Class 8 Social Book PDF ( Subharambha Publication ) Anyflip

of Satyarthi's work and activism that the International Labour Organization adopted
Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labour, which is now a principal
guideline for governments around the world.

His work is recognized through various national and international honours and awards
including the Nobel Peace Prize of 2014, which he shared with Malala Yousafzai of
Pakistan "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and
for the right of all children to education". Satyarthi is the fifth Nobel Prize winner for
India and only the second Indian winner of the Nobel Peace Prize after Mother Teresa
in 1979. “India has hundreds of problems and millions of solutions,” the Nobel laureate
says.

Early Life & Personality: Originally named Kailash Malala Yousafzai
Sharma, Satyarthi was born as a son of a police officer in
Vidisha district of Madhya Pradesh (MP). He is simple,
soft-spoken, articulate, passionate and amiable. He
attended Government Boys Higher Secondary School,
and completed his degree in electrical engineering and
a post-graduate degree in high-voltage engineering.
He then joined a college as a lecturer for a few years.
It is said that he has been influenced by the thinking
of Mahatma Gandhi and other Indian social activists
of India.

Work: He works to free the children from slavery. In 1980, he gave up his career as
a teacher and became secretary general for the Bonded Labor Liberation Front. He
founded the "Bachpan Bachao Andolan" (Save the Childhood Mission) in the same
year. He has also been involved with the Global March Against Child Labor and its
international advocacy body, the International Center on Child Labor and Education
(ICCLE), which are worldwide coalitions of NGOs, teachers and trades unionists. He has
also served as the President of the Global Campaign for Education from its inception
in 1999 to 2011, having been one of its four founders alongside Action Aid, Oxfam and
Education International.

In addition, he established Good Weave International (formerly known as Rugmark) as
the first voluntary labeling, monitoring and certification system of rugs manufactured
without the use of child-labour in South Asia. Latter this organization operated a
campaign in Europe and the United States in the late 1980s and early 1990s with
the intent of raising consumer awareness. Satyarthi has highlighted child labor as a
human rights issue as well as a welfare matter and charitable cause. He has argued
that it perpetuates poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, population growth, and other
social problems. His claims have been supported by several studies. He has also had a

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 51

role in linking the movement against child labour with efforts for achieving "Education
for All”. He has been a member of a UNESCO body established to examine this and
has been on the board of the Fast Track Initiative, now known as the Global Partnership
for Education. Satyarthi serves on the board and committee of several international
organizations including the Center for Victims of Torture (USA), the International Labor
Rights Fund (USA), and the International Cocoa Foundation. He is now reportedly
working on bringing child labour and slavery as agenda for the United Nation's
Millennium Development Goals.

He worked with Guardian Films on a documentary about modern-day slavery in Assam.
In the film, he led a raid to rescue a girl trafficked from a tea estate into domestic
slavery in Delhi. He explains the dangers of his work. “In my own case I have my broken
leg and my broken head and my broken back and my broken shoulder, so different
parts of my body have been broken while I was trying to rescue children”.

“I lost two of my colleagues – one was shot dead and one was beaten to death. Most
of my junior colleagues have been beaten up many, many times. So it is not an easy
game”. “It is a challenge definitely and I know that it is a long battle to fight, but slavery
is unacceptable, it is a crime against humanity. We cannot accept this to happen.”

Personal Life: He lives in New Delhi, India. His family includes his wife, a son, daughter-
in-law and a daughter. He has been described as an excellent cook.

Awards and Honours: Satyarthi has been the subject of a number of documentaries,
television series, talk shows, advocacy and awareness films. He has been awarded many
international honours and awards: 2014: Nobel Peace Prize, 2009: Defenders of Democracy
Award (US), 2008: Alfonso Comin International Award (Spain),2007: Gold medal of the
Italian Senate (2007), 2007: recognized in the list of "Heroes Acting to End Modern Day
Slavery" by the US State Department, 2006: Freedom Award (US),2002: Wallenberg Medal,
awarded by the University of Michigan, 1999: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Award (Germany),
1998: Golden Flag Award (Netherlands), 1995: Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award
(US), 1995: The Trumpeter Award (US),1994: The Aachener International Peace Award
(Germany) etc. We can learn a lot of lessons from his life.

Madam Marie Curie

Early Childhood: Madam Marie Curie was a famous scientist. She was born on 7 Nov
1867 AD in Warsaw, the capital of Poland. Her childhood name was Maria Sklodowaska.
She was the fifth and the last child of her parents. Both of her parents were average
paid teachers. Her father lost his job when she was 6 and her mother died when she
was 11 years. She was simple, sharp, intelligent and witty from her early childhood.
Although her parents were poor, she got good educational and cultural environment
at home. She graduated from high school at the age of 15 with a gold medal. At that
time, girls were not allowed to pursue higher studies in Poland. Her relatives realized

52 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

that she had high potentiality of doing something great if she was given right
opportunity. Her parents were poor, and there was no way that they could send her to
foreign country for higher studies. Hence, she became a teacher for some time.

Paris and Her Discoveries: Later in 1889, her

relatives managed to send her to Paris for higher

studies. She joined Sorbonne University. She

studied math and physics and graduated with first

class first in 1893. She got scholarship to study

mathematics. She met Professor Perry Curie in

1894. Their relationship grew into life partners.

They got married in 1895. She then became Marie

Curie or Madam Marie Curie. They both worked

together to carry out several scientific researches.

With the help of her husband, she did her Ph D

on ‘A Study of the Properties of Uranium.’ During

their research, they discovered radio wave and Madam Marie Curie
an important element in 1898. They named it

Polonium to commemorate Madam Curie’s native

Poland. They continued their research. They got 10,000 kg uranium (pitch blende rock)

and conducted several experiments on it. At last, at one night of November 1898,

she was so happy to have seen a dazzling light of blue colour coming out. The light

disappeared when she switched on the light. Thus they discovered radium. It was the

radium producing that kind of light. For this discovery, both of the Curie couple and

her Professor Antoine Henri Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in

1903. Radium is used these days to treat cancer.

Her husband died in a road accident in 1906, but she continued her researches. She
discovered radio activity. She was again awarded the Noble Prize in 1911, this time for
Chemistry. Thus, she became the first woman not only to receive the Noble Prize but
a woman ever to receive two Noble Prizes in science. She also had got 15 gold medals
and 19 different degrees.

She established the ‘Curie Institute of Radium’ in the memory of her late husband
at the University of Paris. She also established Radium Institute in Warsaw. As she
worked in radioactive environment, she got cancer and died on 4th July 1934. She was
a hardworking and committed person. She believed in quality and continuous striving.
What she did achieve is unprecedented in the human history. We can learn many
valuable lessons from her struggle and achievements.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 53

Points to Remember :

C Nightingale’s job of caring and serving the patients in the hospitals became an
exemplar for girls or women.

C Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 AD. She was named after the city of
her birth, Florence, Italy.

C Nightingale was benevolent and active philanthropist from her young age.
C Nightingale worked hard to educate herself in the art and science of nursing. She

established the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses in London in 1860 AD.
C Mahatma Gandhi was born in Gujarat, India on 2 October, 1869 AD. His real name

was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.
C Gandhi went to South Africa in 1893 AD and first employed nonviolent civil

disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa.
C Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for various social causes, poverty alleviation,

women’s rights, untouchability.
C Gandhi was honoured as ‘The Father of the Nation’ due to his indelible contribution

to the nation.
C Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national

holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence.
C Kailash Satyarthi, an Indian children’s rights advocate and an activist against child

labour, along with Malala Yousafzai of Pakistan, shared Nobel Peace Prize for 2014.
C Kailash Satyarthi founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (Save the Childhood

Movement) in 1980 and has acted to protect the rights of more than 83,000 children

from 144 countries including Nepal.
C Madam Curie discovered radium and radio activity.
C The lives of Kailash Satyarthi and Madam Curies teach us that anything is possible

with hard work .

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:

1. Who are important personalities?
2. Where and when was Florence Nightingale born?
3. Why was Florence Nightingale called “Lady with the Lamp”?
4. What was the real name of Mahatma Gandhi?
5. Why was Mahatma Gandhi called “The Father of the Nation”?
6. Who is Kailash Satyarthi?
7. Who did Kailash Satyarthi share the Nobel Peace for 2014 with?
8. Who was Madam Curie?
9. Where was Madam Curie born?
10. What was her greatest discovery?
11. What is Rugmark?
12. What is Fast Track Intiative?

13. What is the ILO converntion 182 related to?

54 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Short answer questions:
1. Write a letter to your friend describing the lessons and inspirations that you
learnt from Florence Nightingale and Mahatma Gandhi.
2. “Florence Nightingale was the founder of modern nursing”. Elaborate.
3. Describe the contribution of Mahatma Gandhi for his nation.
4. Why is 2 October marked worldwide as the International Day of Non-
violence?
5. What do you mean by ‘simple living and high thinking’? Discuss in your own
sentences.
6. What might be the method of peaceful protest in our context? Discuss.
7. Why was Kailash Satyarthi awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?
8. Write about the childhood of Kailash Satyarthi.
9. Describe the childhood of Madam Curie.?
10. What are the contributions of Madam Curie?
11. What did Madam Curie prove to the world?
12. Compare the childhood of Madame Curie with Kailash Satyarthi.
13. Write down at least four different activities that Kailash Satyarthi is involved
in?

Longs answer question:

1. Write a letter to your sister describing the lessons and inspirations that you
got from Madam Curie’s/Kailash Satyarthi’s life.

2. Write about the works and achievement of Kailash Satyarthi.
Community Based Work:

1. Visit a hospital or health post nearby your school. Then, talk to the nurses
about their job and difficulties of their works. Write a report on it.

2. There may be some persons in your community involved for the development
and welfare of the community. Find out information about them and write
their short biographies.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 55

UNIT

3

SOCIAL PROBLEMS &
SOLUTIONS

In this unit, you will learn the following subjects:
• Social Problems and Evils in General
• Drug Addiction
• Corruption
• Brain Drain
• Solutions & Preventive Measures of Social Problems & Evils
• Sustainable Development
• Good Governance
• Role of International Organizations in Eradicating Social Evils
• Conflict & Its Management

56 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Lesson 1 SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND EVILS IN
GENERAL

Introduction : Social Problems

Immoral, illegal, rootless and unscientific
activities which backward the societies are
social problems. Girl trafficking, forced or
unwilling physical relationship between two
individuals of opposite sex, smoking in public,
gambling, corruptions, drinking alcohol and
misbehaving in public places or at home,
drug misuse, violence against women, theft,
robbery, kidnapping, murder, rape etc are a
few examples of social problems. Such social
problems are great hindrances to our peace,
security, harmony, well-being and development.

Introduction : Social Evils Deuki Pratha
Chhaupadi Pratha
The part or whole of social norms, values,
rituals, cultures and traditions existing in
the society which have negative or adverse
impacts on a particular gender or sex, caste
or ethnic group, children, elderly people etc
is known as ‘Social Evils’. Child marriage,
untouchability, caste-based discrimination,
gender discrimination, polygamy, Bal Bibah, Chhaupadi
Pratha, Deuki Pratha, Ghumto Pratha, Jhuma Pratha,
accusing of women and men as witches, mistreating
widows, spending excessive money in the name of social
and cultural practices, superstition (andhabiswas), dowry
system (Daijo Pratha), etc. are social evils. Such social
evils harm the peace, harmony and development of the
society.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 57

Causes of Social Problems & Evils

There are many social problems and evils traditionally existing in our country. These
are immoral, bad, illegal and unpleasant actions practised due to different reasons.
Some of the main causes of social problems and evils are as follows:

(a) Superstitious beliefs
(b) Radical values and beliefs
(c) Poverty, unemployment and inequality
(d) Illiteracy
(e) Corruption, lust for money and consumerism
(g) Population explosion and urbanization
(h) A decline of community and individualism
(i) A decline of values
( j) Drugs and alcohol

Dowry System (Daijo Pratha)

In legal sense, dowry means any property or

valuable security given or agreed to be given,

either directly or indirectly, by one party to a

marriage to the other party at or before or

after the marriage as a consideration for the

marriage for the said parties. In Nepali dowry

means daijo. It is the assets brought by wife

to the husband's family. It may be given to Dowry System
her or to him. Hence, money or property or

goods or all of them given to the daughter’s in-laws at her marriage is called dowry.

Husband may get a car or a bike or a house or land or money or any other assets as a

daijo from wife's family. Wife may get a TV, washing machine, cooking utensils, money

or just about any assets.

In rural areas dowry thrives while in cities its presence can still be felt in a lesser
magnitude. Lots of poor families have to go through financial difficulties to pay for
dowry. Even after the marriage, the groom’s side keeps on harassing and torturing
the daughter-in-law. Such an ill practice has created a lot of problems in the families
and societies. Many families are broken and many women commit suicide. They are
mentally tortured or burnt due to the reason of not getting enough dowry. There are
cases in which if dowry is not given as demanded, the groom’s side often refuses to
accept the bride in marriage. Parents of a girl are pressured to collect or save money
for dowry than giving her education. This also promotes corruptions, and feticide
of female embryo. This degrades the dignity and honour of women. This must be
avoided.

58 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Points to Remember :

C Activities including thoughts at the cost of other’s rights, safety, and socio-cultural
values are ‘Social Problems’.

C Examples of social problems: girl trafficking, smoking in public, gambling, corruptions,
drug misuse, kidnapping etc.

C Social norms and traditions having negative impacts on a particular group of people
are known as ‘Social Evils’.

C Examples of social evils: child marriage, untouchability, gender discrimination,
polygamy, and Bal Bibah, etc.

C Social problems and evils create hindrance, division, dissension, mistrust, conflict
and disharmony in the society.

C Social problems and evil practices must be ended at the earliest from our society.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is social problem?
2. Differentiate between social problem and social evil in a sentence?
3. What is dowry system?
4. Prepare an attractive slogan to create awareness against bad social customs.
5. What is gender based social problem?
6. Mention any two social problems existing in your community.

Short answer questions:
1. What are the causes of social problems and evils?
2. What is the difference between the social problem and social evil?
3. Why is dowry system considered as a social problem?

Community Based Work:
1. Does your community also have some social problems and evils? Carry out
a mini research and list them out with appropriate solutions to them.
2. Write a letter to the editor of any local newspaper regarding the issue of
dowry system prevailing in your society with your constructive suggestions.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 59

Lesson 2 DRUG ADDICTION

Drug Addiction or Abuse

The substance used as intoxicant, which affects or
damages our mind and organs is a drug. If such a
substance is taken regularly as a habit, it is called drug
addiction or drug abuse. Drug abuse is the recurrent
use of illegal drugs, or the misuse of prescription or
over the counter drugs with negative consequences.
Once people are addicted to drug, it becomes very
hard for them to live without it.

Drugs under international control include cocaine,
heroin, cannabis, smack, hallucinogens, opiates,
sedative and hypnotics. These drugs pose a threat to health, peace, harmony and
prosperity of the individual and society.

Medicine saves us whereas drug kills us. Drugs are obtained through drug traffickers.
There are a number of people engaged in drug trafficking business. The reasons for
this are:

(a) There is a well- established net-work of drug traffickers and suppliers.
(b) There is a good deal of money in this business.
(c) Drug dealers have good net-work, approach and link in customs, airports,

and other check points.
(d) Drug dealers maintain good link with high ranking officers and politicians.
(e) Drug dealers have nothing to lose but only to gain.

Causes of Drug Addiction: The number of drug abusers is alarmingly growing
all over the world. About 3-4% of total population takes drug in the world at large.
Mostly teenagers and young people are found addicted by drug than elderly people.
There are several reasons for this:

(a) Teenagers and young people are easily influenced by drug traffickers.
(b) Teenagers usually have high expectations and when they are not met, they

get frustrated and fall victim to drugs.
(c) Teenagers sometimes feel not loved and cared enough by their loved ones

and take shelter of drug.
(d) Teenagers trust more to their friends, and under their influence and pressure

they become drug addicts.
(e) Due to company of bad friends, teenagers get drug addicted.
(f) Due to family problems and lack of peace in family, teenagers get inclined to

drugs.

60 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

(g) Some youths get attracted of bad

advertisements or movies and try to

imitate them.

(h) Drug dealers abuse young people for

their criminal activities and make them

drug addicted.

Effects of Drugs on Individual: While some

of the physical effects of drugs might sound

nice, but they do not last long. Many people Cancer
get depressed and lonely afterwards and start

feeling sick. It causes mental disorder, eye

problems, throat cancer, lungs problem etc. Also, it is common for people who use

drugs to seem confused, sweat a lot and not care about their physical appearance.

Drug addicted people cannot continue their studies, pass examinations and develop

any career. They may suffer from various diseases

like AIDS, hepatitis, cancer and eventually die. They

suffer from financial crisis and involve in criminal

activities. They become problem to themselves and

to their families, relatives, societies and ultimately

to the nation. They are hated by everybody.

Effects of Drug on Family and Society: Drug

abuse will not only affect the drug abuser, but also

affects his family and society. The family having a

drug addicted member will have to go through Quarrelling with family
pain, agony, worries and socio-economic hardship.

The family loses peace, happiness and prestige.

Children and other members get victimized.

Similarly, the society also gets suffered. The society may lose peaceful environment.

There may be quarrelling, theft, burglary, prostitution, murder, gang fight and so many

other crimes due to the presence of addicted people. The society suffers in economic

development as well as it loses active and creative human resource.

Solutions & Recommendation
(a) Strict laws should be made and implemented against drug traffickers.
(b) Mass awareness programme about the bad effects of drugs should be
conducted.
(c) Individuals, social organizations and government should work together
against drug abuse.
(d) We should create children friendly environment in the family and society.
(e) We should provide proper counseling to children.
(f) Children should be given proper love, care, attention and environment.
(g) Rehabilitation centres should be established for addicts
(h) Drug addicts should be given love, care and attention by the family and

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 61

PointssotcoietyR. emember :

C The substance used as intoxicant, which affects or damages our mind and organs is
a drug.

C If addictive or illegal drug is taken regularly as a habit, it is called drug addiction or
drug abuse.

C Drugs under control include cocaine, heroin, cannabis, smack, hallucinogens,
sedative and hypnotics.

C Drug abusers may suffer from various diseases like AIDS, hepatitis, cancer and
eventually die.

C Drug abuse will not only affect the drug abuser, but also affects his family and
society.

C Drug abuse must be controlled immediately.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is drug?
2. What is drug addiction?
3. What is drug trafficking?
4. Prepare a poster with a suitable title and slogan on drug abuse.

Short answer questions:
1. Why is it difficult to combat international drug trafficking?
2. Why do teenagers and young people fall easy prey to drug traffickers?
Write the reasons.
3. What should be done to stop drug abuse from the side of government and
individual?
4. Why do people become drug abusers? Write the reasons.
5. How does drug affect an individual, family and society?
6. How would you react if a friend of yours asks you to try some drugs?
7. If you have to air some messages on radio on drug abuse, what would you
write? Prepare a radio message or a poem or song to be aired.

Community Based Work:
What alcoholic drinks are used in your neighborhood? List them and write the
problems caused by them. Mention also how can you help a drunkard to start a
new life?

62 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Lesson 3 CORRUPTION

Introduction : Corruption Corruption

Corruption is most commonly defined as
the misuse or the abuse of public office for
private gain. It can come in various forms
and a wide array of illicit behaviour, such
as bribery, extortion, fraud, nepotism,
graft, speed money, theft, embezzlement,
falsification of records, kickbacks, influence
peddling and campaign contributions.
While corruption is commonly attributed
to the public sector, it also exists in other
aspects of governance, such as political
parties, private business sector, and NGOs.

Effects of Corruption
The cost of corruption is multi-dimensional:

(a) It affects every section of the society.
(b) It is a major challenge to democracy and rule of law.
(c) It depletes national wealth.
(d) It undermines the trust in the system, institution and leadership.
(e) It hurts environment and resources.
(f) It makes administrative machinery weak, ineffective and useless.
(g) It creates frustration, disharmony and conflict.
(h) It hinders the socio-economic pace of development.
(i) It creates gap among people.

( j) It pollutes the society.
Transparency International (TI)

It is an organization to fight against corruption. It is a global corruption watchdog.
It is founded in 1993. It publishes Corruption Perception Index (CPI) annually. CPI
generally defines corruption as "the misuse of public power for private benefit. The
CPI ranks countries on a scale from 100 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt). It measures
the perceived level of corruption among public officials and politicians. It is calculated

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 63

with the range 0-10, where midpoint is 50. The countries having the CPI score more
than 50 are taken less corrupt, and the countries scoring less than 50 are more corrupt.
There are numerous reasons for the rampant corruption taking place in Nepal:
The major causes are:

(a) Political instability.
(b) Illiteracy.
(c) Backwardness.
(d) Poor implementation of law and order.
(e) Lack of transparency and accountability.
(f) Mass poverty.
(g) Centralized power and monopoly.
(h) Lack of reward and punishment.
(i) Deep rooted network of corruption.
( j) Vested interest and lack of responsibility and nationality.
(k) Low salary and remuneration
Solution and Recommendation
Every individual needs to work together to control this problem. The following
measures are suggested:

(a) Strict laws and their implementation.
(b) Education and awareness of the people.
(c) Value based education.
(d) Effective monitoring, vetting, cross-checking of suspected cases of corruption.
(f) Social boycott against corrupted people.
(g) Transparency, accountability and good governance.
(h) Reforming budget process.
(i) Empowerment of corruption controlling agencies like CIAA.
( j) Effective coordination and cooperation among law enforcing agencies.
(k) Close collaboration among civil society, media and individual citizen.
(i) Discouragement of luxurious and extravagant life style.

64 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Points to Remember :

C Officials enriching themselves improperly and unlawfully is called corruption.
C Misuse of public fund, making deliberately wrong decisions to favour friends, relatives

and business partners or others in contact are some examples of corruptions.
C Corruption is a serious social problem in Nepal, which is among the most corrupted

countries.
C Political instability, illiteracy, backwardness, poor implementation of law and order,

lack of transparency and accountability are some causes of growing corruption.
C Every individual needs to work together to control this problem.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is corruption?
2. Why is corruption taken as a social problem?
3. What is Transparency International (TI?
4. Prepare a poster with a suitable title and slogan against corruption?
5. What is the Corruption Perception Index (CPI)?

Short answer questions:
1. What are the causes of corruption in our country?
2. CIAA is working to check corruption but it is still increasing, why?
3. What are the activities carried out by the CIAA to check corruption? Are you
satisfied with its work? Give your opinion.
4. What should be done to control corruption in Nepal? Write any 4 steps.
5. What are the effects of corruption in Nepal? Write in point form.

Community Based Work:
Visit the Rural Municipality/Municipality office in your community and find out
how transparent it is in its activities. Write an evaluation report and present to
your class.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 65

Lesson 4 BRAIN DRAIN

Introduction : Brain Drain

Brain drain or human capital flight refers to the emigration of intelligent, well educated
individuals to somewhere for better pay or conditions. It is the large scale migration of
highly educated, skilled and talented people of less economically advanced countries
to highly rich and developed countries due to conflicted issues, political instability
and lack of opportunities in the developing countries. In other words brain drain
describes the cross-border movement of highly skilled persons who stay abroad
for a longer period of time. Highly skilled persons are defined as having studied or
currently studying for a university degree or possessing equivalent experience in a
given academic field.

It causes the place they come from to lose those skilled people or ‘brains’. Brain drain
is common in developing countries. Nepal is one of the countries facing this challenge.
A large number of skilled people leave Nepal every day. Every year more than 250,000
youth are reported to leave Nepal for various reasons. They seek opportunity in
its various manifestation — higher living standards, employment, better income,
education, a luring western lifestyle, stability and security. Brain drain is happening all
over the world.

Causes of Brain Drain

There are many factors which cause brain drain from the less developing countries
to the highly developed countries. The regional, national and global flow of migrants
is increasing every second. The reasons may be different from region to region; ie
satisfactory facilities of goods and services, the reconnection of diverse cultural
groups, conflict and war, political instability, health risks and the lack of opportunities.
There are two main factors due to which people move from one place to another. They
are push factors and pull factors.

Push Factors:
There are certain push factors causing brain drain, to leave the less developed country
to developed countries as listed below:

• Substandard living conditions, dearth of conveyance, accommodation
• Under-utilization of skilled and semi- skilled personnel
• Lack of adequate working conditions
• Low and corroding wages
• Discrimination in recruitments and promotions
• Social unrest, political instability, conflicts and wars
• Lack of research facilities, research funds, and professional apparatus and tools

66 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

• Lack of freedom and autonomy
• Deteriorating excellence of educational system,
• Poverty, unemployment, epidemics diseases, corruption, etc.
• Lack of quality education for children
• Lack of career opportunities
Pull Factors:
Similarly, there are numerous pull factors at the destination states:
• Sophisticated standard of living
• Employment opportunity
• Greater income and higher wages
• Extensive resources for research, unconventional and advanced technology
• Healthier working conditions; employment and occupation opportunities
• Modern educational schemes; prestige of ‘foreign training’
• Political stability & foreigner secured policies
• Meritocracy, transparency
• Scholarly & intellectual autonomy.
• Appreciation & rewards on governmental level

Negative Effects of Brain Drain

The phenomena of brain drain leaves harmful effects in poor countries like Nepal
when talents and skilled labour go elsewhere. Developed and rich countries become
richer and more developed and poor and developing countries become poorer.
Consequently, there will be poorer rates of growth and development. Brain drain
usually involves the loss of human capital, ie a skilled labour force which is vital to
the development of society and the country as a whole. The brain drain benefits
individuals more than society. Because of this ‘brain drain’ the developing countries
lose in many ways:

• Loses potential entrepreneurs
• Shortage of key skilled workers
• Reduces confidence in the economy as people aspire to leave rather than stay.
Positive Effects of Brain Drain

• The brain drain may cause some positive effects for source countries:

• Export of human resources.

• Remittance is received.

• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) may increase.

• Level of education increases in sending countries.

• Surplus manpower are absorbed.
• New skills and knowledge can be obtained
Solutions and Recommendation

The following measures can be taken to end such social problems and social evils:

(a) Employment opportunities.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 67

(b) Development of various infrastructures
(c) Competent pay and facilities
(d) Peace and political stability.
(e) Good governance

Points to Remember :

C Brain drain also called human capital flight is emigration of skilled people to other
countries..

C Every year, more than 250,000 youth are reported to leave Nepal for various reasons.
C There are two main factors of brain drain: push factor & pull factor.
C The phenomena of brain drain leaves harmful effects in poor countries like Nepal.
C The brain drain benefits individuals more than society.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:

1. What is brain drain?
2. What is the full form of FDI?
3. What are the factors responsible for brain drain?
4. Make an attractive slogan to discourage brain drain.
Short answer questions:

1. What are the causes of brain drain? Write in point form..

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of brain drain?.

3. List out the push factors of brain drain.

4. Is brain drain a boon or a problem for a country like Nepal? Discuss.

5. Social problems and evils are the main obstacles to our development. Justify
with examples.

6. Divide the social problems of our country into traditional and modern
(caused by technology and foreign influence), and write in brief about them.

7. "Brain drain benefits the individual more than the society". Explain
Community based Work:

Look at the following news headlines and write about the problems of the Nepali
Society:

ued{ } ljx] l5gfk] mfgf] Kantipur:2067/3/29

blnt ljx] ugs{] f] za p7]g Kantipur; 2067/3/2

gAa] k|ltzt eGbf jl9sf] pd]/ gk'Ub} ljx] Nepal Samachar Patra : 2068/3/2

jfS] ;f jfS] ;Lsf] cf/fk] df dnd'q v'jfOsf] Annapurna Post : 2069.5/28

cGthf{lto hf]8LnfO{ 3/ k|jz] df /f]s Samachar Patra: 2070/3/12

5f/] fsf] cfzdf jfx| 5f]/L Nagarik; 2071/3/14

ljb]z k9\g hfgs] f] ;V+ of j9o\ f] Naya Nepal Saptahik 2072/1/15

68 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Lesson 5 SOLUTIONS TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS
AND EVILS

Let’s stop dowry system.

Gender discrimination is a curse to humankind.

Let the people of Terai, hill and mountain united.
Girl trafficking is a heinous act.

Daughters are also our children.
Castes are manmade.

The following is a conversation between a press reporter and a social worker on the
solution of the Social problems:

Reporter: Namaste! I know you are busy with some important social works. As
we all know that there are many social problems in our country, what
can be the ways to solve them?

Social Worker: Namaste! You are right. We have too many social problems. We
should try to solve them one by one. We need to first identify the
root causes. Once we know why a particular problem exists, then I
think we can address it accordingly.

Reporter: Can you please tell me some of the causes of these problems?

Social Worker: Different social problems have different causes for their origin. For
example: dowry system has its root in the structure of our society.
Our society is very much a male-dominated society. Women are
looked as inferior submissive and docile to men and are considered
as commodities. Likewise, the caste, the class, lingual, religious and
cultural differences and problems are rooted in social and economic
structure of our country. These are resulted by the feudal character
of the society.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 69

Reporter: I agree there are different causes. But, after the establishment of
Loktantra, the state is not taking discriminatory policies. The Interim
Constitution has provided equal rights to all. These problems have to
end now, don’t they?

Social Worker: You are right. The constitution has given many rights, and many
relevant laws have been accordingly amended. But enacting laws is
not the end. What is important is its sincere, honest and effective
implementation. People’s cooperation and understanding is important
in this regard.

Reporter: In your view, what should be done to implement the laws effectively?

Social Worker: First of all, the people should be educated and made aware of
the enacted laws. Government machineries, different agencies,
media, INGOs, NGOs, civil society, students, teachers, professionals,
individuals etc should work hand in hand. They all should join hands
to educate and aware the people, and fight against the existing social
problems and evils.

Reporter: Will the mentality of the general public change with such activities?

Social Worker: Of course, it will change. We have to be patient. It may take a longer
time as many of the problems are deeply rooted. But, united and
committed with positive mind, we can sooner or later bring the
desired changes. The important thing is our attitude and willingness.

Reporter: Thank you very much. I am highly obliged that you provided me
your valuable time and shared so much with me about the possible
solutions of the social problems in our country. Do you have anything
to add?

Social Worker: Thank you too for giving me this opportunity to share my views. I
should say that education, social awareness, feeling of humanity
and compassion, tolerance, positive attitudes are the most crucial
elements in eradicating the social problems. Every section of the
society being united, we can definitely end these social problems.

70 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:

1. Make a poster with a catchy slogan in order to bring social awareness among
the people.

2. What is the most important factor in the eradication of the social problems?
3. Write down at least three domestic violences against women.

Short answer questions:

1. Public awareness is vital in solving the social problems. Justify.
2. Write down the different ways of solving the social problems.
3. Write down how the following social problems can be solved: gender

inequality, untouchability, unemployment, class discrimination, dowry
system, domestic violence, and child labour.
4. Although it is illegal, there is widespread child labour in our country. As a
responsible citizen, how will you solve this problem? Write your plan.
5. Write a dialogue between two friends discussing the growing problem of
corruption in Nepal.

Community Based Work:

(a) Find out what social problems are prevalent in your community and prepare
a plan to solve them.

(b) Write a letter to the editor of the Gorkhapatra about the problems of brain
drain in Nepal suggesting their possible solutions.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 71

Lesson 6 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Development is an ongoing process. It takes place with the proper utilization of
available resources. However, development without proper planning cannot be smooth
and long-lasting. The unplanned and haphazard development leaves the negative
impact on the environment. Proper utilization of resources with proper planning by
skilled human resources can be beneficial for both the environment and living beings.
The sustainable development is durable and leaves the least possible damages on the
environment.

The term ‘sustainable development’ was used in early 1980’s for the first time
formally though it was practiced earlier. In 1980 AD, the International Union for
the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) published a strategy that included ideas about
sustainable use of resources. In 1987 the United Nations World Commission on
Environment and Development released the report Our Common Future, commonly
called the Brundtland Commission Report which was chaired by the then Norwegian
Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland. The report included one of the most widely
recognized definitions of sustainable development. According to the Commission,
sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs. Since the Brundtland Report, the concept of sustainable development
has developed beyond the initial inter generational framework to focus more on the
goal of "socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic growth". In 1992,
the UN Conference on Environment and Development published the Earth Charter,
which outlines the building of a just, sustainable, and peaceful global society in the
21st century. It emphasizes that everyone is a user and provider of information in
sustainable development. It stresses the need to change from old sector-centered ways
of doing business to new approaches that involve cross-sectoral co-ordination and the
integration of environmental and social concerns into all development processes. It
also emphasizes that broad public participation in decision making is a fundamental
prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.

72 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Sustainable is more clarified in the following figure:

Sustainable Concern for Self-managed
use of Future

Resources Generation

Sustainable
Development

Eco-friendly Emphasis on
and Balanced social justice
Development

Thus, sustainable development is a planned development process with proper utilization
of means and resources. It includes economic development, social development and
environmental conservation. It integrates conservation activities with development
activities so that the developmental works sustainable.

Objectives of Sustainable Development
• To increase public participation
• To conserve the environment
• To make wise use of natural means and resources
• To accelerate economic growth and social progress
• To strengthen human development and promote social harmony
Methods to ensure sustainable development
• Conservation of forest and environment through afforestation, reforestation, fire

control etc.
• Use of appropriate technology
• Use of renewable and perpetual alternative energy
• Proper management of urban wastes
• Stop irrational excavation and extraction of sand, gravel and pebbles from rivers
• Control of rapid population growth
• Poverty alleviation
• Empower organic agriculture
Importance of Sustainable Development
• Proper utilization of natural means and resources

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 73

• Sense of responsibility and accountability
• Development based on active public participation
• Protection of biodiversity and wildlife
• Nature-friendly development activities
• Development activities are carried out according the carrying capacity of the

Poinetasrth.to Remember :

C Proper utilization of resources with proper planning by skilled human resources can
be beneficial for both the environment and living beings.

C In 1987 the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development
released the report Our Common Future, commonly called the Brundtland
Commission Report which was chaired by the then Norwegian Prime Minister Gro
Harlem Brundtland.

C In 1992, the UN Conference on Environment and Development published the Earth
Charter.

C According to the Commission, sustainable development is the development that
meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is sustainable development?
2. Write any two objectives of sustainable development.
3. Which commission brought out the concept of sustainable development?
4. Write any two importance of sustainable development.

Short answer questions:
1. Define sustainable in your own words with proper example.
2. What should be considered the most to ensure the sustainable development?
Write at least four methods.
3. What role do we need to play for making development sustainable? Write
your views.
4. ‘Sustainable development ensures social justice for all’. Justify the statement.
5. Why is sustainable development important?
Community Based Work:
The efforts applied to raise the level of backward groups of people such as
Dalits, women, disabled, and other underprivileged ones by providing them
with better facilities and opportunities is called social justice. Have such
people in your community got social justice? Prepare a report on it.

74 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Lesson 7 GOOD GOVERNANCE

Good governance is the process of decision making and the process by with decisions
are implemented. It is the way in which a certain government works by establishing
certain policies and monitoring their proper implementation by the members of
governing body. Thus, good governance means the fair and accurate application of
administrative rights. It is for the provision of easy and accessible services for the
general public on behalf of the state. Publicly accountable government, transparency
in decision making and corruption free society are the fundamental aspects of good
governance. Extensive public participation and rule of law are also the bases of good
governance.

Characteristics of Good Governance

Participatory Consensus
Rule of Law Oriented

Good Accountable
Governance Transparent

Equitable and
Inclusive

Effective and Responsive
Efficient

Participatory:

Good governance allows every concerned people to provide the opinion in of making
decisions.

Consensus Oriented:

Good governance is dedicated to consensus decision-making process. Consensus
decision-making is a group decision-making process where disputes are settled
peacefully through negotiation. The group members agree to support a decision in the
best interest of the whole.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 75

Accountable:
Good governance is accountable to the people. It takes responsibility for the decisions
made.
Transparent:
The decision-making process is clear and transparent in good governance.
Responsive:
A good governance reacts its citizens positively without delay and overcharge.
Equitable and inclusive:
Everyone is treated with equal opportunity, no one is biased in good governance.
Rule of law:
There is rule of law, every state of affairs is governed by main law.
The essential elements of good governance:
• Everyone should follow the existing laws.
• Everyone should feel the good governance.
• Each and every work should be transparent.
• There should be the provision of Citizen Charter in each office.
• Qualitative and prompt services for the public.
Advantages of Good Governance
• Control of corruption
• Maintenance of peace and prosperity
• Availability of goods and services easily
• Availability of social justice for all
• Harmonious relation between the rulers and the ruled
• Proper distribution of means and resources

Challenges of Good Governance
It is difficult to achieve good governance in totality in a country like ours. There are
many seen and unseen, some deeply rooted challenges to it. They are mainly as follows:

• Illiterate and Weak Civil Society
• Deeply Rooted Corruption
• Weak Law Enforcement and Impunity
• Procedural Administration

76 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

• Lack of Public Awareness and Pressure
• Unstable Government and Unstable Policies
• Old or Traditional Mind Set

To fight against the above challenges and to bring about good governance,
governmental, private sector and every individual should work together. Mass
awareness and educational programmes should be launched. A structural reform
has to be done. Our official and legal working procedures should be appropriately
improved. Civil society and private sector should play more active role. Judiciary and
law enforcing agencies should be appropriately empowered, trained and equipped.
Our mind set needs to be changed as per time. We should transform the administration
from process oriented into action and service oriented.

Points to Remember :

C Good governance means the fair and accurate application of administrative rights.
C Publicly accountable government, transparency in decision making and corruption

free society are the fundamental aspects of good governance.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is good governance?
2. Define transparency.
3. What is accountability?

Short answer questions:
1. What are the characteristics of good governance? Write briefly on each of
them.
2. "Good governance is essential to ensure social justice to all”. Justify the
statement.
3. What are essential elements of good governance? Explain in brief.
4. What are the challenges of good governance in the context of Nepal? How
can you bring about good governance?
Community Based Work:
Ask some people in your community about the good governance. Prepare a
report on it.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 77

Lesson 8 ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATION TO CONTROL

SOCIAL PROBLEMS

There are several international organizations and UN specialized agencies engaged
to control and solve social problems all over the world. They are actively involved in
Nepal as well. They provide us various services and supports. Some of them are briefly
introduced below.

Transparency International (TI)

Transparency International (TI) is an international
non-governmental organization, established on 4th
May 1993 AD. Its headquarters is in Berlin, Germany.
Peter Eigen is the leading contributor to establish
this organization. It is a nonprofit making global anti-
corruption organization. Its purpose is to take action to
combat global corruption and prevent criminal activities arising from corruption. It is the
global civil society organization leading the fight against corruption. It brings people
together in a powerful worldwide coalition to end the devastating impact of corruption
on men, women and children around the world.This organization has been publishing
Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and Bribe Payers Index (BPI) since 1995 and 1999
AD respectively. This organization monitors political corruption worldwide. It has been
operating its activities in more than 100s of countries in the world coordinating with
its chapter offices.

The main objective of this organization is to establish a world free from corruption by
eliminating corruption and promoting transparency, accountability and honesty in the
government, politics, business, civil society and general people. Similarly, its aim is to
stop corruption and promote transparency, accountability, and conviction at all levels
and all sectors of the society. Transparency, accountability, conviction, solidarity,
courage, justice and democracy are its core values.

Transparency International administers its activities through its national chapters
in individual countries. It works against corruption at national levels. Transparency
International Nepal is working against corruption in Nepal as the national chapter of TI.

United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund
(UNICEF)

United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
was established in on 11th December 1946 AD. Its
headquarters is in New York, the USA. It works for

78 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

the protection and prosperity of children. It is one of the specialized agencies of
the United Nations Organization. It has been conducting its programs in about 160
countries in the world. Its contribution in the area of education, health, nutrition, and
safe motherhood in the developing countries is remarkable.

Nepal also has a branch office of UNICEF in Kathmandu. It has been working for the
long-term benefits to children and mothers. Nepalese children and mothers have been
benefited from its programs. UNICEF deals with the following programs in Nepal:

Poverty alleviation programs
• Prevention, counseling, and treatment of HIV/AIDS

• Control and counselling against drug abuse by women and children

• Eradication of gender discrimination issues

• Policymaking, counseling and coordination on child rights

• Protection of women and children victimized by violence, exploitation, and abuse

Save the Children
Save the children is an international non-governmental
organization that promotes children's rights, provides
relief and helps support children in developing
countries. It was established on 15 April 1919 in
London, United Kingdom in order to improve the
lives of children through better education, health care,
and economic opportunities, as well as providing
emergency aid in natural disasters, war, and other
conflicts. It has been working in more than 120 countries in the world now. It has been
working in the area of protection of child rights. It protects the children from poverty,
hunger and HIV/AIDS.It conducts the different awareness programs regarding child
rights for school children in order to eradicate social evils.

International Red Cross Society

It is an international organization established on 26 Oct
1863 in Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded by a young
Swiss businessman, doctor and philanthropist, Jean Henry
Dunant. The name comes from its flag. It has a Red Cross
on white background. The basic principles of the Red Cross
societies are humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence,
voluntary service, unity and universality.

Dr. Hermann Gmeiner

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 79

Humanity

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, born of a desire to bring
assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield, endeavours, in its
international and national capacity, to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever
it may be found. Its purpose is to protect life and health and to ensure respect for the
human being. It promotes mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting
peace amongst all people.

Impartiality

It makes no discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political
opinions. It endeavours to relieve the suffering of individuals, being guided solely by
their needs, and to give priority to the most urgent cases of distress.

Neutrality

In order to enjoy the confidence of all, the Movement may not take sides in hostilities
or engage in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature.

Independence

The Movement is independent. The National Societies, while auxiliaries in the
humanitarian services of their governments and subject to the laws of their respective
countries, must always maintain their autonomy so that they may be able to act in
accordance with the principles of the Movement at all times.

Voluntary Service

It is a voluntary relief movement not prompted in any
manner by desire for gain.

Unity

There can be only one Red Cross or Red Crescent Society Voluntary Service
in any one country. It must be open to all. It must carry
on its humanitarian work throughout its territory.

Universality

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, in which all societies have
equal status and share equal responsibilities and duties in helping each other, is
worldwide.

It is the oldest, most honoured, most widely recognized organization in the world. It
has won three Nobel Peace Prizes in 1917, 1944, and 1963. Red Cross Society has now
spread all over the world. There are its national branches in 188 countries including
Nepal. The Nepal Branch of the Red Cross Society was set up in 1963. Since then, it
has been very active in providing various services to the needy people. There are more
than 97 million Red Cross volunteers all over the world. Nepal also has over 1 lakh Red

80 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Cross volunteers. Red Cross Societies are funded either by voluntary contributions or
by government grants.

Initially, it was established to help the sick and wounded soldiers in a war. At present,
it has been involved mainly in 3 sectors at the international level:

(a) Refugees management and settlement.

(b) Relief works.

(c) Acts as Tracing Agency (keeps record of the people and family to be united
after the war or calamities)

The followings are the various activities Red Cross conducts:
(a) Supports war victims.

(b) Provides food, clothes and other necessary things to the victims of natural
calamities.

(c) Helps rehabilitating refugees, displaced and homeless persons.

(d) Conducts blood donation programmes, maintains blood bank and provides
blood to needy people.

(e) Runs child health care programmes.

(f) Supplies drinking water to remote places.

(g) Provides nutritious food to needy children and mothers.

(h) Provides first aid trainings.

The Scouts

The Scout is an international organization. It was founded by
Lieutenant General Robert Baden Powell of England in 1907 AD.
It is now probably the largest voluntary organization in the
world. There are millions of scouts in about 182 countries. It is a
non-political organization opened to both girls and boys. They
wear uniform with a scarf. Boys wear dark brown pants and light
brown shirt and girls green frocks or saree. It may differ from
country to country. In some countries, girls are called guide, but
in Nepal, both are called scouts.

Nepal Scout was established in 1952 AD with its headquarters

in Lainchaur, Kathmandu. It was recognised by the World

Scout Conference in 1969. Now, it has spread all over the

country. There are over 32,000 scouts in Nepal. According to

Powell, "The aim of scout training is to improve the standard of

the future citizen hood, especially in Character and Health; to

replace self with service to make the lads individually, morally

and physically efficient, with the object of using that efficiency Robert Baden Powell
for service for their fellow-men." For the fulfillment of this aim

Scout has a promise and law which provide a framework under

which all the Scouting activities are existed. The promise of Scout is:

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 81

On my honor, I promise that I will do my best
To do my duty to God and my Country,
To help other people at all times, and
To obey the Scout Law

Similarly, Scouts is bound with certain laws which are mentioned below:

1. A Scout’s honor is to be trusted.

2. A Scout is loyal to their country, Scouters, parents, employers, and those
under them.

3. A Scout’s duty is to be useful and to help others.

4. A Scout is a friend to all and a brother (sister) to every other Scout.

5. A Scout is courteous.

6. A Scout is a friend to animals.

7. A Scout obeys the orders of his or her
parents, Patrol Leader, and Scouter
without question.

8. A Scout smiles and whistles under all
difficulties.

9. A Scout is thrifty. Nepal Scout Cleaning Campaign

10. A Scout is clean in word, thought, and
deed.

Save Our Soul (SOS) Village

Dr Hermann Gmeiner, a professor from Austria established SOS
Children’s Village in 1949 in Austria to help the orphans of the
Second World War. These villages are unique in nature. They aren’t
like hostels. There are a number of houses. A small number of
children live in each house. Children live in family groups with an
elderly woman called ‘mother’. Older children look after the younger ones. Several
such groups make a village. There are such villages in more than 133 countries at
present including Nepal.

An SOS Village was established at Sano Thimi, Bhaktapur in Dr. Hermann Gmeiner
1973 AD for the first time in Nepal. It is the first SOS Children's
Village in Nepal. It is a model for other SOS Children's Villages
in the country. It is located on the Eastern outskirts of the
city of Kathmandu. Presently, there are 9 such SOS Villages
in Nepal: Banepa (Kavre), Itahari (Sunsari), Pokhara-2(Kaski),
Surkhet, Jorpati (Kathmandu), Bharatpur and Lumbini. The
SOS Village at Jorpati is especially for orphans with all kinds
of disabilities.

82 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Various activities like vocational training, ceramic training, mother retirement homes,
social centre for mothers and children etc are conducted in these villages. There are
schools up to 10 + 2 levels. At present, there are more than 101 houses in different
villages where over 1200 children have been taken care of in Nepal.

International Union of Conservation for Nature (IUCN)
It is an international union for nature conservation. It is also called the
World Conservation Union. It was established in 1948. Nepal became a
member of this organization in 1978. It has spread over 137 countries.
It helps the world to figure out the pragmatic solutions to our most
pressing environment and development challenges. It focuses on 3
main areas:

(i) Nature’s contribution to tackling problems of sustainable development,
particularly in climate change, food security, social and economic development,

(ii) People-nature relations, rights and responsibilities, and
(iii) The political economy of nature and on biodiversity conservation.

Other International Organizations in Nepal

Organization Activities
United Nations Fund for Population Encourages women to participate in
Activities (UNFPA) different development activities.
Norwegian Agency For International Provides free legal services to the Nepali
Development (NORAD) women
International Labour Organization (ILO) Involved in controlling child labour in Nepal.
World Food Programe(WFP) Providing food to Bhutanese refugees.
Danish International Development Providing help and training to deaf people.
Agency (DANIDA)
Directorate General for International Helping Kamaiyas and homeless women
Service (DGIS), Netherland by providing training and shelter and waste
disposal in Kathmandu.
International Nepal Fellowship (INF) Helping to rehabilitate drug addicts and
leprosy patients.
Jaycees, Rotary, Leo, Lion Clubs Helping physically challenged and
underprivileged people and provides free
medical checkup, medicine distribution, and
helps victims of calamities.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 83

Points to Remember :

C Transparency International (TI) is an international non-governmental organization,
established on 4th May 1993 AD. It is the global civil society organization leading the
fight against corruption.

C The main objective of TI is to establish a world free from corruption by eliminating
corruption and promoting transparency, accountability and honesty in the
government, politics, business, civil society and general people.

C United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was established in on 11th
December 1946 AD.

C UNICEF contributes in the area of education, health, nutrition, and safe motherhood
in the developing countries is remarkable.

C Save the children was established on 15 April 1919 in London, United Kingdom
It works to improve the lives of children through better education, health care, and
economic opportunities.

C Save the children provides emergency rescue in natural disasters, war, and other
conflicts. It protects the children from poverty, hunger and HIV/AIDS.

C Several international organizations and UN agencies are engaged to control and
solve social problems in Nepal.

C International Red Cross Society, established on 26 Oct 1863 in Switzerland to help
wounded soldiers in a war, has its basic principles as humanity, freedom, unity,
neutrality, voluntary services and non-alignment.

C The Nepal Branch of the Red Cross Society, which has over one lakhs volunteers, was
set up in 1963 AD.

C Mainly engaged in 3 sectors: refugees management and settlement, relief works and
acts as a Tracing Agency.

C Scout, founded by Baden Powell of England in 1907 AD, is now probably the largest
voluntary organization.

C Scouts carry out variety of social works like crowd control, relief works, awareness
programmes, etc.

C SOS Villages are group of houses where a small number of children live as a family
with one mother.

84 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. When was Transparency International established? Where is its headquarters?
2. Why type of organization is United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund
(UNICEF)?
3. When was Save the Children established?
4. Who is Jean Henri Dunant?
5. When and where was the Red Cross established?
6. What was the primary mission of the Red Cross society?
7. When was Nepal Red Cross Society established?
8. What is the Scout Code of Living?
9. When and where was the Scouts established?
10. What is the objective of the Scout?
11. Which is the first SOS Village in Nepal?
12. What is the full form of SOS?
13. Who and when was SOS established?
14. What is the full form of IUCN?
15. Write any two functions of INF.

Short answer questions:
1. Draw the logo of Transparency International Nepal and write any three
slogans of anti-corruption.
2. Write any four programs of Transparency International to control corruption
in Nepal.
3. Draw the logo of UNICEF and write any three functions of it.
4. Mention any four programs of Save the Children in Nepal.
5. What are the basic principles of the Red Cross? Explain.
6. Why was SOS established? What are its activities in Nepal?
7. Draw an emblem of Nepal Scouts and explain it. How do the Scouts help
your community in times of need?
8. What are the functions of the Red Cross Society?
9. Write about the various activities of SOS Children Villages in Nepal.
10. What are the other international organizations working in Nepal? Make a list
of them and objectives.
11. Look at the logo and write a paragraph about it.

The World Conservation Union

12. What is the full form of UNFPA? What does it do in Nepal? 85
13. Write about Jaycees and Rotary Clubs.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

14. International organizations are playing important roles for social reform and
development works in Nepal. Write a dialogue on it.

15. Identify the following emblems and personalities.

16. Write short notes on : International Red Cross Society, Nepal Scout and SOS
Village.

17. Name 5 international organizations working in Nepal and describe any one of
them.

Community Based Work:

1. Collect news from different sources about the activities carried out by TI, UNICEF
and Save the Children and show to your subject teacher.

2. Study the given CPI ranking of some countries and answer the questions that
follow:

Rank Country CPI Score

1 Denmark 90

95 Sri Lanka 36

79 India 40

131 Nepal 29

145 Bangladesh 26

176 Somalia 10

Source: Transparency International, 2016

a) What is the rank of Nepal in corruption index in the world?
b) Which is the least corrupt country among 176 countries in the world?
c) Write the name of the country which is ranked as the most corrupt in

corruption index.
d) Why developed countries have less corruption? Give your opinion.
e) What are the reasons for high corruption?

86 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Lesson 9 CONFLICT AND ITS
MANAGEMENT

Introduction : Conflict
Conflict may be defined as a
struggle or contest between
people with opposing needs,
ideas, beliefs, values, or goals.
Conflict on teams is inevitable;
however, the results of conflict
are not predetermined.
Conflict might increase and
lead to nonproductive results.
It is a serious disagreement or
argument or often prolonged
fighting. It might occur within
and between organizations,
within and between groups
and within and between individuals. It is a state of disharmony or controversy between
persons, ideas, or interests; a clash, a struggle or clash between opposing forces.

Causes of Conflict
There was a conflict situation for ten years between 2052 to 2063 BS in our country.
It officially ended when the Comprehensive Peace Accord-2063 BS was signed. Due
to this conflict, the country greatly suffered in its development. Many important
infrastructures of development were destroyed during this time.

There can be several causes of conflict. The main causes are:

• Opposing ideologies

• Conflict of interests

• Insensitive and irresponsible government

• Lack of political rights and social justice

• Inequality, exploitation and discriminations

• Unequal distribution of national income, means and resources

• Mass poverty and backwardness

• Lack of understanding, cooperation and tolerance

• Sense of revenge

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 87

Conflict Management
Conflict management is the process of
limiting the negative aspects of conflict
while increasing the positive aspects of
conflict. The aim of conflict management is
to facilitate the peaceful ending of conflict.
Conflict management involves acquiring
skills related to conflict resolution, self-
awareness about conflict modes, conflict
communication skills and establishing a
structure for management of conflict in our
environment.

Conflict situation is undesirable. It fragments
society and disturbs peace and harmony
in the society. The longer it continues the
more harm it does to the people and the country. Like a small fire not put off in time
can soon turn into a catastrophe, so is the conflict. If minor conflict is not addressed
in time, it may soon become a major problem. It can destroy life and property. So, we
should try to resolve any conflict as soon as possible.

All parties involved should realize the gravity of situation and reach to logical solution
at the earliest. Mutual understanding, trust, cooperation, and compromises are needed
in conflict management. Building of trust and confidence among opposing parties is
important in conflict management. The conflict should be managed in such a way that
it damages the least. All opposing parties should feel comfortable with the outcome.
Nobody should feel badly or unfairly treated.

The following are some important measures to prevent conflict:

• Just and equitable distribution of national income, means and resources
• Good governance
• Political stability
• Economic development and social justice
• Peaceful and amicable solution to disputes
• Respect to rules and laws

88 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Points to Remember :

C Conflict is a serious disagreement or argument or often prolonged fighting.
C There was a conflict situation for ten years between 2052 to 2063 BS in Nepal.
C There can be several causes of conflict like opposing ideologies, conflicting interests,

lack of political rights, social injustice, inequality, exploitation and discriminations,
unequal distribution of national income etc. .
C Media, also called fourth estate, should play positive and effective role in conflict
management.
C Longer the conflict continues more damage it can cause to the people and country.
C There should be win-win situation in conflict management so that sustainable peace
can be achieved.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is conflict?
2. What is media?
3. Why does a conflict occur?
4. What is conflict Management?
5. What do you understand by 'win win' situation?

Short answer questions:
1. List out the causes of conflict.
2. Why is conflict undesirable? What happened during ten years long conflict in
Nepal?
3. How should conflict be resolved?
4. What are the measures to prevent conflict?
5. What do you think are the causes of conflict? Explain them.

Community Based Work:
There may be disputes sometimes between the neighbours or friends. How do you
think they should settle such disputes?

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 89

UNIT

4

CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS

In this unit, you will learn the following subjects:
• Respect for Social Norms & Practices
• Human Rights
• Inclusiveness
• Features of Present Constitution
• Citizens’ Roles in Federal Democracy
• Legislative,
• Executive
• Judiciary

90 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Lesson 1 RESPECT FOR SOCIAL NORMS
AND PRACTICES

Social Norms and Practices Social Norms
We are social beings. We live in a society. Besides
the laws enforced by the government, there are
certain established traditional rules, regulations
and norms in the society. They have been
developed over the years and accepted for the
welfare and well-being of the respective society.
Social norms and practices are developed
according to the group we associate with friends,
family, or co-workers. Such norms tell us what we ought to
do in a given situation. A society as a whole determines
norms, and are passed down from generation to generation.
Such social etiquettes prevalent in the society are called
social norms and practices. Different societies may have
different social norms and practices. As a member of the
respective society, we have to respect and abide by such
norms and practices as long as they are in the interest of
the people.

Family is the basis of a society. Society is the sum total of
families living together in a particular place. In this context,
we can say that a family is the foundation of social norms
and practices. The family norms and values directly or indirectly contribute to the
development of social norms and values. Family is
in fact a pre-primary school. Socialization begins
in the family. A society reflects the overall picture
of the various families living in that society.

Respect for social norms and practices are
important in maintaining peace, harmony, and
mutual co-operation and understanding in the
society. Social norms and practices reflect the
overall nature and character of a particular society.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 91

They are the identity of the society. They have been developed over a long period
of time and in practice for collective welfare. They make the society more cultured,
civilized, ordered and organized. Hence, it is important for us to respect them.

Social etiquettes and norms change according to time but slowly. Social rules and
norms suitable in one situation may turn to be impracticable in another situation. It is
important that such rules and norms should serve the broader interest of the society.
Hence, we should follow the good ones and discard the bad ones.

Some Social Etiquettes and Norms

Family Neighbourhood and Society

Respect elders and ancestors Greet respectfully (Namaste etc)

Respect female members Don’t discriminate anybody on any ground

Respect each other’s opinion Share ideas and opinions

Regard parents and guests as Gods Cooperate and behave equally
Share things and works
Respect public properties, help people in
Make best use of family resources need

Speak politely Utilize society’s means and resources for
Enjoy feasts and festivals together collective welfare
Observe family rites and rituals
Contribute to community well-being

Share each other’s cultures and festivals

Follow social norms and values

Be disciplined and obedient Fight against social evils and problems

Take off shoes before you enter house Take off shoes before you enter temples
and shrines

Give priority to children and elderly Give priority to elderly, women & children
in public places

92 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Points to Remember :

C Besides official laws, there are certain traditional rules, regulations and norms in the
society.

C The behavior shown to people of different background without any bias is called
equal behavior.

C Social norms and practices are developed for the welfare of the society over a long
period of time.

C Society is the sum total of families living together in a particular place.
C Social norms and practices are important in maintaining peace, harmony, and mutual

co-operation in the society.
C Social norms and practices change according to time but slowly.
C We should follow the good social norms and discard the bad ones.

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is social practice? Write with examples.
2. What does the social norm reflect?
3. Why is it important to follow social norms and etiquettes?
4. What kinds of social etiquettes exist in family and society?
5. What will be your role in the family?
6. Why should you respect social norms and practices?
7. Why are there different social practices and norms? Give three reasons.
8. Write down at least four social practices you like.

Community Based Work:
There may be some special family etiquettes and norms in your family. List them out
and share with your friends in the class.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 93

Lesson 2 HUMAN RIGHTS AND
WOMEN RIGHTS

Introduction : Human Rights

Basic and fundamental rights and liberties
inherent to all human to be able to live
a safe, dignified, secured and civilized
life are called Human Rights. Everybody
regardless of nationality, sex, national or
ethnic origin, race, religion, language, or
other status requires human rights. We
are all equally entitled to our human rights
simply because we are human beings. These rights are universal and often expressed
and guaranteed by international and national law. They are applicable everywhere and
at every time in the sense of being universal and they are egalitarian in the sense of
being the same for everyone. In the absence of such basic rights, no one can achieve
all round development and growth. Lack of human rights will impede a person’s full
potentiality and development. Human rights have the following characteristics:

Articles of Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

There are 30 Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Civil and political
rights are included in articles 3 to 21, economic, social and cultural rights are included
in articles 22 to 28 as under:

1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
2. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this declaration

without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion,
political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other
status.
3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security.
4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be
prohibited in all their forms.
5. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel inhumane or degrading
treatment or punishment.
6. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
7. All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to
equal protection of the law.
8. Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals
for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by
law.
9. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

94 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

10. Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent
and impartial tribunal.

11. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent
until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the
guarantees necessary for his defense.

12. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family,
home or correspondence, or to attacks upon his honour and reputation.

13. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the
borders of each state. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including
his own, and to return to his country.

14. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from
persecution.

15. Everyone has the right to a nationality. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of
his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

16. Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or
religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to
equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.

17. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with
others. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

18. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this
right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either
alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his
religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

19. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes
freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

20. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

21. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or
through freely chosen representatives. Everyone has the right of equal access
to public service in his country.

22. Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is
entitled to realization, through national effort and international cooperation
and in accordance with the organization and resources of each state, of the
economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free
development of his personality.

23. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and
favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal
work. Everyone has the right to form and join trade unions for the protection
of his interests.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 95

24. Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of
working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

25. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and
well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and
medical care and necessary social services. Motherhood and childhood are
entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of
wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

26. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in
the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be
compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally
available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of
merit. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be
given to their children.

27. Everyone has the right freely to participate in cultural life of the community, to
enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

28. Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and
freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

29. Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full
development of his personality is possible.

30. Nothing in this declaration may be interpreted as implying for any state, group
or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at
the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

Women Rights

Women’s rights are essential component
of universal human rights. Women’s rights
are the rights and entitlement claimed
for women and girls worldwide. Women’s
rights usually refer to whether women
have equality with the rights of men where
women and men’s capacities are the same.
It primarily seeks to balance power relations
between men and women so that gender equality can be achieved. Issues commonly
associated with it include to the right to bodily integrity and autonomy, to vote, to
hold public office, to work, to fair wages or equal pay, to own property, to education, to
serve in the military, and to have marital or parental rights etc. It also means protection
of women where they are subject to special circumstances such as maternity leave or
more susceptible to mistreatment as traffic in women, rape, torture etc.

Women’s Rights in Nepal
It is a fact that men and women have very different experiences. Women and girls
often face gender based discrimination that puts them at increased risk of poverty,

96 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

violence, ill health and poor education. In Nepal, women do most of the house works
as feeding kids, cleaning house, taking care of the live stocks, washing dishes and
laundry. In many cases, their works are never rewarded, everyone complains- the kids,
husband, and her in-laws. While life’s all decisions are made by men. Women’s literacy
is 34 % which is about half of that of male. The average age at marriage is 16.1 years
for women, and the average age at first birth is about 20 years and one in five
adolescent women age 15-19 are already mothers or pregnant. Many of Nepalese
girls are the victim of early marriage as early as 8 years mostly in rural areas where girls
are given less education than sons. Early marriage is done so parents do not have to
spend much money on them.

Since 1990, many Nepali women have been able to uplift their social
life through efforts by the government as well as many organizations
working in the country. Nepal is able to set up a separate ministry
called Ministry of Women Children and Social Welfare to look after
Women’s Development and Education. A
Women Rights Commission has also been
provided in the constitution. The government
has taken many other initiatives to increasing
their roles in different fields like village councils,
government offices including military, political
party levels and so on. Many NGOs such as
Women For Human Rights, National Women
Rights Forum, Nepal, Jagaran Nepal, Saathi, CWISH,
Nepal Disabled Women Association, Asha Nepal etc
are working for women and children. Our constitution
has mentioned National women's commission to
empower women.

Points to Remember :

C Fundamental socio-political and economic rights and liberties are called Human
Rights.

C Absence of such basic rights will breed social, political and economic discriminations
and conflicts.

C United Nations Organization, which was established in 1945, has played an important
role in human rights field.

C UN General Assembly made “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, on 10th Dec
1948.

C Universal Declaration of Human Rights has 30 Articles and is obligatory for each
member country.

C Mrs Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of then US President Franklin D Roosevelt, played an
important role in the issuance of this declaration of human rights.

C Women’s rights are essential component of universal human rights.
C Women’s rights are the rights and entitlement claimed for women and girls

worldwide.

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 97

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What are Human Rights?
2. When was Universal Human Rights declared?
3. How many Articles are there in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
4. What lesson can be learnt by the Nepali women from the life of Eleanor
Roosevelt?
5. How do you define women’s rights?

Short answer questions:
1. How can we make our life happy and prosperous by respecting Human
Rights? Explain.
2. What body do we have to protect and promote Human Rights in Nepal?
Write what is it doing in the field of human rights protection and promotion?
3. State at least any four articles of Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
4. What human rights are being enjoyed by our people in Nepal? Discuss.
5. What are the basic features of Human Rights? Explain them.
6. Collect news relating to human rights in our country and prepare an article
for a newspaper.

Long answer questions:
1. During the time of Maoist Insurgency, both the government and insurgent
sides violated the human rights. What should be done to stop such violation
of human rights in coming days? Give your opinions.
2. Even after the establishment of Loktantra, there have been incidences of
numerous violations of human rights. Prepare a news article on any one such
case of human rights violation you know.
3. Explain the statement,” All fundamental rights are human Rights, but all the
human rights are not fundamental rights”.
4. Prepare a report on “Current Situation of Human rights in Nepal”.

Community Based Work:
There could be some people in your community whose human rights have been
violated. Prepare a report by interacting with such people to be sent to the National
Human Rights Commission (NHRC).

98 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8

Lesson 3 INCLUSIVENESS

Introduction : Inclusiveness

Inclusiveness is a concept of letting people in and making them feel welcome. It means
including or tending to include everything. It is not excluding any section of society
or any party involved in something. It is a concept of taking a great deal or everything
within its scope. An example of inclusiveness is when we make our home a comfortable
place for all of our friends, family, guests and people we meet. It is a positive concept
of growing or fostering together.

Context of Social Exclusion in Nepal

Social exclusion is deeply rooted in the political, economic, and social fabric of Nepal.
In the context of Nepal, the Hindu caste system traditionally categorized people into
four groups: Brahmin (scholars and priests) at the top, Chhetri (warriors) just below,
then the Vaishya (merchants and traders), and lastly, Sudra (peasants/laborers). Below
everyone were the occupational groups considered impure—the “untouchables,” who
now refer to themselves as Dalits. Despite the abolition of caste-based discrimination in
1963 by Muluki Ain, the social hierarchies and divisions remained, vesting more power
and privilege in the Brahman, Chhetri, and Newar caste groups. The consolidation of
economic and political power by these groups led to further marginalization of the
non-Hindus (i.e., Adivasi Janajatis and Muslims), and the Madhesis.

The constitution formulated after the establishment of multiparty democracy in 1990
described Nepal as a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, and democratic state and declared
all citizens are equal. Democracy provided space for diverse groups and civil society
organizations, especially those based on ethnicity and caste, to assert their identities
and rights.

Since the declaration of Nepal as a democratic republic after the people’s movements
of 2062/63, the government has amended several discriminatory laws and provisions.
It has shown its commitment to gender equality and social inclusion signing a number
of international conventions. Moreover, it has recognized that the barriers to inclusion
are due to not only gender, caste, and ethnicity but also to language, religion, disability,
geography, and regional identity.

The Constitution of Nepal -2072 includes provisions that support gender equality and
social inclusion. It has a separate article for women’s fundamental rights and is more
inclusive toward Janajatis, Dalits, and Madhesis. It sets forth the right to equality and

Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8 99

right against untouchability, racial discrimination, and exploitation (e.g., forced labor).
It refers to the need for all groups to be proportionately represented in the state
structure and the right to education in one’s mother tongue. It also authorizes the
State to implement measures for the “protection, empowerment and advancement of
women, dalits, indigenous nationalities, and Madhesis”.

Institutional Framework
The Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare (MWCSW) is the key ministry for
the promotion of gender equality and women’s empowerment. It also coordinates
initiatives related to children and social welfare (which includes the elderly and people
with disabilities). The Department of Women Development under the MWCSW looks
after women’s and children’s programs and implements them through its Women
Development Offices, which are the key gender focal points in the districts. There are
also Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Units in different ministries.

Some Benefits of Inclusiveness are:
• Better cohesion among different nationalities.
• Higher productivity can be achieved.
• National unity and harmony can be maintained.
• Increased creativity and innovation.
• Chances of diverse skills, expertise and knowledge .
• Improving the quality of personnel through better recruitment and retention.
• Decreased vulnerability to legal challenges and social conflicts
• Makes communities more healthier, stronger and enriching
• Helps the state to be more just and welfare oriented

Points to Remember :

C Inclusiveness is a concept of letting people in and making them feel welcome.
C It is a positive concept of growing or fostering together.
C Barriers to inclusion are due to not only gender, caste, and ethnicity but also due to

language, religion, disability, geography, and regional identity.
C Multiparty democracy in 1990 describes Nepal as a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, and

democratic state.
C The Constitution of Nepal -2072 includes provisions that support gender equality

and social inclusion.
C Seats are allocated to women, Dalits, ethnic groups, Madhesis, and the differently

abled among others.

100 Social Studies and Population Education Book ~ 8