DCC50252- Notes

SAFETY WIRING
PROCEDURES

Turn off power and unplug from the wall before working on electric or electronic circuits, except
when absolutely necessary.
Do not use extension cords as a permanent power source.
Do not work on electrical equipment in a wet area or when touching an object that may provide a


hazardous earth ground path.

Turn off power and unplug equipment before checking or replacing fuses. Locate and correct the
cause of a blown fuse or tripped circuit breaker before replacing the fuse or resetting the circuit
breaker.
Replace defective cords and plugs. Inspect cabling for defects such as frayed wiring, loose
connections, or cracked insulation.
Remove metal jewelry, watches, ring, etc., before working on electrical circuits.
Always check the electrical ratings of equipment you use and be sure you use that equipment
within its ratings.
Never leave unprotected systems unattended.
Never place containers of liquid on electrical systems.

1.4 Understand the
latest Technology On
TECHNOLOGY USED IN Electrical Installation
ELECTRICAL System
Green technology by
INSTALLATION solar and wind in
electrical installation
system

1.4.1

LATEST
TECHNOLOGY ON
ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION
SYSTEM

LATEST TECHNOLOGY ON ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION SYSTEM

1.Energy Saver Device


It is a device used to save at least 25% of electrical

power consumption and protect load equipment
Reduces energy by stabilizing the voltage which in
turn results in reductions in peak power demand
The low efficient power is consequently stored and
recycled by the unit
Devices with an inverter is energy saving technology
that eliminates wasted operation

LATEST TECHNOLOGY ON ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION SYSTEM

2. Energy Saver Bulb


A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called

energy-saving bulb or compact fluorescent light.
CFLs use one-fifth to one-third the electric power,
and last eight to fifteen times longer.
CFLs contain mercury, which complicates their
disposal. In many countries, governments have
established recycling schemes for CFLs and glass
generally

1.4.2

GREEN
TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION
SYSTEM

GREEN TECHNOLOGY

During early 1980s, the building industry reacted to concerns for
rising energy costs and the realization that fossils fuels are
limited.
Designers responded with a simplistic approach to saving energy


by reducing lighting levels, lowering ventilations rates and

operating systems in ways that reduced comforts.
Technologies were employed in buildings to save energy without
concern for performance, long term economics, or
maintainability.
Building designed according to these concerns did use less
energy, but it reduced occupant performance.

GREEN TECHNOLOGY

During early 1980s, the building industry reacted to concerns for
rising energy costs and the realization that fossils fuels are
limited.
Designers responded with a simplistic approach to saving energy


by reducing lighting levels, lowering ventilations rates and

operating systems in ways that reduced comforts.
Technologies were employed in buildings to save energy without
concern for performance, long term economics, or
maintainability.
Building designed according to these concerns did use less
energy, but it reduced occupant performance.

GREEN TECHNOLOGY

SOLAR ENERGY

1.SOLAR ENERGY

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity
Sunlight can be converted directly into electricity using photovoltaic cell
(PV), or indirectly with Concerntrated (CPS), which normally focuses the


sun’s energy to boil water which is then used to provide power.

Concerntrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking
systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into
electric current using the photoelectric effect.
Multiple solar cells are connected inside the modules. Modules are
wired together to form arrays, then tied to an inverter, which produces
power at the desired voltage, and for AC, frequency / phase..

OFF-GRID SOLAR ENERGY

ON-GRID SOLAR ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY

GREEN TECHNOLOGY

WIND ENERGY

WIND ENERGY

Wind power is created when the wind energy converts to other forms of energy
like electricity, fuel, and power.
When the blowing wind strikes across the blades of a windmill, it exerts a force on
them due to which the blades of the windmill start rotating. This in turn rotates
the shaft of the turbine and generates electricity.


Wind power can be created using wind turbines, wind mills, wind pumps, wind

farms
One advantage of wind energy is that it is available everywhere and in plenty.
We will never run out of wind power. It does not create any kind of pollution like
smoke and harmful radiations.
Windmills are typically installed in favorable windy locations.
For large scale production, a ‘wind farm’ with a hundred or more wind turbines is
needed. The turbines must be sited in windy areas which are often the most
attractive parts of the landscape.

THANK YOU

DCC50252:
BUILDING
SERVICES

MDM ADILEN @ LUCIA BT SUIL

Lecturer

Dept. of Civil Engineering, POLISAS

Chapter 2
Fire Safety
and
Prevention
System

Lesson
Objective

The fire safety and
prevention system
The rules of fire
prevention
Fire appliance
symbols
The losses caused
by fire

Course Learning Outcome

At the end of this topic students will be able to:
CLO1: Choose appropriate building services system with
consideration of safety procedures, rules and regulation by
the authority
CLO2: Identify building services system with consideration of
the environmental impact

Introduction

FIRE SAFETY refers to
precautions that are taken to
prevent or reduce the
likelihood of a fire that may
result in death, injury, or
property damage, or to reduce
the damage caused by a fire.

Introduction

Fire safety measures include:-
a.Planned during the construction of
a building
b.Implemented in structures that are
already standing, and
c.That are taught to occupants of the
building.

Introduction

Threats to fire safety are referred
to as FIRE HAZARDS.
Fire hazards may include a
situation that increases the
likelihood a fire may start or
could prevent the escape if the
fire occurs.

Introduction

Building shall be constructed so that:
a.Can withstand debris in sufficient time
to allow occupants to escape
b.Can curb the spread of fire and smoke

To comply with the above requirements,
regulations set to ensure that buildings are
designed and built with quality materials and
structures that comply with certain
specifications

Introduction

Preliminary steps to be taken in fire
prevention are as follows:-

a.selecting appropriate prevention
system for a building

b.provide minimum requirements for
fire prevention in a building

c.use building materials non-
inflammable

d.prepare plans and designs for a
separate space in a building

2.1 KNOW The causes
ABOUT FIRE and the
SAFETY AND spreading
PREVENTION of fire
Fire
SYSTEM preventio
n system
in a building
The classes
of fire

What is fire protection
system?

Fire Protection System

A fire protection system is a system that
includes devices, wiring, equipment,
and controls to detect a fire or smoke,
to actuate a signal and to suppress the fire

or smoke

Fire Protection System

Objective of fire protection:
1.To save lives and protect
property.
2.To minimize interruptions of
service due to a fire

2.1.1.
The causes

and the
spreading of

fire

The causes and the spreading of fire

Fire define as a chemical reaction
that occurs when combustible
material and oxygen touches source

of heat or ignition

The Fire Triangle

The fire triangle, or combustion triangle, is the
three components needed to ignite and

sustain a fire. The three ingredients of a fire
triangle are; heat, fuel and oxygen

The Fire Triangle

Fire will be extinguished if one is eliminated.
1. Oxygen
fire requires oxygen to causes it begins, occurs
or continues. The main source of oxygen is air.
2. Heat
commonly knows as a source of ignition. It is
energy that can be imposed on a mixture of
oxygen and fuel to start fires.
3. Fuel
include organic fuel such as petrol, paper and
wood.

CAUSE OF FIRE

1.Use a lot of inflammable materials for wall,
ceiling, roof.

2.Careless use of electrical equipment and
using equipment that is damaged.

3.Wiring system is not good. If found to be
unsafe, rewiring to be done.

4.Removal of the still burning cigarette butts.
5.Negligence of the user on the use of

combustible fuel, mosquito repellent, gas
stove.

SPREADING OF FIRE

Fire spread describes the travel of fire from one
area to an adjoining area.

There are 5 ways in which a fire will commonly
spread:

1. Radiation
2.Conduction (direct contact)
3. Convection
4. Flashover
5. Backdraught

Radiation

Heat can transfer through electromagnetic
waves. This is what makes us feel hot when
we stand outside in the sun.

From a fire, this can cause nearby objects
to catch alight if enough radiated heat
reaches it.

Conduction (Direct Contact

Any materials, such as metals, which can
absorb and transfer heat are thermal
conductors. An example of this is when
your saucepan handle gets hot.

And if there is a flammable material on the
other side, it can heat up and cause a fire to
spread into a neighbouring room or
building.

Convection

When trying to escape a fire, you should
always stay as low as possible. This is
because hot gas and smoke rise above any
cold air.

Ceilings then trap and prevent it moving
any higher, which then causes everything
to build up.



Flashover

When convection has caused a hot layer of gas
to establish, it will then begin to radiate the heat
downwards.

The temperature in the room will continue to rise
to around 500oC. Breathing in the air at this
temperature will quickly scorch your lungs

At these temperatures, any combustible
materials in the room, such as furniture, will start
to give off flammable gases

Flashover

Backdraught

If a door opens or a window breaks, air will rush
into the room. This can then re-ignite the fire,
gases and soot with an explosive force.

This will send the fire out of the door or window
and cause its spread

It is for this reason then, that no-one should ever
go back into a burning building. And if you ever
suspect a fire on the other side of a door, don’t
open it. Instead, find an alternative means of exit

Backdraught

2.1.2.
Fire
prevention
system in a
building

Purpose

To provide adequate protection
from fire hazard to building
occupants and reduce damage to
property.
Categorized to TWO (2) systems:

1.Passive Fire Prevention
2.Active Fire Protection

1. Passive Fire Protection

Protection system available on the building
structure, function to stop spread of fire and
smoke so that residents can seek refuge using it
as a route out to a safe place as a place to locate
firefighters and fire fighting equipment.

PFP try to prevent fires or slow down the spread
through the use of fire resistant walls, floors and
doors.

1. Passive Fire Protection

Example of PFP
1.Fire rated walls, floors, ceiling and roofs.
2.Fire and smoke control doors
3.Fire and smoke stopping seals, collars,
pillow, blankets, etc for services
penetrations.
4.Fire rated protective coatings for structural
steel members etc
5.Fire and smoke dampers/ curtains
6.Fire rated glass systems
7.Fire rated lift landing doors
8.Fire rated ducting

2. Active Fire Protection

A fire protection system installed
permanently in the building to control and
fire fighting; either manual or automatic.

To provide protection to building
occupant with fire detection method,
control and fire fighting.
To detect, control, and fire-fighting at
early stage for prevent damages and
destruction resulting from fire.

2. Active Fire Protection

Examples of AFP :
1.Fire hydrant system
2.Dry and wet riser system
3.Sprinkler system
4.Fire alarm system (manual/automatic)
5.Fire extinguisher
6.Water spray system
7.Fire detection

Emergency power systems

Emergency power systems are a type of system,
which may include lighting, generators, fuel cells and
other apparatus, to provide backup power resources
in a crisis or when regular systems fail.

Main power can be lost due to downed lines,
malfunctions at a sub-station, inclement weather,
planned blackouts or in extreme cases a grid-wide
failure.

Emergency power systems are based on generators.

Emergency power systems

Fire Control Panel