Children's Illustrated Encyclopedia

Universe

The vasT expanse of space that we call the universe contains
everything there is. it includes the sun, the planets, the Milky Way
galaxy, and all other galaxies, too. The universe is continually
growing, and each part is gradually moving farther away from
every other part. We know about the universe by using
powerful telescopes to study light, radio waves, x-rays,
and other radiations that reach earth from space.
light travels nearly 6 billion miles (9.5 billion km)
in a year. We call this distance a light-year. The Milky
light from a distant star that you can see Way has
through a telescope may have traveled a halo of
stars and gas.

thousands of light-years to reach MilkY WaY
us. Most scientists believe that The sun is just
the universe was created by a one of 100 billion stars
massive explosive event that in the large spiral galaxy
happened billions of years we call the Milky Way. like
ago. This idea is called most other spiral galaxies, the
the Big Bang theory. Milky Way has curved arms of stars
radiating from a globe-shaped center.
The Milky Way is 100,000 light-years across,
and the sun is 30,000 light-years from its center.

Many scientists now galaxies Pieces of paper
believe that visible represent clusters
matter makes up galaxies, which contain of galaxies.
only 7 percent gas, dust, and billions of stars,
belong to one of three main
of the universe groups—elliptical, irregular, or spiral.
and that the rest Most galaxies are elliptical, ranging from
is dark matter sphere shapes to egg shapes. a few galaxies are
and dark energy. irregular. others, such as the Milky Way, are spirals.
The universe consists of billions of galaxies of all types.

galaxY clusTers In this image the Balloon expands in
Most galaxies belong to groups galaxies are yellow the same way that the
called clusters, which may and red, and the universe is expanding.
blue haloes around The expanding universe
contain thousands of galaxies them represent You can get an idea of how the
of all types. These clusters dark matter. universe is expanding by imagining
form “walls” with great voids
in between, so that the several small pieces of paper
universe is like a foam. glued on to a balloon. each piece
The invisiBle universe represents a cluster of galaxies. as
When scientists estimate the mass of a galaxy cluster, the figure 
usually turns out to be much more than the mass of the visible you blow up the balloon, all the
galaxies alone. The extra, invisible matter is called dark matter, paper pieces move farther away from
and no one knows what it is. dark matter and ordinary matter
together account for only 30 percent of the universe. scientists each other. in the same way, galaxy
call the remaining 70 percent dark energy. dark energy is like a clusters are moving farther away from
force that acts against gravity and pushes the galaxies apart. it is
causing the expansion of the universe to speed up. each other. The farther a cluster is,
the faster it travels away from us.

Looking back in time Galaxy is 100 million Find out more
light-years away. Light Big bang
if you look through a telescope left this galaxy when the
you can see galaxies millions of dinosaurs lived on Earth. Black holes
Dinosaurs light-years away. You are not comets and meteors
lived on Earth seeing them as they are now, but as they were long
66–215 million ago, when their light first set out on its journey— so earth
years ago. in a sense, you are looking into the past. light
Moon
planets
stars

sun
Telescopes

549

QUeen Victoria Victorians
Victoria (1819-1901) is best
remembered dressed all in black Under the rUle of QUeen Victoria, the British people enjoyed
and in mourning for her husband
albert, who died in 1861. Queen a long period of prosperity. Profits gained from the empire overseas, as well as
Victoria had great dignity and was from industrial improvements at home, allowed a large, educated middle class
highly respected by her subjects. to develop. Great advances were made in the arts and sciences. in the cities,
department stores were opened for the convenience of those with cash to
spend. domestic servants were employed in many homes, although vast
numbers of people remained poor and lived in slums. Public transportation,
police forces, clean water supplies, and sewage treatment were introduced to
ease conditions in the new towns. like Victoria, middle-class people set high
moral standards and devised programs to “improve” the lives of the poor.
the Victorians thought
themselves the most
advanced society
in the world.

crystal Palace the Great exhiBition
in 1851, a new building was erected in
hyde Park, london, to house the Great in 1851, Prince albert organized the first international exhibition in Britain.
exhibition. it was made entirely of glass More than six million people visited the crystal Palace (above) to celebrate
and cast iron. Joseph Paxton designed it the industrial age. the 14,000 exhibits included a 24-ton lump of coal,
so that it could be moved later and
rebuilt in south london. a railway engine, the Koh-i-noor diamond from india, and a stuffed elephant.

Victorian style
Victorians loved elaborate
decoration. almost all Victorian
objects, from lampposts to
teaspoons, were covered in
carvings, patterns, and other
ornamentation. large houses
and public buildings, such as saint
Pancras station, london (below),
were built in the style of ancient
castles, cathedrals, and palaces.
Saint Pancras
station

Egg domestic life
whisk servants were a feature of
every upper- and middle-class
Laundry household. Maids worked
starch long hours for little or no pay,
sometimes only for board
Servant’s Black and lodging. in 1871, one third
bell grate of British women aged 12 to
polish
20 were “in service.”

550

victorians

Victorians
1837 Victoria becomes
queen.
1842 Mines Act prevents
women and children from
working underground
in mines.
1851 great Exhibition
held in London.
1863 First underground
railroad (the Metropolitan
Line) opens, London.
1864 Factory Act bans
children under eight years
old from factory work.
1881 First electric street
lighting is installed.
1882 Married Women’s
property Act gives married
women legal ownership of
their property.
1891 primary education in
state schools becomes free.
1901 Queen Victoria dies.

MuSIC HALLS Acrobats performed exciting
feats on stage in music halls.
Working people went to music
halls (vaudeville theaters) for cheap
entertainment. Audiences could eat and
drink while enjoying melodramas, acrobats,
comedians, and singers. Sentimental songs
were especially popular.

The Gatling gun The Martini-Henry rifle SOCIAL REFORM
fired bullets at a appeared around 1871. It had In Victorian times, a new industrial era resulted
rate of 1,000 rounds a range of 300 yards (275 m). in a wealthy middle class. However, it also created
per minute. a vast working class that often suffered terrible
IROnCLAd bATTLESHIpS EMpIRE buILdIng living and working conditions. Some boys worked
britain kept a huge navy to
protect and control an empire during Victoria’s reign, there were as chimney sweeps in wealthy homes (above).
that spanned the world. dozens of small-scale wars, as the Their plight was publicized by Charles Kingsley’s
Fast gunboats and powerful various European nations carved
battleships—with armor- out empires in Africa and Asia. The Water Babies, and reformers such as Lord
plated wooden hulls for people who already lived in these Shaftesbury campaigned for new labor laws.
protection—sailed to places stood little chance against
areas where there was trained troops equipped with rifles Find out more
conflict, defending and automatic guns. Architecture
british political and Industrial revolution
commercial interests HMS Transportation, history of
wherever these were Warrior united kingdom, history of
threatened.

Vietnam War

Vietnam war BeTween 1956 And 1975, Vietnam was the scene NortH
1859 France begins to colonize VietNam
Vietnam. of one of the most destructive wars in modern Hanoi
1954 Vietnamese defeat French. history. In 1954, Vietnam defeated French colonial
1956 Viet Cong lead rebellion forces and was divided into two countries—a Ho Chi
against south Vietnamese Communist north and a non-Communist south minh trail
government. Vietnam. The Viet Cong (Vietnamese Communists)
1961 United states sends rebelled against the south Vietnamese government SoutH
advisers to train south and, helped by north Vietnam under Ho Chi VietNam
Vietnamese army. Minh, fought to reunite the country. This brought Saigon
1964 Gulf of Tonkin clash in the United states, which believed that if Vietnam VIeTnAM
between north Vietnamese and fell to the Communists, nearby countries would fall, Vietnam is in southeast Asia.
Us naval craft leads to war. too. during the 1960s, the United states poured The war was fought in the
1965 United states begins troops and money into Vietnam but found itself jungles of south Vietnam and
bombing of north; first Us in an undeclared war it could not win. despite in the skies above north
combat troops arrive in south. intensive bombing and the latest military Vietnam. Viet Cong fighters
1968 Tet (Vietnamese new technology, the Viet Cong were better equipped received supplies from the
Year) offensive by Viet Cong. and trained for jungle warfare. Casualties in north along the Ho Chi Minh
1968 American troops massacre Vietnam were appalling, and strong opposition to Trail. At the end of the war,
My Lai villagers. the war developed in the United states. A ceasefire the country was reunited with
1968 Antiwar protests in the Us. was negotiated, and in 1973 all American troops its capital at Hanoi. saigon,
1973 Ceasefire signed in paris; were withdrawn. Two years later, north Vietnam the southern capital, was
American troops leave Vietnam. captured saigon, the capital of south Vietnam, renamed Ho Chi Minh City.
1975 Vietnam reunited under and Vietnam was united as a Communist country.
Communist control.

Troops
The first American military
personnel arrived in Vietnam
during 1961 to advise the south
Vietnamese government. By
1969, there were about 550,000
American troops in Vietnam.

CosTs The United States spent More than one million South
$150 billion on the war; Vietnamese and between
It is unlikely there are no figures for 500,000 and one million North
that the exact cost what North Vietnam spent. Vietnamese died in the war;
of the Vietnam war over 58,000 American service
will ever be known, people lost their lives.
but in terms of lives The US Air Force bombed the
lost, money spent, jungle with chemicals to strip the
leaves off the trees. Much of
and bombs Vietnam is still deforested today.
dropped, it was
desTrUCTIon enormous. Both Four times as many bombs Find out more
The lengthy fighting had a terrible effect on the sides suffered huge were dropped by the US Air Communism
people of Vietnam. Their fields were destroyed, their Force on Vietnam than were southeast asia
forests stripped of leaves, and their houses blown up, casualties and dropped by British and American United states, history of
leaving them refugees. Thousands were killed, emerged with bombers on Germany during all
injured, or maimed. seriously damaged of World War II.

economies.

552

Vikings

BeTween The 8Th and 12Th cenTuries ce, fierce warriors
called Vikings terrorized the people of europe, looking for loot. They
Viking knorr

came from norway, sweden, and denmark, where the weather was cold
and the soil was poor. at first they made lightning raids on
coastal villages and isolated farms. They stole
horses and food, captured prisoners for
slaves, and robbed churches of their gold
and silver. later they conquered and
settled in parts of england,
France, Germany, ireland,
italy, russia, and scotland.
The Vikings were the finest Villagers loaded
shipbuilders of the time, the knorrs with
farm produce, for
trading purposes.

and their swift, light boats
could travel far from their
homelands. They settled Viking longship lonGship and knorr
in iceland and Greenland, The Vikings depended
and were the first
europeans to reach north on ships for transportation,
america. although they are because their lands were
chiefly remembered for their surrounded by the sea
conquests, most nordic people and covered with dense
lived peacefully in small settlements forests, which made
and worked as farmers, merchants, travel difficult. They
and craftworkers. built magnificent
longships out of
warriors wood cut from the
Viking warriors usually fought with swords and vast scandinavian
battle axes, although some used spears and forests. a longship
bows, and arrows. They carried
wooden shields, and some carried about 80 warriors,
wore armor made of layers who rowed and sailed the
of thick animal hides. Viking ship and also fought battles
chieftains often wore metal when they reached land. The Vikings
helmets and chainmail armor. also built smaller ships called knorrs, which
they used for trading and transporting goods.
Swedish helmet (7th century)
Burials Relatives have surrounded the
important Vikings were body with the dead person’s
buried with their ships. most treasured possessions,
relatives placed the including his horse.
body in a wooden
cabin on the deck.
sometimes, dogs,
horses, cattle, and
slaves were buried
with their owners. The
body of a great warrior
might be burned on a
pile of wood or placed
on the deck of a longship,
which was then set alight.

VikinG Families
some Vikings lived in bustling trading
A warrior used towns, such as York, england, but most
both hands to
swing the long- lived in isolated farming settlements.
handled battle everything the family needed had to
ax at an enemy. be made or grown on the farm. Viking

women had more rights than many
other european women
of the time. For instance,
they were allowed to get

divorced if they wanted to.

The sword was among the most fearsome weapons Find out more
carried by the Vikings. normans

scandinavia

553

Volcanoes

Living in the shadow of a voLCaniC eRuPtions
a volcano lies over a deep
volcano can be a source of constant chamber of red-hot, molten rock,
fear. an active volcano can erupt with called magma. Pressure from hot
little warning: smoke and hot ash billow gases forces the magma up to the
from the crater at the volcano’s summit, surface. the molten rock, now
and red-hot lava flows down the slopes, called lava, melts a hole through the
setting fire to everything in its path. volcanoes rock above and flows out. Layers of
are caused by the movement of vast slabs of rock, lava and volcanic ash cool
called plates, in earth’s surface. when the Cloud of ash and and solidify, building up a cone-
plates collide or spread apart, molten rock gas pours out shaped mountain with a central
from deep underground is forced to the from the crater.
surface, at or near the place where the channel through which lava
plates meet. there are about flows. Most volcanoes do not erupt
850 active volcanoes in continuously. Between eruptions,
the world. Most lie in active volcanoes are said to be
a belt called the Ring dormant. extinct volcanoes
of Fire, which are those that are no
surrounds the longer active.
Pacific ocean.
volcanoes also Red-hot lava flows
occur in the down the side of
ocean, where they the volcano.
form underwater Earth’s crust is
mountains or islands, formed of layers of
such as hawaii. different kinds of rock.
Close to the center
of Earth, the intense
heat melts the rock.

Magma rises up the main channel and MagMa
branch channels. If thick, slow-flowing a volcano’s shape depends on the
lava blocks the main channel, the magma it produces. thick magma
volcano may explode.
produces a steep cone; runny
Magma chamber forms Volcano builds up magma results in a flattened,
deep underground. with layers of ash shieldlike volcano. some volcano
and solidified lava.
cones are made only of ash.

PuMiCe
Lava containing bubbles of gas
hardens to form a rock called pumice,
which is peppered with tiny holes.
the holes make pumice very light; it
is the only rock that can float in water.

Lava PomPeii geyseRs
in 79 ce Mount vesuvius in italy erupted. Clouds of a jet of boiling water that
Molten rock that has escaped ash shot into the air, while pyroclastic flows (clouds suddenly shoots up from the
to earth’s surface is called lava. of hot ash and air) swept down the mountain, ground is called a geyser. hot
a bubbling lake of molten rock burning all in their paths. archaeologists have rock deep below the surface heats
fills the crater of the volcano, and uncovered much of Pompeii, where the bodies of the water in an underground chamber
fountains of fiery lava leap high victims left hollows in the ash. the plaster cast below so that it boils. steam forces the
into the air. glowing streams of is made from such a hollow and shows the last water out in a jet. when the
lava pour out of the crater and moments of a person killed by a pyroclastic flow. chamber refills and heats up,
flow down the sides of the vesuvius last erupted in 1944. it could erupt again at the geyser blows again.
volcano like rivers of fire. the any time. another volcanic disaster occurred on the
lava has a temperature of about Find out more
2,000°F (1,100°C), which is hot island of Krakatoa, Continents
enough to melt steel. indonesia, in 1883. earthquakes

554 geology
Mountains
Rocks and minerals

WashGeionrGGe ton

“the FAther oF his Country” was a nickname that George
Washington earned many times over. First, he led the American forces to
victory against the British in the American revolution, then he served the
American people again as the first president of the united states. As a
military leader, he was capable and strong-willed. even when the British
seemed set to win the war, Washington did not give up hope and continued
to encourage the American troops. As president, he was an energetic leader
1732 Born in Westmoreland, who used his great prestige to unite the new nation. yet, despite his many
Virginia. personal strengths, Washington was an unlikely figure to lead a revolution.
1759-74 Member of the he was born into a wealthy family and trained
Virginia legislature. ViCtory At trenton as a surveyor before serving in
1775-81 Leads Continental the local militia. he could
forces in the revolution. on Christmas night, 1776, George Washington have had an excellent
1787 helps draft the led his troops across the icy Delaware river
Constitution of the united and attacked the British in trenton, new
states of America. Jersey, before they had time to prepare military career, but at the
1789 Chosen as first President themselves for battle. the surprise attack age of 27 he returned to
of the united states. did much to increase American morale farming in Virginia. he did
1793 elected to second term the same at the end of the
as president. at the start of
1797 retires as president. the revolution. revolution and only went back
1799 Dies at Mount Vernon.
to national politics in 1787
because he felt the country
needed his help once more.

Troops had to break the ice
in order to make their way
across the river.

Continental Congress Mount Vernon
in 1774, the 13 British colonies in north Built in 1743, Mount Vernon was the home
America set up a Continental Congress of George Washington for more than 50 years.
to protest against unfair British rule. the wooden house overlooks the Potomac river
George Washington was one of the delegates near Alexandria, Virginia, and is now a museum
from Virginia. Although the Congress dedicated to Washington.
favored reaching an agreement with Britain,
fighting broke out between the two sides in Find out more
1775. the Congress raised an army under American revolution

Washington and on July 4, Constitution
1776, issued the Declaration united states, history of
of independence. Peace was
declared in 1781, and the
Congress became the national
government of the newly formed
united states of America.
in 1789, it was abolished and
a new government structure
was established.

555

Water

The force of surface We are surrounded by water. More than 70 percent of earth’s
tension holds water
molecules together so surface is covered by vast oceans and seas. In addition, 10 percent of the
that they form small, land—an area the size of south america—is covered by water in the form
roughly spherical drops.
of ice. However, little new water is ever made on earth. The rain that
falls from the sky has fallen billions of times before and will fall
billions of times again. It runs down the land to the sea,
evaporates (changes into vapor) into
surFaCe TensIon the clouds, and falls again as rain
The surface of water seems to in an endless cycle. Water has a
be like an elastic skin. You can see
this if you watch tiny insects, such as
water striders, walking on water— huge effect on our planet and
their feet make hollows in the its inhabitants. all plants
surface of the water, but the
insects do not sink. This “skin” and animals need water to
effect is called surface tension. survive; life itself began in
It is caused by the attraction earth’s prehistoric seas. seas
of water molecules to each and rivers shape the land over
other. surface tension thousands of years, cutting cliffs
has another important Molecules at the surface and canyons; icy glaciers dig out
effect: it causes water have other molecules pulling on them only from
to form drops. below. This means there is a force pulling on this huge valleys. Water is also
top layer of molecules, keeping them under essential to people in homes
tension like a stretched rubber band. and factories, and on farms.

In the body
of the liquid, each
Water for life water molecule is
surrounded by others,
all plants and animals, so the forces on them
including humans, are balance out.
made largely of water
and depend on water
for life. For instance,
more than two-thirds
of the human body is
water. To replace water
lost by urinating,
sweating, and breathing,
we must drink water
every day to stay healthy. ICe
no one can survive for Water freezes when the
more than four days temperature drops below 32°F
without water. (0°C). Water expands, or takes

up more space, as it freezes.
Water pipes sometimes burst in
very cold winters as the water
inside freezes and expands.
sTaTes oF WaTer
Pure water is a compound of two
common elements—hydrogen
and oxygen. In each water
molecule there are two
hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom; scientists
represent this by writing
Hs2toat.eW, bautteriticsaunsuaalslloy in a liquid
be a solid or
a gas. If left standing, water slowly
evaporates and turns into water
vapor, an invisible gas. When
water is cooled down enough,
it freezes solid and turns to ice.

WaTer WaTer vaPor
salty water boils at a higher Water boils at 212°F (100°C). at this
temperature and freezes at temperature it evaporates so rapidly that
a lower temperature than water vapor forms bubbles in the liquid.
freshwater, which is why salt Water vapor is invisible; visible clouds of
is put on roads in the winter steam are not water vapor, but tiny droplets of
to keep ice from forming. water formed when the hot vapor hits cold air.

556

Water

Water treatment
Water in a reservoir is usually not fit to
drink. It must pass through a treatment
Water tank center, which removes germs and other
stores clean harmful substances. Chlorine gas is
often dissolved into the water to kill
water. bacteria and viruses. In addition, the
Once the water is water is stored in huge basins so that
treated, it is pumped pieces of dirt sink to the bottom; filters
up into a high tank, made of stones and sand remove any
Water falls as rain and Water is cleaned in ready to be used. With the water high above the remaining particles.
is collected in lakes a treatment plant. ground, the faucet can be turned
and reservoirs. on so the water runs out.

Water can provide an unlimited supply SolutionS Sugar
of power, unlike underground Pure water is rarely dissolves
resources such as found in nature in water,
coal and gas. because water dissolves making
other substances to a sweet-
form mixtures called tasting sugar
solutions. For example, solution.
seawater is salty because The sugar
there are many disappears
minerals dissolved in it. when it is
Water solutions are completely
vital to life; blood dissolved.
plasma, for instance,
is a water solution.

HydroeleCtrIC PoWer If three identical holes are Water Pressure
People have used water as a source of power for more than 2,000 drilled in the side of a water-
years. today, water is used to produce electricity in hydroelectric filled container, water spurts out Water rushes out of a faucet because
(water-driven) power stations. Hydroelectric power stations are much farther from the it is under pressure; that is, it is
often built inside dams. Water from a huge lake behind the dam lowest hole because
flows down pipes. the moving water spins turbines, which drive of the weight of the pushed from behind. Pressure is
generators and produce electricity. Hydroelectric power produces water above. produced by pumps that force water
electricity without causing pollution or using scarce resources.
along using pistons or blades like
PollutIon and drougHt those on a ship’s propeller. Water
pressure is also created by the sheer
In many places, such as east africa, there weight of water above. the deeper
is insufficient rain and constant drought. the water, the greater the pressure. If

Plants cannot grow, and people and you dive into a pool, you can
animals must fight a constant battle feel the water pressure
for survival. Fresh, clean water can pushing on your
eardrums.
also be difficult to obtain even
in places with lots of rain. this Fire fighters
is because waste from cities connect their hoses
and factories pollutes
the water, making it to fire engines,
unsafe to drink. which contain
powerful pumps.
The pumps
increase the
pressure so
that the water
can reach
flames high up
in buildings.

Underground water supplies Find out more
exist below the surface of electricity

Earth. After a drought, Heat
these supplies dry lakes
out; it may take oceans and seas
years for them rain and snow
to be refilled. rivers

557

The air over the Clouds hang over the Weather
Sahara Desert is so hot and rainy tropics
stable and dry that of Central Africa. Weather describes conditions, such as rain, wind, and
rain seldom falls.
sunshine, that occur during a short period of time in a particular
place; climate is the overall pattern of weather in a region. From

one moment to the next the weather can change. a warm, sunny
day can be overtaken by a violent storm. dark clouds form,
high winds blow, and rain lashes the ground, yet it may be
only a few minutes before the sunny weather returns.
however, in some parts of the world, such as in parts of
the tropics, the weather barely changes for months at a
time. there it is always hot, and heavy rains fall.
Meteorologists are scientists who measure and
forecast the weather. they do this by studying clouds,
winds, and the temperature and pressure of earth’s
atmosphere. but despite the use of satellites, computers,
and other technology in weather forecasting, weather
remains a force of nature that is hard to predict.

Swirls of World Weather A scale of hours on
cloud mark the sun is the driving force the recorder shows
patterns of for the world’s weather. the at what times the
winds. heat of the sun’s rays produces sun was shining.
wind and evaporates water from the
Snow and ice cover the cold seas, which later forms clouds and rain.
Antarctic continent. the direct heat above the equator makes
the weather hot, while the poles, which get
less of the sun’s heat, are cold and cloudy.

Measuring the Weather sunshine recorder
the more direct sunshine
several thousand weather stations on land, ships, and aircraft measure
weather conditions around the world. the stations contain instruments a region receives, the
that record temperature, rainfall, the speed and direction of wind, air warmer it becomes. an
pressure, and humidity (the amount of water vapor in the air). balloons
called radiosondes carry instruments to take measurements high in the instrument called a
air. Weather satellites in space send back pictures of the clouds. sunshine recorder

The wind spins Rain pours through a funnel into measures daily
the cups, and the a container. After every 24 hours, hours of sunshine.
wind speed is the collected water is poured into the glass ball works
shown on a dial. a measuring cylinder that gives a like a powerful lens,
reading of the day’s total rainfall. focusing the sun’s
rays, which leave a line
of burn marks on a
piece of cardboard.

Barograph gives a
permanent record
of air pressure on
a chart.

aneMoMeter rain gauge barograph
the sun’s heat produces winds—moving droplets of water and tiny
currents of air that flow over earth’s ice crystals group together to a barograph measures air pressure.
surface. Meteorologists use anemometers form clouds, and water falls this is important in weather
to measure wind speed, which shows the from the skies as rain and
rate of approaching weather. snow. Meteorologists measure forecasting because high pressure
rainfall, which is the depth of often brings settled weather; low
water that would occur if the pressure brings wind and rain.
rain did not drain away.

558

Weather

CloudS 10 miles
(16 km)
low-lying clouds at the top of a
hill cause the air to become cold, Cirrus clouds
foggy, and damp. this is because the
clouds contain many tiny droplets of Anvil of 8 miles
water. Clouds form in air that is rising. cumulonimbus (13 km)
the air contains invisible water vapor. clouds
as the air ascends, it becomes cooler.
Colder air cannot hold so much vapor, CirruS CloudS
and some vapor turns into tiny droplets Cirrocumulus Cirrus clouds form high in the sky
or freezes to ice crystals, forming a 6 miles so they contain only ice crystals.
cloud. Slow-rising air produces Cumulonimbus (9.7 km) Cirrocumulus (above) and cirro-
sheets of cloud. air that is ascending
quickly forms clumps of cloud. stratus also form at high altitudes.

Altostratus

Cloud formation 4 miles
there are three main kinds of (6.4 km)
clouds, which form at different
heights in the air. feathery, cirrus Altocumulus Cumulus
clouds float highest of all. midway Stratocumulus
to low are fluffy, cumulus clouds. 2 miles
Sheets of stratus clouds often lie (3.2 km)
low in the sky; gray stratus bears
rain. Cumulonimbus cloud, a type Stratus CumuluS CloudS
of cumulus cloud, towers in the sky Separate masses of cloud are called
and often brings thunderstorms. cumulus clouds. altocumulus is
medium-high patchy cloud, and
ground low stratocumulus contains low,
level dense clumps of cloud.

air maSSeS and frontS Warm, Warm front
Huge bodies of air, called air moist air long spells of WeatHer foreCaSting
masses, form over land and mass rain occur as
sea. air masses containing warm air rises the weather centers in different countries receive
above cold air, measurements of weather conditions from satellites and
warm, cold, moist, or dry air before the observers around the world. they use this data to forecast
bring different kinds of front arrives the weather that lies ahead. Supercomputers do the many
weather as they are carried by on the difficult calculations involved and draw charts of the weather
the wind. a front is where two ground. to come. forecasters use the charts to predict the weather
air masses meet. the weather Cold, moist for the next few days, producing weather reports for
air mass television, newspapers, shipping, and aircraft.

changes when a front arrives.

Cold air Cold front Cold air oCCluded front LoW Lines called
mass Cold air moves in mass a cold front overtakes isobars give the
air pressure,
under warm air, a warm front, lifting which is measured
bringing heavy warm air above it. in millibars.

rain followed rain also falls along HigH LoW indicates
by showers. an occluded front. regions of lowest
air pressure.
Warm air mass HigH indicates
regions of highest
HigH air pressure.

Warm air Cold air Red semicircles
mass mass indicate the
advancing edge
HigHS and loWS WeatHer CHart of a warm front.
the pressure of the air varies from a weather forecaster predicts Blue triangles indicate
time to time and from place to the day’s weather using a chart the advancing edge
place. regions of low pressure are showing air pressure and fronts of a cold front.
called cyclones, or lows. the air over a large region. lines called
rises and cools, bringing clouds isobars connect regions with the Find out more
and rain. an anticyclone, or high, same atmospheric pressure. tight atmosphere
is a region of high pressure. the loops of isobars of decreasing
air descends and warms, bringing pressure show a low, where it is Climates
clear, dry weather. Winds circle windy and possibly rainy. isobars earth
around highs and lows, as can of rising pressure indicate a high,
be seen in this satellite picture which gives settled weather. rain and snow
of a cyclonic storm. Storms
Wind

559

Weights and measures

How far away is the moon? How deep are the oceans? How tall are you?
How hot is it on Mars? It is possible to measure all of these things and many
more. Every day we need to make measurements. In cooking, for example,
a recipe requires the correct weight of each ingredient, and
once mixed, the ingredients have to be cooked at a certain
temperature. we make measurements using measuring
instruments. for example, a thermometer measures
Scale pan temperature, a ruler measures distance, and a clock
carries
fixed weights
in units of measures time. all measurements are based on a
ounces or system of units. Time, for example, is measured
grams.
in units of minutes and seconds; length
is measured in feet or meters.
wEIgHT VoLUME Precise measurements are
weighing scales measure Volume measures the very important in science
how heavy things are. amount of space that
They compare the an object or liquid takes and medicine. Scientists have
weight of an object in up. a measuring jug extremely accurate measuring
one pan with a measures the volume
known weight that of a liquid. By reading the instruments to determine
sits in the other pan. level of the liquid against everything from the tiny
a scale of units, you can
LENgTH aNd arEa find the volume of the distance between atoms in
liquid in the jug. a piece of metal to the
Thermometers
measure temperature of a distant
temperature. planet, such as Neptune.

Tape measures and rulers indicate length.
They can also be used to calculate area, which
indicates, for example, the amount of land a
football field takes up or the amount of material
needed to make a coat.

We can also measure things that we cannot
see. This digital meter measures the strength
of an electric current in amperes (A).

UNITS of MEaSUrEMENT
when you measure something, such as height,
you compare the quantity you are measuring
to a fixed unit, such as a foot or a meter. Scientists
have set these units with great precision, so that if
you measure your height with two different rulers,
you will get the same answer. The meter, for TIME METrIc SySTEM
example, is defined (set) by the distance traveled Time is measured in hours,

minutes, and seconds.
by light in a specific time. This gives a very precise a digital stopwatch can
measure of length. measure the time of a race to a system of measurement defines fixed
units for quantities, such as weight and
the nearest hundredth
of a second. time. Most countries use the metric
system, which was developed in france
about 200 years ago. Then the meter
The cubit and the Body measurements was fixed as the 10-millionth part
hand were The earliest systems of units of the distance between the North
ancient were based on parts of the
Egyptian human body, such as the Pole and the equator. The meter is
units. now fixed using the speed of light.

One cubit hands or feet. Both the IMPErIaL SySTEM
ancient Egyptians (about Units of the imperial system include
The 3000 bce) and the romans inches and feet for length, pints and
hand was divided (from about 800 bce) used
into four fingers. units of this kind. However, gallons for volume, and pounds and
The foot originated body measurements present tons for weight. The imperial system
in ancient Rome. a problem. They always give is used mainly in the US.
different answers because
they depend on the size of Many imperial units were first used in Find out more
ancient Rome. The mile was 1,000 paces, clocks and watches
the person making the each pace being two steps. The word mile
measurement. Egypt, ancient
Mathematics
comes from the word for 1,000 in Latin. roman empire

560

WEsT AFRICA

The varied climaTes, landscapes, and resources
of the countries of West africa have attracted both
traders and colonizers. arabs operated trading
caravans across the sahara desert, while the
europeans sought both West african slaves and
gold. Today, most of the countries in this region
are desperately poor, their problems made worse by
corrupt governments, debt, and occasional civil wars.
plaNTaiNs The vast majority of people live by farming. coffee, cocoa,
plantains are members of the and oil palms are all cultivated in the humid tropical
banana family. They are cooked lowlands of the west and south, while cattle, sheep, most of the countries of this
and mashed to make a staple food and goats are herded by the nomads of the sahel. region border the atlantic Ocean.
in many parts of tropical West africa. The northern countries lie on the
FishiNG iN mauriTaNia fringes of the sahara desert and
Two-thirds of mauritania is covered vast reserves of oil have been found in the Niger the sahel, a vast area of semidesert.
by the sahara desert. Only one delta and off the ivory coast, and there is mineral The tropical rain forests of the west
percent of the land, the area and south are irrigated by three
drained by the senegal river, can wealth in both mauritania and major rivers—the Niger, volta,
be cultivated. however, mauritania sierra leone, but these and senegal.
has some of the richest fishing resources are still not
grounds in the world. many other having an impact
nations fish there. catches are sold on most people’s
through the state fishing company, daily lives.
and fishing provides over half of
mauritania’s export earnings.

A Mauritanian islam
fisherman uses
a pole to carry many of the countries of West africa are islamic. The religion
his nets to the was spread by arab traders, who controlled the great caravan
trading routes across the sahara from the 8th century.
water’s edge. Local
fishing is small-scale
and traditional. The rulers of the West african kingdoms adopted islam from
the 13th century. The Grand mosque at djenne, in mali, is
the largest mud-brick building in the world. it dates to the
sahara deserT 14th century but requires constant rebuilding.
The sahara is spreading south, turning much of mauritania,
mali, and Niger into desert. in mauritania, 75 percent of
grazing land has been lost in the past 25 years. drought,
cutting down trees for fuel, and overgrazing are all The streets of Senegal’s capital, Dakar,
contributing to this process. When soil has no roots to cling are lined with market stalls and street
to, the wind blows it away. Windbreaks of trees and shrubs sellers. This busy, expanding port has a
are being planted in order to halt the desert’s advance. population of more than two million.

FarmiNG

Throughout West africa, most
people live by small-scale farming.

in senegal, the main crops that
are grown for export include

peanuts, cotton, and sugar cane.
rice, millet, and sorghum are

staple foods. many farmers travel
regularly into local towns, or even
dakar, the capital city, to sell their
excess produce. most farmers rely on

the flooding of the senegal river to
water their land. The damming of the

river is disrupting this natural cycle.

561

WEST AFRICA

The main dye used in this
cloth is indigo, a blue
color produced
by pulping the
leaves of the
indigo vine.

The Wodaabe NIgerIaN TexTIleS
are nomadic The Yoruba and Hausa are
cattle herders, the main ethnic groups in
who only come Nigeria. The Hausa are found in
into towns for the north of the country; the
trading and festivals. traditionally city-dwelling Yoruba
in the southwest. both groups
Wodaabe people produce patterned textiles, hand-
dyed using natural plant extracts.
The nomadic Wodaabe people graze their herds along the Nigerian-Niger
borderlands. every year they hold a beauty contest in which the men compete
for wives. Under the careful scrutiny of the women, they parade themselves in

makeup that emphasizes their eyes and teeth.

doWNToWN lagoS baMbUkU Head
lagos is Nigeria’s largest city, chief In many parts of West africa
port, and, until 1991, the country’s traditional beliefs are still very
capital. It developed as a major
portuguese slave center until it much alive. ancestors are
fell under british control in 1861. worshiped, or called upon to
The city sprawls across the islands cure sickness and help people
and sandbars of lagos lagoon,
linked by a series of bridges. Most of the in difficulties. Spirits are
population is concentrated on lagos Island. worshiped at rituals and ceremonies. In
The southwest of the island, with its striking eastern Nigeria the fierce expression on this
high-rise skyline, is the commercial, financial, bambuku head is used to frighten away evil
and educational center of the city. lagos is spirits. It is left in a small shelter at the
Nigeria’s transportation hub; it is served by a
major international airport and is also the entrance to the village.
country’s main outlet for exports. lagos suffers
from growing slums, traffic congestion, and
overcrowding. pollution is also a major problem.

NIGERIAN OIL
Since the 1970s, Nigeria has become

dependent on its vast oil reserves
in the Niger delta. It is the largest
producer in africa, and oil accounts
for over 90 percent of its exports. The
Nigerian government has become
overdependent on oil; the country was
once a major exporter of tropical fruit,
but agriculture has declined. When

world oil prices fell in the 1980s,
Nigeria was forced to rely on financial
assistance from the World bank. There

are also growing concerns about the
pollution problems caused by the oil
industry in the Niger delta. protesters
have attacked Shell, one of the main

companies operating in Nigeria.

562

WEST AFRICA

african goLD
the gold of West africa is found
underground, or as a fine dust
obtained by sifting soil in shallow
riverbeds. in the 19th century,
african gold produced great wealth
for european traders. in asante,

ghana, goldsmiths were a
privileged class. they created this

magnificent head, taken as loot
by the british in 1874.

The use of modern
equipment (left) in the
logging industry in the
Ivory Coast is speeding
up the process
of deforestation.

Logging in the ivory coast
the tropical rain forests in the moist, humid
interior of the ivory coast have suffered considerable
damage. Many trees have been cut down in order
to grow more profitable cocoa trees, which thrive in
the tropical conditions. cocoa beans are transported
to factories along the coast, where they are made into
cocoa butter, an ingredient in chocolates and some
cosmetics. exports are sent through the port of
abidjan, once the capital and now West africa’s
main port.
The yield of cocoa beans
cocoa trees cocoa beans were first discovered by the
(right) is very low. aztec peoples of Mexico. they used the
An average fully seeds to make a drink called chocolatl, which
grown tree bears was exported to europe by spanish and
only 20 cocoa pods. Portuguese colonists, where it became an instant
success. West africa now produces over half the
tourisM in gaMbia world’s supply of cocoa beans. seeds are sun-dried,
gambia is a narrow country, fermented, roasted, and ground to make cocoa butter.
clinging to the banks of the
gambia river and almost
entirely surrounded by
senegal. Most people live
off the land, but increasing
numbers are moving to the
coast. here, sandy beaches and
mild winters are attracting many
visitors from northern europe.
tourism is gambia’s fastest-growing industry.

Liberian refugees, who
have been driven away
from their homes by the
civil war, are forced to
live in makeshift shelters
(left), where they rely on
foreign aid for food
and medicine.

Liberian refugees LaKe voLta
Liberia has never been colonized, making one of the largest artificial lakes in
it the oldest independent republic in africa. the world, Lake volta was formed by
it was founded by americans in the 1820s as the building of the askosombo Dam
a refuge for africans who had been freed
from slavery. the name Liberia means on ghana’s volta river, in 1965.
some 78,000 people, living in 740
“freed land.” Descendants of the american villages, were resettled when the dam
slaves mixed uneasily with the majority native was built. the lake is a major fishing
population. for many years, Liberia was a ground and also supplies water for
devastated war zone, the result of violent farmers. the hydroelectric dam
conflict between the country’s ethnic groups, generates most of ghana’s power.

which include the Kpelle, bassa, and Kru Find out more
peoples. homeless victims of the fighting africa
were forced to live in vast refugee camps,
where disease and food shortages were africa, history of
common. in 2003, un peacekeepers african wildlife
entered the country, and the armed groups
have now largely been disbanded. Deserts
volcanoes

563

WEST AFRICA

Volcano Mountain Ancient Capital Large Small ivory CoAst niGeriA
monument city city/ city/ Area: 124,503 Area: 356,669
town town sq miles (322,463 sq km) sq miles (923,768 sq km)
Population: 23,295,000 Population: 181,562,000
benin GhAnA Capital: yamoussoukro Capital: Abuja
Area: 43,483 sq miles Area: 92,098 sq miles seneGAl
(112,622 sq km) (238,533 sq km) liberiA Area: 75,955 sq miles
Population: 10,449,000 Population: 26,327,500 Area: 43,000 (196,722 sq km)
Capital: Porto-novo Capital: Accra sq miles (111,369 sq km) Population: 13,976,000
Population: 4,195,500 Capital: dakar
burkinA fAso GuineA Capital: monrovia sierrA leone
Area: 105,869 sq Area: 94,926 sq miles mAli Area: 27,699 sq miles
miles (274,200 sq km) (245,857 sq km) Area: 478,841 (71,740 sq km)
Population: 18,931,500 Population: 11,780,000 sq miles (1,240,192 sq km) Population: 5,879,000
Capital: ouagadougou Capital: Conakry Population: 16,955,500 Capital: freetown
Capital: bamako toGo
GAmbiA GuineA- mAuritAniA Area: 21,925 sq miles
Area: 4,363 sq miles bisseAu Area: 397,955 (56,785 sq km)
(11,300 sq km) Area: 13,948 sq miles sq miles (1,030,700 sq km) Population: 7,552,000
Population: 1,968,000 (36,125 sq km) Population: 3,597,000 Capital: lomé
Capital: banjul Population: 1,726,000 Capital: nouakchott
Capital: bissau

lute niGer
A traditional harp lute, Area: 489,191 sq miles
or kora, from mali is SCALE BAR (1,267,000 sq km)
played at ceremonies 0 200 400 km Population: 18,046,000 Gourds
and festivals. 400 miles Gourds (right)
0 200 are fruit that
Capital: niamey

grow in most parts of Africa. When
cut and dried they are used as food
bowls and as soundboxes for musical
a hr i tacoarrnya A instruments. Gourds can be dyed with

ou(cncddWiuseperpasutittMoeoernd)rotcenr S Fderik L plant dyes. Carvers often cut a series of
geometric shapes into the gourd before it is dyed.
Tropic of Cancer Chech G
L I B Y A Tropic of Cancer
a
Erg ER IA

NouâdhAAibzkoeucffhââl r S ha r a

MAURITANIA ré
Téné
NOUAKCHOTT
CHAD
Aoukâr MALI Monts Bagzane
2022m
Senega Kiffa Néma Lac Tombouctou Agadez
Faguibine GER
l NI
Saint Louis Niger Gao
A
DAKAR SENEGAL Tahoua
S a h e lKaolack
Mopti

GLUIIBNEERAI A CI VOOARSYT N I G E CRAIMAEGWAGMBZUigBIuISNiSINnSAchFECAoRrOABUTEAN-EENATBLJKOIUSRMWSSLALYAIONEKEUinNONRdRiaNROTLEAKVaobIéAiIdNuYBKzaéCAAnrékMMkaonOAréKUSiOgSOuSirOiOdUCieKnnRéEOSégKLoBAuaoscsdoueBANoAbbKsioudaB-BmmDjaoGiUnaalognsFauiLHtkRalAaeankssgeOKASesaVAoToUONIlstaaaGNAnAmAtGeCauAlACelDRfPOLANOONUoaBRMNOGtifigTtIÉOVhiAPnOtOUgMaoGL-froaSaBEuuogkeYnoIoOiibsunKRGaneagMsdiubenraSasejvoinaoormaiBaurkNdeooiginstohinoKHPCaEAoiadtnrrByutucUnogKBauuPeJanrAlZnuaJtoetioensadueMHraSodhueejnibtsahiinsWhite VoltaLake
Chad
BENIN
koto Maiduguri

Komoé TOGO er ROON

andama
Sassandra

564

Western expansion

JusT OvER 100 yEARs AgO, much of the western region
of the united states was a wild and lawless place. Far from
government control in washington, the settlers in the
west made their own law. The discovery of gold and silver
made people rich overnight, providing temptation for
outlaws. gunfights were common, and life in the new
towns was often violent. Native Americans, the original
NATIvE AMERICANs inhabitants of the area, resented the settlers and fought
Land-hungry settlers claimed many wars to protect their lands. By 1869 the railroad The Wild WesT
the frontier as their own. 1836 siege of the Alamo
Their attempts to drive out had crossed the continent, and by 1890 many Native leads Texas to break away
the Native Americans, who Americans had been forced to live on reservations; from Mexico and join the
had lived on the land for the frontier had all united states in 1845.
centuries, led to but disappeared. 1842 Thousands of settlers
years of bitter begin to travel west along
fighting. the Oregon Trail to live in
the new territories.
Pan for separating There were no trees or rocks to 1845-48 united states gains
gold from rubble; use as building materials on the California, Nevada, and
gold dust stuck to Great Plains. So the first settlers parts of utah, New Mexico,
the greasy bottom built their houses from dirt that and Arizona following a war
of the pan. they shaped into bricks. These with Mexico.
THE gOLd RusH “soddies” could last 10 years 1847 Mormon settlers
In January 1848 the first gold fields were discovered but were dirty and damp. establish salt Lake City,
in California. At first, only local people prospected FRONTIER LIFE utah.
(searched) for gold, but in 1849 a huge rush of Life on the frontier was harsh and lonely for the settlers, 1848 gold is discovered
prospectors came to make their fortunes. In many of whom lived far from any town. The whole family in California.
1849, alone, the population of California rose had to work long hours on the land to produce enough 1849 gold rush brings many
from 20,000 to more than 100,000 people. food to eat, and settlers found it difficult to obtain supplies. prospectors to California.
1858 First regular
FRONTIER TOwNs stagecoach service between
East and west coasts.
As the west was settled, new towns were built 1861-65 Civil war splits
next to railroads or at river crossings. These nation over the issue
towns often consisted of no more than a few of slavery.
dirt roads lined with small buildings with false 1861-90 Frequent wars
fronts, to make them look grander. Most towns between the Native
had a bank, a lawyer’s office, a general store, Americans and settlers in
and a blacksmith. There were also saloons and the Midwest.
1862 Homestead Act
dancehalls where the locals and visiting offers settlers 65 hectares
cowboys and miners could enjoy themselves. (160 acres) of virtually free
The new towns were often rough and violent land on the great Plains; it
because settlers tried to protect their families leads to the population and
and their property by using guns. sheriffs kept cultivation of the Midwest.

the peace as best they could. However, they
were often powerless to prevent gunfights.

Find out more
Colonial america
Native americans

North america
united states of america
united states, history of

565

Whales and dolphins

fifty MiLLiON yEARS before humans first lived on Earth, whales were
swimming in the oceans and rivers. Whales are among the most intelligent
of all creatures. they are also the largest living animals and among the
most gentle and graceful. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises make up
a fascinating group of mammals. they are warm-blooded, but unlike
seals, they have almost no fur; a thick layer of fatty blubber under the
skin keeps them warm. the whale group is divided into those with teeth
(toothed whales) and those without teeth (baleen whales). there are thE SOciABLE dOLphiN
dozens of different toothed whales, including the friendly bottle-nosed One of the most playful creatures in the
world is the dolphin. this sociable animal
dolphin and the ferocious orca, which eats almost anything in the sea. lives in “superpods” of 1,000 to 5,000 animals.
toothless or baleen whales include the humpback and blue whales, which they race through the waves and sometimes
feed by sieving small sea creatures, such as krill, through their teeth. Since can be seen scooting along in front of boats.

all whales and dolphins breathe air, they must swim to the surface Baleen plates BLuE WhALE
of the water regularly. Whales and dolphins swim by for feeding the blue whale is the largest
Blowhole (nostrils)
animal alive today,
and it roams all
moving their tails up and down; fish move their tails oceans. Blue whales
from side to side. Whales have suffered greatly from can live to 80 years
hunting by humans, and 9 kinds are on the of age. the skin
official lists of endangered species. today, on the blue whale’s
whaling is not allowed, in the hope throat has many
that the population of whales grooves and expands
will increase, although hugely as the whale feeds.
some countries plan
Throat pORpOiSE
pleats there are nine
different kinds of
to restart hunting porpoises. common,
whales in 2016. or harbor, porpoises
such as the one shown here
are often seen in shallow water
close to harbors and beaches.

Dorsal (back)
fin

BOttLE-NOSEd
dOLphiN
Of all the animals
on Earth, the delightful, highly
intelligent bottle-nosed dolphin
is one of the friendliest and
most gentle toward humans.

BLuE WhALE cALf tEEth ANd BALEEN
Newborn blue whale calves are
about 23 ft (7 m) long and weigh toothed whales, such as the bottle-
about 6,000 to 8,000 lb (2,700-3,600 kg). nosed dolphin shown above, have
the baby whale, or calf, suckles milk from dozens of sharp teeth for gripping
its mother for about seven months before it fish and other slippery prey. Baleen
can start to use the baleen in its own mouth. whales, such as the right whale
shown left, have comblike baleen
BREEdiNg plates, also known as whalebone,
for sieving krill from the sea.
Like other mammals, a male and a female whale
come together to mate. Some whales, such as the Calf returns to the
humpback, usually gives birth in warm seas, because surface, breathes
the newborn calf has very little blubber to keep it warm. out and rests.
Most large whales produce just one calf every other year.

Tail fluke

Calf holds its breath and Calf sucks and swallows milk MOthER’S MiLk
dives under its mother. from its mother’s nipple A newborn whale must learn to breathe
Calf lies by mother’s side on surface on her underside. air at the surface within a few minutes of
of the water and breathes in air. birth, or it will drown. it must also dive
down to suck milk from its mother’s
nipples. during the first few days the calf
learns how to suckle, then surface for air.

Whales and dolphins BloWholEs
after a dive, whales rise to the
spErm WhalE surface to blow out warm, moist air
from their lungs. as this air mixes
the impressive sperm whale is the deepest-diving with the cold ocean air, the moisture
sea mammal known to us. it swims down to at least condenses (like your breath on a
2,000 ft (600 m), holding its breath for more than an cold winter morning). this is what
hour. measuring more than 50 ft (15 m) in length, it is the makes the watery-looking spout.
largest of the toothed whales and has enormous teeth—up to
10 in (25 cm) long—on its lower jaw. the sperm whale feeds on Blue whale
squid and fish deep down near the seabed. in the past, so many Right whale
sperm whales were killed to make products from their fatty Humpback whale
blubber, flesh, and the oil in their foreheads (spermaceti)
that very few of these great creatures now exist.

thE largEst Brain
the brain of the sperm whale is the
biggest of any animal, weighing

more than 20 lbs (9 kg).

The sperm whale’s
enormous forehead
is filled with a waxy,
oily substance called
spermaceti, which
helps keep the whale
upright in the water.

WhalE sounds Up to 50 teeth in lower jaw Sperm whale
Whales make a variety of
sounds, including squeals, Melon organ
groans, yips, and wails, which in forehead
carry many miles through the Echolocation
water. Each male humpback in addition to using their sight and
whale has its own song, lasting hearing, dolphins are able to sense
for up to 35 minutes, which it other creatures nearby by means
sings over and over again. of a special organ in their forehead
dolphins in a group “talk” called the “melon.” By making a loud clicking
constantly to each other sound that bounces off objects and makes echoes, the
as they play and feed. dolphin can tell the size and distance of another creature
Outgoing clicking sound in the water. it can then warn other dolphins of any danger.
Shark is detected and returning echoes
by a dolphin

Bering Sea Canada WhalEs of thE World
all whales and most dolphins live in the sea; four kinds of dolphins
migration live in rivers. some whales, such as the humpback whale, inhabit Humpback
many whales spend the all oceans; others, such as the narwhal and the beluga whale, live whale 50 ft
only near the arctic region. (16 m ), 26 tons
Killer whale (orca) 25 ft
winter in warm seas and United (8 m), 3.5 tons
the summer in colder StateS

waters, traveling great California
distances from ocean to
ocean. gray whales travel
south to give birth to one calf in
the winter near california. then the
mother and baby begin a long journey
up the coast toward the Bering sea and
the arctic ocean.

BiggEst animal EvEr Beluga, 1.5 tons strandings
Whales sometimes swim too close to
Blue whales are larger than the land and are stranded. Without
the dinosaurs were—up to
100 ft (30 m) in length. they water to support their bodies, they
are the heaviest animals ever, cannot breathe and soon die.
weighing 134 tons—about as
heavy as 2,000 people. Find out more
animals
Human Ganges river Pacific white-
diver, 6 ft (2 m) dolphin, 200 lbs sided dolphin, animal senses
in length. Blue whale (90 kg) 200 lbs (90 kg) mammals
100 ft (30 m) in length.
Narwhal, migration, animal
1.5 tons ocean wildlife

567

Wheels

SometimeS the SimpleSt inventionS are the most important.
Although no one is sure exactly who invented the first wheel, the earliest
records go back to about 5,500 years ago. the wheel has made possible a
whole range of machines, from photocopiers to jet engines, that we take
for granted today. Wheels have a unique characteristic—they are circular,
without corners, enabling them to roll or spin evenly. this allows almost
all forms of land transportation—bicycles, cars, trains, and trams—to roll
smoothly along roads, rails, and rough ground. in addition, the circular
motion of a wheel means that it can transmit power continuously from an
engine. many more inventions are based on wheels. the crane, for example, Axle And beArinGS
relies on pulleys (grooved wheels A wheel spins on a shaft called
Before wheels were invented, around which a rope is passed), which an axle. Wheels often have ball
people had to push or drag reduce the effort needed to lift heavy bearings—several small steel balls
heavy loads over the ground. weights; gears multiply or reduce the that run between the axle and the
Perhaps watching a smooth speed and force of a wheel and are wheel, allowing it to turn smoothly.
rock roll down a hill gave essential in countless other machines. Without bearings, the great weight
people the idea of using of a Ferris wheel (above) would
wheels for transportation. squeeze the wheel against the axle

and prevent it from turning.

About 4,500 years ago, the Ancient inventinG the Wheel
Egyptians built great triangular pyramids
as tombs and temples. Gangs of workers the first recorded use of a wheel dates
dragged huge blocks of stone with the back to around 3500 bce. this was the
aid of log rollers. potter’s wheel, a simple turntable used in
Southwest Asia by mesopotamian pottery
The first vehicle wheels used for carts were workers to make smooth, round clay pots.
solid wood. They were made of two or three About 300 years later, the mesopotamians
planks of wood fixed together and cut into a
circle. They first appeared in about 3200 bce. fitted wheels to a cart, and
the age of wheeled
transportation
began.

Bibendum, the GyroSCopeS Wheels with spokes
famous symbol A gyroscope is a rotating developed in about 2000 bce.
of the French tire wheel mounted on a frame. Spoked wheels are lighter
company Michelin When the wheel spins, its and faster than solid
momentum makes it balance wheels and were
fitted to war chariots.
like a spinning top. once
a gyroscope is spinning, it always The gear wheels are connected Wheels held together
tries to point in the same direction. by teeth that interlock (fit by wire spokes appeared in
exactly) into each other. Their about 1800. They are very light and
Aircraft, ships, and missiles use mutual positions decide how strong and were first used for cars,
gyroscopes to navigate, or direct the force changes. bicycles, and early airplanes.
themselves, to their destinations.
In the 1950s metal wheels
Tires replaced wire wheels on cars.
Car and bicycle wheels have rubber tires
filled with air. they give a comfortable ride GeArS
and all, except those of racecars, have a tread Sets of interlocking toothed wheels
(a pattern of ridges) to help them grip the road. are called gears. Gears transfer
movement in machines and
Scottish engineer robert W. thomson change the speed and force of
invented the first air-filled tire wheels. For example, a large gear
in 1845. wheel makes a small gear wheel
rotate faster, but the faster moving
wheel produces less force. Gears can also
change the direction of the motion.

Find out more
Cars

plastics
transportation, history of

568

Wind

As A gEnTlE BrEEzE or a powerful hurricane, wind blows constantly
around the world. Winds are belts of moving air that flow from one area
to another, driven by the sun’s heat. Warm air is lighter than cold air, so
warm air rises as it is heated by the sun, and cold air flows in to take its
place. This sets up a circular current of air which produces winds. light,
warm air exerts less pressure on Earth than cold air, creating an area of
low pressure toward which cold air flows. similarly, cold air sinks and
produces an area of high pressure from which air flows outward. The Wind dirEcTion
A wind is often named according
greater the difference in pressure between two areas, the stronger the winds. to the direction from which it is
Weather forecasters use the Beaufort scale to measure the speed of wind. coming. For example, a wind
it runs from 0 to 12: for example, force 2 is a light breeze; force 12 is that comes from the west is
called a westerly. Windsocks
(above) and vanes are used to
a hurricane. The size and shape of areas of land show wind direction.
and water affect local winds, which are
often given special names, such as the Polar easterlies

chinook in north America and Westerlies The westerlies are warm
the sirocco in italy. winds that blow away from
Horse latitudes
At the equator, the sun’s Horse latitudes NE trade the horse latitudes in the
heat warms the air. In Path of air winds direction of the poles.
this area, the air rises, Doldrums The trade winds flow from
causing a belt of the horse latitudes toward
calm air called the equator.
the doldrums.

Equator In between the westerlies and
the trade winds is an area of
Doldrums calm called the horse latitudes.
The name may refer to the many
horses that died on ships that
were becalmed in this region.

When the air has risen Path of air SE trade
very high, it cools and Horse latitudes winds
sinks back to Earth in
the horse latitudes. Horse latitudes

World Winds Westerlies

Besides local and seasonal winds, there The polar easterlies
are certain winds that always blow. These are are cold winds
called prevailing winds. There are three main belts which blow away
of prevailing winds on each side of the equator. They are from the poles.
called the trade winds, the westerlies, and the polar easterlies.
The direction they blow in is affected by the spin of Earth.
They are angled toward the left in the southern Hemisphere
and toward the right in the northern Hemisphere.

Wind turbines Monsoons
The earliest ships used wind power to carry them seasonal winds that blow in a
across the sea. Wind also powers machines. particular direction are called
Windmills were used in iran as long ago monsoons. For example, during
as the 7th century for raising water from the summer in southern Asia, the
rivers, and later for grinding corn. Today,
huge windmills, or wind turbines, can wind blows from the indian
produce electricity; a large wind turbine ocean toward the land, bringing
can supply enough electricity for a small
town. Wind turbines cause no pollution, heavy rains. in the winter the
but they are large and noisy and take wind blows in the opposite
up huge areas of land.
direction, from the Himalayas
toward the ocean.

Find out more

A wind farm in the United climates
States uses 300 wind turbines Energy
to produce electricity. storms
Weather

569

Women’s Rights

WorKIng Women Up to 200 years ago women had few rights. women’s rights
In the United states about 1792 mary Wollstonecraft of
47 percent of workers are women. they were not allowed to vote, and in some societies Britain published A Vindication
But relatively few hold important they were considered the property of their fathers of the Rights of Woman.
positions, and most earn less than or husbands. By the mid-19th century, women were 1848 first women’s rights
men doing the same jobs. demanding equality with men. they wanted suffrage— conference, seneca falls,
the right to vote in elections—and an equal chance new york, calls for voting
to work and be educated. they demanded the right to rights for women.
have their own possessions, to divorce their husbands, 1893 new Zealand is the first
and to keep their children after a divorce. the fight country to grant voting
for women’s rights was also called feminism. the first rights to women.
organized demand for the vote occurred in the United 1917 Jeannette rankin of
states in 1848. By the 1920s, women had won some battles, montana is the first woman
particularly for the vote and greater education. In the elected to congress.
1960s women renewed their call for equal rights. this new 1920 19th amendment grants
protest was named the women’s liberation movement and women a vote.
led to laws in many countries to stop discrimination against 1923 alice paul introduces
the first equal rights
women. yet today, in some amendment to congress.
countries, women are still 1960 sirimavo Bandaranaike
denied full voting rights. of sri lanka becomes world’s
first female prime minister.
1963 federal equal pay act
outlaws paying women less
than men for the same job.
1966 national organization
for Women (noW) founded.
1979 Un passes convention
on the elimination of all
forms of Discrimination
against Women.

emIly DavIson sUsan B. antHony
In 1913, British suffragette emily one of the leaders of the suffrage
Davison leaped under a racehorse movement in the United states,
owned by King edward vII and died. susan B. anthony (1820-1906) helped
Her protest drew attention to the launch Revolution, the first feminist newspaper.
votes for Women campaign.

sUffragettes force–feeDIng
In 1909, suffragettes
In 1905, a newspaper used the word suffragette to in prison refused to
insult women who were fighting for the vote. eat. Jailers fed them

However, the suffragettes were delighted with the by pouring liquid
name, which has been used ever since. many food down tubes
forced through the
suffragettes broke the law and went to prison for women’s noses and
their beliefs. Women who used peaceful means to into their stomachs.
It was painful and
obtain the vote were called suffragists. seriously injured some
women. force-feeding
Suffragettes publicized
their campaign by chaining ended in 1913.

themselves to the railings
of famous buildings.

Women at War Women’s lIBeratIon movement
During World War I (1914-18), During the late 1960s and 1970s, the
women in Britain worked to keep women’s liberation movement fought for
factories going while the men fought. further improvements in women’s rights.
they proved that women were just Women everywhere demonstrated for equal
as capable as men. In 1918, British pay, better health care, and an end to
women over 30 got voting rights. pornography and violence against women.
two years later, all american women
also gained the vote. 570

Seneca fallS WOMEN’S RIGHTS
noW foR WoMen
The first national women’s
rights convention was held founded in 1966 to fight for
at Seneca falls, new York, women’s equality issues, the
in July 1848. Its organizers
included lucretia Mott and national organization for
elizabeth cady Stanton Women (noW) became the
(right), two abolitionists who strongest women’s rights group in
were leaders of the growing the country. one of its founders
women’s movement. and its first president was
Delegates at the meeting author Betty friedan (right),
demanded equal rights and whose groundbreaking 1963
opportunities for women, book, The Feminine Mystique,
including the right to vote. helped launch the women’s
Seneca falls is now the site liberation movement. noW
of the Women’s Rights has campaigned on many
national Historical Park. women’s issues, including
sex discrimination in the
workplace and the equal
Rights amendment. Today,
noW has more than 500
chapters in 50 states.

Geraldine Ferraro
was the first female

vice-presidential
candidate in America.

eqUal RIgHTS aMenDMenT

originally written by suffragette alice Paul in 1923, the
equal Rights amendment (eRa) was passed by congress

in 1972 and sent to each state for approval. This
amendment to the constitution declared, “equality of
rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by

the United States or by any State on account of sex.”
over the next few decades, women campaigned for its

introduction. However, when the deadline for
ratification came in 1982, only 35 of the necessary 38
states supported the amendment, and the eRa failed.

WoMen In PolITIcS a voIce foR all WoMen
although the women’s liberation
Winning the right to vote was an important victory in movement sought to unite all women,
the quest for equality between the sexes. Since that time, some nonwhite women did not feel
women have been able to influence the decision-making part of a movement led mostly by
process by becoming candidates for political office. In whites. Shirley chisholm (left),
recent years record numbers of women have been elected the first african-american woman
to government posts at the local, state, and national levels. elected to congress, founded
Women have also been chosen for important federal jobs, one of many women’s rights
such as Supreme court justice, attorney general, surgeon organizations that encouraged
general, and ambassador to the United nations. women from minorities to vote.

571 Find out more
abolitionist movement

civil rights
Human rights

Wonders

of the Ancient World

tWo thousand years aGo, ancient Greek and roman tourists visited
the world’s great landmarks just as we do today. ancient “travel agents”
PyraMids compiled lists of amazing things that travelers should see. these “wonders”
three pyramids were built at were outstanding examples of human artistic or engineering achievement.
Giza, egypt, in about 2600 bce the seven most commonly listed monuments to human endeavor are called
as tombs for three egyptian the seven Wonders of the ancient World. they all had qualities that made
kings. the largest, made from them stand out from the rest. some were the most beautiful statues, others the
more than two million huge largest structures of the day. of the seven wonders,
blocks of limestone, stands
482 ft (147 m) high.

only one, the Great Pyramids, can still be seen hanGinG Gardens
today. the hanging Gardens, the temple in 605 bce, nebuchadnezzar ii, king
of artemis, the statue of Zeus, the of Babylon, built the hanging Gardens
in his kingdom. he planted many exotic
plants on a brick terrace 75 ft (23 m)
Mausoleum, the colossus, above the ground.
and the Lighthouse at Machines worked
Pharos have all by slaves watered
vanished or are the plants.

in ruins.

MausoLeuM
the Mausoleum at halicarnassus (in modern
turkey) was a huge marble tomb built
for Mausolus, a rich governor.
it stood 135 ft (41 m)high, with
a base supporting 36 columns,
under a stepped pyramid.
an earthquake destroyed
most of the mausoleum.

LiGhthouse teMPLe of arteMis coLossus
the Greek architect this, the largest temple of its day,
sostratos designed the was dedicated to artemis, goddess of the the bronze statue of
world’s first lighthouse. moon and hunting. Built almost entirely of the sun god helios
marble by the Greeks at ephesus (in modern towered 120 ft
it was built around turkey), it burned down in 356 bce, leaving (37 m) over the
304 bce on the island only a few broken statues. harbor entrance
of Pharos, alexandria,
egypt. it stood about Olympia on the island of rhodes
in the aegean sea. Built
440 ft (134 m) high. Ephesus in 292 bce, it was about
a fire burned at the Halicarnassus
Rhodes the same size as the
top to mark the statue of Liberty.
harbor entrance.
Location of the Wonders
Zeus the map shows the location of the seven Wonders
the great statue of the ancient World. travelers visited many of them
of Zeus, king of by ship. Most of the wonders were destroyed by 
the Greek gods, earthquakes or fire, but some remains can still
stood 40 ft (12 m) be seen in the British Museum in London, england.
high at olympia,
Greece. Phidias, Alexandria Babylon Find out more
a famous Greek alexander the great
sculptor, created Giza
the statue in about Babylonians
435 bce. the god’s egypt, ancient
robes and ornaments
were made of gold,

and the skin
 of ivory.

572

World War I

Between 1914 and 1918, a terrible war engulfed europe. the war
was called the First world war, or the Great war, because it affected
almost every country in the world. it began because of the rivalry
between several powerful european countries. Fighting started when
the empire of austria and Hungary declared war on serbia. soon,
other countries joined the war. they formed two main groups: the
allies, composed of Britain, France, italy, russia, and the united
states, versus the central Powers—Germany, austria-Hungary, and
turkey. in the beginning, everyone thought the war would be short
and glorious. Young men rushed to join the armies and navies. But
it soon became clear that none of the opposing armies was strong
enough to win a clear victory. thousands of troops died, fighting
arcHduke Ferdinand to gain just a few hundred feet of the battlefield. in the end, the
on June 28, 1914, a serbian terrorist shot
Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of austria war, which some called the “war to end all wars,” had achieved
and Hungary. Germany encouraged austria to nothing. within a few years an even worse war broke out in europe.
retaliate, or fight back, by declaring war on
serbia. a month after the assassination,
world war i had begun.

Allied countries are green, Norway
Central Powers are pink, and neutral

countries are shown in beige.

Denmark

countries at war Sweden Russia
the war involved nearly
30 countries—more countries English Great Netherlands Poland
than any previous war. there was Channel Britain Germany
fighting in the Middle east, africa, Belgium
and the Pacific. However, most Spain Austria-Hungary red Baron
of the war was fought in europe. France
the western front in northern world war i was the first
France was a line of trenches that war in which airplanes were
stretched from switzerland to the Italy Romania used for fighting. Germany’s
english channel. soldiers on the Manfred von richthofen
eastern front fought in what is now (the red Baron) became
Poland. Fighting took place Serbia Bulgaria one of the first air aces.
on land, at sea, and in the air.

Montenegro
YPres
the Belgian city of Ypres
was a battleground several
times during world war i.
it was here that the Germans
first used poison gas on the
western front. By 1918 the
town was devastated (left).

trencH warFare

the armies advanced as far
they could, then dug trenches
for shelter. Life in the trenches

was miserable. soldiers were
often up to their knees in mud.

Lice and rats added to their
discomfort. when soldiers left the

trenches to advance farther, the
enemy killed them by the millions
with machine guns. each side also

had artillery—guns that fired
huge shells—which killed many

more and churned up the
battlefield into a sea of mud.

573

world war i

U-boats Lusitania world wAr I
German submarines called underwater on may 7, 1915, a German U-boat torpedoed the british passenger June 1914 assassination of
boats, or U-boats, sank many cargo liner Lusitania. more than 100 american passengers drowned, some archduke Franz Ferdinand.
ships in the atlantic, causing food of whom were very rich and famous. this angered many americans July 1914 austria-hungary
shortages in britain. and turned them against Germany. the sinking helped bring the declares war on serbia.
United states into the war on the allied side. August 1914 Germany
declares war on russia and
France and invades belgium.
britain declares war on
Germany and austria-hungary.
May 1915 Italy joins allies.
July 1916 allies use tanks for
the first time in France.
April 1917 United states
enters the war.
March 1918 russia signs treaty
with Germany. Germany’s final
huge attack fails.
September 1918 allies begin
their final attack.
November 1918 Germany
signs armistice, ending the war.

ProPaGanda
Wartime posters and newspapers
aimed to persuade people that the
enemy was evil and that war must
go on. the message of this
propaganda, or government-
controlled news, was that everyone
should help by fighting, working,
raising money, and making
sacrifices. the poster (left) shows

a frightening image of Germany
with its hands on europe.

Women WorKers CommUnICatIon
as thousands of men went off to war, women took over their jobs in the People at home had little
factories. most women worked long hours, and many had dangerous idea of the real conditions
jobs, such as making ammunition. their efforts disproved the old idea of the war. officers read
that women were inferior to men and eventually led to women gaining mail from soldiers and
the right to vote. but when the troops returned after the war, there censored, or cut out,
was massive unemployment, and women lost their jobs. information that told
the true story. troops
returning home were
often too sickened by life
in the trenches to explain
what it was really like or to
tell how many soldiers had
been killed or wounded.

Germans death toll
Until 1918 it looked Germany and russia each lost
as if Germany and its nearly two million soldiers in the
allies might win. but war. britain lost nearly one million.
they were outnumbered,
In all, 10 million died.
and when the british navy
blocked the ports and cut Find out more
off supplies of food and depression of the 1930s

vital war materials, the Women’s rights
German people rioted. World war ii
they demanded food
and peace, and the

Kaiser—the German
emperor—gave up his
throne. Germany then
made a peace treaty, called
the treaty of Versailles,
with the allied forces. the
Germans lost much land
and took the blame for
starting the war.

574

World War II

In 1939, German tanks and bombers attacked Poland, and the bloodiest
war in history began. Like World War I, World War II was a global war
and was fought on the ground, in the air, and at sea. the war was a result
of the rise to power of the German national socialist, or nazi, Party, led
by adolf Hitler. the nazis wanted to wipe out the memory of defeat in
World War I. Within a year, German armies, with help from Italy, had
occupied much of europe. Only Britain opposed them. In 1941, Hitler
invaded the soviet Union. But the soviet people fought hard
and millions died. In the Pacific, the Japanese formed an
alliance, called the axis, with Germany and Italy. Japanese
warplanes bombed the american naval base at Pearl
Harbor, in Hawaii. this brought the United states into
the war, and they joined the soviet Union and Britain
to form the allies. By may 1945, allied forces had
defeated the nazis in europe; Japan
HItLer surrendered in august. When the war
In 1933, adolf Hitler came to power in ended, 45 million people had died and
Germany as leader of the nazi Party. the much of europe was in ruins. two new
nazis were fascists: they were against Communism “superpowers”—the soviet Union
and believed in strong national government. the nazis and the United states—began
ruthlessly crushed anyone who opposed them. they
enslaved and murdered Jews, gypsies, and other minorities,
whom they blamed for all of Germany’s problems, from
defeat in World War I to unemployment and inflation. to dominate world politics.

British German
Spitfire Messerschmitt

The growth Norway Sweden InvasIOn
of Nazi Germany Dunkirk In 1938, Hitler took control
of austria and parts of
Soviet Union Czechoslovakia. Britain and
France did not oppose him,
Britain Poland and he went on to invade
Poland. Britain and France
France Nazi then declared war on Germany.
Germany German troops smashed into
Austria France in 1940, sweeping aside
Czechoslovakia the armies of Britain and
Hungary France. Fleets of fishing boats
and pleasure steamers from
the southern coast of england
helped the royal navy
rescue the retreating
allied soldiers from the
beaches at Dunkirk, on
the coast of France.

evaCUatIOns BLItz
During the bombing of major
cities, such as London, thousands Between august and October 1940,
of British children were evacuated the British royal air Force fought
to country towns and villages the Luftwaffe—the German air
where they were much safer. force—in the Battle of Britain

and finally won. Without
control of the skies, Hitler
could not invade Britain.

His bombers began
to bomb British cities
during the night.
this “blitzkrieg,”
or blitz, killed
40,000 people,
mostly civilians.

575

world war ii world war II
September 1, 1939 Germany
mIDWay invades poland. Britain and
France declare war on Germany
Japan conquered two days later.
many pacific islands april 1940 Germany invades
and invaded mainland Denmark and norway.
May 1940 Germany invades
asia. But the united Belgium, the netherlands,
States’ fleet defeated and France.
the Japanese on June 1940 Germans enter
June 4 to 7, paris, and France signs an
1942, at the Battle armistice (peace agreement)
of midway. The battle with Germany.
turned the pacific war april 1941 Germany invades
in favor of the allies. Greece and yugoslavia.
June 1941 Germany invades the
The Soviet rESISTanCE Soviet union.
advance many people in Europe hated the nazi occupation of their September 1941 Siege of
countries. So they formed secret resistance movements to spy Leningrad (Soviet union) begins;
The defeat of Hitler’s on and fight the enemy. They used hidden radios (above) lasts over two and a half years.
Germany, 1944-45 to work behind the battle lines. resistance workers risked december 7, 1941 Japanese
torture and death if they were discovered. planes attack pearl Harbor.
Britain The united States, Britain, and
Held by Canada declare war on Japan.
Germany at February 1942 Japanese capture
end of war many pacific islands.
august 1942 German attack on
Liberated by France Stalingrad (Soviet union) begins.
Allied forces November 1942 under General
Neutral montgomery the British defeat
Germany, led by rommel, at El
Spain alamein, Egypt. allied troops
land in French north africa to
Advance of Allies fight Germany and Italy.
January 1943 German armies
pEaCE In EuropE D-Day besieged in Stalingrad surrender.
By the spring of 1945, the allies had recaptured In June 1944, allied troops invaded occupied Europe in the May 1943 German armies
most of occupied Europe and began to cross the in north africa surrender to
rhine river into Germany. In the east, the Soviet greatest seaborne landing ever mounted. Invasion day was the allies.
code-named D-day. The D stood for deliverance. after a bitter July 1943 allies invade Sicily.
army swept toward Berlin, Germany’s capital. September 1943 allied forces
Crushed between these two powerful forces, the struggle, and aided by resistance fighters, the allied forces land in Italy. Italy surrenders.
German armies surrendered. Hitler committed broke through, and the German soldiers retreated or June 1944 allied forces land in
suicide, and the biggest and most expensive war were taken as prisoners. normandy, northwest France,
in the D-day invasion.
in human history ended. May 1945 German forces
surrender; war in Europe ends.
august 1945 allies drop atomic
bombs on Japan.
September 2, 1945 Japan signs
an unconditional surrender,
ending World War II.

ConCEnTraTIon Camp VE Day Find out more
on may 8, 1945, the allies celebrated VE (Victory in Churchill, sir winston
after Germany surrendered, Europe) Day. However, there were still another three
allied troops discovered horrifying months of bitter fighting in the pacific. In august 1945, Europe, history of
concentration (prison) camps uS planes dropped two atom bombs on Japan, destroying Holocaust
throughout Europe, where the the cities of Hiroshima and nagasaki. This was done
nazis had imprisoned up to to force Japan to surrender quickly and so save allied lives roosevelt, franklin delano
26 million people they considered that would be lost if the allies invaded Japan. Within a few World war i
“undesirable,” including millions weeks the Japanese surrendered and the war ended.
of Jews. The prisoners were starved
and tortured, and many were 576
eventually gassed to death.

WORMS

wE dEsCrIBE manY long, slender, soft, legless creatures as worms.
there are thousands of different kinds, ranging from the tiny
hookworm to the much larger bootlace worm. the word worm
is a fairly general term, and there are a number of distinct groups.
annelids, or segmented worms, include leeches, earthworms, and Ragworm lives Undigested
ragworms. nematodes, or roundworms, have long tubelike bodies in sand and sediment passes
without segments. there are at least 20,000 kinds of roundworms. under rocks. through the gut and
is expelled from the
body, producing the
characteristic casts
some, including hookworms, cause serious diseases in humans such seen on the surface.
as river blindness and elephantiasis. Flatworms, or platyhelminths,
make up a third group. there are more than 29,000 kinds,
and they include the parasitic flukes and tapeworms sEashorE
that infest sheep, pigs, and other animals. worms
ragworms are
active predators
Entire body may be more than 30 ft (9 m) long. that seize prey such

as smaller worms.
their name comes
from the flaps along
Proglottis (single the body that make
segment) the animal look like a

Scolex (pin- Lugworm eats strip of torn rag. Large
sized head) sand at head end. ragworms can bite through
has hooks human skin and draw blood.
and suckers. Lugworms live in U-shaped
burrows and feed on organic
tapEworm material such as micro-organisms
this worm is a parasitic, segmented flatworm that and detritus present in the sediment.

lives in the digestive systems of various animals.
a cat, for example, becomes infected when it eats a Tapeworms grow by adding segments
immediately behind the scolex (head).
mouse that has eaten a plant coated with tapeworm Each segment contains a full set of pond worms
eggs. the eggs hatch into larvae inside the mouse reproductive organs. The largest segments Even a small pond contains many worms, such
and then develop into tapeworms once inside at the end of the tapeworm contain eggs as leeches and bloodworms. most leeches have 33
the cat. when waste matter passes out of and are shed with the faeces. body segments. they suck the blood or fluids of
the cat, tapeworm eggs also pass out.

other animals, including mammals and fish. the
leech can swim by flapping its body,
which has a sucker at each end.
Bloodworms, or tubifex
Worm’s tiny bristles Intestine Upper main Hearts worms, show deep
grip the soil blood vessel red blood through

particles. their thin skin.

Mouth

Reproductive organs Main nerve

InsIdE an Earthworm Tubifex Medicinal
although earthworms are annelids, with a body (bloodworm) leech
divided into many similar segments, not all the
segments are the same. a digestive tube runs along Find out more
the worm’s body. the main nerves come together at the animals
head end of the body to form a simple brain. the blood
vessels in the worm’s body sometimes form five pairs of hearts. medicine, history of
soil
Fat part Earthworm BLoodworm taILs
of body is pond-dwelling
called the there are more than 3,000 kinds
saddle. of earthworms. these long-bodied bloodworms, or tubifex
animals help to keep the soil healthy. worms, wave their rear
as the earthworms push their way
along, they take in soil at the head ends in the water to
end, digesting nutrients in the soil gather oxygen. their
particles. the undigested remains heads are buried in the
that come out at the rear end form a mud, taking in nutrients.

worm cast. By burrowing in the earth, worms
mix the soil layers, and their burrows allow
air and water to soak downward, generally
increasing the fertility of the soil.

577

Writers and poets

a rEadEr’s iMagination can be excited by the way in which writers
and poets use words. Writers create fantasy worlds for readers to explore.
Historical novelists and science fiction writers transport us back to the past
or into the distant future. others writers, such as journalists, write in a way
that creates a lifelike picture of real events they have experienced. and
poets arrange words into patterns or rhymes that bring pleasure just by
their sound or their shape on the page. a writer is anyone who expresses
facts, ideas, thoughts, or opinions in words. Most writers hope or expect
that their work will be published—printed in books or magazines and read
by thousands of people. But some writers, including diarists such as the
Englishman samuel pepys (1633-1703), write for their own pleasure. they
do not always expect their work to be published. poets are people who
write in verse, or poetry. some poets use strict patterns of rhythm and
sound, but others write without any set form, in a style that is
HoMEr
one of the world’s first writers was the
ancient greek poet Homer, who lived closer to everyday speech.

about 2,700 years ago. He wrote long Like any author, Chandler typed the first draft, or version,
epic verses called The Iliad and The Odyssey. Chandler would have of his books on yellow paper. He used
in The Odyssey the beautiful singing of the used maps to check half-size sheets because he made changes
birdlike sirens (above) lures sailors to their his hero’s movements by retyping, not by changing words with
death by shipwreck on the rocky coast. around Los Angeles, a pen. Retyping a whole sheet would have
Writing the setting for many taken longer.
Even a short novel has more than
50,000 words, so writing can be hard of his novels.
work. to make it easier, most
writers organize their work
carefully. Writing methods
are quite individual. Many
authors use computers,
while some still prefer
pen and paper.
american raymond
chandler (1888-
1959), who wrote
detective novels,
had a favorite way
of writing
throughout his
working life.

Books such as J.S. Hatcher’s Textbook of Pistols Chandler’s secretary
gave Chandler the accurate information he needed typed a clean version
to make his stories seem lifelike and real. of the finished draft
on white paper.
Manuscript
annE Frankduring © 1990, Copyright by COSMOPRESS, a writer’s original typed
or handwritten version of a
World War ii, the german Geneva & Anne FRANK-Fonds work is called a manuscript.

nazi government persecuted millions the editor writes
of European Jews. to escape, anne Frank instructions to the
(born 1929) and her Jewish family hid in a secret attic
in a dutch office. the diary that anne wrote while in  printer on the
hiding was later published. it is a deeply moving and tragic manuscript and may

also make changes
and revisions to

improve the writing.
For example,

F. scott Fitzgerald
(1896-1940) was bad

at spelling, and
his publisher

corrected these errors.
The manuscript for
this page, with the

publisher’s corrections

account of her ordeal. anne died in a prison camp in 1945.

578

writers and poets LITERARY FILE
cHaucer c. 2300 bce ancient
Geoffrey chaucer (c 1340-1400) was an egyptian writers create
english government official. He wrote poems the world’s first literature,
in english at a time when most english writers The Pyramid Texts.
were writing in French and Latin. chaucer c. 600 bce Greek poet
began his most famous work, the Canterbury sappho writes early lyric
Tales, in about 1386. it is a collection of stories poetry (poetry with music).
told by pilgrims traveling from London c. 500 bce Greek poet
to canterbury. The stories tell us much about aeschylus (525-456 bce)
14th-century life and are often very amusing. writes the earliest dramas.
HarrieT BeecHer sTowe c. 100 ce Greek writer
Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a powerful antislavery novel Plutarch (46-120 ce)
written by Harriet Beecher stowe (1811-96) in 1852. writes The Parallel Lives, a
it became extremely popular all over the world, collection of biographies.
even in some southern states of america, where 1420 Zeami Motokiyo
printing a copy was illegal at the time. (1363-1443), the greatest
writer of Japanese noh
Dickens dramas, writes Shikadosho
(Book of the way of the
some of the greatest Highest Flower).
novels in the english 1740-42 englishman
language are the work samuel richardson
of charles Dickens (1689-1761) writes one
(1812-70). He wrote of the first english novels,
colorful and exciting Pamela, or, Virtue Rewarded.
novels, such as Oliver 1765 Horace walpole
Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, (1717-97), an englishman,
and David Copperfield, writes a ghost story, The
Castle of Otranto.
which also drew 1819-20 american
attention to the poverty washington irving
(1783-1859) publishes one
and social injustices of of the first books of short
19th-century england. stories, which includes
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
LonGFeLLow and Rip Van Winkle.
During his lifetime, Henry wadsworth 1841 american writer
Longfellow (1807-82) was the most popular poet edgar allan Poe (1809-49)
in the united states. His Song of Hiawatha, which publishes The Murders in the
was published in 1855, sold more than one Rue Morgue, the first
million copies while Longfellow was still alive. detective story.
The poem tells the story of a native american 1847 english novelist
tribe before america was colonized by europeans. charlotte Brontë writes
Longfellow wrote on many subjects and in many Jane Eyre under the false
styles, but he is best remembered for his romantic name currer Bell, because
“picture poems” about american life. it is still unacceptable for
“respectable” women to
neiL siMon write fiction.
Playwright neil simon was born in new 1864 Jules Verne
York city on July 4, 1927. He has written (1828-1905), a Frenchman,
more than 25 plays and musicals, many writes the first science-
of which have been made into movies. fiction story, Journey to the
Most of his plays deal with aspects Center of the Earth.
of ordinary american life. However, 1956 The performance
the writer’s insight and sense of humor of Waiting for Godot by irish-
ensure that his plays appeal to people French dramatist samuel
of all nationalities. Beckett (1906-89) opens
the way for modern drama.
The Goodbye Girl, one of Neil Simon’s 1993 american novelist
best-loved movies, is set in New York. Toni Morrison (born 1931),
author of Song of Solomon and
579 Beloved, becomes the first
african-american to win the
nobel Prize for Literature.

Find out more
Literature

Movies
slavery
Theater

X-rays

To The early pioneers of medicine, the thought of looking through
the body of a living person would probably have seemed like magic.
But today it is routine for doctors and dentists to take pictures of their
patients’ bones and teeth with an x-ray camera. X rays are invisible waves,
like light or radio waves. They can travel through soft materials just as
light passes through glass. For example, x-rays can travel through flesh
and skin. But hard materials such as bone and metal stop x-rays, so
bone and metal show up as a shadow on an x-ray picture. x-rays have many
uses: scientists use them to probe into the molecular structure of materials
such as plastics, and engineers make x-ray scans of aircraft to find cracks
that could cause mechanical failure. in
addition, the sun, stars, and other objects
WilhelM roenTgen
The german scientist Wilhelm roentgen
in space produce x-rays naturally. Array of photodiodes—electronic (1845-1923) discovered x-rays in 1895.
detectors that produce electrical
signals when x-rays hit them. roentgen did not understand what these

Scanner is lined with rays were, so he named them x-rays.
lead to prevent the
x-rays from escaping. A metal object such as a
pistol does not allow x-rays
to pass through it, so the
pistol shows up on screen.
Conveyor
belt carries
suitcases into Computer receives
the scanner. electrical signals from
the photodiodes
and converts
them into an
image of
the case.

X-ray tube Monitor screen displays Baggage scanner
produces X rays. contents of case to
security guards. airports have x-ray scanners (left)
X-ray TuBe to check baggage for weapons and
like a light bulb, an x-ray As the electrons crash into other dangerous objects. an x-ray
tube is filled with an inert the target, atoms of the metal tube produces a beam of x-rays, and
produce the x-ray beam. a conveyor belt carries each suitcase
(nonreacting) gas, but into the path of the beam. electronic
produces x-rays instead of light. A powerful electric field
pulls electrons at high speed detectors pick up the x-rays once
A strong electric toward the metal target. they have passed through the case.
current heats a wire.
The energy from the a computer uses signals from the
electric current knocks detectors to build up a picture of
some electrons out of
the atoms in the wire. the contents of the case.

Medical x-rays X-rays in space
The swift satellite (left) has a three different
doctors and dentists use x-ray machines to types of telescopes, one of which is an x-ray
look inside their patients’ bodies without telescope. The telescope detects x-rays
using surgery. The machine makes an x-ray coming from the sun and stars, and
picture using a digital sensor, or on a piece from objects such as black holes. The
of photographic film. The photograph is a satellite sends x-ray pictures back to
negative, and bones show up in white. large earth. astronomers use these pictures
doses of x-rays are harmful, so x-ray to discover and understand more of
examinations must be carefully controlled. the universe.

Find out more
atoms and molecules

Machines
Medicine, history of

science
stars

580

ZOOS

PeoPLe BeGAn To keeP animals in This huge
birdcage
zoological gardens, or zoos, more than is called
3,000 years ago, when rulers in China an aviary.
established a huge zoo, called the Gardens
of Intelligence. Today, most cities have a eArLY zoos
zoo, wildlife park, or aquarium, which In early zoos animals such as
provide a chance to observe and study elephants were taught to perform
hundreds of different animals. However, for the visitors, as shown in this
many people do not agree about the value picture. Animals are no longer Tons of animal food are
of zoos. zoo supporters say that zoos give delivered to the zoo each
people the opportunity to be close to week from all over the
animals, which they would never otherwise trained to perform for the public. world, including eucalyptus
experience; zoos help us appreciate the The purpose of a zoo is to enable leaves from Australia for
wonder of the natural world; and zoo staff people to see how wild animals the koalas.
carry out scientific research and important behave in their natural
conservation work, such as breeding rare surroundings. The ideal solution is
species. zoo critics believe that it is wrong to save wild areas, with their animals
to keep animals in captivity; the creatures and plants, and allow people to visit
behave unnaturally, and in poorly run zoos these, but this is not always possible. Storehouse,
they suffer because of stress, unsuitable where food is
food, dirty conditions, and disease. stored. Zoo trucks take food
Display boards and guide books full from here to the animals.
Gardeners take care of the of information provide education.
zoo grounds and look after
all of the plants.

Signposts
around the zoo
direct visitors to
different areas.

Thousands
of school-
children visit
zoos each year
with their
teachers.

Zoo vans collect dirty straw from
each of the animal houses.

Zookeeper delivering Zookeepers hose down the animal
straw to animals houses every day with water.
How zoos Are run
Zoos have
restaurants A zoo employs zookeepers to
and cafés, look after the animals, zoologists
where visitors
can eat, drink, (scientists who study animals),
veterinarians, accountants,
and relax.
architects, cooks, gardeners,
Visitors builders, and many other people.
can buy
souvenirs in The zoo manager must keep
the zoo store. all of these people organized
Modern zoos because there are many jobs to
In some zoos, such as the Binder Park zoo (left), do, such as ordering the correct
animals range free in large enclosures with trees
and other natural features. People view the animals food for each animal and
through glass panels rather than iron bars. You can running the souvenir store and
even see the animals from an open-topped bus. In most the restaurants. Visitors have to
countries inspectors can arrive unannounced to check pay an entrance fee toward the
the welfare of the creatures. A few zoos still treat their upkeep of the zoo, but most zoos
captives badly, and organizations such as zoo Check also need government funding.
work toward ensuring better conditions in zoos.
Find out more
Animals

Conservation

and endangered species

581

index

Page numbers in bold type have most Angola 490 Arctic tern 35, 210, 350 see also nuclear weapons
information in them. animals 23-26, 73, 175 area 560 atomic clocks 126
Argentina 36-37, 241, 476, 481 atomic energy 180
A air sports 502 camouflage 86, 90, 391, 437 atoms 52, 113, 385, 406, 427
air-traffic control 138 and color 132 soccer team 477 Atrebates 105
Aachen Cathedral 112 Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge 82 endangered species 142-143, argonauts (shellfish) 462 Attila the Hun 63
aardvarks 331 Akkad 509 160, 184, 242, 358 Ariane rocket 440 Auckland, New Zealand 376
Abidjan, Ivory Coast 563 Alabama 301 farm 202-203 Aristarchus 48, 170 Augustus, Roman emperor 443
abolitionist movement 8, 317, Alans 63 flight 210-211 Aristophanes 246 aurora borealis 35
Alaric the Goth 63 hibernation 254, 469 Aristotle 19, 73, 432 auroras 510
468 Alaska 34, 282, 381, 384, 543, microscopic 346 arithmetic 335, 386 Auschwitz camp 259
aboriginal Australians 9, 53, 54, migration 350, 567 Armada, Spanish 185 Australia 9, 53-58, 225
544, 546 nests and burrows 374 armadillos 160, 241, 331
57, 58 Albania 489 prehistoric 421-422 Armenia 103 history 57-58, 146
absolute dating 422 Albert, Prince 550 seed dispersal 227 Armenians 534 Uluru 53, 54, 441
absolute zero 252 albino animals 229 senses 25-26, 168 armies Australia 53
Abu Dhabi 348 Alcatraz prison 370 in sports 502 Austria 59, 247, 573, 575
acacia trees 242 alchemy 113 and transportation 496, 497, Alexander the Great’s 19 autobiography 321
acceleration 215 Alcock, John 18 528, 568 Australian 57 autocue 518
accents (over letters) 20 Alcott, Louisa May 321 in warfare 19, 38, 352 Civil War 123, 124 automatic machines 328
accretion disc 77 Alexander the Great 19, 61, working 261, 267, 509, 528 English 189 autopilot 373
acid rain 417 zoos 581 North Korean 304 avalanches 357, 512
acorns 227, 530 245, 402, 403, 508 see also amphibians; Ottoman 394 aviaries 581
acoustics 406 Alexandria, Egypt 19, 121 mammals; reptiles; wildlife Roman 444 ax, hand 506
Acre, city of 150 algae 346, 422, 459 Ankara, Turkey 533 armillary sphere 432 axis 335
acropolis, Athens 244, 245 Algarve, Portugal 420 annelids 577 armor 38, 287, 302 axles 328, 568
acrylic paints 401 algebra 335 anole lizards 323 Armstrong, Louis 16 axolotl 308
Act of Union (1801) 536, 540 Algeria 379 Antarctica 27-28, 125, 236, 414, Armstrong, Neil 46, 355, 529, axons 78
action and reaction 215 Alhambra Palace 497 415 543 Ayers Rock see Uluru
action painting 399 alimentary canal 161 anteaters 241 army ants 29 Aymara people 477
actors 246, 359, 360, 460, 520, Allah 288, 361 antennae 25, 26, 280, 469 aromatherapy 337 Azerbaijan 103
All Blacks 376 anthers 212 art 398-401 Azores 49
521 alleles 230 Anthony, Susan B. 468, 570 aboriginal 9, 54 Aztecs 60, 141, 368, 563
acupuncture 116, 337 alligators 149, 436 anthropology 455 ancient Greek 246
Adams, John 154, 296, 425 alloys 342 antibiotics 167 Aztec 60 B
addax 160 alphabets 20, 447 anticyclones 559 Chinese 116
addiction 167 alpha particles 427 antihistamines 167 European 191, 233, 498 Babbage, Charles 139
Adelaide, Australia 55 Alps 59, 219, 222, 232, 233, 290, anti-Semitism 259 Inuit 282 Babel, Tower of 310
Aegean civilizations 83 antiseptics 339 Islamic 288 babies 263, 278, 434-435, 465
aerial surveys 231 357, 358, 488, 512 anti-slavery movement 8, 468, religious 398, 430 baboons 354
aerosols 418 aluminum 342 532, 579 Renaissance 313, 398, 433 Babylon, city of 61, 572
Afghanistan 110, 111, 269 alveoli 326 antlions 280 restoration 401 Babylonians 61, 373, 386, 522,
AFL see American Federation of Amazon River 79, 80, 130, 438, ants 29, 217, 241 war 124
aorta 250 see also cave paintings; rock 527
Labor 477 Apache people 371 paintings Bach, Johann Sebastian 136
Africa 10-15, 149, 200, 242 amber 182 apartheid 15, 264, 332, 474 arteries 250, 263 backbone see spine
American Antislavery Society 8 Apennines 290, 292 arthritis 164 back projection 360
Central 106-107 American Federation of Labor apes 353-354, 424 Arthur, King, 303 Bacon, Francis 460
East 172-174, 557 aphids 70 Asante, Ghana 563 bacteria 156, 164, 167, 209, 339,
history 14-15, 71 306 Apollo (god) 368 Asclepius 338
North 11, 379-380 American Indians see Native Apollo missions 129 asexual reproduction 411 346, 422, 472
slave trade 16, 467-468 moon landing 355, 529, 543 Ashanti peoples 10 badgers 227
Southern 490-491 Americans apothecaries 338 Asia 39-44, 145, 352 Baffin Bay 93
West 11, 71, 561-564 American Indian Movement Appalachians 381 art 399 Bahrain 347, 349
see also South Africa Appaloosa horse 261 Central 110-111 Baikal, Lake 448
African-Americans 16 264 apples 220, 226 history 43-44 Baird, John Logie 519
rights of 122, 264, 300, 301 American Revolution 21-22, aqueducts 82 steppes 43, 241, 242 Baja California, Mexico 344
soldiers 123 Arabs 39, 43, 47, 87, 172, 273, Southeast 39, 40, 43, 44, 482- Bakelite 413
and Supreme Court 511 144, 154, 223, 296, 555 347-349, 456, 561 485 balance 168, 262
women 571 ammonites 218, 423 arachnids 24, 500 Asian elephant 184 balance of payments 524
African elephant 184 Amnesty International 264 Aral Sea 110 Asian water dragon 322 bald eagle 383
African National Congress 15, amniotic fluid 434 arc 335 aspirin 167 baleen whales 566
264, 332 amoeba 346 archaeology 30-31, 370, 482, assassinations 300, 301, 317, ballet 137, 447
African Union 15 amperes 560 533, 554 548, 573 ball game, Mayan 336
African violets 142 amphibians 23, 24, 142, 225, Archaeopteryx 210 asses 260-261 balloons, hot-air 456, 529
aging 263 arch bridges 82, 215 asteroids 409, 410 Baltic States 62, 191
agora 245 423 archer fish 334 astrology 504 Bambuku head 562
agricultural revolution 205 amplification 183 archers 99, 352 astronauts 46, 395, 449, 494, 495
agriculture see farming Amritsar, India 271 archery 502 astronomy 47-48, 134, 336, 456, Bandelier National
AIDS 164 Amsterdam, Netherlands 259, 324 arches 32, 33 457, 504, 517 Monument 370
ailerons 18 anacondas 470 Archimedes 456 astrophysics 406 Bangladesh 269, 271
AIM see American Indian anesthetics 167 Archimedes’ screw 327, 456 Aswan High Dam 151 banking 191, 351, 512
Movement anarchism 238 architecture 32-33, 55, 121 Atacama Desert 478 bank notes 351
air 51, 228, 326, 395 Anatolia 534 ancient wonders 572 Atahualpa, Inca emperor 141 Bantu people 14
aircraft 17-18, 51, 186, 188, 278, anatomy 73, 313 Caribbean 95 Ataturk, Kemal 196 baobab trees 159, 242
342, 413, 529 European 190, 221, 233, 234, Athena 244, 368 baptism 119
autopilot 328 see also human body 290, 324, 489, 498, 499, 550 Athens, Greece 244, 245, 246 Barbarians 63, 443
fighting 573, 575 ANC see African National Norman 378 Atlantic Ocean 49-50, 106, 145, Barcelona, Spain 498
helicopters 253, 508 Renaissance 433 199, 452 barges 234, 274, 438, 528
loudness 473 Congress skyscrapers 91, 543 atlas moth 217 bark 531
navigation 373 ancestor worship 562 Arctic 34-35, 49, 90, 125, 190, 236, Atlas mountains 357, 380 barnacles 148
spy planes 128 Andalucia, Spain 496, 497 282, 381, 414-415, 448, 452 atmosphere 51, 169, 409 barographs 558
air masses 559 Andersen, Hans Christian Arctic Ocean 35, 39, 387 atolls 147, 388 Baroque era 33, 136
air pressure 558, 559 atomic bombs 129, 576
321 582
Andes 36, 130, 267, 357, 358,

476, 477, 478
anemometer 558
anemones 147, 458, 459
Angel Falls 478
angelfish 390
anglerfish 155

indeX . bartering – Charles i, king of england

bartering 178 binocular vision 201 botany 73, 146, 212, 455 buses, London 536 Caribbean region 95-96, 133,
Bartholdi, Frédéric Auguste 505 biography 321 see also plants bushes 412 408, 467, 541
Barton, Clara 64 biology 73, 455 Bush, George H.W. 129
Baryonyx 162, 163 Botany Bay 57, 146 Bushmen 10 carnival 79
basalt 231, 441 see also animals; plants; wildlife Botswana 490 butane 228 carnivores 175, 318, 330
baseball 65, 544 bioluminescence 155 Botticelli, Sandro 433 butterflies 26, 73, 85-86, 143, carnivorous plants 412
basketball 66, 501 biome 176 bottlenose dophins 566 carp 294, 308
Bastille Day 95 bird-of-paradise flower 213 Boudicca (Boadicea) 105 211, 212, 213, 280, 384 Carpathian Mountains 486, 487
Bastille prison 224 birds 24, 74-75, 182 boules 221 butterfly fish 207 carpets 110, 268, 283, 380
Batman, John 55 bows and arrows 352, 372 Byblos 403 cars 97-98, 182, 187, 235, 287,
bats 67, 142, 168, 210, 254, 331, Arctic 35 Boyd, Belle 123 Byrd, William 432
endangered species 143 bracken 216, 356 Byzantine Empire 87 290, 294, 449, 466, 525, 528
423 evolution 197, 198, 210 Brady, Matthew 124 Byzantium see Istanbul exhausts 417, 418
batteries 181, 182, 183, 457 flight 210—211 Brahma 255 and pollution 529
battles forest 216, 217 brain 78, 262 C production line 548
and insecticides 176 Braque, Georges 399 solar-powered 510
Britain 575 migration 350 Brasília, Brazil 81, 121 cabinet, president’s 425 steering wheels 328
Gettysburg 123 mountain 358 brass 342 Cabot, John 94 tires 568
Guagamela 19 nests 75, 374 brass instruments 367 cacti 142, 160 Carter, Dan 376
Hastings 540 polar 414, 415 Braun, Wernher von 440 caecilians 225 Carter, Howard 31
Issus 19 seabirds 389, 390, 458, 459 Brazil 79-81, 200, 438, 476, 480, Caesar, Julius 88 Carthage 403
Iwo Jima 295, 548 seed dispersal by 227 caimans 149 Cartier, Jacques 94
Lepanto 394 waders 458 481 Cairo, Egypt 10, 361, 379 cartilage 461, 465
Lexington 21 water 308 soccer team 477 calcite 104, 442 Cartwright, Alexander 65
Little Bighorn 372 wetlands 334 Brazil nuts 80, 226 calendars 522 Caspian Sea 42, 103, 283, 309
Midway 396, 576 birds of paradise 75 bread 73 California 543, 544, 546, 565 cassava 107
Naseby 189 birth 435 breathing 263, 326, 395 caste system 255
Orléans 298 bison 382 Brecht, Bertolt 520 see also San Francisco castles 99-100, 220, 378, 533
Passchendaele 325 bivalves 462 breeding, captive 143 Cambodia 482 Castro, Fidel 135, 300, 481
Salamis 246 Blackbeard 408 Brendan, Saint 199 Camelot 303 Catalonia, Spain 498
Stalingrad 493 black bears 68, 254 bricks 442, 509 camera obscura 89 catalytic converters 417
Trafalgar 369, 541 Black Death 76 bridges 82, 215, 252, 275, 284 cameras 89, 232, 277, 404-405 caterpillars 85-86, 280
Trenton 555 black holes 48, 77, 503 Brisbane, Australia 55 catfish 168, 206, 208
Waterloo 369 black power salute 393 bristletails 280 digital 89, 405 cathedrals 112, 195, 221, 378,
Ypres 573 Black Sea 103 Bristol, England 468 movie 359 446
bauxite 342 blacksmiths 38 Britain, ancient 105 video (camcorders) 518, 519 cats 101-102, 230, 242, 358
Bavaria, Germany 233 black widow spider 500 Romans and 88, 444 Cameroon 106 big 176, 318-319
Bayeux Tapestry 134, 378 bladder 263 British Empire 270, 536, 550, camouflage 86, 90, 391, 437 saber-toothed 423
Bay of Pigs, Cuba 548 blank verse 460 551 Canada 34, 91-94, 282, 382, 384 cattle farming 36. 54, 80, 81, 172,
beaches 53, 388, 458, 496 Bled, Lake 488 and American Revolution history 94 173, 203, 220, 375, 476, 512
Beagle, HMS 153 Blitz 575 21-22 hockey 257 cattle, sacred 270
beaks 75, 197 blood 250, 263, 362 colonies 15, 37, 53, 57, 71, 94, Canadian Mounted Police 91 Caucasus republics 103
bears 34, 68, 254, 314, 358, 414 circulation 262, 338 131, 291, 377, 397, 483, 498 Canadian Shield 93 Cavaliers 189
Beaufort scale 569 blood plasma 557 slavery 467-468 canals 109, 274, 290, 324, 348, cave dwellings 370
beavers 331 bloodhounds 25-26 Britain, Great see United 419, 448, 509 cave paintings 104, 152, 165,
Beckett, Samuel 520 bloodletting 339 Kingdom Canary Islands 49, 499 205, 400
Bedouins 347 bloodworms 577 broadleaf trees 216, 530 Canberra, Australia 53, 55 caves 104
Beech Starship 1 413 bluebells 216 Broadway 520 cancer 164, 248 caviar 283, 448, 449
beefsteak fungus 363 bluebottles 209 bronchi and bronchiole 326 cane toads 225 Cayley, Sir George 18
beer 232, 325 blues 544 bronze 286, 342 canine teeth 515 Ceausescu, Nicolae 493
bees 69, 100, 213, 279, 280 Bluetooth 139 Bronze Age 30, 38, 83 cannibals 200 cellos 366
Beethoven, Ludwig van 137, 234 blue whales 566, 567 bronzes 14, 71 canoes 372, 377, 531 cells 262
beetles 70, 179, 211, 279, 280, boar, wild 234 Brown, Arthur Whitten 18 Canterbury Tales 538, 579 blood cells 250, 262
308, 358, 363, 531 boas 470 Brown, John 8 canvas, artist’s 400 nerve cells 78, 262
Beijing, China 114 boats 215, 273, 314, 396, Brown, Linda 511 canyons 381 Celsius scale 252
Beijing Opera 116 463-464, 509, 528 Brunei 40, 484 capacitors 183 Celts 105, 286, 303
Belarus 62 see also barges; ships Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 275 Cape Town, South Africa 474 cemeteries, war 325
Belfast, Northern Ireland 538 bobcats 358 Brussels, Belgium 325 Cape Verde Islands 13, 153 Centigrade 252
Belgium 193, 324, 325, 573 Bodrum, Turkey 533 Brutus, Marcus 88 capillaries 250, 326 centipedes 24, 472
Belize 108 body see human body bryozoans 24 capital cities 121 Central Africa 106-107
Bell, Alexander Graham 457, body painting 401 Bucephalus 19 Africa 12, 107, 174, 380, 475, Central African Republic 106,
516 body temperature 331 Buchenwald camp 259 491, 564 107
Belsen camp 259 Boers 474 Budapest, Hungary 196 Asia 41, 111, 117, 271, 273, Central America 108-109
Bengal, Bay of 272 bogong moths 350 Buddha, the (Siddhartha 349, 484 Central Asia 110-111
Benin, Kingdom of 14, 16, 71 boiling point 251 Gautama) 84 Atlantic territories 50 Central Intelligence Agency 128
Benz, Karl 98 bolas 36 Buddhism 32, 43, 84, 258, 269, Australia 55 ceramics 237, 421
Beowulf 321 Bolívar, Simón 481 293, 321, 430, 431, 482, 483 Baltic States 62 cerebral hemispheres 78
Berbers 379 Bolivia 477, 481 Tibetan 115, 116 Caribbean 96 CERN 406
Bering Strait 39, 371, 384 Bollywood 270 Zen 294 Caucasus republics 103 Ceres 410
Berlin, Germany 196, 232, 259 Bolshoi ballet 447 Buenos Aires, Argentina 36 Central America 109 Cerra Aconcagua 36
airlift 128 Bombay see Mumbai buffalo see bison Europe 192, 325, 454, 487, CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
Berlin Wall 129, 232 Bombay cat 101 bugs 280 489 417, 418
Bermuda Triangle 50 bomb disposal 439 buildings see architecture North America 92, 93 Chad 106
Bernini, Gian Lorenzo 433 Bonaire 96 Bulgaria 486 Pacific Islands 397 chaffinches 74
berries 226 bone 465 bulletproof vests 38 South America 478 Chain, Ernst 339
beryl 442 see also skeletons bullfighting 496, 497 UK 539 chain mail 38
beta particles 427 Bonn, Germany 234 Bunyan, Paul 368 USA 545, 546 chalk 441
bhangra 270 Bonny, Anne 408 buoys 373 capitalism 135 chamber music 364
Bharatanatyam 152 bonsai 293 Bureau of Engraving and capital letters 20 chameleons 90, 323, 437
Bhutan 269 books 403 Printing 240 Capitol building 140, 240 chamois 358
Bible 61, 112, 118, 289, 297, see also literature burial mounds 195 caravels 195 Champlain, Samuel de 92
310, 403, 407, 430, 432 boomerangs 9 burials, Viking 553 Caraway, Hattie 140 Chandler, Raymond 578
biceps 362 Booth, John Wilkes 317 Burj Khalifa 33 carbolic acid 339 Channel Islands 537, 539
Big Bang 72, 549 Border Patrol 266 Burke, Robert O’Hara 58 carbon 287 Channel Tunnel 222
Bill of Rights 144 Borneo 483, 484 Burma see Myanmar carbon dioxide 51, 73, 228, 250, Chaplin, Charlie 359
bills (birds’) 75, 197 Borobudur Temple 482 burrowing creatures 241, 374, 326, 395, 411, 530 Charlemagne, emperor 112
bills (laws) 140 Bosnia and Herzegovina 193, 458, 470, 472 cardinal numbers 386 Charles I, king of England 189,
binary code 139, 519 196, 488 burs 227 cargo ships 419, 463 338, 541
binoculars 517 Boston Tea Party 21 Burundi 11, 173

583

inDEX . charlEs ii, king of EnglanD – DigEstion

Charles II, king of England 189, Citipati 163 communications 514, 516, 574 core, Earth’s 169 D.E
541 civil law 311 Communion, Holy 118, 297 cork 420, 531
civil rights 16, 122, 264, 300, Communism 44, 135, 157, 193, corn 476 Daguerre, Louis 404
Charles V, Holy Roman cornea 201 Daimler, Gottlieb 98
Emperor 247 301, 511 196, 486, 488 coronal mass ejections 510 Dakar, Senegal 561
Civil War, American 64, 123-124, China 114, 135, 333 corona, sun’s 510 Dalai Lama 115, 269
Chartists 541 North Korea 304, 305 corries 236 Dali, Salvador 398, 498
Chartres Cathedral 195, 221 317, 416, 532, 547 Soviet Union 129, 135, 196, corrosion 342 Dalton, John 52, 113, 457
châteaux 220 civil wars 446, 447, 486, 492-493 Corsica 219 dams 111, 151, 231, 438, 563
Chaucer, Geoffrey 538, 579 Vietnam 552 Cortés, Hernán 141 damselflies 280
cheerleaders 365 Africa 11, 13, 106, 172, 173, compasses cosmonauts 46, 494 dance 152
cheese 221, 324 490, 491, 561, 563 magnetic 49, 93, 329, 373 Costa Rica 109
cheetahs 319 Central America 108 proportional 432 Côte D’Azur 222 ballet 137, 447
chemicals 113, 167, 228, 392, 413 English 189, 541 composers 136-137, 190, 247, Coto Doñana National Park flamenco 496, 497
Middle East 348 364 tango 36
energy from 182 Roman Empire 88 composites 413 334 traditional 9, 13, 270, 396,
polluting 417 Russia 492 compost 472 cotton 110, 269, 274, 468 482, 488
chemistry 113, 456 South America 130 compounds, chemical 113 dandelions 227
Chernobyl disaster 493, 535 Southeast Europe 486, 488 computers 138-139, 277-278, mills 275 Danube River 59, 190, 486, 487
Chiang Kai-shek 333 Spanish 496, 497 327, 457, 513, 516 cottonmouth snake 334 Danyang–Kushan Grand
Chicago, IL 381 clans 538 on aircraft 17, 18, 278 cotyledons 227 Bridge 82
Chichen-Itza 383 Clark, William 296, 314 in cars 98 Coubertin, Baron Pierre de 393 Dao people 483
chickenpox 164 classical music 137, 364, 365 and music 137 counterpoint 136 Dare, Virginia 131
chickens 202, 203, 204 claws, cats’ 319 and photographs 405 Counter-Reformation 429 Darius I, king of Persia 402
child labor 551 Clay, Henry 140 production of 115 courts 311 Darius III, king of Persia 19
Chile 36, 37, 478 cliffs 459 in trains 526 Dark Age 340
chilies 199, 226 Clifton suspension bridge 275 and weather forecasting 559 see also Supreme Court dark energy 549
chimpanzees 354 climate 125 concave shape 316 cowboys 565 dark matter 549
Chimu empire 480 Antarctica 27 concentration camps 259, 576 coyotes 166 Darwin, Charles 153, 197
China 39, 43, 114-117, 205, 352, Asia 40, 242, 272, 348 conch shells 462 crabs 148, 458 date palms 160
527, 581 Atlantic Ocean 49 Concorde 17, 529 crafts Dauphin of France 298
art 399 Central America 108 concrete 151, 442 Davis, Jefferson 123
Communism 114, 135, 333 Europe 190, 191, 193, 219, condensation 252 African 11, 14, 71, 474 Davis, John 477
knowledge 89, 134, 373, 440 222, 232 conduction 251 of barbarian tribes 63 Davison, Emily 570
and Korean War 305 North America 92, 381, 543 conductors 181 Native American 372, 383 Davy Lamp 274
languages 116, 310 see also weather Confederacy 123-124, 317 Roman 444 Day of the Dead 256, 430
money 351 climbing 357, 395 congenital diseases 164 cranes 329, 419, 463, 568 days 522
Yangtze River 40, 42, 117 clippers 464 conglomerate 441 crayfish 307 D-day landings 576
Shang dynasty 83 clocks 126, 328 Congo 106 creation myths 368 DDT 176
writing 20, 116 cloning 230 Congo, Democratic Republic of credit cards 278, 351 Dead Sea 289, 309
Chinese immigrants 265 closed-circuit television 518 the 106, 107 crevasses 236 death 430, 431
Chisholm, Shirley 571 clothes 524 Congo River 106, 107 cricket (sport) 95, 536 decibels 473
chitin 279, 466 historic and traditional 286, Congress 140, 312 crickets 26, 142, 280 deciduous trees 216, 412, 530
chitons 459 488, 533, 537 Congress of Industrial Crick, Francis 73 decimal system 386
chivalry 302 clotting, blood 250 Organizations 306 Crimean peninsula 535 Declaration of Independence 8,
chlorophyll 411 clouds 51, 169, 428, 507, 559 Congreve, Sir William 440 critical mass 385 154, 296, 505, 555
chocolate 199, 325, 412, 563 clown fish 147 coniferous trees 216, 530 Croatia 488 deep-sea wildlife 155-156
cholera 164, 173, 209 cnidarians 24 conquistadors 60, 141 crocodiles 142, 149, 436, 437 deer 216, 242
chordates 23 coal 34, 127, 232, 234, 274, 510 conservation 86, 142-143, 156, crocodilians 436 defense 240
Christianity 112, 118-119, 195, and pollution 417 160, 166, 319 Cromwell, Oliver 189, 541 Delacroix, Eugène 399
297, 340, 431 Welsh 538 forests 217, 354 crops 204, 205 Delhi, India 270
and art 398 coal gas 228 grasslands 242 cross of Lorraine 298 deltas 438
Crusades 150, 303 coast see beaches; seashore lakes and rivers 308 crowbars 328 democracy 157, 244, 245, 293,
and drama 234, 520 coats of arms 298-299 polar regions 415 crucifixion 297 497, 543
in Ethiopia 172 cobras 159 wetlands 334 cruise liners 27, 463, 528, 574 Democratic Party 140, 416
holidays 258 coca 130, 476 wild flowers 213 Crusades 150, 303 Democritus 52
in India 268 cochlea 168 Constantine the Great 87 crustaceans 24, 148, 458 dendrites 78
and Jerusalem 289, 430 cockchafer beetles 70 Constantinople see Istanbul crust, Earth’s 169, 170, 171, 231 Denmark 35, 452, 453
and Ottoman Empire 394 cockles 462 constellations 503, 504 Crystal Palace 550 dentine 515
in the Philippines 482 cockroaches 279, 280 Constitution, US 140, 144, 239, crystals 442 dentists 179, 515
Roman Empire and 63, 87, cocoa beans 563 266, 311, 312, 416, 425, 511, Cuba 95, 135, 256, 300, 481, 548 Depression (1930s) 158, 320,
118, 195, 297 coconuts 227, 531 547, 548 cubism 399 445
see also Protestantism; Roman cocoons 85, 500 constrictors 470 cubits 560 dermatology 337
Catholicism cod 206, 421, 452 container ships 419, 463 cuckoos 75, 350 desalination 348
Christmas 118, 203, 258 coelacanths 389 Continental Congress 154, 296, cucumbers 226 desert roses (minerals) 442
chromosomes 229 Coelophysis 437 555 Cugnot, Nicolas 98 deserts 39, 56, 114, 125, 174,
chrysalis 280 coffee 39, 59, 130, 476, 481 continental drift 145, 170 Cultural Revolution 333 176, 228, 347, 383, 478, 490,
churches 118, 291, 378, 398, 535 coins 351 continental shelf 388, 390 cuneiform 20, 61, 83 496
Churchill, Winston 120, 128, coke 287 continents 145, 170 Curaçao 96 aestivation 254
445 Cold War 49, 128-129, 532 contraction 252 Curie, Marie and Pierre 427 cold 159
Church of England 185, 540 collagen 465 convection 251 curlews 75, 458 dust devils 507
Church of the Holy Sepulchre collectives 492 convergent evolution 198 currency 53, 190, 194, 447 hot 160
430 Colonial America 131 convex shape 316 pirates’ 408 mirages 316
CIA see Central Intelligence colonies, animal 374 convicts 57 currents, electric 181, 182, 183 wildlife 159-160, 254, 374, 383
Agency colonies, European see British Cook, James 57, 146 measuring 560 see also Sahara Desert
cichlid fish 207 Empire; and particular Cooksonia 422 currents, ocean 272, 387, 414 desktop publishing 277
CIO see Congress of Industrial countries cooperative movement 275 currents, river 438 detritivores 175
Organizations Colorado beetles 70 cooperatives, farmers’ 343 cuttlefish 391 dhows 273
circle 335 Colorado River 381, 544 Copenhagen, Denmark 453 Cuzco, Peru 267 diabetes 167
circuit boards 183 Colombia 130 Copernicus, Nicolaus 170, 432, Cycladic culture 83 diagnosis 337
circuits, electric 181 Colosseum, Rome 443 456 cycling 221, 249, 393, 529 diameter 335
circulatory system 262, 338 Colossus of Rhodes 572 copper 342, 478 disabled 513 diaphragm 326
circumference 335 color 132, 519 Copper Age 83 cyclones 507, 559 diatoms 346
cirques 236 Columbus, Christopher 133, 258 coral islands 272, 273 Cyprus 534 Dickens, Charles 579
CITES (Convention on columns 32 coral reefs 56, 147, 153, 176, Cyrillic alphabet 20, 447 dictatorships 238
International Trade in comedies (drama) 246, 460, 520 207, 388, 389, 390, 396, 469 Cyrus the Great 61, 402 diesel fuel 187, 392
Endangered Species) 143 comets 134 corals 147, 390, 458 Czechoslovakia 157, 196, 247, digestion 161, 251, 263
cities 121, 190 common law 311 Cordillera Cantabrica 498, 499 439, 575
ancient 60, 276, 443 Commonwealth, British 540,
see also capital cities; towns 541 584

indeX . diGGers – Flatworms

Diggers 189 Earth 169-170, 175, 406, 409 elements 113 European Union 192, 194, 284, faults, geological 145, 171, 357
digital technology 89, 126, 360, atmosphere 51, 169 elephants 38, 106, 143, 184, 197, 325, 452, 496, 497, 524, 541 fax machines 516
continents 145 feathers 74, 75
404, 405, 518, 519 cooling 387 331, 475, 483 evacuations 575 federal government 240
dikes 324 energy resources 186 as Republican symbol 416 Evangelical churches 119 Federalists 416
Dimorphodon 211 geology 231 Elizabeth I, queen of England evaporation 251, 252, 428 feedback 439
Dinka people 172 gravity 243 185 Everest, Mount 42, 51, 117, 357 Felipe VI, King of Spain 495
Dinosaur National Monument life 72, 169, 170, 186, 422, 428 Elizabeth II, queen of Great Everglades 309, 382 Felton, Rebecca 140
Renaissance ideas of 432 Britain 377 evergreen trees 216, 412, 530 feminism 570
370 satellites’ view of 451 Ellington, Duke 16 evolution 31, 153, 197-198, 423, fermentation 73
dinosaurs 162-163, 210, 211, 423, and time 522 Ellis Island, NY 266, 505 ferns 216, 356, 412
El Salvador 108 424 ferries 463
436, 437, 549 earthquakes 145, 171, 251, 292, email 281 exercise 248, 249, 362 fertilization 434
diodes 183 295, 343, 383, 420, 534 embryos 434, 435 exoskeleton 24, 279, 466 fertilizers 417, 472
Dionysus 246, 520 predicting 171, 231 emeralds 130 exosphere 51 festivals, religious 84, 118,
Diplodocus 163 emirs 348 expansion 252
diptera 209 earth sciences 455 emperor penguins 415 experiments, scientific 455 420, 430, 431, 497, 520
disabilities 264, 278, 513 earwigs 280 enamel (decorative) 237 exploration 195, 199-200, 463 fetus 434, 435
disciples 118, 297 earthworms 466, 577 enamel (teeth) 515 feudalism 340, 341, 540
discrimination 264 East Africa 172-174, 557 Endeavour 146 of Africa 14 fiberglass 237
diseases 124, 164, 173, 209, 363 East Asia 39, 40 endoscopes 316 of the Americas 131, 133, 314, fiber optics 316, 516
District of Columbia (D.C.) 546 Easter 118, 431 endoskeletons 465 565 fiestas 497
diving 395 Easter Island 396 energy 186, 187, 514 of Asia 44 Fiji 396
diving beetles 308 Eastern Europe 128, 129, 157, atomic 180, 385 of Australia 57, 58, 146 film (photography) 404-405
Diwali 431, 522 dark 549 by the British 146, 185 finback whale 389
Djenne, Mali 561 193, 265, 266 geothermal 170 of Canada 94 Finland 452, 453
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 52, Eastman, George 404 heat 186, 251 exports 524 fins 206, 461
East Timor 42 kinetic energy 186 extinctions 23, 86, 142-143, 163, Firdausi 321
73, 229 echidna 330 light 315 423 fire 187, 241, 395
Dnieper River 535 echinoderms 24 potential 186 eyes 25, 101, 201, 229, 315 firefighting 239, 557
docks 419 echoes 473 and respiration 395 insects’ 279 fireworks 315
dodo 143 echolocation 67, 567 saving 418 laser surgery 513 fish 24, 25, 56, 147, 206-208, 389-
dogs 25-26, 38, 165-166, 168 eclipses, solar 510 solar 186, 510 Eyre, Edward 58
ecology 175-176, 455 engines 187-188, 215, 251 390
huskies 34, 282, 331 car 97, 98 F.G
doldrums 569 see also environment; pollution jet 17, 18, 188, 287, 529 bioluminescence 155, 315
Dolly the sheep 230 ecosystem 175 rocket 187, 395, 440 face, human 335 breathing 326, 395
Dolomites 292 Edison, Thomas 177, 457 England 536 factories 121, 135, 188, 190, 228, deep-sea 155-156
dolphins 198, 566-567 editing history 76, 185, 369, 378, 540- fossilized 218, 422
Dome of the Rock 430 541 268, 290, 525 fresh water 307, 308
domes 32 movies 360 see also British Empire; United Industrial Revolution 274-275 migration 350
Domesday Book 378 television 518 Kingdom and pollution 417 polar regions 35, 415
Donets River 535 Edmontosaurus 163 English Channel 539 robots 439 raw (Japanese food) 293
dongle 281 education 10, 108, 239 English Civil War 189, 541 faeces 161 seashore 458
donkeys 261, 496, 528 eels 155, 182, 207, 390, 458 English language 310 Fahrenheit scale 252 sense organs 168
egg cases 458 Enlightenment 196 Fairfax, Thomas 189 swamps 334
as Democrat symbol 416 eggs 75, 437, 458, 469 entomologists 280 fairground rides 215, 568 fisheye lenses 404
Doppler effect 72 human 434 environment 27, 110, 142, 164, Fair Isle 537 fish farming 208, 452
dormice 254 Egypt, ancient 178-179, 379 198, 513 fairs 340 fishing 208, 387
Douglass, Frederick 8, 123 Alexandria 19, 121 see also ecology; pollution falcons 176 Africa 491, 561, 563
Douro River 420 beliefs 70, 102, 178, 368 enzymes 161, 262, 363 Falkland Islands 37, 50, 477 ancient world 179, 509
dovecotes 100, 374 boats 464, 528 Ephesus, Turkey 533, 572 fall colors 381 Atlantic Ocean 49, 537
Dracula 486 cats 101, 102 epics 321 falling 243 Canada 91
drag 215 decorative arts 237, 398 epidemics 164 fallopian tubes 434 India 269
dragonflies 211, 308 hieroglyphics 20, 179 epidermis 262 false fruits 226 New Zealand 375
Drakensberg 474 measurements 560 epiglottis 161 famine 11, 265, 285, 394 overfishing 156, 389, 415
Drake, Sir Francis 185 papyrus 403 epithelial cells 262 fangs, snakes’ 470 Portugal 421
drama see theater and drama pyramids 178, 404, 568, 572 Equal Rights Amendment 571 Faraday, Michael 457 Scandinavia 452
Dreamtime 9 science 113, 126, 178, 179 Equator 106, 125, 170, 558, 569 farm animals 202-203, 205 Spain 498
Dresden, Germany 233 Tutankhamun 31, 178, 367 Equiano, Olaudah 468 farming 204-205 stilt fishermen 272
drilling 228, 231 Egypt, modern 10, 19, 150, 151, equids 260-261 Africa 11, 106, 172, 379, 474, fishing rod 328
drone flies 209 379 Erasmus, Desiderius 432 475, 490, 561 fishing trawlers 463
drought 81, 158, 557, 561 Eris 410 ancient Egypt 178, 179 fish ladders 151
drugs 167, 411 eidelweiss 358 erosion 357, 472 Asia 40, 42, 110, 114, 268, 269, fission 346
Eiffel, Alexandre Gustave 505 Eskimos see Inuits 272, 283, 289, 295, 482, 483 nuclear 385
illegal 130, 167 Eiffel Tower 220, 466 esophagus 161 Australasia 54, 57, 375 fitness 248-249, 362
Druids 105 Einstein, Albert 77, 180, 406, Estefan, Gloria 256 Canary Islands 49 Fitzgerald, F. Scott 578
drums 11, 367 estivation 254, 350 Caribbean 95 fjords 236, 452, 453
drupes 226 457, 522 Estonia 62, 191 Caucasus 103 flags
DTP see desktop publishing Eire see Ireland estrogen 435 Central America 108, 109 Africa 12, 107, 174, 380, 475,
Dubai 348 ejaculation 434 estuaries 438 collectives 492 491, 564
dubbing 360 El Dorado 141 Ethiopia 172, 174, 379, 542 Europe 59, 191, 221, 222, 232, Asia 41, 111, 117, 271, 273,
Dublin, Ireland 284 elections 157, 240 ethnic cleansing 196 244, 284, 290, 324, 421, 453, 349, 484
Dubrovnik, Croatia 488 Etna, Mount 291, 292 486, 489, 498, 535 Atlantic territories 50
ducks 203, 307 presidential 425 Euclid 335 fish 208, 452 Australasia 56, 376
Dunant, Henri 64 electrical wires 413 Euphrates River 39, 61, 347, 509, history 83, 205, 340, 553 Baltic States 62
Duncan, Isadora 152 electric eels 182 533 Inca terraces 267, 478 Canada 92, 93
dung beetles 70 electric heaters 251 euro 190, 194 intensive 203, 204 Caribbean 96
dungeons 99, 100 electricity 52, 127, 181-182, 183, Europe 190-196 North America 93, 343, 546 Caucasus republics 103
Dunkirk rescue 575 Celts 105 and pollution 417 Central America 109
Dürer, Albrecht 233 186, 228, 342, 406 colonies 15, 36, 43, 44 Russia/Soviet Union 447, 492 Europe 192, 194, 325, 454,
Dust Bowl 158 early research 177, 182, 223 history 112, 195-196, 247, 340-341 soil 472 487, 489
dust devils 507 geothermal energy 170 languages 310 South America 36, 79, 476 Pacific Islands 397
dust mites 346 measuring 560 see also Eastern Europe; UK 538 South America 478
Dutch colonies 474 solar cells 510 Scandinavia; Southeast Europe farm machinery 204, 205, 327, 513 UK 539, 540
Dutch elm disease 70, 363 see also hydroelectric power European Extremely Large Faroe Islands 454 USA 545, 546, 547
DVDs 277, 518 electric motors 182, 187 Telescope (E-ELT) 517 farsightedness 201 flamenco 496, 497
dwarf planets 410 electric sense 26 European Parliament 194, 541 fashion 221 flamingos 374
dwarf stars 504 electric shocks 182 Fatima 361 Flanders, Belgium 325
dyeing 403, 562 electrolysis 342 585 flatworms 577
dynamos 182 electromagnetism 315, 329, 406,
eagles 159, 201, 210, 383 426, 510
Earhart, Amelia 18 electronics 89, 138, 139, 183,
ears 25, 26, 159, 168, 184, 362 277-278, 457, 519
musical instruments 367
electrons 52, 181

IndeX . fleas – Hooves

fleas 76, 280 Friedan, Betty 571 Gettysburg, Battle of 123 Great Plains, North America harmony 136
water 148 frigate birds 390 geysers 554 371, 372, 381, 382, 565 Harold II, king of England 540
frilled lizard 322 Ghana 563 Harpers Ferry raid 8
Fleming, Alexander 339 frogs 23, 73, 175, 198, 217, 225, gharials 149 Great Rift Valley 173 Harry Potter movies 360
flies 26, 209, 279, 280 Gherkin 29 Greece, ancient 195, 245-246 harvesting 204
flight 404 ghettos 259 harvest mice 374
fronts, weather 559 Giant’s Causeway 441 architecture 32 Harvey, William 338
animal 210-211 fruit bats 67, 210 giant stars 503, 504 combat sports 502 hatchetfish 156
history of 18, 313 fruit 108, 226-227, 249, 412 gibbons 354 democracy 157 Hausa people 562
flint working 336, 506, 513 fry 207 Gibraltar 498 frescos 401 Hawaii 197, 396, 544, 546, 548, 554
flood barriers 151 fuel cells 182 Gila cliff dwellings 370 gods and goddesses 368 Hawking, Stephen 406
flood plains 438 fuels 228, 251, 392, 440 Gila monster 323 Homer 321, 578 Haydn, Joseph 137, 247
floods 438 Gilgamesh 509 knowledge 47, 48, 52, 73, 170, HD (High Definition) 519
Florence, Italy 433 see also coal; natural gas; oil gills 206, 225, 279, 326, 395 182, 188, 231, 335, 338, 432, health 248-249
Florey, Howard 339 Fuji, Mount 293, 295 ginger 217 456
Florida 131, 382 Fulani people 106 ginseng 304 Olympic Games 393 see also medicine and healing
flowers 212-213, 216, 226, 227, fulcrum 328 Giotto 398 slaves 467 heart 250, 255
242, 411, 412 fungi 29, 363 giraffes 23 temples 32, 244, 245, 291, heart disease 164, 167, 248
alpine 358 fur, mammals’ 331 glaciers 28, 236, 309, 384, 453 533, 572 heat 251-252, 342, 406
bulbs 324 fur trade 94, 131, 314, 319 glasnost 129, 493 theater 246, 520 heat energy 186, 251
festival 537 furnaces 286 glass 237, 316, 403 triremes 246, 464 heat-resistant materials 237
roses 213, 486, 536 Turkey and 533 heat sensors 26
flu (influenza) 164 blast 287 stained 195, 221, 237 wonders 572 Hebrew language 289, 299
fluorescent light 315 Gabon 106 glasses 201 see also Alexander the Great hedgehogs 159, 254
flutes 366, 367 Gabriel, Angel 361 glass lizards 322 Greece, modern 244, 534 Hegira 361
flying fish 207 Gagarin, Yuri 46, 447, 493 Glass, Philip 137 Greek alphabet 20 helicopters 253, 508
Flynn, Elizabeth 306 Gaia theory 170 Glendalough, Ireland 285 Greek islands 244 helium 72, 228, 385, 510
fold mountains 357 Galápagos Islands 142, 153, 323 gliding 211 green cards 266 helmets 38, 287, 298, 444, 513, 553
folktales 233 galaxies 48, 72, 77, 517, 549 Global Positioning System 373 greenhouse effect 125, 187, 417
food 23, 202, 248, 249, 287 galaxy clusters 549 global warming 34, 236, 417 Greenland 34, 35, 236, 282, 452, sports 64, 214
caviar 283, 448, 449 Galen 338 Globe Theatre 460, 520 454, 553 Henry II, king of England 378
chains and webs 175-176, 389 galena 442 glowworms 70 Greenpeace 142 Henry VIII, king of England 540
digestion 161, 251, 263 Galileo Galilei 48, 126, 243, 432, glucose 362 Greenwich Mean Time 522 heraldry 302-303
and disease 164 gluteus maximus 362 Grimm, Jakob and Wilhelm 233 herbalism 212, 338
edible fungi 363 456, 517 glyphs 336 grizzly bears 68, 314 herbivores 175, 330
fruits 226 Galileo spacecraft 495 GM see genetically modified grouper fish 390 herb layer 216
GM 230 galloping 261 growth, human 263 herbs 167, 212-213, 412
national specialties 116, 221, Galvani, Luigi 182 foods Guadeloupe 95 hereditary diseases 164
232, 290, 293, 294, 497 Gama, Vasco da 44, 200 GMT see Greenwich Mean Time Guanajuato, Mexico 344 heredity 229, 230
plants 412 Gambia 563 goats 203, 358 Guatemala 108, 336 hermaphrodites 469
technology 514 game reserves 13 Gobi Desert 159, 242 Guernsey 537 Herod, King 289
football 214 gamma rays 48, 427 God (monotheistic) Guevara, Che 481 herons 308
see also soccer Gandhi, Mohandas 264 guilds 341 herring 389
force 215 Ganesha 430 Christian 291, 297 guitars 366, 497 hertz 426, 473
force feeding 570 Ganges River 268, 270 Jewish 299, 431 Gulf of Mexico 49, 382, 387, Hertz, Heinrich 426
Ford cars 98, 548 gardens 212, 213, 294 Muslim (Allah) 288, 361 419, 507 Heyerdahl, Thor 387
forests 125, 176, 213, 234, 269, Garnier, Jean Louis Charles 33 gods and goddesses 255, 276, Gulf of Taranto 292 Hiawatha 579
357, 381, 452, 530 Garrison, William Lloyd 8 368, 430 Gulf Stream 49, 387 hibernation 254, 469
wildlife 216-217 gas 228 goggles 413 Gulliver’s Travels 320 hieroglyphics 20, 179
see also rain forests gold 13, 127, 141, 267, 342, 351, gulls 75, 458, 459 Higashiyama, Kaii 399
forgery 351 see also natural gas 474, 490, 563 gunpowder 99, 315, 440 Highlands, Scottish 537, 538
Fort Knox 240 gases 251, 466 rushes 58, 79, 92, 544, 565 Gurus 431 Hillary, Edmund 357
forum, Roman 443 gasoline 187, 392 Golden Gate bridge 252, 451 Gutenberg, Johannes 456 hill forts 286
fossil fuels 127, 417, 418 Gompers, Samuel 306 gymnastics 502 Himalayas 42, 43, 268, 357, 438
fossils 162, 197, 210, 218, 231, lead-free 529 gondolas 290 gypsies 486, 497 Hindi language 20, 268
330, 422 gastropods 469 Gondwanaland 145 gypsum 442 Hindu-Arabic numbers 386
Founding Fathers 154, 547 Gates, Bill 139 Gorbachev, Mikhail 129, 492, gyroscopes 568 Hinduism 43, 231, 255, 268, 270,
four-stroke engine 187 gauchos 36, 476 493
Fourth of July 154, 258 Gaudi, Antonio 498 gorges 438, 487 H.I.J 430, 431, 522
foxes 26, 90, 165-166, 175, 176, Gaul 63, 88 Gorgosaurus 162 hinny 261
374 Gayle, Chris 95 gorillas 106, 173, 330, 353 habitat 176 Hippocrates 338
fractals 335 gazelles 160, 241, 242 gospels 297 loss of 142, 143 hippopotamuses 334
fractions 386 gears 328, 568 Gothic architecture 32, 33, 55 Hira, Mount 361
Fragonard, Jean 399 geckos 242, 322, 323, 437 Goths 63 Habsburgs 59, 247, 429, 488 Hiroshima, Japan 576
France 104, 194, 219-222, 224, geese 203, 415, 459 gourds 564 Hadrian’s Wall 444 Hispanic Americans 256
238, 377, 529, 575 Geiger counter 427 government 140, 238-240 hail 428, 507 Hitler, Adolf 259, 575-576
and American Revolution 21, gemstones 442 governors, state 239 Haiti 467 Hittites 286, 287
22, 223 generators 182 GPS see Global Positioning halite 442 HIV 164
architecture 33, 195 genes 229-230, 427 System Halley’s comet 134 Ho Chi Minh 552
colonies 91, 92, 94, 95, 106, genetically modified foods 230 graffiti 443 Halloween 258 hockey 91, 257
311, 379, 397 genetics 229-230 Granada, Spain 497 Hamburg, Germany 235 Hockney, David 399
history 63, 88, 105, 112, 298, Geneva, Switzerland 512 Grand Canyon 63, 381, 544 Hamilton, Alexander 416 Hokusai 399
369, 378 Genghis Khan 352 granite 441 hammerhead sharks 461 holidays 258
TGV 220, 526 genocide 259 Grant, Ulysses S. 124, 370 Hammurabi, king of Babylon 61 holistic medicine 337
Franco, General 497 geology 231, 455 grapes 219, 226, 420 hamsters 229, 254 Holland see Netherlands
Frank, Anne 259, 578 Grapes of Wrath, The 320 Han Chinese 115 Hollywood 359, 544
Franklin, Benjamin 21, 144, 154, see also fossils; rocks grasses 241, 260, 412 Hancock, John 154 Holocaust 259, 576
182, 223, 296 geomagnetism 329 grasshoppers 26, 241, 280 hand (measurement) 261 Holy Roman Empire 112
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 573 geometry 335 grassland wildlife 241-242 Handel, George Frideric 136, 365 Homer 321, 578
Freedom Rides 122 geophysics 406 grass snakes 242, 470 Hanging Gardens of Babylon hominins 424, 506
free-range animals 202, 204 George, St. 302 gravity 46, 51, 77, 215, 243, 387, Homo erectus 424
freezing process 208 Georgia 103 456, 510 572 homosexuals 264
French horns 367 geothermal energy 170 Great Barrier Reef 53, 56 Hanseatic League 195 Honduras 108, 336
French language 20, 92, 310 Germany 194, 196, 232-235, 265, Great Bear Lake 93 Harappa 276 honey 69
French Revolution 224, 369 Great Britain (steamship) 275 hardware 139, 277 honeycreepers 197
frequencies 426, 473 429 Great Dividing Range 54 harems 394 Hong Kong 116
frescos 400, 401 division of 128 Great Exhibition 550 hares, Arctic 90 Honshu, Japan 294, 295
Freud, Sigmund 339 union of 232, 234 Great Lakes 131, 309, 381, 382, Harlem, New York 16 Hooke, Robert 73
friction 215 and World War I 574 419 harmonics 473 Hoover Dam 151
and World War II 232, 233, Great Leap Forward 333 hooves 260
259
germination 227 586
Geronimo 371
gestation 331
Gettysburg Address 317

indeX . hopi peopLe – LeeuwenhoeK, anton van

Hopi people 371 immigration 265-266, 381, 407, Internet 139, 278, 281, 457, 519 jet engines 17, 18, 188, 287, 529 Koran 288, 361, 430
hoplites 245 505, 547, 548 Internet Service Provider 281 Jews 118, 265, 289, 299, 394, Korea 40, 304
hormones 262, 435 to Australia 58 intestines 161, 263
Horn of Africa 13, 172 to Brazil 481 Inuits 34, 91, 282 430, 431 see also North Korea; South
horse latitudes 569 to UK 536, 541 inventors 456-457 holidays 258 Korea
horses 110, 205, 260-261 invertebrates 24 Holocaust 259, 576, 578 Korean War 128, 304, 305, 548
immune system 164, 249 ionosphere 51 Jim Crow laws 122 Kosovo 196, 486, 487
racing and sports 502 immunization 248 Iran 283, 348, 402, 569 Joan of Arc 298 Krakatoa 554
and transportation 497, 528 imperial measures 560 Iraq 39, 61, 283, 348, 509 Johannesburg, South Africa 490 Kremlin 446
in warfare 19, 38, 352 imports 524 Ireland 265, 284-285, 540 Johannsen, Wilhelm 229 krill 389, 414, 415
horseshoe bat 67 impressionism 399 Johnson, Amy 18 Kruger National Park 475
horsetails 356, 412 Incas 141, 267, 478, 480 see also Northern Ireland joints 262, 465 Kublai Khan 200, 352
horticulture 213 incisors 515 iris (eye) 201 Jordan River 289 Kuiper belt 409, 410
Hospitallers, Knights 303 inclined plane 327 iron 52, 54, 59, 127, 275, 286, Joseph II, Habsburg emperor Kurds 283
hospitals 124, 278, 541 Independence Day 154, 258 247 Kurile Islands 42
hourglass 522 independence movements 92, 287, 342 Joshua trees 383 Kuwait 347, 348
House of Representatives 140, cast 274 jousting 99, 302 Kwakiutl people 368
144 94, 108, 343, 377, 467, 480, and magnetism 329 Juan Carlos, king of Spain Kyrgyz nomads 110
Houston, Texas 383 481 Iron Age 83, 286, 287 497 Kyushu, Japan 294, 295
hoverflies 209 see also Declaration of Iron Curtain 128, 129 Juba River 174 laboratories 73
hovering 211 Independence iron oxide 287 Judaism 299, 431 Labor Day 258
howler monkeys 354 India 32, 39, 43, 119, 157, 238, irrigation 11, 151, 160, 179, see also Jews Labor Movement 306
Hoyle, Fred 72 268-271 205, 509, 513 judges 312 Laboulaye, Edouard de 505
Hubble, Edwin 48, 72 Ishtar Gate 61 junks 115, 463, 528 lacewings 280
Hubble Space Telescope 47 ancient observatory 48 Islam (Muslims) 288, 347, 430, Jupiter 355, 409, 410, 451, 495 lacquers 449
Hudson’s Bay Company 94 bridal art 401 431 juries 312 Lada cars 449
human beings 24, 353 dance 152 in Africa 11, 106, 379, 561 justice 311 ladybugs 70
evolution 31, 423, 424 elephants 38 in Asia 43, 87, 110, 268, 272, justices 511 Lafayette, Marquis de 21
human biology 73 independence 44, 264 273, 482, 484 Justinian I, emperor 87, 311 Lagos, Nigeria 562
human body 262-263 languages 20, 40, 268, 310 Crusades 150 Lake District, England 537
brain 78 religions 84, 255, 268, 368 holidays 258 K.L.M lakes 307-309
digestion 161 see also Hinduism in Iran 283 Africa 13, 174, 563
heart and blood 250 Indian Ocean 171, 272-273, and Jerusalem 289 Kaaba 288, 361 Asia 42
and measurements 560 389, 408, 491 Muhammad 288, 361 Kabul, Afghanistan 111 dry 56, 58
muscles and movement 362 Indians see Native Americans Ottoman Empire and 394 Kaddish 299 Europe 284, 285, 448, 452,
reproduction 434-435 Indian subcontinent 39, 40, in Southeast Europe 486, Kairouan, Tunisia 379 488, 489, 512
skeleton 23, 262, 465-466 268-271 488, 489 Kalahari Desert 490 North America 93
sweating and shivering 252 Indonesia 40, 42, 44, 273, 396, in Spain 112, 497 Kampala, Uganda 172 oxbow 438
teeth 515 482, 484 in Turkey 533 kangaroos 330 South America 476
water in 556 indulgences 429 islands, formation of 388 Karakoram Mountains 39, 268 wildlife 307-308
humanism 432 Indus Valley Civilization 39, 43, Isle of Man 537 Karma 84, 255 Lalibela, king of Ethiopia 172
human rights 114, 264, 301, 445 276 isobars 559 Kashmir 269 lammergeier 358
see also slavery; women ISP see Internet Service Katrina, Hurricane 523 lampreys 206
hummingbirds 74, 75, 210, 211, Industrial Revolution 127, 190, Provider Kawasaki Ninja H2 294 land reclamation 324
254 198, 274-275, 306, 468, 513, Israel 259, 288, 299, 348 Keeling Islands 153 languages 310
humors (medicine) 338 537 Istanbul (formerly Byzantium Kennedy, Edward 140 alphabets 20
humus 472 and Constantinople), Turkey Kennedy family 300 Catalan 498
Hungary 193, 196, 247, 259, industry 121, 228, 514, 524-525 87, 119, 288, 533 Kennedy, John F. 300, 425, 548 in China 116
573 Asia 115, 116, 268, 293, 294, IT see information technology Kenya 172, 173 English 310
Huns 63 304, 482 Italy 290-292, 313, 542 Kepler, Johannes 456 Hebrew 289, 299
hunter-gatherers 205, 490 Baltic States 62 Renaissance 432-433 Kerala, India 269 in India 40
hunting 282, 341, 382, 506 Central America 108 ivory 184 keratin 75 old UK languages 537
hurling 285 Europe 190, 232, 234, 284, Ivory Coast 563 kestrels 210 in Russian Federation 447
hurricanes 507, 523 290, 324, 487, 488, 489, 498, Iwo Jima 295, 548 Kevlar 413 Spanish 256, 310
huskies 34, 282, 331 535 jackals 242 keyboards (music) 367 lantern fish 155
Hutton, James 231 Soviet Union 492 Jackson, Andrew 416 KGB 128 Laos 482
Hutu people 173 UK 537, 538 jaguars 318, 319, 336 Khadija 361 Lapland 452
hydra 147 USA 546, 548 Jakarta, Indonesia 482 Khyber Pass 111 larynx 326, 354
hydroelectric power 59, 103, James I, king of England (James Kibo, Mount 174 Lascaux, France 104
111, 151, 438, 557, 563 inertia 215 VII of Scotland) 460 Kidd, Captain 408 lasers 456, 457
hydrofoils 464 infinity 335 Jamestown, Virginia 131 kidneys 263 laser surgery 513
hydrogen 72, 113, 385, 510 information technology 277- janissaries 394 Kiev, Ukraine 535 Last Supper 118, 297
hydrostatic skeletons 465, 466 Jansz, William 57, 58 Kikuyu people 10 Latin 310
hygiene 248 278 Japan 20, 40, 42, 44, 82, 208, Kilimanjaro 10, 13, 174 Latvia 62, 191
hypocaust 443 infrared rays 48, 186, 251 293-295 killer whales 567 Laurasia 145
hypothalamus 78 Inquisition 429 art 399 kinetic energy 186 laurel wreaths 88
hyraxes 358 insecticides 176 Maglev 527 kinetic theory 406 lava 169, 173, 441, 554
Iberian Peninsula 496 insects 24, 26, 210, 279-280, 472 Noh drama 321 kinetoscope 177 Lavoisier, Antoine 113
ICBMs see intercontinental pagodas 32, 84 kingfishers 175 law 311-312
ballistic missiles ants and termites 29 robots 439 King Kong 359 laws 140
ice 428, 556 bees and wasps 69 and World War II 44, 575, King, Martin Luther Jr. 122, and labor 306
ice ages 125, 236, 309, 384, beetles 70 576 lawyers 312
423 butterflies and moths 85-86 Jarrow March 158 258, 264, 301 Lazarus, Emma 505
flies and mosquitoes 209 Java, Indonesia 42, 482, 485 Kingsley, Charles 551 LCD (liquid crystal display) 89,
ice caps (ice sheets) 236 larvae 308, 334 jaws 330, 515 Kingsley, Mary 200 405, 519
ice fish 415 mountain 358 Jaws (movie) 360 King’s Men 460 lead 442
ice hockey 91, 257 prehistoric 423 jazz 16, 364 kites 294 leaf-cutting ants 29
icebergs 28, 35, 236 skeletons 466 jazz dance 152 kittens 102, 230 leaf litter 216
icebreakers 34 stick insects 90 Jefferson Memorial 238 kiwis 375 leaf roller ants 217
Iceland 49, 452, 454, 553 water 556 Jefferson, Thomas 154, 238, Klondike gold rush 92 League of Nations 542
Iceni 105 wings 211 296, 314, 416 knights 38, 99, 302-303, 341 Leakey family 31
ice shelves 28 see also particular insects jellyfish 147, 390, 466 knorrs 553 leap years 522
ichthyosaurs 162, 198, 218 insulators 181, 251 Jenner, Edward 339 Knossos, Crete 401 leaves 227, 411, 530
icons 119 insulin 167 jerboas 159 Kodak camera 404 Lebanon 348, 403, 508
igloos 34, 282 interactive television 519 Jersey 537 Kollontai, Alexandra 492 Le Corbusier 121
igneous rocks 441 intercontinental ballistic Jerusalem 61, 150, 289, 297, 430 Komodo Dragon 323, 437 leeches 339, 577
Iguacu Falls 81 missiles 440 Jesuits 429 Kon Tiki 387 Lee, Robert E. 124
iguanas 322, 323 internal combustion engine 187 Jesus Christ 118, 119, 288, 291, Leeuwenhoek, Anton van 339
Iguanodon 163 international date line 522 297, 398, 430, 431
international law 312
International Space Station 46, 587
494, 495
International Union for the
Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources 142

indeX . leeward islands – music

Leeward Islands 96 Louis XVI, king of France 224 Mars 357, 409, 410, 439 early peoples 60, 108, 141, Mongol Empire 43, 115, 200,
legends see myths and legends Louisiana Marseilles, France 219 336, 368, 383 352
legions 444 law 311 Marshall, Thurgood 511 Mexico City 60, 343, 344, 383
legumes 226 marshes 309, 334, 347, 356, 382 Michelangelo Buonarroti 398, Mongolia 261
Lemaître, George 72 see also New Orleans 401, 433 mongoose 159
lemurs 217, 330 Louisiana Purchase 296, 547 salt marshes 459 microchips 139, 183, 513 monkeys 143, 217, 227, 334,
length 560 L’Ouverture, Toussaint 467 marsupials 330 Micronesia 396
Lenin, Vladimir 135, 492 Louvre gallery 219, 313 martial arts 502 micro-organisms 164 353-354
Leningrad see St. Petersburg Low Countries 324-325 Martinique 95 microscopes 73 monks
lenses 237, 316, 404, 517 Marx, Karl 135 microscopic life 346, 389
Leonardo da Vinci 253, 313, see also Belgium; Netherlands Mary, mother of Jesus 119, 291, plants 412 Buddhist 43, 84, 115, 116
Lucy (hominin) 424 Microsoft 139 Christian 338, 364
432, 456 Lumière, Louis and Auguste 430 mid-Atlantic ridge 49 Monnet, Jean 194
Leonov, Aleksei 449 Mary, Queen of Scots 185 Middle Ages 340-341, 398 monocotyledons 227
leopards 318, 319 359 Mary Celeste 50 Middle East 39, 40, 286, 347- monorails 527
Lepidoptera 85-86 lungfish 326 Masai people 10, 173 349, 394 monsoons 272, 569
Leptis Magna, Libya 379 lungs 263, 326 Mashhad, Iran 283 Midsummer Night’s Dream, A 460 Monte Carlo, Monaco 220
Lesotho 474 lupines 227 mass 243 Midway 396, 576 Montgolfier brothers 529
letters of marque 408 Lusitania 574 Mass, Christian 118, 119 Midwest (USA) 523, 546 months 522
Levassor, Emile 98 Luther, Martin 119, 429 Massif Central 219 migration, animal 350, 567 Monticello 296
levers 328, 456 Luxembourg 324, 325 mathematics 335, 336, 386 Milan, Italy 290, 292 Montreal Protocol 418
Lewis, Meriwether 296, 314 Macao (Macau) 44, 116 Mauretania 561 military music 365 moon (Earth’s) 170, 243, 355,
Liberia 563 macaque monkeys 353 Mausoleum of Halicarnassus military technology 514 387, 451, 522
Liberty Bell 154 MacArthur, Douglas 305 milk, mothers’ 331 missions to 46, 355, 494, 529
Libreville, Gabon 106 macaws 75 572 milk snakes 470 moons (planets) 355, 409, 451
Libya 379, 380 Macedonia Maximilian, Holy Roman milk teeth 515 moorhens 308
lice 279, 280 Milky Way 549 Moors 497
lichens 411, 415 ancient 245 Emperor 233 millipedes 24 moose 381
Liechtenstein 512 modern 489 Maxwell, James Clerk 426 mills 275 moraines 236
life 409, 422, 428 machines 274, 275, 327-328, Maya 108, 336, 383 see also windmills moray eels 390
light 48, 51, 72, 132, 186, 201, 514-515 Mayflower 131, 407 Milton, John 321 Morocco 379, 380
Leonardo’s designs 313, 456 Mayon, Mount 484 mime 152 morpho butterflies 85, 86
315, 406, 456, 549 see also farm machinery Mazama, Mount 309 minarets 288 Morrison, Toni 16
starlight 503, 504 Machu Picchu 267 Mbeki, Thabo Mvuyelwa 238 minerals 441-442, 472 Morse code 426
light bulbs 177, 315, 418, 457 Madagascar 217, 272 measles 164 Africa 106, 474, 490, 561 Mosasaur 423
lighthouses 373, 572 Madeira 420 measures see weights and Asia 39, 483 Moscow, Russia 446, 493
lighting Madison, James 144 Caucasus 103 mosques 87, 288, 379, 430, 561
movies 359 Madrid, Spain 499 measures Chile 478 mosquitoes 209, 280
theater 521 Mae, Vanessa 365 Mecca, Saudi Arabia 288, 361, Europe 59 mosses 356, 412, 415
lightning 181, 182, 223, 507 Magellan, Ferdinand 200 Mexico 343 Mother Teresa 119
light-years 549 maggots 209 431 North America 91, 92 moths 25, 85-86, 160, 198, 217,
lignite 127, 232 maglevs 527 mechanics 406 polar regions 27, 34 280, 350
Lilienthal, Otto 18 magma 441, 554 Medici family 433 Spain 498 motion 215
Lilliput 320 Magna Carta 540 medicine and healing 337-339 Ukraine 535 motors, electric 182, 187
limestone 104, 231, 237, 287, magnetism 215, 329, 406 mining 13, 14, 34, 54, 58, 79, motte and bailey 100
309, 441, 442 magnetic poles 93, 329 African 11, 475 80, 127, 232, 274 Mott, Lucretia 468, 571
Lincoln, Abraham 123, 124, magnetic sense 26 Chinese 116 Minoan culture 83, 398, 401 mountain ash 226, 530
317, 416 magnetic storms 510 drugs 167 Minsk, Belarus 62 mountains 51, 125, 145, 176,
Lindbergh, Charles 18 magnifying glasses 237, 316 herbs 212 mint (herb) 212, 337 357-358
lionfish 207 magnitude (brightness) 504 history of 76, 179, 338-339 mint (money factory) 240, 351 Africa 106, 380, 474
lions 23, 318 Mahabharata 255 information technology 278 miracle plays 520 Antarctica 28
liquids 215, 251 Maiman, Theodore 456, 457 Red Cross 64 mirages 316 Asia 39, 42, 43, 110, 111, 268,
Lisbon, Portugal 420 malaria 106, 164, 209 in Russian Federation 447 mirrors 316 294, 484
Lister, Joseph 339 Malawi 15 technology and 513, 580 in telescopes 517 Australasia 54, 375, 376
literature 320—321 Malaysia 39, 40 medieval era see Middle Ages Mir space station 449 Caucasus 103
see also poetry; stories; theater Maldives 273 Medina, Saudi Arabia 361 missiles 440 Europe 59, 190, 193, 219,
and drama Mali 561 Mediterranean region 190, 191, missions, Spanish 256 222, 284, 290, 292, 452, 486,
Lithuania 62, 190, 191 Malta 291 195, 290, 291, 403, 488-489 Mississippi River 131, 382, 419 487, 499, 512
Little Women 321 mambas 436 Melanesia 396 Missouri River 314 North America 91, 344, 381
liver 161, 263 mammals 23, 24, 67, 159, 198, Melbourne, Australia 53, 55 mistletoe 412 South America 36, 476
Liverpool, England 468 330-331, 358 melting point 251 moats 99 UK 538
liverworts 356, 411 see also particular animals Memorial Day 258 mobile phones 281, 405, 516 underwater 49, 388
Livingstone, David 200 Mammoth Cave National Park Mendeleyev, Dimitri 113 moccasins 372 wildlife 358
lizards 159, 162, 217, 322-323, 104 Mendel, Gregor 230 Moctezuma II, Aztec emperor see also volcanoes
436, 437, 465 mammoths, woolly 184, 197, menstrual cycle 434, 435 60, 141 Mount Vernon 555
llamas 267 236, 423, 506 mental health 248, 249, 339 Mogadishu, Somalia 172 movement, bodily 362
Llasa, Tibet 115 manatees 382 mercury (chemical) 252, 342 Mogul empire 270 movies 53, 177, 359-360, 544,
Lloyds building 536 Manaus, Brazil 80 Mercury (planet) 409, 410 Mohenjo-daro 276 579
lobsters 148 Mandela, Nelson 15, 264, 332 Merino sheep 202 molars 515 Bollywood 270
local government 239 Mandela, Winnie 332 “mermaid’s purses” 458 mold 363 cameras 89
locks (on waterways) 419 mangrove swamps 334 Meseta, Spain 499 Moldova 486 Mozambique 490, 491
locusts 279, 280, 350 manors 340 Mesolithic Age 506 molecules 52, 251, 252, 413, Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 59,
lodestone 329 manta rays 390 Mesopotamia 61, 83, 347, 509, 473 137, 247, 367
logging see timber mantises 280 528, 568 water 556 mudskippers 206, 334
Loire River 220 mantis shrimp 459 cuneiform 20, 61, 83 moles 472 muezzins 288
London 151, 536, 537 mantle 169 mesosphere 51 molluscs 24, 391, 469 Muhammad 288, 361, 430, 431
buildings 33, 536, 550 manufacturing 525 Messiah, belief in 299 “Molly Pitchers” 22 mules 261
Globe Theatre 460, 520 see also factories mestizos 108, 130 moloch see thorny devil multimedia 277
plague 248 manuscripts 578 metal fatigue 342 Monaco 220 Mumbai, India 269, 270
pubs 538 Maori 375, 377 metals 342, 442 Mona Lisa 313 mummies 179
Tower of 378, 536 Mao Zedong 44, 135, 333 metalworking 83, 105, 342 monarch butterflies 26, 384 Mururoa Atoll 377
underground 527 mapmaking 133, 146, 373, 451 metamorphic rocks 441 monarchies 238 muscles 78, 263, 362, 395
Westminster Abbey 136 marble 441, 442 metamorphosis 85, 225, 280 monasteries 340, 487 of fish 206
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth Marbury v. Madison 312, 511 meteorites 134, 163, 170, 286, Zen Buddhist 294 mushrooms 363
579 marching bands 365 287, 355 Mondrian, Piet 399 music 136-137, 364-367, 473
Long March 333 Marconi, Guglielmo 426, 457 meteorologists 523, 588 Monet, Claude 399 blues 544
longships 553 Marianne 224 meteors 51, 134 money 240, 351 instruments 366—367
Lord’s Prayer 297 Maria Theresa, empress 247 methane 228, 418 Latin 256
lotus flowers 227 marmosets 353 metric system 560
Marne-la-Vallée, France 33 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 359
Marquette, Jacques 131 Mexican Revolution 256
Mexico 343-344, 381, 383
Border Patrol 266
Day of the Dead 256, 430

588

iNdeX . musicals – PhOtOsyNthesis

Renaissance 432 needles (conifers) 530 novels 320, 321, 578-579 opera 80, 137, 233 Parisii 105
traditional 9, 11, 116, 270, Nefertiti, queen of Egypt 179 Novosibirsk, Russia 448 Chinese 116 Paris Opera House 33
284, 365, 367, 420, 482, 496, Nelson, Horatio 541 NOW see National Organization Parker, Charlie 364
497, 564 nematodes 577 opera glasses 517 Parks, Rosa 122, 301
see also composers; opera Neolithic Age 506 for Women ophthalmology 337 parliaments 157
musicals 520 neon gas 228 Nubian Desert 174 optics 406, 455
music halls 551 Neptune 51, 409, 410 nuclear disarmament 129 oral literature 320 English 189, 540
musk ox 415 nerve cells see neurons nuclear energy 385 orangutans 353, 483 European 194, 541
muskrats 307, 334 nerves 78 nuclear fission 385 orbits 451 UK regions 536, 541
Muslims see Islam nervous system 78, 262 nuclear fusion 77, 385 orca 566, 567 parrotfish 207
mussels 462 nests 75, 374 nuclear missiles 440, 548 orchids 142 parrots 75, 217
mutation 229, 427 Netherlands (Holland) 193, nuclear physics 406 ordinal numbers 386 Parthenon 32, 244, 245
Myanmar (Burma) 39, 483 nuclear power 52, 58, 385, 427, ores 342, 442 Parthians 61
Mycenaean culture 83 259, 324-325, 453, 578 organic farming 204 particles 48, 52, 72
myofibrils 362 Dutch colonies 474 457 Organization of African Unity Passover 431
myths and legends 320, 368 nets, fishing 208 Chernobyl disaster 493, 535 passports 194
aboriginal 9 neurology 337 nuclear radiation 385 15 pasta 290
Arthurian 303 neurons (nerve cells) 78 nuclear reactors 385 organs 23, 24, 262, 263 pasteurization 339
sea monsters 199 neutrinos 48 nuclear submarines 508 Pasteur, Louis 339, 457
unicorn 260 neutrons 52, 385 nuclear weapons 52, 129, 180, fish 206 Patagonia 36
neutron stars 503, 504 377, 385, 427, 440, 508, 576 Orion spacecraft 494 Patriarch 119
N.O.P New Caledonia 396, 397 nucleus (atoms) 52 Orkney Islands 537 Patuxet people 131
Newcomen, Thomas 188 Nullarbor Plain 56 Orléans, France 298 Paxton, Joseph 550
NAACP see National Association New Deal 306, 445 numbers 386 Ornithischians 162, 163 peacocks 75, 216
for the Advancement of New England 381 Nurek Dam 151 Orthodox Church, Eastern 118, Pearl Harbor 548, 575
Colored People Newfoundland 94 nurses 64 pearls 462
New Horizons probe 427 nutritional diseases 164 119, 244, 446, 487, 489, 535 peas 226, 230
NAFTA see North American New Model Army 189 nuts 226 orthopedics 337 peat 127, 284
Free Trade Agreement New Orleans, Louisiana 364 nylon 413 Osaka, Japan 294 pediatrics 337
Hurricane Katrina 523 nymphs 280 oscillation 183, 426 pediments 33
Nagasaki, Japan 576 newspapers 124 oak trees 227, 530 ossicles 168 Pedro II, emperor of Brazil 481
Naismith, James 66 New Testament 118, 297, 432 oath of allegiance 266 ostriches 74 Pelé 471
naked mole rats 160 Newton, Isaac 215, 243, 456 OAU see Organization of Oswald, Lee Harvey 300 pelicans 334
Namib Desert 490 newts 225 African Unity otters 25, 307 pendulum 126
Namibia 542 New Year 258 Obama, Barack 16, 548 Ottoman Empire 87, 196, 394, penguins 27, 143, 198, 415, 477
Nanak, Guru 431 Chinese 114 Obama, Michelle 425 penicillin 167, 339, 363
Napoleon Bonaparte 112, 224, New York City 382, 416, 542, obas 71 488, 533 penis 434
543, 546 Oberammergau passion play 234 outback 54 Penn, William 223
369, 481, 529 Broadway 520 oboes 366 outriggers 396 Pentagon 240
narwhals 414 Ellis Island 266, 505 observatories 47, 48 outside broadcasts 518 peonies 242
NASA (National Aeronautics Harlem 16 obsidian 336 ovaries Pepys, Samuel 578
Statue of Liberty 505 oceanography 388 percussion 367
and Space Administration) New York Stock Exchange 158 oceans and seas 125, 169, 170, human 434, 435 perestroika 129, 493
47, 494, 543 New Zealand 375-377, 436 231, 387-391, 422, 556 plant 212, 411 perfumes 213, 221
National Association for the history 146, 377 currents 272, 387, 414 Owen, Robert 274 see also smell
Advancement of Colored NFL see National Football League legends of 199 owls 216, 241 Pericles 245
People 122 Niagara Falls 438 measuring depth of 373 oxbow lakes 438 periodic table 113
National Football League 214 Nicaragua 108 storm surge 507, 523 oxen 415, 509, 528 periscopes 508
National Health Service 541 nickel 397 tides 355, 387 oxygen 51, 52, 170, 250, 263, peristalsis 161
National Organization for Niépce, Joseph 404 volcanoes 554 326, 362, 395, 411, 422, 440, periwinkles 459
Women 571 Niger Delta 562 wildlife 155-156, 389-391 530 permafrost 39
national parks 173, 370, 475 Nigeria 10, 11, 71, 562 see also Atlantic Ocean; Indian oxygen cycle 395 Perón, Juan and Eva 481
Native Americans 91, 94, 131, nights 522 Ocean; Pacific Ocean oxytocin 435 perpetual motion 327
314, 371-372, 381, 383, 407, Nile River 13, 151, 174, 178, O’Connor, Sandra Day 511 oysters 462 Persepolis, Iran 402
544, 565 379, 380, 438 octopuses 244, 390, 391 ozone layer 27, 51, 417, 418, Persians 19, 44, 61, 321, 402
and American Revolution 22 nirvana 84 office communication 278 422, 513 Persian wars 246
and bison 382 nitrogen 51 Ohain, Hans von 188 Pacific Islands 199, 396-397, personal computers 138
canoes 372, 531 Nixon, Richard 300 Ohrid, Lake 489 544, 576 personal video recorder 518,
Caribbean 133 Nobel prizes 16, 180, 339, 427, oil 392, 513 Pacific Ocean 145, 146, 153, 519
Central America 108 452 Africa 106, 379, 380, 561, 562 377, 387, 396-397 Perth, Australia 55
creation myth 368 for peace 119, 264, 332 Atlantic Ocean 49 overland route to 314 Peru 476, 480
dance 152 Noh drama 321 Azerbaijan 103 Ring of Fire 554 Incas 141, 267, 478, 480
and diseases 141 nomads 43, 106, 110, 125, 172, Brunei 40, 484 paddy fields 205 pesticides 176, 204, 417
rights of 264 205, 282, 347, 379, 490, 534, Middle East 283, 347, 348, paella 497 pests 85, 279
Song of Hiawatha 579 561, 562 349 pagodas 32, 84 petals 212
South America 36, 80, 130, Nordic Council 452 North America 91, 343, 383 painters 398-399, 498 petanque 221
267, 477, 480, 481 Normandy, France 220, 378 North Sea 452, 453, 536, 539 painting 400-401 petrochemicals 392
totem poles 384, 531 Normans 100, 378, 540 Peru 476 see also cave paintings; rock phalanx 19
wampum 351 North Africa 11, 379-380 Tierra del Fuego 37 paintings pharaohs 178
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty North America 381-384 oil barriers 418 Pakistan 39, 40, 269 Pharos lighthouse 572
Organization) 128, 196 see also Canada; Mexico; oil painting 400 paleontologists 218, 422 Philadelphia, PA 154, 223
natural gas 49, 91, 228, 453 United States of America oil refineries 392 Palenque, Mexico 108, 336 Philip II, king of Spain 185, 247
natural sciences 455 North American Free Trade oil rigs 392, 453 Palestine 150, 259, 289, 297 Philip II of Macedon 19, 245
nautilus 462 Agreement 343 oil spills 417, 418 Palladio, Andrea 433 Philippines 40, 482, 484
Navajo people 372, 383 North Atlantic Drift 387 oil tankers 419, 463 Pallas’s cat 242 philosophers, Greek 246
navies North Carolina 131 oil wells 392 Pallas’s sandgrouse 242 Phoenicians 20, 403
in Cold War 49 Northern Ireland 284, 536, 538 Olds Motor Works 548 palm trees 160, 531 phonograph 177
Greek 244, 246 Giant’s Causeway 441 Old Testament 118, 432 pampas 36, 176, 241, 476 photography 89, 404-405
US 300 northern lights 35 Olduvai Gorge 31 Panama 108 aerial 31
navigation 49, 272, 329, 373 North Korea 40, 304, 305 olive oil 392 Panama Canal 109, 419 space 409-410
by birds 350 North Pole 34, 35, 170, 373 olives 498 pandas 68, 115 war 124
Nazis 158, 259, 575-576 magnetic 93, 329 Olmecs 60, 383 Pangaea 145 photons 315
Neagh, Lough 284 wildlife 414—415 Olympia, Greece 393, 572 Panhard, René 98 photophores 155
Neanderthal people 423, 424 North Sea 417, 453 Olympic Games 66, 393, 498, 512 panthers 319 photosynthesis 395, 411, 530
nearsightedness 201 North Sea Oil 452, 453, 536, ommatidia 279 Papua New Guinea 310, 396
Nebuchadnezzar II, king of 539 omnivores 175, 330 papyrus 403
Babylon 61, 572 Norway 34, 35, 236, 452-453 One thousand and One Nights, parables 297
nebulae 48, 52, 503 notation, musical 364 320 parachuting and parasailing 502
nectar 213 parallax 504
589 parasites 69, 279, 577
Paris, France 219-220, 224, 369
Eiffel Tower 220, 466
Metro 527

indeX . physical sciences – Roman empiRe

physical sciences 455 Nigeria 562 Prohibition 416 radio frequencies 426 retina 201
physics 180, 406, 455 oceans 389 prominences (sun) 510 radiosondes 558 Revere, Paul 21
physiology 73 rivers 438 propaganda 574 radio telescopes 517 revolts 76, 105, 196
pianos 367 Romania 487 propane 228 radio waves 48, 426, 516, 518,
Picasso, Pablo 399, 498 and transportation 529 propellers 463, 464, 508 by slaves 467
pictograms 20 Polo, Marco 200, 290 prophets 288 519 revolutions 21-22, 224, 283, 343,
pieces of eight 408 polycarbonate 413 proscenium arch 521 radius 335
pigeons 74 polymers 413 prosthetic limbs 513 radon 427 369, 481, 555
pigments 400, 401 Polynesia 396 Protestantism 118, 119, 185, rafflesia, giant 412 rheas 241
pigs 202, 203, 205 Polynesians 53, 199, 375, 544 Raffles, Thomas Stamford 482 Rhine River 234, 235, 438
pike 307 polyps 147 429 ragas 270 rhinoceroses 143, 331, 482
Pilgrims 131, 407 polystyrene 413 protoctists 346 ragworms 577
pine cones 530 polythene 413 protons 52 railroads see trains woolly 423
pirates 408 Pompeii 443, 554 protostars 503 rain 428, 556, 558 Rhode Island 543
Pitcairn 397 Pompey the Great 88 protozoa 23 rainbows 132, 428 Rhode Island red 202
pixels 405, 519 pond weed 307 Prudhoe Bay 35 rain forests 125, 143, 176, 418 rhubarb 226
Pizarro, Francisco 141 pond worms 577 Przewalski’s horse 261 rhythm 364
placenta 330, 435 Pontius Pilate 297 pseudopods 346 Africa 106, 563 rib cage 326
plague 248 Poor Richard’s Almanack 223 psychiatry 248, 337 Amazon 79, 80, 130, 476, rice 40, 42, 114, 116, 205, 483,
Popocatapetl 383 psychoanalysis 339 477, 531
see also Black Death Pope(s) 112, 119, 195, 291, 394, psychology 455 Asia 39 513
Planck, Max 457 398, 429 pterosaurs 162, 211, 423 ferns 356 rice cakes 294
planetary nebula 503 poppies 213, 226 Ptolemy 133 wildlife 217 Richard I “the Lionheart,” king
planets 169, 170, 409-410 porcupines 242, 331 puberty 435 rain gauges 558
Po River 290, 292 public health 248 Raleigh, Sir Walter 185 of England 150
atmospheres 51 porpoises 390, 566 public houses 538 Ramadan 258, 431 Richter scale 171
moons 355 port (fortified wine) 420 public law 311 Randolph, Edmund 312 Richthofen, Manfred von 573
plankton 346, 389, 414, 461 ports 419 Pueblos 372 rapids 438 Riga, Latvia 62
planning, city 121 Portugal 71, 420-421 Puerto Rico Trench 49 rats 176 rights see human rights
Plantagenets 378 exploration and colonies 44, puffballs 363 rattlesnakes 470 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 79
plantains 561 79, 116, 195, 200, 476, 480, pulleys 328, 456, 568 rays (fish) 390, 458, 461 Rio Grande 344
plantations 79, 95, 108, 467, 490 pulp (teeth) 515 rays (science) 48, 251 rituals 9, 152, 430
480 Portuguese man-of-war 147, 466 pulsars 48, 504 Ray, Satyajit 270 rivers 309, 387, 438, 441
plants 73, 175, 212-213, 411-412 postal services 529 pumice 554 razor clams 458
aquatic 227, 307, 308 posture 249 pump 456 Reagan, Ronald 129 Africa 106, 107, 174
desert 159, 160 potatoes 185, 199, 411, 412, 472 punctuation 20 “Rebs” 124 Arctic 34
endangered species 142 potential energy 186 Punjab 271, 276 receiver, television 519 Asia 39, 40, 111, 268, 270,
fruits and seeds 226-227 potholing 104 pupae 86, 209, 280 Recife, Brazil 481 347, 483, 509
grassland 241, 242 Potsdam Conference 128 puppies 166, 331 rectum 161 Europe 190, 192, 220, 234,
medicinal 167 pottery see ceramics Purcell, Henry 136 recycling 342, 417, 472 235, 285, 420, 448, 486, 487,
microscopic 346 poultry 202, 203, 204 Puritans 131, 265, 407 red blood cells 250, 262 535
mountain 358 poverty 79, 158, 476 purple dye 403 Red Cross 64 North America 344, 381,
polar regions 414, 415 Victorian Britain 550, 551 Purple Heart 300 red-eyed tree frog 225 382
oxygen cycle 395 powerboats 464 Putin, Vladimir 493 red giants and supergiants 503 South America 79, 477
prehistoric 422, 423 Powers, Gary 128 PVC 413 red shift 72 underground 104
seashore 458, 459 power stations 181, 182, 186, PVR see personal video recorder redwood trees 384 USA 314
simple 356 228, 251, 392, 557 pygmies 10, 107 reefs see coral reefs wildlife 307-308
plastics 52, 392, 413 and pollution 417 pygmy hogs 142 reflecting telescopes 517 roadrunners 160
plastic surgery 513 Prague 429 pygmy shrews 23 reflexes 78 Robben Island, South Africa
platelets 250 prairies 93, 241 pyramids Reformation 119, 429 332
plate tectonics 145, 171, 554 prawns 24, 148 refracting telescopes 517 Robespierre, Maximilien 224
Plato 135, 238, 246 prayer 430 American 60, 108, 336, 383 refraction 316 robots 439
platypuses 26, 374 praying mantises 280 Egyptian 178, 404, 568, 572 refrigerators 252, 418 rock and roll 152, 365
plesiosaurs 162 precious stones 442 Pyrenees 193, 219, 499 refugees 173, 491, 536 Rocket (locomotive) 527
plot (literature) 320 pregnancy 331, 434-435 Pythagoras 456 Liberian 563 rockets 440, 494
plows 204, 205, 327, 456, 509 prehensile tails 353 pythons 436, 470 reincarnation (rebirth) 255, engines 187, 395, 440
plums 226 prehistoric life 422-423 431 rock music 365
Pluto 410 see also dinosaurs; fossils Q.R relative dating 422 rock paintings 54
plutonium 427 prehistoric peoples 195, 424, relativity, theory of 77, 180, 406, see also cave paintings
Plymouth rock chickens 202 456 quantum mechanics 406 457, 522 rocks 231, 427, 441-442, 472
Plymouth, Massachusetts 407 armor 38 quantum theory 457 religions 43, 365, 430-431, 562 liquid 169
pneumostatic skeletons 466 Britain 540 quarks 52 see also Buddhism; pumice 554
poaching 143, 173, 184 calendars 522 quartz 126, 442 Christianity; festivals; seashores 459
pods 226, 227 dance 152 quasars 48 Hinduism; Islam Judaism; Rocky Mountains 91, 314, 357,
poets 321, 460, 578-579 and fire 187 Quebec, Canada 91, 92, 94 rituals; Zoroastrianism 381, 543
points, railroad 526 music 364 Quechua people 477 religious plays 234, 340, 520 rodents 241, 307, 331
poison arrow frogs 217 Neaderthals 423 Quetzalcoatl 141, 368 religious freedom 196, 265, 394 rods and cones 201
poisonous fungi 363 North America 94 quipus 267 Rembrandt 398, 399 Roentgen, Wilhelm 580
Poland 259, 575 Pacific 199 Qur’an see Koran remote control 439 Roman alphabet 20
polar bears 34, 68, 414 tools 286, 442, 456, 506, 513 Ra 368 Renaissance 313, 338, 340, 398, Roman Catholicism 118, 119
Polaris (North Star) 373 see also Bronze Age; cave rabbits 331, 334, 374 401, 432-433 in the Americas 79, 92, 108,
Polaroid cameras 89 paintings; Iron Age; Stone raccoons 68 renewable resources 186 300, 481
polar regions 27, 34, 125, 569 Age race relations 264, 301 reproduction in England 185, 240
wildlife 414-415 premature babies 435 human 434-435 humanism and 432
poles see North Pole; South Pole presidency 238, 425 see also African-Americans; plant 411 in Italy 291
police 91, 311 Presley, Elvis 365 apartheid reptiles 24, 149, 162, 198, 211, in Portugal 420
political parties 140, 416 primates 330, 353-354, 483 racing cars 98, 290 423, 436-437 Reformation and 429
politics 140, 238-240, 393, 571 printers (machines) 89, 139 radar 17, 48, 373 see also particular animals in Spain 496
pollen 346 printing 20, 132, 268, 277, 405, radar detection 277 Republican Party 140, 416, 425 Roman Empire 32, 38, 63, 87,
pollination 209, 213, 279, 411 432, 456 radiation (heat) 251 republics 238 105, 178, 195, 443-444, 533
Pollock, Jackson 399 prism 132 radiation, nuclear 385 rescues 253 in Africa 379
pollution 51, 125, 127, 142, 156, prisons 332, 370 radio 120, 183, 277, 281, 426, reservations 371, 372, 383 aqueducts 82, 195
164, 169, 187, 417-418 privateers 408 445, 457 reservoirs 151, 309, 380, 438, art 398
Asia 110, 293, 304 probability theory 335 radioactive dating 30, 231 557 and Christianity 63, 87, 118,
car filters for 97 proboscis monkey 334 radioactive decay 169 resistance movements 259, 298, 195, 297
and drought 557 production line 548 radioactive waste 385 576 fall of 340
Industrial Revolution 274 progesterone 435 radioactivity 427, 493 resonance 473 law 311
lakes and rivers 307, 308, 448 radio direction finding 373 respiration 263, 326, 395 learning 432, 456
Mexico City 343 Resurrection 118, 297, 431 and London 536
590

indeX . romania – SporeS

measurements 560 sand tiger shark 389 seeds 226-227, 531 sign language Somerset, James 468
Pompeii 443, 554 San Francisco, CA 171, 252, segmented worms 577 for the deaf 310 sonar 508
roads 528 Seine River 219 Native American 371 sonnets 460
slaves 467 370, 451, 544 seines 208 Sophocles 246
start of 88 sangoma 475 seismic waves 231 Sikhism 268, 271, 431 souks 380
theater 520 San Marino 291 seismology 171 Sikorsky, Igor 253 sound 168, 326, 473
Romania 486, 487, 493 San Martín, José de 481 Selassie, Haile 542 silent movies 359
Roman numerals 386 San people 490 semen 434 silicon 183 waves 72, 186, 406, 473
Roman Republic 88 sans-culottes 224 semiconductors 183 Silicon Valley, California 546 sound barrier 17, 18
Romantic movement 137, 399 Santa Maria 133 Semper, Gottfried 233 silk 199 sound effects 521
Rome, city of (ancient) 112, Santana, Carlos 256 Senate 140, 144 Silk Road 39, 43, 110, 524 South Africa (country) 15,
443 São Paulo, Brazil 79 Seneca Falls convention 571 silkworms 85
sack of 63 São Tomé and Principe 13 Senegal 561 silver 342, 343, 480, 565 238, 264, 332, 474-475, 490
Rome, city of (modern) 119, saplings 531 senses 25-26, 78, 101 silverfish 280 South America 476-481
290 Sarajevo, Bosnia 193, 488 Seoul, South Korea 42, 304 Simon, Neil 579
see also Vatican City sardines 389, 421 sepals 212 Simpson, O. J. 312 history 480-481
Roosevelt, Eleanor 445 Sardinia 290, 291 sepia 391 Singapore 40, 44, 419, 430, pampas 36, 176, 241, 476
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 140, Sargasso Sea 207, 387 sequoia trees 530, 531 Southeast Asia 39, 40, 43, 44,
158, 306, 445 Sargon, king of Akkad 509 Serbia 196, 486, 487, 573 482 482-485
roots 227, 356, 411, 472, 530 satellites 47, 48, 231, 373, 406, Sermon on the Mount 297 Southeast Europe
mangrove 334 servants 131, 550 single-celled organisms 346 central 486-487
rosary 119 449, 451, 457, 493, 510 service industries 525 singularity 72 Mediterranean 488-489
roses 213, 486, 536 communications 426, 516 Seville, Spain 497 sinter 287 Southern Africa (region) 490-491
Rosetta Stone 20 and television 518, 519 sex hormones 435 Sioux tribe 371, 372 see also South Africa
Rosh Hashanah 258 weather 558 sex organs 434 Sistine Chapel 398, 401 Southern Ocean 27, 387
Ross Ice Shelf 28 X-ray telescopes 580 sextants 373 Six Day War 348 South Korea 40, 42, 44, 304, 305
rotors 253 saturation point 455 sexual intercourse 434 skeletal muscle 362 South Pole 27
Roundheads 189 Saturn 355, 410 Seychelles 272 skeletons 23, 262, 465-466 magnetic 329
Round Table 303 Saudi Arabia 347, 349 shadows 315 wildlife 414-415
roundworms 577 Mecca 288, 361 shahada 288 of birds 74 South Sudan 11, 12
router 281 saunas 453 Shakespeare, William 320, 460, external 24, 279, 466 Soviet Union 62, 103, 110, 193,
rowan see mountain ash Saurischians 162 of fish 206 196, 492-493, 535
Royalists 189 savanna 10, 172, 241, 242 520, 538 skiing 502, 512 breakup of 129
rubber 481, 482 saxifrages 415 shale 231, 441 skin 229, 262 Cold War 49, 128-129
Rubicon River 88 scales, animal 206, 331, 437 Shang dynasty, China 83 skinks 322, 437 Communism 135, 196, 446,
rudders 463 scales, musical 364 Shanghai, China 115 skuas 414 447, 486, 492-493
rugby 214, 376 scales, weighing 560 Shannon River 285 sky 51 and Cuba 548
Ruhr Valley, Germany 232, 234 scallops 462 shanty towns 79 skyscrapers 91, 543 space program 46, 129, 355,
Rump Parliament 189 Scandinavia 191, 452-454 Sharjah 348 slag 287 447, 449, 493, 494, 495
runner beans 227 see also Vikings sharks 23, 25, 207, 389, 461 slate 441 and World War II 575, 576
Rushmore, Mount 317 scanners slavery 14, 16, 71, 79, 95, 123, 131, see also Russian Federation
Russia (pre-Soviet) 369, 450 baggage 580 egg cases 458 144, 264, 467-468, 480, 579 Soweto, South Africa 474
Russian Federation 39, 42, 103, medical 278, 337, 513 Sharp, Granville 468 abolition 8, 317, 468 Soyuz spacecraft 129, 494
129, 446-449, 452 scarab beetles 70, 179 Shaw, George Bernard 520 in ancient world 443, 467 space 134, 169
see also Soviet Union Scheherazade 320 sheep 37, 54, 202, 375, 534 and music 544 spacecraft 395, 410, 427, 494-
Russian Orthodox Church 446 Schindler, Oscar 259 rebellions 467 495
Russian Revolution 450, 492 Schindler’s List 360 cloned 230 Underground Railroad see also rockets
rust 287 Schliemann, Heinrich 30 shellfish 459, 462 escape route 8, 317, 532 space flight 46, 237, 300, 335,
Ruth, Babe 65 science 455-457 Sherman, General William 124 slaves, freed 106, 317, 481, 563 447, 449, 493, 494-495, 529,
Rutherford, Ernest 52 history of 432, 456-457 Shetland Islands 537, 539 Slavs 489 543
Rwanda 11, 106, 173 measurement systems 560 Shetland ponies 261 sleep 78 moon landings 46, 355,
Ryukyu Islands, Japan 295 see also chemistry; physics Shi’ah Muslims 283 Slieve League 285 494
science fiction 439 shields 303 sloths 217 space probes, robot 439
S.T scientific method 455 Shinkansen 293 Slovenia 488 space race 129
scientific research 27, 28, 46, Shintoism 293, 321 slow-motion effect 360 space shuttle 495
Sacajawea 314 177, 223 shipbuilding 463, 538 slowworms 323 spacesuits 46
sacrifice 60, 336 Scilly Islands 49 ships 215, 463-464, 528 slugs 469 space telescopes 47
Saddam Hussein 348 scissors 328 smallpox 248 spadefoot toads 142
safaris 173 scorpionflies 280 ancient Egyptian 178 smell 25-26, 74, 213 Spain 100, 185, 334, 496-497
sagas 321 scorpions 500 battleships 551 smelting 286, 287 colonies and empire 36, 108,
Sagrada Familia 498 Scotland 185, 444, 536, 540 cruise liners 27, 463, 528, 574 Smith, Maggie 460 130, 131, 141, 267, 343, 476,
Sahara Desert 10, 11, 14, 106, Highlands 537, 538 ice-breakers 34 snails 254, 469 480, 481
Shetland and Orkney 537 junks 115, 463, 528 snakes 26, 159, 160, 217, 242, conquistadors 60, 141, 267
125, 160, 205, 379, 558, 561 tourism 538 Phoenician 403 308, 334, 436, 470 see also Hispanic Americans
Saigon, Vietnam 552 Scott, Andrew 317 pirate 408 snake’s-head fritillary 213 Spanish Civil War 496, 497
St. Basil’s Cathedral 446 screws 327 and ports 419 snakeskins 143 Spanish language 256, 310
St. Helens, Mount 384 sculpture 433, 442 sailing 53, 131, 133, 146, 153, snow 428 Sparnodus 218
St. Peter’s Basilica 291, 433 scurvy 146 195, 407, 464 snow geese 415 Sparta 245
St. Petersburg (formerly scutes 331 slave ships 131, 467, 468 snow leopards 143 Speaker of the House 140
sea see oceans and seas steamships 275, 464 snowmobiles 34, 282 special effects 360
Leningrad), Russia 446, 493 sea cucumber 156 steel 287 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs spectacled bear 358
saints 119, 199, 285, 298, 302 sea horses 207 triremes 246, 464 233 spectrum 132, 456
Saladin 150 sea lily 156 Viking 553 soccer 81, 471, 477 speech 20
salamanders 142, 225, 308 sea pens 422 see also boats; navigation social reform 551 sperm 434
salivary glands 161 sea slugs 469 shipwrecks 31 social sciences 455 sperm whales 567
salmon 350, 452 sea snakes 470 Shire horses 261 Social Security 240 sphagnum moss 356
salt 113, 442, 455, 483, 556 sea stars 459 Shiva 255 sociology 455 Sphynx cat 102
salt marshes 459 seals (animals) 142, 143, 414, shivering 252 Socrates 246 spices 199, 217, 226, 412
salty lakes 309 415 Shockley, William 183, 457 sodium chloride 113 spiders 142, 358, 374, 466,
Samarkand 43, 110 hunting 282 shooting stars see meteors software 139, 277 472, 500
samurai 293 seals (stamps) 61, 276 shopping 121, 278 soil 472, 530 Spielberg, Steven 360
San Andreas fault 145, 171 seaplanes 17 shrimp 148, 459, 491 solar cells 181, 510 spies 123, 128
sand 237 searchlights 315 shrubs 412, 415 solar eclipses 510 spina bifida 164
sand eels 458 seashore 388, 458-459, 577 Siberia 39, 282, 447, 448 solar energy 186, 510 spinal cord 78, 262, 466
sand hoppers 458 seasons 170 Sicily 76, 290, 291, 292, 378 solar flares 510 spine 262, 465, 466
San Diego Zoo 581 seaweed 390, 412, 459 sickle-cell anemia 164 solar system 72, 169, 409, 410, spiral staircases 100
sandstone 231 sector 335 sidewinders 160 432 Spitsbergen, Arctic 34
sedimentary rocks 441 sieges 87, 99, 150, 493 solar wind 134, 510 sponges 23, 24
seed drill 204 Sierra Madre, Mexico 344 solids 251 spores 356, 363
Sifrhippus 260 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 447
signals, railroad 527 Somalia 172, 174, 408

591

indeX . sports – Uncle sam

sports 234, 260, 285, 293, 501- subsistence farming 204 tea 117, 172, 268 time 522, 549, 560 treaties
502, 544 suburbs 121 team sports 501 Tirana, Albania 489 Antarctic 28
Olympic Games 393, 498, 512 Sudan 11, 172, 174, 379, 542 tears 201 tires 568 INF 129
winter 91, 393, 512 Sueves 63 technological sciences 455 Tirol 59 Nanking 115
see also baseball; basketball; Suez Canal 348 technology 274, 337, 513-514 tissues 262 Paris 223
cricket; football; hockey; suffrage 157, 570 Titanic 236 Rarotonga 377
rugby suffragettes 570 Renaissance 432 Titicaca, Lake 476 Rome 194
sugar plantations 79, 95, 108, Roman 444 toads 142, 225 Tordesillas 480
spreadsheets 277 Russian 447 toadstools 363 Versailles 574
spruce, Sitka 530 467, 480 teeth 424, 515 tobacco 185, 468, 486 Waitangi 377
Sputnik 129, 449, 451, 493, 529 Suleiman the Magnificent 394 animals’ 260, 318, 461, 470 Tokyo, Japan 121, 293
spy satellites 451 sulfur 442 tegu lizard 323 Tollund Man 31 Treblinka camp 259
square dancing 152 sulfur vents 156 Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel 289 Toltecs 60 trees 216, 227, 308, 384,
squid 24, 156, 168, 391 sultans 394 telegraph systems 516 tomahawks 372 411, 412, 530-531
squirrels 227 Sumerians 83, 467, 509, 528 telephone poles 531 Tonga 396 bonsai 293
sumo wrestling 293 telephones 177, 277, 457, 516 tongues 161 prehistoric 422, 423
flying 211 sun 169, 170, 186, 251, 315, telescopes 47, 48, 316, 432, 456, tools sacred 105
Sri Lanka 40, 43, 268, 272 517, 549, 580 see also forests; timber
St. Mary Axe, 30 33 385, 422, 503, 510 television 281, 359, 426, 457, iron 286
stag beetles 70 and climate 125, 558 518-519 stone 442, 456, 506, 513 trenches, ocean 388
stagecoaches 528 and comets 134 court cases shown on 312 toothed whales 566 trench warfare 573
stages (theater) 520, 521 and navigation 373 Tell, William 368 Torah 299 Trent, Council of 429
stained glass 195, 221, 237 and plants 175, 411 temperate regions 125, 176, tornadoes 507, 523 trepanning 338
stainless steel 287 and rainbow 132 216, 472, 531 Toronto, Canada 91, 382 Trevithick, Richard 457, 527
stalactites and stalagmites 104 reptiles and 437 temperature 252, 560 torpedoes 508 trials 312
Stalin, Joseph 128, 445, 448, and time 522 body 331 torpor 254 triceps 362
see also solar system Temple of Artemis 572 tortoises 142, 374, 436 trilobites 218, 422
492 sun gods 368 temples torture 264, 429 triremes 246, 464
sundials 126 Buddhist 482, 483 totem poles 384, 531 tritons 462
stamens 212 sunflowers 226 in Central America 60, 108, toucan 217 triumvirate 88
Stamp Act 21, 223 sunset and sunrise 51 336 touch 25 tropics 125, 207, 217, 558
Stanley Cup 257 sunshine recorder 558 Greek 32, 244, 245, 291, 533, Tour de France 221 troposphere 51
Stanley, Henry Morton 200 sunspots 510 572 tourism Troy 30, 368
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 571 Super Bowl 214 Hindu 255 Africa 173, 379, 380, 563 Trudeau, Pierre 94
starfish 335, 458 superconductors 181 Roman 443 Antarctica 27 Truman, Harry 128, 305
starlings 74 supergiants 77, 503 Sikh 271 Australia 54 trumpet gentian 358
stars 48, 52, 72, 77, 113, 315, supernova 77, 503 Sumerian 509 Baltic States 62 trumpets 367
supply and demand 525 tendons 362 Europe 59, 190, 222, 233, Truth and Reconciliation
373, 503-504, 510, 517 Supreme Court 144, 312, 511 Tennessee Valley Authority 158 244, 284, 291, 420, 488, 489,
stars and stripes 547 surface tension 215, 556 Tenochtitlán 60, 141 496, 535 Commission 332
START (Strategic Arms surfing 53 Tenzing Norgay 357 islands 49, 95, 244, 272 Truth, Sojourner 8
surgery 337, 339 tepees 371 Middle East 349 tsunamis 171, 388
Reduction Talks) 129 Surya 368 termites 29, 241, 280 Switzerland 512 Tuareg peoples 10, 11, 125
state government 239 sushi 293 terns 35, 210, 350, 459 Turkey 533 tuatara 436
static electricity 181, 182 suspension bridges 82, 275 terrorism 269, 393 UK 536, 537, 538 tubers 411, 412
static forces 215 swamps 309, 334, 347, 356, 382 testes 434 USA 370, 544 tubifex worms 577
statics 406 Swaziland 474, 475 testosterone 435 tournaments 99, 302 Tubman, Harriet 317, 532
Statue of Liberty 505 sweating 252 Texas 383, 523 Tower of London 378, 536 tugboats 464
steam hammer 275 Sweden 452, 453 textiles 267, 268, 344, 468, 482, towns 221, 274, 341 tundra 39, 125, 176, 381, 415
steam power 188, 205, 274, 456 Swift, Jonathan 320 562 frontier 565 Tunisia 11, 379, 380
swifts 210 TGV 220, 526 see also cities turbans 431
trains 457, 528 switching 183 Thailand 482, 483 townships 474 turbines 186, 188
steamships 275, 464 Switzerland 512 Thames Barrier 151 toys 276, 294 turbofan engines 188
steel 274, 287 swordfish 389 Thames River 536 trachea 326 Turin, Italy 290
Stegosaurus 423 sycamores 227 Thanksgiving 407 tractors 205 Turkestan 115
Steinbeck, John 320 Sydney, Australia 53, 57 theater and drama 321, 520- trade 199, 524-525 Turkey 199, 283, 286, 351, 533-
stems, plant 411 symmetry 335 521, 579 ancient world 178, 403, 443
Stephenson, George 527 symphonies 137 Greek 245, 246 animal products 143 534, 572
steppes 43, 241, 242 synagogues 299 religious plays 234, 340, 520 Europe 191, 195, 235 and Ottoman Empire 196,
stick insects 90, 280 Syria 39, 348 see also Shakespeare, William medieval 341 394
stigma 212, 213 Table Mountain 474 thermal physics 406 North America 91, 94, 343 turkeys 203
stingrays 461 Tacoma Bridge Disaster 82 thermogram 251 see also slavery Turner, J. M. W. 399
stirrup bone 168 tadpoles 175, 225 thermometers 252, 342, 560 trade agreements 524 turquoise 442
Stockhausen, Karlheinz 137 tai chi 135 thermosphere 51 trade routes 39, 43, 49, 59, 71, Turtle (submarine) 22
Stoker, Bram 486 Taiwan 115, 117 Thirty Years’ War 429 110, 199 turtles 307, 436, 437, 458
stoma 411 Tajikistan 111, 151 thistles 241 trade unions 275, 306, 525 tusks 515
stomach 161 Taj Mahal 270 Thompson, Sarah 123 trade winds 569 Tutankhamun 31, 178, 367
Stone Age 83, 506, 513 takahe 143 Thomson’s gazelles 241, 242 traffic pollution 417 Tutsi people 173
stoneflies 280 Talbot, William Fox 404 thorny devil 323 tragedies (drama) 246, 460, 520 Tutu, Desmond 332
Stonehenge 522 Taliban 111 Thorpe, Jim 214 trains 93, 187, 188, 220, 275, Twain, Mark 321
stories 233, 320, 321, 368, 509 Tallinn, Estonia 191 Three Gorges Dam 40 382, 448, 526-527, 528 Tweed, William Macy 416
storm surge 507, 523 Talmud 299, 430 thresher shark 461 Japanese 293, 294, 295 twins 230
storms 507, 523 tamarins 143 threshing 513 steam 457, 527 twisters see tornadoes
Tamerlane the Great 43, 352 thrips 280 US railroads 547 typhoid 164
magnetic 510 tanagers, paradise 217 throat 326 transistors 183, 457 typhoons 507
Stowe, Harriet Beecher 8, 579 tango 36 thunderstorms 507 transmitters 426, 516, 519 Tyrannosaurus rex 162
Strasbourg, France 194, 541 tanks 313, 493 Tiananmen Square 114 transportation 121, 220, 260, Tyrrhenian Sea 292
Stratford-upon-Avon, England Tanzania 10, 31, 173 Tibet 114, 115, 116, 117, 351 278, 457, 514, 536
tapas 497 ticks 279 animals and 496, 497, 528 U.V.W
460 tapeworms 577 tides 355, 387 history of 528—529
stratification 30 Taranaki, Mount 376 Tierra del Fuego 37 see also aircraft; cars; ships; Uganda 172, 173
stratosphere 51 tarantulas 142, 500 tigers 90, 318-319 trains Ukraine 535
Strauss, Johann, Jr. 190 target sports 502 Tigris River 39, 61, 347, 509 Transcontinental Railroad 527 ultraviolet rays 48, 169
Stravinsky, Igor 137 tartans 538 Tikal, Guatemala 108 Trans-Siberian Railway 448 Uluru (Ayers Rock) 53, 54, 441
strawberry plants 411 Tasman, Abel 377 tiles 237, 421 Transylvania 486 umbilical cord 435
strikes 306 Tasmania 54 tilting 302 trap-door spider 374 “Uncle Sam” 240
string instruments 366 taste 161 timber 39, 80, 91, 93, 106, 234, trawlers 463
stromatolites 422 taxes 240 531, 563 treasure maps 408
Stuart, John McDouall 58 Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich 137
stunts 359 592
stupa 32
sturgeon 283, 448, 449
Sturt, Charles 58
submarines 22, 49, 508

U-boats 574
submersibles 508

indeX . uncle tom’s cabin – ZworYkin, vladimir

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 8, 579 VE day 576 Europe 194, 195, 196, 298, whales 28, 389, 414, 415, 566- wood-boring beetle 70
Underground Railroad (slaves’ vegetable oils 392 369, 429 567 woodlice 148
vegetables 249, 287, 411, 412 Falklands 37 woodwind instruments 366
escape route) 8, 317, 532 veins 250, 263 Korea 304, 305 whale sharks 461 work 186
underground trains 527 Velasquez, Diego 498 Middle East 348 whaling 208, 377 workers
unemployment 158 Venezuela 478 Southeast Asia 482 wheat 204, 227, 546
UNICEF 542 Venice, Italy 200, 290 USA 548 Wheatley, Phillis 144 Chinese 265
unicorn 260 venomous snakes 470 Vietnam 128, 548, 552 wheelbarrows 328 Japanese 293
Union (American) 123-124, ventricles 250 see also American Revolution; Wheel of Life 84 labor movement 306
Venus 48, 146, 409, 410 armies; battles; civil wars; wheels 61, 83, 276, 456, 513, Soviet 492
317, 532 Venus’s flytrap 412 World War I; World War II women 268, 306, 448, 550,
union flag 540 vertebrae 466 Warsaw Pact 128 528, 568 570, 574
United Arab Emirates 348 vertebrates 23-24, 330, 466 Warsaw, Poland 259 axles 328, 568 World Cup, FIFA 471, 477
United Kingdom (Britain) 536- Vesalius 338, 339, 456 warthogs 515 whelks 459 World Health Organization 248
Vespucci, Amerigo 200 Washington, D.C. 121, 140, 144, whirlwinds see tornadoes World War I 64, 196, 247, 325,
541 Vesuvius, Mount 554 238, 240, 301, 425, 546 whiskers 25, 168 542, 548, 570, 573-574
Veteran’s Day 258 Washington, George 22, 223, white blood cells 250 World War II 158, 194, 196,
history 540-541 viaducts 82 258, 296, 425, 546, 547, 555 White House 425 232, 445, 542, 575-576, 578
Industrial Revolution 274-275 Victoria Falls 490 wasps 69, 280 Whitman, Walt 321 Baltic States 62
see also Britain, ancient; Victoria, Lake 13, 174 waste dumping 417 Whittle, Frank 188 battle of Midway 396, 576
British Empire; Victorians 550-551 watches 126, 328, 512 Wi-Fi technology 139 Churchill 120
Commonwealth, British; video cameras 518, 519 stopwatches 560 Wilberforce, William 468 French resistance 298
England; Northern Ireland; videocassette recorders 518, water 52, 113, 215, 228, 395, wildebeest 241, 350 Germany 232, 233, 259, 575-
Scotland; Wales 555-557 wildlife 576
United Nations 259, 305, 445, 519 boiling point 251 Africa 13, 173, 475 Holocaust 259, 576
534, 542, 563 video-phone calls 281 and light 316 Bhutan 269 Kennedy in 300
United Nations Environment Vienna, Austria 59, 247 Water Babies 551 Canada 92 Japan 44, 295
Program 142 Viet Cong 552 water boatman 308 deserts 159-160, 254, 374, 383 Soviet Union 448, 492, 493, 535
United States of America 381- Vietnam 483 water clocks 126 forests 216-217 USA 548
384, 543-548, 555 Vietnam War 128, 548, 552 watercolor painting 401 grasslands 241-242 V-2 rockets 440
borders 266, 343 Vikings 94, 199, 284, 378, 553 water cycle 428 lakes and rivers 307-308 World Wide Web 281
cities 121 villages 205, 340, 536 waterfalls 81, 186, 438, 478, 490 marshes and swamps 334, 382 worm lizards 436
Cold War 49, 128-129, 532 villi 161 water lilies 227, 308 mountains 358 worms 24, 465, 466, 577
Congress 140, 312 violets 142, 213 watermelons 489 national parks 173, 370, 475 Wounded Knee, SD 264
Depression (1930s) 158 violins 366 water pressure 557 North America 381, 382, 383, wrestling 502
exploration in 131, 314, 565 viperfish 155 watershed 438 384 Wright, Frank Lloyd 32
history 547-548 vipers, pit 26 water snakes 308 oceans and seas 155-156, 389- Wright, Orville and Wilbur 18,
independence 8, 154, 296, Virgil 321 water solutions 557 391 457, 529
505, 555 Virginia 185 waterspouts 507 polar regions 414-415 writers 578-579
national symbol 383 Virunga National Park 106 water treatment 557 rain forests 80, 130 writing 20, 61, 83, 116, 179,
natural resources 383 viruses 164, 346 water vapor 51, 556 seashore 458-459 276, 336, 509
original 13 states 131 viscachas 241 waterways 419 Southeast Asia 482, 483 wurst 232
and Pacific islands 396 Vishnu 255 see also canals; rivers see also animals; plants
Pilgrims 131, 407 Visigoths 63 waterweeds 307 William the Conqueror 378, 540 X.Y.Z
presidents 238, 300, 317, 425, vitamin C 226 Watson, James 73 willow trees 308
445, 555 viziers 178 Watt, James 188, 456 willows, dwarf 415 Xochimilco, Lake 308
Protestantism 119 Vlad the Impaler 486 waves (oceans) 388 Wills, William 58 X-rays 48, 515, 580
slavery 8, 467-468 vocal cords 326 waves (physics) 48, 186, 315 winches 328 yachts 50, 464
soil erosion 472 Volcán Iztaccihuatl 344 sound 72, 186, 406, 473 Winchester, England 340 Yakut people 447
space program 129, 494, 495, volcanic lakes 309 weaning 102, 331 wind 227, 507, 558, 569 Yalta Conference 445
543 volcanoes 125, 145, 169, 170, weapons 9, 493, 508, 513, 514 monsoons 272, 569 Yangtze River 40, 42, 117
Vietnam War 128, 548, 552 Native American 372 windmills 324, 340, 513, 569 “Yanks” 124
women’s rights 570-571 251, 357, 554 prehistoric 83, 286, 287, 506 windsocks 569 Yeager, Chuck 18
and world wars 574, 575, 576 Africa 106, 174 Viking 553 wind turbines 569 years 522
see also African-Americans; Atlantic Ocean 49, 153 see also nuclear weapons Windward Islands 96 yeast 73, 363
American Revolution; Civil Central America 108 weather 51, 251, 558-559 wine 36, 219, 232, 234, 420, yellow fever 209
War; Colonial America; Etna, Sicily 291, 292 forecasting 558, 559, 569 474, 486 Yellowstone 370
Constitution, US; Native Japan 293, 294, 295 mountains 357, 358 wings Yeltsin, Boris 129, 493
Americans Martinique 95 rain and snow 428 aircraft 18 Yerevan, Armenia 103
universal time 522 New Zealand 376 rain forest 80 of animals and birds 67, 74, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 484
universe 52, 72, 549 North America 383, 384 satellites 451 210-211 Yom Kippur 258
upthrust 463 Philippines 484 storms 507 Yorkshire terriers 166
Ur 83, 509 predicting 231 tornadoes and hurricanes 523 of insects 86, 211 Yorktown, VA 22
Urals 39, 42, 357 and rock formation 441 wind 569 wisdom teeth 515 Yoruba people 562
uranium 54, 58, 385, 427, 490 underwater 388 see also climate “witch doctors” 475 Ypres, Belgium 573
Uranus 410 Volga River 448 weather stations 558 Wodaabe people 561 Yucatan, Mexico 336, 383
urbanization 382 Volta, Alessandro 182, 457 weaving 267, 268, 344, 380 wolverines 216 yucca plant 160
urinary system 263 Volta, Lake 563 webs 500 wolves 165-166 Yugoslavia 193, 196, 247, 486, 488
Uruguay 477 volume 560 wedge 327 women Yukon Territory, Canada 92
UT see universal time voting 157, 264, 541, 570 Wedgwood, Josiah 468 yurts 110, 352
uterus 434, 435 see also elections weeds 412 abolitionists 8 Zagreb, Croatia 488
Uzbekistan 110 Voting Rights Act 122 weever fish 458 and basketball 66 zebras 241, 260-261
vaccinations 248, 339 Voyager spacecraft 410 weevils 70, 279, 280 medieval 341 zebu 203
vagina 434 wagons, covered 314 Wegener, Alfred 145, 231 Muslim 283, 288, 394 Zen gardens 294
Vakhsh Gorge 111 wagtails 374 weight 243 Native American 371 Zeus, statue of 572
Valentine’s Day 258 Wailing Wall 289, 430 weightlessness 46 pirates 408 ziggurats 61, 509
Valentino, Rudolph 359 Wake Island 396 weightlifting 186 politicians 140, 571 Zimbabwe 490
Valley of the Kings 31, 178 Wales 536, 538, 540 weights and measures 560 and reproduction 434-435
valleys 438 Wales, Prince of 538 welding 342, 395 rights of 224, 264, 377, 492, Great Zimbabwe 14
vampire bats 67 walking 528, 529 welfare state 541 570-571 zodiac 504
Vancouver, Canada 92 Wallace, Alfred 153 Wellington, New Zealand 375 zoology 73, 455
Vandals 63 Wallenberg, Raoul 259 West Africa 11, 71, 561-564 Spartan 245
Van, Lake 534 Wall Street Crash 158 Western expansion 565 Viking 553 see also animals
variable stars 504 walnuts 226 West Indies 95-96, 467-468 workers 268, 306, 448, 550, zoos 581
vase paintings 246 Wannsee Conference 259 Westminster Abbey 136 570, 574 Zoroastrianism 402
vassals 341 wars weta crickets 142 women’s liberation movement Zulus 15, 474
Vatican City 119, 290, 291 Afghanistan 110, 111 wetlands 176, 334 570, 571 Zworykin, Vladimir 519
St. Peter’s 291, 433 Africa 11, 13, 15 Women’s Rights National
Sistine Chapel 398, 401 British Empire 551 593 Historical Park 571
vault (architecture) 32 Wonders of the Ancient World
VCR see videocassette recorder 61, 572
wood see timber

gAzetteer

A Auckland New Zealand 376 Bogotá Colombia 130 Castries Saint Lucia 96 Djibouti Djibouti 174
Australia country Oceania 56 Bohemian Forest mountains Cayenne French Guiana 479 Dodecanese islands Greece
Abu Dhabi United Arab Australian Capital Territory Cayman Islands dependency
Emirates 349 C Europe 235 244
territory Australia 56 Bolivia country W South West Indies 96 Dodoma Tanzania 174
Abuja Nigeria 564 Austria country W Europe 59 Central African Republic Doha Qatar 349
Acapulco Mexico 344 Ayers Rock see Uluru America 479 Dominica country West Indies
Accra Ghana 563 Azerbaijan country SE Asia 103 Bombay see Mumbai country C Africa 107
Addis Ababa Ethiopia 174 Bonaire dependency West Central America geopolitical 96
Adelaide Australia 56 B Dominican Republic country
Aden Yemen 349 Indies 96 region 109
Adriatic Sea sea Baffin Bay bay Atlantic Ocean Bonn Germany 235 Chad country C Africa 107 West Indies 96
93 Bordeaux France 222 Channel Islands islands Donegal Bay bay Atlantic
Mediterranean Sea 292 Borneo island SE Asia 485
Aegean Sea sea Baghdad Iraq 349 Bosnia and Herzegovina W Europe 539 Ocean 285
Bahamas country West Indies Chennai India 271 Dordogne river France 222
Mediterranean Sea 244 country SE Europe 489 Chicago USA 546 Douro river Portugal/Spain
Afghanistan country C Asia 96 Boston USA 546 Chile country SW South
Bahrain country SW Asia 349 Botswana country S Africa 491 421
111 Baku Azerbaijan 103 Bouvet Island dependency America 479 Dubai United Arab Emirates
Africa continent 13 Balearic Islands islands Spain China country E Asia 117
Alabama state USA 546 Atlantic Ocean 50 Chisinau Moldova 535 349
Alaska state USA 546 499 Brahmaputra river S Asia 117 Christchurch New Zealand 376 Dublin Ireland 285
Albania country SE Europe 489 Baltic Sea sea Atlantic Ocean Brasília Brazil 81 Christmas Island dependency Durban South Africa 475
Alberta province Canada 93 Bratislava Slovakia 193 Dushanbe Tajikistan 111
Alexandria Egypt 380 193 Brazil country C South Indian Ocean 273 Düsseldorf Germany 235
Algeria country N Africa 380 Bamako Mali 564 Cocos Islands dependency
Algiers Algeria 380 Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei America 81 e
Alicante Spain 499 Brazzaville Congo 107 Indian Ocean 273
Alice Springs Australia 56 485 Bridgetown Barbados 96 Cologne Germany 235 East Timor country SE Asia
Alps mountains C Europe 193 Bangkok Thailand 485 Brisbane Australia 58 Colombia country N South 485
Amazon river Brazil/Peru 81 Bangladesh country S Asia 271 Bristol Channel inlet UK 539
Amazon Basin basin South Bangui Central African British Columbia province America 130 Ecuador country NW South
Colombo Sri Lanka 271 America 479
America 81 Republic 107 Canada 93 Colorado state USA 546
American Samoa dependency Banjul Gambia 564 British Indian Ocean Comoros country Indian Edinburgh UK 539
Barbados country West Indies Egypt country NE Africa 380
Pacific Ocean 397 Territory dependency Indian Ocean 273 Eiger mountain Switzerland
Amman Jordan 349 96 Ocean 273 Conakry Guinea 564
Amsterdam Netherlands 325 Barcelona Spain 499 British Virgin Islands Congo country C Africa 107 512
Andes mountains S America Basel Switzerland 512 dependency West Indies 96 Congo Basin basin C Africa El Salvador country Central
Basseterre Saint Kitts and Bruges Belgium 325
479 Brunei country SE Asia 485 107 America 109
Andorra country SW Europe Nevis 96 Brussels Belgium 325 Congo, Democratic Republic Elburz Mountains mountains
Bavarian Alps mountains Bucharest Romania 487
222 Budapest Hungary 193 of the country C Africa 107 Iran 283
Andorra la Vella Andorra 222 Austria/Germany 59 Buenos Aires Argentina 37 Connecticut state USA 546 England national region UK
Angola country SW Africa 491 Beijing China 117 Bujumbura Burundi 174 Cook Islands dependency
Anguilla dependency West Beirut Lebanon 349 Bulgaria country SE Europe 539
Belarus country E Europe 62 487 Pacific Ocean 397 English Channel channel
Indies 96 Belfast UK 539 Burkina Faso country W Africa Copenhagen Denmark 454
Ankara Turkey 534 Belgium country NW Europe 564 Corfu island Greece 244 France/United Kingdom
Antananarivo Madagascar 273 Burma see Myanmar Cork Ireland 285 193
Antarctica continent 325 Burundi country C Africa 174 Corsica island France 222 Equatorial Guinea country C
Belgrade Serbia 487 Costa Rica country Central Africa 107
Antarctica 28 Belize country Central C Erie, Lake lake Canada/USA
Antigua and Barbuda country America 109 546
America 109 Cabinda province Angola 107 Crete island Greece 244 Eritrea country E Africa 174
West Indies 96 Belmopan Belize 109 Cádiz Spain 499 Crimea peninsula Ukraine 535 Estonia country NE Europe 62
Antwerp Belgium 325 Belo Horizonte Brazil 81 Cairo Egypt 380 Croatia country SE Europe Ethiopia country E Africa 174
Appennines mountains Ben Nevis mountain UK 539 Calais France 222 Etna, Monte volcano Italy 292
Bengal, Bay of bay Indian Calcutta see Kolkata 489 Euphrates river SW Asia 534
Italy/San Marino 292 Calgary Canada 93 Cuba country West Indies 96 Europe Continent 193
Arabian Peninsula peninsula Ocean 271 California state USA 546 Curaçao dependency West Everest, Mount mountain
Bengaluru India 271 California, Gulf of gulf China/Nepal 271
SW Asia 349 Benin country W Africa 728 Indies 96
Arabian Sea sea Indian Ocean Bering Strait strait Russian Pacific Ocean 344 Cyprus country F
Cambodia country SE Asia 485
42 Federation/USA 546 Cameroon country W Africa Mediterranean Sea 42 Faroe Islands dependency NW
Arctic Ocean ocean 35 Berlin Germany 235 Czech Republic country C Europe 454
Argentina country S South Bermuda dependency Atlantic 107
Canada country N North Europe 193 Falkland Islands dependency
America 37 Ocean 50 Atlantic Ocean 37
Arizona state USA 546 Bern Switzerland 512 America 93 D
Arkansas state USA 546 Berner Alpen mountains Canary Islands islands Spain Fiji country Pacific Ocean 397
Armenia country SW Asia 103 Dakar Senegal 564 Finland country N Europe 454
Aruba dependency West Indies Switzerland 512 499 Dallas USA 546 Florence Italy 292
Bethlehem West Bank 289 Canberra Australia 56 Damascus Syria 349 Florida state USA 546
96 Bhutan country S Asia 271 Cape Town South Africa 475 Danube river C Europe 235, Florida Keys islands USA 546
Ascension Island dependency Birmingham UK 539 Cape Verde country Atlantic France country W Europe 222
Biscay, Bay of bay Atlantic 487 Frankfurt am Main Germany
Atlantic Ocean 50 Ocean 50 Darwin Australia 56
Ashgabat Turkmenistan 111 Ocean 499 Caracas Venezuela 479 Dead Sea salt lake 235
Ashmore and Cartier Islands Bishkek Kyrgyzstan 111 Cardiff UK 539 Freetown Sierra Leone 564
Bissau Guinea-Bissau 564 Cardigan Bay bay Atlantic Israel/Jordan 289 French Guiana dependency N
dependency Indian Ocean 273 Black Forest physical region Delaware state USA 546
Asia Continent 42 Ocean 539 Delhi India 271 South America 479
Asmara Eritrea 174 Germany 235 Caribbean Sea sea Atlantic Denmark country N Europe French Polynesia dependency
Astana Kazakhstan 42 Black Sea sea Atlantic Ocean
Asunción Paraguay 479 Ocean 384 454 Pacific Ocean 397
Atacama Desert desert Chile 193 Cartagena Colombia 130 Detroit USA 546
Blackpool UK 539 Casablanca Morocco 380 Dhaka Bangladesh 271
479 Blanc, Mont mountain Dijon France 222
Athens Greece 244 594 Dili East Timor 485
Atlantic Ocean Ocean 50 France/Italy 292 Dingle Bay bay Atlantic
Atlas Mountains mountains Bloemfontein South Africa
Ocean 285
N Africa 380 475 Djibouti country E Africa 174

Gazetteer . GaboN – NortHerN IreLaNd

G Harare Zimbabwe 491 Kamchatka peninsula Russian M Montserrat dependency West
Havana Cuba 96 Federation 449 Indies 96
Gabon country C Africa 107 Hawaii state USA 397, 546 Maastricht Netherlands 325
Gaborone Botswana 491 Hebrides islands 539 Kampala Uganda 174 Macedonia country SE Europe Morocco country N Africa 380
Galilee, Sea of lake Israel 289 Hebron Israel 289 Kansas state USA 546 Moroni Comoros 273
Galway Bay bay Atlantic Helsinki Finland 454 Kathmandu Nepal 271 487 Moscow Russian Federation
Himalayas mountains S Asia Kazakhstan country C Asia 42 Madagascar country Indian
Ocean 285 Kentucky state USA 546 449
Gambia country W Africa 564 271 Kenya country E Africa 174 Ocean 273 Mozambique country S Africa
Ganges river S Asia 271 Hindu Kush mountains Khartoum Sudan 174 Madras see Chennai
Garda, Lago di lake Italy 292 Khyber Pass pass Madrid Spain 499 491
Garonne river France 222 Afghanistan/Pakistan 111 Maine state USA 546 Mumbai India 271
Gaza Strip disputed region Gaza Hiroshima Japan 295 Afghanistan/Pakistan 271 Majorca island Spain 499 Munich Germany 235
Hô Chi Minh Vietnam 485 Kiev Ukraine 535 Malabo Equatorial Guinea 107 Muscat Oman 349
Strip 289 Hobart Australia 56 Kigali Rwanda 174 Málaga Spain 499 Myanmar country SE Asia 485
Geneva Switzerland 512 Hokkaido island Japan 295 Kilimanjaro volcano Tanzania Malawi country S Africa 13
Geneva, Lake lake Honduras country Central Malaysia country SE Asia 485 N
174 Maldives country Indian
France/Switzerland 512 America 109 Killarney Ireland 285 Nagasaki Japan 295
Genoa Italy 292 Hong Kong former UK Kingston Jamaica 96 Ocean 273 Nairobi Kenya 174
Georgetown Guyana 479 Kingstown Saint Vincent and Male Maldives 273 Namib Desert desert Namibia
Georgia country SW Asia 103 dependency China 117 Mali country W Africa 564
Georgia state USA 546 Honshu island Japan 295 the Grenadines 96 Malta country S Europe 292 491
Germany country N Europe Houston USA 546 Kinshasa Congo, Dem. Rep. Managua Nicaragua 109 Namibia country S Africa 491
Huang He river China 117 Manama Bahrain 349 Naples Italy 292
235 Hudson Bay bay Atlantic of 107 Manchester UK 539 Nassau Bahamas 96
Ghana country W Africa 564 Kiribati country Pacific Ocean Manila Philippines 485 Nauru country Pacific Ocean
Gibraltar dependency 499 Ocean 93 Manitoba province Canada 93
Glasgow UK 539 Hungary country C Europe 193 397 Maputo Mozambique 491 397
Gothenburg Sweden 454 Kisangani Congo, Dem. Rep. Marrakech Morocco 380 Navassa Island dependency
Grampian Mountains I.J Marseille France 222
of 107 Marshall Islands country West Indies 96
mountains UK 539 Ibiza island Spain 499 Kobe Japan 295 Nay Pyi Taw Myanmar 485
Gran Chaco lowland plain Iceland country NW Europe Kolkata India 271 Pacific Ocean 397 Nazareth Israel 289
Kosovo country SE Europe Martinique dependency West Ndjamena Chad 107
South America 37 454 Nebraska state USA 546
Grand Canyon canyon USA Idaho state USA 546 487 Indies 96 Negev desert Israel 289
Illinois state USA 546 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 485 Maryland state USA 546 Nepal country S Asia 271
546 India country S Asia 271 Kuwait country SW Asia 349 Maseru Lesotho 475 Netherlands country NW
Great Barrier Reef reef Indian Ocean ocean 273 Kuwait City Kuwait 349 Massachusetts state USA 546
Indiana state USA 546 Kyoto Japan 295 Massif Central plateau France Europe 325
Australia 56 Indianapolis USA 546 Kyrgyzstan country C Asia 111 Nevada state USA 546
Great Bear Lake lake Canada Indonesia country SE Asia 485 Kyushu island Japan 295 222 New Brunswick province
Indus river S Asia 271 La Paz Bolivia 479 Matterhorn mountain
93 Innsbruck Austria 59 Laâyoune Western Sahara Canada 93
Great Lakes lakes Iowa state USA 546 Italy/Switzerland 512 New Caledonia dependency
Iran country SW Asia 283 380 Mauritania country W Africa
Canada/USA 546 Iranian Plateau plateau Iran Lahore Pakistan 271 Pacific Ocean 397
Great Plains plains Land’s End headland UK 539 564 New Delhi India 271
283 Laos country SE Asia 485 Mauritius country Indian New Hampshire state USA 546
Canada/USA 93 Iraq country SW Asia 349 Latvia country NE Europe 62 New Jersey state USA 546
Great Rift Valley depression Ireland country NW Europe Lausanne Switzerland 512 Ocean 273 New Mexico state USA 546
Le Havre France 222 Mayotte dependency Indian New Orleans USA 546
Asia/Africa 174 285 Lebanon country SW Asia New South Wales state
Great Slave Lake lake Canada Irian Jaya province Indonesia Ocean 273
349 Mbabane Swaziland 475 Australia 56
93 485 Leeds UK 539 Mecca Saudi Arabia 349 New York USA 546
Great Wall of China Ancient Irish Sea sea Atlantic Ocean Leeward Islands islands West Mediterranean Sea sea New York state USA 546
New Zealand country Oceania
monument China 117 285 Indies 96 Atlantic Ocean 193
Greater Antilles islands West Islamabad Pakistan 271 Lesbos island Greece 244 Mekong river SE Asia 117 376
Isle of Man dependency NW Lesotho country S Africa 475 Melbourne Australia 56 Newcastle upon Tyne UK
Indies 96 Lesser Antilles islands West Memphis USA 546
Greece country SE Europe 244 Europe 539 Mexico country Central 539
Greenland dependency NE Israel country SW Asia 289 Indies 96 Newfoundland province
Istanbul Turkey 534 Liberia country W Africa 564 America 344
North America 454 Italy country S Europe 292 Libreville Gabon 107 Mexico City Mexico 344 Canada 93
Grenada country West Indies Ivory Coast country W Africa Libya country N Africa 380 Mexico, Gulf of gulf Atlantic Niagara Falls waterfall
Libyan Desert desert N Africa
96 564 Ocean 384 Canada/USA 93, 546
Grenoble France 222 Jakarta Indonesia 485 13 Michigan state USA 546 Niamey Niger 564
Guadeloupe dependency West Jamaica country West Indies 96 Liechtenstein country C Micronesia country Pacific Nicaragua country Central
Japan country E Asia 295
Indies 96 Java island Indonesia 485 Europe 193 Ocean 397 America 109
Guam dependency Pacific Jersey island Channel Islands Liffey river Ireland 285 Midway Islands dependency Nice France 222
Lille France 222 Nicosia Cyprus 42
Ocean 397 539 Lilongwe Malawi 13 Pacific Ocean 397 Niger country W Africa 564
Guatemala country Central Jerusalem Israel 289 Lima Peru 479 Milan Italy 292 Niger river W Africa 564
Johannesburg South Africa Limoges France 222 Minnesota state USA 546 Nigeria country W Africa 564
America 109 Lisbon Portugal 421 Minorca island Spain 499 Nile river N Africa 13
Guatemala City Guatemala 475 Lithuania country NE Europe Minsk Belarus 62 Niue dependency Pacific Ocean
Jordan country SW Asia 349 Mississippi state USA 546
109 Juba South Sudan 174 62 Mississippi River river USA 397
Guernsey island Channel Jutland peninsula Denmark 454 Liverpool UK 539 North America Continent 384
Ljubljana Slovenia 489 546 North Carolina state USA 546
Islands 539 K.L Llanos physical region Missouri state USA 546 North Dakota state USA 546
Guinea country W Africa 564 Mogadishu Somalia 174 North European Plain plain N
Guinea-Bissau country W K2 mountain China/Pakistan Colombia/Venezuela 479 Moldova country SE
271 Loire river France 222 Europe 535 Europe 193
Africa 564 Lomé Togo 564 Mombasa Kenya 174 North Geomagnetic Pole pole
Guyana country N South Kabul Afghanistan 111 London UK 539 Monaco country W Europe
Kalahari Desert desert S Africa Los Angeles USA 546 222 35
America 479 Louisiana state USA 546 Mongolia country E Asia 42 North Island island New
491 Luanda Angola 491 Monrovia Liberia 564
H Lusaka Zambia 13 Montana state USA 546 Zealand 376
Luxembourg country NW Montenegro country SE North Korea country E Asia 304
Haifa Israel 289 North Pole pole 35
Haiti country West Indies 96 Europe 325 Europe 487 North Sea sea Atlantic Ocean
Halifax Canada 93 Luxembourg Luxembourg Montevideo Uruguay 479
Hamburg Germany 235 Montréal Canada 93 193
Hamilton New Zealand 376 325 Northern Ireland political
Hanoi Vietnam 485 Lyon France 222
Hanover Germany 235 division UK 539

595

gaZeTTeeR . NORTHeRN maRiaNa iSlaNdS – ZURiCH

Northern Mariana Islands Pyongyang North Korea 304 Saskatchewan province T Vaduz Liechtenstein 193
dependency Pacific Ocean Pyrenees mountains Canada 93 Valletta Malta 292
397 Tbilisi Georgia 103 Van, Lake salt lake Turkey 534
France/Spain 499 Saudi Arabia country SW Asia Tagus river Portugal/Spain 421 Vancouver Canada 93
Northern Territory territory 349 Taipei Taiwan 117 Vanuatu country Pacific
Australia 56 Q.R Taiwan country E Asia 117
Scafell Pike mountain UK 539 Tajikistan country C Asia 111 Ocean 397
Northwest Territories territory Qatar country SW Asia 349 Scotland national region UK Takla Makan Desert desert Vatican City country S Europe
Canada 93 Québec Canada 93
Québec province Canada 93 539 China 117 292
Norway country N Europe 454 Queensland state Australia 56 Seattle USA 546 Tallinn Estonia 62 Venezuela country N South
Nouakchott Mauritania 564 Quito Ecuador 479 Seine river France 222 Tanzania country E Africa 174
Nova Scotia province Canada Rabat Morocco 380 Sejong City South Korea 304 Tashkent Uzbekistan 111 America 479
Rangoon see Yangon Senegal country W Africa 564 Tasmania state Australia 56 Venice Italy 292
93 Red Sea sea Indian Ocean 13 Seoul South Korea 304 Taurus Mountains mountains Vermont state USA 546
Nubian Desert desert Sudan 174 Réunion dependency Indian Serbia country SE Europe 487 Victoria Seychelles 273
Nunavut province Canada 93 Serengeti Plain plain Turkey 534 Victoria state Australia 56
Nuremberg Germany 235 Ocean 273 Tegucigalpa Honduras 109 Victoria Falls waterfall
Nyasa, Lake lake E Africa 491 Reykjavík Iceland 454 Tanzania 174 Tehran Iran 283
Rhine river W Europe 235 Seville Spain 499 Tel Aviv-Yafo Israel 289 Zambia/Zimbabwe 491
O.P Rhode Island state USA 546 Seychelles country Indian Tennessee state USA 546 Victoria, Lake lake E Africa 174
Rhodes island Greece 244 Texas state USA 546 Vienna Austria 59
Ob’ river Russian Federation Rhône river Ocean 273 Thailand country SE Asia 485 Vientiane Laos 485
449 Shannon river Ireland 285 Thames river UK 539 Vietnam country SE Asia 485
France/Switzerland 222 Sheffield UK 539 Thar Desert desert Vilnius Lithuania 62
Ohio state USA 546 Rıga Latvia 62 Shetland Islands islands UK Virgin Islands (US)
Oklahoma state USA 546 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 81 India/Pakistan 271
Oklahoma City USA 546 Riyadh Saudi Arabia 349 539 The Hague Netherlands 325 dependency West Indies 96
Oman country SW Asia 349 Rocky Mountains mountains Shikoku island Japan 295 Thimphu Bhutan 271 Virginia state USA 546
Ontario province Canada 93 Siberia physical region Russian Tibet autonomous region China Vladivostok Russian
Oporto Portugal 421 Canada/USA 384
Oregon state USA 546 Romania country Europe 487 Federation 449 117 Federation 449
Orléans France 222 Rome Italy 292 Sicily island Italy 292 Timor island Indonesia 485 Volta, Lake reservoir Ghana 564
Osaka Japan 295 Roseau Dominica 96 Sierra Leone country W Africa Tirana Albania 489
Oslo Norway 454 Rotterdam Netherlands 325 Tisza river SE Europe 487 W
Ottawa Canada 93 Rouen France 222 564 Togo country W Africa 564
Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Ruhr river Germany 235 Singapore country SE Asia 485 Tokelau dependency Pacific Wake Island dependency Pacific
Russian Federation country Skopje Macedonia 487 Ocean 397
564 Slovakia country C Europe 193 Ocean 397
Pacific Ocean ocean 397 Asia/Europe 449 Slovenia country SE Europe Tokyo Japan 295 Wales national region UK 539
Pakistan country S Asia 271 Rwanda country C Africa 174 Tonga country Pacific Ocean Wallis and Futuna dependency
Palau country Pacific Ocean Ryukyu Islands islands Japan 489
Snowdon mountain UK 539 397 Pacific Ocean 397
397 295 Sofia Bulgaria 487 Toronto Canada 93 Warsaw Poland 193
Palma Spain 499 Solomon Islands country Toulouse France 222 Washington state USA 546
Pampas plain Argentina 37 S Transylvanian Alps mountains Washington D.C. USA 546
Panama country Central Pacific Ocean 397 Waterford Ireland 285
Sahara desert N Africa 13 Somalia country E Africa 174 Romania 487 Wellington New Zealand 376
America 109 Sahel physical region C Africa 13 South Africa country S Africa Trieste Italy 292 West Bank disputed region West
Panama Canal shipping canal Saint Helena dependency Trinidad and Tobago country
475 Bank 289
Panama 109 Atlantic Ocean 50 South America Continent 479 West Indies 96 West Virginia state USA 546
Panama City Panama 109 Saint Helens, Mount volcano South Australia state Australia Tripoli Libya 380 Western Australia state
Papua New Guinea country Tristan da Cunha dependency
USA 546 56 Australia 56
Pacific Ocean 397 Saint Kitts and Nevis country South Carolina state USA 546 Atlantic Ocean 50 Western Dvina river E Europe
Paraguay country C South South Dakota state USA 546 Tshwane (Pretoria) South
West Indies 96 South Geomagnetic Pole pole 62
America 479 Saint Lucia country West Africa 475 Wexford Ireland 285
Paramaribo Suriname 479 Antarctica 28 Tunis Tunisia 380 Wicklow Mountains
Paris France 222 Indies 96 South Georgia dependency Tunisia country N Africa 380
Patagonia semi arid region Saint Petersburg Russian Turin Italy 292 mountains Ireland 285
Atlantic Ocean 50 Turkey country SW Asia 534 Wien Austria 59
Argentina/Chile 37 Federation 449 South Island island New Turkmenistan country C Asia Windhoek Namibia 491
Peloponnese Greece 244 Saint Vincent and the Winnipeg Canada 93
Pennsylvania state USA 546 Zealand 376 111 Wisconsin state USA 546
Persian Gulf gulf SW Asia 349 Grenadines country West South Korea country E Asia Turks and Caicos Islands Wyoming state USA 546
Perth Australia 56 Indies 96
Peru country W South Salonica Greece 244 304 dependency West Indies 96 Y.Z
Salvador Brazil 81 South Pole pole Antarctica 28 Tuvalu country Pacific Ocean
America 479 Salzburg Austria 59 South Sandwich Islands Yamoussoukro Ivory Coast
Philippines country SE Asia Samoa country Pacific Ocean 397 564
397 dependency Atlantic Ocean 50 Tuz, Lake lake Turkey 534
485 San Diego USA 546 South Sudan country E Africa Yangon Myanmar 485
Phnom Penh Cambodia 485 San Francisco USA 546 U.V Yangtse River river China 117
Pindus Mountains mountains San José Costa Rica 109 174 Yaoundé Cameroon 107
San Marino country S Europe Spain country SW Europe 499 Uganda country E Africa 174 Yellow River see Huang He
Greece 244 292 Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte Ukraine country SE Europe Yellowknife Canada 93
Pitcairn Islands dependency San Salvador El Salvador 109 Yemen country SW Asia 349
Sana Yemen 349 Sri Lanka 271 535 Yenisey river
Pacific Ocean 397 Santiago Chile 479 Sri Lanka country S Asia 271 Ulan Bator Mongolia 42
Plenty, Bay of bay Pacific Santo Domingo Dominican St George’s Grenada 96 Uluru rocky outcrop Australia 56 Mongolia/Russian
Republic 96 St John’s Antigua and United Arab Emirates country Federation 449
Ocean 376 São Paulo Brazil 81 Yerevan Armenia 103
Podgorica Montenegro 487 São Tomé São Tomé and Barbuda 96 SW Asia 349 Yokohama Japan 295
Poland country C Europe 193 Príncipe 107 Stockholm Sweden 454 United Kingdom country NW Yukon Territory territory
Port Louis Mauritius 273 São Tomé and Príncipe Strasbourg France 222 Canada 93
Port-au-Prince Haiti 96 country Atlantic Ocean 107 Stuttgart Germany 235 Europe 539 Zagreb Croatia 489
Port-of-Spain Trinidad and Sarajevo Bosnia and Sucre Bolivia 479 United States of America Zagros Mountains mountains
Herzegovina 489 Sudan country N Africa 174 Iran 283
Tobago 96 Sardinia island Italy 292 Sumatra island Indonesia 485 country North America 546 Zambia country S Africa 13
Porto-Novo Benin 564 Superior, Lake lake Ural Mountains mountains Zanzibar island Tanzania 174
Portugal country SW Europe Zimbabwe country S Africa 491
Canada/USA 546 Kazakhstan/Russian Zurich Switzerland 512
421 Suriname country N South Federation 449
Prague Czech Republic 193 Uruguay country E South
Praia Cape Verde 50 America 479 America 479
Pristina Kosovo 487 Swansea UK 539 Utah state USA 546
Puerto Rico dependency West Swaziland country S Africa 475 Uzbekistan country C Asia 111
Sweden country N Europe 454
Indies 96 Switzerland country C Europe
Putrajaya Malaysia 485
512
Sydney Australia 56
Syria country SW Asia 349

596

Acknowledgments

Dorling Kindersley would like to thank the following Abramson, Sam Atkinson, Jane Birdsell, Picture Research Maureen Cowdroy,
people for their assistance with this book: Lynn Bresler, Azza Brown, Liza Bruml, Julia Harris-Voss, Diane LeGrand, Samantha
Caroline Chapman, Claire Gillard, Matilda Nunn, Deborah Pownall, Louise Thomas,
Contributors Simon Adams, Neil Ardley, Gollon, Carl Gombrich, Samantha Gray, Bridget Tily, Emma Wood
Norman Barrett, Gerard Cheshire, Judy Ateendriya Gupta, Sudhanshu Gupta, Prita Cartographers Pam Alford, Tony Chambers,
Clark, Chris Cooper, Margaret Crowther, Maitra, Caroline Murrell, Pallavi Narain, Ed Merritt, Rob Stokes, Peter Winfield
John Farndon, Will Fowler, Adrian Gilbert, Connie Novis, Martyn Page, Louise DTP Harish Aggarwal, Georgia Bryer, Siu
Barbara Gilgallon, Peter Lafferty, Margaret Pritchard, Ranjana Saklani, Jill Somerscales, Chan, Nomazwe Madonko, Pankaj Sharma,
Lincoln, Caroline Lucas, Antony Mason, Gary Werner Claudia Shill
Rupert Matthews, Dan McCausland, Steve Additional design assistance Sukanto Photography Stephen Oliver
Parker, Steve Peak, Theodore Rowland- Bhattacharjya, Tina Borg, Duncan Brown, Index Jackie Brind
Entwistle, Sue Seddon, Marilyn Tolhurst, Darren Holt, Shuka Jain, Ruth Jones, Proofreader Ann Baggaley, Caitlin Doyle,
Marcus Weeks, Philip Wilkinson, Frances Sabyasachi Kundu, Clare Watson, Ben Hubbard
Williams, Tim Wood, Elizabeth Wyse Simon Yeomans, Johnny Pau Gazetteer Sylvia Potter
Additional editorial assistance Helen Illustration Coordinator Ted Kinsey Additional production Chris Avgherinos

Advisors and consultants

Chemistry and Physics Earth Sciences Medicine Sport
Ian M. Kennedy BSc Erica Brissenden and the Human Body Brian Aldred
Jeff Odell BSc, MSc, PhD Alan Heward PhD David Barber
Keith Lye BA, FRGS Dr. Sue Davidson Lance Cone
David Glover Rodney Miskin MIPR, MAIE Dr. T. Kramer MB, BS, MRCS, LRCP John Jelley BA
Dr. Jon Woodcock International Olympic Committee
Culture and Society Shell UK Ltd. Richard Walker Technology
Christine Woodward Dr. Frances Williams MB, BChir , MRCP Roger Bridgman
Iris Barry The Geological Museum, London Alan Buckingham
Peter Chrisp MA Meteorological Office Music Jeremy Hazzard BISC
Margaret Cowan Simon Wales BA, MBA, Paul Macarthy BSc, MSc
John Denny B.Mus.Hons Engineering London Symphony Orchestra Cosson Electronics Ltd.
Dr. Peter Drewett BSc, PhD, FSA, MIFA Karen Barratt Robert Stone BSc, MSc,
Dr. Jamal, Islamic Cultural Centre Jim Lloyd, Otis Plc Natural History C. Psychol, AFBsF, M.ErgS,
Miles Smith-Morris Alban Wincott Kim Bryan Advanced Robotic Research Ltd.
Dr. Kimberly Springer Mark Woodward Stuart Wickes B. Eng
Brian Williams BA MSc, DICC.Eng Wendy Ladd and the staff of the Transportation
The Buddhist Society Natural History Museum Ian Graham
Earth Resources History Darren Naish Doug Lloyd, Westland Helicopters
April Arden Dip.M Reg Grant London Zoo John Pimlott BA, PhD
Hedda Bird BSc Dr. Anne Millard BA, Dip Ed, PhD Space Science Tony Robinson
Conservation Papers Ltd. Philip Parker MA NASA Wing Commander Spilsbury, RAF
Peter Nolan, British Gas Plc Ray Smith M. J. Whitty GI Sore.E
Stephen Webster BSc, M. Phil The Indian High Commission Neil MacIntyre MA, PhD, FRGS
Earth Conservation Data Centre Campaign for Nuclear Dr. Jacqueline Mitton
Disarmament
John Randall BSc, PGCE
Christian Ripley BSc, MSc

Carole Stott BA, FRAS

In addition, Dorling Kindersley would like to thank of Japan, Transport Department; Esso Plc; Physical Laboratory; National Remote Sensing
the following people and organizations for their Eurotunnel Ltd.; Ford UK Ltd.; Sub Officer Jack Centre, Farnborough; Nautilus Ltd.; Newcastle
assistance in the production of this book: Goble, London Fire Brigade; Julia Golding; Brian Hindu Temple; Helene Oakley; Olympus Ltd.; The
Gordon; Paul Greenwood, Pentax Cameras Ltd.; Ordinance Survey; Osel Ltd.; Otis PLC; Gary Palmer,
Liz Abrahams, BBC; Alan Baker; All England Tennis Patrick and Betty Gunzi; Hamleys, Regent Street, Marantz Ltd.; Personal Protection Products;
Club; Alvis Ltd.; Amateur Swimming Assoc.; Apple London; Helmets Ltd.; Jim Henson Productions Pilkington Glass Ltd.; Pioneer Ltd.; Philips Ltd.;
UK Ltd.; Ariane Space Ltd.; David Atwill, Hampshire Ltd.; Alan Heward, Shell UK Ltd.; cartoon frames Porter Nash Medical; Powell Cotton Museum; John
Constabulary; Pamela Barron; Beech Aircraft Corp; taken from “Spider in the Bath”, reproduced by Reedman Associates; Renaissance Musée du Louvre;
Beaufort Air Sea Equipment; Bike UK Ltd.; BMW; permission from HIBBERT RALPH Robertson Research Ltd.; Tony Robinson; Rockware
Boeing Aircraft Corporation; BP Ltd.; British ENTERTAINMENT © and SILVEYJEX Glass Ltd.; Rod Argent Music; Rolls Royce Ltd.; Liz
Amateur Athletics Assoc.; British Amateur PARTNERSHIP ©; Hoover Ltd.; Horniman Museum; Rosney; Royal Aircraft Establishment; Royal
Gymnastics Assoc.; British Antarctic Survey; British House of Vanheems Ltd.; IAL security products; ICI Astronomical Society, London; Royal Military
Canoe Union; British Coal Ltd.; British Forging Ltd.; Ilford Ltd.; Imperial War Museum; Institute of Academy, Sandhurst; SNCF; Andrew Saphir;
Industry Assoc.; British Foundry Assoc.; British Gas Metals; Institution of Civil Engineers; Janes Malcolm Saunders, Simon Gloucester Saro Ltd.;
Ltd.; British Museum; British Paper and Board Publications Ltd.; Nina Kara; Jonathan Kettle, Seagate Ltd.; Sedgewick Museum; Shell UK Ltd.;
Federation; British Parachuting Assoc.; British Post Haymarket Publishing; Julia Kisch, Thorn EMI Ltd.; Skyship International Ltd.; Dennis Slay, Wessex
Office; British Ski Federation; British Steel; British Kite Shop, London; Sarah Kramer; Krauss-Maffei Consultants Ltd.; Amanda Smith, Zanussi Ltd.; Ross
Sub-Aqua Club; British Telecom International Ltd.; GMBH; Lambda Photometrics Ltd.; Sandy Law; Smith, Winchcombe Folk Police Museum; Sony Ltd.;
Paul Bush; Michelle Byam; Karen Caftledine, Richard Lawson Ltd.; Leica GmbH; Leyland Daf Rachael Spaulding, McDonald’s Restaurant Ltd.;
Courtauld Fibres; Martin Christopher, VAG Group; Ltd.; London Transport Museum; London Weather Stanfords Map Shop, London; Steelcasting Research
Citroen; CNHMS; Colourscan, Singapore; “Coca- Centre; The Lord Mayor of Westminster’s New Year and Trade Assoc.; Stollmont Theatres Ltd.; Swatch
Cola” and “Coke” are registered trade marks which Parade; Lyndon-Dykes of London; Joan MacDonnell, Watches Ltd.; Tallahassee Car Museum; Texaco Ltd.;
identify the same products of The Coca-Cola Sovereign Oil and Gas Ltd.; Neil MacIntyre; Marconi The Theatre Museum, Covent Garden, London;
Company; Commander Richard Compton-Hall; Lyn Electronic Devices Ltd., Lincoln; Paul McCarthy, Toyota; Trafalgar House, Building and Civil
Constable-Maxwell; Cottrell & Co Ltd.; Geoffrey Cosser Electronics Ltd.; McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Engineering; Trevor Hyde; Wastewatch; Jim Webb;
Court; Sarah Crouch, Black & Decker Ltd.; F. Darton Corporation; Philip Mead; Mercedes; The Westland Helicopters Ltd.; Westminster Cathedral;
and Co. Ltd.; Department of Energy, Energy Meteorological Office, London; Ruth Milner, Malcolm Willingale, V Ships, Monaco; Wiggins
Conservation Support Unit; Adrian Dixon; DRG Comark Ltd.; A. Mondadori Editore, Verona; Teape Ltd.; Howard Wong, Covent Garden Records,
Paper Ltd.; Patrick Duffy, IBA Museum; Earth Mysteries New Age Centre, London; National Army London; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute;
Observation Data Centre; Electronic Arts; Embassy Museum; National Grid Company Ltd.; National Yarrow Shipbuilders Ltd.; The YHA Shop, London.

597

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PiCTurE SOurCES

The publisher would like to thank the Leeds Museum and Gallery Kirkstall Abbey by George / CORBIS SABA 15bc; Luke Macgregor / Reuters 240tl;
following for their kind permission to Alexander; Louvre, Paris 245bc, 429bc; Mozart and his Mark Hunt / Huntstock 360cb; MedicalRF.com 168c;
reproduce their photographs: sister Maria-Anna, ivory by Eusebius Johann Alphen, Michael St. Maur Sheil 325bc; ZSSD / Minden Pictures
Mozart Museum, Salzburg, Austria, 61c; Musée d’Orsay, 242cb; Monty Rakusen 337cb; Morris Mac Matzen /
Abbreviations: a = above, b = below, c = centre, Paris © DACS 399cr; Musée des Beaux Arts, Tourcoing, Reuters 439crb; Eric Nathan / Loop Images 312tc; Nik
f = far, l = left, r = right, t = top. Giraudon 167br; National Portrait Gallery 187tl; New Wheeler 498br; Stephanie Maze 453tc; 16c, 16cr, 16c,
Zealand High Commission, London 374cl; Prado, Madrid 121tl, 133bl, 300tr, 300cl, 425cl, 511tr, 511cl; © Burger /
# 497tr; Sherlock Holmes 547cr; Royal Albert Memorial Phanie / Phanie 278cr; The Purcell Team 258tl; Kai
Museum, Olaudah Equiano portrait 1820’s 468bc; Schwörer / dpa 376bl; AFP 425b; Bettmann Archive 266tl,
123RF.com: Maxim Basinski 7tr, 143cl, 186bc, bloomua Sante Maria delle Grazie, Milano 297bl; Self-portrait with 22cl, 143bl, 223br, 240tl, 240tr, 240cr, 256tr, 258tr, 258cr,
278clb, Charles Taylor / Reproduced with kind permission Gloves, Albrecht Durer, 1469 (panel), Prado, Madrid, Spain 258b, 305br, 416cl, 416cr, 416bl, 511tl, 511bl, 16cbl, 66tl,
of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office 194cb, 234tr; Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, c.1942 (block 120bl, 133tc, 183tl, 183tr, 257tl, 296br, 300bl, 300br,
cobalt 519cr, Comaniciu Dan 525cl, Laurent Davoust print), English School, Stapleton Collection, UK, 234b; 305cr, 312tr, 571tl, 571cr; Bob Krist 266tr; Dan Lament
351crb, dmitrimaruta 337tl, Peter Etchells 12cr, 41c, Staaliche Museen zu Berlin 105bc; T.U.C. London 275cb; 256tl; Dave G. Hauser 258tl; David H. Wells 239cl; Flip
174cb, 484tc, David Fowler 392bc, iarada 181clb, Wilberforce House Museum, Hull, The Kneeling Slave, Shulke 16tl; Genevieve Naylor 183c; Jacques M. Chenet
inesbazdar 277c, jdrv 62cra, 192clb, Kjersti Jorgensen 13th- century painting, 468cl; William Morris Gallery, 571cl; James L. Amos 370br; Josef Scaylea 258cl; Joseph
482crb, Jose Manuel Gelpi Diaz 249cb, natursports 501tl, Walthamstow 302br; City of Bristol Museum and Art John, Chromo John Inc. 240br, 266brr; Lee Snider 223bc;
Norman Kin Hang Chan / MacBook Air is a trademark of Gallery, T. Jefferson by Sharples 296tl; Louvre, Paris, Leif Skoogfors 305cl; Michael Rosenfeld / Science Faction
Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. T. Jefferson by David d’Angers 296c; private collection, 164bl; Moodboard 311tc; Murat Taner 539cb; Nathan
139crb, Tyler Olson 337c, oxygen64 96c, Andriy Popov Phillis Wheatley 258cl; Drafting of declaration of Benn 300cr; Philip Gould 425cr; Reuters 409fbr; Richard T.
278tl, Alexander Raths 312cb, Viktorija Reuta 96tc, Independence 296cr, 416br; Science Museum, Nowitz 143tl, 258tr; Robert Maas 239cr; Sandy Felsenthal
Sastyphotos 186crb, scanrail 281crb, Peter Schenk 516c Model of the Mayflower 133cr. 266cl; Seattle Post Intelligencer Collection 416tl; Shelley
(Communication), Pylyp Sereda 50tc, Konstantin Shevtsov British Library, London: 75cra, 75crb, 77tl, 83bl, Gazin 571tr; Ted Streshinksy 571b; Brooks Kraft 425bc;
516bc, snake3d 183clb, Anton Starikov 281c, Pariyawit 343bl, 343bc, 377clb. Reuters 312tl; Frederic Larson/San Francisco Chronicle
Sukumpantanasarn 186tl, Vasuta Thitayarak 97bc; British Museum, London: 83br, 336bc; Museum 171clb; Inga Spence, I / Visuals Unlimited 345crb, Inti St.
of Mankind 336tl. Clair / Blend Images 426cla, Visionhaus 81cr, Armin Weigel
A British Airways Archive Museum Collection: 252cra, 529tr. / dpa 232crb.
British Steel: 287cl, 287crb. H.M. Customs and Excise: 18bl.
Action Plus: Glyn Kirk 555bl; Richard Francis 71tl. British Tourist Authority: 536bl.
Airship Industries: 63crb. D
Courtesy of Akai Professional: 363br. C
AKG London: 259bc, 431bl; Michael Teller 259c. James Davis Travel Photography: 51cr, 324cl, 420b,
Alamy Images: AF archive 53br, Blue Jean Images 249tl, Camera Press: 72br. 533bl, 534br.
Cliff Hide News 240bc, Keith Dannemiller 351bl; Haydn Jean-Loup Charmet: 133br. Dorling Kindersley: Oxford Museum of Natural History
Denman 385tl, European Sports Photographic Agency Bruce Coleman Ltd.: 108cr, 114cr, 116tl, 147bl, 147br, 163clb, The Science Museum, London 183crb.
95cl, fStop Images GmbH 385clb, Hemis 347cr, Image Etc 167cl, 168tl, 192clb, 221cl, 227bc, 259tr, 287clb, 303cl, Duncan Brown: 446tr, 446c.
Ltd 252tr; imageBROKER 278tr, 519cb, Barry Iverson 365cr, 374cl, 396bc, 396bcr, 412crb, 520cl, 531br, 544bl, DK Images: Lindsey Stock 139crb; Stephen Oliver 164br.
518bc, Jupiterimages 494tl, Evren Kalinbacak 7br, 98c, 548bc; Jack Dermid 459tl; A.J. Deane 268br; Bernol Thies Dreamstime.com: Alena2909 190tl, Kitchner Bain 405c,
Richard Levine 521bc, Steven May 518cr, keith morris 459cla; Bob and Clara Calhoun 67clb; Brian and Cherry Martin Brayley 518clb, Brphoto 294c, Carol Buchanan /
518tr, Mark Pearson 542crb, North Wind Picture Archives Alexander 452tr; Brian Coates 74bl, 396bcl; C.B. Frith Cbpix 517bc, Jacek Chabraszewski 73tr, Piero Cruciatti
312bl; PictureLake 304bc, Realimage 424clb. Guy 164tl; C.B. & D.W. Frith 84c; Charles Henneghien 125bv, 33cr, Dreamer82 580cr, Narmada Gharat 97crb, R. Gino
Somerset. 312crb, Telepix 518c, Visuals Stock 549bc, Jim 309tr, 496bl; Chris Hollerbeck 228bl, 544tl; David C. Santa Maria / Shutterfree, Llc 521tc, Hrlumanog 348bc,
West 581bl; WDC Photos 570tl Houston 270bl; David Davies 438bc; David Hughes 458tl; Leszekkobusinski / iPhone is a trademark of Apple Inc.,
Album: 360t. Dieter and Mary Plage 569crb, 365cl; Dr. Echart Pott registered in the U.S. and other countries. 139cb, 516crb,
Allsport: Mike Powell 257tc, 257bc, 471br. 317bc; Dr. Frieder Sanct 346c; Eric Crichton 212cb; Fitz Denis Kelly 417bl, Ker784 356tl, Kheng Guan Toh 192cra,
Bryan and Cherry Alexander Photography: 331bc. Prenzel 53bl; Frans Lanting 372crb; Fritz Penzel 192clb; Leonardo255 139bc, Liouthe 281cb, Magomed
Max Alexander: 374br. Alvis Ltd: 439br. G.D. Plage 259cl, 319cl; Gene A. Ahrens 543tl; Gerald Magomedagaev 249tr, Manaemedia 516c, Monkey
Allsport: Howard Boylan 538cl; Shaun Botterill 373bl. Cubitt 40bc, 143cr, 237tl, 255bc, 272c, 330bl, 400tl; H. Business Images 337cr, Nikolos 516tl, Nitinut380 528cr,
Amtrak: 187br. Rivarola 69cl; Hans Reinhardt 101tr, 192bl; 330cb; Hans Perfectvectors 138cb, Picstudio 431crb, Konstantin
Ancient Art and Architecture Collection: 276tl, 313tl; Richard 187tr; Jane Burton 27bc, 183bc, 242cl, 363crb; Semenov 446br, Studioportosabbia 240ca, Tokarsky 98bl,
N. P .Stevens 187tr; Ronald Sheridan 245cla, 276bl, Jaroslav Poncar 557cla; Jeff Simon 309clb; Jen and Des Valerijs Vinogradovs 580clb, Walencienne 312bl, Maksym
297crb, 401bl, 432ca, 509tl. Bartlett 318tr; John Markhom 75clb; John Shaw 169c, Yemelyanov 139crb (Wireless wifi ), Yinglina 220bl, Yykkaa
Animal Photography: Sally Anne Thompson 402bl. 173cl, 350clb, 428br; John Topham 221tr; Jonathan T. 33c, Minyun Zhou 190cla; ESA: NASA 495b; Getty
Animals Unlimited: Patty Cutts 402cr. Wright 387tl, 464tr; Keith Gunner 359cl; Kim Taylor 183bc, Images: Louai Beshara 351bc, Bloomberg 448bl, 525crb,
Ardea London Ltd: 147tr; Francies Gohier 145bc. 363cra, 572tl; L.C. Marigo 183br; Leonard Lee Rue III Carlos Clarivan / Science Photo Library 410cr, Carl Court
The Art Archive: 110bc, 193cl, 193bl, 298cr, 333bl; 515br; M. Timothy O’ Keefe 437tr; Marquez 334tl; Michael 240tr, Encyclopaedia Britannica 517c, Dominique Faget /
Chateau Malmaison 194cla; 22tr, 311tl. Fogden 404br; Michael Freeman 119br, 255clb, 367bc; AFP 388c, Neil Godwin / T3 Magazine 126br, Mark
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford: 192bc. Michael Klinec 126tr, 127bl; Michel Viard 363tl; N.A.S.A. Graham 524bc, Ed Jones / Afp 304cla, Frank Krahmer /
Associated Press Ap: 192cr, 301crb, 493crb. 168cr, 183tl, 355bl; Neville Fox-Davies 356clb; Norbert Photographer’s Choice RF 405cr, Simon Lees / PC Gamer
Australian Tourist Commission: 55bl. Rosig 192tr; Norbert Schwertz 554crb; Norman Myers Magazine 138clb, liangpv 12tc, 380cla, Tap Magazine /
National Archaelogical Museum: 83cl. 354bl, 417tr; Norman Owen Tomalin 26tr, 50tl, 353crb, iPhone and iPod is a trademark of Apple Inc., registered in
Neil Audley: 49bl. 438cra, 542cra; Norman Plyers 319tr; R. Campbell the U.S. and other countries. 519tr, Poligrafistka 545cr,
AWL Images: incamerastock 537bl; 218crb; R.I.M. Campbell 32ca, 32cl; Robert Perron 404cr; Jean Revillard / Handout 510bl, Joby Sessions /
Axiom: Chris Bradley 379c; Chris Caldicott 379cl, 380tr. Rod Williams 86bc, 354cl; Ron Cartnell 318br; Stephen J. MacFormat Magazine / MacBook Pro is a trademark of
Krasemann 68tr; Udo Hirsch 267cl; Vatican Museums and Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.
B Galleries, Rome 398clb; Walter Lankinen 309cl, 254cb, 138br, 405crb, Stuart C. Wilson 240cl, Jim Watson 47br;
254bl, 53bc; Werner Stoy NASA: 494bl, 543cr, 580bc, JPL-Caltech 439bc;
Barnaby’s Picture Library: 522bl. 168c, 554clb. Photoshot: Shemetov Maxim 278bl; Science Photo
N. S. Barrett: 215tr. Collections: Bill Wells 386bc; Brian Keen 538cr; Library: Prof. P. Motta / Dept. Of Anatomy / University “La
Belkin.com: 139fcrb. Brian Shuel 284cr, 285bl, 310tc; Gena Davies 555cla; Sapienza”, Rome 362cr, 362crb
D.C. Brandt, Joyce and Partners: 33cb, 34clb. Geoff Howard 310crb; John Miller 310bl; Richard Davies Dominic Photography: Zoe Dominic 460bl.
Bridgeman Art Library, London / New York: portrait of 183c; Sandra Lousada 538br; Yuri Lewinski 23cr.
Catherine, Mulatte of the Bradeo A. Durer 1491 70br; Collection Viollet: 298tl. E
Greeks under siege by Eugene Delacroix 136tl, 187tr, King Colorific!: Joe McNally/Wheeler Pics 237cra; Roger de la
James I of England by Paul Van Somer, tr; portrait, William Harpe 490tr; D. Halstead /Contact 239tl; Lisa Rudy Hoke/ Empics Ltd.: 393tr.
Morris, photo by Hollyer 1914 399bc; Henry Wrothesley, Black Star 312cl; R. Crandall 239tr. The English Heritage Photo Library: Down House 153bl;
3rd Earl Southampton 460cl; Sir Francis Bacon bust by Columbia Pictures: 152bl. Jonathan Bailey, Down House 153tl.
Roubillac 460cr, 468tr, 581tr; Bibliotheque Nationale, Corbis UK Ltd.: Adrian Looby / Demotix 312c; Atlantide T. Malcolm English: 253bc.
Paris 398c; Bristol City Museum Art Gallery, Bristol Phototravel 292br, 538tl; Andy Rain / EPA 240bl; Archivo Environmental Images: Toby Adamson 230bl.
Harbour 1825, Nicholas Pocock 468tl; British Museum Iconografico S.A. 535bl; Bill Nation / Sygma 312tl; Dean European Space Agency: 49cra, 420cra.
19cb, Benin sword 70bc; British Museum London clay Conger 110b, 448b, 535cl; Earl and Nasima Kowall 111br; European Parliament Photo Library: 192cl, 192bl.
tablet 7th century b.c.; Nineveh Epic of Gilgamesh 509tl; E.M. Pasieka / Science Photo Library 76crb; Glenn Bartley Mary Evans Picture Library: 14tl, 14tr, 18crb, 31tr, 32bc,
British Museum, London 54cb, 338cl, 398tl; Cairo / All Canada Photos 217tc, Gene Blevins / ZUMA Press 54tr, 54bl, 63tl, 63cl, 66tl, 71tr, 82cr, 87clb, 94crb, 121cl,
Museum/Giraudon 32clb; Christies, London 13bl, 519crb; Hannibal Hanschke / dpa 38br; Hervé Hughes / 105tl, 120tr, 126tl, 126cl, 141cr, 141bl, 141br, 150cr, 150bl,
422tr; City of Bristol Museum Art Gallery 297tl; Eton Hemis 497tl; Hulton-Deutsch Collection 427bl; Jane 150bl, 152tl, 153bc, 157tr, 157cl, 167cl, 169bv, 183bl,
College, Windsor 338cr; Fabbir 88cb; Forbes Magazine Sweeney / JAI 348cl; John Gress 382br; John Noble 35b; 183tl, 183tc, 187bl, 192cb, 192tr, 192cb, 192bl, 224tl,
Collection 369crb; Galleria dell Accademia Firenze 432bl; Jose Fuste Raga 348tr; Karen Kasmauski 427bl; Ken Jack 230tc, 231bl, 237tl, 237tc, 237ca, 238tl, 238br, 246clb,
/ Demotix 240cr; Lawrence Manning 420crb; Louise Gubb 247bl, 259tl, 275tl, 275clb, 275bc, 297bc, 298bc, 310tl,
317cl, 335bl, 338bl, 339cb, 339bc, 345clb, 368clb, 368bl,
598 369bl, 371tr, 373cra, 391tl, 393c, 394bc, 404tr, 404clb,
412cr, 412cr, 426tr, 426bc, 428tr, 431br, 450tr, 450cb,