifteenth economic planning aims to achieve some goals for the development of
the nation by the end of the fifteenth plan.
It aimed to achieve 10.3 per cent annual economic growth.
It targets to increase per capita income up to $1600 per people.
The population below the poverty line will be 16 per cent.
The life expectancy will be 72 years.
School enrolment in basic level (Grade 1-8) will be 99.5 per cent.
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Human Development Index will be 0.624.
Gender-related development index will be 0.963.
99 per cent of people will get drinking water facilities.
5000 MW electricity will be produced.
Economic planning brings plans and strategies for development. It sets a
goal and work accordingly. It fixed a target and works to fulfil it. There are many
hurdles for the implementation of the targeted plan. The economic plan is also very
ambitious. In each economic planning, the government fixes a target and works
consequently. Many targets are not fulfilled, and some are achieved. If the planning
cannot meet the target, again they are included in another economic planning.
ACTIVITY
(1) Collect a fund among your friends to celebrate Saraswati Puja, Children's
Day, Teacher's Day or Senior citizen's Day in your school and prepare an
account of the income and expenditures of the programme.
EXERCISE
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What is employment promotion?
(b) What is the expected life expectancy of the 15th economic planning?
(c) What is meant by regional disparity?
(d) Define social inequality.
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) How can economic plan support for the poverty alleviation?
(b) What is the importance of economic planning? Prepare a list of importance.
(c) What might be the hurdles of not fulfilling the targets made by economic
planning? Write in four points.
(d) Prepare a list of the targets of the 15th economic planning of Nepal.
(3) Give long answer to the following question.
(a) There is no other alternative to economic planning for the development of
any country. What should be done to meet the targets of the planning?
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Lesson
8.12 Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is an idea to generate a new job or business. The person or
group of people generating innovative ideas in business and social sectors are
known as the entrepreneurs. They do not create job only for them. They create job
opportunities for other people too. Many people imitate others' ideas to survive but
there are few people whose idea is different than others.
Quality of an Entrepreneur
Possess ability to generate new ideas of business;
Has a high risk-taking capacity;
Does not search job, thinks to create a new job;
Does not get tired of her or his failure;
Seeks new products and markets;
Gives a new message for society;
Has good public relationship skill; and
Has capacity of creating innovative ideas in difficult situations.
Advantages of Entrepreneurship
It supports to increase the production of the nation.
It helps to create employment opportunities within the nation.
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It helps to increase the quality production of the goods.
It is an agent to bring changes in society.
It supports to form the national capital.
Read the given story of success and try to get the idea of entrepreneurship.
Ramila lives in Bhaktapur. She was unemployed for few years. She could not get any job.
She was fully depended on the income of her husband. She was thinking to create a new job
herself. One day, she had gone to her relative's marriage party. There was a very tasty pickle
made of Lapsi. She thought to make that type of pickle and sell it in the market. She started
a very small cottage industry of producing pickle. It was on a very small scale. Now, she has
more than five staffs in her cottage industry, and she is earning more than 50, 000 rupees in
a month. She is not making only herself; she has provided an opportunity to earn the same
for five more people too.
ACTIVITY
(1) Collect one news story from any type of newspaper like the one mentioned
in the book above and share it with your friends.
EXERCISE
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Write the meaning of entrepreneurship.
(b) What do you understand by good public relationship?
(c) In which category of industry does the story of Ramila fall?
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) What type of entrepreneur do you wish to become in future? Write in a
paragraph.
(b) Explain the needs of economic planning for the entrepreneurship.
(c) Write the benefits or advantages of being entrepreneur in our life.
(d) What kinds of risk should be taken by an entrepreneur in her/his life? Write
in short.
(3) Give long answer to the following question.
(a) Write a story of an entrepreneur around your locality and also try to find the
story of her and his struggle and success too.
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Lesson Employment Generation and
8.13 Management
(Dolma and Pasang had recently completed their study from a reputed university.
They are planning to do something in their own locality. Let's hear this conversation.)
Dolma : Hello, Pasang, how are you? and what is our concern today?
Pasang : I am alright. I think we should talk about doing some innovative jobs
in our own locality.
Dolma : Okay. Then what are you planning to do?
Pasang : I am planning to join a training which is organised by our rural
municipality this coming weak.
Dolma : Oh! What kind of programme is that, Pasang?
Pasang : I think it is a skill enhancement programme.
Dolma : Then, what kind of training is it?
Pasang : It is multi-skilled training related to animal husbandry, woollen
cloths production, making local carpet, Radi, Bakkhu, and Docha,
tour guide, conducting restaurant, poultry farming, apple farming
and so on.
Dolma : What kind of training do you wish to take?
Pasang : Our village lies in the tourist's place in the Himalayan region. I am
interested in taking training to run the restaurant, and I would like
to run a restaurant in my own home.
Dolma : What can be its benefits, Pasang?
Pasang : Our village is very beautiful. It is one of the attractions for foreign
and domestic tourists. So, I would like to provide the facilities of
accommodation for the tourists. I can give employment to some of the
local youths too.
Dolma : Oh! Very good idea. I appreciate it.
Pasang : Then, what are you planning to do Dolma?
Dolma : I am interested in working in agriculture. Probably, I will take the
training in producing apple. There is a big field of my father. I am
planning to bring some developed species of apple plant from Kashmir
and produce apples. I am also thinking to provide job to the local
youths on my farm. I will search the local and international market
to supply my products before starting the cultivation of the plants.
Pasang : I am really impressed with your idea Dolma. Though Nepal is an
agricultural country, agricultural products are not industrialised and
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Dolma : commercialised. Do you have any idea about it?
Pasang :
Dolma : Very good query. I am thinking to establish apple-juice factory in
Pasang: future for the promotion of industrialisation and commercialisation.
What a great idea, Dolma! We should do something special task for
our village and the country.
Obviously, Oh, Pasang, it's too late. I have to go to meet my Appa. I
will go now. Okay, see you soon.
What good sharing! See you. Bye! Bye!
(Both of them departure after sharing their idea.)
ACTIVITY
(1) What occupations do your friends' parents follow? Ask them and prepare a
pie-chart on the basis of their answers.
EXERCISE
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What do you mean by generation of employment?
(b) How is self-employment different from job or employment?
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) What kind of job opportunities are there in your locality? Prepare a list.
(b) Write the advantages of employment generation.
(c) What is your understanding about the employment management? Write in
a paragraph.
(3) Give long answer to the following question.
(a) There might be many unemployed youths in your community too. Some
of them may be planning to go abroad for foreign employment? What
suggestions can you give them so that they can stay in their own country
and generate employment opportunities? Write in a paragraph.
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Lesson Labour
8.14
There are two different meanings of labour. Labour is a worker in any industry,
factory or in the agricultural field. It also means to do hard work. We are not
talking about the workers in this lesson. Here, labour means all human and mental
efforts used in production of goods and services. There are various types of labour
discussed below. There is a very simple and clear definition given by professor
Marshall about labour. It means the effort made by a person to produce goods with
hand or head according to him.
Types of Labour
There are various types of labour. Some are productive and unproductive; some are
skilled and unskilled, and some are physical and mental. They are described below:
(1) Productive and Unproductive Labour:
Those labour that are socially, legally and
financially accepted by the society or country are
known as the productive labour. Working in an
office, farm, industry, and other civil services are
productive labour. But some are not socially and
legally accepted by the society; which are known
as the unproductive labour. Smuggling, corruption
and robbery are unproductive labour.
(2) Skilled and Unskilled Labour: Officer
Doctor
It is categorised on the basis of the skills of
people. People working with special training,
qualifications and skills are called skilled labour.
Doctors, engineers, pilots, teachers, accountants,
lawyer, and so on are skilled labours. Whereas,
general labour working without any training in
carrying the load, farming, mining and so on are
unskilled labours.
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(3) Physical and Mental Labour: Porter
The work which needs high physical strength
is known as physical labour. But the labour of
mind, brain and skills are known as mental labour.
Porter, agricultural labour, labour of wooden
work, and mining are the physical labour; which
required physical strength are physical labour.
People working as a teacher, lawyer, doctor,
engineer, and so on are known as mental labour.
Importance of Labour
Labour is essential in our daily life. We can not survive without doing any labour.
The country could not develop without doing hard labour. Following are the major
importance of labour:
It is essential for the industrialisation and commercialisation of the nation.
We cannot mobilise the available resources of the country without labour.
We cannot produce any kinds of industrial products without the mobilisation
of labour.
We cannot develop health, education, industry, trade, tourism, agriculture
and science and technology sectors without the mobilisation of labour.
We need to mobilise the labour to strengthen the economy of the nation.
We can earn foreign currency by the mobilisation of the labour.
We can promote foreign trade after mobilisation of the labour.
Dignity of Labour
Dignity means showing respect. So, dignity of labour refers to give equal respect to
all kind of labour. All kinds of labour are equally important for the development of
society. So, we should give equal value to the doctors, teachers, farmers, carpenters,
porters, engineers, lawyers, shopkeepers, police, army, and civil servants. Doctors
are important to give treatment to critical patients. Likewise, farmers produce crops
essential for all. We need to give equal importance to all kinds of labour. Tailors
prepare very beautiful clothes; cobblers mend our shoes, shopkeeper offers various
goods to us, drivers take us to our destination, engineers design our houses, road,
bridges and electrical towers. Therefore, we have to respect all kinds of labour.
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ACTIVITY
(1) Organise a speech competition on "Dignity of labour" in your classroom.
Request your subject teacher for the evaluation and provide awards to the
best speaker of the class.
EXERCISE
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What is labour?
(b) Define unproductive labour with example.
(c) What type of people do physical labour?
(d) What kind of labour do you want to do in future?
(2) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What are the major types of labour? Write in short.
(b) Elaborate on the importance of labour.
(c) Write the meaning of dignity of labour with example.
(d) How should we mobilise the labour for the economic benefit of the nation?
Write in short.
(3) Give long answer to the following question.
(a) What kind of labour should be promoted for the economic prosperity of the
nation? Write your opinion.
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UNIT Our International Relation
9 and Cooperation
Learning On the completion of this unit, we will be able to:
Achievements • tell about the relationship between Nepal and donor countries and
agencies;
• discuss on the mutual support between Nepal and the UNO;
• explain the role of Nepal in international peace and cooperation;
• highlight the services and facilities of diplomatic missions of our country
and others; and
• explain the events and importance of current affairs.
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Our International Relationship and Cooperation
Lesson Donor Countries and Agencies
of Nepal
9.1
No country can remain in isolation at present. All nations in the world need each
other’s help and cooperation. Even a developed country cannot be self-dependent
completely. It has to depend on other countries for various goods and services.
Therefore, every country must maintain mutual relations and cooperation with other
nations for its development of various sectors such as trade, commerce, business,
industries, etc. Similarly, there is a need to increase mutual understanding and
cooperation between the people of each other's countries for cultural exchange,
sports, education, tourism, and employment at present.
All countries maintain bilateral and multilateral relations with each other around
the world. Bilateral relation exists between the two countries, and multilateral
relation exists among three or more nations. Nepal has maintained bilateral
relations with many nations. Bilateral agencies in Nepal are The United States
Agency for International Development (USAID), Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA), Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), Australian Aid,
Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), etc. Likewise, multilateral
agencies in Nepal are the World Health Organisation (WHO), The World Bank,
United Nation’s Children Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA), etc. Nepal and all other nations maintain good relations by establishing
diplomatic relations. Diplomatic relation is a relation between two countries in
which they send diplomats or representatives to work in each other’s country an
embassy.
Nepal’s International Relationship
Nepal's formal relations with the international community began in 1816 AD
with diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom. Since then, Nepal has been
in regular contact with the modern world. Prior to 2007 BS, Nepal has confined its
diplomatic relation with the UK, India, the USA, and France only.
As Nepal is a developing country, the support of donor countries and institutions
is very important. For the past 200 years, Nepal has been formally establishing
diplomatic relations with various donor countries, contributing to Nepal's all-
around development. Nepal has maintained its diplomatic relation with more than
165 nations at present. After the establishment of Nepal's diplomatic relations
with Gambia on 4 May 2021 AD, the number of such countries has reached 170.
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Guiding Principles of Nepal’s Foreign Policy
Non-alignment;
Faith on Panchsheel principle;
Commitment to the charter of the United Nations;
Disarmament;
Protection of the rights of landlocked countries; and
International law, values, and norms.
The backbone of international relations is economic cooperation. There are
developed, developing, and underdeveloped nations in the world. Mutual relations
are established between these nations on the basis of peace and reconciliation.
Most developed countries provide financial and technical assistance to the least
developed countries. They would not have given much help out of love. The least
developed countries cannot produce themselves, so they are enriching developed
countries by consuming their goods and services. Therefore, it becomes their
responsibility to help their countries. Thus, developed countries provide financial
assistance to the least developed and developing countries. Such assistance
increases the purchasing power and consumption capacity of the people of poor
nations. As a result, trade in developed countries flourishes again.
In any case, the economic condition of our country is very weak compared to other
countries in the world. So we need foreign help until we become self-reliant. The
nation that helps us is called the donor nation, and the organisation is called the
donor agency.
Nepal’s Relation with the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom is the first country to establish diplomatic relations with
Nepal in 1816 AD. It is also Nepal’s largest bilateral aid donor to Nepal as well.
The United Kingdom is the first country in the world that established its embassy
in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. The UK
remained one of the top development partners
of Nepal, with the annual British aid on an
increasing trend. Tourism, trade, education,
and the British Gurkha connection remained
the key dimensions of bilateral relations. Ever
since the establishment of their diplomatic
relations, friendship, mutual understanding,
cordiality, cooperation, and respect for each
other's national interests and aspirations have characterised relations between
the two countries.
The UK has been providing financial and technical aid to Nepal in the following
sectors.
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur 350 Unit Nine:
Our International Relationship and Cooperation
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