DCC50252- Notes

DCC50252:
BUILDING
SERVICES

MDM ADILEN @ LUCIA BT SUIL

Lecturer

Dept. of Civil Engineering, POLISAS

Lecturer Profile

Madam Adilen @ Lucia bt Suil
Mdm Del

Lecturer: 2002 - present
Civil Engineering Department, Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah

Working Experience:
2017 - 2022: Head of Support Academic Dept, PMKu
2016 - 2017: Industrial training and liaison officers, PMKu
2002 - 2016: Lecturer in various Politeknik
2000 - 2002: Site Engineer, Bina Puri Sdn Bhd
1995 - 1996: Draftsperson, Sistem Consultant Sdn Bhd

Education:
Master in Highway & Transportation Eng, UPM (2009)
Degree in Civil Engineering, UMS (1999)
Diploma in Education, MPTKL (2002)
Certificate in Building Services Eng, PKS (1995)

1.0: ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IN THE BUILDING

This topic covers the basic concept the electrical supply, the
elements in electrical wiring, the safety procedures, rules and
regulations for electrical installation system. It also covers about
the technology used in electrical installation system

2.0: FIRE SAFETY AND PREVENTION SYSTEM

This topic introduces the students to the fire safety and prevention
system, the rules of fire prevention, fire appliance symbols and the
losses caused by fire

3.0: TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE
BUILDING

This topic defines the transportation system in high rise building,
explain the concept of escalator and lift and analyze the safety
procedures in handling escalator and lift.

4.0: AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

This topic introduces the use, the process and the effects of air
conditioning system towards the environment.

5.0: MAINTENANCE WORKS

This topic introduces the concept of maintenance works and
explain about the maintenance work in building.

COURSE At the end of this topic students will
LEARNING be able to:
OUTCOME CLO1: Choose appropriate building
services system with consideration
of safety procedures, rules and
regulation by the authority

CLO2: Identify building services
system with consideration of the
environmental impact

CLO3: Display teamwork in
completing a case study of a
building services system

CHAPTER 1

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
IN THE BUILDING
CLO 1 & CLO2

SINGLE PHASE ELECTRICAL 1.1. BASIC CONCEPT OF Single Phase Electrical System
SYSTEM ELECTRICAL SUPPLY Three Plase Electrical System
THREE PHASE ELECTRICAL
SUPPLY
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
SINGLE AND THREE PHASE
ADVANTAGES OF SINGLE
PHASE AND THREE PHASE

INTRODUCTION What is A power supply is an
Electrical electrical device that
Supply? supplies electric power
to an electrical load.

Contactor Connector Distribution Box

Where does electricty Solar energy
come from?
4 Electrical energy by
Stored energy
solar cells
1 Fossil fuel, Nuclear and Biomass
is converted to thermal energy Chemical energy

Gravitational potential energy 5 Electrical energy by

2 Hydro is converted to kinetic accumulators
energy

Kinetic energy

3 Wind turbine generate electrical
energy

GENERATING ELECTRICITY: FOSSIL FUELS

GENERATING ELECTRICITY: HYDROELECTRIC

GENERATING ELECTRICITY: WIND TURBINE

GENERATING ELECTRICITY: SOLAR PANEL

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY: TRANSMISSION

Electricity arrives in your area
from the national supply
network (the National grid) at
275,000 or 400,000 volts
From the national grid
distributed to the substation at
132,000 volts
Then distributed to
underground cables at 33,000
volts to the intermediate
substations

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY: TRANSMISSION

Substations

Transformer

PHASE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Phase is a term used to describe
on feature of alternating
current.
Phase means distribution of load,
if one wire is used, there will be an
additional load on it, and if three
wires are used, then the load will be
separated between them

SINGLE PHASE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Single Phase Energy Meter Wiring Single-phase power is a two-wire
(neutral or red / blue /yellow)
Home DB (Distribution alternating current (ac) power
Board) Diagram circuit
The phase wire carries the current
to the load and the neutral wire
provides the return path of the
current.
The supply voltage in single phase
power supply is ≈230V and the
frequency is 50Hz (this depends on
where you live)

SINGLE PHASE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Single Phase supply system
normally installed in small premises
such as homes or small shops
The load on the premise that there
is a small number.
The overall total current load not
exceeding 60 Amp.
Single-phase distribution is used
when loads are mostly lighting and
heating, with few large electric
motors

SINGLE PHASE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

TNB Meter

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THREE PHASE

Advantages disAdvantages

Power delivered is Costly, required 2 overhead
constant wires
Three phase induction System voltage 3.3 KV is less as
motors are self starting compound to 25KV so because
(no require starter) of low voltage, current is high.
Parallel Operation is More current, more I.R
easy & less wire (voltage) drop. So distance
Have uniform torque between 2 substations is less.
Higher efficiency So require more no. of
substation

THREE PHASE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Home DB (Distribution A Three Phase Power Supply consists
Board) Diagram of three power wires (or the three
phases)
Three Phase Power Supply requires
three conductors
The supply voltage is ≈415V
Usually served to large commercial
centers and industries (eg: two-
storey house (bungalow), offices,
restaurants and a workshop)
Three phase system may or may not
have a neutral wire

THREE PHASE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

3 main
switches

3 Phase Meter

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SINGLE PHASE

Advantages disAdvantages

Less expensive to The motors is small
manufacture (usually less than 1kW)
Require very little Run slow or even fail
maintenance to start
Single-phase motors Easily overheat
will last for years as Need immediate repair
well if any shock or sudden
The system's design problem occur in the
and operation is simple motors

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE

Feature Single Phase Three Phase

Definition Operates using a single Operates using three conductors
conductor

Wave Cycle It has only one distinct wave It has three distinct wave cycles
cycle

Connection of Need just a single wire to This power phase requires three
Circuit connect with the circuit wires for

connection with the circuit

Voltage Carry ~230v Carry ~415v
Phase Name Also known as split phase No other name

The ability of Minimum capacity for power Maximum capacity for power
Power Transfer transmission transmission

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE

Feature Single Phase Three Phase

Circuit Simple Complicated
Complexity
The occurrence Frequent failure of power Not frequent failure of power
reported
of Power Maximum Minimum
Failure Less High
Less More
Loss
Efficiency For home appliances In large industries and for
Economical running heavy loads

Applications

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE

Discuss the following:

How does electricity
supply reached to
our home?

Discuss the following:

Which is better, single
phase or three phase?

Explain why?

1.2 Recognize 2 methods
ELEMENTS IN of electrical wiring
ELECTRICAL Identify the usage of
fitments and their
WIRING function in the
electrical wiring
Explain the standard
symbols in the wiring
system by using
suitable graphic aids

ELECTRICAL WIRING WHAT IS
ELECTRICAL

WIRING?

Electrical wiring is an
electrical installation of
cabling and associated
devices such as switches,
distribution boards, sockets,
and light fittings in a structure.

Basic elements in wiring:-

1 Wire Sizing 6 Electrical Wiring
Labeling

2 Non-Metallic (NM) 7 Electrical Wire
Sheathed Cable Stripping

3 Electrical Wire
Color Coding
Number of Wires
Direct-Burial
4 Cable 8 Allowed in Conduit

Electrical Wiring an Electrical

5 Disconnect Switches 9 Circuit Breaker Panel

Basic elements in wiring:-

1 Wire Sizing

Wire sizing indicates the diameter of the
metal conductor of the wire gauge
system
The gauge of a wire relates to the wire's
current-carrying capacity, or how
much amperage the wire can safely
handle.

Basic elements in wiring:-

2 Non-Metallic (NM) Sheathed Cable

Most interior wiring is done with non-
metallic, or NM, cable
NM cable is made of three or more wires
wrapped inside a flexible plastic jacket,
or sheathing
It is used for most interior circuits, such as
those for outlets, switches, light fixtures,
and appliances

Basic elements in wiring:-

3 Electrical Wire Color Coding

Understanding the color coding can help to identify
what the wiring is used for and helps maintain
consistency within an electrical system.
Cable coloring relates to the size of the wires inside
the cable and the cable's amperage rating. (eg:
white-sheathed NM cable is used for 15-amp circuits,
while yellow NM cable is rated for 20-amp circuits.
The coloring indicate the standard or preferred use
of the wire. (Eg: black and red wires typically are used
for current-carrying or "hot" connections)

Basic elements in wiring:-

4 Direct-Burial Cable

Direct-burial cable is a cable that can be
installed underground with or without
conduit
It use for outdoor projects or when
running wiring underground
Direct-burial cable is where the individual
conducting wires are embedded in solid
vinyl to fully protect them from moisture.

Basic elements in wiring:-

5 Electrical Disconnect Switches

An electrical disconnect switch
provides a means to shut off the
power to a home's electrical system
from an outdoor location
It is typically mounted below the
electric meter

Basic elements in wiring:-

6 Electrical Wiring Labeling

These markings provide important
information about the wiring and
insulation, including the wire size
and material, the type of
insulation, the number of wires
contained (inside a cable)

Basic elements in wiring:-

7 Electrical Wire Stripping

Stripping electrical wire involves
removing the plastic insulation
surrounding the wire's metal
core.
It's important to do this carefully so
there is no damage to the metal

Basic elements in wiring:-

8 Number of Wires Allowed in Conduit

The number of electrical wires
inside conduit has a limit
allowable
The maximum allowable number
is known as the "fill capacity

Basic elements in wiring:-

9 Wiring an Electrical Circuit Breaker Panel

The electrical panel, or service
panel, is the power distribution
point of a home electrical system
All the individual circuits of the
house get their power and where
they are protected by breakers or
fuses.

Factors selection or choice of wiring
system:

1 Durability 4 Low initial Cost

2 Safety 5 Accessibility

3 Appearance 6 Low maintenance

cost

2 METHODS OF WIRING
Joint Box or Tee System 1

2 Loop-in System

Joint Box or Tee System

In joint box system the
connections to the lamps are
made through joints made in
joint box by means of suitable
connectors or joint cutouts
In this method though there is a
saving in the quantity of wire or
cable required but the same is
offset by the extra cost of joint
boxes.

Loop-in System

This system is universally used
for connections of various lamps
or other appliances in parallel
In this system when a
connection is required at a light
or switch, the feed conductor is
looped in by bringing it direct to
the terminal and then carrying it
forward again to the next point
to be fed

Types of Electrical wiring systems:

1 Cleat wiring system 4 Lead sheathed or

2 Casing and capping metal sheathed
wiring
wiring
5 Conduit wiring
3 CTS or TRS or PVC
system
sheath wiring

Cleat wiring system

In this system of internal wiring the
cables used are either vulcanized Indian
Rubber (VIR) of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
type
Cleat wiring system is a temporary
wiring system therefore it is not suitable
for domestic premises
The cables are held by porcelain cleats
about 6 mm above the walls or ceiling
The use of cleat wiring system is over
nowadays.

Cleat wiring system

Advantages disAdvantages

It is simple and cheap wiring Appearance is not so good.
system Cable may easily damage
Most suitable for temporary because it open air
use It can be only used on 250/440
The fault in cables can be seen Volts on low temperature.
and repair easily There is always a risk of fire and
Cleat wiring system installation electric shock
is easy and simple. It can’t be used in important and
Customization can be easily sensitive location and places.
done in this wiring system e.g. It is not lasting, reliable and
alteration and addition. sustainable wiring system.
Inspection is easy and simple.

Casing and capping wiring

This is one of the simplest form of
electrical wiring system
The cables used in this kind of wiring
were either VIR or PVC or any other
approved insulated cables.
The cables were carried through the
plastic casing enclosures.
The casing is of rectangular cross
section
The colour of casing channel and cap
are normally white or grey

Casing and capping wiring

Advantages disAdvantages

It is cheap wiring system as compared There is a high risk of fire in
to sheathed and conduit wiring systems. casing & capping wiring system.
It is strong and long-lasting wiring Not suitable in the acidic,
system. alkalies and humidity
Customization can be easily done in conditions
this wiring system. Costly repairing and need
If Phase and Neutral wire is installed in more material.
separate slots, then repairing is easy. Material can’t be found easily
Stay for long time in the field due to in the contemporary
strong insulation of capping and casing.. White ants may damage the
It stays safe from oil, Steam, smoke casing & capping of wood.
and rain.
No risk of electric shock due to
covered wires and cables in casing &
capping

CTS or TRS or PVC sheath wiring

Also known as Batten Wiring
Single core or double core or three core TRS
cables with a circular oval shape cables are
used in this kind of wiring
TRS cables are chemical proof, water proof,
steam proof, but are slightly affected by
lubricating oil.
The cables are held on the wooden batten by
means of tinned brass link clips (buckle clip)
already fixed on the batten with brass pins
and spaced at an interval of 10cm for
horizontal runs and 15cm for vertical runs.

CTS or TRS or PVC sheath wiring

Advantages disAdvantages

Wiring installation is simple and Can’t be install in the humidity,
easy Chemical effects, open and outdoor
Cheap as compared to other areas.
electrical wiring systems High risk of fire
Paraphrase is good and Not safe from external wear & tear
beautiful and weather effects (because, the
Repairing is easy wires are openly visible to heat, dust,
Strong and long-lasting steam and smoke.
Customization can be easily Heavy wires can’t be used in batten
done in this wiring system. wiring system.
Less chance of leakage current Only suitable below then 250V.
in batten wiring system Need more cables and wires.