Class 8 Social Book PDF ( Subharambha Publication ) Anyflip

Points to Remember :

C The scientific study of the population in a certain area is defined as demography.

C Demographic components are births (fertility), deaths (mortality) and migration.

C Ongoing processes of fertility, mortality and migration taking place in population

are the demographic process.

C Fertility is the actual number of live births to a woman.

C Mortality is the actual number of deaths.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions.
1. What is demography?
2. What are the components of demography?
3. Who is know as father of demographic studies
4. Define demographic components in a sentence.
5. List the components of demographic process.
6. Write short notes on
i) Crude Birth Rate
ii) Age specified fertility rate
iii) In-Migration
iv) Out-Migration
v) Infant Mortality rate

Short answer questions:
1. Differentiate between crude Death Rate and Age-specific Death Rate.
2. What is migration? Write the formula to calculate Net Migration Rate and
Gross Migration Rate.
3. Suppose, the women between 25-29 years to age in Biratnagar gave birth
to 4000 live births in 2015. If the number of women is 50,000, calculate the
specific fertility rate.
4. The population of Kohalpur is 40,000 in 2015 and occurred death of 125
people in the same year. Find the crude Death Rate.
5. How can you calculate the Net Migration and Gross Migration Rate? Explain.

Community Based Work
Find out the total population of your village or town and the number of people
coming in and going out of your village or town, and also newly born infants
in 2014.

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2Lesson POPULATION COMPOSITION IN
NEPAL

Population composition helps us to know about how population is formed on the
basis of age, caste, religion, sex, occupation, etc. Nepal is a landlocked country having
geographical and cultural diversity. Population composition helps us to know how
many people are there in terms of sex, caste, occupation, etc. Population composition
of Nepal on the basis of occupation is shown on the table.
Population composition by occupation

Occupation Population (In %)

Nepal 2038 BS 2048 BS 2058 BS
Agriculture 91.37 81.10 59.61
Non-Agriculture 6.35 18.62 40.47
Not mentioned 2.28 0.28 0.08

Population composition by Literacy.

The Literacy status (in percentage)

Sex Nepal Rural Area Urban Area
2048 BS 2058BS
Both sex 2038BS 2068BS 2038BS 2048 BS 2058BS 2038 BS 2048 BS 2058 BS
Male 23.3 39.6 54.1 65.9 56.0
Female 34.0 54.4 65.5 75.1 66.0 66.4 71.9 21.3 36.8 51.0
12.0 25.0 42.8 57.4 44.0
77.4 81.2 32.0 51.9 62.6

54.3 61.9 10.3 22.0 39.6

Points to Remember : Source: National census, 2068 BS

C Population composition helps us to know about how population is formed on the
basis of age, caste, religion, sex, occupation, etc.

C Population composition in certain area is different due to diversity in occupation,

sex, case, religion etc.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions.
1. Define population composition.
2. According to census of Nepal 2068 BS, how many percentage of people have

adopted agriculture as a main occupation.
3. Which occupation do you want to follow in future any why? Write in a single

sentence.
Community Based Work
Collect the data of any 30 person of your community and find literacy rate of

male and female.

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3Lesson POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN
NEPAL

Population distribution refers to the arrangement of population on the basis of
geographical structure, regional division and administrative units. The distribution of
population in Nepal is unequal because of diversity in land structure, climate, soil and
available natural resources ad means. More population is centralized in the places
where infrastructures of development is well available. In the Terai of Nepal, more
facilities are available and land is also fertile. So, more number of people are there
in Terai. In Himalaya Region, Human Population is less than Terai due to extreme
cold, unfertile land and difficult to develop transportation, communication, market,
electricity facilities etc.

Population distribution of Nepal according to the development region

Development Regions 2028 BS 2038 BS 2048 BS 2058 BS 2068 BS

Eastern Development Region 24.21% 24.69% 24.0% 23.08% 21.93%

Central Development Region 33.45% 32.68% 33.5% 34.69% 36.45%

Western Development Region 21.17% 20.83% 20.4% 19.74% 18.60%

Mid-Western Development Region 12.88% 13.02% 13.0% 13.01% 13.39%

Far-Western Development Region 8.29% 8.72% 9.1% 9.47% 9.63%

Source: Ministry of Health and population, 2068 BS and Central Bureau of Statics, 2069 BS.

Points to Remember :

C Population distribution refers to the arrangement of population on the basis
of geographical structure, regional division and administrative units.

C The distribution of population in Nepal is unequal because of diversity in
land structure climate, soil and available natural resources ad means.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions.
1. Which Development Region is densely populated?
2. Why is Himalayan Region less populated?
3. Write a reason of unequal population distribution in Nepal
Short answer questions.

1. Write any six reasons of having more population in Terai Region than Himalayan
and Hilly Region.

2. Which Development Region is densely populated and why?
3. In your opinion, what should be done for development in Himalayan Region.

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4Lesson MIGRATION

Migration can be defined as the movement of people from one place to another
within a country or from one country to another.
There are various causes of Migration. Mainly we can categorize as push and pull
factors of Migration.
Push factors

Those factors which push people to migrate from one place or country to other are
called push factors.
Causes of push factors

• lack of services and facilities
• Unavailability of job opportunities.
• Political instability
• social discrimination
• uneven distribution of means and resources etc.
Pull factors

Those factors which attack people to migrate from specific place or country to other
are called pull factors.
Causes of pull factors

• Availability of service and facilities.
• Political stability
• social security
• culture of mental understanding
• Equal distribution of means and resources etc.
Internal Migration

The geographical movement of people within a boundary of country is called internal
migration.
External Migration

The process of migration from one country to another is called External Migration. It
is international level of Migration.

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Points to Remember :

C Migration can be defined as the movement of people from one place to another
within a country on from one country to another.

C lack of services and facilities, unavailability of job opportunities., political
instability,social discrimination,uneven distribution of means and resources etc. are
the causes of push factors of migration.

C Availability of service and facilities, political stability, social security,culture of mental
understanding, equal distribution of means and resources etc. are the causes of pull
factors of migration.

C The geographical movement of people within a boundary of country is called
internal migration.

C The process of migration from one country to another country is called External
Migration.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions.
1. Define Migration.
2. What do you understand by external Migration?
3. List any two push factors of migration.
Short answer questions:
1. Explain about push and pull factors of Migration.
2. Why do more people migrate to Terai Region from Hilly Region?
3. What is internal Migration? How does internal migration bring the change in
population size?

Community Based Work

There may be a person in your community who has migrated in there. Meet
to him/her and ask causes of his migration to there. List what he/she says and
prepare a report on the topic of causes of migration.

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UNIT

10

POPULATION GROWTH AND
MANAGEMENT

In this unit, you will learn the following subjects:
• Measures to control rapid population growth.
• Population Management and Quality of life
• Problems of population management in Nepal.
• Measures for population management in Nepal.
• Roles of international organizations for population management.

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1Lesson POPULATION MANAGEMENT AND
QUALITY OF LIFE

Population management and quality of life are inter-related. Population management
is the practice of keeping sustainable number of population based on available
resources or bearing capacity. As the number of population is well managed, the
financial status can increase. Billions of people in world are living in the extreme
poverty. If population management is well then quality of life can be good. Quality
of life means getting happiness and satisfaction in life by fulfilling our needs. So
meaning of quality of life may differ from one country to another or even in place.

Factors Affecting Quality of life.

• Family size • Population growth
• Education • Social norms and values
• Health and sanitation • Employment status
• Security • Food and nutrition etc.

Problems of population Management in Nepal.

Population management is essential for high quality of life. According to our
census report of 2068 B.S, Population of Nepal is 2,64,94,5011. Nepal is the land
of geographical diversity where population distribution is also uneven. According to
census report of Nepal 2058 BS. Population growth rate was 2.25% but in the census
of 2068 BS, it has reduced in 1.357. Though, Nepal has high population in comparison
to available resources. It is necessary to reduce population size. Roles of NGO/INGO.
Government of Nepal, Health associated institutions and even students are important
for population management. Some problems of population management in Nepal
are

1. Low literacy rate in country.
2. Due to so called socio-cultural values and norms, early marriage is also in

practice which obstacles for population management.
3. The trend of birth spacing is short. So, women are facing health related

problems and even child can't be healthy.
4. As a male dominant society, priority is given for son. So, which has adverse

effect in population management because a married couple may give
birth to more daughters in wait of son.
5. As in our country many people feel secure for giving birth to more number
of children.
6. Due to deep rooted superstition and tradition, a married couple worries to
give the birth child immediately after marriage.

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Measures to control Rapid Population Growth

Population growth is an increase in the number of people in a country. Birth and
Migration are main factors for population growth. Reduced mortality rate, better
medical facilities, social beliefs, economic and environmental factors etc are main
causes of rapid population growth. Overpopulation is the condition where the number
of human population is more than Earth's carrying capacity. Some causes of rapid
population growth are discussed below.

Effects of Rapid Population Growth

• Depletion of Natural Resources • unemployment problem
• Degradation of Environment • High cost of living
• conflicts and wars • Degradation of Quality of life.

Points to Remember :

C Population management is the practice of keeping sustainable number of population
based on available resources or bearing capacity.

C Quality of life means getting happiness and satisfaction in life by fulfilling our needs,
C Roles of NGO/INGO. Government of Nepal, Health associated institutions and even

students are important for population management
C Population growth is an increase in the number of people in a country. Birth and

Migration are main factors for population growth.
C Reduced mortality rate, better medical facilities, social beliefs, economic and

environmental factors etc are main causes of rapid population growth.

Evaluation Activities

Short answer questions:

1. List the problems of population management in Nepal by asking to your
teacher.

2. Define quality of life.

3. Population management and quality of life are interrelated. Explain.

4. What are the causes of rapid population growth in Nepal? List any six causes
and explain any two.

5. List any six problems seen in Nepal for population management.

6. Explain about any three problems of population management in Nepal.

7. If you are elected as Mayor or chair person of your Municipality or Rural
Municipality, What Programmes will you put forward for population
management ? Explain.

Community Based Work

Visit any ten houses of your locality and ask some people about their problems
in population management. Then prepare a short report after discussing with
friends.

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2Lesson MEASURES FOR POPULATION
MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL

Bansbari, Kathmandu

2nd Jan 2016

Dear Arati,
Hope that you are fine there with your parents. I am also fine here. I received your letter
yesterday. I am happy to let you some information about measures for population
management in Nepal which you have asked me through letter.
Arati, population management is necessary for quality of life. In the context of Nepal
early marriage, low literacy rate, priority to son than daughter, early conception, etc
are the causes of rapid population growth. It is necessary to aware people about
importance of small family size. Population management means not only to stop
population growth rate. It means balance between population growth and means
and resources. If we can aware people about proper birth spacing, appropriate age
at marriage, appropriate child bearing age, role of women in family etc obviously,
there will be population management. For proper population management, role of
population education is important. So, I hope you will play important role to manage
population of your community by awaring people.

Yours

Ramila

Points to Remember :

C Population management means balance between population growth and
means and resources

C proper birth spacing, appropriate age at marriage, appropriate child bearing
age, role of women in family etc. are important for population management.

C In the context of Nepal early marriage, low literacy rate, priority to son than
daughter, early conception, etc are the causes of rapid population growth.

Evaluation Activities

Short answer questions:
1. Write any six measures for population management.
2. Compose a poem or story about advantages of proper population management.
3. Draw a picture, which reflects proper population management in your locality.

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3Lesson FACTORS OF POPULATION
CHANGE

Introduction : Population Change
Population change is the difference between the size of the population at the end
and the beginning of a period. Birth, death, migration are the factors of population
change.

(a) Birth: It is the most important cause for population change. It is related with
fertility and usually measured using the birth rate (number of live births per
1,000 of the population per year). Countries experiencing high fertility has high
population growth rate. Birth rate could also be high in a country with a young
population as more of those 1000 people would be able to have children as
opposed to a country with an ageing population.

(b) Death: it is another cause for population change. Death means end of life for
ever. It is usually measured using the death rate (number of deaths per 1,000 of
the population per year). Death rates can be high in a country with an ageing
population as an increased number of elderly people would mean the number
of those who die would be higher than in a younger populated country. Factors
such as: health services, food and nutrition, diseases, ageing, heredity, sex (male or
female), health education etc can affect death.

(c) Migration: It is the movement of people in and out of an area. Migration is caused
by various push and pull factors such as: security, welfare, facilities, healthcare,
employment and so on. It is affected mainly by age, sex (male or female), family
status, occupation etc affect migration. Migration itself can affect environment,
economic, health and social aspects of a place or a country.

Points to Remember :

C Population change is the difference between the size of the population at
the end and the beginning of a period.

C Birth is the most important cause for population change.
C Migration can affect environment, economic, health and social aspects of a

place or a country.
C Fertility rate which is the number of babies a woman has in her lifetime,

is considered a more accurate and the best way of measuring population
change.
C Both birth rates and death rates in developing countries tend to be high.

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Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What do you understand by population change?
2. What cause population change?
3. Write the natural causes of population change.
4. What are the factors affecting migration?
5. What are the factor affecting births?
6. What are the factor affecting deaths?

Short and/or long answer questions:
1. What do you understand by death, and what are the factors affecting it?
2. What is meant by birth? What are the factors affecting it?
3. What is migration? What are the factors affecting it?
4. What are the factors affecting the population change? List them out and
explain any two of them in detail.
5. What do you think is the main factor of population change in Nepal? Why?
6. Why do you think the pattern of population change is not the same
everywhere? Explain

Community Based Work:
Visit your Rural Municipality or Municipality Office and find out the population
structure of your village or municipality. Draw a population pyramid based on that
information and analyze what it represents. Present your findings in your class.

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4Lesson RAPID POPULATION GROWTH &
DEGRADATION IN QUALITY LIFE

Introduction : Population Growth
Population growth is an increase in the number
of people in a country, province, district or city. To
determine the population growth, the following
formula is used: (birth rate + immigration) - (death
rate + emigration).

Causes of Rapid Population Growth
Global human population growth amounts to around 75 million annually or 1.1% per
year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in 2012. If the
growth rate continues in the same ratio, the total population will reach to 8.4 billion
by mid-2030, and 9.6 billion by mid-2050

There are various reasons for population growth. The obvious reason is that there is
more birth than death. This is called natural increase. The global total fertility rate or
TFR (the number of children a woman is expected to have in her reproductive years) is
2.5. This is much lower than in the past, but still greater than the replacement level
(TFR of 2.1) which would lead to a stable population.

Another major reason is a result of people living longer and lowering infant mortality.
This is due to advances in medicine and healthier lifestyles. These are causes for
celebration. We can be thankful that most people can live to see their grandchildren
and that the vast majority of children survive through the formative years of their lives.

Migration results in population changes at regional levels. Some nations, such
as developed countries, receive more migrants than they send, while developing
countries send more migrants than they receive.

The causes of rapid population growth are many and tend to relate to one another.
They can be summarized as under:

• Health Factor: The control of disease, birth control measures, infant mortality,
diet, and malnutrition, the number of doctors and nurses, sexual health
education.

• Education Factor: Health education, females in education, levels of tertiary
education, literacy levels.

• Social Factors: Illiteracy, early marriage, polygamy, family structure,
universalization of marriage, high infant mortality rate, levels of care for the
elderly, availability of radio and other forms of media, clean water supply.

• Cultural & Religious Factors: Religious attitudes to birth control, status gain

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from having children, the roles and status of women in society, sexual morality
• Political Factors: Strengths of the economy, access to health care and

contraception
• Economic Factors: Economic level, poverty, unemployment, type of occupation.
• Environmental Factors: Climatic condition, frequency of hazards, environmental

conditions that breed disease.

Overpopulation

Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the number of human population
exceeds the carrying capacity of the Earth. Overpopulation is caused by a number
of factors. Reduced mortality rate, better medical facilities, depletion of precious
resources are few of the causes which results in overpopulation.

Growing advances in technology with each coming year has affected humanity in
many ways. One of these has been the ability to save lives and create better medical
treatment for all. A direct result of this has been increased lifespan and the growth of
the population. In the past fifty or so years, the growth of population has boomed and
has turned into overpopulation.

Since the time of the Bubonic Plague in the 1400’s, the growth of population has been
on a constant increase. Between the time of the plague and the 21st century, there has
been hundreds and thousands of wars, natural calamities and man-made hazards.
However, none of these have made a dent on the population. Developing nations face
the problem of overpopulation more than developed countries. When we are talking
about overpopulation, we should first understand the causes of it.

Causes of Overpopulation

Decline in the Death Rate: The root of overpopulation is the difference between the
overall birth rate and death rate in populations. If the number of children born each
year equals the number of adults that die, then the
population will stabilize. The discovery of agriculture
by our ancestors was one factor that provided them
with the ability to sustain their nutrition without
hunting. This created the first imbalance between
the two rates.

Better Medical Facilities: Following the decline
in the death rate came the industrial revolution.
Technological advancement is perhaps the biggest
reason why the balance has been permanently
disturbed. Science was able to produce better
means of producing food, which allowed families
to feed more mouths. Medical science made many
discoveries to defeat a whole range of diseases.
Illnesses that had claimed thousands of lives
were cured because of the invention of vaccines.

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Combining the increase in food supply with fewer mortality tipped the balance it
became the starting point of overpopulation.

More Hands to Overcome Poverty: When talking about overpopulation we should
understand that there is a psychological component as well. For thousands of years, a
very small part of the population had enough money to live in comfort. The rest faced
poverty and would give birth to large families to make up for the high infant mortality
rate. Families that have been through poverty, natural disasters or are simply in need
of more hands to work are a major factor for overpopulation. As compared to earlier
times, most of these extra children survive and consume resources that are not
sufficient in nature.

Technological Advancement in Fertility Treatment: Test Tube Baby
With latest technological advancement and
more discoveries in medical science, it has
become possible for couple who are unable to
conceive to undergo fertility treatment methods
and have their own babies. Today there are
effective medicines which can increases the
chance of conception and lead to rise in birth
rate. Moreover, due to modern techniques
pregnancies today are far more safer.

Immigration: Many people prefer to move to developed countries like US, UK, Canada
and Australia where best facilities are available in terms of medical, education, security
and employment. The end result is that those places become overcrowded. It leads
to more demand for food, clothes, energy and homes. This gives rise to shortage of
resources.

Lack of Family Planning: Most developing nations have large number of people
who are illiterate, live below the poverty line and have little or no knowledge about
family planning. Getting their children married at an early age increase the chances
of producing more kids. Those people are unable to understand the harmful effects
of overpopulation and lack of ignorance prompts them to avoid family planning
measures.

Effects of Rapid Population Growth

Depletion of Natural Resources: The effects of overpopulation are quite severe. The
first of these is the depletion of resources. The Earth can only produce a limited
amount of water and food, which is falling short of the current needs. Most of the
environmental damage being seen in the last fifty odd years is because of the growing
number of people on the planet. They are cutting down forests, hunting wildlife in a
reckless manner, causing pollution and creating a host of problems.

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Degradation of Environment: With the overuse of coal, oil and natural gas, it has started
producing some serious effects on our environment. Rise in the number of vehicles
and industries have badly affected the quality of air. Rise in amount of CO2 emissions
leads to global warming. Melting of polar ice caps, changing climate patterns, rise in
sea level are few of the consequences that we might have to face due to environment
pollution.

Conflicts and Wars: Overpopulation in developing countries puts a major strain on the
resources it should be utilizing for development. Conflicts over water are becoming
a source of tension between countries, which could result in wars. It causes more
diseases to spread and makes them harder to control. Starvation is a huge issue facing
the world and the mortality rate for children is being fuelled by it. Poverty is the
biggest hallmark we see when talking about overpopulation. All of these will only
become worse if solutions are not sought out for the factors affecting our population.

Rise in Unemployment: When a country becomes overpopulated, it gives rise to
unemployment as there are fewer jobs to support large number of people. Rise in
unemployment gives rise to crime as people will steal various items to feed their
family and provide them basic amenities of life.

High Cost of Living: As difference between demand and supply continues to expand
due to overpopulation, it raises the prices of various commodities including food,
shelter and healthcare. This means that people have to pay more to survive and feed
their families.

Degradation of Quality Life: As rapid growth or overpopulation exerts undue pressures
on overall health, educational, cultural, economic, security, aspects and supply of
drinking water, food, housing, clothing and entertainment means and resources,
quality of life degrades.

Solutions to Overpopulation
Better Education: One of the first measures is to implement policies reflecting social
change. Educating the masses helps them understand the need to have one or two
children at the most. Families that are facing a hard life and choose to have four or
five children should be discouraged. Family planning and efficient birth control can
help women making their own reproductive choices. Open dialogue on abortion and
voluntary sterilization should encouraged.

Making People Aware of Family Planning: As population of this world is growing at
a rapid pace, raising awareness among people regarding family planning and letting

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 265

them know about the serious effects of overpopulation can help curb population
growth. One of the best way is to let them know about various safe sex techniques
and contraceptives methods available to avoid any unwanted pregnancy.

Tax Benefits or Concessions: Government might have to come with various policies
related to tax exemptions to curb overpopulation. One of them might be to waive
of certain income tax or lowering rates of income tax for those married couples who
have single or two children. As we humans are more inclined towards money, this may
produce some positive results.

Knowledge of Sex Education: We should impart sex education to young kids at
elementary level. Most parents feel shy in discussing such things with their kids. It
results in their children going out and look out for such information on internet or
discuss it with their peers. The incomplete information is dangerous. It is therefore
important for parents and teachers to shed their old inhibitions and make their kids or
students aware of sex education.

Women Empowerment & Employment: Women should be given education, skill
and training so that they can engage themselves in income generating works. When
women are empowered, they can have deciding role in the matter of family planning.
Working couples can’t give much time to bearing and taking care of many children.

Points to Remember :

C Population growth is an increase in the number of people in a particular
place in a particular period of time.

C Global human population growth amounts to around 75 million annually or
1.1% per year.

C The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in 2012,
and is expected to be 8.4 billion by mid-2030.

C Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the existing population
exceeds the carrying capacity of the Earth.

C Decline in the Death Rate, better medical facilities, poverty, unemployment,
illiteracy etc are the causes of rapid population growth.

C Rapid population growth degrades quality of life.
C Education, employment, awareness, women empowerment etc are the

solutions to rapid population growth.

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Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:

1. What is meant by population growth?
2. What is the global population growth rate at present?
3. What is the natural increase?
4. How does migration affect population growth?
5. What do you think is the main cause of more births than deaths these days?
6. Why do people like to go to developed countries?

Short or long answer questions:
1. What is overpopulation? How does it affect quality of life?
2. What are the causes of overpopulation?
3. How are rapid population growth and overpopulation related to each other?
Explain with examples.
4. What are the causes of rapid population growth? List them and explain two
of them in detail.
5. What are the consequences of rapid population growth?
6. How can we control rapid population growth? Suggest in point forms.
7. How is quality of life related with the size of population? Explain with
examples.
8. Write short notes on:
(a) Education and Awareness
(b) Women Empowerment

Community Based Work:
In your community, there may be families having many children and families having a
few children. Visit those families, interact with the parents and children and find out
the overall differences between them.

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5Lesson ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS IN POPULATION

MANAGEMENT

Roles of International Agencies in Population Management

As there is rapid population growth and depleting resources, population management
has been a serious challenge in the context of Nepal. It is not possible to manage this
issue by the government single handedly. It requires cooperation and help from every
individual, family, society, national and international agencies and friendly countries.
At present, there are several international agencies involved in the management of
population in Nepal. They have been providing financial, technical and advisarial
assistences to the management of population.

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)

It is a multinational international agency established in
1969 as a specialized UN Agency. It has been supporting
various population programmes. It is involved in identifying
population problems and conducting awareness among
the people. Its objectives are as follows:

(a) To help the couple to have the desired size of
family.

(b) To help to maintain quality of life.
(c) To help to reduce environmental degradation and manage resources.
(d) To help to manage resources by balancing population growth.
(e) To help to implement population programmes on health care, education and

women’s status.

United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
UNICEF, established in 1946 with headquarters in New York,
is a specialized UN Agency. It works for the well being and
development of children. It helps to identify the problems of
children and helps to overcome them. It also helps to aware
improve environmental condition of children and their family. It
has been helping Nepal to carry out various programmes such
as:

(a) To conduct programmes for children’s development
(b) To support other UN Agencies, NGOs and INGOs in

conducting programmes for children.
(C) To provide for children education and health.
(d) To conduct programmes for women empowerment.
(e) To help in promotion of children’s rights.
(f) To help to supply drinking water.

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(g) To help to supply nutrition to children
(h) To help to maintain clean environment and sanitation.
(i) To help to carry out afforestation programmes.

World Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)

FAO, established on 16 October 1945 with its headquarters in Rome, has specific
objectives of raising levels of nutrition and standard of living by improving production
and distribution of food and agricultural products. It collects, analyzes and distributes
information on nutrition, food and agriculture. It also helps in conservation of natural
resources. Its objectives are:

(a) to help to increase level of nutrition,
(b) to help to increase standard of living,
(c) to help to increase agricultural productivity,
(d) to help to uplift the condition of rural people,
(e) to provide technical assistance and advice.

United Nations Educational Scientific & Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)

UNESCO, established on 14 November 1946 with its headquarters
in Paris, has a special objective of enforcing peace and security
through educational, scientific and cultural activities. It has
been helping Nepal in educational, scientific and cultural field
by providing technical advice, fund, teacher training, teaching
materials, school construction etc. It has helped in repairing
and maintaining many heritage sites. It has also been helping in
Primary Education, Cultural Heritages Conservation and Science Education Projects. It
has helped in listing certain heritage sites in the World Cultural Heritage list.

International Union for Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources
(IUCN)

IUCN, which is now called World Conservation Union, is an independent international
agency. It was formed in 1948 by governmental and non-governmental organizations,
scientists, environmentalists and conservationalists.
National Park and Wildlife Conservation Department, Mahendra Nature Conservation
Fund, Nepal Environment Journalist Group, Nepal Resource Conservation Society,
Environment Conservation Camp etc from Nepal are its members. It has the following
objectives:

(a) to protect the natural integrity and diversity.
(b) to help to maintain balance between population and natural resources.
(c) to help countries and other organizations in conservation of nature.
(d) to help to maintain balance between development and environment.

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World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF)
WWF, established in 1961 in Switzerland, is an international non-
governmental organization involved in wildlife conservation. It is
trying to conserve rare creatures, environment, natural habitat and
natural resources. It works closely with World Conservation Union.

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
(ICIMOD)
ICIMOD, established in 1983 with its headquarters in
Nepal, is a non-governmental organization. Its aim is to get
substantial natural resources development by developing
hilly regions through proper modern technology, policies
and programmes. It has made Hindu-Kush Region its working
area. Its objectives are:

(a) To exchange knowledge and information on integrated development of hilly
regions.

(b) To devise appropriate skills and technologies for integrated development of
hilly regions.

(c) To carry out researches and develop capacity to fight with problems of hilly
regions.

(d) To enhance cooperation and exchange of specialists for the development of
hilly regions.

Points to Remember :

C Population management is the proper distribution of population according
to the available natural resources.

C If the population increases beyond the capacity of available resources, then
there occur many problems.

C Population management should control population growth to the extent the
natural resources can support.

C At present, several international agencies have been providing financial,
technical and advisarial assistences to the management of population in
Nepal.

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Evaluation Activities

Short answer questions:

1. What are the roles of International Agencies in Population Management in
Nepal?

2. Name at least four International Agencies helping Nepal in Population
Management, and write their roles in brief.

Community Based Work:

Find out the International Agencies working in your area for Population
Management and Environmental Conservation, and write a report keeping in
mind their objectives, programmes and effectiveness.

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6Lesson WORLD'S POPULATION SIZE AND
ITS GROWTH RATE

The reliable data of the world population was not available before the year 1650 AD.
The situation of the world population has been studied under the three man phases.
The creation of human beings to the year 1650 AD is considered to be the first stage.
The population of the world in 1 AD is supposed to be 250 million. It increased to just
550 million in the year 1650 AD. The growth rate during this period is very low.

The period between the years 1650 to 1950 AD is second stage. The growth rate of the
world population went up alarmingly towards the 18th century due to the waves of
industrialization in the western countries. The world population reached about 2500
million at the end of 1950 AD.

The period from the year 1950 AD to present day is considered the third phase. The
world population crossed 6000 million in 1997 AD. The average growth rate was
recorded 1.4% in this period but it was 2% in the decade of 1960's. According to UN,
the world population reached to 7 billion on 31 October 2011. The world population
will cross 8 billion by 2025 AD if the current growth rate continues unchecked.

Population growth rate Population
Billion
Year 1
1800 2
1927 3
1960 4
1974 5
1987 6
1999 7
2011
Source : United Nations Population Fund estimate 31-10-2011

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Points to Remember :

C The population of the world was just 250 million in 1 AD.
C The rate of population increment was very slow till 1650 AD and reached just

550 million.
C The world population reached to 2500 million in 1950 AD.
C The growth rated went up alarmingly and reached to 6 billion in 1997AD and

7 billion in 2011 AD.
C If the current growth rate remains unchecked, the world population will cross

8 billion by 2025 AD.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What was the reason to increase the world population growth rate towards the

18th century

2. In which date world population reached 7 billion?

Community Based Work
1. Collect the population data of your community and discuss about its size in 2012

A.D. and what will be its size after five years.

2. Using atlas find out the population growth rate of developed countries and least
developed countries. Discuss with your friend that, why is there less population
growth rate in developed countries than developing countries.

3. Prepare a report about population growth in Nepal. (You can take help of your
subject teacher)

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New Model Questions - 2071 Full Marks : 75

(Based on New Curriculum & Specification Grid)
Social Studies and Population Education

Class : 8

Time : 2hrs 15 minute Pass Marks : 30

Group 'A'

Very short answer questions. 1×9=9

1. Write down any two main tourism place of central-development region of Nepal.

2. "Nepal is country of religious tolerance." State one example to prove this statement.

3. Write any two effects of using drug.

4. What is social rule? Write in one sentence.

5. What denotes the following symbols in map?

6. When and where was Olympic game began?

7. Why we do deposit money in bank? Give any two reason.

8. With how many countries does Nepal have established diplomatic relationship?

9. What are the major elements to effect the quality of life? Write any two of them.

Group 'B'

Short answer questions. 7 × 6 =42

10. Explain the major resources of energy and state the importance of energy.

11. Prepare a banner with four suitable slogans to bring awareness in the society to minimize

corruption.

12. What is the lesson you would have to learn from the life history of Mahatma Gandhi?

13. "Prithivi Narayan Shah was democratic king in the history of Shah dynasty." Present six

logics to justify this statement.

14. What is bank? Describe any four function of bank.

15. Write the name of organs of UNO and describe in brief any one of them.

16. Show the given number of students of class eight from Rastriya Secondary School in a

pie-chart.

1 3 years Ten

14 years Thirty five

1 5 years Twelve

16 years Three

Group 'C'

Long answer questions. 3 × 8 = 24

17. What is known as inclusiveness? How can we make our country inclusive? Write your

view?

18. Draw a full page out line map of Nepal and fill the following facts by using the appropriate

symbols.

(a) Annapurna Himal

(b) Tea production area

19 . What are the main elements of populations change? Explain in brief.

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