Physical Map of Australia
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Political Map of Australia
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Outline Map of Australia
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Lesson Asia, Europe, Australia and
6.15 Nepal
Nepal is an Asian country. It has good relations with other countries in the
world. Nepal has historical relations with some of the Asian and European
countries. Nowadays, it has a very friendly relation with Australia too. Some of
the topographical structures, climate, vegetation and wildlife of these continents
are similar to Nepal. Nepal has also established diplomatic relations with these
countries.
Nepal’s Relation with Other Asian countries
Many Nepalese students and worker are visiting other Asian countries for various
purpose. Nepal has historical and cultural relations with these countries. Nepal
lies at the lap of the Himalayan mountains. Likewise, Afghanistan, Pakistan,
India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam have similar land structures like
Nepal. The plain land surface of Terai Region is similar to the plains made by the
Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, Sutlej and Hwang Ho rivers. Nepal has cultural and
religious relations with other Asian countries.
Majority people of Nepal are following Hinduism. It is also following in the
various countries of Asia such as India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Colombia and so
on. Buddhism is followed in the various Asian countries such as China, Thailand,
Vietnam, Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, India and so on; which is originated
from Nepal. Many Nepalese are following Islam. So, we have cultural relations
with many Muslim countries of the world such as Saudi Arab, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Bangladesh, Pakistan and so on.
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Nowadays, many Nepalese people are working in Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Oman, Japan, South Korea, India. They earn enormous amount of remittance
for the country. Nepal has trade relations with many Asian countries. We are
importing garments, electronic tools, machinery tools from china. We are importing
foodstuffs, petroleum, machinery tools and many more from India.
Nepal’s Relation with Europe
Nepal has similar physical structures
with some of the European countries. The
Alps Mountains of Europe is similar to the
Himalayan Mountains of Nepal. The climate
of Europe is also similar to the hilly region of
Nepal. Some of the vegetation and wildlife are
also similar to Nepal.
Nepal has historical relations with some of the European countries. Nepal
established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom in 1816 AD. Nepal
also established friendly relations with the United Kingdom in 1923 AD. It has
established diplomatic relations with France in 1949 AD. Many European countries
are providing financial supports for the development of Nepal. UK, Germany,
France, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Italy, Switzerland and Russia of Europe, are
the major donor countries of Nepal. They are providing financial assistance for
the development of Nepal. They are also providing scholarship for the Nepalese
students in various field. Germany is importing largest amount of carpet and
Pashmina from Nepal. Italy imports hide from Nepal. Nepal is also importing cars,
machinery tools, medicine, wine, perfume and so on from the European countries.
Nepal’s Relation with Australia
Nepal and Australia have
similar physical structures in
some places. The Great Dividing
Range of Australia is similar to
the Himalayan Mountain Range
of Nepal. The northern parts of
Australia; around the Gulf of
Carpentaria is also experiencing the
tropical Monsoon types of climate
like Nepal. The southern parts of Australia experience temperate type of climate
which is similar to the hilly region of Nepal.
Nepal has not a long historical relation with Nepal. The diplomatic relation of
Nepal has been established with Australia in 1960 AD. An Australian office of
Counsellor has been established in Kathmandu in 1984 AD to develop good
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relations with Nepal. It is recorded that; 94,470 Nepalese are staying in Australia
by the end of 2018 AD, which is the 0.4 % of the total population of Australia.
Australia is providing the scholarship to the Nepali students. Many Nepali have
got PR (Permanent Residence) certificates to stay in Australia permanently.
ACTIVITY
(1) Prepare a chart showing physical (topography, rivers, forest, wildlife and
climate) and socio-cultural activities (languages, religions, social status and
economic activities) of Nepal, Asia, Europe and Australia and present it in
your class.
EXERCISE
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions:
(a) Write the name of at least a fold mountain of Asia, Europe and Australia.
(b) Which part of Australia receives a tropical monsoon type of climate?
(c) Name the common grassland of Asia and Europe.
(d) Which geographical region of Nepal has a similar type of climate to Europe?
(e) When were the diplomatic relations of Nepal established with the UK?
(2) Compare the physical conditions of Nepal with Australia.
(3) How is Europe different from Nepal in socio-cultural prospective?
(4) Prepare a list of the significant economic activities of the people of Australia,
Asia and Europe separately.
(5) What is the physical and socio-cultural similarity between Nepal and other
Asian countries?
COMMUNITY WORK
Find at least one person in your community who has returned from Europe,
Australia, or any other Asian country. Collect her or his experience and
present in your classroom.
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UNIT
7 HISTORICAL STUDIES
Learning On the completion of this unit, we will be able to:
Achievements • find out the sources of Nepali history and ways to preserve them;
• tell the history of the Shakya dynasty and history of Kapilvastu;
• highlight the main events of the unification campaign of Nepal;
• state the effects of the unification campaign of Nepal;
• explain the contribution of great Nepali warriors in the Anglo Nepal war
and remember them;
• identify the main causes of the rise and fall of Rana rule in Nepal;
• highlight the impacts of Rana rule in Nepali society;
• introduce industrial revolution and explain its impacts in the world;
• introduce genealogy and prepare our own genealogy; and
• identify the tradition, culture and lifestyle developed by our ancestors as
guidelines.
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Lesson
7.1 Sources of Nepal's History
The word 'history' is derived from the Greek word 'historia', which means knowledge
acquired through investigation and inquiry. Historiography and historian are
two important words that we should know along with the word history. Here,
histography means the art of writing history. It is a method of recording history by
studying and analysing the information and facts obtained from different historical
sources.
Similarly, the person who specialises in the study of history and writes books and
articles about it is called a historian. Herodotus, a Greek philosopher, had started
writing history for the first time in the 5th century BC. So, he is known as the
'Father of History'.
The description of past human activities, civilisation and events of the ruling
system, including reliable date and facts, is known as history. History is the
milestone for the better future of every individual, family, society, nation and the
world. It guides society and the nation based on the outcome of past events. Our
society and the nation can also be kept on the right path by implementing the
knowledge gained from learning many historical facts.
History is an important part of learning. We should explore, study and protect
the valuable sources of history. The history based on only one source and material
cannot reach nearer to the truth. Therefore, it is necessary to study various sources.
The sources of history are categorised into two:
(1) Primary Source:
The source of history that provides information based on first-hand observation
of the events that took place in one's contemporary time is the primary source.
It is the source of historical documents or artefacts created by a witness or a
participant in an event. The primary sources of history provide information
about past events based on an eyewitness. Princep and Vansittart are from
Britain. They wrote about the Anglo-Nepal war on the basis of what they saw.
The collection and analysis of primary sources are significant for historical
research.
(2) Secondary Source:
The source of the history that gives information of the past from other sources
except eyewitness is a secondary source. Secondary sources use primary
sources as evidence and analyse a scholarly question. We know about the rule
of King Mandev reading many history books and other sources though no one
of us saw him in real.
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The different sources of history obtained from primary and secondary sources can
also be categorised into three groups based on their nature.
Written Sources Non-Written (Oral) Archaeological
Diaries, letters, newspaper articles, Sources Sources
government documents, poems,
novels, genealogies, chronicles, Interviews, oral Art, architecture,
bills, vouchers, manuscripts, coins, histories, music, sculptors, forts,
medals, awards, travel accounts, songs, legends, weapons, utensils,
biography, books, court records, stories, interviews, costumes,
maps, agreements, contracts, etc. preachments, etc. ornaments,
graveyards, fossils,
Sources of History of Nepal
History of Nepal is prepared with the great efforts of national and international
historians. They have collected and analysed various records of the past in Nepal.
"An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal " written by William Kirkpatrick in 1793 AD
is the first book written about Nepali history. Hamilton, Cicil Bendal, Silvan, Levi,
Roni Iro Noli and Bhagawan Lal Indrajit are other foreign historians who also
contributed a lot to have research in Nepali history. Ambika Prasad Upadhyaya,
Baburam Acharya, Nayan Raj Panta, Satya Mohan Joshi, Dilli Raman Regmi,
Surya Bikram Gyawali, Rudra Raj Pandey, Hemraj Panday, and Balchandra
Sharma are Nepali historians who contributed to writing Nepali history. Ambika
Prasad Upadhyaya is the first Nepali historian who wrote history books in Nepal
in 1929 BS These national and international historians prepared the history of
Nepal on the basis of the following sources.
• Art and Artifacts:
Different kinds of art and artifacts, such as images building and painting
prepared in the past, are still found in the different parts of our country. They
reflect the social, cultural, economic and political situation of their contemporary
society. Many magnificent buildings such as Managriha, Kailashkut Bhawan
and Bhadradiwas, images of Tribikram, Budhanilakantha and Garud, Thanka
and Mithila paintings decipher the political, social, cultural and economic
condition of our society in the past. Thus, they are the sources of our history.
• Coins:
The coins minted in different periods of history
reflect the socio-economic condition of society in the
contemporary period. They also have details about
rulers and their ruling period.
Coins
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• Foreign Accounts:
The foreigners who had the interest to know about Nepal had visited in
different period. These foreign travellers, missionaries, historians and traders
had written their experiences, memories and gave more information about
Nepal. Kautilya's economics, writings of Yuan Chang (a Chinese traveller) and
inscription of Samudra Gupta at Allahabad are the main examples. Similarly,
information from European missionaries such as William Kirkpatrick, Sylvain
Levi, Francis Buchanan Hamilton and Cecil Bandal is a valuable source of
Nepal's history.
• Genealogies:
The records of the king's family, different castes and classes have information
about important events connected to them. Name of the rulers, dynasties, date
of the ruling, reforms made and socio-economic activities of the people during
their period are mentioned in such records. These records help us to know
about the history of Nepal. Bhasa Bansawali, Sen Bansawali and Gorkha
Bansawawali are examples of genealogies in Nepal.
• Government Documents and Speeches:
Various governmental documents such as treaties, official letters, verdicts
of courts, royal seal -nfndf]x/_ constitution and autobiographies have a notable
contribution in writing Nepali history. Similarly, speeches given by kings and
other government officials, divine counsels, the proclamation made in 2007
BS, 2017 BS, 2036 BS, 2046 BS, and 2063 BS are the sources of Nepali history.
• Handwritten Document:
The handwritten documents within and outside the country are the primary
sources of Nepali history.
• Inscription:
Various inscriptions on stone, metals and palm
leaves are found in different parts of Nepal. These
inscriptions provide important details about the
historical facts of the past.
• Oral Sources: Inscription
The historical information of the past transferred from generation to generation
orally. Various folk songs, Birgathas, Khando, legends and stories help us
to transfer the historical information. Gandharva songs based on First and
Second World Wars and Folkland war are good examples of oral sources of
history.
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• Religious Scriptures:
The religious scriptures provide ample information about the provision
of justice and commencement of tradition in Nepal. Hindus and Buddhist
religious scriptures are the main examples. Thus, they are major sources of
information to prepare Nepali history.
• Thyasphu:
It is a Newari word, which means a daily diary. It is called Tipot -l6kf]6_ in
Nepali. It is a handwritten record of people in the Malla Period. This provides
more information on Nepal's history during the Malla Period.
Measures to Protect Historical Sources
Historical sources are very important assets of every society. They should be
protected for our identity and dignity. The following steps should be taken to
protect them.
Identify the historical sources available in the different parts of our country
and collect them.
Establish libraries and museums to protect them.
Keep the proper records of such historical resources.
Increase the security system for controlling thefts, smuggling and misuse of
such historical facts.
Nationalise the historical sources
Prepare digital records of them and share them with the people.
Oral sources should be authenticated before the respective persons die.
Public awareness among the people regarding the value of such historical
sources should be raised.
ACTIVITIES
(1) Collect old coins, notes and stamps from different sources. Paste them on a
chart paper and display them in the class.
(2) Discuss in the class on the historical sources and their importance. Make a list
of the main points in your exercise book.
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EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What do you mean by historical source?
(b) Make a list of any two examples of the primary source of history.
(c) Define chronicle and give one example.
(d) Who is called the father of history in the world? Give a reason too.
(e) Write the meaning of Thyasaphu.
(2) Write short answers to the following questions.
(a) Explain the importance of historical sources in brief.
(b) There may be any historical information about your family transferred from
generation to generation. Ask your parents and write about it.
(c) Differentiate between primary and secondary sources of history with
examples.
(d) " Various governmental documents and speech of government officials have
notable contribution in writing Nepali history." Justify the statement in your
own words.
(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) Prepare a model of a questionnaire with at least six questions to be asked to
the senior citizens in your community about the history of your community
with proofs.
(b) Find various sources of the history of your locality and prepare a short report
analysing them.
COMMUNITY WORK
Collect the various sources of history in your locality and categorise them into
different groups and write a short report based on the following.
(a) Title (short, meaningful and catchy.)
(b) Introduction (a short introduction of history, sources of history and community
work)
(c) Objectives (general and specific)
(d) Methods of Study (data collection of different sources, tabulation of data and
report writing)
(e) Findings (based on the objectives)
(f) Conclusion (based on findings with your recommendation and suggestion)
(g) Bibliography (questionnaire, respondents, resources.)
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Lesson The History of
Shakya Dynasty
7.2
Gautam Buddha is the founder of Buddhism. His real name is Siddhartha Gautam.
He was born at Lumbini in 563 BC. His parents were Suddhodhan and Mahamaya
Devi. Lumbini is famous as the birthplace of Gautam Buddha in the world. It lies
in Rupandehi district of Lumbini province in Nepal. Siddhartha Gautam belongs to
the Shakya dynasty, one of the ruling dynasties of Nepal. Let's study a brief history
of the Shakya dynasty.
Origin of Shakya dynasty
There was a kingdom called 'Saket' in northern India. It was ruled by King Okkaka
in the 8th century BC. The Shakyas regard him as their first ancestor. King Okkaka
had five queens. He had four princes and five princesses born from his first queen,
Bhatra. According to Buddhist scriptures, king Okkaka had again married a girl.
He had a son born from his sixth queen. The youngest queen had a conspiracy to
put her son, 'Jantu', on the throne. Under due pressure of her, the king planned to
hand over the throne to the youngest prince and decided to exile all senior princes.
The princes left the palace accepting their father's decision without any question.
All the princesses also accompanied the princes. While travelling to the north,
they reached a beautiful place where the sage Kapil lived. Sage Kapil suggested
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them to set up a town and live there nearby his hermitage. The princes cleared
the Saal trees and established a dwelling there. They named it Kapilvastu. The
word Kapilvastu is composed of two words 'Kapil' (name of the sage) and 'Vastu'
(dwelling).
As mentioned in the holy scripture of Buddhism, king Okkak sent his two ministers
to find the situation of his children. They found the princes and princesses were
well-settled in Kapilvastu. They massaged the king accordingly and settled
there. While living in a new place with new communities, the princes felt a risk
of mismatched and losing their family rituals and historicity. Therefore, they
unanimously declared the senior-most princess, 'Priya' queen mother (Rajmata).
Other princesses decided to marry princes to continue their generation and protect
the identity and lineage of their clan. When King Okkak heard this, he uttered,"
oh princes you are capable of doing. He used the Nepali word, 'Sakya'. According
to Buddhist scriptures such as Tripitaka, Didhanikaya and Ambastak, the Shakya
dynasty was originated, and Kapilvastu was established after that. The eldest son
of Okkak, 'Okkakmukh' became the pioneer king of Kapilvastu. This kingdom was
ruled by the policy of the republic system. There used to be the meeting of the royal
council with the presence of the king. The state administration was conducted on
the advice of the scholars.
A Brief Genealogy of Gautam Buddha
In the course of time, Jay Sen became the king of
Kapilvastu. Singhahanu succeeded him later on. The
king, Singhahanu, had a queen called Kanchana.
She gave birth to five princes and one princess.
Suddhodhan, the eldest son of Singhahanu, became
the king of Kapilvastu 2600 years ago. He was a
very popular king of Kapilvastu. He had two queens,
Mahamaya Devi and Prajapati Gautami. Siddhartha
Gautam was born from Mahamaya Devi. He was the
eldest son of Suddhodhan. Prince Nanda Kumar and
princess Nanda Kumari were born from Prajapati
Gautami.
Everyone respects his/her own clan. They feel Siddhartha Gautam
proud of their family lineage. Shakya also boasted
their purity of blood and superiority of caste. They considered themselves as the
descendent of aristocratic Kshatriya (warrior) of Isswaku of the Surya dynasty. The
Shakyas of Kapilvastu had extended nuptial relation with the neighbouring Koliya
elite Shakyas of Devdaha. This strengthened their supremacy. Suddhodhan's
aunt (father's sister) married Koliya king Anjana. Both queens of Suddhodhan
were daughters of Anjana. Saprabuddha, son of Anjana, married his daughter,
Yashodhara, to Shakya prince, Siddhartha Gautam.
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There is a myth that there were indications of the birth of divine Bodhisattwa
after the birth of Siddhartha Gautam. The royal astrologers had also predicted
that Siddhartha would be either a universal sage or an enlightened man. This
prediction became true after Siddhartha was enlightened. He was enlightened
after he had a 49 days long meditation under a bodhi tree. After that, he was called
Buddha meaning enlightened. He found out four noble truths and eight-fold paths
to get rid of all kinds of problems in the world. We all human beings should follow
Buddha's path to maintain peace in the world.
A Short Genealogy of Buddha
Jay Sen
Singhahanu
Suddhodhan Shuklodhan Shakyodan Dhotodan Abhitodan
Siddhartha Nanda Kumar Nanda Kumari
Rahul
ACTIVITIES
(1) Prepare a genealogy of your family with details of four generations before
you and share it in the class.
(2) Prepare a news article on the genealogy of Buddha and read it in the class.
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EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Who is the pioneer king of Kapilvastu?
(b) Name the father-in-law of Suddhodhan?
(c) How long did Siddhartha Gautam meditate?
(d) What is the meaning of Buddha?
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) How was Siddhartha Gautam enlightened?
(b) Why should we respect our family clan? Write based on your family lineage.
(c) Write in short about Gautam Buddha.
(d) Nepali society has a belief that there is a kind of sign at the birth of a great
person. Relate this thought with the birth of Siddhartha Gautam in your own
words.
(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) Why do people want to establish a marital relation with a known family?
Write about the marital relationship between the Shakyas of Kapilvastu with
the Koliya Shakyas of Devdaha with examples.
(b) Write about the origin of Shakya and the establishment of Kapilvastu and
explain their importance to popularise Nepal in the entire world.
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Lesson Prithvi Narayan Shah and
Unification Campaign
7.3
Prithvi Narayan Shah is the unifier of modern Nepal. He is the eldest son of
Narabhupal Shah. Narabhupal Shah had four queens. The family detail of
Narabhupal Shah is given in the following chart.
Narabhupal Shah
Chandraprabhawati Kaushalyawati Buddhimati Subhadrawati
Princes of Khanchi Princes of Princes of Princes of
Palpa Tanahun
Parvat
Childless • Prithvi Narayan • Brindakeshar • Kritimohaddan
Shah Shah (died Shah
earlier)
• Dalmardan • Daljit Shah
Shah • Surpratap
Shah Prithvi Narayan Shah
• Prithivipati
Shah (died
earlier)
Prithvi Narayan Shah is the eldest son of Narabhupal
Shah. He was born to Kaushalyawati on 27th Poush, 1779
BS. The responsibility of his childhood care was given
to his elder mother, Chandraprabhawati. She educated
P N Shah mainly on Ramayan, Mahabharat, diplomacy
and principles of politics. He also received training on
archery, horse- riding and sword combating. He was
married to 12 years old, Indra Kumari Sen when he
was 14 years old. Indra Kumari Sen was the daughter
of Hemkarna Sen, the king of Makawanpur. Due to a
misunderstanding with his brother in law, Prithivi
Narayan Shah's first marriage could not be successful.
Therefore, he had the second marriage with Narendra
Laxmi, daughter of Abhiman Singh of Banaras, in 1797
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BS. After the death of Narabhupal Shah, he ascended on the throne of Gorkha on
2nd Chaitra 1799 BS at the age of 20 years.
Prithvi Narayan Shah was an ambitious person. He wanted to be the king of the
three kingdoms of the Kathmandu Valley. He expressed his feeling to be the
king of Kathmandu valley from the hill of Chandragiri when he returned from
Makawanpur. As soon as he ascended on the throne, he started to extend the
Gorkha kingdom, which later turned into the unification of scattered kingdoms
into big Nepal. The major events of the unification campaign are given below.
First Attack on Nuwakot: 1800 BS
Prithvi Narayan Shah sent an army troop under the leadership of Kazi Biraj Thapa
to conquer Nuwakot in 1800 BS. This troop did not attack Nuwakot immediately.
They waited at Khinchet for the right opportunity to attack Nuwakot. The
opponents of Biraj Thapa misinterpreted his delay and poisoned the king's ears.
Believing in misinterpretation, Prithvi Narayan Shah sent another Gorkhali force
under the commandership of Maheshwar Panta to attack Nuwakot. But, Gorkhali
troops were badly defeated by Nuwakot troops.
Victory Over Nuwakot: 1801 BS
After defeated in the first attack, Prithvi Narayan Shah made well preparation for
the war. He went to Banaras and collected some weapons. He also brought Indian
weapon experts such as Shekh Jaber, Muhammad Taqi and Bekhsingh to train the
Gorkhali army. He appointed the public-favoured Kalu Pandey as kazi of Gorkha.
He established a weapons manufacturing workshop. He introduced the principle
of Marwat(compensation paid to the family if any soldier died in battlefield cash
or post). He also enforced Gorkhali youths to join the army compulsorily. This
strengthened the Gorkhali army.
After this extensive preparation, Prithvi Narayan Shah planned to attack Nuwakot
for the second time. He had managed 1000 soldiers and divided them into three
groups. Kalu Pandey, Mahoddamkriti Shah and Prithvi Narayan Shah himself
led groups of Gorkahali troops. They marched from Gorkha and reached near the
bank of the Trishuli river. Knowing this, Jayanta Rana, the governor of Nuwakot,
went to Kantipur to seek additional reinforcement. But he was ignored as King
Jaya Prakash Malla was busy celebrating Indra Jatra festival. In the absence
of Jayanta Rana, his son Shankhamani Rana had taken the responsibility of
defending Nuwakot.
Gorkhali troops made a sudden attack on Nuwakot from three sides viz.
Gerkhukhola, Dharamapani and Teendhare on 15th Ashwin 1801 BS. Shankhamani
Rana was killed by 12 years old Dalmardan Shah in the battle. Nuwakot troop
could not fight a fierce battle with Gorkhali troops longer. They fled to Belkot as
Jayanta Rana was residing thereafter, he returned from Kantipur. Gorkhali troops
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also attacked Belkot and got victory over it too. In this way, Nuwakot and Belkot
both were annexed to Gorkha.
Conquest of Dahachok, Naladum and Mahadev
Pokhari: Shrawan, 1811 BS
Prithvi Narayan Shah had a keen desire to win the kingdoms of Kathmandu Valley.
His victory over Nuwakot encouraged him to go forward in his campaign to win
valley and complete his mission to unify small kingdoms into a big nation. He tried
to surround the Kathmandu valley. The Gorkhali troops under the command of
Tularam Pandey attacked and annexed it. Similarly, another Gorkhali troop under
the command of Kazi Kalu Pandey occupied Naladum and Mahadev Pokhari.
First Unsuccessful Attack on Kirtipur: 9th Bhadra
1814 BS
After conquering small kingdoms around Kathmandu valley, Prithvi Narayan Shah
planned to attack Kirtipur. Kazi Kalu Pandey suggested him not to attack it by
that time. Ignoring, Kalu Pandey's suggestion, Gorkhali troops attacked Kirtipur
on 9th Bhadra 1814 BS. There was a fierce war between 1200 Gorkhali soldiers
and 4000 united force of Malla kingdoms at Balkhukhola. About 400 Gorkhali
soldiers, including Kalu Pandey, were killed in the war. Then, Gorkhali troops
were scattered away.
Conquest of Makawanpur: 9th Bhadra, 1819 BS
King Prithvi Narayan Shah wanted to make a complete economic blockade on the
Kathmandu Valley. Dighmandan Sen, king of Makawanpur, had a relationship
with Jaya Prakash Malla of Kantipur. Necessary commodities were supplied to
Kathmandu valley from Makawanpur because of their good relationship. It was
against the economic policy of Gorkha regarding Kathmandu valley. Then, Gorkhali
troops under the command of Bansha Raj Pandey and Keharsingh Basnet attacked
Makawanpur on 9th Bhadra 1819 BS Makawanpur was captured after ten hours-
long battle. About 1000 Makawani soldiers and 60 Gorkhali soldiers were killed in
the war.
King Dighbandan Sen and minister Kanak Singh Baniya fled to Hariharpur.
Gorkhali troops also attacked Hariharpur and annexed it to Gorkha on 22nd Ashwin
1819 BS. The war with Makawanpur and Hariharpur benefited Gorkha. Gorkha got
fertile land and valuable properties. Gorkha was connected with the Indian border.
This provided opportunities to observe the activities of the East Indian Company.
Gorkha could make a complete economic blockade to Kathmandu Valley. Gorkhali
troops also collected more than 700 weapons and many goods necessary for war.
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War with Bangali Troops: 27th Poush 1819 BS
Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Bengal, wanted to extend his state to the north for
safety from the invasion of the East India Company. He had prepared a new war
force. He was in search of a chance to make war practice for his army. Dighbandan
Sen requested Mir Kasim for help to get Makawanpur back from Gorkha. Mir
Kasim took it as an opportunity and sent more than 2000 Muslim troops under
the command of Gurgin Khan. They attacked Makawanpur on 27th Poush 1819
BS. Gorkhali troops under the command of Kehar Singh and Bansaraj Pandey
fought for the whole day and defeated them. A large number of Muslim troops
and few Gorkhali troops were killed in this war. After the success in this war,
Gorkhali troops captured some places around Kathmandu Valley such as Banepa,
Bishankhu, Pharping, Nala, and Sanga. This helped Gorkha to make economic
blockade more strict.
Second Unsuccessful Attack on Kirtipur: 30th Bhadra
1821 BS
Gorkhali troops under the command of Surpratap Shah, Shriharsha Panta and
Daljit Shah attacked Kirtipur on 30th Bhadra 1821 BS for the second time. Due
to hostility among the Malla kings of Kathmandu valley, Patan and Bhaktapur
did not support Kirtipur in this battle. The Kirtipur troops fought bravely and
defeated Gorkhali troops in this war. As they closed the main gate to Kirtipur,
and commander of Gorkhali troops tried to cross the wall using a bamboo ladder.
In the course of climbing up the ladder, Surpratap was hit with an arrow from the
opponents. His left eye was severely injured and lost. Daljit Shah was also severely
injured in this war. Then, the Gorkhali troops scattered away from Kirtipur.
Conquest of Kirtipur: 3rd Chaitra, 1822 BS
Prithvi Narayan Shah was a person who did not give up hope in failure. He kept on
trying to achieve success. Though Gorkaha was defeated by Kirtipur twice, he sent
Gorkhali troops under the command of Bansha Raj Pandey to attack Kirtipur for
the third time. Gorkhali troops surrounded Kirtipur from all sides. No people from
Kirtipur could come out and go inside it. It was continued from the month of Magh.
To worsen the situation, they also cut the water supply to Kirtipur. This created
a panic situation in Kirtipur. Sinkhwal Pradhan was given the responsibility to
defend Kirtipur. Prithvi Narayan Shah regularly sent a message to Sinkhwas
threatening to surrender for preventing huge losses of lives and properties. Finally,
Sinkhwal surrendered to the Gorkhali troop. He opened the gate of Kirtipur at
night. Gorkhali troops entered Kirtipur and captured it on 3rd Chaitra 1822 BS.
When the people of Kirtipur woke up the next day morning, they came to know
that they had been captured by Gorkhali army.
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Victory Over English Force: 1824 BS
After Gorkhali troops captured Kirtipur, it threatened the Malla kings of the
Kathmandu Valley. The economic blockade made by Gorkha to Kantipur also
affected East India Company in the south and Tibet in the north. Jaya Prakash
Malla got no way except to seek help from East India Company. East India
Company sent a warning letter to Prithvi Narayan Shah to withdraw from the
economic blockade. As Gorkha did not respond positively in its warning, East India
Company sent about 2400 soldiers under the leadership of captain Kinloch to help
Jaya Prakash Mall. Prithvi Narayan Shah sent 500 Gorkhali troops under the
commandership of Birbhadra Upadhyay and Banshu Gurung. Later, a troop of 700
army led by Bansha Raj Pandey and Shriharsha Panta were sent as an additional
troop. The Gorkhali troops and English troops had fought the war at Sindhuli on
24th Kartik, 1824 B .S. The English troops were severely defeated in this war.
Victory Over Three Malla Kingdoms of the
Kathmandu Valley
Kantipur, Patan and Bhaktapur were the main three kingdoms of Kathmandu
valley. Prithvi Narayan Shah had a keen interest to win them and shift his palace
from Gorkha. After the successful attack on English troops, Gorkhali troops
attacked Kantipur from three sides on 13th Ashwin 1825 BS. It was a sudden attack
when King Jaya Prakash Malla and people in Kantipur were busy in celebrating
Indra Jatra festival. Therefore, they were trounced by Gorkhali troops. King Jaya
Prakash Malla fled to Patan and took asylum with Tej Narsigh Malla. On the same
day, Prithvi Narayan Shah ascended on the throne of Kantipur.
Prithvi Narayan Shah had sent a message to six Pradhans of Lalitpur to surrender
for preventing loss of life and properties on 23rd Ashwin 1825 BS. The six Pradhans
who were more potent than the king in Patan accepted to surrender. Then Gorkha
annexed Patan on 24th Ashwin 1825 BS. The king of Kantipur and Patan fled to
Bhaktapur and took asylum there.
Prithvi Narayan Shah had sent a letter to Ranjit Malla, the king of Bhaktapur
requesting him to hand over the two kings, Jaya Prakash Malla and Tej Narsigh
Malla. Ranjit Malla replied that ethically it was not possible to return those who
took asylum. Then, king Prithvi Narayan Shah attacked Bhaktapur on 28th
Kartik 1826 BS. The troops of Gorkha and Bhaktapur had fought a fierce battle
continuously for three days. Finally, Bhaktapur was captured on 1st Mangsir 1826
BS after Ranjit Malla surrendered a white turban through the window of his room.
In this way, the three main Malla kingdoms of Kathmandu valley fell in the hand
of Prithvi Narayan Shah one after another. The dream of Prithvi Narayan Shah to
be the king of these three kingdoms was fulfilled.
After three kingdoms were captured, Prithvi Narayan Shah personally met three
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defeated kings to know their last wishes. Based on their wishes, Jaya Prakash
Malla, who was wounded in the war, was sent to Aryaghat, Pashupatinath. Later,
he died there. Ranjit Malla was sent to Banaras. Tej Narsingh Malla was kept in
detention for his whole life. Then, Prithvi Narayan Shah made Kathmandu the
capital of Nepal. The modern period of Nepali history began in Nepal.
Unification Campaign to West and East
After the conquest of Malla kingdoms in the Kathmandu valley, Prithvi Narayan
Shah diverted his attention towards west. The Chaubise states such as Tanahun,
Kaski, Lamjung, Parbat and Palpa were very powerful. Prithvi Narayan Shah
had sent Gorkhali troops under the commandership of Kehar Singh Basnet and
Bansa Raj Pandey to attack the kingdoms in the west. They captured Tanahun and
Kaski one after another. Birmardan Sen, king of Lamjung, had also accepted the
subjugation of Prithvi Narayan Shah. Later, Kritibam Mall, the king of Parbat and
Mukunda Sen-II, the king of Palpa, had a joint force including Tanahun, Kaski and
Lamjung. The joint force of powerful Chaubise kingdoms attacked Gorkhali troops
at Tanahun. They also defeated Gorkhali troops. Kehar Singh Basnet was killed,
and Bansa Raj Pandey was imprisoned.
After the failure of his campaign to win western
Nepal, Prithvi Narayan Shah started to attack
eastern kingdoms. The Gorkhali troops under
the leadership of Abhiman Singh Basnyat,
Ramkrishna Kunwar and Parath Bhandari
were sent to attack Bijaypur and Chaudandi.
These troops attacked Chaudandi in 1830 BS.
Karna Sen, the king of Chaudandi, fled to
Bijaypur. After one year, Gorkhali troops also
attacked Bijaypur and annexed it to Nepal Kantipur Durbar Square
in 1831 BS. Sikkim also returned Ilam that
was seized from Bijayapur. Thus, Nepal was
extended to Mechi in the east, Marsangdi in the west, Tibet in the north and Bihar
in the south. When unification of Nepal was continued, Prithvi Narayan Shah
passed away on 1st Magh, 1831 BS in Devighat of Nuwakot.
Effects of Unification Campaign
After the death of PN Shah, his successors continued the unification campaign.
Chitwan was annexed to Nepal during the short rule of Pratap Singh Shah. As
Pratap Singh Shah died at a younger age, his infant son, Rana Bahadur Shah,
ascended on the throne at the age of two and a half years. Rajendra Laxmi, daughter-
in-law of Prithvi Narayan Shah and the youngest son of Prithvi Narayan Shah,
Bahadur Shah ruled as regents of Rana Bahadur Shah. Tanahun, Kaski Paiyun,
Rising and Lamjung were annexed to Nepal during the regency of Rajendra Laxmi.
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Similarly, many Chaubise and Baise kingdoms were annexed to Nepal during
the regency of Bahadur Shah. The unification campaign started from Prithvi
Narayan Shah was continued up to the reign of Girbana Juddha Bikram Shah.
This campaign started from Gorkha was extended up to Testa in the east to Sutlej
in the west. Thus, Nepal developed from small Gorkha as Germany from Prussia,
Italy from Sardinia and Britain from Wessex. The unification campaign of Nepal
has the following effects.
The scattered small kingdoms were unified and formed a strong, unified Nepal.
This campaign developed the feeling of nationality, national unity, peace and
cooperation among the people.
Socio-economic development took place smoothly.
It discouraged foreign interference and the internal conflicts in small
kingdoms.
The treaty of trade and commerce between Nepal and Tibet was signed in
1832 AD. This treaty promoted economic progress in the country.
Kathmandu was made the capital of Nepal. As it is at the centre, the
administrative expenses were reduced.
People got the opportunity to participate in administration and development
activities.
It developed cooperation, collaboration and coordination in Nepal.
ACTIVITIES
(1) What should we do to build strong relationships with our neighbours? Discuss
in the class and make of list of points.
(2) Collect pictures and recent information about the Gorkha palace and Nuwakot
palace from different sources and present it in the class.
EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What lesson might did Prithvi Narayan Shah get from the defeat with
Nuwakot?
(b) Write the names of the three main Malla Kingdoms of Kathmandu Valley.
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(c) When did Gorkha capture Nuwakot?
(d) Define economic blockade in your own words.
(e) Name the queens of Prithvi Narayan Shah.
(f) Where and when did Prithvi Narayan Shah die?
(g) Why did Sikkim return Illam to Nepal?
(h) Write the eastern and western borders of Nepal during the unification
campaign.
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) Why did Prithvi Narayan Shah try to conquer Nuwakot first? Write any four
reasons.
(b) What lesson do you get from the nature of Prithvi Narayan Shah who did not
give up while being a failure in his first attempt? Write any four reasons to
prove your answer.
(c) Make a list of any four important events of unification campaign with dates
and show them in a timeline.
(d) Write about the strategies of Prithvi Narayan Shah to strengthen his army.
(e) Explain the role of Rajendra Laxmi and Bahadur Shah in the unification
campaign.
(f) Make a list of any four effects of the unification campaign of Nepal.
(g) Collect some divine counsel of Prithvi Narayan Shah and write their relevancy
in the present days.
(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) "Unification campaign of Nepal developed the feeling of cooperation,
collaboration and coordination among the people." Justify the statement in
your own words.
(b) How did the Malla kingdoms of Kathmandu valley fall into the hands of
Prithvi Narayan Shah one after another? Write the events in short.
(c) Narrate the unification campaign towards the west and east of Nepal in the
form of a story.
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Lesson Anglo-Nepal War: Causes and
Consequences
7.4
There was British rule in India. It was known
as the British East India Company. The British
wanted to capture Nepal to extend its colonial
territory. Similarly, Nepal was expanding its
territory, unifying scattered small kingdoms.
In the course of its unification campaign, it also
captured many places under the colonial rule of
the British East India company. This caused a
border dispute between the two powers. None of
them wanted to lose any part of their territory. Anglo-Nepal War
Then, a war broke out between them in 1871 BS
(1814 AD). This is known as the Anglo-Nepal
War. The main reasons and consequences are described below.
Political Cause:
Bhimsen Thapa appealed to all Asian countries to be united against British rule
from South Asia. He formed a union of Asian countries having an alliance with states
like Maratha, Punjab Awadh and others against British rule. This annoyed the
British East India Company. The defeated kings of Baise and Chaubise kingdoms
were taking asylum in India. They wanted British East India Company to attack
Nepal, hoping that they would get their kingdoms back. They gave confidential
information about Nepal to the British. This encouraged British to attack Nepal.
Economic Cause:
Nepal was rich in natural resources. Forests, minerals, fertile land and medicinal
herbs fascinated the British East India Company. Similarly, they wanted to extend
their trade with Tibet via Nepal. But the government of Nepal did not allow them.
This caused the war between Nepal and the British East India Company.
Natural Cause:
Britishers were from the cool and mild climatic region of Europe. They felt very
difficult to administrate India from the hot climatic region, Kolkata. The cool and
beautiful places like Nainital, Garhwal, Darjeeling, etc, influenced them. They
wanted to rule India from such places. This encouraged them to go to war with
Nepal.
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Immediate Cause:
Palpa, a powerful Chaubise kingdom, was occupying Butwal and Syuraj on the
condition of paying revenue annually to Nawab Bajir of Awadh. In the course of
unification, Nepal annexed Palpa to Nepal. It also occupied these two places along
with Palpa. British East India Company claimed these two places as its territory.
Then, The British Governor-General Marquis of Hastings sent a threatening
letter to Nepal for the immediate evacuation of these places. But the government
of Nepal denied returning these places. As a result, Governor-General Hastings
declared war to be fought from 16th Kartik 1871 BS (1st November 1814 AD). The
dispute because of the issue of Butwal and Syuraj was the immediate cause of the
Anglo-Nepal war.
Consequences of the Anglo-Nepal War
The Anglo-Nepal war was fought for nearly two years. Nepali warriors fought this
war bravely. They resisted well equipped British attack despite sufficient weapons
and soldiers in many places. Later, Nepalese soldiers lost the war due to a lack of
weapons and soldiers. Therefore, Nepal was compelled to sign a humiliating treaty
with the British East India Company. This treaty was signed at Sugauli, Motihari
district of Bihar, on 2nd December 1815 AD. It was handed over to the British East
India Company on 4th March 1816 AD after approval from the king. The Anglo-
Nepal war had the following consequences.
This war was ended with an insulting and humiliating treaty for Nepal, the
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Sugauli treaty.
Nepal had lost a large portion, i.e. one-third part of its territory, across the
Mahakali river in the west and the Mechi river in the east. It also lost a vast
terai land and many beautiful places like Darjeeling, Nainital, Garhwal,
Kumaun, and so on.
There was a great loss of lives and properties in Nepal.
British interference in Nepal's internal and foreign policy increased.
The provision not to allow any European and American in any service without
the permission of the British was made.
The expansion of Nepal's territory was ended.
The politics of conspiracy in the palace started among the rulers and courtiers.
The recruitment of Nepali youths in the British Army started.
ACTIVITIES
(1) Draw an outline map of greater Nepal before the Sugauli treaty and present
it in your classroom. Then, note down the feelings that come to your mind
and share it in the class.
(2) Write a short article on 'Anglo-Nepal War' and share it among your friends in
the class.
EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What lesson do you get from the campaign of Bhimsen Thapa?
(b) Write any two natural causes of the Anglo-Nepal war?
(c) When was the Anglo-Nepal War fought?
(d) What is the immediate cause of the Anglo-Nepal war?
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) Do you think that the border dispute between Nepal and the East India
Company is one of the main causes of the Anglo-Nepal war? If yes, justify
your answer with suitable reasons.
(b) How did the campaign of Bhimsen Thapa against the British East India
Company cause Anglo-Nepal War?
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(c) Explain the immediate cause of the Anglo-Nepal war in brief.
(d) Make a list of any four consequences of the Anglo-Nepal war.
(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) Make a list of all causes of the Anglo-Nepal war and explain any two of them
except immediate cause.
(b) Search the terms of the Sugauli treaty from different sources and rewrite
them in your own words.
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Lesson Role of Nepali Warriors in the
Anglo-Nepal War
7.5
Balbhadra Kunwar
Balbhadra Kunwar is a brave Nepali warrior. He was
the in-charge of Nepali troops at Nalapani, a place near
Deharadun during Anglo-Nepal War. He was only 20 years
old at that time. He built a fort of 500 feet there, called
the fort of Khalanga. General Sir Robert Roll Gillespie
was leading English troops in opposition. Balbhadra
Kunwar had only 600 soldiers, including children, women,
youths and the old aged. They had to fight with 3500 well-
equipped English soldiers there.
One night before the war started, Gillespie had sent a
letter to Balbhadra Kunwar asking him to surrender. Balbhadra Kunwar
But Balbhadra Kunwar tore the letter without reading
it. He said, "We don't have the habit of reading a letter
at midnight. I will meet Gillespie very soon on the battlefield". The English troops
attacked Nepali troops with guns and other modern weapons. Nepali men and
women made a counter-attack with guns, arrows, logs and bricks. Many English
soldiers including Lieutenant, Allis and General Gillespie, were killed on the
battlefield. English troops escaped Deharadun. Balbhadra Kunwar sent a letter to
the government for additional soldiers to defend the fort. The Nepali troops from
Nahan came to help Balbhadra Kunwar. But they were blocked on the way by
English troops.
The well-equipped English Force led by Colonel Mauvi made the second attack
on the Khalanga Fort. The Nepali troops responded, throwing bricks and stones
at their enemies. The Nepali women were highly appreciated for their bravery
shown on the battlefield. As the English soldiers could not resist the attack of
Nepali soldiers, they cut off the source of water to the fort. There wasn't enough
food, medicine and water for the Nepali soldiers in the fort. However, they fought
bravely for many days. The fort was full of wounded soldiers. It was difficult to stay
in the fort due to the foul smell coming from dead bodies. At the same time, the
British army fired shells at the fort heavily. Then, Balbhadra Kunwar, together
with the remaining soldiers, came out of the fort by opening the door by themselves
fearlessly. They quenched their thirst with the water of a nearby river.
Balbhadra Kunwar turning to the English troops, said in a louder voice, " It
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was impossible for you to get victory over the fort, but Inscribed tribute
we are leaving it in our own accord. Go and occupy it."
Then, the British troops invaded the fort on 30th October
1814 AD. After that, Balbhadra Kunwar moved on to
protect another fort at Jeetgarh. The English troops were
impressed with the bravery and dedication towards the
nation shown by Nepali troops on the battlefield. They, in
honour of brave Nepali soldiers, erected a stone pillar with
an inscription. The inscription contains the words like
"THIS IS INSCRIBED AS A TRIBUTE OF RESPECT
OF OUR GALLANT ADVERSARY BULBUDDER,
COMMANDER OF THE FORT AND HIS BRAVE
GOORKHAS……."
Amar Singh Thapa
After the death of his father, Bhim Singh Thapa, at
Palanchok war, Amar Singh Thapa was brought to the
palace. He was grown up under the supervision of Prithvi
Narayan Shah. Later, the custom of Marwat was awarded
to him with the regular salary drawn by his father and
his title 'Badakaji'. "Amar Singh Thapa is the brave son
of the brave father." He played an active role to conquer
Baise and Chaubise kingdoms during the unification
campaign. Nepal's boundary was expanded up to the
Sutlej River because of his contribution.
Amar Singh Thapa (known as Living Loin) was assigned
the responsibility to protect the entire far western areas Amar Singh Thapa
from the west of Jamuna river to the Sutlej River during
the Anglo- Nepal war. Sir David Ochterlony led the war
from the British side in this area. They had a family relationship because of their
sons. Their sons had kept sworn-friend one year before the war. They ignored
their relationship and involvement in the war as enemies. Nepali troops under the
leadership of Amar Singh Thapa fought bravely with well-equipped British troops.
But they were defeated by British troops in many places. Due to the worsening
condition of Nepali troops in the war, Nepal was forced to sign the Sugauli treaty
against the interest of Amar Singh Thapa. Frustrated with it, Amar Singh Thapa
left his job. He went to Gosainkunda and breathed his last there.
Bhakti Thapa
Sardar Bhakti Thapa was born and grown up in Lamjung. He had fought against
Gorkhali troops on behalf of the king of Lamjung, Kehar Narayan Singh. After
Gorkha annexed Lamjung, he joined Gorkhali or Nepali army. He bravely fought
280 Unit Seven:
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to unify small kingdoms during the regency of Rajendra
Laxmi and Bahadur Shah.
During the Anglo-Nepal war, he was given the
responsibility to protect the fort of Surajgarh. In
the meantime, the British troops captured Deuthal.
Defending the whole western front was at stake by that
time. Therefore, leaving his son, Ram Das, in the care of
Amar Singh Thapa, he went to Deuthal with 2000 soldiers.
These soldiers were armed with scimitars, swords and
khukuri. There was a fierce battle raged between Nepali
troops and British troops. British soldiers were pouring Bhakti Thapa
shells on Gorkhali troops. Bhakti Thapa, at the age of
70 years, did not care about it and kept on chopping his
enemies in the wars. At last, a bullet hit on his chest, and he collapsed. He died a
death of honour. Ochterlony, the Major General of the British army, covered his
corpse white an expensive shawl and handed it over to Amar Singh Thapa with
due respect. The next day morning, he was cremated with state honour. Many
Nepali and British soldiers were killed in this war. Although Nepali soldiers were
defeated in the war, they left a long-lasting impression that Nepali are brave and
Nepal is a country of the braves. Similarly, Bhakti Thapa's devotion to the country
as his name (Bhakti) is remembered forever in the history of Nepal. His unique
bravery remains a source of inspiration to all Nepalis.
Ujir Singh Thapa
Ujir Singh Thapa, son of Nayan Sigh Thapa, become the governor of Palpa after
the death of his grandfather Amar Singh Thapa. During the Anglo-Nepal war, the
British troops led by General John Sullivan Wood had come to Jeetgadhi intending
to attack Nepal via Butwal and Palpa. The Nepali troops under the command of
Ujir Singh Thapa attacked them twice at Jeetgadhi on the southwestern side of
the Tinau River of Butwal. In both attempts, they defeated British troops. The
defeated British troops fled back to Gorakhpur. The British did not make any
further attempts to invade Nepal through this route very strongly. His chivalry
marked an indelible imprint in the history of Nepal.
Ranabir Singh Thapa
Ranabir Singh Thapa was the youngest brother of Bhimsen Thapa. He was
deployed in the Makawanpur sector during the Anglo-Nepal war. On the British
side, Major General Morley was entrusted with the task of attacking Kathmandu
via Makawanpur. He divided his troops into three groups and planned to attack
Kathmandu Valley. Ranbir Singh, as he got this information sent Nepali troops
under the leadership of Samsher Rana and Sarvajeet Thapa. They surprisingly
attacked British troops and defeated them. The British suffered a heavy loss of
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lives. The British troops could not invade Nepal through this route. British East
India Company's plan to capture Kathmandu became a failure. This had brought
great changes in their state affairs.General Morley was humiliated and dismissed
from the service of East India Company. General Hasting provided leadership of
British troops to George wood in place of Morley.
Ranajor Singh Thapa
Ranajor Singh Thapa was a commander of Nepali troops. He was entrusted to
protect the fort of Jaithak situated across the Mahakali river during the Anglo
Nepal war. He had only 500 soldiers to fight against 1500 British troops under
the command of Major General Martindel. The British troops attacked the fort of
Jaithak nine times. However, the Nepali troops under the command of Ranajor
Singh Thapa defeated them all times. When the British troops have a shortage of
arms, Nepali troops marched out of the fort and attacked them with khukuri and
scimitars. They also killed three British commanders. According to the historian,
Princep, the defeated British troops fled to Nahan as they could not resist the
attack of Nepali troops at Jaithak.
ACTIVITIES
(1) Write a short paragraph describing the contribution of great warriors during
the Anglo-Nepal war and share it in the class.
(2) Prepare a song or a poem to honour the bravery shown by the Nepali women
in Khalanga fort and share it in the class.
EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What was the age of Balabhadra Kunwar when he was leading Nepali troops
in Khalanga fort?
(b) Name the leaders of British troops killed in the Nalapani.
(c) Who were leading British troops to fight with Nepali troops under Amar
Singh Thapa in the west?
(d) What inspiration do you get from Bhakti Thapa? Write in one sentence.
(e) How did Amar Singh Thapa join Gorkhali Army?
282 Unit Seven:
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(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) Prepare a conversation between two people on the role of Balbhadra Kunwar
in the Anglo-Nepal war.
(b) What two important sentences did Balbhadra Kunwar speak against British
troops? Write about them with the situation when he had spoken.
(c) Describe the inscription tribute to Balabhadra Kunwar and explain its every
word.
(d) "Amar Singh Thapa is the brave son of the brave father." Explain the
statement in your own words.
(e) Explain the contribution of Bhakti Thapa in the Anglo-Nepal war.
(f) How did Ranabir Singh and Ranajor Singh Thapa protect Nepal during the
Anglo Nepal War?
(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) Explain the role of Ranbir Singh Thapa, Ranajor Singh Thapa and Ujir Singh
Thapa to protect Nepal during the Anglo-Nepal war.
(b) Write a short article on 'Courageous Nepali Women' illustrating the bravery
shown by Nepali women during the Anglo-Nepal war.
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Lesson Causes of the Rise and Fall of
Rana Rule
7.6
There was 104 years long autocratic and tyrannical
family rule of Ranas in Nepal from 1903 to 2007 BS. It
is popularly known as the Rana rule in the history of
Nepal. Nine prime ministers from the Rana family ruled
Nepal in this period. Rana rule was established by Junga
Bahadur Rana and ended when Mohan Shumsher was
the prime minister. The main causes of its rise and fall
are discussed below.
Causes of the Rise of Rana rule
Political instability and groupism: Jung Bahadur Rana
The decade from 1837 AD to 1847 AD is known as a period of political instability
in Nepal. After the death of Pratap Singh Shah, his two and half years old son,
Rana Bahadur Shah, became the king of Nepal. Taking advantage of the situation
of the infant king, regents and courtiers indulged in a conspiracy for power. The
courtiers were divided into various groups such as Thapas, Pandeys, Basnet,
etc. Two queens of Rajendra Bikram Shah, Samrajya Laxmi, and Rajya Laxmi,
also had a rivalry. This situation reached a climax after the downfall of Bhimsen
Thapa. Eight cabinets were formed and dissolved one after another. This political
instability and groupism paved the way for Junga Bahadur Rana to come into
power and establish Rana rule.
External interference in Nepali's internal affairs:
British resident was established in Kathmandu after the Sugauli treaty. They
started to interfere with the internal affairs of Nepal. They used to present in the
meeting of the council of ministers. They also had direct contact with the royal
family in the palace. They used to divide the high ranking courtiers of Nepal. They
had the power to cause the rise or fall of anyone in Nepali politics. They supported
Junga Bahadur Rana to rise in power.
Weak nature of King Rajendra:
King Rajendra had a very weak performance in administration. He could not
control the situation in the palace. He was not able to balance his two queens and
minimise fractions among the courtiers. As a result, the conspiracy and murder
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reached a climax in the palace. Jung Bahadur Rana took advantage of such a
situation and established Rana rule.
The assassination of influential courtiers:
After the death of senior queen Samrajya Laxmi, the junior queen took authority
of state affairs. She became a powerful person in the palace. Although Surendra
Bikram Shah was the crown prince junior queen wanted to make her son Ranendra
the heir apparent to the throne. She wanted to take help of the then Mukhtiar
(prime minister) Mathbar Singh Thapa to fulfil her mission. But he did not help
her in this regard. Then queen assassinated Mathbar Singh Thapa through Junga
Bahadur Rana. Similarly, Gagan Singh Khawas was an influential person in the
palace. He had a good relationship with queen Rajya Laxmi. Other courtiers and
the king did not like his activities. When he was in his prayer room, somebody
shot and murdered him on 31st Bhadra 1903 BS. The historian claim that there
was a role of Junga Bahadur Rana in his assassination. The assassination of such
influential courtiers paved the way to establish Rana rule.
Three massacres:
After a series of assassinations of influential courtiers, three massacres like Kot,
Bhandarkhal and Alau took place in the history of Nepal. Jung Bahadur Rana
made a mass murdering of his opponents and established Rana rule in Nepal.
The murder episode that took place on the night of 2nd Aswin 1903 BS is known
as the Kot massacre. Queen Rajya Laxmi became angry after the assassination
of her favourite courtier, Gangan Singh Khawas. As per the suggestion of Junga
Bahadur, the queen called all courtiers without arms in the Kot to find out the
culprit who murdered Gangan Singh. All the courtiers assemble in the court as per
the notice. But Junga Bahadur Rana kept his soldiers and favourite people around
the Kot secretly. When the meeting started, the queen questioned Junga Bahadur
to tell the murderer of Gagan Singh. He signed to point Kesher Pandey. Then,
the queen ordered Abhiman Singh, the commander-in-chief, to chop the head of
Kesher Pandey, but he hesitated to do so. When the situation of Kot was worsened,
he went out. He was killed at the gate of Kot. Then, the soldiers of Junga Bahadur
Rana entered the Kot and killed many people one by one. After this event, Junga
Bahadur Rana was appointed as the commander-in-chief.
Queen Rajya Laxmi tried to use Junga Bahadur Rana to declare her son as the heir
apparent to the throne. But he denied her proposal. Then, she hatched a plot to
kill Junga Bahadur Rana by poisoning him. She organised a feast at Bhandarkhal
garden and called him.
Pandit Bijaya Raj Pandey disclosed this to Junga Bahadur Rana. Therefore, he
attended the feast with his soldiers and killed the remaining opponents. This
incident is popular as Bhandarkhal Parva in history. This is also called the Basnet
Parva, as many people from the Basnet family were killed in this event. After
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this incident, Junga Bahadur Rana called the meeting of courtiers and charged
the queen with many crimes of murders and attempt of killing him. The meeting
decided to send her to Banaras. Then, king Rajendra appointed Junga Bahadur
Rana as the prime minister of Nepal and accompanied the queen to Banaras.
When king Rajendra stayed in Banaras, his well-wishers assembled there. They
planed to kill Junga Bahadur and sent someone to Kathmandu. Their plan was
revealed to Junga Bahadur Rana. Then, he dethroned the king and declared
Surendra as the king of Nepal. Then, king Rajendra with his supporters, left
Banaras to declare war against Junga Bahadur Rana. They stayed at Alau, near
Birgunj. Jung Bahadur Rana sent his army to attack them. They defeated the
king's soldiers. King Rajendra was arrested and brought to Kathmandu.
He was imprisoned at Bhaktapur palace. After the Alau event, Junga Bahadur
Rana became more powerful. Thus, these massacres supported Junga Bahadur to
emerge as a powerful ruler.
Three royal seals -nfndfx] f]/_ :
Junga Bahadur Rana became more powerful as he got power from royal seals
issued by king Surendra. He was decorated with the title 'Ranaji' from a royal
seal on 5th May 1849 AD. This made the Rana family free from the punishments of
any kind of crime. The king, Surendra conferred Junga Bahadur Rana the title of
Shree Teen Maharaja of Kaski and Lamjung by a royal seal on 6th August 1856 AD.
This provided him with the power of appointment, dismissal, promotion, exile, etc.
Similarly, King Surendra provided a royal seal of appointing Junga Bahadur Rana
as the prime minister and commander- in -chief on 28th June 1857 AD. These three
royal seals made Jung Bahadur Rana a real ruler.
Matrimonial relationship with the royal family:
The royal seal in 1849 AD also made Junga Bahadur's family open to keep
matrimonial relationships with the royal family. He married the sister of Guru
Prasad Shah. His sons Jagat Jung and Jit Jung were married to the daughters of
King Surendra. Similarly, his daughters were married to crown prince Trilokya
and another influential royal member Dhirendra. This matrimonial relationship
increased his status and power.
Causes of the Downfall of Rana Rule
Rana rule was established at the cost of many people. After the establishment of
Rana rule, the rights of people were seized. Ranas exploited the people and treated
them as non-citizens. People had to live a difficult life, whereas the Ranas were full
of luxuries. Finally, people threw Rana rule through an armed revolution in 2007
BS. The main causes of the downfall of Rana are as given below.
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Conflict in the Rana family:
There were frequent clashes, quarrels and conflicts among the kith and kin of
Rana family. Jung Bahadur Rana prepared a list of the roll of successions on 10th
Mangsir 1924 BS. According to the roll of succession, he was to be succeeded by
his brothers. After them, his sons and his grandsons could be the prime ministers
one after another. This caused disputes, plots, conspiracies, and murders in the
Rana family. After the death of Junga Bahadur Rana, the sons of Dhir Shumsher
came into power. They assassinated Ranoddip Singh, the prime minister, while he
was in office. They prepared the new role of successors in their favour, excluding
the sons of Junga Bahadur Rana. This created disunity among the members of the
Rana family.
Expulsion of 'C' class Rana from the role of succession:
Chandra Shumsher had categorised the Ranas into A, B and C categories. He
kept the Ranas born from illicit relationships in 'C' category. He excluded 'C' class
Rana from the list of succession. The excluded Ranas involved in the anti-Rana
movement actively.
Anti-Rana movement:
Ranas were autocratic rulers. They never thought good for common people. They
suppressed people who made continuous efforts of protest against Rana. The anti-
Rana movement started from the time of Junga Bahadur Ran. When Junga Bahadur
was on a hunting excursion, Lakhan Thapa tried to kill him. Due to this, Lakhan
Thapa got martyrdom. In the beginning, the anti-Rana movement took place in
an unorganised way. Therefore, Rana rulers could suppress the movements. The
anti-Rana movements began in an organised way after 1987 BS. The Charkha
movement, Prachanda Gorkha, Jayantu Sanskritum, Mahabir School, Library
Parva, and Praja Parishad were the anti-Rana movements done in an organised
way. These movements became successful in awakening the people against Rana
rule.
Worldwide wave of democracy and independence and
Second world war:
The worldwide wave of democracy and independence movements awakened Nepali
people to be free from the autocratic Rana rule. The Nepali soldiers returned who
from the second world war joined the liberation army of the Nepali Congress. They
used their skills learned during world war. Nepali students who participated in the
Indian war of independence also fought against Rana rule.
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Abdication of King Tribhuwan and armed revolution:
Nepali Congress, a revolutionary party, decided to lunch an armed revolution
against Rana rule from its Bairganiya Conference held on 11th and 12th Aswin
1907 BS. This movement reached in climax after King Tribhuwan abdicated the
throne and fled to India. Finally, Rana rule was ended on 7th Falgun, 2007 BS by
a royal proclamation as per the tripartite agreement signed between Rana, Nepali
Congress and King Tribhuwan in Delhi.
ACTIVITIES
(1) Write a short drama based on the Kot massacre and demonstrate it in the
class.
(2) Prepare a table to show the date and event of the rise of the Rana rule in a
chart paper and display it in the class.
EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Which period before Rana rule is called the period of political instability in
Nepal?
(b) What was the secrete interest of junior Queen Rajya Laxmi?
(c) Who assassinated Mathbar Singh Thapa?
(d) Why is the Bhandarkhal event also called Basnet Parva?
(e) When did Junga Bahadur Rana prepare a list of role of succession?
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) How did British residents in Kathmandu pave the way to establish Rana rule?
(b) Why did a series of assassination take place in Nepal before the Rana rule?
Give your logic.
(c) What would you do if you witnessed the Kort massacre being against Junga
Bahadur Rana? Write in four points.
(d) Who were the key persons responsible for causing all three massacres?
Write reliable points to support your point.
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(e) "Conflict in the family leads the downfall and breakage." Justify the sentence
illustrating the conflict in the Rana family, causing the downfall of the Rana
rule.
(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) How did three massacres contribute to making Junga Bahadur Rana powerful
to establish Rana rule?
(b) Make a list of causes of the fall of the Rana rule and explain any two of them
in brief.
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Lesson
7.7 Effects of Rana Rule
Rana rule was established in 1903 BS and ended in 2007 BS. Jung Bahadur Rana
was the first prime minister, and Mohan Shumsher was the last prime minister
of this regime. This rule was not a complete failure though they did not try to
provide facilities to the people. They had initiated many development activities,
which have become the guiding principles even today in many aspects. Here we
discuss some negative and positive effects of the Rana rule.
Positive Effects
Rana rulers were indifferent to the problems of people and the development of the
country. However, they also made socio-economic reforms to sustain their rule.
They are considered as the achievements of Rana rule.
Chandra Shamsher Juddha Shamsher Bir Shamsher
Social Achievements
Junga Bahadur Rana enforced the first written civil code in 1910 BS with the
provisions such as prohibition of old physical torture of old penal system, the
share of parental property to the girls not married up to the age of 35 years
and no Sati to the pregnant widows.
He established Durbar High School for Rana family on 27th Ashoj 1910 BS and
started formal English medium education in Nepal. Ranoddip Singh established
Sanskrit school and hostel first time in Nepal. Bir Shumsher made it open to
general people. He also established Bir Library. Dev Shumsher established
basic schools throughout the country. Establishment of Tri-Chandra College.
Padma Shumsher encouraged women education and opened schools for girls
in Nepal. This brought positive changes in the field of education.
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Chandra Shumsher abolished Satee custom in 1977 BS (28th June 1920) and
slavery custom on 14th Mangsir 1981 BS.
Bir Shumsher established Bir hospital in 1890 AD. Chandra Shumsher
established Military Hospital, TB Hospital at Tokha, Leprosy Hospital at
Khokana.
Economic Achievements
Jung Bahadur Rana started tea plantation in Ilam and Soktim. He also started
land revenue collection through the officials appointed by the government in
Nepal.
Nepal's trade with India and Tibet flourished during Rana rule. Nepal also
started exporting raw materials to European countries.
Large-scale industries such as Biratnagar Jute Mill, Juddha Match Factory,
Cotton Mill in Birgunj, Nepal Plywood and company, Nepal Chemical
industries, sugar mill at Birgunj, textile mills at Janakpur and Nepalgunj,
and Nepal cigarette factory, etc. were established during Rana rule.
Nepal Bank Limited was established on 7th Kartik 1994 BS and paper money
was issued on 2nd Bhadra 2002 BS. This brought positive changes in money
and banking.
Negative Impacts
Rana rule of 104 years is considered a dark age in the history of Nepal. The
development work was too slow. Rana prime ministers centralised the power
of administration to themselves. All the high posts in civil service and military
were given to their family members. Ranas misused public property and lived
a luxurious life. But people were economically poor. The Rana regime was full
of social problems and evils. Child marriage, mismatched marriage, polygamy,
untouchability, discrimination prevailed in societies. Rana prime ministers had the
power of appointment and dismissal of the higher-level post in the administration.
People were deprived of their fundamental rights such as the right to speak, right
to open organisation, right to education, etc. The literacy rate of Nepal was hardly
2 % at the end of the Rana rule. The Rana rulers followed the 'Divide and Rule'
policy for the people practised by the British East India Company in India. They
divided the people by creating a big gap between the castes.
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ACTIVITIES
(1) Make a list of Rana rulers with their contribution to the development of the
country in a table and share it in the class.
(2) Prepare a chart of the positive and the negative aspects of the Rana rule and
display it in the class.
EXERCISE
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) How many Rana rulers ruled Nepal as prime minister?
(b) When was 'Mulukin Ain enforced?
(c) Who established the Bir hospital?
(d) Write the social problems eradicated by Rana rulers.
(e) Make a list of any two important economic reforms made in Rana rule.
(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) Explain the changes brought by Muluki Ain in the Nepali society.
(b) Highlight social reforms made during the premiership of Junga Bahadur
Rana.
(c) How can we say Chandra Shumsher was a social reformist? Write any four
points to support your answer.
(d) What positive changes would have been brought by the establishment of
Nepal Bank Limited in money and banking?
(e) Make a list of industries established during the Rana rule.
(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) What does social reform mean? Make a list of any three social reforms of
Rana rulers with their impacts in society.
(b) Write a letter to your friend, illustrating the positive and negative aspects of
the Rana rule.
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Lesson
7.8 Industrial Revolution
There was a rapid and miraculous development in fields of agriculture, industry
and science during the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th
century (1760 AD to 1840 AD) in Britain and other European countries. It is known
as the industrial revolution. This revolution is different from other revolutions
that took place in the world. It is a peaceful revolution that brought a progressive
change in society without any kind of destruction and crime. It extended the arable
land area and had more production as new technology was used in agriculture. The
fragmented agricultural lands were de-fragmented that eased to use technology
in cultivation. The manually operated machine was replaced by an automatic
one. It did not bring change only in the physical aspect of life. It also brought a
rapid progressive change in thought and ways of living. Many scientific research,
innovations and discoveries brought speed to the pace of work. It encouraged people
to be busy.
The industrial revolution occurred in Britain first due to various reasons such
as its geographical location, political instability, availability of natural resources
and skilled human resources, source of investment and development of English
imperialism in the world. Later, it spread in the whole European countries as well
as the whole world. It was not limited to the given time frame but still continues to
exist in the world. Industrialisation is taking place in different countries at various
levels and modes.
Flying shuttle
John Kay
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Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves
Water Frame Richard Arkwright
Power Loom Edmund Cartwright
Steam Engine James Watt
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Safety Lamp Humphry Davy
The industrial revolution is characterised by the mechanisation of production,
growth of factories, a division of labours, mass production, the transformation of
knowledge, etc. It brought drastic changes in Britain. It turned an agricultural
country, Britain, into an industrialised country. The industrial revolution is
divided into two parts. The initial industrial revolution that marks the industrial
revolution that took place only in Britain in the beginning. The new industrial
revolution refers to the industrial revolution that spread in whole Europe and the
world.
Major Areas of Reforms in the Industrial Revolution
The industrial revolution had brought more changes in the fields of cotton textile,
iron industry, invention and discoveries, transportation and communication. We
discuss some of them here.
Cotton Textile:
The industrial revolution began with the development of cotton textile. It was very
difficult to supply the demand for cotton goods with manual production. John Key
invented 'Flying Shuttle' in 1743 AD. It is a wooden frame to weave cotton. This
increased the production of cotton goods more than in the past. The invention of the
automatic weaving machine brought speed and efficiency to work. It minimises the
use of human resources for production. The work done by two persons was easily
done by a single person using it. James Hargreaves invented 'Spinning Jenny' in
1764 AD to produce cotton thread. It could produce thread eight times more than
manual production. Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769 AD. It is
a modified form of Spinning Jenny that run with the support of water. It increased
the production of thread. The factory system was developed after that. Therefore,
he is called the 'Father of Modern Factory System'. Samuel Crompton invented
'Mule' in 1779 AD. It could spin large quantities of fine cotton yarn. This machine is
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a developed form of the previous two machines (Spinning Jenny and Water Frame).
Similarly, Edmund Cartwright invented a power loom run with water in 1785 AD
This speed up the production of cotton goods.
Iron Industry:
There was a system of melting iron with firewood. This led to deforestation in
Britain. Then, the coal was used in alternative to firewood. The mining of coal was
very difficult and dangerous. Necessity is the mother of invention. Humphrey Davy
invented 'Safety Lamp' in 1815 AD. The workers in mining felt easy and safety
after this invention. Similarly, Henry Bessemer developed technology in 1856 AD.
to test the purity of iron. Therefore, big bridges and ship were built in Britain.
Transportation and Communication:
With the development of industries in Britain and European countries need for
transportation and communication was felt. It was very difficult to transport goods
from one place to another in the absence of good roads. Therefore, transportation
and communication sectors were developed. Britain constructed 180 miles long
pitched road after the appointment of John Metcalf as an engineer. George
Stephenson invented the steam engine to operate the train in 1814 AD. This brought
a revolutionary change in the field of transportation. Similarly, the development
of communication took place during industrial development. Benjamin Franklin
invented hydroelectric power. Morsey invented the telegraph in 1837 AD. Alexander
Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876 AD. This increased public contact.
Thomas Edison invented the electric bulb. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio
and wireless in 1895 AD.
Effects of the Industrial Revolution on Human Life
Every movement has positive and negative effects on society. The industrial
revolution also had positive and negative effects on human society. Human life
became easier with the development of machines and devices. The development
of industries made proper use of natural resources and increased employment
opportunities. Production of goods increased with the development of various kind
of industries. Development of transportation and communication took place. This
globalised trade with the availability of varieties of quality goods at a low price.
There was a change in the way of life of the people. The agrarian society changed
into an industrial society. Urbanisation took place as more people started to live
around the industrial areas. Scientific and commercial farming replaced traditional
and subsistence farming. New technology, machinery, fertilisers, improved seeds
and methodologies were used in agriculture that increased agricultural production.
The industrial revolution also brought negative changes in various aspects of society.
Several hazards took place in the world. Environment pollution, overexploitation of
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nature, exploitation of labours and child labour were major problems seen after the
industrial revolution. Employment opportunities increased with the development
of various industries. At the same time, the number of unemployed people increased
one machine could replace many workers and make more products in a short period
of time. Society was divided into two classes viz. capitalists and workers. Trade
unions of workers were formed to fight against factory owners for their rights,
salary, wages and facilities. The gap between rich and poor increased. The rich
became richer, and the grassroots people remained poorer forever
ACTIVITIES
(1) What are the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution? Discuss
in class and prepare a list.
(2) Complete the following table on a sheet of chart paper and display in the
class.
Inventions Inventors Contribution to Industrial Development
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
EXERCISE
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Who invented Spinning Jenny?
(b) What was the use of the water frame in the cotton textile?
(c) Which machine could produce thread eight times more than manual
production?
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(d) Name the contributors who supported the development of communication
during the industrial revolution.
(e) Make a list of any two negative effects of the industrial revolution.
(2) Write short answers to the following questions.
(a) What were the main reasons for the industrial revolution that started in
Britain?
(b) Why is the industrial revolution different from other revolutions that took
place in the world?
(c) How did the industrial revolution help agricultural growth?
(d) Explain the impacts of the industrial revolution on human life in brief.
(3) Write long answers to the following questions.
(a) Make a list of the characteristics of the industrial revolution and explain them
in brief.
(b) "Every movement has positive and negative effects in the society." Justify
the given statement illustrating the positive and negative effects of the
industrial revolution.
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Lesson
7.9 Genealogy
Students from different areas study in grade nine in a school in Kaski. Their Social
Studies teacher is going to facilitate the topic ‘Genealogy and Its Importance’ in
their class. Let’s hear their discussion and be familiar with the topic.
Teacher : Good morning, dear students. We are going to discuss genealogy
and its importance today. (Showing PowerPoint slide), Please,
read the matter given here and share what you understand.
(The students began to study the matters given in PowerPoint slides)
The teacher and students discussed the matters using the question-answer method.
They finalised the matters about genealogy and its importance as given below.
Genealogy
The word 'genealogy' is derived from the Greek word 'Geneologia', which is composed of two words,
'Geneo' and 'Logia'. Here 'Geneo' means 'Race' and 'Logia' means 'study'. Thus, the etymological
meaning of genealogy is the study of race. It is the study of family ancestries and histories. It is
the recorded history of the descent of a person or family from an ancestor or ancestors. Genealogy
demonstrates the cultural and ideological importance of the establishment of pedigrees and descents
for particular families.
Study of genealogy has become increasingly popular and time consuming recreational activity in
sociological research. The persons who study and prepare genealogy are known as genealogists.
They use various sources such as oral interviews, historical records, genetic analysis, and others to
prepare a genealogy of a person or family. Genealogy is one of the important sources of history. It
helps to know about the historical background of historical personalities.
Importance of Genealogy:
Genealogy helps to find the origin of the past generation of every person. It also gives detail information
about the family history of a person or family at present. Other major importance of genealogy is given
below.
Genealogy is helpful for the study of blood relationship, which could help establish a marriage
relationship in a particular community.
It helps to get genealogical proofs of a family connection for the transformation of parental
properties.
It gives information about an ancestor's involvement in a historical event.
It gives information about the migration of the descents of a family or families.
It helps to diagnose hereditary diseases of a person.
It helps to know the historical status of any family or person.
It gives the information of ancestors who contributed to family tradition.
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Teacher : (in happy mood) Thank you very much, my dear children, for your
active participation. I want to share some ideas on importance of
genealogical studies in our family.
We live in a family. Our family is our pride. We should collect
information about our past generation. We can get some
information from our parents. We should also make a systematic
study of our genealogy. The genealogical study is not an easy
task. Nobody gives information about their ancestors easily.
If they give information, there may not be reliable. Therefore,
genealogists should be very careful while collecting information.
We should select an adult respondent. Convincing the respondent,
we should ask the question and note down the information. We
can also make cross-question to verify the given information. We
can give double codes in case of the repetition of names to avoid
confusion. We should use a capital letter for one gender and a
small letter for another gender.
(Then, the teacher assigns the students to prepare a genealogy of
their own families and present it in the next class.)
(Bell rings, they thank each other, and the teacher leaves the
class.)
(The next day)
All the students wish their teacher as soon as she enters the class. They are happy
today as they are going to present in today's class.
Teacher : (Turning to the students) Who wants to present first today?
(Anuradha Chaudhari, Bishnu Adhikari, Pemba Chhering,
Rookie Gurung, and Yumi Shrestha raised their hand. The
teacher asked Rukkie to present first. His presentation is given
below.
Rookie Gurung : Good morning respected teacher and my dear friends. I am Rookie
Gurung, an inhabitant of Pokhara-26, Budhi Bazaar. My family
migrated here from Aahale Chityan, Syangja, some years ago. I am
proud of my ancestral village. I often visit there with my parents.
After we studied genealogy yesterday, I had a curiosity to know
about the genealogy of my family. I asked my father to tell me about
the genealogical chart of our family kept in my house since many
years. Jaskarna Gurung is my great grandfather, seventh generation
before me. He had four sons. They were Tikajit, Parshuram,
Newarsingh and Kumbhasingh. His second son, Parshuram had
three sons. They were Bahadur, Hastabir and Kahersingh. Bahadur
Gurung is my grandfather's grandfather. He had four sons. They
300 Unit Seven:
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