Class 8 Social Book PDF ( Subharambha Publication ) Anyflip

Approved by Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Curriculum Development Center(CDC),
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal

SOCIAL STUDIES
&

Population Education

Grade
8

Authors

Mrs. Sangeeta Thebe
Mr. Yogendra Bahadur Kurumbang

Editors

Govinda Bhandari
R.B. Adhikari

SOCIAL STUDIES &
Population Education

Grade - 8

Published by:
Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Kathmandu, Nepal

Edition:
First : 2072 B.S.
Second : 2073 B.S.
Third : 2075 B.S.
Revised & Updated : 2077 B.S.
Layout:
Zeeta Computer Service (Desktop team)
Ghantaghar, Kathmandu, Ph:9841418545

©Copyright:
Publisher

ISBN: 978-9937-579-81-0

Printed in Nepal

Preface

About The Book

Shubharambha’s Social Studies series is a thoughtfully prepared series of textbooks for school
children. It is designed especially for the children of private and boarding schools. The series
is purely based on the curriculum prescribed by Curriculum Development Center (CDC),
Government of Nepal. While preparing the series, our long social studies teaching and social
studies text books writing experiences, present day social-economic-political environment and
above all children’s psychology have been our guide lines. We hope the series will be effective in
enhancing and consolidating the children’s creativity and interest in learning social studies in the
present day environment. We are also confident that the series will fulfill CDC/Government of
Nepal’s objectives and address the needs and expectations of students and teachers alike.

Series’ Salient Features: as stories, dialogues, letters, biographies etc
with appropriate pictures and own environment
• Purely based on the curriculum prescribed by based examples.

CDC, Government of Nepal. • Social norms, values, traditions, historical facts
and correct geographical setting are given due
• Each unit objectives are well focused, duly attention.
aimed and amply covered.
• Social, ethnic, religious, cultural, geographical
• Appropriately graded series for fulfilling the diversities and gender equality are well
requirements of the students in the changing considered.
domestic and international environment.
• Wide varieties of exercises, in-class activities
• Prepared keeping in mind students’ age, and community based project works included.
psychology, and modern teaching - learning
techniques, methodologies and philosophies. • Creativity, imagination and children centered
fun filled arts and crafts for primary level.
• Contents presented in orderly and logical
fashion strictly following the CDC syllabus. • Designed and developed to engaging and
involving the children in the learning process
• Concepts developed gradually from simple to physically and mentally.
complex order to facilitate easy understanding
and assimilation. • Students- centric and teacher-friendly concept
incorporated.
• Simple language, own environment based
examples, interesting concepts and multi- • Teacher’s note for effective teaching- learning
coloured illustrations. activities and purposeful use of textbooks.

• Interesting, stimulating and fun filled activities • Attractive and children friendly design, layout,
for quick learning and assimilation included. illustrations, colour and concept.

• Lessons are presented in interesting ways such

We highly welcome and appreciate constructive opinion and valuable comments and suggestions
from experts, teachers and intellectuals. Our sincere thanks are due to the Publisher, language
editors and layout and designer, our students and to those who inspired us to write and have
been involved in bringing out this series.

Authors

Specification Grid of Social Studies and Population Education

Unit Area Period Knowledge and Practical and Critical Thinking Concept No. of Question Marks Remark
Comprehension Research Skills Skills
7
Very Short Long Very Short Long Very Short Long Very Short Long Very short Short Long 7
short short short short 7
9
1. We, Our Society 14 1 1 11

2. Our Social Norms 16 1 1 1 11
and Values 16 1 11
3. Social Problems and
Preventions

4. Civic Consciousness 19 1 1 11

5. Our Earth 20 11 1 19

6. Our Past 17 1 1 11 7
11 7
7. Our Economic 15 1 1
Activities 11 7

8. Our International

Relations and Co- 14 1 1

operation

9. Introduction

of Population 22 1 18

Demographic Condition

10. Population Growth 22 1 11 7
and Management

Total 175 7 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 9 7 3 75

Note: In total 75 marks for theoretical and 25 marks for practical, comprise 100 marks. For theoretical 30 marks and for practical 10 marks should secure respectively



Types of Questions Number of Questions and Marks Time
Very Short Answer Questions 9 Questions × 1 Marks = 9 Marks Very short Answer Questions 9 × 1.9 = 17 Minutes
Short Answer Questions 7 Questions × 6 Marks = 42 Marks Short Answer Questions 7 × 10 = 70 Minutes
Long Answer Questions 3 Questions × 8 Marks = 24 Marks Long Answer Questions 3 × 16 = 48 Minutes
Total 19 Questions = 75 Marks Total : 135 Minutes

Contents

Unit 1 We, Our Community and Our Nation 7

1. General Concept of Development 8
2. Concept, Structure And Importance of Federalism
10

3. Provinces of Nepal 14

4. Drinking Water, Energy &Human Resources as Infrastructures of Development 22

5. Development Projects in Nepal 29

Unit 2 Our Social Traditions, Norms & Values 32
1. Our Social Practices & Our Way of Life 33
2. Our Religious Practices 36
3. Social Harmony 41
4. Protection & Preservation of National Heritages 45
5. International Personalities 48

Unit 3 Social Problems & Solutions 56
1. Social Problems & Evils In General 57
2. Drug Addiction 60
3. Corruption 63
4. Brain Drain 66
5. Solutions to Social Problems and Evils 69
6. Sustainable Development 72
7. Good Governance 75
8. Role of International Organization to Control Social Problems 78

9. Conflict and Its management 87

Unit 4 Civic Consciousness 90
1. Respect for Social Norms & Practices 91

2. Human Rights and Women Rights 94

3. Inclusiveness 99

4. Features of Present Constitution Of Nepal 102

5. Citizens’ Roles in Federal Democracy 106

6. Our Legislature 109

7. Our Executive 114

8. Our Judiciary 118

Unit 5 Our Earth 122
1. Change of Seasons & Their Effects 123
2. Elements of Climate Change 126
3. Disaster Management, Earthquake 130
4. Introduction to Weather & Climate 135
5. Factors That Influence The Temperature 139
6. Drawing Map of Nepal 142
7. Importance of Longitudes And Latitudes 145
9. Continent of Africa 148

9. Continent of North America 152
10. Continent of South America 155

Unit 6 Our Past 158

1. Unification of Modern Nepal 159

2. Treaty of Sughauli & Its Impacts 167

3. Rana Regime And Social & Economic Reforms 172

4. Important Political Events & Social-Economic Reforms After 2007 B.S. 176

5. Greek-Roman Civilization & Its Influences 181

6. Renaissance 189

Unit 7 Our Economic Activities 193
1. Tourism in General 194
2. Tourism in Nepal 196
3. International Trade 206
4. Concept of Cooperatives 209
5. Concept of Banking system 214
6. General Concept & Uses of Money 217
7. Employment Situation in Nepal 229

Unit 8 International Relations & Cooperation 223
1. Our Relation with Friendly Countries 225
2. United Nations Organization & Nepal 232
3. Nepal’s Contributions in International Field 237
4. Our Diplomatic Missions & Their Functions 240
5. Contemporary World Issues 243

Unit 9 Introduction of Population and Demography 245
1. introduction of Population Demographic Status 247
2. Population Composition in Nepal 252
3. Population Distribution in Nepal 253
4. Migration 254

Unit 10 Population Growth and Management 256
1. Population Management and Quality of life 257
2. Measures for Population Management In Nepal 259
3. Factors of Population Change 260
4. Rapid Population Growth & Degradation in Quality Life 262
268
5. Role Of International organizations in Population Management 272
6. World’s Population Size and Its Growth Rate 274
Model Questions

UNIT

1

WE, OUR COMMUNITY AND
OUR NATION

In this unit, you will learn the following subjects:
• Concept, Importance and Structure of Federalism,
• Drinking Water, Energy and Human Resources as Infrastructures of

Development
• General Concept of Development
• Important Development Works of Our Country

1Lesson GENERAL CONCEPT OF
DEVELOPMENT

Introduction : Development

Literally development can be defined as the systematic use of scientific and technical
knowledge to meet specific objectives or requirements. It is the process of economic
and social transformation. Development refers positive or constructive change which
is in ascending order.

General Concept of Development

Sustainable Development: The concept of 'sustainable development' was first
introduced by Brundtland (1987) i.e. World Commission on Environment and
Development. It is popularly known as Brundtland Report or Brundtland Commission.
It defines development as
"sustainable" if it meets
the needs of the present
without compromising
the ability of future
generations to meet their
own needs." Sustainable
development implies
minimizing the use of
exhaustible resources,
or at least, ensuring that
revenues obtained from
them are used to create a
constant flow of income
across generations, and
making an appropriate use of renewable resources. This applies to energy (oil and
oil products in particular) and include fish stock, wildlife forest, water, land and air as
well. Land degradation, due to soil erosion and salinization, persistent water and air
pollution, depletion of fish stock and deforestation are all examples of consequences
of non-sustainable activities.

8 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Points to Remember :

C Development is the systematic use of human knowledge to meet specific objectives.
C Development is related with different dimensions of development.
C Development should aim to address unemployment, poverty and inequality in the

society.
C Development should alleviate poverty and provide for the basic needs.
C “Sustainable development means meeting the needs of the present without

compromising future”
C Economic and human or social aspects are the two dimensions of development.
C Mortality, life expectancy, infant mortality, and adult literacy etc indicate level of

development.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is the literal meaning of development?
2. What are the bases of development?
3. What’s sustainable development?

Short answer question:
1. What do you understand by the concept of development? Explain.

Community Based Work:
Go around your neighborhood and find out what economic developments are taking
place and write a report.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 9

Lesson 2 CONCEPT, STRUCTURE AND
IMPORTANCE OF FEDERALISM

Concept of Federal State

Nepal is a landlocked sovereign country located in south Asia. It is located in the lap
of Himalayas and bordered to the North by People's Republic of China, and to the
South, East and West by the Republic of India. It occupies an area of 1,47,181 Sq. Km.
It is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of biodiversity due to its unique
geographical position and altitude variation. Our country ranges from 60m above the
sea level to the highest point on earth Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters.

There are broadly two concepts of system of government: Unitary & Federal. Nepal
practiced the unitary system of government throughout its recorded history. However,
it has been felt that it was not effective for the development and unity of the country.
This was visibly expressed by the people during the People’s Movement-II in 2062/63
BS.

The course of history got changed in 2063 BS. People raised voices for federal system
of government. Nepal was then declared as a Democratic Federal Republic by the

10 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Interim Costitution-2063 BS. Now, we are in the process of making a ‘New Nepal’ on
federal concept.

We elected a ‘Constituent Assembly’ to write a new constitution on this concept on 28th
Chaitra 2064 BS. But it was failed due to various reasons in its mission and got dissolved
after four years. Election for the Constituent Assembly-II was successfully conducted
on 4th Marga 2070 BS. One hundred and twenty-two (122) political parties participated
in this election, and 30 of them got representation in the Constituent Assembly-II. This
Constituent Assembly has drafted the new constitution. Dr. Ram Baran Yadav, former
president of Nepal, announced the promulgatin of constitution of Nepal, 2072 on 20
Sept. 2015 (3rd Ashoj, 2072 BS.)

Concept of Federal State: A federal state is one that brings together a number of
different political communities with a common government for common purposes,
and separate state or provincial governments for the particular purposes of each
community. The states/provinces will have their own constitutions, parliaments, and
governments. The states/provinces exercise autonomous powers in many areas. There
will also be the national constitution, national parliament and a central government.
Hence, there will be at least three levels of governments in a federal state: central (also
called federal), state/provincial and local.

Federal/Central Government

ò

State/Provincial Government

ò

Local Government

States or provinces are named on the basis of different categories like identity,
capability, geography, history, race-language-culture, natural, cultural heritages, etc or
on combination of any of them.

Division of Powers (Sovereignty)

There are several countries like the USA, India, Canada, Belgium, Australia, Ethiopia,
South Africa, etc which are practicing federal system of government. It is a concept
in which the powers are divided between the central government and provincial
governments. Its implementation or practice may differ from country to country
depending on the need, situation and aspiration of the people.

The powers are normally divided in the following ways:

Central (Federal) Government State or Provincial Government –(local
Foreign affairs
National defense (military affairs) Formulation of state laws

Public security-civil defense
police)

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 11

National highways, railways, postal Local development activities
services

Big hydro power and multi provincial Small and medium hydro power projects

projects Preservation of language, art, culture and

state related affairs.

The Demand of Federalism in Nepal

Nepal was under unitary system for centuries. However, it was felt the need of Federal
System of Government during the climax of the People’s Movement-II. The main
reasons for this are:
(a) Growing Sense of Identity: Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-

cultural nation. Mainly, the ethnic people felt their crisis of their identity. The
government didn’t take any concrete initiatives to address this sensitive issue. So,
to secure their identity and dignity, they realized the demand of federalism.
(b) Insensitive Government: The successive governments seemed to be insensitive.
They failed to recognize the aspirations and expectations of the common people
in time.
(c) Ineffective Regional Administration: Development Regions proved ineffective
and inefficient. Powers and authorities were very much centralized. Decentralization
was limited only in the paper. There was no visible development and service
delivery in remote places.
(d) Misuse of Powers and Natural Resources: Because of too much centralization
of powers, there was wide spread corruptions, frustration, misuse of powers and
resources.

Importance of Federal System

No political system is perfect in itself. Any system is only a means but not the end. Every
system has some good and some bad aspects. So has the federal system.

Its advantages are:

(a) Close relation between the state and its people.
(b) Maximum use of local resources.
(c) Maintains political stability.
(d) Acceleration of development.
(e) Balanced distribution of population and resources, hence migration is

controlled.
(f) Smooth delivery of services.
(g) Most democratic system.
(h) Decentralization of power.

12 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Its disadvantages are:
(a) Expensive form of government.
(b) Dangers of disintegration.
(c) Disputes can occur in the distribution of resources and powers.
(d) Danger of promotion of regionalism.
(e) Uneven distribution of wealth.
(f) Pitches state vs state.

Points to Remember :

C There are broadly two concepts of system of government: Unitary & Federal.
C Federal system is a system of government in which a country is divided into a number

of states or provinces along with local bodies.
C Nepal is declared a Democratic Federal Republic, and we are in the process of making

a ‘New Nepal’.
C There will be central, state or provincial and local governments in a federal state.
C Every system of government has both merits and demerits.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is decentralization?
2. What is federal system?
3. What is the difference between unitary and federal system of government?
4. What could be the best basis in naming the states or provinces in a federal
country?
5. On what basis is a particular country divided into different geographical and
administrative regions?
6. There will be wide participation of people in the federal system. How? Write
in a sentence.

Short answer questions:
1. Write down any four advantages of federal system of government.
2. Write any four disadvantages of federal system.
3. Draw an outline map of Nepal and show the provinces.
4. Why was Nepal declared as a democratic federal state? Give any four reasons.
5. Why is it felt necessary for federal system in Nepal?

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 13

3Lesson PROVINCE OF NEPAL

The constitution of Nepal, the first constitution written by the people’s representatives
in 2072 divided Nepal into seven provinces. The constitution asserts that they will be
named by the majority of the provincial legislatures. Our provinces are described in
short below.

Province 1

Province 1 lies in the easternmost part of Nepal. It
consists of 14 present districts of the country. They
are Taplejung, Panchthar, Illam, Sankhuwasabha,
Terahathum, Dhankuta, Bhojpur, Khotang,
Solokhumbu, Udayapur, Okhaldhunga, Jhapa,
Morang and Sunsari. This province occupies about
18% (area 25,905 sq. km) of the total land area of
the country. According to the census 2068, the total
population of this province is about 45 lakhs.

This province has all three geographical regions i.e.
terai region, hilly region and Himalayan region. The highest and the third highest
mountain peaks of the world, Mt. Everest (8848 m) and Mt. Kanchanjungha (8586 m)
respectively lie here. Other important peaks found in this province are Lhotse (8516 m),
Makalu (8848 m), Choyu (8201 m), Nuptse (7555 m) and Pumori (7161m). It has variety
of vegetations that ranges from sub-tropical evergreen forest to the tundra vegetation.
Province 1 possesses the possibility of agriculture and tourism development with a
huge potentiality of hydroelectricity generation because of the fast flowing rivers. It
has 14 hydro-electricity projects in operation. The Saptakoshi River flows through this
province with her 7 tributaries: Arun, Tamor, Dudhkoshi, Likhu, Tamakoshi, Sunkoshi
and Indrawati. The Saptakoshi is the largest river of Nepal. The other rivers are: Mechi,
Kankai, and Ratuwa. This province has 727 industries. The province has Kanchanjunga
Conservation Area, Koshitappu Wildlife Reserve, Makalu Barun National Park, and
Sagarmatha National Park.

Sher DhanRai : Former minister Sher Dhan Rai has been appointed
the first chief minister of Province no 1. He has a Masters' Degree in
Sociology. He joined politics from All Nepal National Free Students
Union in 1987.

The religious sites like Pathavara Devi Temple (Taplejung), HalesiMahadev Temple
(Khotang), SatasiDhaam (Jhapa), BudhaSubba Temple, Barahakshetra (Sunsari),

14 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Chhintang Devi (Dhankuta), Singhbahani (Tehrathum) etc. fall in the same province.
Other important heritages are Maipokhari of Ilam, TinjureMilke area, etc. The major
trade centers of the province are Biratnagar, Dhulabari, Dharan, Ilam, Okhaldhunga,
Gaighat, etc. In the same ways, Kakarbhitta and Pashupatinagar are the main trade
transits to India and Olangchunggola is the trade transit to China. The province can be
prosperous if the natural resources are utilized to the fullest of their potential. Similarly,
agriculture is the staple occupation of this province. Paddy, maize and wheat are the
major food crops and jute, tea, sugarcane, tobacco etc. are the major cash crops grown
here. Many agro-based industries like jute mill, sugar mill, cotton industry, tea factories
etc. are being operated here. Good contribution to GDP from agriculture and high
literacy are the chief characteristics of this province.

There are mainly Bhotias, Lepchas and Sherpas in the mountain or Himalayan region.
Most of them follow Tibeto- Buddhism and celebrate Lhosar and Buddha Purnima etc.
Hilly region is inhabited by mainly Rai, Limbu, Gurung, Chhetri, Bahun, Kami, Damai,
Sarki etc. Limbus and Rais follow Kirat religion and celebrate Udhauli and Ubhauli
whereas other castes mostly follow either Hinduism or Buddhism. In Terai, there mainly
live Meche, Tharu, Dhimal, Satar, Santhal, Mussars, Majagain, Tajpuroa, Rajbansi, Kisan,
Jhagad ,Yadav etc.

Province 2

This province is located only in
the Terai region. It consists of 8
present districts of the country.
They are Saptari, Sarlahi, Siraha,
Dhanusha, Mahottari, Rautahat,
Bara and Parsa. This province has
only plain land. It has the huge
potentiality of agricultural and
industrial development. It is the
smallest province of Nepal. This province occupies about 7% (area 9,991 sq. km) of the
total land area of the country. According to the census 2068, the total population of
this province is about 54 lakhs. It is 20% of the total population of the country.

Mohammad Lal Babu Raut: A resident of Parsa, Raut hails from a
Muslim community. He has been appointed the first Chief Minister
of Province 2. He was elected to the provincial assembly from Parsa-
2(A) in the first provincial assembly polls.

There is nearly similar climate, soil type, topography and vegetation within the province.
This province is rich in dense evergreen forest with fertile soil. Here climate is hot with
enough rainfall in summer season.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 15

The province is very important from the perspective of agriculture, industry and
tourism with the least possibility of hydro-electricity development. The soil found here
is suitable for cultivating different cash crops like tobacco, sugarcane, oil seeds etc.
But the region is highly significant in terms of business because it boarders with India.
Rajbiraj, Mirchaiya, Janakpur, Jaleshwor, Malangwa. Chandranigahapur and Simara are
the major trade centres of the province. Janakpurdham, Gadhimai and Chhinnamasta
are the main religious sites of the province. Hence, this province can collect good
revenue from custom duty. It has Parsa Wildlife Reserve, a part of Koshitappu Wildlife
Reserve that has the possibility of tourism development.

Marwadi, Muslims, Mahato, Gupta, Mandal, Kurmi, Yadav, Musahar, Danuwar, Tharu, etc.
indigenous people of this province. However the people from the hilly and Himalayan
are migrating to this region. The population density is the highest in this region. Their
main occupations are farming, cattle rearing, business etc. Majority are Hindus.

Bagmati Province
Bagmati Province is the third smallest
province of Nepal. It consists of
13 present districts of the country.
They are Dolakha, Ramechhap,
Kavrepalanchok, Sindhupalchowk,
Sindhuli, Rasuwa, Nuwakot,
Dhading, Chitwan, Makawanpur,
Bhaktapur, Lalitpur and Kathmandu.
Its southern part is very small that
consist the part of Chitwan district
extending up to the Himalayan
region. Kathmandu, the capital city
of Nepal lies in this province. Hence,
it is the most developed province.
This province occupies about 14%
(area 20,300 sq. km) of the total land area of the country. According to the census 2068,
the total population of this province is about 55 lakhs. It is 21% of the total population
of the country.

Dormani Poudel: Dormani Poudel, the former Mayor of Hetauda
Municipality has been appointed the first Chief Minister of Bagmati
province. A former teacher, Dormani is experienced hand in Nepal’s
decentralization and local bodies.

This province has 979 industries and the highest number of hydroelectricity projects.
In total 38 hydroelectricity projects are being operated here with the biggest Upper
Tamakoshi Hydroelectricity Project. The province has three types of physical features. The

16 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

major mountain peaks are Mt. Ganesh (7163 m), Langtang (7205 m), Mt. Gaurishankar
(7134 m), etc. The Tamakoshi, the Indrawati, the Trishuli, the Kamala and the Bagmati
rivers flow through this province. People are involved in agriculture, industry and
service. The major trade centers of this province are Kathmandu, Hetauda, Chitwan,
Banepa, SindhuliGadi and Tatopani. The major Nepal-China trade transit – Tatopani
lies here. Tourists come to visit Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Nagarkot, Dhulikhel,
Chitwan, and so on. Here are Langtang National Park, Shivapuri National Park and
Chitwan National Park, and Gaurishankar Conservation area. Hence, this province has
a high prospect of tourism development.

Bhotias, and Sherpas are the aborigines of the Himalayan region. Sheep rearing,
mountaineering, trekking, farming, and hotel and resort business etc. are their main
occupation. In Hill region, mainly live Tamang, Gurung, Newar, Magar, Sunuwar, Chhetri,
Bahaun, Chepang, Jirel etc. They are engaged in farming, security forces, animal
husbandry etc. In Terai, Tharuresides dominantly.

Gandaki Province

Gandaki province extends from terai in the
south to Himalayan region in the north.
But southern part is very narrow and it is
wider towards the north. It consists of 11
present districts of the country. They are
Gorkha, Lamjung, Tanahun, Kaski, Manang,
Mustang, Parvat, Syanja, Myagdi, Baglung,
Nawalparasi (east ofBardaghatSusta). This
province occupies about 14% (area 21,504
sq. km) of the total land area of the country.
According to the census 2068, the total
population of this province is about 24
lakhs. It is 9% of the total population of the
country. The province has good potentiality of hydroelectricity generation with existing
29 hydroelectricity projects. Sufficient lakes and perennial rivers can be advantageous
for its economic prosperity.

Prithvi Subba Gurung: A resident of Lamjung, Prithvi Subba
Gurung has been appointed the first Chief Minister of Province 4. He
was the former lawmaker and minister, he is equally active in politics
and social filed too.

This province is rich in mountains, rivers, lakes and conservation areas. The major
mountain peaks are Annapurna I ( 8091 m), Dhaulagiri ( 8176 m), Manaslu (8163 m),
Himalchuli (7893 m) and Machhapuchchhre (6993 m). The province is drained by the
tributaries of the river Gandaki (Kali Gandaki. BudhiGandaki, SetiGandaki, Marsyangdi,

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 17

Madi ,Daraundi and Seti). This region is rich in lakes. Fewa, Rupa, Begnas, Khaste,
Dipang and Tilicho are the major lakes here. The major food crops grown in this
province are paddy, maize, millet, wheat, etc. The cash crops include sugarcane, coffee,
apple, oranges, etc. The province is very good for tourism industry with the sufficient
attraction for mountaineering, trekking, rafting and paragliding centres. Tourists
visit Annapurna Conservation Area, GhaleGaun, Upper Mustang,Kagbeni, Dhorpatan
Hunting Reserve and Pokhara for eco-tourism.

There is uneven distribution of population in this region. The northern part is very
thinly populated whereas the Pokhara Valley is densely populated. Bhote, Thakali,
Manangees live in Mountain, Gurung, Magar, Dura, Gaine, Bahun and Chhetri live in
hill and Tharu, Muslim, Kurmietc live in Terai. They have different cultures, customs and
traditions.

Province 5
Province 5 consists of terai and hilly regions.
It is bordered by India in the south and
province 4, 7 and 6 in the east, west and
north respectively. It consists of 12 present
districts of the country. They are Nawalparasi
(west from BardaghatSusta), Rupandehi,
Kapilvastu, Palpa, Arghakhanchi, Gulmi,
Rukum (eastern part), Rolpa, Pyuthan,
Dang, Banke and Bardiya. This province
occupies about 15% (area 22,288 sq. km) of the total land area of the country. According
to the census 2068, the total population of this province is about 49 lakhs. It is 18% of
the total population of the country.

Shankar Pokhrel: A resident of Dang district, former minister Shankar
Pokhrel has been appointed the first Chief Minister of Province 5. He
had joined politics from the students’ front. He was elected Member
of Parliament from Dang-2 (A).

It has very fertile land with abundant natural resources. This province is drained out by
Karnali, Bheri, Rapti and Babai rivers. Bardiya National Park and Banke National Park
are the main attractions of tourists. Lumbini, Bageshwori, Thakurdwara, Resunga, and
Swargadwari are other tourist centres. The major crops grown here are paddy, mustard,
wheat, maize, cotton, etc. Major trade centres of this province are Nepalgunj, Kohalpur,
Tulsipur and Gulariya.

There is uneven distribution of population in this province. Himalayan and hilly
districts are thinly populated where as southern part is thickly populated. Bhotes are
the traditional inhabitants of the Himalayan parts. Similarly, Thakuti, Chhetri, Brahmin,
Tamang etc. live in the hilly region. Tharu and Muslim are the indigenous people of
terai region.

18 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Karnali Province
Karnali Province is the biggest province in term of
area. It consists of 10 present districts of the country.
They are Rukum (western part), Salyan, Dolpa, Jumla,
Mugu, Humla, Kalikot, Jajarkot, Dailekh and Surkhet.
This province occupies about 20% (area 29,984 sq.
km) of the total land area of the country. According
to the census 2068, the total population of this
province is about 11.5 lakhs. It is 5% of the total
population of the country.

It is deprived of the fertile land of terai because it
consists of only the mountainous part of hills and Himalayas. It has complex topography
and is backward in infrastructural development compared to other provinces.

Mahendra Bahadur Shahi: Former minister Mahendra Bahadur Shahi
has been appointed the first Chief Minister of Karnali province. He was
directly elected from Kalikot during second CA elections.

This province is popular for apple production. Maize, barley, wheat, millet and paddy
are the staple food crops grown here. Similarly, mustard and soybean are some of the
noteworthy cash crops of this province. Mt. Kanjirowa (6612 m), Mt. Kanti (6859 m), Mt.
Gorakh (6088 m) and Mt. Changla (6563 m) are remarkable peaks of the province. Rara
National Park and Shey- Foksundo National park have been delineated in the province.
The biggest lake of Nepal, Rara lies here. Other main attractions of the province are
Badimalikatemple,DeutiBajai temple and Chandannath temple, Bulbulelake and Shey-
Foksundo lake, etc. The major trade centres of the province are Birendranagar,
Gumgadhi, Khalanga, Dunai, etc.

There is uneven distribution of population. This
province has the least density of population.
There live Bhote, Chhetri and Khas in the
northern part, Magar, Thakuri, Chhetri and
Bahun in the hill and Tharu, Muslim and
Marwadi in the Terai.

Far Western Province
The province is located in the westernmost
part of Nepal. It consists of 9 present districts
of the country. They are Bajura, Bajhang,
Doti, Achham, Darchula, Baitadi, Dadeldhura,

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 19

Kanchanpur and Kailali. This province occupies about 13% (area 19,539 sq. km) of the
total land area of the country. According to the census 2068, the total population of
this province is about 25 lakhs. It is 10% of the total population of the country.
This province has all three geographical regions i.e. terai region, hilly region and
Himalayan region. The river Kamali flows in the east and river Mahakali drains the
border in the west. It is the second smallest province of Nepal.

Trilochan Bhatta: Trilochan Bhatta elected as a member of provincial
assembly from Doti district. He has been appointed the first Chief
Minister of Province 7. He entered politics in 1991 B.S.
This province has complex socio-economic structures. There are widespread gender-
and caste-based discriminations. Some perversions like Dowry Pratha, DeukiPratha,
ChhaupadiPratha, etc. are deep-rooted here. Mt. Api (7132 m.), Mt. Saipal(7025 m),
Mt. Lassa (6189 m) etc. are the major Mountain peaks of this province. Khaptad and
Ghodaghodi lakes fall in the province. Khaptad National Park and Shuklaphanta
National Park conserve a lot of flora and fauna here. The major trade centres of this
province are Dhangadhi, Dadeldhura, Mahendranagar, and Dipayal. The major crops
grown in this province are wheat, mustard, maize and cotton.
The tribal distribution of this province differs from that of other provinces. There are
mainly Bhotes in the northern part, Bahun, Chhetri and Thakuri in the central part and
Tharu and Muslim in the southern part. Tharus are the native or aborigine people of
the Terai. However, Terai has been a melting pot of different castes and races of people
due to internal migration.

20 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Points to Remember :

C Nepal has been divided into seven provinces by the constitution of Nepal on Ashwin
3, 2072.

C Province 2 is the smallest and Karnali Province is the biggest in term of area.
C There is not equal distribution of land, water and forest resources to each province.
C Bagmati Province is the most developed province where as Karnali Province is

backward in term of infrastructures development.
C Each province is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. Name the biggest and smallest provinces of Nepal in term of area?
2. Which province lies only in Terai region of the country?
3. Which provinces boarder with both India and China?
4. Which province has the highest prospect of hydropower generation?
5. In which province do you live? Write any one chief feature of your province.

Short answer questions:
1. Which province has the least number of industries? How can it be developed?
2. Make a list of the main features of your province.
3. What are the challenges for the development of Karnali Province?
4. Write in short about the physical features of your province.
5. Which province of Nepal has the highest prospect of agricultural development?
6. How can tourism be developed in Karnali Province? Make a list of some
suggestions.
7. Province 1 has a good prospect of economic development. Justify.
8. Which province is the most developed? Why?

Community Work
Which province do you belong to? Make a list of important natural and
religious sites of economic importance available in your province.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 21

4Lesson DRINKING WATER, ENERGY AND HUMAN
RESOURCES AS INFRASTRUCTURES OF

DEVELOPMENT

Infrastructures like drinking water, electricity, human resources, transportation,
communication, health, education etc are the backbones of development. All these
infrastructures are equally important for development. A country cannot develop as
expected in the absence of such infrastructures. Some of these infrastructures are
explained below.

DRINKING WATER

Drinking Water in Nepal in the Past

Before the systematic supply of water, people

used to drink water directly from the sources.

They were not systematic taps, wells. So, they

used to go to sources and fetch the water

and use for different purposes. Even today

too, people in the rural areas depend upon

the source water called spring. But due to

the consciousness and change of the society,

people became aware and started to cover

the sources, protect them and use fresh and

pure water. Drinking Water

In the context of Nepal, during the rulling

period of Bir Shumsher the first piped water

was launched in Kathmandu for the drinking purpose. It was brought from Shivapuri

area in Bansbari, Maharajgung. This water was supplied in the Kathmandu Valley.

Similarly, during the time of Bhim Shumsher, water was brought through pipes from
Sangle Khola and stored in the reservoir at Balaju and distributed to different places
in Kathmandu.

However, it is only since the First Five Year Plan (1956-61AD) that the water supply
became somehow organized and systematic in the Kathmandu Valley.

Source of Drinking Water

In most of remote and rural areas, people drink directly from the sources like rivers,
spring, ponds etc. These open sources of water are polluted and contaminated. Many
of these water sources dry up in winter. Such polluted water is the main cause for
water-borne diseases like dysentery, typhoid and cholera. Every year many infants,
children and adults become victims of these diseases.

22 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

There is an acute problem of water due to

rapid population growth in urban areas. The

demand for drinking water is very high but

difficult to fulfill. Most of water-pipes laid

down during the time of Ranas have little

or no maintenances. Due to carelessness of

the people, water goes wasted as taps are

left open even after use. In the Terai, most of

the people have to depend upon tube well Melamchi Water Project Pipe line

for the drinking water. Such water contains

arsenic which is one of the causes of skin

disease. Thus the problem of drinking water is everywhere in Nepal.

The government, donor countries and agencies, private sectors and NGOs/INGOs
have been undertaking various initiatives to improve upon this situation. Melamchi
Water Project is one of such initiatives. This project has been undertaken in 2005, but
still a long way to complete. Once this project is completed, it is hoped that it will meet
the water demand of the Kathmandu Valley for some years to come.

Problems of Drinking Water

• In hilly areas, sources of water are very far and limited.

• Cost of water projects is rising up due
to political instability, inflation, power
shortage and distant location of sources.

• Diseases like dysentery, diarrhoea,
typhoid and cholera are spreading due
to unsafe and polluted water.

• The water of Terai has high level of
arsenic.

• Leakage, mismanagement and lack of People Queuing for water
proper equipment and technology.

• Lack of proper planning and
programming on drinking water.

• Rapidly growing population but limited sources of water.

• Lack of electricity to pump up water uphill of rivers and streams.

Possible Solutions

• Conserve and clean the water sources and watershed areas.
• Recycling of used water.
• Public and private partnership in managing drinking water supply.
• Conduct training to local people on the management of local water sources.
• Create awareness among the people about the proper use of water.
• Carryout afforestation programmes.
• Collection of rainwater during rainy season.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 23

ELECTRICITY

Importance of Electricity

There are different forms of energy like electricity, natural gas, solar, wind, bio –fuel
etc. Proper and regular supply of energy is vital for the economic development of a
country. Nepal lacks in natural gas, and it hasn’t harnessed much of solar and wind
energy. However, it has high potentiality for hydro power.

Electricity is one of the most important infrastructures of development. It has many
uses: lighting, heating, cooling, running fans, means of communication, machineries
and so on. All communication facilities like telephone, radio, TV, internet, fax etc.
depend on electricity. Other essential services like hospitals, nursing homes, banks,
aviation, industries almost everything depend on electricity.

Development work cannot be effectively carried out without electricity. Industries and
factories need energy in the form of electricity. So it is considered one of the important
infrastructures of development. It has been an indispensable part of our life.

Sources of Electricity Solar Plant
Electricity is generated through different means Electricity line
like water, wind, solar, diesel plant, nuclear plant
etc. But, hydroelectricity is the most common,
sustainable and cheaper source of electricity. A
country like ours, where there are many fast
flowing perennial rivers (about 6,000) has very
high potentiality of hydropower. It is estimated
that theoretically 83,290 Mega Watt (MW) of
hydroelectricity can be generated in Nepal.

Apart from hydro-electricity, we should search
for other alternatives to generate electricity. The
bio-gas plant has become popular in rural areas
for domestic use. Wind power has been used
in a few places like in Kagbeni (Jomsom), Jumla
etc. Similarly, use of the solar power for lighting
and communication is also increasing.

Present State of Electricity in Nepal Upper Tamakoshi

Electricity was first generated in 1965 BS at
Pharping in Nepal. Despite huge potentiality of
hydropower generation, Nepal is going through
long hours of load shedding. Instead of being
able to export hydroelectricity, we have been
importing it. We hardly generate 650 MW of
electricity. Hardly 20% of our population has
access to use electricity. Many of our industries
are suffering from electricity crunch.

24 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

There are many reasons for such a situation. There is a lack of political will and vision.
There is not proper planning and programming. Political instability, poor governance,
lack of manpower, fund, technology and environmental issues are some of the main
causes for such a situation. It has been quite a time that no major hydropower projects
have come into existence. A number of donor countries and foreign agencies: Japan,
World Bank, Asian Development Bank etc have been helping in this sector. Currently,
some large projects: Upper Tamakoshi (456MW), Upper Marsyangdi (70 MW), Chamelia
(30MW), Upper Karnali (over 500MW), and Kulekhani-III etc hydropower projects are
underway. Rural electrification programmes are also in operation. The government
has been encouraging small hydro projects and private sectors as well.

Major Problems to Generate Hydro-electricity.
(a) Lack of clear and constant policies to develop hydroelectricity.
(b) Political instability, poor governance and government interference.
(c) Deeply rooted corruptions and inefficient management.
(d) Large projects are given priority and the smaller ones neglected,
(e) Lack of fund, skilled manpower and technology.
(f) Too dependent on foreign grant and assistance.
(g) Private sectors are not adequately mobilized.
(h) Leakage, theft and poor maintenance.

Solutions & Recommendation
(a) Proper planning, programming and policies required.
(b) Private sector needs to be mobilized and encouraged to invest.
(c) Big and small hydropower projects should be undertaken side by side.
(d) Trained and skilled manpower should be produced.
(e) Leakage and mismanagement must be controlled.
(f) Government interference must be ended.

HUMAN RESOURCE FOR DEVELOPMENT

Introduction : Human Resource
Human resources are the set of individuals who make up the workforce of an
organization, business sector, or economy. It also means a single person or employee
within an organization. Other terms sometimes used include "manpower” or "people".
The department that oversees an organization's human resources is called human
resource management or simply HR. Human Resources is also the organizational
function that deals with the people and issues related to people such as hiring,
performance management, and training etc.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 25

Skilled Semi-skilled Unskilled

Importance of Human Resources

Human resource is one of the most important means of development. Human beings
are the ones who actually mobilize other resources for the betterment of both
human beings and the environment. The more a country has innovative, enterprising,
hardworking and skillful human resource, the faster it can develop.

It is difficult to achieve the desired economic, social and overall development of the
nation without having competent, skillful and dedicated human resources. It is an
accepted fact that only skilled human resource can utilize the available means and
resources in the most efficient and effective manner.

Human resource is also vital not only for carrying out development but also to sustain
them. It is also important for expanding opportunities to all people, particularly the
most vulnerable groups and individuals in society. It is important to develop national
human capacities to achieve sustainable, inclusive, equitable development and, to
enhance well-being of individuals.

Problems of Human Resource
• Lack of proper vision and strategy
• Haphazard production of manpower
• No balance between skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled human resource
• Lack of technical and vocational institutions
• Lack of awareness about opportunities, potentialities and scopes

There is need to enhance skills in health, nutrition, water, sanitation, housing,
communications, education, science and technology sectors. Formal and informal
trainings and coaching are essential for this. It is also equally important to make the
people aware of the latest development, scope and their own potentiality.

Surplus of skilled human resource can be exported. Women Involving in training
Skilled manpower can get better working condition
both at home and abroad. The more skilled human
resource a country can produce the better will it be
for both the individuals and the country. Everybody
should get opportunity to work according to one’s
skill, knowledge and expertise. It is only then we can
achieve the desired social and economic development
of our country.

26 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Points to Remember :

C About 70% of the human body is made up of water.
C The first piped water for drinking purpose was launched in Kathmandu during the

time of Bir Shumsher.
C About 71% of the earth is covered with water, and Nepal boasts to be the second

richest in water resources.
C In most of the remote and rural areas, people drink directly from the sources of

water like rivers, spring, ponds etc.
C Electricity is one of the very important infrastructures of development.
C Electricity has many uses: lighting, heating, cooling, running fans, communication

means, machineries and so on.
C Electricity is generated through different means like water, wind, solar, diesel plant,

nuclear plant etc.
C Electricity was first produced in 1965 BS at Phurping in Nepal.
C Human resources are the set of individuals who make up the workforce of an

organization or economy.
C Human resource is one of the most important means of development.
C Different skills, knowledge and ideas can be gained through formal and informal

trainings and coaching.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What are the two reasons of growing demand of water?
2. When was the systematic distribution of piped water started in Nepal?
3. What are the sources of water?
4. What element found in water causes skin disease?
5. Name any two water borne diseases
6. Why do we call electricity the must important infrastructures of development?
7. What are the means of electricity?

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 27

Evaluation Activities

8. Which is the cheapest means of electricity?
9. Which is the first hydro- electricity project of Nepal? When was it established?
10. About what percentage of our people have access to the use of electricity?
11. What is human resource?
12. What is meant by human resource development?
13. How can you classify human resources?

Short answer questions:
1. What are the sources of drinking water in your community? Write a report
on the condition of these sources.
2. What are the possible solutions to the drinking water problem in Nepal?
3. What is the present state of drinking water in Nepal? Write.
4. Nepal is said to be very rich in water resources but why is there so much
problem in drinking water. Write reasons.
5. Make a few posters and pamphlets to raise awareness on safe drinking water.
6. Write few paragraphs on the importance of drinking water.
7. What kinds of drinking water problems are there in rural and urban areas of
Nepal? Write.
8. Write the importance of electricity.
9. Write at least four problems and their solutions of electricity in our country.
10. How can we control leakage of electricity? Give your ideas.
11. How can the load shedding problem be solved?
12. Write a paragraph on the present situation of hydro-electricity in Nepal.
13. Show the given information on the use of different means of lighting in a pie
chart: Electricity-39.39%, Kerosene Lamp-54.17%, biogas Light-0.19%, other
materails-2.26% and Unidentified-0.99%.
14. Why is it important to have competent human resources?
15. What should be done to improve the human resource?
16. What types of human resources should be produced more?
17. List out the human resources that you need while building a house.
18. Why is unemployment increasing in our country? Give any six reasons.
19. Why are our people working abroad not getting good salary and facilities?

Community Based Work:
(a) Go around your neighborhood and find out what alternative means of
lighting are being used. Make a list of them and write a report.
(b) Collect information about various occupations that the people in your
community are undertaking and write a report on how they are contributing
to the development of your community and the country.

28 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Lesson 5 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN NEPAL

Nepal, as a developing country needs lot of development projects in many sectors.
But, due to the limited resources, capital investment, etc., the development projects
related to all the sectors can’t be launched at the same time. Therefore, the area
with maximum need is selected as a priority zone for conducting development
projects. Several development projects are being operated in Nepal. Some projects
are launched by the investment of the government of Nepal and others are funded
by the donor countries and agencies. Many of them have been completed and some
are under construction.

Development projects generally can be categorized into three types based on the
areas they cover. They are Local, Regional and National. Local projects cover the limited
area. Such projects are launched to enhance the living standard of the people residing
in that area. Some development projects cover larger areas such as district, zone,
region etc. They are known as regional development projects. The projects which are
launched to benefit the people across the nation are called national development
projects.

Some of the important development projects of Nepal are as below:

School Sector Development Plan (2016-2023)

The Government of Nepal has developed the School Sector Development Plan (SSDP)
for the July 2016 to July 2023 period to continue its efforts to ensure equitable access
to quality education for all. The SSDP was developed through a participatory process
led by the Ministry of Education. The SSDP is considered an important vessel to enable
Nepal to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and to reach the goal of becoming
a middle-income country by 2030. It is a continual plan of the achievements, lessons
learned and unfinished agenda of the Education For All programme (EFA) (2004-2009)
and the School Sector Reform Plan (SSRP) (2009– 2016) under the Education For All
National Plan of Action (2001–2015).

Its main goals are as below:

• To improve infrastructures of schools,
• To contribute to socioeconomic development and reduce disparities in the

country through the continuous and inclusive development of its human
resources capacity,
• To facilitate all citizens with opportunities to become functionally literate,
numerate,
• To develop the basic life skills and knowledge required to enjoy a productive
life

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 29

The SSDP’s theory of change is based on strengthening the school education sector
in its core dimensions, through a number of key result areas within and across these
dimensions. Some of the dimensions of SSDP to achieve its goal are as follows:

Equity: To ensure that the education system is inclusive and equitable in terms of
access, participation and learning outcomes, with a special focus on reducing disparities
among and between groups having the lowest levels of access, participation and
learning outcomes.

Quality: To increase students’ learning through enhancing the quality of the learning
environment, the curriculum, teaching and learning materials (including textbooks),
teaching methods, assessment and examinations.

Efficiency: To strengthen and reorient governance and management systems in the
education sector to make them strong and accountable to local governments while
assuring agreed overall minimum standards in teaching and learning processes and
the learning environment.

Governance and management: To accommodate the political and administrative
restructuring of the education sector in line with the identified needs and the federal
context and to ensure sustainable financing and strong financial management by
introducing a cost-sharing modality between central, provincial, and local governments.

Resilience: To mainstream comprehensive school safety and disaster risk reduction
in the education sector by strengthening school-level disaster management and
resilience amongst schools, students and communities and to ensure that schools are
protected from conflict.

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Western Nepal Phase II
(RWSS-WN II-2013-2018)

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Project in Western Nepal Phase II
started in September 2013 and ends
in September 2018. It is a bilateral
development cooperation project
funded by the governments of Nepal
and Finland. This project is managed in
the Department of Local Infrastructure
Development and Agricultural Roads
under the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development.

The overall objective of this project is to achieve improved health and fulfilment of
the equal right to water and sanitation for the dwellers of the Project area. The main
purpose of RWSSP-WN II is to ensure the poorest and excluded households’ right to
access safe and sustainable domestic water, good health and hygiene ensured through
a decentralized governance system with improved effectiveness of rural water supply
and sanitation services.

30 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

B.P Koirala Highway

B.P. Koirala Highway, also known as the Banepa-Bardibas Highway is a highway in
eastern Nepal. Kathmandu, the capital of the country has been linked with the eastern
Terai region by this road as an alternative road. It is the shortest link between the
Kathmandu valley and the Terai region of Nepal. This project was launched with the
financial and technical assistance of Japan Government. The construction work of the
road was started in 1996 AD and has been completed with the total length of 158 km
and handed over to the Government of Nepal on 3 July 2015. This highway is very
important highway of Nepal as it shortened the distance by minimum 200 km between
Kathmandu and districts of Terai region. It is believed that the socioeconomic status of
the people living in the region will be better off by this road as it saves time and money.

Points to Remember :

C Due to the limited resources, capital investment, etc. the development projects
related to all the sectors can’t be launched at the same time.

C The SSDP was developed through a participatory process led by the Ministry of
Education.

C Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Western Nepal Phase II started in
September 2013 and ends in September 2018.

C The overall objective of the SSDP-WN II is to achieve improved health and fulfilment
of the equal right to water and sanitation for the dwellers of the Project area

C B.P. Koirala Highway, also known as the Banepa-Bardibas Highway is a highway in
eastern Nepal.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:

1. What are the types of development projects? Explain.
2. What is SSDP? What are its main goals?
3. When was Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Western Nepal phase

II started? Write the names of funding countries.
4. What is the main objective of RWSSP-WN II?
5. Why is the other name of B.P. Koirala Highway? Why is it important?
6. Name some local or regional projects being launched in Nepal. Aslo, write

their importance.

Activities

1. Collect information about the development projects of National importance
and present them in the class.

2. There is need of several development projects in the country. If you have to
choose a project to be launched in your community, what type of project do
you purpose? And why?

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 31

UNIT

2

OUR SOCIAL TRADITIONS,
NORMS & VALUES

In this unit, you will learn the following subjects:
• Our Social Practices & Our Way of Life
• Our Religious Practices
• Social Harmony
• Protection & Preservation Of National Heritages
• International Personalities

32 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Lesson 1 OUR SOCIAL PRACTICES & OUR
WAY OF LIFE

Important : Way of Life

Way of life simply means the typical pattern of behaviour of a person or group or
culture. It refers to a particular way in which a person or group of persons live or do
something. It is related with culture, civilization, society, customs, traditions, heritage,
habits, ways and values.

Our Social Practices

Just like the diversity in geography, we have diversity in Janku
our ways of life, social practices, traditions and cultures. It
is mostly due to the influence of geography. Geography
compels us to adopt certain life styles, cultures and
traditions. The ways people live, eat, dress up and do
things differ from place to place and region to region. The
way people live and do things in mountain is different
from the hill and terai. Some of the typical cultures, customs,
traditions and practices we practise are Guthi (u7' L) Bheja (e]
hf), Parma (kd){ , Paincho (k}r+ f)] , Dhikuti (l9s'6L), Badghar (a83/),

Rodhi (/fw] L), Janku (h+v)' , Bel Bibaha (a]n ljjfx), Sapati(;fk6L)etc.

Guthi Bel Bihaha

Guthi is like a social trust established to help among each

other or to support some social, cultural or religious works in

time of need, emergency or on special occasions like wedding,

funeral, brataband, puja etc. It is a famous social organization

and customs of Newar communities. It is believed to have

started in the Lichchhavi period with an objectives of conducting Brataband
regular worships, jatras and festivals. The number of Guthis has

increased with the increase in the Newari sub-castes. Guthiyar

is a member who represents a family to the Guthi. The head of the Guthi is called

Thakali. There is the division of responsibilities among the Guthiyars. Dewali Guthi

conducts Clan god worship, Sana Guthi arranges corpses and siguthi is responsible for

cremating or burying the corpses.

Bheja

Bheja is a social and cultural practice of collecting or offering of contributions from

each household in cash or kinds as sida dakchhina for performing religious or social

functions. It is mostly found among the people of the Magar community. Such a social

practice on one hand brings the community closer and on the other makes it easier

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 33

to perform certain rituals. The head of Bheja is called Mukhiya, who is elected by the
meeting of the members of Bheja. Bheja selects the priest and performs rites and
rituals.

Parma

Parma is a social practice of giving and taking help in labour or services turn by
turn (alopalo) while carrying out major social, cultural and agricultural activities. For
example, at the time of planting or harvesting crops, building shelters, roofing houses,
people in the community lend labour to each other (alopalo) as parma to complete
the work at hand. Such a parma is returned next time when the parma lender has to
perform similar activities. The practice of parma is thus a culture of performing each
other’s work turn by turn collectively. This is mostly prevalent in rural and agricultural
societies.

Paincho Working in the field
Paincho is like parma. They both mean giving (lending)
and taking (borrowing) of something. The main difference
between them is that paincho is related with goods in
needs whereas parma is related with labour or services. In
this practice, people in need of some goods or services take
from somebody without any cost or interest as paincho
and return it in due time. Such a practice is generally found
in rural areas among close friends and relatives.

Dhikuti Tharu Community
The literal meaning of dhikuti is a storage room. People
keep or store grains in dhikuti. As a social practice, this
concept is meant to collecting money or fund for specific
purposes with periodical or one time contributions from
its members. A fund as a dhikuti is raised with the money
so collected. The fund is used by its members turn by
turn. Individual members can also borrow money from it
at minimum interest rate. As this practice is linked with
money, there are chances of fraud or malpractices as well.

Badghar
Badghar literally means a senior citizen of a community. As a social practice, members
of the community either choose/ elect or agree to pass on leadership according to age
or seniorty in the community. It’s mostly practiced in the Tharu community. Badghar is
chosen or elected for certain period of time or may be for life if practised hereditarily.
Badghar is seen as a guiding light or guardian in the community. Important decisions in
the community are made under his leadership and guidance. It’s in a way of practicing
democracy in our traditional ethnic societies.

34 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Rodhi
Rodhi is like a social club mostly prevalent in the Gurung community. At Rodhi, normally
at the consent of their parents. young people of the same community having the same
interest get together in a fixed place called Rodighar to discuss or to undertake or to
share or to enjoy issues or events of their interest. It provides a healthy forum for its
members to share and exchange ideas, joys and happiness.

The social practices mentioned above are only a few among many other practices
prevalent in our societies. They are our common wealth and identities. Such practices
are linked with our cultures, traditions and geographical conditions.

Points to Remember :

C A way of life refers to a particular way a person or group of persons live or does
something.

C The way people live, eat, dress up and do things differs from place to place and
region to region..

C There are practices like Guthi, Bhejo, Parma, Paincho, Dhikuti, Badghar, Rodhi etc in our
societies.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:

1. What is a way of life?
2. What are 'bheja' and 'rodhi'?
3. Why does a way of life differ from place to place?
4. What is the main food in mountain region?
5. Write down two typical festivals of Terai region.

Short answer questions:
1. Explain the terms: parma, guthi, bheja, rodhi, paincho, badghar in your own
words.
2. How does the way of life in mountain differ than that of Terai? Explain with
examples.
3. Write the life style in the hill region in two paragraphs?
4. Why do all brothers marry one woman in some mountain communities?

Community Based Work:

(a) Find out how many different castes, religions, cultures and festivals are
found in your community? List them out and write a paragraph for each of
them.

(b) There may be some unique social customs or practices found in your
community, gather information about them and share in your class.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 35

Lesson 2 OUR RELIGIOUS PRACTICES

Important : Religion

Religion is the belief in a god or in a group of gods. It refers to a supernatural power
or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe. It includes a set of beliefs,
values, and practices based on the teachings of a spiritual leader.

Nepal : A Secular State

Constitution of Nepal has defined Nepal as a "secular, inclusive and fully democratic
state" and as a "multi ethnic, multilingual, multi religious and multicultural" country.
All religions are equal in Nepal. The constitution has provided us the right to religion.
People can practise religion of their choice and liking based on their customs, traditions
and norms. Nobody can be discriminated on the basis of religion.

The main religions followed in
Nepal are Hinduism, Buddhism,
Islam, Kirat, Christianity. As per
the 2011 census, 81.3% of the
Nepalese population is Hindu,
9.0% is Buddhist, 4.4% is Muslim,
3.0% is Kirant/Yumaist, 1.4% is
Christian, and 0.9% follow other
religions or none religious.

Religion is important in Nepal.

The Kathmandu Valley alone has

more than 2,700 religious shrines. Source : CBS, Censue 2011 (2068)
Buddhist and Hindu shrines

and festivals are respected and

celebrated by most Nepalese. Besides these, there are

people practicing religions like Sikhism, Jainism, Bahai, etc.

Our Religious Practices Bhagavad Gita

Hinduism:
Majority of the people in Nepal follow Hinduism. It is the
oldest religion based on the philosophy of the Veda. It is
also called the “Sanatan Dharma”, meaning traditional or
developed over a period of time. Veda is believed to be the
oldest religious script in the world. There are 4 Vedas: Rig-
Veda, Sama- Veda, Atharba Veda and Yajur Veda. Upanishad,
Bhagawat Geeta, Puranas, Ramayan, Mahabharat etc are

36 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

other sacred books of the Hindus. Many Gods and Goddesses: tettiskoti (33 lakhs) are
being worshipped in Hinduism. Hindus recite hymns during worship.

Hindus believe in a supreme spirit called ‘Brahma’, who is omnipresent with no form or
gender. There are three most important aspects of Hinduism: Brahma, the creator of
the universe; Bishnu, the preserver and Shiva, the destroyer. There are also deities to
represent natural forces like Indra (thunder), Agni (fire), Barun (water), Rudra (storm),
Usha (dawa), Prithivi (earth), Aditya (sun), Saraswoti (Goddess of Learning), Kali or
Sakti (Goddess of Power), Laxmi (Goddess of Wealth), Ganesh (God of Good Omen),
Hanuman (God of Strength and Success) etc.

Buddhism: Lumbini
Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha
Gautama, who is also known as Gautama
Buddha. Gautama Buddha was born in
Lumbini, Nepal in 563 BC in a royal family.
He was the son of King Suddodhana and
Queen Maya Devi. At the age of 29, he
left his family and worldly possession for
searching of the solution to the pain and
suffering in life. He struggled throughout,
and at last while meditating under a ‘Bodhi’
(Peepal) tree in Gaya, he got enlightened
that the root of all sufferings is ‘desire and
ignorance’. Then he became the Buddha,
the enlightened one.

After being enlightened, he spent his rest

of life teaching what he had learned. His

teachings gradually spread over a large

part of Asia. Today, it is practised as one

of the major religions in many countries

all over the world. There is 9 % of total

population following this religion in Nepal. Buddha

Tripitaka and Jataka:

These are the sacred books of Buddhism.

Tripitaka is divided into three parts: Vinay Pitaka, Sutra Pitaka and Abhidharma Pitaka.

Vinay Pitaka, which is also called the ‘basket of discipline’, has rules for monks and

nuns. Sutra Pitaka is the collections of the Lord Gautama Buddha’s teachings. And,

Abhidharma Pitaka contains philosophical principles of Buddhism. Jatakas are the

collections of stories of Gautama Buddha’s birth and previous life.

Four Noble Truths & Eight-Fold Paths:
Buddhism is basically a philosophy of life. It believes in the middle approach. It tells us
to take moderate way to be happy. It gives importance to ‘Karma’ or deed. According
to Buddhism, there are Four Noble Truths and Eight-Fold paths to get rid of sufferings.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 37

The Four Noble Truths are:

• The world is full of suffering.
• The cause of suffering is one’s desire, greed and attachment to material things.
• We can get rid of suffering by attaining salvation (Nirvana).
• The way to achieve salvation is to follow ‘Eight-Fold Paths’.

The Eight-Fold Paths are:

1. Right Thoughts, 2. Right Understanding,

3. Right Action, 4. Right Effort,

5. Right Meditation, 6. Right Memory,

7. Right Livelihood and 8. Right Speech.

These eight elements are portrayed not so much as prescriptions for behavior but as
qualities that are present in the mind of person who has understood nirvana, the state
of the ending of suffering and the goal of Buddhism.

Islam:

Islam is the code of life ordained by the Almighty ALLAH.

Islam means submission to ALLAH and its another

meaning is PEACE. Oneness of GOD is the main teaching

of Islam. It is not a new religion, rather it is the same

message preached by all earlier prophets such as Noah,

Abraham, Moses, and Jesus (peace be upon them all).

But ALLAH’s final message to mankind was revealed to Ka'bah

the last prophet, Muhammad (Peace be upon him), as a

revival of last teachings of previous prophets and as a

reconfirmation of the eternal message. The followers of Islam are called Muslims.

Quran:

Quran is the holy book of Islam. It prescribes certain rules to be followed by its
followers. These rules shape their cultures and customs. Muslims go to the Mosque
to worship and to read Namaz(prayer). Millions of adult Muslims go on pilgrimage to
Meeca and Medina in Saudi Arabia every year. They don't worship any images. They
celebrate main two festivals Eid-ul-fitr and Eid-ul-Adha.

Kiranti: Udhauli
Kirats are the native people of Nepal. Limbu, Rai,
Yakkha and Sunuwar are called Kirat. They are
mostly found in eastern part of our country. They
are basically nature worshipers. They believe on
non-violence and preach against animal sacrifice.
They regard Mother Nature as the supreme
element. Kirant religion is a way of life. There are
3% of people following this religion.

38 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Mangsebung, Larumba in Illam is their holy place. Every year on Baisakh Purnima and
Mangsir Purnima, they celebrate Ubhauli and Udhauli puja respectively. These pujas
are observed to offer gratitude to the Mother Nature. Their religious practices are
based on ‘Mundhums’.

Christianity:

Jesus Christ, who was born in Bethlehem,

Jerusalem from Joseph and Virgin Mary, is

the founder of this faith. It is one of the major

religions in the world. There is 1.4 % of total

population as followers of this religion in

Nepal. Its followers are called Christians. Jesus

was a simple, generous and religious minded

person from his early childhood. He wanted to

free the people from the sufferings and social

injustice prevailed at that time. As he grew up,

he became a religious reformer. He called the

God as his father and himself as his son. The Celebrating Christmas
Jewish and the Roman officials became envious

of him and charged for betrayal. Eventually, he

was crucified in about 33 AD. His followers believed that he rose from his dead after

three days.

Christians worship in churches. They give emphasis on humanity, simple and sinless
life. Christmas is the main festival of Christians. It is celebrated on 25 December as the
birthday of Christ. Bible, which includes Christian writings and Jesus’ teaching is the
main religious book of the Christians. The essence of this religion is love, compassion,
generosity and humanity.

Points to Remember :

C Nepal is a secular state with multi-castes, multi-languages, multi-cultures and multi-
religions.

C Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Kirat and Christianity are the major religions found in
Nepal.

C Prophet Mohammad founded Islam, and its followers are called Muslims.
C Islam teaches simplicity, love, honesty, equality and justice.
C Kirat religion regards ‘mother nature’ very highly: Limbu, Rai, Yakkha and Sunuwar are

its followers.
C Jesus Christ, who was born in Jerusalem from Joseph and Virgin Mary, is the founder

of Christianity.
C The essence of Christianity is love, compassion, generosity and humanity.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 39

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is religion?
2. What do you mean by secular state?
3. Which religion doesn’t worship image?
4. Which is the main religious book of Buddhism?
5. What are the four main religions followed in Nepal?
6. Where is Mecca?
7. When is Christmas celebrated?
8. Who celebrate Udhauli and Ubhauli?
9. Differentiate between tripitaka and Jataka in a sentence.

Short answer questions:
1. What are the similarities between the Hinduism and the Buddhism?
2. What are Four Noble Truths and Eight-Fold Paths?
3. What do you understand by Namaz, Roza and Hajj according to Islamic
religion
4. What are the major teachings of Jesus Christ?
5. Who are the followers of Kirat Religion? What do they worship?

Community Based Work:
Find out how many different religions are practiced in your community? List them out
and write a paragraph about the main theme of each of them.

40 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Lesson 3 SOCIAL HARMONY

A peaceful interaction of human dynamics among members of a society is known
as social harmony. It is a practice of treating the people equally having no any
discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, ethnicity, religion, language, geography etc.

People of different languages, castes, races,
cultures, and religions inhabit in the same
societies unitedly having the feeling of a sense
of belongingness, cooperation, and mutual
understanding. In fact, the spirit of unity in
diversity among the Nepalese people is prime
key to social harmony in Nepal. Unity or
national unity plays the prime role to develop
the country. Social harmony strengthens
national unity by lessening hostility, hatred, conflict, mistrust, destruction, and ruins. It
unites cooperation, trust, brotherhood, friendship etc. People unitedly can contribute
to the development of the country, they can intensify their steps for the advancement
of the country. Social harmony builds up the rights and freedom of the people.

The people respect and love each other /fli6«o ufg
irrespective of their language, race, religion,
ethnicity etc. According to the population census ;of}+ y'·f kmn' sf xfdL Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL
2011 AD, there are more than 125 castes/ethnic
groups reside in Nepal, 123 languages are ;fj{efd} eO{ km}lnPsf dr] LdxfsfnL=======@
spoken and more than 10 religions are followed.
They have their own unique cultures, languages, k|s[ltsf sf6] L–sf6L ;Dkbfsf] cfr“ n
rituals, traditional norms and values. However,
there has not been any kind of conflict and jL/x¿sf /utn] :jtGq / c6n .
hatred between them up to this date. The people
speaking one language are interested to learn 1fg el" d, zflGt el" d t/fO{, kxf8, lxdfn
other languages. Different castes and sub-castes
own their unique cultures and follow different cv08 of] Kof/f] xfdf| ] dfte[ "ld g]kfn

ax'n hflt efiff wd{ ;:+ sl[ t 5g\ ljzfn

cu|fdL /fi6« xfdf| ] ho ho gk] fn .
Jofsn' dfOnf

-kb| Lk s'df/ /fO{_

Rastriya Gan

religions, but these narrow domestic walls cannot

split them into different hostile fragmentations. Instead, various festivals belonging to

different cultures and religions are celebrated collaboratively that ultimately fosters

unity, brotherhood, friendship, closeness, respect and love among them.

Nepal is a country of geographical diversity as well. It is divided into three regions on
the basis of physical features- Himalayan, Hilly and Terai. They are rich in their own

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 41

unique characteristics. The language, culture, religion, and lifestyle of people living
in each geographical region differ to each other. The climate, landscape etc. differ
from one place to another. However, they maintain dependency upon each other.
The terai gets water originated from mountains and hills whereas it supplies agro-
based products to mountains and hills to fulfill the needs of people residing there. The
hydroelectricity generated from the hills is used in the different places of the country.
No matter, whether we belong to mountain, hill or terai, we depend upon each other,
we respect each other and work together for our prosperity and betterment.It is the
unique feature of Nepalese people.

Social harmony is a vital element to introduce and maintain peace, freedom and justice.
A society that owns social harmony is considered as an ideal society. If people are aptly
united with the true spirit of social harmony, then inhumane and hostile deeds of the
people will not exist in the society.

Points to Remember :

C A peaceful interaction of human dynamics among members of a society is known as
social harmony.

C The spirit of unity in diversity among the Nepalese people is prime key to social
harmony in Nepal.

C Social harmony strengthens national unity by lessening hostility, hatred, conflict,
mistrust, destruction, and ruins.

C A society that owns social harmony is considered as an ideal society.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What do you mean by social harmony?
2. What is unity in diversity?
3. How do people depend upon each other?

Short answer questions:
1. “There is religious harmony in our country.” Justify it.
2. What role can you and your family play in your community to maintain social
harmony? Make a list.
3. Have you ever helped the physically challenged people or the people of
other language, caste, region? How did you help them?
4. Nepal is rich in geographical and social diversity. Explain.
5. Have you ever participated in any religious functions of the people other
than your community? Write a paragraph describing the event.

Community Based Work:
List out the castes, languages and religions of the people living in your community.
How do they participate in each other’s festivals and ceremonies? Write a report on
this on the basis of your experience or consult them if required.

42 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Lesson 4 NEPAL- A BEAUTIFUL
GARDEN

Nepal is a common dwelling place for people of different groups. It is a commonplace
of multiethnic, multi-religious, multilingual and multicultural people. They have their
own way of lifestyle, religious and cultural practices. Despite having different socio-
cultural practices and lifestyle, they have the feeling of ‘We’ or ‘togetherness’. They
respect and help each other. They participate in all festivals and cultural events in the
society. No matter, whether the people have the faith in Hinduism, Buddhism, Kirant,
Islam or Christianity, they go to temples, monasteries, mosques, churches etc. to
worship. They don’t ignore upon each other’s religion.

Nepal is comparable to a beautiful
garden where various species of
flowers having various colours,
shapes and sizes blossom with
co-existence. Nepal is full of
diversity of caste, culture, religion
and complexion as a garden full
of various flowers. Such diversities
have caused the difference in
lifestyle of the people. Moreover,
people living in the mountain to
terai and Mechi to Mahakali differ
not only in terms of lifestyle, they
also differ in terms of their facial appearance, language, costumes etc. Co-existence
of these differences have made Nepal an attractive, panoramic and magnificent place.

As per the population census 2068, 123 languages are spoken in Nepal. There are
more than 125 castes/ethnic groups and more than 10 religions are followed. These
languages are our national languages and our own fundamental identities. However,
all national languages are not intelligible to all. So, people speak Nepali language as
their common language which is the official language as well. The different castes,
religions, occupations, languages etc. are blossomed in the garden of Nepal like a
garden with varieties of flowers blossomed. Therefore, it is rightly said, “Nepal is a
beautiful garden”.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 43

Points to Remember :

C It is a commonplace of multiethnic, multi-religious, multilingual and multicultural
people.

C No matter, whether the people have the faith in Hinduism, Buddhism, Kirant, Islam
or Christianity, they go to temples, monasteries, mosques, churches etc. to worship.

C Co-existence of these differences have made Nepal an attractive, panoramic and
magnificent place.

C The different castes, religions, occupations, languages etc. are blossomed in the
garden of Nepal like a garden with varieties of flowers blossomed.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. Write any two languages spoken in your community.
2. How many languages are spoken in Nepal according to the population
census 2068?
3. Make a list of the caste, religion of people living in your community.

Short answer questions:
1. “Nepal is a beautiful garden”. Justify this statement.
2. Enlist the religious and cultural activities practiced in your community.
3. What do you mean by religious diversity? How do people maintain religious
tolerance in your community?

Community Based Work:
Draw the pictures depicting different costumes, festivals, tradition and cultures
practiced in your community in a chart paper and display in the class.

44 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Lesson 5 PROTECTION & PRESERVATION OF
NATIONAL HERITAGES

Tribhuwan University,

Kirtipur.

2075/01/01

Dear Anupama,

I am indeed very pleased to receive your kind letter. As you want to know about our
national heritages, their importance and preservation, I am trying to explain them in
this letter. I hope you will find it useful and interesting.

Heritage means all those valuable natural and cultural objects, features, resources,
creations, arts, cultures, traditions and symbols of identity and pride that have been
inherited, protected, preserved, promoted, and handed down to the next generations
by the previous generations.

Broadly they are of two types: Natural heritage and Pashupatinath
cultural heritage. Natural heritages are entirely Patan Durbar Square
natural and not human made. They include
biodiversity, national parks, conservation areas,
wildlife reserves, remarkable topographical
features etc. Cultural heritages are human creations
that are concrete or abstract. They include arts,
architectures, sculptures, paintings, monuments,
palaces, religious sites, books, designs, cultures,
religions, traditions, customs, and so on. Nepal is
rich in both types of heritages. United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO), has selected some of these as the World
Heritages. They are two of our Natural Heritages
and eight of the Cultural Heritages: Sagarmatha
National Park and Chitwan National Park, and
Pashupatinath Area, Hanuman Dhoka Durbar
Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar
Square, Changunarayan Temple, Bouddhanath
Mahachaitya (Stupa), Swayambhunath Stupa and

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 45

Lumbini, the birth place of Lord Buddha.

Other than these, there are many other such Changunaryan Temple
heritages in our country. To name a few of them:
Bardiya National Park, Parsa WildLife Reserve,
Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Langtang National
Park, Shivvapuri National Park, Rara National Park,
Shey-Fhoksundo National Park, Suklaphanta
National Park, Halesi of Khotang, Swargadwari of
Pyuthan, Gosainkund of Rasuwa, Pativara of
Taplejung, Chhintag Bhagawati of Dhankuta,
Muktinath of Mustang, Ram Janaki Temple of
Janakpur and so on.

You know, heritages are very important to us. They Swayambhunath Stupa
mean a lot of things to us. They are symbols of
our social and national unity, pride and identity,
they are sources of income, inspiration, creative
activities, recreation, entertainment, history,
literature, technology and other valuable aspects
of our civilization. They give guidelines and
directions in our daily lives. They promote both
domestic and international tourism.

The sites which are enlisted in the World Heritage Swargadwari of Pyuthan
Site aren’t only the pride and property of Nepal.
They also belong to the whole world. The new
generations from all over can enjoy and learn a lot
of things from them. They reflect our arts, cultures,
traditions, lifestyles, unique natural features, wild
life, flora and fauna. So it is the duty of the
government, local bodies, organizations and
common citizens to protect, preserve and promote
them.

Anupama, the following measures should be taken
to preserve our heritages:

(a) Government should make clear policies,

plans and programmes to preserve them. Halesi of Khotang
(b) Government should take strong action

against those encroaching, polluting and

violating these sites.

(c) Local people living around should be made aware of the importance of these

sites.

46 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

(d) Old structures should be repaired and maintained on regular basis.
(e) Effective security system should be established.
(f) Settlements and human activities around these sites should be properly

managed.

I hope I could address your curiosity. I will write more about the UNESCO enlisted
heritages in my next letter. Please, study hard, and convey my regards to mummy and
daddy.

Points to Remember : With love and blessings!

Your ever loving brother,
Rajanya Ojaswi

C Heritage means valuable things handed down to the next generations by the
previous generations.

C National heritage consists of natural and cultural heritage.
C UNESCO has included two of our Natural Heritages and eight of our Cultural

Heritages in the world heritage list.
C Heritages are our identity, pride, sources of income, inspiration, creativity, history

and civilization.
C The sites enlisted in the World Heritage Site are the pride and property of the whole

world.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is heritage?
2. What is national heritage?
3. How many types of national heritages are there?
4. What is the difference between natural heritage and cultural heritage?

Short answer questions:
1. List out any four natural and four cultural heritages.
2. List out the national heritages enlisted in the world heritage site.
3. How do the national heritages contribute to the national unity and
development?
4. What should be done to protect, preserve and promote our national
heritages?
5. Nepal is rich in natural heritage. Explain with examples.
6. Nepal is rich in cultural heritage. Justify with examples.

Long answer question:
1. What is national heritage? What are its importances? How can we preserve
them?
2. List out the national heritages and introduce them briefly.

Community Based Work:
There may be some natural and cultural heritages in your community. List them out,
and write about their present condition with your suggestions for their preservation
and promotion.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 47

Lesson 6 INTERNATIONAL PERSONALITY

Many people are born and die in the earth. Some of them go unnoticed and soon
forgotten after their death whereas some of them are recognized all over the world
due to their great contribution to the welfare and development of the nation. They are
remembered forever for their great ideas and virtuous deeds. They become the role
model for the people of the world. They become immortal and remain for centuries in
the heart of many people after their death. They are the source of inspiration for us. In
this lesson, we study about the two such international personalities.

Florence Nightingale

The nurses serve the patients in the hospital. They

work all day and night to serve the patients tirelessly.

The always remain occupied in giving medicines,

caring and serving the sick people. In early days, there

used to be male nurses to carry out these services.

Nursing profession was considered to be an inferior

and inappropriate job for girls or women at that time.

In such situation, Florence Nightingale was the one

who dared to hold the job and served the patients in Florence Nightingale

hospitals. Her job of caring and serving the patients in

the hospitals became an exemplar for girls or women

that they can also care and serve the sick people. Since then, nursing is open for all

and considered as a respectful job.

Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 AD. into a rich, upper-class, well-
connected British family in Florence, Italy. She was named after the city of her birth.
Nightingale was benevolent and active philanthropist from her young age. She helped
the sick, poor, needy and disabled people in the village. At the age of 17, a strong
desire to serve the sick people emerged in her and she decided to become a nurse in
her future. She believed that the god has sent her to devote her life to the service of
others. It was a divine purpose for her to be a nurse.

When she approached her parents and told them about her ambition to become a
nurse, they were not happy. Her parents were not interested to let her be a nurse and
forbade her to pursue nursing as nursing was considered as low level and inferior
work in the society at that time. Despite the intense anger and distress of her mother
and sister, she rebelled against the expected role for a woman of her status to become

48 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

a wife and mother. Her parents wanted her to marryto affluent man but she refused
the proposal of marriage and determined to continue her true interest. She enrolled
as a nursing student in 1844 at Lutheran Hospital of Pastor Fliedner at Kaiserswerth,
Germany.Nightingale worked hard to educate herself in the art and science of nursing,
in the face of opposition from her family and the restrictive social code for affluent
young English women.

In 1854 AD, Nightingale was sent to Military Hospital of Britain. She reached there with
a team of 34 nurses. She had to take care of the injured soldiers in the War of Crimea in
the hospital. The hospital was very dirty, messy and mismanaged. Many soldiers were
lying with pain and sickness and any many of them attaining death due to insufficient
care. Florence and her team sanitized the environment there at first and took care of
injured soldiers throughout the nights taking a lamp in her hand. She used to write
the letters to the families of injured soldiers. She even used to spend her salary for the
treatment of soldiers. Therefore, the patients in the hospital would call her ‘Lady with
the lamp’ or ‘A good friend’.

After she returned from Crimea, she was honored by many institutions.She was
awarded with many awards. A huge fund had been raised in the honour of her services.
She established the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses in London in 1860 AD.
Since then, the professional education in nursing was started. She became the role
model in the world for her benevolent and philanthropist services. She served sick
people, helped poor and people of disabilities throughout her life. She passed away
in 1910 AD.

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi was born in Gujarat, India on 2 October,

1869 AD. His real name was Mohandas Karamchand

Gandhi. He was an Indianactivist and the leader of the

Indian independence movement against British rule.

Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led

India to independence and inspired movements for civil

rights and freedom across the world. After completing

his Matriculation Examination, he went to England in

order to pursue his higher studies. He studied law at Mahatma Gandhi
London, England. Gandhi went to South Africa in 1893

AD and first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as

an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for

civil rights.He spent 21 years in South Africa, where he developed his political views,

ethics and politics.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 49

He returned to India in 1915 AD and joined the Indian National Congress which
had been fighting for the independence of India from the British rule. He set about
organizing peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-
tax and discrimination imposed by British rule. Assuming leadership of the Indian
National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for various social
causes, poverty alleviation, women’s rights, untouchability. He advocated a policy of
non-violence, non-cooperation to achieve independence from British rule. The main
aim of his struggle was to establish self-rule for India.

Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400
km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930 and later in calling for the British to Quit India
(BhaaratChhodo) in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions,
in both South Africa and India. Gandhi, the follower of ‘simple living and high thinking’
lived a simple lire in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional
Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand-spun on a charkha. He also encouraged
the people to wear khadi clothes instead of foreign made clothes.

Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism was challenged
in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate
Muslim homeland carved out of India. Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted
independence from British colony but the British Indian Empire was partitioned
into two kingdoms, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan.As many
displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious
violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. Renouncing the official
celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting
to provide consolation. He undertook several fasts to stop religious violence. Gandhi
was honoured as the ‘The Father of the Nation’ due to his indelible contribution the
nation.Gandhi is regarded as the symbol of nonviolence and peace all over the world.
Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national
holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence. He died on 30th
January, 1948 AD.

Kailash Satyarthi Kailash Satyarthi

Introduction: Kailash Satyarthi, born as Kailash
Sharma on 11 January 1954, is an Indian children’s
rights advocate and an activist against child labour.
He founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (Save the
Childhood Movement) in 1980 and has acted to protect
the rights of more than 83,000 children from 144
countries including Nepal. It is largely applied because

50 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8