Pendidikan Islam Tahun 6

RM11.45

RM11.45

Rukun Negara Jawi.indd 1 27-Aug-15 8:55:09 PM

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2019
i







05-Sep-15 3:06:59 PM

No. Siri Buku: 0018
KK 372-1311-00270-2103
ISBN 978-983-49-0270-4
2015
2019
2015























50460
Telefon: 03-21749000 (8 talian)
Faksimile: 03-21479643
Laman Web: http://www.dbp.gov.my








22/14










ii







05-Sep-15 3:07:15 PM

ǹȧȀƽǺơǮ ǹǶȏǾ ǹȧȀƽǺơǮ





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1 1 ƩȇǺȀƠ

7 2 ƩȇǺȀƠ
13 3 ƩȇǺȀƠ

19 ǺǸȀǨǯ Ʀǀȁdž 2 ǸǁƲȏȫ


19 1 ƩȇǺȀƠ
26 2 ƩȇǺȀƠ


33 ȁǶƽȆȁƳƪ ǹǯǪȁdzȆƠǁȫ 3 ǸǁƲȏȫ

33 ¿Ƣǣ®¤ ǸƠƼ ȅǫdzƶ ǀơǿǚƚ 1 ƩȇǺȀƠ

39 ƢȏǪƚ ǸƠƼ ȅǫȇǫƶ ƓƢǨƻ¤ 2 ƩȇǺȀƠ

ƮȇƾƷ ȥƽȇƤ 2


44 ǼƠȁdžǀ ȄǀƽǻȇǾ 4 ǸǁƲȏȫ

ȄȀơƲ ȥƽȇƤ 3



51 ȁǮƠǀơȤǺ ǹdžƠȀƠȀ 5 ǸǁƲȏȫ
Ɠ
51 ȅȣȁDzȁǻǯȇƪ ǸƠƼ DŽ ǹȆ ơdž 1 ƩȇǺȀƠ

Ǵȏdžƚ ǹȇǻLJǮ șǾƽǻȆƠ 2 ƩȇǺȀƠ
57
ƧǟǪǀ ǖƻ ȅǻdž ȜǾƽǻȆƠ 6 ǸǁƲȏȫ
63
ƦƽȇǫǞ ȥƽȇƤ 4



69 ƄƠ Ï
7 ǸǁƲȏȫ
69 ǝǷdž 1 ƩȇǺȀƠ


iii
iii






Prelim Thn6.indd 3 05-Sep-15 3:07:45 PM

75 ǁǏƤ 2 ƩȇǺȀƠ ǹȧȀƽǺơǮ
82 ǴȏǮ 3 ƩȇǺȀƠ



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108 ƨơȇǟǷdž ǹȧƼ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ 10 ǸǁƲȏȫ
Ë
ƦƼơƥǞ ȥƽȇƤ 5


115 ÀƢǔǷ° ǺdzȂƥ ƾǧ ơdžƠȁȫ ¨®ƢƦǟ 11 ǸǁƲȏȫ

122 Ħ° Ä°Ƣǿ ¦Â® ƨǼLJ ¨ȐǏ 12 ǸǁƲȏȫ
129 ǺǰƫȐǏ® ȂǷƢǯ Ǵȁdzƥdž ǽdzƪȏǎ 13 ǸǁƲȏȫ


Ǽǁȇdž ȥƽȇƤ 6


135 ƧȇƥȆƽƶ ǹȇƳǻƲǁȫ 14 ǸǁƲȏȫ
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142 ƧǯǶ ơƪȁǮ Ǹ ơǮȁƥǷȫ 15 ǸǁƲȏȫ
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149 Ǹ ơǮȁƥǷȫ DžȬdzdž Ǵȏdžƚ ǹȨƥǷǮǁȫ 16 ǸǁƲȏȫ
ƧǯǶ ơƪȁǮ


156
17 ǸǁƲȏȫ

163 U ƽǷƷǶ ȅƥǺ ǹƪƢǧȁǮ 18 ǸǁƲȏȫ


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171 ƠƽǻȇǶ ǹǯƫƷȆǁǶ Ƨdzƶǀ 19 ǸǁƲȏȫ

177 ǸƠȁȇƶ ǽdzȇȨȆơdž 20 ǸǁƲȏȫ
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183 ǵDzơǞ ǽdzȆ ơȣǁǾ 21 ǸǁƲȏȫ
189 ǴƠȁǞ ƠƽǻƤ ơƪǁǾ ǽDzơȣơƲ 22 ǸǁƲȏȫ


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Prelim Thn6.indd 4 05-Sep-15 3:08:47 PM

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ǹǮȀƽǻȨǁƤ DžȇDzȁƪƼ ǹȆƠ ȁǮȁƤ ǹȆƠ ǵǺƠ ǸȁǾơƪ Ǵȏdžƚ ǹǫȆƽȆƽǻȨ DŽ ȫȇƪ ȁǮȁƤ ǹLJȇDzȁǻȨ ǹǮơǺǀȁȩǷȘǶ
ȁǮȁƤ ǹǢȀƽǺơǮ ǵǺƠ ǸȁǾơƪ Ǵȏdžƚ ǹǫȆƽȆƽǻȨ ǀ DŽ DŽ Ȫ ǼƽǺǀ ǽDzȁǯdž Ƽǀƽǻƫdž ǴȁDzȁǯȆǀȁǮ
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ƦƼơƥǞ ƦƽȇǫǞ ȄȀơƲ ƮȇƾƷ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ƩȆ ơȆ ǠƽȇƤ ǼȁƲȁƪ ǹǢȁƤơȣ ƽȨǀƼ ȄǁȆƼǁƪ ǹȆƠ DŽ ȫȇƪ
ǹǫȆƽȆƽǻȨ ƩǶȏƫǶ ȄơȨơȠǻǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ơȨȀǀ ǹȇǯǶƽdž ǸȁdžȁdžƼ șǻǢȀƽǺơǮ ȅLJȆƠ ƢƼƠ ǸƠƼ Ǽǁȇdž
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ơȇDzȁǶ
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ǩȆǀơǻǶ ǡȆ ǹǿƥǷdžǁȨ ǹǢƼ ǸȁdžȁdžƼ ǡȆ ǸǁƲȏƥǷȨ ȅLJȆƠ ǹǢƼ ȅƪȁǯȆƖƼ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ǰȁǫǟǻǶ ǸƠƼ
ơȣȂƳ ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ ǸƠƼ ǦȈƫƢȇǂǯ ǹǶȎ ǵDzƠƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ƩȆƠ ǹȆȏdž ƽȆǀȁǶ ÀǂȈǰȈǸǧ ǡLJǢǁǶ ǸƠƼ
Ɠ
ƽȆǀȁǶ Ǹ ơdžƠȁǣȨ ǹǯȩƫǻǷǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǸƠȁƲȁƪǁƤ ǹǯȆǁƤƼ ǡȆ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ Ǥơȇƫdž ǹȆƠ ȁǮȁƤ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǯƪƠȁǶƼ
ǡȇȩǷdžƼ ȫȆǁǶ DžȇƫȆǁǮ ǸƠƼ ǦȈƫƢȇǂǯ ǸǁȇǯȇǷȨ ǽdžơǣǶ ǸƠƼ ȄǁƲȏȨƼ ǡȆ ǹǢȀƽǺơǮ ǤƼơǾǁƪ
ǸƠƼ ǹǺȀơǿdžȀƗǮ ǹǷȇdzȆƠ ǡƫǻƪ ǹǾƼƽǻȨ ǹǯȆǁƥǷǶ ȅǺǀȁǶ ȄȏȇǺ ǨȁȨȁǷǶ ƩȨƠƼ ǹȆƠ ÏȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ƩȆƠ
Ɠ
ȅdžơǯȇǺȁǶȁǮ ǸƠƼ ƩǶȁdzǟǶ ȅȣȁDzȁǻǯȇƪ Ǹ ơǺȁȤǣȨ ǤƼơǾǁƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǸǁȇǾơǷǮ ǹǯƫǯǣȇǻǶ
ǵDzƠƼ Ȁǀȁȣ ƽȩǮ ǸƠȀƽǻȨ Ȅơȣơƥdž Ȁǀȁȣ ơƪȁǺ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǮơȆƽdžƼ ƨȀǀȁƪ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǢƼơȟ
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ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǹȆƠ ȁǮȁƤ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǯƪƠȁǶƼ ȂǨǼȇ¦ ǹǢƠȀǀ ƩȆƠ ǹȆ ȏdž ǸǁƲȏƥǷȨ ǸƠƼ ǸǁƲơǣȨ DžȇdžȀǁȨ
ǹǯȨȀƽȇǿǣǶ ȅȣơƤ ǹǮƼȁƲȀƼ ǩƪƠȀ ǤƠǁƥƤ ǨȁƲơƪ ȁƪƠȁLJdž ȅȣơƤ ǹǿƥǷƪ ƩǶȁdzǟǶ ǹǯȆǁƥǷǶ
ǹȆƠ DŽ ȫȇƪ ȁǮȁƤ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǿƥǷdžǁȨ

Ɠ
ǴơȣƠ Ȅơȣơƥdž Ǵȏdžƚ ǴơȣƠ ǹǯǫƫdzǶ ǽdzƪ ǸƠȁƪȁǯdžǁȨ Ǹ ơȣơƥǷDzǁȨ  3(1) ƠǀơǮǁȨ ǵDzƠƼ
Ɠ
ƩȣơƳdž Ǹ ƠǁƫǿƳLJǮ ǹȇǶơƳǻǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ȅȤǣȇƪǁƪ ƩȩǷƪƼ ǹǯǫƫDzƼ ǽdzƪ Ǵȏdžƚ ǴơȣƠ ǸƠȁƪȁǯdžǁȨ
ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ƩǶȏƫǶ ȅǾȁǻǷǶ ƩȨƠƼ ǹȆƠ ȁǮȁƤ ǹLJȇDzȁǻȨ ȡȁǷdž


Ɠ
ǤƼơǾǁƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ Ǹ ơdžƠȁǣȨ ǹǯƫǯǣȇǻǶ ƩȨƠƼ ǹȆƠ DŽ ȫȇƪ ȁǮȁƤ ǹLJȇDzȁǻȨ ǹǯȨǀơǾƼ ƨơǮ ǂȈƻ¦
ǽDzȁǯdžƼ ǸƠȁDzǁȩǮ ȅǾȁǻǷǶ ǹȆƠ ȁǮȁƤ ȡȁǷdž ǹǯǪȁǺȀǁȘǶ ǡȆ ǸǁƲȏƥǷȨ ǹǮƼȁƲȁǶ ǸƠƼ ǸǁƲȏȨ

ƽȆǀȁǶ ǸƠƼ Ȁǀȁȣ ƠȁǷdž ǽȇDzȀƠ șǶȂǸȈƬǧÂƘLJ ǺǰƬǠǨǼǷ® ƩȨƠƼ ǸƠƼ



DžȇDzȁǻȨ DZȇǺơȨ

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v






Prelim Thn6.indd 5 05-Sep-15 3:09:00 PM

ǩƪƠȀ



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ǨȁƲơƫƤȁdž ǸƠƼ ǸǁƲȏȨ
ǠƽȇƤ ȅȣơƤ ȅȣơƤ ǀȁƪơǯȆƽǻȆƠ
ǠƽȇƤ Ǥơȇƫdž






DŽ ȫȇƪ
ǼƽǺǀ




DŽ ȫȇƪ

ǸơǾǀƽdž
ǦȈƫƠțȁǻȆƠ ǹǶȎ







DŽ ȫȇƪ
ȅȤǣȇƪ
Ȁǀȁȣ ơƪȁǺ






ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ
8
2< 3
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ǸǁȇǾơǷǮ ǹǷȇdzȆƠ
ȅȤǣȇƪ DŽǀƠ ǂȈǰȈǧǂƥ



vi
vi






Prelim Thn6.indd 6 05-Sep-15 3:10:02 PM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǺǜǨƷ À¦® À ơȟƢƥ Ʀǀȁdž ǸǁƲȏȫ









ƩȇǺȀƠ




ǰȁƫƤ ǹȧƼ ȝơƤ



































ȂǨǼȇ¦

ǸƠǁǮ ǹȇƫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǹǮơǶơǺƼ ǹȆƠ Ʀǀȁdž

ǹǢƼ ǽȩǶȁdžǁƤ ǽdzƪ ƄƠ ǹȆƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǰȀƠ ƽȨ
ǀȁǖ ƩȇǮȁƤ ơƪǁdž ǸȁƫȆǂ ǸƠƼ ǹȇƪ ǼƠȁƤ
ȡȁƲ ȄƠ ǸơǶƠ ǡȆ ƧǯǶ ȄǁȤǺ ǸƠƼ ơǻȇdž
Ɠ
ǹǮơƫȩȇȠǻǶ ǡȆ ƄƠ Ǹ ơdžƠȁǯǮ ǹǮơƫȆǁȠǻǶ
Ɠ
Ɠ
Ɠ
ǹȆƼơƳǮ ǩȆ ơƤ ǩȆ ơƥdž ǹǢƼ ȅLJǺ ơǶ
Ɠ
Ɠ
1.1.1 ǽȇdzȇȨǁƪ ȄǀơǪ ƽȨǀƼ ǹȇƫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǹǮǁǢƼǁȨ
1.1.2
1 1.1.3 ǹǣdžơȨǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž ǹȇƫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ





Bab 1 (1-18).indd 1 05-Sep-15 11:29:13 AM

ǰȁƫƤ ǹȧƼ ȝơƤ ǸƠƼ ƨȁƥdž ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ
















ȅDzơǮ ȦDzȀƠǁƤ ȝơƤ























































1.1.1 Ǵơdž ǁȇȩǷǾ ǡȆ IȀǁƶ ȅȗȁƤ ƽȨ ǴơƪȀƠǁƪ ǽǷdzǮ Ǥơȇƫdž ƨȁƥȘǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
1.1.2
1.1.3 ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ 2
Ɠ
ǀƠǁǯƪ ƠǀơȠdž ǹȇƫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƲ




Bab 1 (1-18).indd 3 05-Sep-15 11:30:17 AM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǽȇȤȇȣ ǹȧƼ ǚǨƷ







1
ǚǨƷ ƩȇǮ ȄǀơǶ
ǹǣdžơȨǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž

2






















3
ǹǷǪƠǀ ǁǢƼ ƩȇǮ ȄǀơǶ

ȎȁǷdž ƪȈǯ ǺǜǨƷ










4













Ɠ
ǺǜǨƷ ǸƠƼ Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǹǯȩƫǻǷǶ ǼȁȤǢȁdž ǼȁȤǢȁdžǁƤ ȄȏȇǺ


1.2.1 ǹǣdžơȨǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž ǀƠǁǯƪ ǼƽǞơǪ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ǹǢƼ ǙĦƷǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
1.2.2
3 1.2.3 ơȆƽȇǶ ȄơȣơƥdzȨ ƽȨǀƼ ǹǷǪƠǀ ǁǢƽǻǶ ƠǀơȠdž ǙĦƷǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ






Bab 1 (1-18).indd 2 05-Sep-15 11:29:43 AM

ǺǜǨƷ ǹǯȬƫǻǶ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ



1
ƩȇǮ ȄǀơǶ çǸȀơǮ

ǡȆ ǹȇƫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƤ
2
ǚǨƷ ƩȇǮ ǽdzƪ

Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ
















































ǺǜǨƷ DŽ Ȫȇƪ

ǹƫLJȇLJǺȁǮ ƠǀơȠdž Ƨǻdž ǹǻǮơǶ ǹdzȇƥǷǣȨ
ÛÙ
ǹƫƷȇǏǮ ȧǾơƪ ǹǯƫǯǣȇǻǶ ȁƫǻƥǷǶ ƩȨƠƼ



1.2.1 Ʀȏǎ ǵDzƠƼ ǹȇƫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǯǫDzơȣ
1.2.2 Ɠ
1.2.3 ǹȆ Ȏ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž ǵDzƠƼ ǹȇƫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƥǷǶ ǺǸdzơǣȨ ȅLJǢȁǮǁƤ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ 4






Bab 1 (1-18).indd 5 05-Sep-15 11:31:17 AM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǦȈƫ¦ȘȂǼȇ¦ ǹǶȎ




Ɠ
øǺǜǨƷ ƽȆ ȁƤȁǮù ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƲ


Ɠ
ȅƫȆƙȇƫǮƠ Ǹ ơǺơLJǫdzȫ Ơǀơȟ
ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ Ȣȇƪ ƽȩǮ ǹǯȇȣơǿƤƼ ƽȆǀȁǶ .
.
Ɠ
ǺǜǨƷ ƽȆ ȁƤȁǮ Ʃȇdž ȁƪơdž ȄǁƤƼ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ Ǥơȇƫdž .
ƨȁǯȇǣǶ ǹȇƫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǵDzƠƼ ƧȆƠ ǸȁdžȁȘǶ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ Ǥơȇƫdž ơƫǻȇǶ
ǰȁƫƤ ǡȆ ǹƪȀǀȀƠ .
DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ ǙĦƷǣǶ ǸƠƼ ȝơƥǷǶ ȅǪƽǻǿǮƼ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ Ǥơȇƫdž .
ǡǻǷȨ ƠǁȇǮƼ ǰȁƫƤ ǸƠƼ Ʃȩȟ ǹǢƼ ǙĦƷǣǶ ȄơƲǁƤ ǡȆ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ





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1














3





















1.2.1 ÷ǡȇdžơǶ ȅƫȆȜȇƪơȆǁǮ ƨȁǯȇǣǶ ǹǾơƤ ǹǮơȆƽdž
1.2.2
5 1.2.3 DžƪƖƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƳǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ






Bab 1 (1-18).indd 4 05-Sep-15 11:30:49 AM

ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ
ƧȆƠ ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ ȝơƤ ƩȇǮ ȄǀơǶ

ƨȁǯȆƠǁƤ
ƽȆȁƳƪǁƤ ǹǢƼ ȝơƤ
1























Ɠ
ǹȇƫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǡDzȀƠ ǸƠƼ ǁǢƼ 2


Ɠ
ǹȆƠ Ȅơdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǡDzȀƠ ǸƠƼ ǁǢƼ ȏȇdž ƧǺơƶǂǧ


















Ɠ
ƨȁǯȆƠ ǸƠƼ ǠȀơLJdž ǹǶȎ ȅdžȀǁǻǶ ǹȇƫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǁǢƼ 3
Ɠ
Ɠ
ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ȄǀơǪ Ǹ ơȟơƤ
ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǹǮƠǀ ƽȩǮ ȂǷƢǯ ǺǜǨƷ ǵȆǁȇǮ ǹȇƫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǺǜǨƷ ǵǪǀ 4

ǹǯDzȁƫƤǁȨƼ ǸƠƼ ǩǷȇdžƼ


Ɠ
Ɠ
1.1.1 1.2.1 ǹȆƠȁLJdžǁƤ ǡȆ ǸƠƼ ƵȇƷǎ ǡȆ ŏǶȁdž ƽȨǀƼ ȄǀơǪ Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǽȇdzȇȨ
1.1.2 1.2.2
1.1.3 1.2.3 ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǢƼ 6
Ɠ
Ȅ ơdžƠȁǣǶ ǴȁdzƤ ǡȆ ǹǮƠǀ ǡȇƥǷȇƥǷǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ DŽȀǀȁƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǽȇdzȇȨ
ǺǜǨƷ


Bab 1 (1-18).indd 7 05-Sep-15 11:32:29 AM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ƩȇǺȀƠ




ȝơƤ ǸƠƼ ŕȇdzƪ



ǩȇdzȇȟ ȅǞƠƼ ǹȨȆƽǻƪǁȫ

ǸȀǂ ƩǯȨȆǁȫ


ǽdzǻǯǣǻƪ ȀơǮ ƄƠ ơȆ 1

ǽdzǻǯǾƼȁǶǁȨ ǸƠƼ ȁǮƠȁȇƲ
ȁǯǻdžȀǀȀƠ

2



















ȂǨǼȇ¦


Ʀǀȁdž ǹǢƼ ȅdzǻǮƼ ȡȁƲ ƴ!ǁ Ō NjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž


ǹȆƠ Ʀǀȁdž J ! K 3 5 D ȀơƪƠ J " K! 3
!

!
ǡȆ ƠȁȇƲ ǹǣǻƫǮ ƩǷǟǺ ǡƫǻƪ ǹǮơƫȆǁȠǻǶ
ǵDzƠƼ Ț ǰȁdžǀ ƽȩǮ ǹǮơȇǺǀȁǮ ƄƠ
ǼȁǞƼǁƤ ȫȇƫǮ ǸǁƤơȟ ȅȨƼơǿǣǶ











Ɠ
1.1.1 DždzǮ ǵDzƠƼƼ ƴǁNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǹǮǁǢƼǁȩǷǶ DŽȀǀȁƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
1.1.2
7 1.1.3 ǁȇdzȇȣ ǁȇdzȇȣǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ ƴǁNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ






Bab 1 (1-18).indd 6 05-Sep-15 11:31:39 AM

ǰȁƫƤ ǹȧƼ ȝơƤ ǸƠƼ ƨȁƥdž ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ























1
ÏǽǷdzǮ ȝơƤ ǵȇǯƶ

ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ ƨȁƥdžǁƪ





2
ȝơƥǷǶ ȅƫLJǶ ƩȇǮƩǣȆƠ
ƽȆȁƳƪǁƤ ǹǢƼ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ


































1.1.1 ǰȁƫƤ ǡȆ »Ȁǁƶ ǹƪȁƥdž ǹǢƼ ƴǁNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ƽȨǀƼ ǽǷdzǮ ȝơƥǷǶ ȅƤȁƪ ǽȇƪȎ
1.1.2
Ɠ
1.1.3 ǹǢƼ Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǺǰǨǫȁǶ Ơǀơȟ ǸƠƼ ǠȁǢƼ ­ƧdzǫdzǪ Ǵȁǯƶ ȅǢȀƽǺơǣǶ ǡȆ ǸƠƼ 8
ǰȁƫƤ
ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ƴǁNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ƨȀǧƢnjǷ ȅǫdzƪ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƲ



Bab 1 (1-18).indd 9 05-Sep-15 11:33:37 AM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǽȇȤȇȣ ǹȧƼ ǚǨƷ




2 1
ǚǨƷ ȏȇdž ƧȇDzơǞ
ǹǢƼ ƴǁNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž

ƽȆȁƳƪǁƤ


3
ȁǶơǮ ǽǯǿȇDzȁƤ
Ÿ5-6 ƧȆƠ ȝơƤ





















5
ȁǶơǮ ơƤȁȟ
4
.7-8 ƧȆƠ ȝơƤ










6










ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ȝơƥǷǶ Ǹȁǯƪ ǸƠƼ ǽȇȤȇȣ ȄȏȇǺ



1.1.1 ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ƴǁNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǙĦƷǣǶ ȅƤȁƪ ǽȇƪȎ
1.1.2
9 1.1.3 Ȁǀȁȣ ǹǢƼ ǹȨƼơǾƼ ƴǁNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǺǜǨƷ ǝȇǷLJƪ





Bab 1 (1-18).indd 8 05-Sep-15 11:32:57 AM

ǺǜǨƷ ǹǯȬƫǻǶ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ





1
2 ȄơƲǁƤ ȁǶơǮ ƧǺơƶǂǧ ƧƟȇǻǿƪ
ƴ!ǁ Ō NjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƥǷǶ Ȅơdž ƧȇDzơǞ ƄƽǷƷDzƠ ȅǞƠƼ ǹǾȁƲ ȄƼơƳǻǶ

Ɠ
ǹǢƼ DžƫǻȩǮ ǩȆ ơǺ Ǵȁdzƥdž ƓơǞƼ Ȅơȣơƥdž ǹȆƠ ȅDzơǮ ȁƪƠƽȇȨ ǩȇdzȇȟ
ǹȇǫȆ ǸƠƼ ǡǻƪ DŽƠǁƤ Ȅơdž ƄƠ ǹȆƿȆƠ
ŸȁǶơǮ ơȇLJǾǀ ǽǮơȨƠ





















3
Ɠ
Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǹǮǁǢƼǁȨ ȁǶơǮ ǽȇDzȁƤ
Ÿƨȁƥdžǁƪ Ʀǀȁdž

4
















ǺǜǨƷ DŽ Ȫȇƪ

Ɠ
ǸƠƼ Ǹ ơǶơdžǁȨ ǤƼơǾǁƪ ǹȇƪơǾǁȨ ǹǯȆǁƥǷǶ
Ɠ
ƩȨƠƼ ƧȆƠ ǠȁƲȁǾ ƽȨ ȅȗȁƤ Ǹ ƠƿȇƤǁȨ
Ʀǀȁdž ǺǜǨƷ ǹǯǾƼȁǷǶ



1.2.1 ǹȆǀơǾ ǹȨȀƽȇǿǮ ǵDzƠƼ ƴǁNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǹǯdzǷǟǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
1.2.2
1.2.3 ǹǮȎȁǷǶ Ǵȁdzƥdž ȅDzơǮ Ǥơȇƫdž ƴǁNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǯǫDzơȣ 10
ǸǁƲȏƥǷȨ





Bab 1 (1-18).indd 11 05-Sep-15 11:34:13 AM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǦȈƫ¦ȘȂǼȇ¦ ǹǶȎ





ċ
ø·ƢǨƷ ǺȇƢƬǻ°ù ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƲ
É
Ɠ
ȅƫȆƙȇƫǮƠ Ǹ ơǺơLJǫdzȫ Ơǀơȟ
ǸƠƼ ȅǮȏDz ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ ƽȩǮ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǯȇȣơǿƤ .
ǸƠȁȩǶǁȨ

ơƪǁLJȨ ƽȩǮ ƧȆƠ ǹǯǫȇLJȇƥǷǶ ǹǮƠ ǴơƪǁȨ ơƪǁLJȨ .

ƠȀƽǮ

ơƪǁLJȨ ƽȩǮ ƧȆƠ ǹǯǫȇLJȇƥǷǶ ƠȀƽǮ ơƪǁLJȨ .
ȢȇƫǮ

ơƪǁLJȨ ƽȩǮ ƧȆƠ ǹǯǫȇLJȇƥǷǶ ȢȇƫǮ ơƪǁLJȨ .
ƩȩǶƗǮ

ȧǯǣDz Ȣǣȇǿdž ǹǯdžȀǁƪƼ ǺǜǨƷ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ .
ǚǨƷ® ƴǁNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǵDzƠƼ ƧȆƠ ƠȁǷdž

ǩǷȇȘǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ DŽȀǀȁƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǠǀȀƗdž ǩȇƫǺȎ .

Ɠ
Ǹ ơȟơƤ
Ɠ
Ȅơȣơƥdž ƠǁȇǮƼ șǺ ơȟơƤ ơǺǀȁȩǷdž ǡȆ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ .
ǡǻǷȨ

























1.2.1 ǹǮƠǀ ǽȇDzȀƠ ǁǢƼƼ ƩȨƠƼ ǸƠƼ ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ ȝơƤƼ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǺǜǨƷ ǹǫȇLJȇƤ ǹǯȇƫLJȨ
1.2.2
11 1.2.3






Bab 1 (1-18).indd 10 05-Sep-15 3:24:28 PM

ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ






ƽȆȁƳƪǁƤ ǹǢƼ ȝơƤ 1











ȁǶơǮ ǺǜǨƷ ǹǮǁǢƼǁȨ 2


4-1 ƧȆƠ ȝơƤ ȏȇdž 1
2
ƴǁNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž












3
ǠȁƥǶơdž ǸƠƼ ǡDzȀƠ ȏȇdž 4
Ȣǣȇǿdž Ȅơdž ǸơȟơƤ

ƴǁNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž DžȇƤơǾ



Ɠ
ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž ǵDzƠƼ ƴǁNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǹȨǁǯǮ ǸƠƼ ƺȇǀơƪ ǹǮƼȁǯȆǀ 3
ƨȁǯȆƠǁƤ ǡȆ

ƺȇ°Ƣƫ ǹȫǁǯǮ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž

Ʀȏǎ ǵDzƠƼ

ǸǁƲȏƥǷȨ ǹǮȎȁǷǶ Ǵȁdzƥdž

ǸǁǮȁLJǮ ȅȨƼơǿǣǶ DŽơǷdž

ǙĦƷǣǶ ȀơƪƠ ȝơƥǷǶ ǹǮƠǀ ǡȇƥǷȇƥǷǶ

Ɠ
1.2.1 ǽȇDzȁƤ ƽȆǀȁǶ DžƪƖƼ ǺǜǨƷ ǸƠƼ Ǹ ơȟơƤ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƳǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
1.2.2
ǹȆ Ȏ ǡȆ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž ǽƥǷǻǶ 12
Ɠ
Ȁǀȁȣ ǸƠƼ ǤơƤ ȁƥȆƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ ǩǷȇdžƼ ǹȆƠ ƽǮ ǹǯȇƫLJȨ




Bab 1 (1-18).indd 13 05-Sep-15 11:35:18 AM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ƩȇǺȀƠ




ǰȁƫƤ ǹȧƼ ȝơƤ




















































ȂǨǼȇ¦

Ɠ
Ǹ ơƫȩȇȟ ǹǢƼ ǽȩǶȁdžǁƤ ǽdzƪ ƄƠ DžǷNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǵDzƠƼ
Ɠ
ȅLJǺ ơǶ ƠȀơǿƤ ǹǯLJȤǻǶ ȡȁƲ ƄƠ ƩƥȇǾ ǡȆ ǵDzơǞ
Ɠ
ǹǫȆ ơƥǮ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ DŽơȇƫǻdž ǸƠƼ ȚƠȁȇƲ ǽȇdžǁƤ ǡȆ
¨ǂȈƻƖƼ ǸƠƼ ơȇǺƼƼ ȄơƲǁƤ ǹǮƠ


Ɠ
1.2.1 ơȆƽȇǶ ȄơȣơƥdzȨ ƽȨǀƼ DžǷNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǹǮǁǢƼǁȨ
1.2.2
13 1.2.3 ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ ȀƽȆȜȆƽǻȆƠ ǸƠƼ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ ­DždzǮ ƠǀơȠdž ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ






Bab 1 (1-18).indd 12 05-Sep-15 11:34:42 AM

ƽȆȁƳƪǁƤ ǹȧƼ ȝơƤ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ





















ƠƽǺƠ Ǹ Ɠ ơȟơƤ ȅǫȆ Ɠ ơƤ ȏȇdž ǰȁƫƤ ƠƽǺƠ Ǹ Ɠ ơȟơƤ ƧƟǻǿƪ
























ǰȁƫƤ ƠƽǺƠ Ǹ Ɠ ơȟơƤ ƧƟǻǿƪ ǰȁƫƤ ƠƽǺƠ Ǹ Ɠ ơȟơƤ ƧƟǻǿƪ




















Ɠ
Ɠ
Ǹ ơȟơƤ ȅǫȆ ơƤǁȩǷǶ ơǿdžȀƠǁƤ DŽơȇƫǻdž ȄȏȇǺ
1.1.1 ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ DžƪƖƼ ƧȆƠ ǸƠƼ ǽǷdzǮ ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
1.1.2
1.1.3 ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ ǸƠƼ DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ DžǷNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǹǮǁȨơȨ 14
Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ȚơȟơƥǷǶ





Bab 1 (1-18).indd 15 05-Sep-15 11:36:11 AM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǽȇȤȇȣ ǹȧƼ ǚǨƷ












































ǂơƫǷǶ

ǂơƫǷǶ
ǂơƫǷǶ
Ʀǀȁdž ǚǨƷ ȄơƲǁƤ ǼƼȁdž Ȅơdž ƧȇDzơǞ
ǂơƫǷǶ
Ȅơdž øǂơƫǷǶù ǸơȠǻDz ƩǿȇDz DžǷNjDzƠ
ǂơƫǷǶ
















ǂơƫǷǶ
1.2.1 ǀƠǁǯƪ ǼƽǞơǪ ǹǢƼ ƧȆƠ ȅǶƼ ƧȆƠ ǙĦƷǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
1.2.2
15 1.2.3 ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ ǸƠƼ DždzǮ ǵDzƠƼƼ ȄơƲǁƤ ǡȆ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǺǜǨƷ ǹǮǁǢƼǁȨ
ȫȆǁǶ Ȅơƥdž ǹǮƠǀ ǡȇƥǷȇƥǷǶ





Bab 1 (1-18).indd 14 05-Sep-15 11:35:45 AM

ǺǜǨƷ ǹǯȬƫǻǶ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ






























































ǺǜǨƷ DŽ Ȫȇƪ
Ɠ
ȄơȣơƥdzȨ ƽȨǀƼ Ʀǀȁdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǁǢƽǻǶ
ǹǮƠ ȅDzơǮ ǡDzȀƠǁƤ ȝơƥǷǶ ǸƠƼ ơȆƽȇǶ
ǺǜǨƷ ǹǯȩƫǻǷǶ ƩȨƠƼ


1.2.1 ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ DžǷNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǺǜǨƷ ǝȇǷLJƪ
1.2.2
1.2.3 ǴơǶƠ ȄƼơƳǻǶ ƽȆȁƳƪǁƤ ǸƠƼ ǁȠǻDz ǹǢƼ ǙĦƷǣǶ ȄơƲǁƤ ǡȆ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǩȇƫǺȎ 16






Bab 1 (1-18).indd 17 05-Sep-15 11:37:10 AM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǦȈƫ¦ȘȂǼȇ¦ ǹǶȎ





ǁƲȏȨ ȄƼơƳǻǶ ǹǮƠ ƩȇǮ ǹȆƠ ȄǀơǾ

ƩȇǮ øǦȈƫƠȘȁǻȆƠ ·ƢǨƷ ȅǶƼơǮƠù
É
ƧȆƠ ƨȁǯȇǣǶ DžǷNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǚǨƷ ǹǮƠ
Ɠ
ȫȇǻǯȇƪ ȄơȣơƥdzȨ Ȅ ȁDzȏǶ ǹǮȁƫǻƪƼ ǡȆ


ƩǿȇdzǶ ơȩǻƪ ȫȇǻǯȇƪ
ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ








ƩǿȇdzǶ ȫȇǻǯȇƪ
ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ















ȫȇǻǯȇƪ
ǹǷǪǀ ǁǢƽǻǶ





ǡDzȁǣǶ ȫȇǻǯȇƪ

Ɠ
ǹǣdžơȨǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ









1.2.1 ǠǀȀƠ ǡȇƥǷȇƥǷǶ ǽȇDzȁƤ ƽȆǀȁǶ ȢǣȇǾ DžƪƖƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƳǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
1.2.2
Ɠ
17 1.2.3 ǹȆ Ȏ





Bab 1 (1-18).indd 16 05-Sep-15 11:36:51 AM

ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ




Ɠ
ȁȆƼȀƠ ơȆƽȇǶ ȄơȣơƥdzȨ ƽȨǀƼ DžǷNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǁǢƼ
1
Ɠ
ƽȆȁƳƪǁƤ ǹǢƼ Ǹ ơȟơƤ ƨȁǯȆƠ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ
























ȁǶơǮ ǺǜǨƷ ǹǮǁǢƼǁȨ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ ǹǣdžơȨǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž ǚǨƷ 2

Ȁǀȁȣ ǹȨƼơǾƼ



ȡơƳǻȨ ȀơƪƠ ǤơƤ ȁƥȆƠ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ DžǷNjDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǚǨƷ 3

Ɠ
Ȁǀȁȣ ǹȨƼơǾƼ Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǪǸȈLJ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ

ƺȇ°Ƣƫ ǹȫǁǯǮ ƧȆƠ




















1.1.1 1.2.1 ƽȆȁƳƪǁƤ ǸƠƼ ƶȈǐǧ ǹǢƼ ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǯǫDzơȣ
1.1.2 1.2.2
1.1.3 1.2.3 ǸơǾǀƽdž ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƥǷǶ DŽȀǀȁƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ 18
ǺǜǨƷ ǩǷȇdž ƽǮ ǹǮơȆƽdž





Bab 1 (1-18).indd 19 05-Sep-15 11:37:30 AM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǺǸȀǨǯ Ʀǀȁdž ǸǁƲȏȫ









ƩȇǺȀƠ




ȝơƤ ǸƠƼ ǺǰȈƫƢǿǁȫ





















ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǹdzǻȨȫ


ǸƠƼ Ȫ Ʀǀȁdž ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ ǹȆƠ Ʀǀȁdž ƧȆƠ ȅǢȀƽǺơǣǶ ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ý

ƧǯǶƼ ǹǯǺȀǀȁƪƼ
ǸƠƼ ǹƫƥȇǿǮ ǹǮƠǀơȠȇƥǷǶ șǻǢȀƽǺơǮ ǸƠǁǮ ǀƽǫDzƠ ǹǮơǶơǺƼ ǹȆƠ Ʀǀȁdž ý °ƾǼȈdzƢǯ
Ɠ
ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ Ǹ ơȇDzȁǷǮ ÀƢǔǷ°
Ȅơǿȟ ƠȀơƥǷǶ ǹǢƼ ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ ƽȨ ǸȀǀȁƪ DZȆǁƥƲ ǸƠƼ ƧǯƞȏǶ ƠǀơȨ ý

Ɠ
ƵDzơǎ ǸƠƼ ǹǶ ȁǶ ǡȆ ƄƠ çơƥǷǾ ƽȩǮ ǹǫȇƲơƥǮ ǸƠƼ ǹƫǮǁƥǮ














1.3.1.1 ƽȆȁƳƪǁƤ ǹǢƼ ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
Ɠ
ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ ǡƫǻƪ ȫȆǁǶ ǽȇDzȀƠ Ȅ ȁǾơƫǮƼ ǡȆ ƩǶȁdzǟǶ ȅLJǢȁǮǁƤ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
19
ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ




Bab 2 (19-32).indd 19 05-Sep-15 6:21:36 PM

ȆǸȀǧ ǸƠƼ ȝơƤ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ











ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǹǯǺȀǀȁǻǶ ǽdzƪ ȅǶơǮ șǾȁȤǢȁLJdž

ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ ƽȨ







Ɠ
ǸǁLJƥǮ ǡƫǻƪ Ȅ ȁǾơƫǣǶ ȀơǯǢƠ ǽǮơǺơǷȆơȣơƤ ǸƠƼ

ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ







Ɠ
ǹDzȁƤ ȁƥȆǁdž ƽȨǀƼ ǩȆ ơƤ ǽȇƥDz ƩȆƠ ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ








DZȆŏƲ ǸƠƼ ƧǯƞȏǶ ƠǀơȨ ǸȀǀȁƪ ƩȆƠ ǵDzơǶ ƽȨ

ƠȁǷdž ƠȀơƥǷǶ ǸƠǁǮ ȫȆǁǶ ǹǾȁƪ ǹȆƿȆƠ ǹǢƼ
ǸȁǾơƪ ƽȨ ȁǮȎǁƤ ǹǮǁȆƽǫƪƼ ǡȆ ƠǀơǮǁȨ

șƪȁǯȆƠǁƤ








Ȣǣȇǿdž ƩȆƠ ƧǮǁƤ ǵDzơǶ ǽDzƠŖǿƳdž

ǂƴǧ ƩȇƤǁƪ


1.3.1.1 șǻǿǷƲǁƪ ǸƠƼ ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
1.3.1.2
ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǹǢȀƽǺơǮ Ǹǀơdž ǡƥǶȁdž 20







Bab 2 (19-32).indd 21 05-Sep-15 6:22:31 PM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ȅƪơȇƶ ǸƠƼ ȝơƤ





ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ȄǀơLJȇƫǻȆƠ



Ɠ
ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ Ǹ ƠȁȇǷȇƫLJȆƗǮ ǹǯLJdzƳǻǶ ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž
Ɠ
ǽDzơȆƠ șǺ ƠȁȇǷȇƫLJȆƗǮ ƠǀơƫǺƠ
ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ ƽȨ ǴơƪǁȨ ȅDzơǮ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǹǯǺȀǀȁǻǶ ƄƠ 2
Ɠ
ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ ǸǁLJƥǮ ȅƪơȇƷǣǶ ȅLJǺ ơǶ ǼȀǀȁȘǶ ƄƠ 2
Ɠ

ǹDzȁƤ ȁƥȆǁdž ƽȨǀƼ ǩȆ ơƤ ǽȇƥDz ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ ƽȨ ƦƼơƥǞ DZǷǞ ȎơǿȨ 2
ƽȩǮ ǹƫǶǁƷǣȨ Ơƽǻƪ Ȅơȣơƥdž ȁǷdzǞ DžȇdzƳǶ ȅǣȇdzȇdzǣǶ ǸȀǀȁƪ ƧǯƞȏǶ ƠǀơȨ 2

ȁǷdzǞ ơƫǻȇȠǻȨ
Ɠ
ȅLJǺ ơǶ ǤȀƽȇǾ ǹdžȀǀȀƠ ǀȁƪơǣǶ ǸȀǀȁƪ ƧǯƞȏǶ ƠǀơȨ ǹǯǿƫǻȆǁǷǶ ƄƠ 2
Ɠ

ǂƴǧ ƩȇƤǁƪ Ȣǣȇǿdž ǹdžȀǁƪǁƤ ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ ǹƫǮǁƥǮ ǸƠƼ Ǹ ƠǁƫǿƳLJǮ 2








ȂǨǼȇ¦

ƮȇƾƷ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǯLJdzƲƼ ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ ǹǿȇƥdzǮ


0 2 " >G " 1 L" < M < 0N" M 2! " KA! NH " ! 8 ! ) F .
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9


R S2 T $
ơȨơȇLJdž ǂȈƻ¦ǂƫ ǵDzơǶ 10 ǵDzơǶ ƽȨ ȁǮȎǁƤ ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ȚƼȁǏǫǶ
ǹǮƠ ƄƠ ȫǶ ǹǾȁȤǢȁLJǮ ǼȁǻȨ ǹǢƼ șǷDzơǶ ǹǮǀȁǷǟǷǶ ǡȆ
ǡƪƠƼ ǹǮƠ ǡȆ ǸƠƼ DžȩDz ǡȆ ȚơdžȀƼ ȎơȤdž ǹǯǺȁȩǷǣǶ
ÀƢǔǷ° ǹDzȁƤƼ ƦƼơƥǞ ǹǯƫǯǣȇǻǶ ơǿdžȀƠǁƤ ȄȏȇǺ
1.3.1.1 ȁƫǪȀ ƽȨ ǹǮȁǮȎƼ ȄƠȁLJdž ǡȆ ƦƼơƥǞ ƦȁƫǺȁȟ ǡƫǻƪ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ ǹǣȠǻȇƤǁȨ ƨƠȁƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
1.3.1.2 ǹǯǫdzȆƠƼ ƨȁƪơȨ ǡȆ ƠǀơǮǁȨ ǸƠƼ ÀƢǔǷ° ǹDzȁƤƼ ǵDzơǶ
21 1.3.1.3
1.3.1.4 ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ ǹǣƪƠƽǮ ǹǮơȇLJǾǁǶ ƄƠ ǽǷǯƶ Ǹǀơdž ǡƥǶȁdž





Bab 2 (19-32).indd 20 05-Sep-15 6:22:04 PM

ȅƪơȇƶ ǸƠƼ ǺǯǂȈǰȈǧ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ




ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǸǁƲơȨȫ



ȁǾơǶ ƾơƫdžƠ ǹȆƠ ȄǀơǾ
4 Ɠ 1
ȅLJȆƠ ȅƪơȇƷǣǶ ǹdzǷǞ Ȅ ȁǾơƫǣǶ ƠȁǷdž ȁǶơǮ ƽȨ ƦƼơƥǞ ǹǮƠƽǻȣ

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǹǢȀƽǺơǮ ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǸǁƲơȨȫ ǴơƪȀƠǁƪ ÀƢǔǷ° ǹDzȁƤ
ǹǯƫǯǣȇǻǶ ƩȨƠƼ ǹǮƠ ǂȈƻ¦ǂƫ ǵDzơǶ ǼȁDzȁȩdž

Ɠ
Ǹ ƠȁǫƫǮ 2
ǹǣƪƠƽǮ ǹǮơȇLJǾǁǶ ƄƠ
5 Ɠ
ǽƥdžơƷǶǁƤ DŽơȇƫǻdž ȅLJǺ ơǶ ơȆơȨȁdž ǹȆƠ ǵDzơǶ
DZǷǞ ǁȣƠ ȄǁȆƼ ǹǢƼ ƦƼơƥǞǁƤ DŽơȇƫǻdž

ƩȨƠƼ ƩȇǮ ƦƼơƥǞ ƧǶơǫƫdžƚ

ǹǯƫǯǣȇƪǁȨƼ ǹDzȁƤ ƽȨ Ƨǻdž ƦƼơƥǞ 3



ǹǢƼ ǀȁǯNJǁƤ 6 ǹǯdžȀǁƪƼ DŽȀǀơǾ ÀƢǔǷ°

ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ƩǷǟǺ șƪȁǯȆƠǁƤ çǹDzȁƤ ƽȨ




























1.3.1.3 ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ ǵDzƠƼ ƽȆǀȁǶ ƽȩǮǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǸǁƲơǣȨ ǹǯȆƠǀȁǾ ǸƠƼ ǹǯǣȠǻȇƤ
1.3.1.4
ǹǯdzȇǎơƶ ǸƠƼ ǠȀơLJdž ǹǶȎ ƽȨǀƼ ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǸǁƲơǣȨ ǡƫǻƪ ǹǿƥǷƪ ƩǶȁdzǟǶ Ȅǀơȟ 22

ǩȆǀơǻǶ ǡȆ ǁƫdžȁȨ





Bab 2 (19-32).indd 23 05-Sep-15 6:34:18 PM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǹǯdzǷǞ ǸƠƼ ǹǯȇƪơǾǁȫ




ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǹƫǮǁƥǮ ǹǯƫȫƠƽǻǶ ơǿdžȀƠǁƤ

























ȄƼơƪ ǵDzơǶ ƽȨ ǽǮơȨơǣǶ ȁƥȆƠ

ǡƤƠ ǸƠƼ ǽȆƠ ƩǿȇDz Ȅơdž
ǹǮǀȁǷǟǷǶ ǡȆ ơȨơȇLJdž
ȢǣȇǾ ƽƳLJǷǮ ȅȣǁȨ
ǹǮƠ ƄƠ ǂȈƻ¦ǂƫ ǵDzơǶ 10

ȚơdžȀƼ ȎơȤdž ǹǯǺȁȩǷǣǶ ǽǣƪ Ʀȏǎ ȎȁȨ ȁƥȆƠ ȅȣơȨ
ȝơƥǷǶ ǩǮơǮ ǸƠƼ ǵDzơǶ
ǡƪƠƼ ǹǮƠ ǡȆ ǸƠƼ DžȩDz ǡȆ
ŸơdžơȇƤ ƽȨǀƼ ơǶȎ ǽȇƥDz ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ















ǹdžȁǶȀǀ
ǵDzơǶ ÀƢǔǷ° ǹDzȁƤ ƽȨ ƄƠ ƽȨǀƼ ȄȏȇǺǁƪ Ǩƽȇƪ ǼǁȣȁǺƠ ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz
ƼƠ ȅƥǺ ƮȇƾƷ ǹƫǷǟǻǮ ǸƠƼ ǹƫǮǁƥǮ ǸǀȁǯNjǮ ǵDzơǶ ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ ȡȁƲ ǹȆƠ
øÀƢǔǷ° ǹDzȁƤ ǂȈƻ¦ǂƫ ǼȁDzȁȩdž çǵDzơǶ ƽȨ ƩȆƠ ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǽdzȆǀơȟù ƨȁƥȘǶ



1.3.1.3 DžƪƖƼ ơƫȆǁȟ ǵDzƠƼ ǸǁƲơǣȨ DžȇLJȇDzơǺơǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
1.3.1.4 ȫȆǁǶ ǹǷDzơǣȨ ǹǢƼ ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ǽǏȇǪ ǸǁƲơǣȨ ǹǯƫȆ ơǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
Ɠ
23






Bab 2 (19-32).indd 22 05-Sep-15 6:22:48 PM

ǦȈƫ¦ȘȂǼȇ¦ ǹǶȎ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ




ƨȁǯȆƠǁƤ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž ȅȨƼơǿǣǶ ȏȇƤơȨƠ ǹǮȁǮȎ ȁǶơǮ ǹǮƠ ǡȆ ǽǮơȨƠ

øǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǹƫǮǁƥǮ ǹǯƫȫƠƽǻǶ ơǿdžȀƠù ǹǯȇƫLJǷǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ
ŸȄơȨơȟǁƪ





ÀƢǔǷ° °¯Ƣƥ











ƩȇǮơdž ǁƫǻDzǁƪ




ȡơȇǺǁƤ ȁƥȆƠ ȁƫǻƥǷǶ
























ǂǧơLJǶǁƤ




ǒȈƷ



1.3.1.1 DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ șǻǯǣƫǻƤ ǸƠƼ DžƪƖƼ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž DžȇLJȇDzơǺƠ
1.3.1.2
1.3.1.3 24
1.3.1.4





Bab 2 (19-32).indd 25 05-Sep-15 6:24:27 PM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǦȈƬǯƠ ƠƽǻȇǶ





ǹǯȩǯǣDz 1


ǁƪȎ ȝơƤ ƩȇǮ ȄǀơǶ çǸȀơǮ
ȪȁƤ Ȅƚ ǵDzƠƼ ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǡǮȏƤ

ǹȆƠ H ERRN


.
Ʀǀȁdž ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž
ǸƠƼ Ȫ ǡȆ

Ƽ ǹǯǺȀǀȁƪƼ .
ǹǮơƫȆǁȠǻǶ ǹȆƠ Ʀǀȁdž .

ǵDzơǶ ƽȨ ǹǮƼȁǏǫǶƼ ǡȆ ǹƫƥȇǿǮ
ǽDzơȆƠ ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz


ǹǯǣƫǻƤ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǡƫǻƪ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ ƠǀơƫǺƠ ǹǣȠǻȇƤǁȨ ǹǮƠƼƠ 2

DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ

ÀƢǔǷ° ǹDzȁƤ ƽȨ ƦƼơƥǞ ȄƠǀơǻdž ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǸǁƲơǣȨ ǀƽǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ŚƪǁǣȨ



ƨȁǯȆƠǁƤ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž ǹǯǣȠǻȇƤ 3



ÀƢǔǷ° ǹDzȁƤ ƽȨ ǂȈƻƠǁƪ ǵDzơǶ ǼȁDzȁȩdž ƽȨ »ơǯƫǞƠǁƤ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ƨǁLJƶǁƤ ǀơǷǞ
Ë
ǸȁǶơǺ ǀƽǫDzƠ ƧdzȇDz ǵDzơǶ ƽȨ ƦƼơƥǞǁƤ ǠƠȁdzȨ ƨȁƤǁǶ Ơǀơȟ ƽȨǀƼ ȁƪơdž Ȅơȣơƥdž

ȄƠǀ ȄǀơǾ ǸƠȁDzǁȩǮ ȅdzƥǷǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ șȇǻǷǻǶ ǀơǷǞ ơƫǻȇǷǶ ǽdzƪ ǩǮơǮ
Ë

ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǀơǷǞ ǽȇDzȀƠ DZȇƥǶƠƼ ǽȇDzȁƤ ǡȆ Ơǀơȟ ǹǯǢƼơȟ DžƪƖƼ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž ǹǮǁdžƠƼǁƤ
Ë
Ɠ
ǹǯȇdžơLJȇDzơȆǁǶ ƩȨƠƼ ǀơǷǞ Ǵơdž ǡȆ DŽơǶ ǵDzƠƼ ǸƠƼ șǫǮơǮ Ǹ ơƫǻȇǶǁȨ ȅǾȁǻǷǶ
Ë
»ơǯƫǞƠǁƤ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ șƪǁLJƶ



1.3.1.1 DžƪƖƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƳǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
1.3.1.2 ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž ƽȆǀȁǶ ǽȇDzȀƠ ǹǯǣƫǻƤƼ ǸƠƼ ǹǯǣȠǻȇƤƼ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǹȆ Ȏ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž ǹǯȆǁƤ
Ɠ
25 1.3.1.3
1.3.1.4 DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ





Bab 2 (19-32).indd 24 05-Sep-15 6:23:49 PM

ƩȇǺȀƠ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ




ȝơƤ ǸƠƼ ǹǯȇƪơǾǁȫ




















































ǵȇǟǺ DŽȁȣơƤ







ŸȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƥǷǶ ȁǶơǮ ǽǯǿǺǁȨ



Ɠ
1.3.2 ȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƥǷǶ ȫȆǁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ ǸƠƼ ƽȆǀȁǶ ƽȩǮ ȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǹǮǁǢƼǁȨ
ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ
Ɠ
DžƪƖƼ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž ǡƫǻƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǢƼ ƢƠȁƲ ǰƠ ȁdžǁƤ 26
ƽȆǀȁǶ ƽȩǮ ȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀȏǎ ǹǯdzǷǟǣǶ ǹǿȇƥdzǮ ǹǯǢǁƪ




Bab 2 (19-32).indd 27 05-Sep-15 6:25:06 PM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ȆǸȀǧ ǸƠƼ ȝơƤ









1
ƠȀơǿƤ ȁǾơƪ ǼƼȁdž ȁƫǻƪ ǵȇǟǺ
ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ ȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž

ȅǢȀƽǺơǣǶ ǸƠƼ ƧȇǯǶ Ʀǀȁdž

ǹǮơǶơǺƼ ǹȆƠ Ʀǀȁdž ƧȆƠ 11
2 ǽdzƪ ƄƠ ǸƠǁǮ ȄƸǔdz¦
ǹǮơƫȆǁȠǻǶ ƼƠ ǼƾơƫdžƠ ǽȆƠ ơȆ
Ʀǀȁdž ǹǺȀǀȁǻȨ ƣƥdž ǡƫǻƪ ȄƸǓ ȁƫǪȀ ǹǢƼ ǽȩǶȁdžǁƤ
Ɠ
ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ ǹȆƠ Ʀǀȁdž ȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž Ǹ ȎȁǶǁȨƼ
ǤƼơǾǁƪ ƄƠ ǺȈǧơǻȨ ȁƪơdž

ǹǮơƪơǣǶ ǡȆ ǂȈǧƢǯ ǠǀȀƠ ǹǾȀƼȁƪ
ǸƠƼ ȅȠǻƥǷǶ ǽdzƪ ƄƠ ƠȀơǿƤ

ǸƠǁǮ U ƄƠ ǰȁdžǀ ǹǯȆơƤơǣǶ
ȅƶȀ ǹǯǺȀǀȁǻǶ Ǩƽȇƪ ơǶȎ ǽdzƪ
































Ɠ
Ɠ
1.3.2.1 ƽȨǀƼ ȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž ǡǮȏƤ ǁƪȎ œȆ ơǮǁƤ ǡȆ ǹȆ Ȏ ƩǶȁdzǟǶ ȄǀơȠǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
27 ǁƥǶȁdž ȄơȣơƥdzȨ






Bab 2 (19-32).indd 26 05-Sep-15 6:24:44 PM

ȆǸȀǧ ǸƠƼ ȝơƤ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ







ǹǾƼȁLJǮ șǾȁȤǢȁLJdž ǸƠƼ
Ɠ
Ɠ
ƽȨǀƼ ǩȆ ơƤ ǽȇƥDz ǽDzƠƼƠ ȁǷǺ ƠƼƗǮ
Ɠ
șǺ ȎȁǶǁȨ
ȄƸǓ ȁƫǪȀ ȅǶƼ



ǹǮƠ ȁǷǻǾȁƪ șǾȁȤǢȁLJdž ǸƠƼ

Ɠ
Ɠ
Ǹ ơȇȣơǿƥǮ ǸƠƼ Ǹ ơȆơƳǮ ȁǷȆŏǷǶ ȅȩdž ȅȗȁdž ȄƠ ȏȇƤơȨƠ ǵDzơǶ ǸƠƼ
ȀơǯǢƠ Ȣǣȇǿdž ¨Śƻ¦® ǸƠƼ ơȇǺƼƼ
ȅƪơǾ DŽƠȁȨǁƤ ƢǓ° ƽǷƷǶ ȄơǾƠȀ ȁǷǻǾȁƪ ƠȀơǿƤ



Ǩƽȇƪ ȄƠ ǸƠƼ ȁǷǻǯdzȤǣȇǻǶ ǽdzǪƽȇƪ
ȀơǯǢƠ ȅƫȨƠƽǻǶ ȄƠ ǽǯǻǮȁƤ ǡȆ ǸơǷȆơȣơƥdž ȁǶƠƽȩǮ ȅȠǻƤ

ǹǯȆŏǷǶ ȄƠ ȁDzȎ ȁƪơȇȨ ǵȇƫȆ ȪǁNjǶ ǠǀȀƠ ǼȀƼȁƪƼ

ŸǹǢȀƽǻȇDzǁȨ





ŚƪǁǣȨ ǹǯǢǁƪ ǽȆƠ ǽȇDzȁƤ

ŸȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž













ǸǁȨơȨ ƩǿȇDz ȄǀơǶ ǽȇDzȁƤ ǽDzȁƫǻƪ


ƄƠ ƩǷǟǺ ǹǢƼ ǀȁǯNJǁƤ DŽơȇƫǻdž ȄȏȇǺ ǹȆƠ DZƫȇȤȆƼ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǵDzƠƼ

1.3.2.2 ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ șǻȇƪǁǣȨ ǸƠƼ ȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
ǵȇƫȆ ǩǺƠ ƽȩǮ ǸƠȁƫǻƤ ǼȁƫǺȁȟ ǹǯȆŏǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ 28







Bab 2 (19-32).indd 29 05-Sep-15 6:25:42 PM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ




ơƫǻȇǷǶ ǡȆ ǠǀȀƠ ǸȁȨƠƼƠ

ȫǶ ǹǻȇȩǷȇȨ ǸƠȁƫǻƤ Ȅǀơȟ ȄǀơȠǻǶ ȀơǯǢƠ șȇƫȨƠƼƼ ǸƠƼ

ǡȇǯǣƪ ȀơǯǢƠ ǽdzǻǢơƲ ǹǯȆŏǷǶ ȄƠ ȁDzȎ ǁǻƤ ǡȆ ǹDzơƲ

ǩȆƼǁǾ ȅƶȀ ǹǢƼ ǨȁƳǺȁƫȨ ƧȆƠƽǾ
Ÿ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ



ȁǷǻǾȁƪ ƩǷǟǺ ǸȁȨƠƼƠ

ȀơǯǢƠ ǽdzǪƽǻǾ ȫǶ ȁDzȎ ŚǯLJȇǶ ȀơǯǢƠ șȇƫȨƠƼƼ ǸƠƼ
Ɠ
ǹǮǁȇǾơǚ ǸƠƼ Ïƨȁƥdž ŸǸ ơȆơǯǮ ǹǯȆŏǷǶ ȄƠ
ȚƠƽȩǮ ǀȁǯNJǁƤ Ȅơȣơƥdž

ȫǶ ǵȇƫȆ ǩǺƠ ǸȁȨƠƼƠ ƩȆƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ

ǁdžơǮ ȁǮȎǁƤ ȀơǯǢƠ ǽdzǻǢơƲ
șȨƼơǾǁƪ
ƩȇǮ ȄǀơǶ ǀơǷǞ
Ë
Ʀǀȁdž 7-11 ƧȆƠ ȝơƤ

Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ȄƸǔdz¦




























Ɠ
1.3.2.2 ǤơƤ ȁƥȆƠ ƽȩǮ ǹǯȆǁƤƼ ǽȇDzȁƤ ǡȆ ǸƠȁƫǻƤ ǼȁƫǺȁȟ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǢƼ ƢƠȁƲ ǰƠ ȁdžǁƤ
1.3.2.3 DŽơǷdž ȁLJȆƠ ǹǢƼ șǻǯƫȆ ơǣǶ ǸƠƼ ǹǮƠǀ ȀơƪƠ Ȁǀȁȣ
Ɠ
29
Ɠ
șȆǀȁǯNjǻǶ Ơǀơȟ ǸƠƼ ȅLJǺ ơǶ ƽȩǮ ƄƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ ǹǯȆǁƤƼ ǡȆ ƩǷǟǺ ǹǯǣȠǻȇƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ șǻǯǣƫǻƤ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ


Bab 2 (19-32).indd 28 05-Sep-15 6:25:22 PM

ǹǯdzǷǞ ǸƠƼ ȅƪơȇƶ


ȄǀơLJȇƫǻȆƠ ȅƪơȇƶ ƩȇǮ ȄǀơǶ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ
ǡȆ ȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž ǸǁƲơȨȫ ǸƠƼ

ǹȆƠ ȁȆƼƠǀ ȅdžȀǁǻǶ ǹǯȆơȩǷdžƼ














ȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž ȄǀơLJȇƫǻȆƠ
ǁLJƤ ǡȆ Ǹ ƠřƥǷȤǮ ȄǁƤƼ ǹǮƠ ƠƽǻȇȤƤ ǸƠƼ U ƄƠ ǰȁdžǀ ǹǯȆơƤơǣǶ ǽǺǁȨ Ǩƽȇƪ ƄƠ.

Ɠ
DZȇȠǮ ǩƳǻǷdž ǹǢȀƽǻȇDzǁȨ ȅƪǁȩdž U ƄƠ ǰȁdžǀ ǽȇDzȀƠ ơǷȆǁƪƼ ǡȆ ƩǷǟǺ ǹǮŏǷȤǣǶ.
ơȇǺƼƼ ǡȆƽǻƤǁƤ ǩdzǮ ¨Śƻ¢®


ǸƠƼ ŚǯLJȇǶ ǠǀȀƠ ȁƫǻƥǷǶ ǵȇƫȆ ǩǺƠ ȅǺȁƫǻȘǶ ơȆơȨȁdž ȅLJǺ ơǶ ǹǯƫǣȇǣǶ ȡȁƲ ƄƠ.
ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǨȁƳǺȁƫȨ ǸƠƼ
Ɠ

Ơƽǻƪ Ȅơȣơƥdž ǹǯȆǁƤƼ ǡȆ ƩǷǟǺ ȎơȤdž ƨȁƥȘǶ ơƪǁdž ǸƠȁƫǻƤ ǹǮȁDzǁǷǶ ǡȆ ǠǀȀƠ
ǀȁǯNJ


Ʀǀȁdž ǸǁƲơȨȫ
ȄơƲǁƤ ǹǮƠ ơǿdžȀƠǁƤ ǡȆ ǠǀȀƠ .

ǸƠȁƫǻƤ ǹǮȁDzǁǷǶ ǡȆ ǠǀȀƠ ȁƫǻƥǷǶ ǸƠƼ ǵȇƫȆ ǩǺƠ ǹǫȇƲơƥǮ ȡơƳǻǶ ǽdzǪƽǻǾ ƩȇǮ.

ƄƠ ƩǷǟǺ ǹǢƼ ǀȁǯNJǁƤ DŽơȇƫǻdž.






ǹdžȁǶȀǀ
Ɠ
ƽȩǮ ƄƠ Ǹ ơȇǺǀȁǮ çƩǷǟǺ ǹǮơƫȆǁȠǻǶ ƄƠ ȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž ǵDzƠƼ
Ɠ
Ǹ ơȇDzȁǷǮ ǸƠƼ ǹȇȤǣȇƫǮ çDZȇDzƼ Ȅơȣơƥdž ǹȆƠ ƠȁǷdž U ƄƠ ǰȁdžǀ
ƦǂȈƻƠ ǸƠƼ ơȇǺƼƼ U ƽǷƷǶ ȅƥǺ


Ɠ
1.3.2.2 ǹȨȀƽȇǿǮ ǹǢƼ șǻǯƫȆ ơǣǶ ǸƠƼ ȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž ǸǁƲơǣȨ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž ǹǯǣȠǻȇƤ
1.3.2.3
1.3.2.4 DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ șǻǯǣƫǻƤ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ǹȆǀơǾ 30






Bab 2 (19-32).indd 31 05-Sep-15 6:26:45 PM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǦȈƫ¦ȘȂǼȇ¦ ǹǶȎ





øǵDzơǞ ȭȀǁƪùȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƲ


Ɠ
ƨȁǯȆƠǁƤ ǡȆ Ǹ ơƫȩȇȟ ǵDzƠƼ ƄƠ ÏƩǷǟǺ ǤƼơǾǁƪ ǹȇƪơǾǁǷȨ ǹǮȁǮȎ 1
ǁƫȇǯdž ǵDzơǞ ǸƠȁȇƶ ǹǾȁƥǶȁƪ ȅLJǺ ơǶ
Ɠ



















































ƠǀơȠdž ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ƩǷǟǺ ȄǀȁǯNjǻǶ ȁǶơǮ Ơǀơȟ ǹǯǣȠǻȇƤ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ 2
ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮǁƤ



1.3.2.1 ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ƽȆǀȁǶ ƽȩǮ ǸƠȀƽǻȨ Ȅơȣơƥdž ǹǷƶǁDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ȅƪǁȩdž ǹȆƠȁLJdžǁƤ ǡȆ Ʀǀȁdž ǹǯǢƼơȟ
1.3.2.2 ǹǮơȇǺǀȁǮ ƄƠ ǡȆ ÏƩǷǟǺ ȅƪơȇƷǣǶ
31 1.3.2.3
1.3.2.4





Bab 2 (19-32).indd 30 05-Sep-15 6:26:23 PM

ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ





șǻȇƪǁǣȨ ǸƠƼ řdzȇȣ řdzȇȣǁƤ ȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƤ ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ 1
ƨȁƥdžǁƪ Ʀǀȁdž ƽȨǀƼ DZȇƥǶƖƼ ǽȇDzȁƤ ǡȆ ǸǁƲơǣȨ ǹǯdžȁǶȀǀ ơƪǁdž


Ɠ
ǼȀơƤƼ ǽȆ ȁƤ ơƫȨ ǹǯȩǯǣDz 2





ƣƥdž ƧȆƠ ǹǣdzȇƤ
ǹǺȀǀȁǻȨ


ȄǀơLJȇƫǻȆƠ

ȄƸǔdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž



ǸǁƲơǣȨ
ȄǀȁȤƪơǮ
Ʀǀȁdž




ȁǶơǮ ǽȇDzȁƤ ǡȆ ǸƠȁƫǻƤ ǨȁƫǻƤ ǹǮơƪơȗ ǼȀơƤƼ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž ǹǮǁdžƠƼǁƤ 3

ǹǯȆǁƤ


















ǽǻdžȁǶ ȁǶơǮ ƠǀƠƼȀơdž ǽǶȀǀ ǹǮƠǀ DZǯȇdžơƤ ǁȆơƪ Ơȁƪ ȡǀȀ ǽǶȀǁǮ ǼǀơȆǂ

ǁȇƳǻƤ ƠƽǻDzƼ ƩȇȠǻȨ ȁǶơǮ

1.3.2.1 ȅȨƼơǿǣǶ DŽơǷdž U ƄƠ ǰȁdžǀ ƠȁȇƲ ǹƪƠȁǫǮ ǡƫǻƪ ƩǶȁdzǟǶ ȄǀơȠǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
1.3.2.2
1.3.2.3 ǤȀƽȇǾ ǸƠȀƽǻȨ Ȅơȣơƥdž ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ǽǏȇǪ ǹǯȆƼơƲ ǸƠƼ ǼȁǞƼǁƤ ǸǁƤơȟ 32
Ɠ
1.3.2.4 ǹǣȠǻȇƤǁȨ ƨƠȁƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ ǸƠƼ ǹȆ Ȏ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž ǤƠǁƥƤ ǹǯǣȠǻȇƤ
ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž



Bab 2 (19-32).indd 33 05-Sep-15 6:27:19 PM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ȁǶƽȆȁƳƪ ǹǯǪȁdzȆƠǁȫ ǸǁƲȏȫ










¿Ƣǣ®¤ ǸƠƼ ȅǫdzƶ ǀơǿǚƚ ƩȇǺȀƠ




ȅǫdzƶ ǀơǿǚƚ
Ȁǀȁȣ ƨȁǯȆƠ ȝơƤ









































ȂǨǼȇ¦
Ç
»ÂǂƷ ǹǢƼ ȁǷƪǁƤ ǹȆȁǻƪ ȀơƪƠ ȅƪơǶ ǸȁǺ ȏȇƤơȨƠ ȅǫdzƶ ǀơǿǚƚ
Å
Ɠ
ǹǯdzǯǣǶ ǹǢƼ ǹȆȁǻƪ ȀơƪƠ ! ƽȨ ǹƪȁƥdž ǹǯLJdzƳǻǶ ǽDzơȆƠ șǺ ơȟơƤ Ơǀơȟ ­ ǸƠƼ ¹ ƴ ǜ Ǽ Ɠ
ǹȆȁǻƪ ǸƠƼ ! ƽȨ ƼƠ ơȆƽdž ǡȆ ǠȁǢƼ ƪǨȈǏ

Ɠ
1.4.1 Ƨƫǯdž ơȩǻƪ ǸƠƼ ǦǫȀ ơȩǻƪ ƨơȗ ǸƠƼ DždzƲ ǹǢƼ ȅǫdzƶ ǀơǿǚƚ Ǹ ơȟơƤ Ơǀơȟ ǹǮǁǢƼǁȨ
1.4.2 ǹȆȁǻƪ ȀơƪƠ ȅƪơǶ ǸȁǺ ƽȨ
33 1.4.3
1.4.4 ǹǣdžơȨǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž ȅƤȁƪ ǽȇƪȎ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
ȅǫdzƶ ǀơǿǚƚ ȅDzƠȁȠǮ Ǹȁǯdž Ơƽǻƪ Ȅ ơȗȁȩǷǶ Ǩƽȇƪ ! ȆǻƢǸưǟ ǵdžǀ ǵDzƠƼ ƠȀơǿƤ ǹǯǢǁƪ
Ɠ


Bab 3 (33- 43).indd 33 05-Sep-15 12:22:05 PM

ȝơƤ ǸƠƼ ǹǯȇƪơǾǁȫ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ




ƨǼǣȐƥ ¿Ƣǣ®¤




















































ȂǨǼȇ¦


ǹǢƼ ȁǷƪǁƤ ǹȆȁǻƪ ȀơƪƠ ȅƪơǶ ǸȁǺ ȏȇƤơȨƠ ƨǼǣȐƥ ¿Ƣǣ®¤
Ɠ
ǹȆȁǻƪ ȀơƪƠ ! ȅġȁƤ ǹǯǪȁdžơǷǶ ǽDzơȆƠ șǺ ơȟơƤ Ơǀơȟ ǰ ȀơƪƠ ǀ »ÂǂƷ
ǠȁǢƼ ơȩǻƪ ǰ ǸƠƼ ǀ »ÂǂƷ ǵDzƠƽǮ




Ɠ
Ɠ
Ɠ
1.4.1 ƨǼǣȐƥ ¿Ƣǣ®¤ Ǹ ơȟơƤ Ơǀơȟ Ȅ ơdžƠȁǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ ǸƠƼ ƽȆǀȁǶ Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǝȇǷLJƪ
1.4.2 Ǹ ơȟơƤ Ǵȁǯƶ ȅǢȀƽǺơǣǶ ǡȆ ǹȆ Ȏ ƧȆƠ ǹǢȁƪȁȨ ǼȁƫǺȁȟ ǹǯȆŏǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
Ɠ
Ɠ
1.4.3 34
1.4.4 ƨǼǣȐƥ ¿Ƣǣ®¤

Bab 3 (33- 43).indd 35 05-Sep-15 12:23:03 PM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ȅƫȇdzƪ ǹȧƼ ȝơƤ




ƨǼǤdz¦ ǞǷ ¿Ƣǣ®¤






















































ȂǨǼȇ¦


Ǵ Ȁ Ȅ »ÂǂƷ ǹǢƼ ȁǷƪǁƤ ǹȆȁǻƪ ȀơƪƠ ȅƪơǶ ǸȁǺ ȏȇƤơȨƠ ƨǼǤdz¦ ǞǷ ¿Ƣǣ®¤
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ȀơƪƠ Ǵ Ȁ Ȅ »ÂǂƷ ǵDzƠƽǮ ǹȆȁǻƪ ȀơƪƠ ! ȅȗȁƤ ǹǯǪȁdžơǷǶ ǽDzơȆƠ șǺ ơȟơƤ Ơǀơȟ Ǹ ȀơƪƠ
ƧǮǁƶ ƠȀƼ ǀƽǪ ǹǢƼ ǠȁǢƼ ơƪǁdžǁƤ Ǹ


Ɠ
Ɠ
1.4.1 ǽȇdzȇȨǁƪ ȄǀơǪ ƽȨǀƼ ƨǼǤdz¦ ǞǷ ¿Ƣǣ®¤ Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǼȁƫǺȁȟ ǹǮǁǢƼǁȨ
1.4.2 ƧǮǁƶ ƠȀƼ ǠȁǢƼ Ǹ ơȟơƤ Ơǀơȟ ǹǯdžȁǮȂǨǸǷ ǹǢƼ ƧȆƠ ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
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35 1.4.3
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1.4.4 ƨǼǤdz¦ ǞǷ ¿Ƣǣ®¤ Ǹ ơȟơƤ Ơǀơȟ Ȅ ơdžƠȁǣǶ ǴȁdzƤ ǡȆ ǹǮƠǀ ǡȇƥǷȇƥǷǶ DŽȀǀȁƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ

Bab 3 (33- 43).indd 34 05-Sep-15 12:22:37 PM

ȝơƤ ǸƠƼ ȅƫLJȫ DZǻǮ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ





































¿Ƣǣ®¤
ƨǼǤdz¦ ǝǶ




¿Ƣǣ®¤
ƨǼǣ Ȑƥ


ǀơǿǚƚ
ȅǫdzƶ






ǹdžȁǶȀǀ
ǹǢƼ ȁǷƪǁƤ ǹȆȁǻƪ ȀơƪƠ ȅƪơǶ ǸȁǺ ȏȇƤơȨƠ ȁǮȎǁƤ ǀơǿǚƚ Ǵȁǯƶ
ȁǮȎǁƤ ȚơǾ ¿Ƣǣ®¤ Ǵȁǯƶ ǽǷdzǮ ƠȀƼ ȀơƪƠ ǽǷdzǮ ȁƪơdž ǵDzƠƼ șĥȀǁƶ ģȀǁƶ

ươǿdž ǽǷdzǮ ƠȀƼ ǵDzƠƼ


1.4.1 ǸƠƼ ƨǼǣ Ȑƥ ¿Ƣººǣ®¤ ȅǫdzƶ ǀơǿǚƚ Ǵȁǯƶ ȅǢȀƽǺơǣǶ ǡȆ ƧȆƠ ȅƫLJȨ DZǻǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
1.4.2
1.4.3 ƨǼǤdz¦ ǞǷ ¿Ƣǣ®¤ 36
1.4.4 ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ƨȀǧƢnjǷ ǸƠƼ ȅǫdzƪ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƲ





Bab 3 (33- 43).indd 37 05-Sep-15 12:24:40 PM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǦȈƫ¦ȘȂǼȇ¦ ǹǶȎ




øȅȣȁDzȁǻǯȇƪ ǩƳȇƤù ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƲ


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ȅƫȆƙȇƫǮƠ Ǹ ơǺơLJǫdzȫ Ơǀơȟ 1

ƽȨǀƼ DzȈǨdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž ǸƠƼ ƧDzǃDzǃDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž Ȅǀơȟ .
ǹǣdžơȨǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž ǠȀơLJdž ǹǶȎ

DzȈǨdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž ǸƠƼ ƧDzǃDzǃDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ƠȀƼ ƠȀƽǮ ǩƫȇȟ .
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ȅǫdzƶ ǀơǿǚƚ Ǹ ơȟơƤ Ơǀơȟ ŕLJȨ DZǻǮ .
ƨǼǤdz¦ ǞǷ ¿Ƣǣ®¤ ǸƠƼ ƨǼǣ Ȑƥ ¿Ƣǣ®¤
Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ƨȁƥdžǁƪ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƥǷǶ ȅƤȁƪ ǽȇƪȎ .

ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ
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DzȈǨdz¦ Ʀǀȁdž ǸƠƼ ƧDzǃDzǃDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǵǪƠǀ . 2
DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ ǹǮǁǢƼǁȨ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ












3





















ǸǀȁȤƪ ơǷȆǁǻǶ ƠƼƠƼ ǡȨȎǁƤ ȄȏȇǺ


1.4.1 ǁƥǶȁdž ƽȨǀƼ ƩǶȁdzǟǶ ȄǀơȠǻǶ ǸƠƼ DžƪƖƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
1.4.2 ƵȇƷǎ ǡȆ
37 1.4.3
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1.4.4 Ȁǀȁȣ ǸƠȁƫǻƤ ǹǢƼ VLE ǸǁƲȏƥǷȨ ǹǶȏǮ ǹǷǪƠǀ ǩȆ ơǺ ƨƠȁǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
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ǹȆ Ȏ ǡȆ ǹǮƠǀ ǽȇDzȀƠ ȄȏȇǺƼ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ


Bab 3 (33- 43).indd 36 05-Sep-15 12:24:18 PM

ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ





ƽȆȁƳƪǁƤ ǸƠƼ ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ȝơƤ 1


















ƨǼǤdz¦ ǞǷ ¿Ƣǣ®¤ ǸƠƼ ƨǼǣ Ȑƥ ¿Ƣǣ®¤ ȅǫdzƶ ǀơǿǚƚ Ǵȁǯƶ ȅƫLJȨ DZǻǮ 2
ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ȅDzơǮ ǡDzȀƠǁƤ ȝơƤ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ















ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ƦǃǷǿDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǸƠƼ ƧǞǀơǫDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ƨȀǧƢnjǷ ǸƠƼ ȅǫdzƪ 3
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ǸƠƼ ƨǼǣ Ȑƥ ¿Ƣǣ®¤ ȅǫdzƶ ǀơǿǚƚ Ǹ ơȟơƤ Ơǀơȟ ǹǻǯǻȨ ǹǯȆǁƤ ǸƠƼ Ȁǀȁȣ
ǹǿȇƪȎ ȁǮȁƤ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǯȆƠǀơǻdž ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ƨǼǤdz¦ ǞǷ ¿Ƣǣ®¤






¿Ƣǣ®¤ ¿Ƣǣ®¤ ǀơǿǚƚ

ƨǼǣ Ȑƥ ƨǼǤdz¦ ǞǷ ȅǫdzƶ









Ɠ
Ɠ
1.4.1 ǸƠƼ ƨǼǣ Ȑƥ ¿Ƣǣ®¤ ȅǫdzƶ ǀơǿǚƚ Ǹ ơȟơƤ Ơǀơȟ Ȅ ơdžƠȁǣǶ ǴȁdzƤ ǽȇdžơǶ ǡȆ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
1.4.2 ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ ƨǼǤdz¦ ǞǷ ¿Ƣǣ®¤
1.4.3 38
1.4.4




Bab 3 (33- 43).indd 39 05-Sep-15 12:25:32 PM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ §Ȑǫ¤ À¦® ȆǬȈǬƷ ƢǨƻ¤ 2 ƩȇǺȀƠ



ȆǬȈǬƷ ƢǨƻ¤


ǹǮƠǀ ǹȧƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ȝơƤ


















































ȂǨǼȇ¦

© »ÂǂƷ ǹǢƼ ȁǷƪǁƤ ǹȆȁǻƪ ȀơƪƠ ȅƪơǶ ǸȁǺ ȏȇƤơȨƠ ȅǫȇǫƶ ƢǨƻ¤
½ À¦® ¼ » · ¶ µ ´ ³ ² ± ¯ ® « ª
ǸƠƼ ǀơǿǚƚ ƠǀơƫǺƠ ƪǨȈǏ ǹǢƼ ǹȆȁǻƪ ȀơƪƠ ! »ÂǂƷ ǹǯȇȗȁƥǷȘǶ ǽDzơȆƠ șǺ ơȟơƤ Ơǀơȟ
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ƧǮǁƶ ƠȀƼ ǀƽǪ ǠȁǢƼ ǹǯdzǯǣǶ ơƪǁdž ¿Ƣǣ®¤


1.4.1 ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮǁƤ ǸƠƼ ȀƽȆȜȆƽǻȆƠ ƠǀơȠdž ƧȆƠ ǹǢȁƪȁȨ ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
1.4.2 ȅǫȇǫƶ ƢǨƻ¤ Ǵȁǯƶ ȅǢȀƽǺơǣǶ ǡȆ ǹȆ Ȏ ƧȆƠ ǹǢȁƪȁȨ ǼȁƫǺȁȟ ǹǯȆŏǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
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39 1.4.3
1.4.4





Bab 3 (33- 43).indd 38 05-Sep-15 12:25:09 PM

ƢȏǪƚ
Ȁǀȁȣ ǹȨȇƥǷȇƤ ǹȧƼ ȝơƤ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ




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Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ 4 ǝȇǷLJƪ ǽȇDzȁƤ ƾơƫdžƠ 1
2
ƾơƫdžƠ ȎȁȨ Ȅơdž ǹǮȏȇdž ǽȇDzȁƤ ŸȄơdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ
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5 3







































ȂǨǼȇ¦


ǹȆȁǻƪ ȀơƪƠ ȅƪơǶ ǸȁǺ ȏȇƤơȨƠ ƢȏǪƚ O
Ƣ »Ȁǁƶ ǹǢƼ ȁǷƪǁƤ
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ȀơƪƠ ! »Ȁǁƶ ȅȗȁƤ ǹǮǁǮȁǻǶ ǽDzơȆƠ șǺ ơȟơƤ Ơǀơȟ O
ǵȇǶ ǺƫȂƦLJ ǹǯǻǣȆǁǶ ǹǢƼ ǵȇǶ »Ȁǁƶ ƽȩǮ ǹȆȁǻƪ

ƧǮǁƶ ƠȀƼ ǀƽǪ ǹǢƼ ǠȁǢƼ ǹǯdzǯǣǶ ǸƠƼ


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1.4.1 ƢȏǪƚ Ǵȁǯƶ ȅǢȀƽǺơǣǶ ǡȆ ƧȆƠ ǹǢȁƪȁȨ Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǹǮǁǢƼǁȨ
1.4.2 ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž ȅƤȁƪ ǽȇƪȎ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
1.4.3 40
Ǵ
1.4.4 ǵDzƠƼ ƢȏǪƚ Ǵȁǯƶ ƽȨ ǹȆȁǻƪ ȀơƪƠ ȅƪơǶ Ǹ »Ȁǁƶ ƽȨ ǰȁƥǷȇdž ƩȨƠƼǁƪ ƠȀơǿƤ ǹǯǢǁƪ
ȆǻƢǸưǟ ǵdžǀ



Bab 3 (33- 43).indd 41 05-Sep-15 4:41:03 PM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ȝơƤ ǸƠƼ ŕLJȫ DZǻǮ











































ƢȏǪƚ




ȆǬȈǬƷ ƢǨƻ¤












ǹdžȁǶȀǀ

ǡȆ ƢȏǪƚ ǸƠƼ ȅǫȇǫƶ ƓƢǨƻƚ ǠȁǢƼ ȅȗȁƤ ǹǯƫȨƠƽǻǶ Ơǀơȟ
ƨȀǧơNjǶ ȅǫdzƪ ƠǀơȠdž șǻǮȁǮȏǶ ǹǢƼ ǽDzƠƼƠ ǰȁƫƤ



1.4.1 ƢȏǪƚ ǸƠƼ ȅǫȇǫƶ ƢǨƻ¤ Ǵȁǯƶ ȅǢȀƽǺơǣǶ ǡȆ ƧȆƠ ÏǹǢȁƪȁȨ ŕLJȨ DZǻǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ȁƫǻƤ
1.4.2 ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ
41 1.4.3
Ɠ
1.4.4 ǸƠƼ ȅǫȇǫƶ ƓƢǨƻƚ Ǵȁǯƶ ȅǢȀƽǺơǣǶ ǡȆ ǹȆ Ȏ ƧȆƠ ǹǢȁƪȁǪ ǼȁƫǺȁȟ ǹǯȆǁƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
ƢȏǪƚ



Bab 3 (33- 43).indd 40 05-Sep-15 4:39:53 PM