Vedanta Social Studies class 9

The climate during Chaitra, Baisakh and Jestha remain hot and dry. The dry winds
and storms are occurring during these months. There is heavy rainfall during the
months of Ashar, Shrawan and Bhadra. Due to the hotness, the air pressure of
central Asia is lower. Therefore, the wind originated from the Bay of Bengal cause
heavy rainfall in Nepal.

There is variation of temperature and rainfall in the various parts of Nepal. The
average temperature of the Terai region is 30°C. The temperature of the hilly
region is varied from 20°C to 25° C, whereas the average temperature of the
Himalayan Region is varied between 0°C to 10° C into the places having different
altitude. More than 90 % of rainfall occurs in Nepal during the summer season.
Eastern parts of Nepal receive more rainfall than the west. The average rainfall
of the eastern parts is 200 cm, the central part receives about 150 cm rainfall, and
the western parts receives about 100 cm rainfall during the summer season. It
is so because the effects of the monsoon wind decrease while moving towards the
west. The northern Himalayan region, known as the outer Himalayas remain dry
because it lies in the rain shadow area of the monsoon wind.

2. Winter Monsoon

The air pressure of Central Asia is very high than the water surface of the Pacific
and the Indian Ocean during the winter season. It is so because the northern
hemispheres receive slanted rays of the sun during the winter season. As a result,
the wind originated from central Asia starts to move towards the Indian and the
Pacific Ocean. The wind which originated from the land does not contain moisture,
so this wind remains dry and does not cause rainfall during the winter season.
The wind starts to move towards the Bay of Bengal from Nepal during the winter
season. It does not contain moisture and does not cause rainfall. The winner
monsoon starts from Ashwin and lasts up to the month of Falgun. The climate
during these months is cold and dry. But sometimes, Nepal receives rainfall during
these months. This rainfall is caused by the westerlies and cyclones blowing from
the Mediterranean and the Arabian Sea. This wind which causes rainfall during
the winter season is derived from the western direction. So, the winter rainfall is
decreased from the west to the east.

Average temperatures of the various topographical regions are different in these
months. The average temperature of the Terai region is varied from 10°C to 18°C.
The average temperature of Kathmandu is 10°C and it is below the freezing points
in the mountainous region. The variation of the temperature is caused by the
altitude. As we know, the temperature decreases as the altitude increases.

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ACTIVITIES

(1) Interpret the diagram below:



EXERCISE

(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What do you mean by monsoon wind?
(b) What is the latitudinal location of Nepal?
(c) Define westerlies.
(d) Which parts of Nepal receive more rainfall?
(e) What do you mean by the leeward side of the mountain?

(2) Though Nepalgunj and Namche Bazaar lie at the same latitude. There is a
vast difference in the climatic conditions of these places. What might be the
reasons behind it?

(3) There is no rainfall in the outer Himalayas (Tibetan region). What might be
the reason behind it?

(4) Differentiate between the summer monsoon and the winter monsoon.
(5) Eastern parts of Nepal receive more rainfall than the west. But western

parts of Nepal receives more rainfall than east during the winter season.
What might be the reasons behind it?
(6) Prepare two separate lists of the advantages and disadvantages of monsoon
wind in Nepal.

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Lesson Physical Diversities and
Vegetation in Nepal
6.4

Nepal is the land of physical diversity. It varies from 59 m to 8848.86 m including
the highest peak of the world Mt. Everest and Musaharnia, the lowest point of
Nepal. The Himalayan, Hilly and Terai region has various climatic condition due
to the variation of its altitude. The variation in climate influences the vegetation of
the different ecological regions. The plants and crops which grows in the Himalayan
Region cannot grow in the Terai region. The pine trees, barley, and apples can grow
in the Himalayan region, but they cannot grow in the Terai. Likewise, mangoes,
pineapples, coconut, nut and tobacco can grow in the Terai region and orange, lime
and lemon can grow in the hilly region. It is so due to the climatic conditions of the
various ecological regions. Mainly, five types of vegetation are found in our country
Nepal. The major features of the vegetation are described below.

Map of Nepal with different types of vegetations

1. Tropical Evergreen Forest

The tropical evergreen forest is found in the Terai region and the lower hills and
Chure region. This type of vegetation is found between the 59 m to 1200 m above
the sea level. This region receives a tropical monsoon type of climate. It is hot
and wet during the summer season. The temperature exceeds up to 45°C during
the summer season. This region receives more than 200 cm annual rainfall. The
effect of rainfall is reducing to the west in compare to the eastern parts. The trees

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are hard and tall; they are durable, so they are using to make houses and furniture.
Saal, Sisau, Khayar, Tik, Simal, Jamun, Kusum, Bijaysal, and Sajh are the major
trees found in the Terai region.

2. Deciduous Monsoon Forest

Deciduous Monsoon Forest of Nepal

The Deciduous Monsoon Forest is found in the Hilly region. The Hilly Region
experiences a warm temperate type of climate. They are deciduous in nature;
it means the plants of this region sheds their leaves once in a year and become
bare. These types of vegetation are found between the altitude of 1200 m to 2100
m above the sea level. Mainly, these types of vegetation are found in the higher
parts of the Chure range and middle and lower parts of the Mahabharat Hills. The
temperature exceeds between 24°C to 30°C in different altitude of this region. The
rainfall is varying from the 100 cm to 200 cm into the various parts and altitudes of
this region. The trees such as Sallo, Khayar, Chaanp, Walnut, Chestnut, Chilaune,
and Lakuri are found in this region.

3. Coniferous Evergreen Forest

The coniferous evergreen Forest is also found in the Hilly region. The Hilly Region
also experiences a cool temperate type of climate. This climatic region is ideal for
growing coniferous types of vegetation. They are the cone-shaped plants. They are
soft and light in nature. They have needle-shaped leaves. These types of vegetation
are found between the altitude of 2100 m to 3300 m above the sea level. Mainly,
these types of vegetation are found in the higher parts of the Mahabharat Hills
and lower parts of the Himalayan Region. The temperature exceeds between 20°C

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during summer and decreases up to 0°C in a very cold winter. The rainfall is varying
from the 100 cm to 150 cm into the various parts and altitudes of this region. The
trees such as Sallo, Dhupi, Bhojpatra, Bamboo, rhododendron (Gurans), and Nigalo
are found in this region.

4. Alpine Grassland (Lekali)

There are some grasslands, shrubs and bushes in the lower parts of the Himalayan
Region. These types of vegetation are found between the altitude of 3300 m to 5000
m above the sea level. Mainly, these types of vegetation are found in the lower
parts of the Himalayan Region. The temperature decreases up to 0°C and below
the freezing points in very cold winter. The rainfall occurred below 50 cm in the
form of snow. Some of the shrubs, bushes, and grasses could grow in this region.
There are large pasture lands in this region. These grasslands are called Patan or
Kharka in the various parts of this region.

5. Tundra Vegetation

The word ‘Tundra’ refers to the place which is frozen and always covered with snow.
This type of climate is found above 5000 m from the sea level. The temperature is
always below the freezing points. There is no rainfall; only snow falls in this region.
Some lichen, moss and scare grasses are found in this region during summer
season. This region is also known as the cold deserts.

ACTIVITIES

(1) Complete the given table by using appropriate information.

SN Type of Vegetation Altitude Temperature Name of
Location and Rainfall Vegetation
1. Tropical Evergreen
2. Tropical Deciduous
3. Coniferous
4. Alpine
5. Tundra

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EXERCISE

(1) Re-write the following sentences making appropriate corrections.
(a) Musaharnia, of Bara district, is the lowest point of Nepal.
(b) The Tundra vegetation is found between the altitude of 3300 m to 5000 m
above the sea level in Nepal.
(c) The coniferous evergreen Forest is also found in the Terai region.
(d) The coniferous forest is found in the Terai region, the lower hills and Chure
region.
(e) The mangoes, pineapples, coconut, nut and tobacco can grow in the
Mountainous region.

(2) What are the reasons for getting a mixed forest in a specific small area of
Nepal? Find the facts and write in short.

(3) “Climate and vegetation are interrelated to each other.” Justify the
statement.

(4) In which vegetation zone do you live in? Prepare a list of the crops that grow
in your locality as far as possible.

(5) Write a short description of the Tundra and Alpine vegetation of Nepal.

COMMUNITY WORK

(1) In which vegetation zone do you live in? Collect the name of any ten
plants that grow in your locality.

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Lesson Geographical Diversities and
Lifestyles of Nepal
6.5

Nepal is located to the southern parts of the Himalayas. It is amusing with varied
topographical structures. There is variation of the land structures in Nepal. There
are snow-capped mountains in the northern parts. This mountain chain is called
The Himalayas. The land of the hills is not even; it is zigzag, which lies in the
middle of the country. This land is also known as the Hilly region. The plain land
surface of the south is called the Terai. Like this, there are three main topographical
regions in Nepal. It is discussed below:

The Himalayas Region

The Himalayan Region lies to the northern
part of the country. It occupies 15 % of the
total area of the country. The altitude of this
region is varying from 3300m to 8848.86 m
above the sea level. Sherpa, Gurung,

Thakali and Bhote are the major ethnic People in the Himalayan Region
groups of this region. They wear thick
woollen cloths. Docha, Angdi, Pangden,
Shyamu (Hat), Gyaptil or Matil are the
major dresses of the people. The Dhungri,
and Kaou (made by precious stone) are the
ornaments worn by the Sherpa women.

The Himalayan region is ideal for the production of barley, oat, apple and potatoes.
This region is also appropriate for animal husbandry. Somewhere, there are vast
grazing lands in this region. They are called Kharka and Patan in a local term.
Animal husbandry, collecting medicinal herbs and tourism are the major economic
activities of the people. Some people are involved in trade with Tibet.

Diversities of this region

Physical: Covered with mountains, cold climate, Origin of First graded rivers, alpine,
tundra and coniferous plants are found.

Agricultural: Apple, Oats, Potatoes, barley
Religions: Buddhism and Hinduism
Ethnicity: Sherpa, Gurung, Thakali and Bhote
Languages: Sherpa, Thakali, Tamang, Tibetan, Gurung languages
Occupations: Tourism, animal husbandry, trade, collection of medicinal herbs

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Hilly Region

Hilly region lies between mountain and Lifestyle of Hilly Region
Terai regions. This region has a zigzag land
structure. The Hilly region is neither very
cold like the Himalayan region nor hot like
Terai. This region has a moderate climate.
This region occupies 68 % of the total area
of the country. The elevation of this region is
varying from 610m to 3300m above the sea
level. River basins, valleys, higher hills

and lower hills are the major topographical structures of the land. Rais, Limbus,
Tamangs, Newars, Magars, Gurungs, Chhetri, Bramins and Thakuries are the
major ethnicities living in this region. Daura, Suruwal, Dhaka Topi, Hakku, Patasi,
Gunyu, and Choli are the major dresses of the people. Pote, Tilhari, Madwari
(Mundri), Shirful, Bulaki, are the major ornaments of the women.

The land is suitable for the production of fruits and vegetables. Maize, millet,
buckwheat, oilseeds, Paddy and wheat, are the major crops of this region. Paddy
and wheat can produce in the valleys and basins. Agriculture, floriculture, animal
husbandry, horticulture, bee-keeping, collecting medicinal herbs, industry and
trade are the major economic activities of the people. Foreign employment is
considered as another important occupation of the people.

Diversities of this region

Physical: Covered with zigzag land, moderate climate, Origin of second-class rivers,
coniferous and temperate deciduous plants are found.

Agricultural: orange, lime, lemon, maize, peas, millet, buckwheat, vegetables
Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism and Kirat.
Ethnicity: Rais, Limbus, Tamang, Newar, Magar, Gurungs, Chhetri, Brahmins and

Thakuris.
Languages: Rai-Bantawa, Limbu, Tamang, Newari, Kham-Magar, Gurung, Doteli are the

major languages.
Occupations: Agriculture, tourism, animal husbandry, horticulture, floriculture,

bee-keeping,

Terai Region

The Terai Region lies to the southern part Terai Region
of the country. This region has plain land
surface and high fertility of the land. This
region has high productivity of the land. This
region covers 17% of the total area of the
country. The terrine of the land is varying

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from 59 m to 610 m above sea level. Chure, Bhabar and Inner Terai are the major
landforms of this region. The climate of this region is very hot in summer, whereas
winter remains cold. This region has fertile land with high productivity. This region
produces the largest amount of foodstuff for the country. So, this region is known
as the ‘granary of the nation’. People wears light cotton cloths in this region. They
wear, Dhoti, Gamchha, Kurta, Surwal, Kamij and so on. Tharu, Yadav, Rajput,
Teli, Rajbansi, Tajpuria, Dhimal and Muslims are the major ethnic groups of this
region. Maithili, Tharu, Bhojpuri, and Awadhi are the major languages of the
people. Eastern Terai is suitable for the production of paddy, jute, tobacco, nuts
and coconuts. In comparison, western Terai is ideal for the production of wheat and
cotton. Agriculture, trade industry and tourism are the major occupations of the
people. Lumbini, Chitwan national park and Janakpurdham are the major tourist
centres of this region.

Diversities of this region

Physical: Plain land with alluvial soil, hot tropical climate, Origin of third-class rivers,
tropical evergreen and deciduous plants are found

Agricultural: Paddy, jute, sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, pulse, oilseed, mangoes, banana,
pineapple, nuts, coconuts and vegetables.

Religions: Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism
Ethnicity: Tharu, Yadav, Rajput, Teli, Rajbansi, Tajpuria, Dhimal, Mushahar, Santhal,

Muslims and so on.
Languages: Maithili, Tharu, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Rajbansi, Tajpuria and so on.
Occupations: Agriculture, Industry, trade, tourism, animal husbandry, fishery, horticulture,

Poultry, bee-keeping, and so on.

ACTIVITY

(1) Draw an outline map of Nepal and divide it into three main topographical
regions and write a short description about them with reference the following
points: land structure, agricultural production and life style of people.

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EXERCISE

(1) Answer the following questions.

(a) What is the elevation of the Terai Region?
(b) What are the Kharka and Patan?
(c) Name any three ethnic groups that live in your region.
(d) What is the main religion followed by the people in the Himalayan Region?
(e) Name the fruits that grow in the Hilly Region of Nepal.

(2) Write any four features of the geographical region you live in.
(3) Explain the socio-economic activities of the people living in the Himalayan

region.

(4) Terai region of our country is called ‘Granary of Nepal’. Justify this
statement.

(5) Hilly Region of Nepal has high potentiality for the development,
Write your opinion on the basis of the following points: Tourism,
hydroelectricity, and agriculture.

(6) Differentiate between the Himalayan and Terai region in four points.
(7) Write a short description of the socio-cultural activities of the people

living in the various topographical regions.

COMMUNITY WORK

(1) Fill the major information in the given chart related to the geographical
region you live in.

Major Religions Castes Language Crops Fruits

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Lesson Water Resources and
Its Use in Nepal
6.6

Major Water Resources of Nepal

Nepal is considered as one of the richest

country of the globe by the perspective of

water resources. It is said that there are

more than 6000 rivers in Nepal including

perinneal and temporary rivers. Among

them, Koshi, Karnali and Gandaki rivers

have 74 % water storage capacity. Lakes,

glaciers, rivers, and springs are the surface

water available in our country. There is an River in Nepal
enormous resource of underground water

in Nepal. The underground water is used

through wells, tube wells, and water pump. The source of both underground and

surface water is rainwater which is mainly caused by the summer monsoon wind.

Nepal is also divided into three physical regions with reference to its drainage
system. There are three main river networks in Nepal. They are the Koshi,
Gandaki and Karnali regions. Though, River Mahakali concealments to another
drainage system. So, Nepal is divided into Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali regions
with reference to its major drainage system.

Rivers of Nepal are classified into the three main types based on their origin. They
are categorised as follows.

1. First Grade River:

The rivers of Nepal which are originated from the snow-capped mountains are
known as the first-grade rivers. Mainly Saptakoshi, Saptagandaki and Saptakarnali
rivers and their tributaries are known as the first-grade river. They originate from
the Himalayas Mountain. They are the perennial and fast-flowing rivers. They are
utilised to generate hydroelectricity, rafting and drinking water purpose.

2. Second Grade River:

Rivers of Nepal which are originated from the Mahabharat Range are known as the
second-grade rivers. They are also the perinneal rivers. Kankai, Kamala, Bagmati,
Rapti, and Babai are the major rivers which are originated from the Mahabharat
Range. They are also utilised to generate hydroelectricity and drinking water
purpose.

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3. Third Grade River:

The third-grade rivers are originated from the Chure range. They are not perennial
and full off with the water during the rainy season. But they remain dry during
the winter season. Some of them have water in tiny volume even throughout the
year. They flow, particularly in the Terai region. Some of them are utilised for the
irrigation as well.

Use of Water Resources in Nepal

The water resources of Nepal are also utilised for various purposes. Both the
underground and surface water of Nepal are very useful for the various purposes.
Some of the uses of water resources are as follows:

Hydroelectricity:

Nepal is considered as the second richest country in the world to generate
hydroelectricity after Brazil. One of the researches claimed that we could generate
83,000 MW electricity from the water resources. But it is not economically feasible.
Only about 42, 000 electricity is financially feasible. Only 1,020 MW hydroelectricity
has been produced in Nepal after fiscal year 2074/75 BS. The 15th plan aimed to
produce 5000 MW by the end of 2080/81 BS. The Kali-Gandaki ‘A’ (144MW) is
considered as the largest hydropower station of Nepal. But the Upper-Tamakoshi
(456MW) is an important ongoing project which is near about completion.

Irrigation:

Another important use of water is irrigation. Both the surface and underground
water are utilising for the irrigation. Irrigation developed by the surface water is
cheaper than the underground because we need to use extra energy to utilise the
underground water. Chandra Nahar (canal) and Juddha Nahar (canal) were made
during the Rana regime in Manusmara and Triyuga rivers respectively. Besides,
Kankai (8,000 hectors), Koshi (22,000 hectors), Bagmati (50,200 hectors), Gandak
(51,000 hectors), Sikta (36,000 hectors), Babai (13,000 hectors), and Sharada
(6,800 hectors) are the other important irrigation projects of Nepal. There was the
system of Rajkulo (Royal canal) in Kathmandu Valley for the irrigation. Majority
people of the Terai region are using underground water for the irrigation by using
boarding or Swallow Tube well during the dry winter season. The farmers are
getting economic benefits from the irrigation.

Drinking:

People of our country are utilising water for the drinking purpose too. Both
the underground and surface water sources are utilised for the drinking water
purpose. The tap or piped water, tube well, hand pump, covered and uncovered

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well or Kuwa, Spout water and the river or stream water are the major sources of
the drinking water in Nepal.

Other Uses: Rafting

The water resources of Nepal are utilised for
various purpose. They are used in various
sectors. They are used for recreational
purpose such as rafting, boating kayaking
and so on. The water resources of Nepal are
also utilising for the fishing and fishery. The
industrial use, use in hospitals and schools
are the other uses of water resources in Nepal.

Water Associated Disasters and Its Management

The water resources are both boon and curse in Nepal. Though we can utilise the
water resources for the various purpose, it may be harmful to us to some extent.
Heavy rainfall may bring problems like floods, erosion and landslides. It is destroying
our life and property. People are becoming homeless and live in a temporary camp.
They also suffered from various diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, jaundice and
so on. Sometimes, human-made artificial lakes and dam may blast and caused more
casualties in society. So, deforestation and over-exploitation of resources should be
stopped to minimise the effects of water-borne disasters. We should create public
awareness, do afforestation, and make many artificial protective measures at the
bank of rivers by using stone and net. We should develop a temporary camp with
basic sanitation facilities at various parts of the nation to keep disaster victims
safe from the water burned disease.

Prospects of Water Resources

Nepal is rich in water resources. So, the water resources are boon for the development
of our country Nepal. If we can utilise it properly, then we can bring tremendous
changes to our country. The hydroelectricity, irrigation, drinking and using for
the adventurous activities are the major prospects of the water resources. We can
supply it for the financial benefits into the other countries of the globe too. If we
can utilise the water resources of our country; we can develop our country and its
financial and social status.

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ACTIVITIES

(1) What are the tributaries of Saptakoshi, Saptagandaki and Saptakarnali rivers?
Discuss among your friends find out.

(2) Complete the given chart related to the three major types of rivers and
present it in your classroom.

Types of rivers Names of rivers Uses of rivers Prospects of rivers
First class river
Second class river
Third class river

EXERCISE

(1) Write brief answers to the following questions.
(a) What are various ways to utilise water resources in Nepal? Write any four
ways.
(b) Write the measures for preventing water resources from pollution and
getting dry.
(c) "Nepal is rich in water resources." Justify this statement.
(d) Suggest any four measures to prevent water-related disasters.

(2) Write long answers to the following questions.
(a) On the basis of origin and water storage capacity, into how many grades can
we classify the rivers of Nepal? What are the major characteristics of such
rivers? Present with examples.
(b) Explain the importance of water resources in Nepal.
(c) “Although there is a great possibility of hydro power generation in Nepal,
electricity hasn’t been produced as our capacity.” What are the reasons?
Explain.

COMMUNITY WORK

There might be a river, lake, pond, or waterfall in your locality. Write its
condition and importance for your community in a paragraph.

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Lesson

6.7 Map Work

The concept of drawing map was introduced from ancient Greece. A Greek
researcher Anaximander drew a map of the world in the 6th century BC. It was
assumed the earth was cylindrical. The spherical map of the earth was drawn by
another Greek philosopher Eratosthenes.

Later on, the concept of drawing map was introduced by various manners. The
land surface and its details could not be denoted on the paper at the same size. So,
the concept of scale has been developed on the map. The map represents the land
in a proportional ratio. Therefore, the map is the proportional representation of the
earth on paper. The map is also demarcated as the flat picture of the Earth. Any
part of the earth could be represented on the paper by using the various scale. The
scale is very useful to identify the distance between the places.

Maps are very useful to represent the different parts of the earth in various ways.
Physical, political, cadastral, wall map, Atlas map, thematic and toposheet or
Topography map are commonly used in practice. The physical map represents
the land features, rivers, lakes, climate, vegetation, temperature and rainfall of
a particular area. The political map demonstrations the different administrative
units, such as rural municipality, municipality, districts, provinces, countries and
so on. The political map also shows the roadways, railways, ropeways, cities and
other human-made details on the map. The land division is shown in the cadastral
map at the micro-level. The toposheet map shows both the political and physical
features on the map.

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Various signs and symbols are used in the map. Such signs and symbols are
called conventional signs and symbols. These signs and symbols are the universal
languages to read the map. Some of the signs and symbols are mentioned in the
table given below:

Conventional Symbols used in the Map

River District boundary
Lakes , Zonal/Regional boundary
Mountain Peaks , International boundary
Mountain range
Mountain chain Roadway/Highway
Glacier
Waterfall Railway
Dam , Ropeway
Canal
Grassland
Temple Industry
Airport
Cities
Church Settlement areas

Stupa Desert
Mosque
Sea/Ocean
Highlands

Pass Rift valley
Goldmine
NP, WLR (Protected Diamond mine
HR, CA Areas)
Bridge

Basic Requirements of Map

Attractive Title, Scale, North line, Index/Legend, Borderline, and Boundary line

The skill of drawing map is known as cartography. It is a special and practical skill
which we can acquire by the various sources. Following points are required to draw
the perfect and accurate map:

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Drawing Map of Nepal

We can draw a map of Nepal by using various methods. The survey is the best
and accurate method of making a map. Carbon, triangular, tracing, freehand and
graphic methods are the other ways to sketch map. We can draw a map of Nepal by
the easy and comfortable ways in the graphical method.

We should practise drawing the map of Nepal by following the steps given below:

1. Draw a 20 X 12 sq. cm. rectangle.

2. Divide the rectangle into 4 cm, 4 cm, 4 cm and 4 cm vertically and 4 cm, 4 cm
and 4 cm horizontally inside the rectangle as shown in the given graph.

3. Mark in the various extended parts of the map into the various parts as shown
inside the graph.

4. Mark at the different corners of the rectangle, as shown in the picture.

5. Lastly, joint all the parts inside the rectangle, as shown in the graph to draw
the complete map of Nepal.

Drawing Map of Nepal by Using Graphic Methods

There are various methods of drawing a map. Among them, we practise graphic
method to draw the map of Nepal in this lesson. Actually, we can draw map with
the help of the original map in this method. If we practise several times inside the
graphs or boxes as shown below. Then only we can draw it without original map.
We should try to draw nearer to accuracy. We can follow the different steps of
drawing the map as shown in the box below.

Step 1: 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm

Take an original map and draw scale: 1cm = 40km
a graph above the original map.
Then mark the extended parts
of the map in the graph. Draw
a rectangle having 20 cm length
and 12 cm width in your exercise
book. Mark at the interval of 4
cm horizontally and vertically
to draw a graph as shown below.
Mark only a few extended parts
of the map as shown in graph:

Step 2:

Mark some of the extended parts of the map such as; Mt Changla, Mt Mustang,
Mt Everest, Mt Kanchenjunga, Bhimdattanagar, Dhangadi, Nepalgunj, Chitwan,
Birgunj and Jhapa inside the graph. Again, add some more extended parts like

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Mt Ganesh, Mt Langtang and Mt Gaurishankar between Mt Mustang and Mt
Everest and also mark some names like Limpiyadhura, Mt Api, Lumbini, Janakpur,
and Koshi Barrage on the map as shown below:

4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm

scale: 1cm = 40km

Step 3:

Join all parts to complete drawing map of Nepal as shown in graph:
4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm

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Step 4:

Mention north line, international boundary line, boarder line, and scale as shown
below to complete the map work of Nepal. Insert some information by using legend.

N

scale: 1cm = 40km

ACTIVITIES

(1) Draw a map of Nepal by using the methods given above and insert major
rivers, lakes and protected areas of Nepal.

(2) Draw a map of Nepal by using the methods given above and insert
Religious places, hydro-power stations and mountain peaks of Nepal.

(3) Draw a map of Nepal by using the methods given above and insert major
cities, highways and agricultural production of Nepal.

(4) Divide your class at least in three groups and present these details of
the map in separate chart paper and pest in the display board of your
classroom by each group.

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EXERCISE

(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What is the scale?
(b) What do you mean by toposheet map?
(c) What is the physical map?
(d) What do you mean by cadastral map?
(e) What are called the universal language of the map?

(2) Name the diverse methods of drawing map.
(3) Differentiate between physical and political map.
(4) Draw the conventional symbols of the following:
Mountain range, railway line, roadway, ropeway, bridge, glacier, mountain

pass, lake, church, cities and river.
(5) Prepare a list of the basic requirements of the map.
(6) Draw an outline map of Nepal by using the methods given above and insert

the following facts in it.
Mt. Kanchanjungha, River Chameliya, Shivapuri-Nagarjun NP, Chhinnamasta

Temple and coffee producing area.

COMMUNITY WORK

Draw a thematic map of your school area and show river, road, temple,
bridge, trees, settlements and so on and also use the conventional
symbols to show these details. Present this map on the display board of
your classroom.

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Lesson

6.8 Knowledge of Distance

The map is the representation of the land surface in paper with a proportional
ratio. Map shows the accurate details of the land surface on the paper because they
are prepared by doing a survey. We cannot represent the exact distance of the field
in the paper because the size of the paper and the land surface do not match. That
is why we need to reduce the size of the land surface into the paper.

Various scales are used to represent the land surface into the paper. The scale is
the ratio of the actual distance of the land with reference to the size of the paper.
We cannot show the distance of any places on the map without scale. There are
three main types of scale to show the distance on the map.

1. Verbal Scale:

The scale which is verbally presented at the bottom of the map is known as the
verbal scale. It is always presented in 1-units. It means either it should be presented
in 1cm, or 1 inch or 1 mm. For example: 1 cm = 15 km, 1mm = 2 km, 1 inch = 12
km. It means 1 cm = 15 km is explained like this: 1cm on the map represent 15 km
(15,00,000 cm) is the exact distance in the real field.

1 cm =15 km

2. Linear Scale or Graphic Scale:

This type of scale is also mentioned at the bottom of the map. It is expressed in
the Graphic form or linear form. This type of scale is very useful, even though
reducing or enlarging the map while doing xerox (photocopy). The scale of the map
is enlarged or reduced automatically while enlarging or reducing the map. In case
of other types of scale, the scale is useless while the map is reduced or enlarged.

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3. Representative Fraction:

It is another type of scale where the real ratio of the map and paper is presented in
the same unit. This is the ratio of exact distance of land and distance of paper. We
can use the given formula to show in the representative fraction scale:
RF = Distance of paper

Exact distance of the land
1: 15 00 000

There are various scales in use, but their meaning is similar. We can present the
scale in any form. For example: 1cm = 25 km and 1: 25 00 000 are the equal scales.
We can present the same scale in the linear form too.

Measuring Distance in the Map

We can measure the distance between two places on the map by using scale given
at the bottom of the map. Process of calculating distance is mentioned below:

At first, we should indicate the places whose distance should be calculated. Secondly,
we should measure the distance between the places by using a ruler. Thirdly, we
should convert the real distance of the field by the help of the given scale.

ACTIVITIES

(1) Measure the length and width of your classroom by using simple tape or long
ruler and prepare a simple map of your classroom. Also point out the door,
white/blackboard, desks and benches in the map.

EXERCISE

(1) Write very short answers to the following questions:
(a) Define scale.
(b) Which scale is shown in the ratio?
(c) What is a verbal scale?
(d) Draw any one notification of graphic scale.

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(2) Look at the given map of Bhaktapur and calculate the distance between the
given places.

sfz} n6f/ gu/sf6]
u'G8' ;fuF f

(a) Suryabinayak and Changunarayan (b) Nagarkot and Bhaktapur
(c) Sanga and Changunarayan (d) Gundu and Kaushaltar
(3) Find a map with scale from any source and convert the scale into the
verbal, graphic and representative fraction. Demonstration the map in your
classroom.
(4) Convert the following verbal scale into the Representative Fraction and RF
into the verbal.
a) 1: 12 50 000 b) 1: 20 00 000
c) 1cm = 45 km d) 1cm =2 km

COMMUNITY WORK

Draw a simple map showing the way from your house to school and also
incorporate the details on the way; such as road, bridge, trees, houses, tape,
electric pole and so on. (We don’t need to use any scale).

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Lesson

6.9 Asia: Physical Features

The majority part of Asia lies to the northern hemisphere of the Earth. It is the
largest continent in the world. Asia is extended between 10°S to 80°N latitudes.
It is also extended from 25°E to 180°E longitudes. There is the Pacific Ocean in
its east. The Red Sea and Suez Canal separate it from Africa in its south-west.
Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains separate it
from Europe in the west. The Arctic Ocean lies to the north. There is the Indian
Ocean in its south. There are altogether 48 countries in Asia. The east-west length
of Asia is 11,000 kilometres, and North-south width is 8500 kilometres. Asia has
the highest population in the world.

The largest country of the world, Russia; the most populated country of the world,
China; largest lake of the world, the Caspian Sea; the deepest lake of the world;
Baikal, the highest mountain peak of the world; Mt. Everest; the highest plateau
of the world, Tibetan Plateau; the deepest and largest ocean of the world; Pacific
Ocean; the wettest place of the world, Cherapunji; the hottest place of the world,
Jacobabad of Pakistan; and the lowest place of the world, Dead Sea lie in this
continent. So, this continent is known as the ‘Continent of Contrast’.

The Himalayas, Karakorum, Hindu-Kush, Ural, Altai, Kunlun, Tian Shan,
Caucasus and Pamir are the major mountain ranges of Asia. The Plateau of Pamir
is also known as the knot of Pamir from where The Himalayan and Karakorum
originates. The Yangtze, Yellow River (Hwang He), Mekong, rivers of China, Lena,
Yenisei and Ob rivers of Russia, Ganga and Brahmaputra are rivers of India, Indus
river of Pakistan. Euphrates and Tigris rivers of Iran and Iraq are the major rivers
of Asia. Among them, Yangtze is the longest and largest river in Asia.

Land Features

Asia is divided into six main physical features. They are The Northern Plains,
Central Mountains and Plateaus, Southern
plateaus, South-East Islands, The Grate
River Valleys and The Western Desert
Region.

(1) The Northern Plains Forest in Siberia

This region represents the Siberia of Russia.
It is covered with huge coniferous forest
called Taiga. It is very cold during the winter

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season. The temperature decreased up to –30° C in a severely cold winter. The Lena
and Ob rivers of Russia flow towards the Arctic Ocean through Northern Plains.

(2) Central Mountains and Plateaus Tibetan Plateau

This region covers major mountains and
plateaus of Asia. The Himalayas, Karakorum,
Hindu Kush, Altai, Kunlun, Tian Shan and
the Caucasus Mountains lie in this region.
Pamir and Tibetan Plateaus also lie in this
region. The Tibetan Plateau is the highest
plateau of the world lies in this region which
is called ‘Roof of the World. This region has
cold mountain climate. The Gobi deserts;
which is known as the temperate desert, also
lies in this region.

(3) Southern Plateaus

There are some plateaus in the southern

parts of Asia. It lies to the south of the Central

mountains belt. The Deccan Plateau of India,

Arabian Plateau of Saudi Arabia, Shan and

Yunnan Plateau of South-east China are the

major plateaus of southern parts of Asia. The

Deccan plateau of India is sloppy towards Deccan Plateau
Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal from the

central parts of India. Godavari, Krishna,

Mahananda and Kaveri are the major rivers of this region. Yunnan Plateau of

China is steep westwards and drained by Mekong, Salween and Si Kiang rivers.

Shan Plateau lies in the eastern Manmar. But the Arabian Plateau of Saudi Arabia

is covered with the Arabian Desert. It is almost dry.

(4) South-East Islands Islands in Philippines

There are more than twenty thousand
islands in the south-east parts of Asia.
Indonesia alone has more than 13,500
islands. Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore
Papua New Guinea, Philippines lies in this
region. Majority parts of this region lie in the
equatorial region. So, this region has a hot
and wet climate throughout the year. But the
climate of Japan, Hongkong and Taiwan has
a temperate climate.

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(5) The Grate River Valleys

There are many plains made by the depositional

work of rivers in the various parts of Asia.

The alluvial plains made by the Ganga and

Brahmaputra rivers of India, the plains made

by the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in the eastern

parts of China, Southern plains of Pakistan

made by the Sutlej and Indus rivers, the valley Yangtze river

made by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers of Iran

and Iraq are the major plains of the Asia Continent. These valleys and plains are

very fertile lands because of the alluvial soil deposited by the rivers.

(6) The Western Desert Region Thar desert

This part of Asia is almost covered with tropical
deserts. It is also known as the middle-east region,
globally. This region has an extremely hot climate
and not ideal for agriculture. It receives very few
precipitations after a long time interval. But this
region is rich in minerals and petroleum products.

Climate

Asia is extended from the equatorial to the polar region of the globe. So, there is
variation in the climatic conditions of Asia. The southern part of Asia has a tropical
climate; central parts experience moderate climate because it lies to the temperate
climatic zone and northern parts have cold polar climate. There is a temperate
grassland climate in the western part of Asia, which is called Steppes. Singapore,
Malaysia, and Indonesia experience an equatorial climate, which is hot and wet
throughout the year. South-west of Asia has a desert climate, which is hot and
dry throughout the year. South-east Asia has a tropical Monsoon climate, whereas
East Asia experiences temperate monsoon type of climate. Central Asia has a cold
and dry climate. The northern part of Asia has an extremely cold environment.

Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

There is variation in the natural vegetation of Asia because it is extended from the
tropical to the polar region. Cactus types of plant grow in the western desert region
of Asia. Some palm trees also grow in the desert region of Asia. The coniferous
types of plants grow in the northern Siberia of Asia, this region having coniferous
forest is called Taiga. Deciduous plants grow in the temperate monsoon climatic
region. The equatorial region has a tropical rain forest. Panda, Bengal Tiger,
Asiatic Elephants, snow leopards, Komodo dragon, Fattail Scorpion, crocodiles,
rhinoceros, sharks and so on are the major animals found in various parts of Asia.

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ACTIVITIES

(1) What do you mean by 'Archipelago of Asia?'
(2) Consult a map of Asia and locate the major mountain ranges, plateaus, and fertile

plains of the continent.

EXERCISE

(1) Write very short answers to the following questions:
(a) What separates Africa from Asia.
(b) Name the Coniferous forest lies in the Siberia of Asia.
(c) Which plateau is known as ‘roof of the world’?
(d) Which is the longest river in Asia?
(e) Name any 5 Mountain ranges of Asia.
(f) Prepare a list of any two countries located in each climate zones of Asia.

(2) Divide Asia into different geographical regions and write a short description
of one of them.

(3) Describe the climatic conditions of Asia in a paragraph.
(4) What types of vegetation and wildlife are found in Asia? Write in short.
(5) Draw an outline of map of Asia and insert the following facts in it:
River Lena, Arabian Sea, Pacific Ocean, Hindu-Kush Mountain, Siberia, Ural

Mountains, Suez Canal, Mt K2, Shanghai and Singapore.
(6) Draw another map of Asia and insert the following facts in it:
River Tigris, Arctic Ocean, Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal, Indonesia, Pamir

Mountains, Tokyo and Manila.

COMMUNITY WORK

Meet the people of your locality or your relatives who have visited any
country such as, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, Qatar, Saudi Arab, UAE or any
other Asian country. Ask with her/him about the physical conditions of these
countries and share with your friends in the class.

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Lesson

6.10 Asia: Socio-economic Life

Asia is a continent full of with various diversities. There are various cultural,
religious, and lingual diversities. People are obtaining various occupations to
earn their livelihood. Some regions of Asia are highly developed, whereas some
are backward in terms of the development of various infrastructures such as;
transportation, communication, health, education, industry, trade and tourism.
The HDI, GDI and PCI are very high in the countries of east and south-east of
Asia. But these indicators are very low in South Asian countries like Nepal, India,
Bangladesh, and Pakistan. There is social harmony among the various ethnical
groups of people living within this continent.

Many ancient civilisations such as Indus Valley civilisation, Hwang Ho valley
Civilisation, Mesopotamian Civilisations were developed in Asia. We can see
tremendous progress in the field of science and technologies in various parts of
Asia. Many industries, agriculture, trade and tourism are highly developed in
some part of Asia. But some parts remained backwards in such a sector.

Languages Spoken in Asia

People of Asia are speaking various languages. It is said that the people of Asia
are speaking 2300 different languages as their mother tongue. Chinese (Mandarin/
Cantonese), Hindi, Urdu, Arabian, Malay (Malaysian), Bahasa (Indonesian)
English, Nepali, Thai, Khmer (Cambodian), Vietnamese, are the major languages
spoken in the various parts of Asia. More than 1 billion people in Asia speak
Chinese. Hindi, Bengali, Russian, Arabic, English and Indonesian are the most
spoken languages of Asia.

Religions Followed in Asia

People of Asia also follow various religions. Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism are
the major religions followed by the people of Asia. Sikhism, Jainism, Confucianism,
Taoism, Shintoism, and Christianity are other important religions, followed by the
people of Asia.

Economic Activities of Asian People

People of Asia are obtaining various occupations to earn their livelihood. Industries,
trade, tourism, agriculture, animal husbandry and so on are carried out to earn the
livelihood of the people. People of the coastal areas of Asia are also involved in the
fishery.

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Agriculture

Agriculture is the major occupation of the people of Asia. Both the traditional and
modern agriculture are in practice. Modern machinery tools are also using for the
plantation and harvesting the croups in some parts of Asia. Rice is produced in
China, India, Japan, Thailand, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Myanmar. India, China,
Pakistan, Russia produce wheat. Millet is produced in India, Iran and Iraq. India
and Pakistan produce pulses. China, India and Pakistan produce cotton. The
robber is produced in Malaysia and Indonesia. Sugar, tea, oilseeds other important
crops are produced in Asia.

Industries and Minerals

Petroleum, copper, lead, tin, coal, iron, manganese, tungsten, zinc, aluminium,
gold, silver, mica and precious stone are the major minerals found in Asia. It has the
largest deposits of petroleum and gas in the world. Petroleum is mainly producing
at middle-east of Asia. The Persian Gulf, Myanmar, Sumatra, Mesopotamian
Plateau and the Iranian plateau have massive storage of petroleum and gas. It
means Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arab, Oman, Iran, Iraq and Russia are the major
countries producing petroleum. The coal is another important mineral of Asia, it
is found in Siberia of Russia, China, India, Japan, Indonesia and South Korea.
Uranium is mainly found in Kyrgyzstan, China and India. It is believed that there
is a huge amount of Uranium is found in Mustang of Nepal. Iron is producing from
China, India, Russia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Taiwan, Philippines, North Korea and
South Korea.

Various industries are developed in different parts of Asia. Automotive, electronics
and textile industries are the major manufacturing industries of Asia. Besides,
many industries such as cotton and textile, sugar, tea, rubber, jute, rice, silk and
so on are the major agro-based industries of Asia.

Animal Husbandry

It is believed that animal husbandry is beginning from about 13 000 BC. It is
believed that the animal husbandry is practised from that period in Asia too. The
very primitive way is practising it in the south and south-east Asia region. But
modern agricultural tools are used in Asian countries currently. Cattle, pig, buffalo,
goat, sheep, horse and poultry are commonly rearing by both the traditional and
modern ways in Asian countries. People are using modern machinery tools in animal
husbandry. The machines are used to collect and prepare food for the animals, to
milked animals, and for the processing of animal products. The Steppes grassland
located to the western part of Asia is very ideal for the animal husbandry.

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Tourism

Tourism industry is highly flourished in some of the Asian countries. The Great
Wall of China, Disney land and Victoria Peak of Hongkong, Bangkok, Chiang
Mai, Buddha temple and Pattaya of Thailand are the famous places to visit Asia.
Mesopotamia, Macca and Madinah of Saudi Arab, Colombia, Singapore, Vietnam,
Bali of Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Japan, Korea, India, Shree Lanka and
Nepal are the other important destinations for the tourist in Asia.

Rank Destination of Tourists No of International Tourist Arrivals, 2018
1 China 62.9 million
2 Thailand 38.3 million
3 Japan 31.2 million
4 Hong Kong 29.3 million
5 Malaysia 25.8 million
6 Macau 18.5 million
7 India 17.4 million
8 Vietnam 15.5 million
9 South Korea 15.3 million
10 Singapore 14.7 million

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings

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ACTIVITY

(1) Draw a map of Asia and collect some pictures showing major economic
activities of the people of various physical regions of Asia and present it in a
chart paper.

EXERCISE

(1) Write very short answers to the following questions:
(a) Write the name of the Asian country, visiting the largest number of tourists.
(b) Name the major religions followed by the people of Asia.
(c) Name any five major languages spoken in Asia.
(d) Which region of Asia is ideal for rubber production?
(e) Which region of Asia is famous for the petroleum production?
(f) Prepare a list of five most visited Asian countries by the tourists.

(2) Explain the financial conditions of Asian people.
(3) Introduce the distribution of minerals in Asia.
(4) Prepare a list of the major economic activities of the people of Asia and

write a short note about tourism in Asia.
(5) Explain the lifestyle of the people living in the East Asia Region.

COMMUNITY WORK

Find the following information of Nepal and any other Asian country rather
than Nepal and compare it by making a column.
HDI, GDI, PCI, Life Expectancy, Literacy Rate and Happiness Index.

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Physical Map of Asia

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Political Map of Asia

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Outline Map of Asia

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Lesson Europe: Geographical and
Natural Environment
6.11

Europe lies to the northern hemisphere of the Earth. It is the sixth-largest
continent of the world after Asia, Africa, N America, S America and Antarctica. It
is extended between 35° N to 72° N latitudes. It is also extended from 25° W to 65°
E longitudes. The Atlantic Ocean lies in its west. There is the Arctic Ocean in the
north, and the Mediterranean Sea separates it from Africa to the south. Whereas,
Ural Mountains, Caspian Sea and Black sea separate it from Asia in the east.
There are altogether 44 countries in Europe. The east-west length of Europe is
6400 kilometres, and North-south width is 4800 kilometres. According to the world
demography data published by the UNDP, the population of Europe is 746,419,440
in 2019 AD. The density of population is 72.9 per square kilometre.

Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark lie in the Scandinavia. The United
Kingdom and Ireland lie in the British Isles. France, Belgium, the Netherlands,
Luxembourg, and Monaco lies in the West of Europe. Portugal, Spain, Andorra,
Italy, Malta, San Marino, and Vatican City are the countries of southern Europe.

Russia lies in the north-east of Europe. Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Turkey lies in
south-east Europe.

Europe is called ‘peninsulas of peninsula’ because this continent is surrounded
by sea and oceans from its three sides. There are many inland surrounded by the
water bodies from its three sides. North Sea, Baltic Sea and the Barents Sea lie
to the north. The Mediterranean Sea lies in the southern parts, whereas, Black
Sea, Caspian Sea lies to the east. This continent has extended coastal area. The
major rivers of Europe are Danube, Vistula, Rhine, Rhone, Dnieper, Loire, Seine,
Oder, Elbe, Ural, Themes and so on. The Volga of Russia is the longest river of this
continent. Its length is 3530 kilometre-long. The source of Volga river is Valdai hill,
and the mouth of this river is the Caspian Sea. It means it is originated from the
Valdai Hills and end to the Caspian Sea. Internal parts of the sea and rivers are
much utilised for the navigation.

Land Features

Europe is divided into three main physical features. They are Northern Highland,
Central Plain and Southern Mountains.

(1) Northern highlands (Scandinavia)

There is a highland in the northern parts of the continent, which is known as

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Scandinavian Highland. This is the largest Scandinavia Highland
peninsula of Europe, which is surrounded
by water from its three sides. Norway,
Finland, Denmark and Sweden lie in this
highland. Iceland is also considered as a part
of Scandinavia. Finland is known as “the land
of thousand lakes”. 187, 888 lakes are counted
and said that Finland has one lake for every 26
people. This highland is cover with the large
coniferous forest. This forest is a part of Taiga,
which is extended from Canada to the Siberia of
Russia.

(2) Central European plains: Volga river

Central lowland lies between them, which has
fertile lands. It is ideal for the production of
wheat and animal husbandry. The longest river
of Europe; the Volga, flowing through this low
lands. Northern Poland, Germany, Denmark,
Russia, are the major countries lies in this
region. There was the mixed forest in this region
which has been cleared.

(3) Southern Mountains: Alps mountain

Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus mountains
lie to the southern parts of this continent.
The Alps stretches across France, Italy,
Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland, and
Liechtenstein. The Pyrenees mountains lie in
the south-west of Europe. It is situated between
France and Spain. Mt. Elbrus (5642m.) is the
highest summit of this continent. It is situated
in the Caucasus Mountains and lies in Russia.

Climate

Most of the parts of Europe has moderate climate because it lies to the temperate
climatic zone. Southern Europe experience Mediterranean types of climate. It is
suitable for the production of Citrus fruits such as lemon, orange, lime, graphs and
so on. The central and eastern part of Europe has a temperate grassland climate,
which is called Steppes. The western part of Europe has an oceanic climate. The
western parts of Europe receive rainfall throughout the year-round. Northern
parts experience cold polar climate. The majority parts of Europe experiences a

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mild climate. The pleasant climate of the continent made its people hard-working
and laborious.

Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

The climatic conditions of the place highly influence the natural vegetation of
Europe. Some shrubs and bushes are found in the southern parts of the continent.
This part is suitable for the production of citrus types of fruits. Central and
eastern parts are covered by the extensive grassland which is known as Steppes.
The northern part is covered with the largely coniferous forest, which is known
as Taiga. Western parts of the continent have the deciduous type of plants, which
have colourful. The Alps and Pyrenees mountainous region have coniferous types
of vegetation.

The Eurasian wolf, badger, viper, boar, lynx, bison, brown bear, red deer, reindeer,
green lizard, are the primary animals found in the various parts of Europe.

ACTIVITY

(1) Draw a map of Europe on a chart paper by using graphic method and insert
the following facts in it to paste the chart paper on the display board of your
classroom.

(a) Any ten rivers (b) Any five sea
(c) Any ten countries (d) Any three mountain ranges
(e) Any ten cities

EXERCISE

(1) Write very short answers to the following questions:
(a) What separates Africa from Europe.
(b) Name the temperate grassland of Europe and Asia.
(c) Where does Scandinavia lie?
(d) Which is the length of the longest river of Europe?
(e) Name the highest summit of Europe.
(f) Which region of Europe receives rainfall throughout the year?

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(2) Divide Europe into different geographical regions and explain one of them
in brief.

(3) Introduce the climatic conditions of Europe and explain one of them in short.
(4) What types of vegetation and wildlife are found in Europe? Write in a

paragraph.
(5) Draw a map of Europe and insert the following facts in it:
River Volga, Mediterranean Sea, Barents Sea, Alps Mountain, Scandinavia,

Ural Mountains, Strait of Gibraltar, Mt Elbrus, London and Vatican City.
(6) Draw another map of Europe and insert the following facts in it:
River Danube, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, Caucasus Mountain, Iceland, Pyrenees

Mountains, Paris and Berlin.

COMMUNITY WORK

Meet the people of your locality or your relatives who have visited Europe.
Ask with her or him about the physical condition of European countries and
share it with your friends in the class.

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Lesson

6.12 Europe: Socio-economic Life

Europe is one of the most developed continents of the world. All the social indicators
of this continent, such as HDI, GDI, and PCI, are very high. Different kinds of
infrastructures like transportation, communication, health, education, industry,
trade, and tourism are highly developed. There is social harmony among the people
living within this continent. There is religious tolerance among the people following
different religions. The sciences and technologies are highly developed.

People of this continent have made tremendous progress in the field of science and
technologies after the Renaissance. Many scientists like Albert Einstein, Picasso,
Gems Watt, Sir Isaac Newton were born. Great artists Leonardo da Vinci and
Shakespeare were also born. Many navigators explore various places of the world.
Christopher Columbus reached America, Vasco de Gama found India, Marco
Polo reached China, and James Cook discovered Australia. Many industries
were developed during the industrialization of Europe. The Europeans explored
various parts of the Globe and migrated towards the newly found lands and settled
over there. They are very creative and dynamic because of the pleasant climatic
conditions of this region. There are peace and prosperity in society. Law and orders
are highly maintained.

Languages Spoken in Europe

People in Europe speak various languages. Russian, German, French, English,
Turkish, Italian, Spanish, Ukrainian, Polish, and Dutch are the major languages
spoken in the various parts of Europe. Five languages of Europe; French, Italian,
German, English, and Russian, are spoken by more than 50 million native speakers.

Religions Followed by the Europeans

European people follow various religions. There are 44.5 % Catholic, 10.2 % are
Orthodox, 9.9 % are Protestant, 5.0 % are other Christians, 9.3 % are Atheist,

2.1 % are Muslims and 0.6 % are Buddhists. But 17.00 % of people in Europe are
agnostic. They do not follow any religion.

Economic Activities of the European People

People of Europe are following various occupations to earn their livelihood.
They have developed advanced tools in the industry, trade, tourism, agronomy,
agriculture, and so on. People of the coastal areas are involved in catching fishes.

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Agriculture

Agriculture is an economic activity of the people in Europe. European people
developed various tools to carry out the agricultural activities. They are using
heavy machinery tools for the plantation and harvesting the croups. Modern
chemical and organic fertilizers are used to increase the productivity of the lands.
Developed seeds lead to the high productivity of the land. The central lowland is
ideal for wheat production. The Mediterranean region is ideal for producing citrus
fruits like grapes, lemons, and oranges, so it is called ‘Garden of the World’.

Industries and Minerals

The industries are developed in Europe after the age of industrialization. Petroleum
is producing in the north west of Europe. Iron is producing in the central and
eastern parts of the continent. The countries of the European Union producing
chromium, copper, lead, silver, and zinc. But they import the metallic ores for
their industries. Aeronautics, automotive, biotechnology, chemicals, construction,
cosmetics, electrical, electronic engineering, and defence industries are the major
industries of the European countries.

Animal Husbandry

Animal Husbandry is an important economic Alps mountain
activity of the people of Europe. They are using
machinery tools for various purposes in animal
husbandry. They use the machine to collect and
prepare food for the animals, milk animals,
the processing of animal products. Many parts
of Europe are utilised for animal husbandry.
The Steppes grassland is also ideal for animal
husbandry.

Tourism

The tourism industry is positively flourished in

European countries. France is the world’s most

visited country by tourists. 86.9 million visitors

visited France in 2017 AD. The Versailles

palace, Eiffel tower, museum, the Castle of

Chambord, and the Notre-Dame Cathedral are

some of France’s most famous places to visit.

Likewise, Spain (81.8 million visitors), Italy

(58.3 million visitors), United Kingdom (37.7 Eiffel Tower

million visitors), Turkey (37.6 million visitors),

Germany (37.5 million visitors), Austria (29.5 million visitors), Greece (27.2 million

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visitors), Russia (24.4 million visitors) and Portugal (21.2 million visitors) are the
major tourist destinations of Europe. The European countries are earning billions
of dollars from tourism every year.

ACTIVITY

(1) Draw a map of Europe and write major economic activities of each physical
region of Europe and present it in a chart paper.

.

EXERCISE

(1) Write concise answers to the following questions:
(a) How is the financial condition of the people of Europe?
(b) Name the major religions followed by the people of Europe.
(c) Name any five languages speaking in Europe.
(d) Name any two types of industries in Europe.
(e) Which region of Europe is ideal the animal husbandry?
(f) Which is the world’s most visited country by tourists?

(2) Shed light on the financial conditions of the people of Europe.

(3) Introduce the industrial development of Europe in brief.

(4) Prepare a list of the significant economic activities of the people of Europe.
What kind of agriculture and animal husbandry is practised in Europe? Write
in short.

(5) The tourism industry is highly growing in Europe. Critically evaluate the
reasons for flourishing tourism in Europe in five points.

PROJECT WORK

Find the following information of a European country and compare that
information with your province and also explain it in a paragraph.

HDI, GDI, PCI, Life Expectancy, Literacy Rate, and Happiness Index.

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Physical Map of Europe

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Political Map of Europe

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Outline Map of Europe

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Lesson

6.13 Australia: Geographical and Natural
Environment

Australia is the smallest continent in the world. This continent entirely lies to the
southern and eastern hemispheres of the Globe. It is located between 10° South
and 40° South latitudes. It is extended between 114° East to 154° East longitudes.
Australia covers its mainland. Besides, New Zeeland is another crucial country
on this continent. It lies about 1800 kilometre away from the mainland of this
continent.

Australia is the sixth-largest country in the world. Its official name is Commonwealth
of Australia. It occupied 89,45,000 Square Kilometre area. Which is divided into
the eight provinces. They are Western Territory, Northern Territory, Queensland,
New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Capital Territory and Tasmania. The
capital city Canberra lies in the capital Territory. Sydney is the largest city of
Australia by its population. Brisbane, Adelaide, Melbourne, Perth, Gold Coast,
New Castle, Wollongong, Logan City, Geelong, Hobart are the other important
cities of this country.

Physical Divisions

There are diverse topographical structures in Australia. Majority parts of Australia
are covered with plateau. There are mountains, plains, rivers and lakes in the
various parts of the continent. The grasslands and the deserts cover significant
parts of the continent. The mainland of Australia is divided into three central
geographical regions.

(1) The Eastern Mountain

The Eastern Mountain lies in the eastern parts Mt. Kosciusko
of the continent. It is parallel to the eastern
coast of Australia. There is a mountain range
extended from north to south. This mountain
chain is known as The Great Dividing Range.
It is not such a high mountain range like
the Himalayas. Mt. Kosciusko (2228m) is
the highest summit of this continent. This
mountain peak lies to the south-east of the
continent. The north-east coast of Australia
has a long ridge-like feature which is known
as ‘Great Barrier Reef’.

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(2) The Central Lowlands

The central lowland of Australia lies between

The Great Dividing Range and The Western

Plateau. This central lowland lies on the bank

of Murry-Darling River which is the longest

river of the continent. The average alleviation

of the central low land is 150 metres above the

sea level. This central low land is also extending

around the Lake Eyre area. This land has Murry-Darling river

fertile land, which is producing a large amount

of foodstuff for the people of Australia. The central lowlands receive scanty rainfall

and remain dry throughout the year. The wells are dug deep into the earth to

supply water. The water from these wells flows continuously to irrigate the land.

(3) Western Deserts Ayres rock

This region lies to the western parts of the
continent. There is a vast plateau in the western
parts of the continent. This region is almost
dry because it is covered with the deserts. This
region is also known as The Great Australian
Sandy desert. The desert region remains almost
hot and dry throughout the year. The most
massive rock of the world- Ayres Rock also lies
in this region.

Climate

Australia experiences a various type of climate. The western parts of the continent
experience scorching and dry climate. The south and south-west of the continent
have Mediterranean types of climate. This region experiences rainfall in the
winter and remains hot and dry during summer. The climate around the Gulf of
Carpentaria experience monsoon types of climate, which is hot and wet in summer
and cold and dry in winter. The eastern parts of the continent receive enough
rainfall due to the effects of the trade winds.

Vegetation and Wildlife

The north-eastern parts of Australia experience Kangaroo in Australia
equatorial climate. So, it has tropical evergreen
vegetation. The southern parts of Australia
have temperate vegetation, eucalyptus trees
are found in this region. The northern parts
of Australia have a tropical grassland type
of Savannah vegetation. Southern parts of
Australia have Temperate grassland types of

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vegetation. The western part of Australia has a cactus type of vegetation, which
are thorny. Kangaroo, Tasmanian tiger, dingo, platypus, kookaburra, wombat,
numbat, short-beaked Echidna, Tasmanian devil, salt- water crocodile, Fitzroy
river turtle are the significant animals of this continent. Kangaroo is considered as
the national animal of Australia.

ACTIVITY

(1) Draw a map of Australia and insert the following facts in it and paste it on the
display board of your classroom.

(a) Two rivers/grasslands/deserts
(b) Mountains/highlands/ Mt. Kosciusko
(c) Gulf/Sea/Bay/ lakes/Ocean
(d) Major Cities

EXERCISE

(1) Write very short answers to the following questions:
(a) Which is the highest summit of Australia?
(b) Which parts of Australia experience a Mediterranean type of climate?
(c) Write the name of any five animals found in Australia.
(d) Name the three physical regions of Australia.
(e) Which parts of Australia experience Monsoon types of climate?

(2) Write the names of eight provinces of Australia.

(3) Give a short introduction to the physical features of Australia.

(4) What kind of vegetation and wildlife are found in Australia? Write in short.

(5) Describe the climatic conditions of Australia in short.

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Lesson

6.14 Australia: Socio-economic Life

(

Australian were derived from the European Caucasians, who were migrated from
the United Kingdom. Some of the aborigines are living in very less number. They
have been living there since many years.

Nowadays, Australia is emerging as a new destination for the people of the world.
People from the various countries of the world are migrating towards Australia
to reside permanently. Migration profile published by the government of Nepal
claimed that 54 thousand 463 Nepalese are living in Australia in 2019 AD.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2019, claimed that 30 % of Australian citizens were
born outside the country. Majority of people are migrating from England, South
Africa, New Zeeland, China, and India.

Australia is a highly developed country in the world. The indicators such as the
Human Development Index, Gender-related Development Index and Per Capita
Income are very high-level development. Different kinds of infrastructures, such
as transportation, communication, health, education, industry, trade and tourism,
are highly developed. The science and technologies are highly developed. There are
peace and prosperity in society. Law and orders are highly maintained in society.

Religions

There are various religions followed by the people of Australia. 30.1 % of people of
Australia do not follow any religion in Australia. 22.6 % people are Catholic, 13.3%
Anglican, 3.7% Uniting Church, 2.6 % are other Christians, 2.6% are Muslims,
1.4 % are Buddhists and 1.9% people follow Hinduism.

Languages

English is the major language of Australia. About 73% of people of Australia speak
English only. Few people speak Mandarin, Arabic, Cantonese, Vietnamese, Italian,
Greek, Filipino, Hindi and so on.

Economic Activities in Australia

Tourism

Australia is one of the major destinations of the tourists of the Globe. The Great
Barrier Reef of Queensland, Opera house, Bondi Beach and Harbour Bridge of
Sydney, Uluru Rock of Central Australia, Great Ocean Road of Victoria, Fraser

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Island of Queensland, Kakadu National Park of Darwin, Daintree Rainforest of
Queensland and Cradle mountain of Tasmania are the major destinations of the
tourists in Australia.

Agriculture

Australia is producing and exporting the largest number of agricultural products.
People are using modern tools and equipment in agriculture. Australia earns 12 %
of its GDP from agriculture. Agriculture sector earns about 155 Billion US dollar
in 2015 AD, including fishing and forest product. Maize, rice, oilseeds, tobacco,
peas, sugarcane, cotton, grapes, fruits and vegetables are the major agricultural
products of this continent.

Animal Husbandry

Australia is famous for its sheep and cattle Sheep rearing in Australia
rearing and fishing. Animal husbandry covers
the largest area of agriculture. Wool, meat
and milk are the major products from the
animal husbandry. They use machines for
feed processing, transportation, and feeding
animals. They are using machines for the
processing of wool, meat, hide and other dairy
products.

Mining and Industry

Australia is rich in minerals. This continent
is one of the leading producers of aluminium,
iron ore, gold, lithium, lead, diamond, uranium
and zinc. Australia has vast storage of Zircon,
rutile and ilmenite. This continent is supplying
the largest amount of minerals into the various
parts of the Globe.

The industries are highly developed in Australia. Kalgoorlie Gold Mine
The financial, business consulting, healthcare,
metals and mining, energy and utilities are the
important industries of Australia.

ACTIVITY

(1) Draw a map of Australia in a chart paper and collect the pictures showing
major economic activities of the people of each physical region and present
it in a chart paper.

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EXERCISE

(1) Write very short answers to the following questions:
(a) How is the financial condition of the people of Australia?
(b) What are the major religions followed by the people of Australia?
(c) Name the five major languages spoken in Australia.
(d) Name national animal of Australia.
(e) Name any five destinations of the tourists in Australia.
(f) Which is the largest city in Australia?

(2) Explain about the religions and languages spoken in Australia.
(3) Introduce the agricultural conditions of the people of Australia in brief.
(4) Prepare a list of the major economic activities of the people of Australia.

Explain about the tourism of Australia in short.
(5) Australia is rich in minerals. Justify the statement.

COMMUNITY WORK

Find the following information on Australia and compare the information with
your province and explain in a paragraph.
HDI, GDI, PCI, Life Expectancy, Literacy Rate and Happiness Index.

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