Pendidikan Islam Tahun 6

ǦȈƫ¦ȘȂǼȇ¦ ǹǶȎ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ




øƽȆȁƳƪ ȭȀǁƪù ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȎ



2









1
3

Ʀǀȁdž ǩƫȇȟ











ȅǢȀƽǺơǣǶ ǡȆ Ʀǀȁdž Ȅǀơȟ
ȅǫȇǫƶ ƢǨƻ¤ Ǵȁǯƶ ŕLJȨ DZǻǮ ƢȏǪƚ ǸƠƼ ȅǫȇǫƶ ƢǨƻ¤ Ǵȁǯƶ
șǻǮơǺǀȀ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ƢȏǪƚ ǸƠƼ



5


4












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DždzǮ Ǹ ơƪơȘǮ ǹȨơȨƼ șǻǮǁȇǶơȨ ǸƠƼ ǹǯȆơǯǣȇƤ
ƽȆȁƳƪǁƤ ǹǢƼ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƥǷǶ ȅƤȁƪ ǽȇƪȎ
ƠǀơǮǁȨ ȁƪƠȁLJdž ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ǵDzƠƼ ȅƪơǾ ȅƪơǾǁƤ ȄȏȇǺ



1.4.1 ƵȇƷǎ ǡȆ ǁƥǶȁdž ƽȨǀƼ Ʀǀȁdž ǹǯƫȨƠƽǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǯȇƫLJȨ
1.4.2 ǹǮƠǀ ȁƫǻƥǷǶ ƢȏǪƚ ǸƠƼ ȅǫȇǫƶ ƢǨƻ¤ Ǵȁǯƶ Ǹ ơȟơƤ Ȅ ơdžƠȁǣǶ ǽdzƪ ǡȆ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
Ɠ
Ɠ
1.4.3 42
Ɠ
Ɠ
1.4.4 ƨȁƥdžǁƪ Ǵȁǯƶ Ǹ ơȟơƤ Ȅ ơdžƠȁǣǶ ǴȁdzƤ ǡȆ

Bab 3 (33- 43).indd 43 05-Sep-15 12:28:58 PM

ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ





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Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǹǮǁǢƼǁȨ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ƢȏǪƚ ǸƠƼ ȅǫȇǫƶ ƓƢǨƻƚ Ǵȁǯƶ ȅƫLJȨ DZǻǮ 1
DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ























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ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž-ơǶơdžǁƤ Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǝȇǷLJƪ 2



















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ǽȇdzȇȨǁƪ ȄǀơǪ ƽȨǀƼ ƧǻȇƥDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǸƠƼ ǩdzǟDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǁǢƼ 3
Ȁǀȁȣ ǹȨƼơǾƼ șǻǮǁǢƼǁȨ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ












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1.4.1 ơƪǁdž ƢȏǪƚ ǸƠƼ ȅǫȇǫƶ ƢǨƻƚ Ǵȁǯƶ ȅǢȀƽǺơǣǶ ǡȆ ǹȆ Ȏ Ʀǀȁdž ȄǀơȠǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
1.4.2 ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ ȚơȟơƥǷǶ
43 1.4.3
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1.4.4 ƽȆǀȁǶ Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǹǯȩƫǻǷǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǸƠƼ ƧȆƠ ǹǢȁƪȁȨ ȝơƥǷǶ ȅƤȁƪ ǽȇƪȎ




Bab 3 (33- 43).indd 42 05-Sep-15 12:28:11 PM

ǼƠȁdžǀ ȄǀƽǻȇǾ ǸǁƲȏȫ ƮȇƾƷ











ȅƫȇdzƪ ǸƠƼ ǹǯȇƪơǾǁȫ




















































ŸǼƠȁdžǀ ǡƫǻƪ ǶȀǧ ȁǶơǮ ǡȆ ǽǮơȨƠ



Ɠ
Ɠ
ǨȁƲơƪ ǹǢƼ șǻǯƫȆ ơǮ ơƪǁdž ǁƥǷȣ ǸƠƼ DŽ ȫȇƪ ǡƫǻƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǢƼ ƢƠȁƲ ǰƠ ȁdžǁƤ
44






Bab 4 (44-50).indd 45 05-Sep-15 12:31:50 PM

ƮȇƾƷ ȆǸȀǧ ǸƠƼ ȝơƤ







N" U U Ú ƄƠ ) %
A : % M $ / " Ú ƄƠ " 82/ /
! !

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9
.N " K ! $
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ȄƿǶǁƫDzƠ ǼƠȀǀ
U ƄƠ ǰȁdžǀ ƨơǮǁƤ ǽdzƪ ȀǁǷǞ ǹƤ ƄƠ ƽƥǞ ƽȨǀƼ ȚƼȁǏǫǶ

ǼƠȁdžǀ ơǷȆǁǻȨ ǸƠƼ ǼƠȁdžǀ ȄǁƥǷȨ ƧǻǟdzǶ







Ɠ
ǹȆǁƥǷȨ ƩȆ ȀƼ șǫȗơƤ ƮȇƾƷ ȅƪơȬȇƫǻȆƠ
ȁǯǪȁƫǺȀƠ ǹȆƠ ƩǯȆǁNJ
ǹǯȆǁƤƼ ǡȆ ǹȆǁƥǷȨ ȁƪƠȁdž ǽDzơȆƠ ǼƠȁdžǀ ý
ȁƪƠȁLJdž ǹǮǁǻƥǷǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǠǀȀƗLJdž ƽȩǮ

ǁǻƤ ǡȆ ȁƪƠȁLJdž ǹǯdzǗƥǷǶ ȀơƪƠ ǽDzơdž ǡȆ



ǽdzƪ ơƲǁǯȨ ǠǀȀƗdž șǾȁƫǺȁȟ ý
șǻǯȇƲơǶ ƽȩǮ ǠƠȀ ǽdzǶȁƳdž ǹǮǀȁDzȁǿǣǶ
6LOD DPELO
UHVLW DQGD
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ǹǢƼ ƩǯǣȨ ǹǯǫȆ ơǺƼ ȀơȇdzƤ ơȆơȨȁdž
ƠǁȤdž


ǽȇDzȁƤ ǡȆ ǹƪƠȁƤǁȨ ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ ǼƠȁdžǀ ý
ƩȇǮ ȅƫLJǶ ǸƠƼ ơdžȀƼ ǹǯƫƥǪơǟǣǶ

Ɠ
ƄƠ ǰȁdžǀ ǸƠƼ ƄƠ ǸƠǁǮ ȅǾȀ ơƲ
ǼƠȁdžǀ ơǷȆǁǻȨ ǸƠƼ ȄǁƥǷȨ ƧǻǟdzǶ




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ǼƠȁdžǀ ȅǾȀ ơƲ ȄȏȇǺ

2.1 șǻǿǷƲǁƪ ȅǷǿǷǶ ǸƠƼ ƮȇƾƷ ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
2.2 ǼƠȁdžǀ ȅƪǀƠ ǡƫǻƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǺǸȀǨǯ ȅƲȀƠ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ƮȇƾƷ ȅƪơȩȇƫǻȆƠ ǹǯLJdzƲ
45






Bab 4 (44-50).indd 44 05-Sep-15 12:31:19 PM

ȅƫȇdzƪ ǸƠƼ ȝơƤ ƮȇƾƷ






ǼƠȁdžǀ șȁǮȎǁƤ ƣƥdž



ǽǷDz ȦȆ ǸơǷȆƠ 1



ƄƠ ƢƠƿǞ ǹǢƼ ƨȁǮơƪ Ǩƽȇƪ ý
Ɠ
ƄƠ Ǹ Ƣǔȇǂǯ ƽȨǀƼ ȄǁȆƼ ǨƽǻǿǮ ǹǮȁDzȁǾƽǻǶ
ý
ȄǁȆƼ ǹǿǷdzǮ 2


ȄǁȆƼ ǨƽǻǿǮ ǰȀơǣǶ DZȣơȣ
ý
ǼƠȁdžǀ ȄơǿƤ ǸƠƼ ơdžȀƼ ǡƫǻƪ ǸǀƽLJǮ ǸƠƼ ȁǷdzǞ Ƽơȇƪ
ý

ȁƪƠȁLJdž ǹǯƫȫƠƽǻǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǝǷǖ ƪǨȈǏǂƥ 3


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1 ǼƼȁǶ ǹǢƼ ǹƪȀơƲ ȁƪƠȁLJdž ǽȆ ƠǁǶ ǹȇǣȆƠ
ý
ǽǮơȨƠ ǼƾơƫdžƠ
ý
ȚȁǮȎǁƤ ƣƥdž ǼȁȇǶ ǤȀƽȇǾ ƠǁȤdž ȁǾơǶ
ŸǼƠȁdžǀ



























2.4 ǼƠȁdžǀ ȚȁǮȎǁƤ ƣƥdž Ǹǀơdž ǡƥǶȁdž ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȎ
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ǼƠȁdžǀ ȅǾȀ ơƳǻǶ Ơǀơȟ ơƪǁdž ǼƠȁdžǀ ȚȁǮȎǁƤ ǹȆ Ȏ Ïƣƥdž ǹǯȆǁƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ 46
Ɠ





Bab 4 (44-50).indd 47 05-Sep-15 12:32:29 PM

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ƮȇƾƷ ȜȇǾȀ ơƳǻǶ ǹǫȆ ơƥǮ ǸƠƼ ǼƠȁdžǀ ǹLJǮ 2
ǽDzơȆƠ ȚƠǀơƫǺƠ ÏƽȆǀȁǶ ȜǻLJǮ ǩȗơƤ

ȄǁȆƼ ǼƠȀǁǶ ǹǯǾȁƪơƳǻǶ ý

ǹǾȁdžȁǶǁȨ ǹǯDzȁƥǷȇǻǶ ý
ȄơƤƠǁƪ ǹǮƠ ƢƠȁƳǢȁȤǣƪ ǸƠƼ ǽǺơǶƠ ƪǨȈǏ ý

Ʃȣȁȣǁƪ ǹǮƠ ȅdžơLJȇǺơȣǀȀƠ ȁƪƠȁLJdž ǹdzȇƤơƫLJǮ ý
Ɠ
ƄƠ ƧǻǟDz ǸƠƼ Ǹ ơǮǀȁǷǮ ƩȨƠƽǻǶ ý
ƄƠ ȅƫǮǁƤƼ Ǩƽȇƪ ǤȀƽȇǾ ý

3
ǼȁȤǢȁdž ƄƠ ƓơNJ ơǶ
ǼƠȁdžǀ ǹLJǮ ƩNjǾƼ
ƩǮǀơNjǶ ȄǁȆƼ ƽȨ

ƠǀơȤǺ ǸƠƼ















4
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ȅǾȀ ơƳǻǶ ȅƫLJǶ ƩȇǮ ƩȆƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ
Ɠ
ǽDzơȆƠ ȜǻǫȆ ơƥǮ ƠǀơƫǺƠ ǼƠȁdžǀ
ȀƼơȨ ȁƪơdžǁƤ ǤȀƽȇǾ ƩǮǀơNjǶ ý

DZȇƤơƫdž ǹǮƠ ȅdžơLJȇǺơȣǀƠ ȁƪƠȁLJdž ý
ǰơȇdžȁdž ǸƠƼ ȫƫȇDzȁȨ ȅǶȁǺȁǯȆƠ ý
ǹǯǾȁǮȁǮƼ ƩȨƠƼ ƠǀơȤǺ ǼƠȁƥLJdž

Ɠ
Ɠ
ƄƠ Ǹ ơǮǀȁǷǮ ƽȨǀƼ ǼȀ ơƲ ý




Ɠ
2.4 șȆǀƽǻȇǿǣǶ ǹǫȆ ơƥǮ ǸƠƼ ǼƠȁdžǀ ȚȁǮȎǁƤ ǹLJǮ ǡƫǻƪ ǹǣȠǻȇƤǁȨ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȎ
2.5 ǠǀȀƗLJdž ȄǁȆƼ ǼƠȀǁǶ ǹǯǾȁƪơƳǻǶ ǽȇDzȁƤ ǼƠȁdžǀ ǸơǷȆơȣơƤ ǹǯLJdzƲ
47






Bab 4 (44-50).indd 46 05-Sep-15 12:32:09 PM

ȅƪơȇƶ ǸƠƼ ȝơƤ ƮȇƾƷ





ƮȇƾƷ ƽȫǀƼ ǸǁƲơȨȫ



2 ǡȆ ǸǁƲơȨȫ ǽǮơȨƠ ÏƽȆǀȁǶ 1
Ɠ
ȅǾȀ ơƳǻǶ ǽdzǪƽǻǾ ƩȇǮ
ǠǀȏǶ Ǵȏdžƚ ǸƠǁǮ ǼƠȁdžǀ ƮȇƾƷ ƽȨǀƼ DZȇƥǶƠ ƩȇǮ ƩȨƠƼ
ơǷȆǁǻǶ ǸƠƼ ȄŏǷǶ ƩȇǮ ŸǼƠȁdžǀ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ǹǢǀȎ

ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ ǼƠȁdžǀ ǼƠȁdžǀ ǡȆ ǤƠ ÏƽȆǀȁǶ DŽȁȣơƤ 5
ȅƳǮ ƩǢơdž ǡȆ ǹƪƠȁƤǁȨ Ǵȏdžƚ ǹǯȆƼơƲ ƩȇǮ ǡȇƫǻȨ

ơdžȀƼǁƤ ǸƠƼ ǤȀƽȇǾ Ơǀơȟ Ȅơȣơƥdž

ǽdzǪȁdžơǶǁƪ ǹȆƠ ƩȇǮ
Ɠ
ǽȆ ƠǁǶ ǸƠƼ ȅǪǂǀ ȄǀơȠǻǶ
Ɠ
Ǹ ơȆơƳǮ












ǀȀƽǺȁǶ ƠǀơȤǺ ǼƠȁƥLJdž ǹǯƥƥȘǶ ǽȇDzȁƤ ǼƠȁdžǀ 4

Ǥơȇƫdž ƩȆƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ ǁȇȟơǮ-ǁȟȁǮ ǸƠƼ
3
ǼƠȁdžǀ ǹǢƼ ǩƥƲǁƪ ǡȆ ȫȆǁǶ ǵDzƠƼ ƢƠȁƳǢȁȤǣƪ ǸƠƼ ǽǺơǶƠ ȄǁƤƼ ǡȆ ȀƽȆȜȆƽǻȆƠ
ǹLJDzơƤ ǸƠƼ ƄƠ ƧǻǟDz ƩȫƠƽǻǶ ǹǮƠ șǻǮơǺơLJǫdzǶ ǽdzȇƫLJǶ ȅdžơLJȇǺơȣǀȀƠ ȁƪƠȁLJdž

ǡȆ ǹƪƠȁƤǁȨ ǹǢƼ DZȩǷȇƫdž ǡȆ ǼƠȁdžǀ ȅǾȀ ơƳǻǶ ǸƠƼ ǹǷƫȇǶȁǮ ǼȁǻȨ ǹǢƼ
Ɠ
ǼƾơƫdžƠ ȫȆǁǶ ǽȇDzȀƠ ǹǮȁǮȎƼ


ǹdžȁǶȀǀ

Ɠ
ǸƠǁǮ ȅǾȀ ơƲ ƩȇǮ ƣƲƠȀ ǡȆ ǰȁdžǀ ǸƠƼ ƄƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ ƧǻǟDzƼ ǡȆ ǹƪƠȁƤǁȨ ǽDzơȆƠ ǼƠȁdžǀ
ƠǀơȤǺ ǸƠƼ ƩǮǀơNjǶ ȀƽȆȜȆƽǻȆƠ ƽȩǮ ǨȀǀȁƤ ƩǢơdž șǻLJǮ


2.3 ƮȇƾƷ ƽȨǀƼ ǸǁƲơǣȨ ȅƪơȇƷǣǶ ǸƠƼ ǹǯȆƠǀơǻȘǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
2.4
ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ƩƤơƷǎ ǸƠƼ ȅƥǺ ǸơǶǂ ƽȨ ǼƠȁdžǀ ǹǿȤȠǻȨ ÏǽǏȇǪ ȄǀơȠǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ 48
ǀơƥƫǞƠ ǹǯȆƼơƲƼ
Ɠ
ƄƠ ƧǷƶǀ ƽȨǀƼ ǹǯǾȀ ơƲƼ ǽDzơȆƠ ƧǻǟDz ƼȁǏǫǶ ǹǯǢǁƪ



Bab 4 (44-50).indd 49 05-Sep-15 12:33:30 PM

ƮȇƾƷ ǦȈƫƠȘȁǻȆƠ ǹǶȎ



ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ǼȀơƤƼ ǁƥǷȣ ǹǮǁdžƠƼǁƤ Ǹǀơdž ǡƥǶȁdž ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȎ 1

ȡȁDzơȆƼ ǹǯȩǯǣDz
1
ȅȣơƤ ǹȆƽǺȀƠ ǹǮƠƼƠ ǹǮƠ ƩȇǮ ÏƽȆǀȁǶ
Ɠ
ȅǶơǮ ƾơƫdžƠ ǩȆ ơƤ 2 ȄǀơǾ ƽȨ ǵDzơǞ ơƫǻȇȠǻȨ ƣdzǮ ȅdžȀǁǣȨ ǽȇdzȇǷǶ
ŚȩǷȇǷȨ ǽȇdzȇǷǶ ǹǮƠ ƠȁǷdž ȁǶơǮ ǤǀơǾ ȁȤǫȇȟ ǹȨƼ ȁȤǣȇǶ ǺȈǼƯ¦
ǸƠƼ ǽǺơǶƠ ǡȆ ȅǶơǮ ǰȁƫƤ ǸƠƼ Ʃȩƪ ǡȆ ǹǿȇdzȇȨ ƨƠȁƥǷǶ ƩȨƠƼ

ƢƠȁƳǢȁȤǣƪǁƤ
ƣdzǮ ȅdžȀǁǣȨ ǸȁDzơȟ
ǵDzơǞ ơƫǻȇȠǻȨ
ȅdzǞ ǹƤ ȅdzǶǀ
ǹȆƽDzƠǃǞ ǹƤ ǵȇǯƶ









4 3
Ȅơdž ǽȇdzȇǷǶ ƠȁǷdž ȁǶơǮ ǤǀơǾ Ȅơdž
ȫƲ ƠȁǷdž ȁǶơǮ ơƳǻdzƤ ǹǮƠ Ȅơdž

Ȅơdž ȄƽǺȁǣǶ














ƨȁǯȆƠǁƤ ǡȆ ƠǀơǮǁȨ ǡƫǻƪ ȁǶơǮ ƩȨƠƽǻȨ ǹǯȆǁƤ DžƪƖƼ ǁƥǷȣ ǹǮǁdžƠƼǁƤ 2

șȆƽǺȁǣǶ ơȆơȨȁdž çǹǮƠǀ ǨȁƲȁǷǶ ȅdzǶǀ Ơǀơȟ ǸƠƼ ȧǯȇdž )

ȅdzǶǀ ǽȇDzȀƠ ǹǮȁǮȎƼ șƪȁƪơȩdž ǡȆ ƠǀơǮǁȨ )

ǡȆ ǽǮơȨƠ ǵDzơǞ ơƫǻȇȠǻȨ ƣdzǮ ȅdžȀǁǣȨ Ȅơȣơƥdž ǽȇdzȇȨǁƪ ȅdzǶǀ ȫƲ )
ŸȁǮȎǁƤ ǹǮƠ

2.3 ȄơǿƤ ǡƫǻƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǯǷǿǷǶ ƩȨƠƼ Ȣǣȇǿdž DžƪƖƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
2.5 ǼƠȁdžǀ
49 2.6






Bab 4 (44-50).indd 48 05-Sep-15 12:33:03 PM

ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ ƮȇƾƷ




Ǵơdž-ơǶơdžǁƤ ȝơƤ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ƽǮ ǡȇȩǯdž ǵDzƠƼ șǻǿǷƲǁƪ ơƪǁdž ƮȇƾƷ DžȇDzȁƪ 1

ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ










ȄƿǶǁƫDzƠ ǼƠȀǀ
.N " K ! ) ! $ N" U 9 59 .
$ ǼƠȁdžǀ ơǷȆǁǻȨ ǸƠƼ ǼƠȁdžǀ ȄǁƥǷȨ ƩǻǟdzǶ U ƄƠ ǰȁdžǀ ƨơǮǁƤ ǽdzƪ ȀǁǷǞ ǹƤ ƄƠƽƥǞ ȄǀƼ ƼȁLJǯǶ
" + !
. / ƄƠ U ƄƠ ) % ! (( )
A :% M $ / ƄƠ82/ / ȄƿǶǁƫDzƠ ǼƠȀǀ
" + !
. / ƄƠ U ƄƠ ) % ! (( )
A :% M $ / ƄƠ82/ /
.N " K ! ) ! $ N" U 9 59 .
$
U ƄƠ ǰȁdžǀ ƨơǮǁƤ ǽdzƪ ȀǁǷǞ ǹƤ ƄƠƽƥǞ ȄǀƼ ƼȁLJǯǶ
ǼƠȁdžǀ ơǷȆǁǻȨ ǸƠƼ ǼƠȁdžǀ ȄǁƥǷȨ ƩǻǟdzǶ
Ɠ
ƨȁǯȆƠǁƤ ǡȆ ƠǀơǮǁȨ ǡƫǻƪ ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ ƢƠȁƲ ǰƠ ȁdžǁƤ 2
Ɠ
ǼƠȁdžǀ ȄǀƽǻȇǿǣǶ ǹǫȆ ơƥǮ ǼƠȁdžǀ ȚȁǮȎǁƤ ƣƥdž ǼƠȁdžǀ ȅƪǀƠ



3
ǵDzƠƼ ƢƠȁƳǢȁȤǣƪ ǸƠƼ ǽǺơǶƠ ȄǁƤƼ ǡȆ ȀƽȆȜȆƽǻȆƠ Ǥơȇƫdž

ǼȁǻȨ ǹǢƼ șǻǮơǺơLJǫdzǶ ǽdzȇƫLJǶ ȅdžơLJȇǺơȣǀȀƠ ȁƪƠȁLJdž

Ɠ
ǼƠȁdžǀ ȅǾȀ ơƳǻǶ ǸƠƼ ǹǷƫȇǶȁǮ



Ɠ
ǼƠȁƥLJdž ǵDzƠƼ ǼƠȁdžǀ ȚȁǮȎǁƤ ȫƲ ǹLJǮ ǽǮơȨƠ DžƪƖƼ Ǹ ơƪơȗǁȨ ǹǮǁdžƠƼǁƤ
ŸǼƠȁdžǀ ȄǀƽǻȇǿǣǶ Ơǀơȟ ǽǮơǺơǷȆơȣơƤ ǸƠƼ ȅdžơLJȇǺơȣȀǀƠ



ȁǶơǮ ǹǪƽǻȇƪ ǹǮơƪơȗ ǼȀơƤƼ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž ǹǯǣȠǻȇƤ 4


Ȅơdž RM2 Ȅơdž ȄǁƤ

ƠǀơǮǁȨ ǹǮȀƼƠ ǹǮƠ Ǩƽȇƪ
ǹȇdzȩȇLJȆƼ Ȁǀȁȣ ƽȩǮ ǹȆƠ




2.1 ȅƪơȇƷǣǶ ƩȨƠƼ ƽȆǀȁǶ Ȣǣȇǿdž DžƪƖƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
2.2
2.3 ƮȇƾƷ ǹƪȁƫǺȁƪ 50
2.4
2.5
2.6



Bab 4 (44-50).indd 51 05-Sep-15 12:33:47 PM

ȄȀơƲ ȁǮƠǀơȤǺ ǹdžȀƠȀ ǸǁƲȏȫ









Ɠ
ȅȣȁDzȁǻǯȇƪ ǸƠƼ DŽ ǹȆ ơdž ƩȇǺȀƠ



ǺǯǂȈǰȈǧ ǸƠƼ ǹǯȇƪơǾǁȫ
















DŽơǯǢƠȀǁȆƠ

¨
¨ ȆLJƢǷ°ȂǨLjǻǂƫ ¨





Ɠ
ȅdžơǶȁƪȀ Ơ ȆǼȈǯ ƢȈǻ® ǹǫȆƽȇdzȘȨ
ǹǻǮơǶ ȅȣȁDzȁȇƤȀǁǯȇǶ

¨
¨












(Virtual) ǰƠȁƪǀț ǸǁƲȏƥǷȨ ǹǢȁǯǣȇDz (Hi-Fer ǂǧ ȄơǾ ȫȇǻǯȇƪ



Ɠ
7.1.1 ȅȣȁDzȁǻǯȇƪ ǸƠƼ DŽ ǹȆ ơdž ÏƴȏǗǎƠ ǹǯǣȠǻȇƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž ǹǿȇƪȎ ȁǮȁƤ ǵDzƠƼ șLJȇDzȁǻǶ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ
51
ǡȆ ǹǫǺǁƪ ǸƠȁȇƶ ǹǻǮơǷȨ ȫȇǻǯȇƪ ǽDzơȆƠ ǂǧ ȄơǾ ȄơǶ ǽDzơȆƠ ǰƠȁƪǀț ƼȁǏǫǶ ǹǯǢǁƪ
ƨȁȩǶȀǀ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ Ǩƽȇƪ




Bab 5 (51-62).indd 51 05-Sep-15 12:37:16 PM

ǰȁƫƤ ǹȧƼ ȝơƤ ȄȀơƲ





ơȇLJȇdzǶƼ ȮȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ





ǡȆ ȄơƲǁǮ ǠƽȇƤ ȁƪơdž ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ

ǩǿȇȨ ȁƫǻƥǷǶ ǹȆƠ ƩȇǺȀƠ ơȇLJȇdzǶƼ ƩȨƠƼǁƪ
ȁǮȎǁƤ ǡȆ ǽȆơǻƲ ȁLJȆƠ ǹǯȆơLJdzȘǶ DŽƠȁǮǁƤ

ǸƠƼ ȅƫLJȨ DZǻǣǶ ȁDzǁȨ ȫȆǁǶ ǹȆƠ ƠǀơȤǺƼ

ǽȇDzȀƠǁȨƼ ǡȆ ȅƫǪȁƤ ǹǾơƤ DžȇLJȇDzơǺơǣǶ

ǹǿDzơLJǮ ǺǰƬƥƢưǼǷ Ǵȁdzƥdž ǹȆƼơƳǮ ƩȩǷƪƼ
DžȇǮ ǵDzƠƼ ƩƥȇDzǁƪ ǡȆ ȀƽȆȜȆƽǻȆƠ ǤƼơǾǁƪ ǽȆơǻƲ

ƨȁƥdžǁƪ









ǠƽȇƤ ǹǢƼ ƩƥȇDzǁƪ ǡȆ ǹƫƤơƲ ǤƠǁƥƤ ƩȨƠƼǁƪ
ǹƫƷȇǏǮ ǹȆǁƫǻǷǮ ȚƠǀơƫǺƠ ơȇLJȇdzǶƼ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ

ǸƠƼ ơƥǶȁƤ ǹƫƤơƲ ơƪǁdž ơȇLJȇdzǶ ưƠǀƼ DžȇDzȁȨ

ǽDzơȆƠ ȎȁȨ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ ǠƽȇƤ ƠǀơƫǺƠ ƩǶȏȘȨ

Ɠ
ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ DŽ ǹȆ ơdž ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ ǹƫƤȀƠǁȨ
ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ DZǯȇǻȇdzǮ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ ȅȣȁDzȁȆƼƠǀ


ƠƿȇƤ ƠƿȇƤǁƤ ǹȆƠ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ ȅdzǾƠ Džȣȁƪ ǠƽȇƤ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ ȅȣȁDzȁƫLJȇǾ ǸƠƼ
ǽȇDzȀƠǁȨƼ ǡȆ ȅƫǪȁƤ ǹǾơƤ DžȇLJȇDzơǺơǣǶ ǵDzƠƼ ȫȆǁǶ ǸǁǮơȩǮ ƨȁǯȇǣǶ










7.1.2 ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ įȈǨȈƬǼȇ ƢLJ ƴȏǗǎƠ ǸƠƼ ǹǫȇƫȨ ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ


52





Bab 5 (51-62).indd 53 05-Sep-15 12:37:43 PM

ȄȀơƲ ǹȆǀȁȠǮ ǹǾȁǺȁƥǷȨ ǽDzơȆƠ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ ǽȇDzȀƠ ǹǯȇDzƠƽǻǮƼ ǡȆ DžȇǮ ǼȁƫǺȁȟ



ǹǾơƤ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ƩdžơȇdžƼ ǹǮƠ ǹȆƠ DžȇǮ ǼƼƠƼ ǸǀƽȇǣȨ ǸƠƼ ȅȆơƤ ǹǢƠȁƥǷȨ
Ɠ
Ɠ
ȁƪƠȁLJdž ȀơƪƠ ȫȇƳƤȀƠ ȅLJǺ ơǶ ǸƼơƤ ƽȨ Ȅ ȁǷƪƼ ǡȆ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ ȅƫǪȁƤ
ƩȇǺȀƠ ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ȅƫǪȁƤ ǹǾơƤ ǹǮǁdžƠƼǁƤ ǹȆƼơƳǮ ƩȩǷƪƼ DZȇǎơƶǁƪ ǡȆ

ǹƫdžơȇdž ƨƠȁƥǷǶ ǹǮƠ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ


ǡȆ įȈǨȈƬǼȇ ƢLJ ǹƫDzƠǁȨ ǤƠǁƥƤ ƩȨƠƼǁƪ
ǹdžȁƪȁȩǮ ǹǯƫȨƠƽǻǶ ȁƫǻƥǷǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǹǮơǺȁȣƼ
ǹǮơǺȁȣƼ ǡȆ ǹƫDzƠǁȨ ȅƪǁȩdž Ʃȩƪ ǡȆ DžȇLJȇDzơǺƠ

ǽDzơȆƠ ȚƠǀơƫǺƠ ơȇLJȇdzǶ ơȇǷȇǮ ǹƫƤơƲƼ



ǦȈƬǰȈǴȈLJ DžǶ ǹǢƼ Džȣ ȆǧƠǁȣȁƪơǶȀǁǮ 1
mass selective detectors DŽǀȁƫǯȇƫȆƼ

genetic analyzer ǁLJȆȎơǺƠ ȫȇƫȇǻȇȣ 2

Ɠ
ǡȆ ǹƫdžơȇdž DžȇdžȀǁȨ ȄơȣơƥdzȨ Ȅ ȁDzȏǶ
ƩȨƠƼ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ ƩȇǺȀƠ ǹǯǻDzơƲƼ

ȀƽȆȜȆƽǻȆƠ ȅƫLJȨ DZǻǣǶ ǸƠƼ ǹLJǣǶ

ǽȆơǻƲ ǹǿDzơLJǮ ǹǢƼ ƩȇƤơƤǁƪ ǡȆ







Ɠ
ǩǿȇȨ ȁƫǻƥǷǶ ơǿdžȀƠ ǵDzƠƼ ǡȇƫǻȨ ǹǺƠǁȨ ǹǯǻȆ ơǷǶ ơȇLJȇdzǶƼ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ ǺƬƥƢƳ
Ǩƽȇƪ ƠǀơȠdž ǽȆơǻƲ DžȇǮ ǹǯǢǀȁǣǶ ǸƠƼ ǹǯȆơLJdzȘǶ ȅǻǢơǻǶ DŽƠȁǮǁƤ

ƠǀơȤǺ ǹdzȇƤơƫLJǮ ǸƠƼ ǹȇǺȁǶǁǿǮ ǹǯƫǯǣȇǻǶ ȁƫǻƥǷǶ ƨȀǀȁƪ ȫȆǁǶ ǠȁLJǣDz
ƠǁƫǿƳdž ǸƠƼ ǸơǶƠ ǤȀƽȇǾ ƩǮǀơNjǶ ǁȣƠ





Ɠ
ƠǀơȤǺ ǹǣȇƫǻȩǮ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ȅȣȁDzȁǻǯȇƪ ǸƠƼ DŽ ǹȆ ơdž ǺǰƬǠǨǼǷ ȄȏȇǺ

Ɠ
7.1.2 ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ǹȆ Ȏ ǡȆ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ ƴȏǗǎƠ ȄǀơȠǻǶ ǸƠƼ ȅƫLJȨ DZǻǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
7.1.3 ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ƴȏǗǎƠ ǹǮȀƽǻȨǁƤ ƨơȆƠ ơǻȇƥǷǶ
53
Ɠ
ǠȀơLJdž ǹǶȎƼ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ ǹǢƼ ǹƫȆ ơǮǁƤ ǹǿƥǷƪ ƩǶȁdzǟǶ ȄǀơȠǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
Ɠ
șȆ ơǻǣǶ DžǯǣȆǀ ơƪȁǺ DžȇDzȁǻǶ ǸƠƼ


Bab 5 (51-62).indd 52 05-Sep-15 12:37:29 PM

ǁȠǻDz ǹȧƼ ȝơƤ ȄȀơƲ









ǰȏƶ ȭȀƼȀǁȫ ǹLJȨȫ

Ơ
ƩǮǀơNjǶ ǹǣDzơǮ ǵDzƠƼ ƩȩǷƪ ƩȨƠƽǻǶ ǹȇǮơǷdž ǰȏƶ ǹǢǀơƤ ǸȁDzǁȩǮ ǤƼơǾǁƪ ǸǀƽLJǮ
ǹǯdzȇǎơƷǣǶ ơȇLJȇdzǶƼ ǵdzLJǶ ȫȇǷȆƼơǮƠ ǼȁǮȁƪ ǤƠǁƥƤ ǠȀǀȀƽǻǶ ǹȆƠ ƠǀơǮǁȨ ơȇLJȇdzǶ

ǽDzơȆƠ ȚƠǀơƫǺƠ ȪȀƼȀǁȨ ȁƪƠȁLJdž ǰȏƶ DŽȁƪơƫdž ǹLJǣǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ƩDzƠ ǤƠǁƥƤ

Ɠ
ǹȇLJƶ ƽǷƷǶ ǼơNJ ȅDzƠǂ ƽǷƷǶ ǀȁƫǮȀƼ Ǹ ơǯȆǀ øǰȏƶ ǹƷǏǣȨù
ƩDzƠ ǁƫǻȇȨ ÀȂǨȈǴȈƫ ǵDzƠƼ ǹȇLJȆǁȨ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ƩDzƠ

ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ȏȇƤơȨƠ ƠƿȇƤǁƤ ơǺǀȀ Ȣȇƪ ǹǮǁȨơǷǶ ǹǮƠ ƩȆƠ
ǽȇDzȀƠ ǹǮǀƠȁdzǮƼ ǡȆ ǹƷǏǣȨ DZȇƳȇdž ƼȁǮ ǀơƤ ƽȨ ǹLJƥǷȆƠ

ǹdžȁǯǢȁƤ Ǥơȇƫdž ƽȨ ơȇLJȇdzǶ Ǵȏdžƚ ǸƠȁƲơǷǮ ǹƫƤơƲ ǩǿȇȨ

ȪȀƼȀǁȨ

ø(DNA) ȄƠ ǹȇǞ ȄƼ ȁǺơǺ ȧȇȟ ǽȇDzƠ ǼƼȁǶ (kit) ƩȇǮù

Ɠ
Ɠ
ǩȆƽȇdzȘȨ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǯdž Ȅ ƠȁƫǣǶ ǡȆ ǵȇNJơǾ ƠƼȀƠ ǀȂLjȈǧȀǁȨ Ǹ ơǯȆǀ ǽDzơȆƠ ǹȆƠ ƩȇǮ
ƽȇdžƠ ǹǯǢȁƤơȤǣǶ ǹȆƠ ȄƠ ǹȇǞ ȄƼ ǹLJǣȨ DžȇDzǁȨ ơȇLJȇdzǶ ȅƫȇdžǀȜȇǺȀƠ ƽȨǀƼ
Ɠ
Ȅ ȁDzȏǶ DZȩǶơdž DžȇLJȇDzơǺơǣǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ȫȇdzǮȁǺ
ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ȁǺơǺ ȧȇȟ ǵDzƠƼ ȫȇǺȀǁƫǯȇdzȆƠ ƦǀơNJƠ
ǡȆ ȪȀƼȀǁȨ ǰȏƶ DŽȁƪơƫdž ǹLJǣǶ ƩȨƠƼ ȝơƥǷȨ

ƩƤȀƠ ȫȇƫȇǷdžȁǮ ǹǻǮơǶ ǵDzƠƼ ƼƠ Ǵơdž ǽȇdzȇȨƼ

ǹȆơǮơȨ ǸƠƼ ǹƫƤȀƠ









Ɠ
ǰȏƶ ȪȀƼȀǁȨ ȅdžƠțȁǻȆƠ Ȅ ơȣǁǾ ȄȏȇǺ

7.1.2 DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ DŽ ȫȇƪ ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
7.1.3
șLJȇDzȁǻǶ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ DžƪƖƼ DŽ ȫȇƪ ǵDzƠƼ įȈǨȈƬǼȇ ƢLJ ƴȏǗǎƠ ȅƫLJȨ DZǻǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ 54
ǹǿȇƪȎ ȁǮȁƤ ǵDzƠƼ





Bab 5 (51-62).indd 55 05-Sep-15 12:38:50 PM

ȄȀơƲ ǦȈƫƠȘȁǻȆƠ ǹǶȎ





ǹǮƠƼơǣǶ ǹǮƠ Ǵȏdžƚ ǹǫȆƽȆƽǻȨ ǸƠȁƪơdžǁȨ
ǹǻǮơǶ ǹƪƠȁƥǷȨ ǡdzȇǯǮ ǹƪȀȎ



ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǸǁǻƥǮ ƨǀȁdž DžȇDzȁƪ 1
ǁƲȏƤ DZȇƥǷdž ǹƪȀȎ ǹǮƠƼơǣǶ

ǹdžȀǀȁǣȨ ǩǿȇȨ ƽȩǮ

ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ǡdzȇǮ








ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ǡdzȇǮƼ ǹǮơǺȁȣƼ ǡȆ ȅȣȁDzȁǻǯȇƪ ǹǯȆƠǀơǻdž 2

















Ɠ
ơƫǻȇǶ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ǹƪȀȎ DZȇǎơƶ ǹǢƼ ǹƫȆ ơǮǁƤ ǸǀȁȨȎ DžȇDzȁƪ 3
Ɠ
Ɠ
Ǹ ơƳȆƠ ȅƫLJȨ DZǻǣǶ ǸƠƼ șǻǯǣƫǻƥǷǶ ǹȆ Ȏ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ ȅdzǾƠ











7.1.2 ǰȁƫƤ ǡȆ ǹLJȇDzȁǻȨ ƩǶǀȂǧ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ ǵDzƠƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƳǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
7.1.3
55 7.1.4






Bab 5 (51-62).indd 54 05-Sep-15 12:38:34 PM

ǦȈƬǯƠ ƠƽǻȇǶ ȄȀơƲ





Ɠ
ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ ǼȀơƤƼ Ǹ ơƪơǮǁȨ ȝơƤ ǸƠƼ ơƳȆƠ 1



ȄǁƫdžȀƽǻȆƠ ȫȇǺȀǁƫǯȇdzȆƠ DZǯȇǻȇdzǮ




ȫȇƫLJȇDzơǻȇǷȆǁǮ ȅȣȁDzȀǁdž ȫȇƪȁǮǁǺ





ȀǁǯȇǶ ȁǺơǺ ȄƠ ǹȇǞ ȄƼ ¦DŽǼȇ ȂǴǨǼȇ¦

Ɠ
ƨơȆƠ ơǻȇƤ ǸƠƼ DžƪƖƼ Ǹ ơƪơǮǁȨ ǹǮǁdžƠƼǁƤ Ȅǀơdžȁdzȣ ǹǯdzȇǎơƶ 2
ȧǯǣDz ǡȆ



ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ ǼȁƫǺȁȟ


ǹdzȆƼơǟȨ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǮȁDzǁȨƼ ǡȆ ǹƫƤȀǁȨ ǸƠȁǾơƫǣȨ Ȅǀơdžȁdzȣ


ǴơdžơƲǁǯƤ ǸƠƼ ơȇLJȇdzǶƼ ƼȁƲȀ ǽdzƪ ȫȇLJǻȆǀȂǧ ȅdzǾƠ ƨơȆƠ

ǽȆơǻƲ ǽdzƟLJǶ ǹǯȆơLJdzȘǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ DŽƠȁǮǁƤ ǩǿȇȨ ǹǢƼ




Ɠ
ƨȁǯȆƠǁƤ ǠƽȇƤ ǵDzƠƼ ȅȣȁDzȁǻǯȇƪ ǸƠƼ DŽ ǹȆ ơdž ƴȏǗǎƠ ǹǯǣȠǻȇƤ 3


ǹƪƠȁƥǷȨ ǹǫǺǁƫǻȨ ȅdžơǯȇǺȁǶȁǯȇdzȇƪ


ǹǫȆƽȆƽǻȨ ǹǻǮơǷȨ




ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ǹƫȨƠƼ ǹǮǁdžƠƼǁƤ Ǥǁǯdž ȁǮȁƤ ǹǯdzȇǎơƶ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ



7.1.2 ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ DžƪƖƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƳǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
7.1.3
7.1.4 56






Bab 5 (51-62).indd 57 05-Sep-15 12:39:57 PM

ȄȀơƲ Ǵȏdžƚ ǹȇǻLJǮ ȜǾƽǻȆƠ ƩȇǺȀƠ





ǺǯǂȈǰȈǧ ǸƠƼ ǹǯȇƪơǾǁȫ
















ǖƻ ȅǻdž ơǻȇƤ ȅǻdž
















ȫȆǂȁǶ ȅǻdž ǁȇǮȀƠ ȅǻdž







ǁǾȁƲ ȄǁȤǻǮ ǹƫǻdzǮ ȄǀƼ Ȅơǿȟ ƠȀơƥǷǶ ǡƫǻȇƤ ǹȩȆƼǁǮ

žȁDzơȨƼ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǡȩǶȁǮ ƠȀơƤ žǵDzơǶ ȅǢǁǻǶ ǁǻȇdžǁƤ ǹDzȁƤ


ǀȁǿNjǶ ǽdzƫǶƠ Ǵȏdžƚ ǹȇǻLJǮ ơȆƠƼȁƤ ȫȇǺƠ Ǵȏdžƚ ǹȇǻLJǮ

ȁDzȁǾƼ ǩƳdž ǡDzȁƲƼ DŽơȇƫǻdž ǵDzơǞ ǼȀǀȁdzdžƼ ǁǯǶ DŽȀǁƪ






Ǵȏdžƚ Ǻưȇ°¦Â ȅǻdž ƠǀơǿȇdzǷǶ ȄȏȇǺ


Ɠ
7.1.1 DžƪƖƼ ƠǀơǮǁȨ ǡƫǻƪ ǹȆ Ȏ ƩǶȁdzǟǶ ȄǀơȠǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
57






Bab 5 (51-62).indd 56 05-Sep-15 12:39:27 PM

DžȇLJȇDzơǺƠ ǸƠƼ ȝơƤ ȄȀơƲ





ƽƳLJǶ ơǻȇƤ ȅǻdž ȭȀǁǻǶ

ƠǀơǻǶ


ȄƼơƳǻǶ ǸƠƼ ƩƤơƷǎ ƠǀơȨ ǸơǶǂ ƽȨ ơǻȇƤƼ ȎȁǶ ƽƳLJǶ ƠǀơǻǶ
Ɠ
Ȅơȣơƥdž ȅdzǻǮƼ ƽƳLJǶ ƠǀơǻǶ ǸƠƾƠ ǹǯǢȀ ȏǶ ! = " *V< ƩȩǷƪ
)
!
Ɠ
ǸƠƾƠ ǹǢȀ Ȏ ǹǯȇƫLJǷǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ơǻȇƤƼ ǹȆƠ ƠǀơǻǶ “F 3 *O<”

Ɠ
ȁȟǁǶ ȄƼơƳǻǶ ǸƠƼ ǼȀ ơƲ ǡȆ ǨǀơƲ ȄǀƼ ǁǢƼƼ ƩȨƠƼ
ǴȁǷǞ ǨȁƫǻƤ ȫȆǀ ǤƠǁƥƤ ƩȨƠƼǁƪ ƽƳLJǶ ǼƠȁƥLJdž Ơƽǻƪ
Ɠ
ƨȁǯȇǣǶ ǸȁǮ ǸƠƼ ǀƽǻȇdzȇdž ƩȩǶƠ ȅȤdž ƩȆ ơȆ ƠǀơǻǶ
ƩǮǀơNjǶ ǼƠȁƥLJdž ơȆƠƼȁƤ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž



ƧƥǪ


ǸƠƼ ǠȁǯǣdzǶ ǡȆ ǠȁƥǶȁƤ ȀơƪƠ ȧƪƠ ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ ƧƥǪ
Ɠ
ƩȨƠƼ ƽƳLJǶ ǵDzƠƼƼ ƧƥǪ ǹƫDzȁƤ ǼȀǀơȩdž Ȅ ơȨȀǁȘǶ
ƩȨƠƼǁƪ șǷDzƠƼƼ ơǷȣ ȀơƪƠ ƠǀƠȁdž ǹDzȁƫǻȨ ǹLJǮ ǹǯȆǁƥǷǶ

ǼȀǀơȩdž ǨȁƫǻƤ ǽDzơȆƠ ȚƠǀơƫǺƠ ƧƥǪ ǨȁƫǻƤ ȫȆǀ ȫȇǺƠ

DŽȀǁȇƪ ơƪǁdž ǠȀơƤ ȅƪǁȩdž ƩDzȁƤ ǸƠƼ ǡƫǻȇƤ ǡȆǁȇȨ ¦ǂȈǨLJ

ƽƳLJǶƼ ƩȨƠƼǁƪ ǩȗơƤ ǹȆƠ ȅƪǁȩdž ƧƥǪ ǨȁƫǻƤ ȫȆǀ DžƪƖƼ
ơȇLJȇdzǶƼ

Ɠ
Ɠ
ƨơƤ ȁƪơƤ ƽȨǀƼ ƨƠȁƤǁȨƼ ȎȁȨ ƧƥǪ Ǹ ơǻȇƤ ƩȆƠ ǹȆ ȏdž
ȅƪȁDzơdžƼ ǸƠƼ ȅDzȁdzǮ ȀơƪƠ ǴȁȇǻȇǶȁDzƠ ȄȁDzƠ ƩȆǁǯǢȁǮ
ƩǺȁƤǁǯȇDzȁȨ ȀơƪƠ ȡơƥǷƪ ǴȁȇǻȇǶȁDzƠ ǹǢƼ









7.1.1 DŽ ȫȇƪ ȅǷǿǷǶ ǸƠƼ ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ
7.1.2 Ɠ
ƠƽǻȇǶ ơƫȨ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǯƫƪơȟ ǸƠƼ ǹȆ Ȏ ǡȆ Ǵȏdžƚ ơǻȇƤ ȅǻdž ȅƫLJȨ DZǻǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ 58







Bab 5 (51-62).indd 59 05-Sep-15 12:40:36 PM

ƢƠǁƷǶ
ȄȀơƲ ǼǀƗǮ ǀȁƳǻǣǶ ǡȆ ƽƳLJǶ ǹȇȣơǿƤ ȁƪơdž ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ ƢƠǁƷǶ



Ɠ
ȅdžơȇǾƼ ǸƠƼ ǃȆ ơdž ȄơȣơƥdzȨ ǵDzƠƼ ơǻȇƤƼ ȄƠ ȅǻȇǮ ƧdzƥǪ
ǩȆǀơǻǶ ǡȆ ȅdžƠǀȁǯȆƼ








ȅdžƠǀȁǯȆƼ



ơǻȇƤ ȅǻdž ȅdžơȇǿǣǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǹǮơǺȁȣƼ ǹǷȇdzȆƠ ȄơȣơƥdzȨ

Ɠ
ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ǹǢƼ ƩȆ ơȆ DžȇDzȁƪ ȅǻdž ǽDzơȆƠ ȚƠǀơƫǺƠ ƽƳLJǶ
ȄǁƫȇǶȁȇȣ Ǩǀȁȟ ȅƪǁȩdž ȄǁƫȇǶȁȇȣ ǨȁƫǻƤ ǖƻ ǹLJȇDzȁƪ ǼƽǞơǪ ȄơȣơƥdzȨ

ǼȁƥǶȁƪ ǦȈƫȂǷ Ǩǀȁȟ ǸȁȣơLJǯȇǾ ǸƠƼ ǸȁȣơƫǻȇȨ

Ɠ
ǼȁƫǺȁȟ ǤƠǁƥƤ Ǹ ơǢȁƤ ơǢȁƤ Ǩǀȁȟ ȅƪǁȩdž ǹǾȁƥǶȁƪ
Ɠ
ơǢȁƤ ȀơƪƠ ǠƼȏdž ǵǯȇƪ Ǩǀȁȟ ǽDzơȆƠ Ǹ ơǢȁƤ ơǢȁƤ Ǩǀȁȟ
ǀȁdzǶ ǸƠƼ ǠȁƳǻƪ DžǶ
ǵǯȇƪ Ǩǀȁȟ ǹǮơǺȁȣƼ ȡȁƲ DžȇƤƠǁǞ ǹdžơȇǾ ƩȆƠ ǹȆ ȏdž
Ɠ
ǠƼȏdž
ƨȀƼȁdž ȅƪǁȩdž ȁƫǻƪǁƪ ǹȇȣơǿƤ ȅdžơȇǿǣǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ

ȄơȣơƥdzȨ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ǹǢƼ Ǡơȇƪ DžƪƠ ǹȇȣơǿƤ ǸƠƼ ǹǢȁǯǣDz

ǦȈƫȂǷ
Ɠ
ȅdžơȇǿǣǶ ǡȆ ǹȆ Ȏ Ǩǀȁȟ ȡȁƲ ƩȨƠƼǁƪ ǸȁǶơǺ
ơLJǣƤ ȁƪƠȁLJdž ơȆƠƼȁƤ ǼȀǀơǣȨ ǹLJǮ ƽƳLJǶ ơǻȇƤ ȅǻdž
DžȇƤƠǁǞ ǹdžơȇǾ
ȪȏǶ ȄǁȤǺƼ ƽƳLJǶ ǹǫȗơƥǮƼ ƩǿȇDzƼ ƩȨƠƼ șǾȁƫǺȁȟ

ơȆƠƼȁƤ ȄơȣơƥdzȨ ǹdžơȇǾ ǸƠƼ ǸǁȇǮȀƠ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ǡȆ









7.1.1 ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ DžƪƖƼ DŽ ȫȇƪ ȅǷǿǷǶ ǸƠƼ ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
7.1.2 ƠǀơȤǺ ǀƠȁDzƼ ǸƠƼ ǵDzƠƼƼ ƽƳLJǶ ơǻȇƤ ȅǻdž ǡƫǻƪ ǹǿƥǷƪ ƩǶȁdzǟǶ ǹǯƫȨƠƽǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
59 7.1.3
Ɠ
Ɠ
ȚƠȀƼ ƠȀƽǮ ƠǀơƫǺƠ Ǹ ƠƿȇƤǁȨ ǹǯLJȇDzȁƪ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ǹǞȁƲȀǀ ǁƥǶȁdž ȄơȣơƥdzȨ Ȅ ȁDzȏǶ



Bab 5 (51-62).indd 58 05-Sep-15 12:40:15 PM

ǹǯȇdžơǯȇdzȫƠ ǸƠƼ DžȇLJȇDzơǺƠ ȄȀơƲ




!" #$ %!
ȅǻdž

ƨȁǯȇǣǶ ǹǯȆơȣơƥdzȨƼ ǡȆ ƠǀƠȁdž ǼƽǞơǪ ȀơƪƠ ȁǷdzǞ ȁƪƠȁdž ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ 5W 3 ÏǸȀơǮ
!

ȚƠǀơƫǺƠ 5W 3 DžȇǻƲ ǤƠǁƥƤ ƩȨƠƼǁƪ ȁƫǻƪǁƪ ơǶƠǁȆƠ ǸƠƼ ǩƫǺǀ ƠƼơǺ DžȇdžȀǁȨ
!
ƩȨƠƼǁƪ ȀƽǻȆǀ ȅƪǀƠǁƤ ơƥǎ ǸƠƼ ǹǶơȆƽǮ ȀơƪƠ ǽǶȀǀ ȅƪǀƠǁƤ ǡȆ N"
5W 3 ǽDzơȆƠ
È È
9 !
Ɠ
ƩȆ ơȆ X '" G ȅƪǁȩdž ƩȩǷƪ ǼƠȁƥLJdž ǴơǺ ơǻȩǷdž DZȇƥǶƖƼ ǡȆ 5W 3 DžȇǻƲ ǤƠǁƥƤ
"
!
!
"
F " ǸƠƼ FY

8! 3 3 ȎơǮơǺơǶ ȄƼȁǟdž ƢǁǞƼ ǹdžȀơǮ ǼƠȁƥdž


!
!
Ɠ
Ȅ ơȗȁȩǷǶ ǹȆƠ 5W 3 DžȇǻƲ Ǥơȇƫdž ǸƠǁȆƠƼ ƩȩǷƪ ǼƠȁƥdž ǴơǺ ƽȨǀƼ DZǎƠǁƤ ȎȁȨ
!
ȄǁȆƽǻdžǁƪ ǡȆ șǻǺƠǁȨ ǸƠƼ ƪǨȈǏ
ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ƦȀȏƪ ŚƲȀƠ
2016 ǸȁƲ 5 ƺȇ°Ƣƫ

ȅȣơȨ 7.30
Ɠ
ȁǶơƫƪ ƠǀơȨ Ǹ ơƥȇƫǮ

ȅȣơȨ 8.30
Ɠ
ƓơǞƼ Ǹ ơȟơƤ
ƽƳLJǶ ȅdžȀǁǣȨ ǹȩȟȀƠ
ǹȇǷdžǁȨ ǹȩȟȀƠ


ȅȣơȨ 9.00
ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ƦȀȏƪ ǹȇƲȀƠ






ȂǨǼȇ¦

Ɠ
Ɠ
Ǹ ơƪơǮǁȨ ƽȨǀƼ DZǎƠǁƤ 5W 3 Ǹ ơƪơǮǁȨ
!
ȅȗơȘǶ ȀơƪƠ ǠƽǻȆƼǁƤ ƼȁǏǫǶǁƤ ǡȆ 59 3

7.1.1 DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ ǹǫȇƫȨ ȝơƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
7.1.2
7.1.3 DžǯǣȆǀ ȂȈdzȂǧ ǹǯdzȇǎơƶ ǸƠƼ !ǵō ǺǁÈ ƪ DžȇǻƲ Ǥơȇƫdž ÏȄǁȇȟ ǸƠƼ ǼǀơƳdž ǹǯǣȠǻȇƤ 60
È
7.1.4




Bab 5 (51-62).indd 61 05-Sep-15 12:41:15 PM

ȄȀơƲ ǦȈƫƠȘȁǻȆƠ ǹǶȎ




øǴȏdžƚ ǹȇǻLJǮ ȅdžƠǀȁdzȬLJǯȆƠù ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƲ





2 1





















4 3



















Ɠ
ȅƫȆƙȇƫǮƠ Ǹ ơǺơLJǫdzȫ Ơǀơȟ

.
ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮǁƤ ƠǀơȠdž Ǵȏdžƚ ǹȇǻLJǮ ǨȁƲơƪ ȁƪơdž ǽȇdzȇȨ .
Ɠ
ǹǯƫƪơȟ ǸƠƼ ǹƫȆ ơǮǁƤ ǡȆ ȀƽȆȜȆƽǻȆƠ ǹǢƼ ǰƠȁƤ ȁǷƪ ƨƠȁƤ .
ǽȇDzȀƠǁȨƼ ǡȆ ƩǶȁdzǟǶ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ȄǁDzơȣ ǹǯdzȇǎơƶ .
ơƲǁǮ DZȇǎơƶ ȄȏȇǻǶ ǸƠƼ ƩǿȇdzǶ ȁDzǁȨ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ Ǥơȇƫdž
Ɠ
ǹȆ Ȏ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ

7.1.1 Ǵȏdžƚ ǹȇǻLJǮ ȅdžƠǀȁdzȩLJǯȆƠ ǹǯǻDzơƳǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
7.1.2
61 7.1.3
7.1.4





Bab 5 (51-62).indd 60 05-Sep-15 12:40:56 PM

ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ ȄȀơƲ






ǹȇǻLJǮ ǠƽȇƤ ƨȁǯȇǣǶ ƨȁǯȆƠǁƤ ƴȏǗǎƠ ǹǯLJdzǮ 1


ǴȁȇǻȇǶȁDzƠ ȅƪơȇƤ ƢƠǁƷǶ À¯ƚǷ



ƽǺȁǿǺ ƧƥǪ ȄȁDzƠ ǵǺǁƪ


ƩȆǁǯǢȁǮ ¦ǂȈǨLJ ǸȁȣơLJǯȇǾ ơƥǎ



Ɠ
DžƪƖƼ Ǹ ơƪơǮǁȨ ǹǮȀƽǻȨǁƤ ƨơȆƠ ơǻȇƤ 2


ȄȀơƲ ǹLJȇDzȁƪ ǵDzƠƼ ȎȁǷdž DžȇDzȁƪ ǸƠƼ ƨȁǯȆƠǁƤ ǹǫȇƫȨ ȝơƤ 3




















Azan atau panggilan solat selalu dikumandangkan
secara berlagu, sebagaimana al-Quran al-Karim.
Kitab suci ini sangat bermanfaat bagi jiwa orang mukmin
kerana al-Quran diturunkan sebagai penawar dan
rahmat bagi orang mukmin.













Ɠ
7.1.1 Ǵȏdžƚ ǹȇǻLJǮ ǹǢƼ șǻǯƫȆ ơǣǶ ǸƠƼ DžƪƖƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƳǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
7.1.2 Ɠ
7.1.3 ȄȀơƲ ǹLJȇDzȁƪ Ȅ ơdžƠȁǣǶ ǴȁdzƤ ǡȆ ǹǮƠǀ ǡȇƥǷȇƥǷǶ DŽȀǀȁƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ 62
7.1.4





Bab 5 (51-62).indd 63 05-Sep-15 12:41:33 PM

ȄȀơƲ ƧǟǪǀ ǖƻ ȅǻdž ȜǾƽǻȆƠ ǸǁƲȏȫ










ǺǯǂȈǰȈǧ ǸƠƼ ȅƫȇdzƪ






























șǫȇƫǻȟ ǵȇǯƶ

ǹȆƠ ǖƻ ǹLJȇDzȁƪ








Ȫȁdž Ȅơdž ǀơǷǞ ơȆ
Ë
șǻLJȇDzȁƪ ƩǿȇDz




ŸǹȆƠ ǖƻ ǹLJȇDzȁƪ DžȇǻƲ ȁǶơǮ ǽǮȁǾơƪ
șǻǯǯȇƫǮǁȨ ǸƠƼ ȄǁƲȏȨ ǼȁȆƠ



Ɠ
7.2.1 ǨȁƲơƪ ǹǢƼ șǻǯƫȆ ơǮ ơƪǁdž DžƪƖƼ ǖƻ ǹLJȇDzȁƪ DžȇǻƲ Ǹǀơdž ǡƥǶȁdž
63






Bab 6 (63-68).indd 63 05-Sep-15 12:49:48 PM

ǹǯǯȇƫǮǁȫ ǸƠƼ ȅƫȇdzƪ ȄȀơƲ



















































ȂǨǼȇ¦
ƧǟǪǀ ǖƻ ÏȄǁȇȟ



Ʃȩȟ ǸƠƼ ǼƼȁǶ DžǯǣȆǀ ǡȆ ǠȁǯǣDz DZȇȠǮ ǸƠƼ ǩȤƪ
ƨȁǯȆƠǁƤ ȅƪǁȩdž DžȇDzȁƪƼ ȡȁƲ ǸƠƼ »Ȁǁƶ



ǸƠƼ



ǖƻ ǹLJȇDzȁƪ ȄǁƲȏȩǷǶ ǼȁȤǢȁdž ǼȁȤǢȁdžǁƤ ȄȏȇǺ


7.2.1 ǹLJȇDzȁƪ ǼƽǞơǪ ƨȁǯȇǣǶ DZȤǢȁƪ ȄȀơƲ »Ȁǁƶ ǹLJȇDzȁǻȨ ǹǯǯȇƫǮǁȩǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
ƧǟǪǀ ǖƻ 64
ǖƻ ǹLJȇDzȁƪ ǼƽǞơǪ ƨȁǯȇǣǶ DZȤǢȁƪ ȄȀơƲ »Ȁǁƶ DžȇDzȁǻǶ ȅƤȁƪ ǽȇƪȎ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
ǰȁƫƤ ǹǢƼ ƧǟǪǀ




Bab 6 (63-68).indd 65 05-Sep-15 12:50:25 PM

ȄȀơƲ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ǹǯǯȇƫǮǁȫ ȄǀơǶ








































































7.2.1 ƧǟǪǀ ǖƻ ǹLJȇDzȁƪ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ȄȀơƲ »Ȁǁƶ ǠȁƥǶơȘǶ Ơǀơȟ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ

65






Bab 6 (63-68).indd 64 05-Sep-15 12:50:04 PM

ȅƤȁƪ ǽȇƪȎ ǸƠƼ ȅƫLJȫ DZǻǮ
ǹLJȇDzȁƪ șǫȇƫǻȟ ǼƠȀ ȄȀơƲ

ǀơǷǞ ȁǶơǮ ǖƻ
Ë


ǽdzȇǻȆƠ ǵȇǟǺ ǽȇdžơǮ ơǷȆǁƪ
ƧǟǪǀ ǖƻ ǹLJȇDzȁƪ





















Ɠ
Ǹ ơƪơǮǁȨ DžȇDzȁǻǶ ȄǀơǶ ÏǸȀơǮ
ǖƻ ǹLJȇDzȁƪ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ƨȁǯȆƠǁƤ

ƧǟǪǀ





























Ɠ
ǖƻ ŚǻLJǮ Ȅ ơƫǻȇȟ ȄȏȇǺ

Ɠ
Ɠ
7.2.1 ƧǟǪǀ ǖƻ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ǹǢƼ ǹȆ Ȏ Ǹ ơƪơǮǁȨ DžȇDzȁǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
7.2.2
7.2.3 ƽȨǀƼ ƧǟǪǀ ǖƻ ǹLJȇDzȁǻȨ Ơǀơȟ ǡƫǻƪ ƨȁƳǻDz ƩǶȁdzǟǶ ȄǀơȠǻǶ ơȆơȨȁdž ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǯǫDzơȣ 66
ǠȀơLJdž ǹǶȎ




Bab 6 (63-68).indd 67 05-Sep-15 12:51:19 PM

ȄȀơƲ ǦȈƫ¦ȘȁǻȆƠ ǹǶȎ





øƠƼȁǶ ǸȀơǿdžȀƠ ǴǁȣȀǁȫù ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƲ




























































ǹǺȀơǿdžȀƗǮ ƩǻȇǶ ǨȁȨȁǷǶ ȄȏȇǺ


7.2.1 ƠƼȁǶ ǸȀơǿdžȀƠ ǩȇƲȀǁȨ ǹǯǻDzơƳǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
7.2.2
67 7.2.3
7.2.4





Bab 6 (63-68).indd 66 05-Sep-15 12:50:59 PM

ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ ȄȀơƲ




ƧǟǪǀ ǖƻ ǹLJȇDzȁƪ ǼƽǞơǪ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ƨȁǯȆƠǁƤ Ï»Ȁǁƶ ǹǯǢȁƥǶơdž 1



Ơ Ȅ DŽ Ȅ ǰ Ǵ ǼȁƫǺȁȟ
Ȅ Ơ Ǹ Ȁ ǀ Ƣ Ơ Ȅ DŽ Ȅ Ǹ Ȁ Ƽ Ǹ Ȅ Ơ









Ǹ Ƽ ǀ Ȁ ư ƨ Ȅ Ȁ Ȫ ǀ nj Ǵ









ƧǟǪǀ ǖƻ ǹLJȇDzȁƪ ǹǢƼ ȁǶơǮ ȄǁȆƼ ơƪƠƼȁȇƤ DžȇDzȁƪ 2





ƽǷƷǶ ƩǻƤ ǽȇDzơǞ ǴơǺ
ǡdzȇǷȣ ǹǶơƪ 34560 1/3 ǡdzȇǷȣ ǹDzơƲ 17 ǀȁƥǶȁǺ ƩǶȏǞ
ƴǁNjǻȨ Ïơƫȇȟ DžȇǮȁdzǶ ǸƠƼ ȝơƥǷǶ ȅƤȁǾ
ǠǀƠ ȄƼơƲ ȄơȩǷdž ǀơȇƤ ȅȨƠ ƠǀơƤ ǵȤǣȣ ǤȀƽȇǾ ȁƪȁǶ




Ɠ
Ɠ
ǹǯLJȣȁƪƼ ȁǶơǮ ǼǁȆ ƠƼ ƩǯǣȆǁȨ ȀƠǀȁdž Ǹ ơȆǁȠǮ ǹǣȆƽǻƪǁȨ ơǻȩǷdž 3
ƧǟǪǀ ǖƻ ǼƽǞơǪ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ǹǢƼ ǰǀȁǶ ǹǯdzȇǎơƷǣǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ
















7.2.1 DžƪƖƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǯǻDzơƳǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
7.2.2
7.2.3 68
7.2.4





Bab 6 (63-68).indd 69 05-Sep-15 12:51:50 PM

ƦƽȇǫǞ ƄƠ ÏƪǨȈǏ ǸǁƲȏȫ









ǝǷdž ƩȇǺȀƠ





ƦǁǫƥDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ȝơƤ ƩȇǮ ȄǀơǶ ǺǯǂȈǰȈǧ ǸƠƼ ǺǰȈƫƢǿǁȫ

Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ƄƠ ǸơƷƥdž

ƄƠ ǸơƷƥdž



















ǹǯǺȁȩǶƠ ƄƠ ơȆ ȄƼ ǹǢƼ ǸȀơǮ ǹǢơƲ

ȁǮ ÏơdžȀƼ ȎơȤdž




















ǹȨȀƽȇǿǮ ǵDzƠƼ ǁȇǯȆƾ ǹǯdzǷǟǣǶ ȄȏȇǺ


Ɠ
3.1.1 ǨȁƲơƪ ǹǢƼ șǻǯƫȆ ơǮ ơƪǁdž DžƪƖƼ ŏǷȣ ǸƠƼ DŽ ȫȇƪ ǡƫǻƪ Ǹǀơdž ǡƥǶȁdž
69






Bab 7 (69-87).indd 69 05-Sep-15 12:54:03 PM

2
ǡȆ ƨƠȁƤ ǽȇDzȁƤ ǀơǷǞ ƄƠ ƓơNJ Ǹƚ ǹǯdzǷǞ ǸƠƼ ȆǸȀǧ ƦƽȇǫǞ
Ë
Ɠ
ȝơƥǷǶ ǀơǷǞ ǹǯȇƫLJȨ ǩȆ ơƤǁƪ
Ë
ȅƫǻǺ ƩȆƠ ǹǣȆƽǻƪǁȨ Ǵȁdzƥdž ƓơǞƼ
1
4 ǁƫǻǷȣ DŽƠǀ Ȅơdž ȁƥȆƠ
ƓơǞƼ ǡȆơdž ȅƪơǾ ǡǻǻȨ ƓơǞƼ ǽDzơȟơƤ ǹǣȆƽǻƪǁȨ ȅȨƼơǿǣǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ
ǸƠƼ ǹdžȀǀȀƠ ǹǯǾƼȁǶƼ ǸȁǾȁǶ ȄǀơǾ ǨȁLJȆƠ ȫȇƪȁƤȀǀ
Ɠ
ȝơƤƼ ǽȇDzȁƤ ƓơǞƼ ǹȆ Ȏ ǡȆ ÏƓơǞƼ
ươǿdž ȅƪơǾ ǵDzƠƼ ȀơƪƠ ƨƠȁǪ ǹǢƼ 3
Ɠ
ŸǝǷdž ƪǨȈǏ Ȅ ơȗȁȩǷǶ ƄƠ ǽǯǻǮȁƤ ŸȁƥȆƠ ǤƠ ƓơǞƼ


5
ŸȁƥȆƠ ǤƠ ƩȆƠ ǝǷdž ƪǨȈǏ



















6
ơǿǶ ƄƠ ƼȁǏǫǶǁƤ ǝǷdž ƪǨȈǏǂƥ ƄƠ

ȅȗȁƤ ƼƠ Ǵơdž ȁƪƠȁLJdž Ǥơȇƫdž ǁǢƽǻǶ
ǹǾȎǁȨ ƩǢơdž ǡȆ ȀơƪƠ ƨƠȁǪ ǡȆ 7
Ɠ
ȅȨơƫƪ ȅLJǺ ơǶ ȅƪơǾ ǹǫȇLJȇƤ ȅƪǁȩdž ƩȇǮ ƄƠ șƫƥȇǾ ƄƠ ǸơƷƥdž
ƪǨȈǏ ǹǢƼ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ƣƲƠȀ
ǸǁǢƽǻȨ ƽȨǀƼ ƠƿȇƤǁƤ ƄƠ ǸǁǢƽǻȨ

ǹǮȁDzǁǷǶ Ǩƽȇƪ ƄƠ ǸƠǁǮ Ț-ǨȂǴƼǷ ǁǢƽǻǶ ơǿǶ ǡȆ ƄƠ ƄƠ ǝǷdž
ǹǢƼ ȁƪƠȁLJdž Ǥơȇƫdž ǹǮƠ
Ǩƽȇƪ ƄƠ ǸǁǢƽǻȨ ǸƠƼ ǸǁǢƽǻȨ ơȆǀƼ ƽȨ ȅƪơǾ-ȅƪơǾǁƤ DŽơȇƫǻdž

DžƪơƤǁƪ
ǹǫȇLJȇƤ ǸƠƼ ǸǀȁƪȁƪǁȨ Ǥơȇƫdž
ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ƓơǞƼǁƤ ǹǯǫȗơƤ ȄȏȇǺ ƩȇǮ ȅƪơǾ
Ɠ
ǤȀƽȇǾ ǵDzƠƼ Ǹ ơȆơƳǮ ȄơȨơȠǻǶ

3.1.1 ǹȨȀƽȇǿǮ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǯdzǷǞƼ ǽȇDzȁƤ ǡȆ ƓơǞƼ ÏǼȁƫǺȁȟ ǹǯȆǁƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
3.1.3
ƦƼơƥǞ ǽDzơȆƠ ƓơǞƼ ǸƠǁǮ șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ ǸƠƼ ǹȆǀơǾ 70
Ɠ
ƄƠ ǝǷdž ƪǨȈǏ ǹǢƼ ƓơǞƼǁƤ ǹdzǷǞ ǹǯƫȆ ơǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ




Bab 7 (69-87).indd 71 05-Sep-15 12:54:48 PM

ƦƽȇǫǞ


ǝǷdž ƪǨȈǏǂƥ ƄƠ ȅdzǫǺ DZȇDzƼ

ȃDzơǟƪ ƄƠ ÀƢǷǂǧ






2:224 ƦǁǫƥDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž

Ɠ
Ȅ ȁǾơƫǣǶ DŽơȇƫǻdž ȅȣȎ ǁǢƽǻǶ DŽơȇƫǻdž ƄƠ ǽdzƫǣȆƠ ǸƠƼ ȚƼȁǏǫǶ

































ǝǷdž ƪǨȈǏǁƤ ƄƠ ȅdzǫǞ DZȇDzƼ


Ɠ
ǸƠƼ Ǹ ơǺǀȁȩǷLJǮ ƪǨȈǏ ȎơȤdž ȅǫȇdzȇǷǶ ƄƠ
Ɠ
ƪǨȈǏǁƤ ƄƠ ȅȣơƤ DZȇƷƫLJǶ ƩȆƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ Ǹ ơȇDzȁǷǮ
ǁǢƽǻǶ ǽȇDzȁƤ Ǩƽȇƪ ȅƪǁȩdž ǹǢǀȁǯǮ



Ɠ
ǸƠƼ ǹƫƥȇǿǮ Ȅ ȁǮơǣǶ ȄȏȇǺ
Ɠ
ƄƠ Ǹ ơǺǀȁȩǷLJǮ

Ɠ
3.1.2 Ȁǀȁȣ ǹǣȇƥǷȇƤ ǹǢƼ ǹȆ Ȏ ǡȆ ȅdzǫǺ ÏDZȇDzƼ ȄǀơȠǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
3.1.3
71 3.1.5 ƪǨȈǏǁƤ ǡȆ ƄƠ ƽȩǮ ǹǺơǷȆƗǮ ǹǯǪȁƳǺȁǻǶ ƩȨƠƼ ǡȆ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž ǼȁƫǺȁȟ ǹǯȆǁƥǷǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ
Ɠ
ǹDzȀ ơȣǁȨ ǵDzƠƼ ǸǀȁƪȁƪǁȨ ȡơƳǻǶ ȅƪǁȩdž ǝǷdž



Bab 7 (69-87).indd 70 05-Sep-15 12:54:21 PM

ȅƪơȇƶ ǸƠƼ ȆǸȀǧ ƦƽȇǫǞ




ǝǷdž ƪǨȈǏǁƤ ƄƠ ȅǻȇǫȇǶ ǹLJǮ




ȅƪơǾ ǹǫȇLJȇƤ ǸƠƼ ǸǀȁƪȁƪǁȨ ȡơƳǻǶ



ǹǢơƲ ǹLJȨ ȁȤǫȇȟ ƄƠ ǂǨǤƬLJ¢

ȅƪơǾ ǵDzƠƼ ǸȁȨȀȎƠȀ ƨȁǢȀǁǶ


ƄƠ ǹǢȁDzȁƪǁȨ ǸȁǾȁǷǶ ƓơǞƼǁƤ DŽơȇƫǻdž





ȎơȤdž ǹǯǾƼȁǶ ƄƠ ơȆ

ȁǯǻdžȀǀȀƠ


Ɠ
ǁȇǯȆƾ ǸƠƼ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ Ǹ ơȟơƤ ǹǯȆƼơƳǻǶ
ǹdzǷǞ Ȅơȣơƥdž


ǹǮơȆƼ


Ɠ
ǹǮǀƠȁdzǣǶ ȅƪǁȩdž ǼƽȇDz ƧȇǏǟǶ ȅǾȀ ơƳǻǶ
Ɠ
ƩȩǶȁǣǶ ơƪǁdž ƩLJǮ ǸƠƼ ǀȁƪȁǮ ǡȆ Ǹ ơƪơǮǁȨ







ƄƠ ȅƫǮǁƤƼ ǤȀƽȇǾ



ǹdžȁǶȀǀ
ȅǶơǮ ƄƽǷƷDzƠ ǁǢƽǻǶ ơǿǶ ǡȆ ƄƠ ƽȩǮ ǹǺơǷȆƗǮ ǹǯȇƫǪȁƥǷǶ ǽdzȇƫLJǶ ƩȇǮ
ơȇȣơǿƤ ǤȀƽȇǾ ȅƪơǾ ǹǫȇLJȇƤ ǸƠƼ ǸǀȁƪȁƪǁȨ ȡơƳǻǶ DŽơȇƫǻdž ǹǢƼ


3.1.4 ǸƠƼ ǹǯȆǁƤƼ ǽdzƪ ǡȆ ǝǷdž ƪǨȈǏǂƥ ƄƠ ȅǻȇǫȇǶ ǹLJǮ ǡƫǻƪ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ ǹǣȠǻȇƤǁȨ ƨƠȁƤ
3.1.6
Ɠ
DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ ǹǣȠǻȇƤǁȨ DZȇǎơƶ ǹǯǣƫǻƤ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ǹȆ Ȏ ǡȆ ÏǹLJǮ 72
ȅƪơǾ ǹǫȇLJȇƤ ǸƠƼ ǸǀȁƪȁƪǁȨ ȡơƳǻǶ ȫȆǁǶ ǹǷDzơǣȨ ȅLJǢȁǮǁƤ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ




Bab 7 (69-87).indd 73 05-Sep-15 12:55:51 PM

ƦƽȇǫǞ ǦȈƫ¦ȘȂǼȇ¦ ǹǶȎ




ǹǮƠǀ ƽȩǮ ǹǯǿȆƽǾ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ǦȈƫƢȇǂǯ ǡȆ øƧƥƷǶ ƽǮùǹǯdzȇǎơƶ 1
È
Ë

ǹǯdzǷǞ ȄǀơǶ ǹǯdzǷǞ ȄǀơǶ
ǹǢƼ ǹǮƠǀ DZȇȤǣǷǶ ǽƾȇ Ƣǧǂƥ ǡȆ ƠǀơǮǁȨ ȧǮơȟǁƤ


ǩȆ ơƤ ǡȆ ǹdzȇȤǣȨ ǽƾȇ Ƣǧ Ơǀơȟ

șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ
ǽƾȇ Ƣǧ Ơǀơȟ
șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ


ǹǯdzǷǞ ȄǀơǶ ǹǯdzǷǞ ȄǀơǶ
Ɠ
ƠǀƠȁdž ǹǯǾƽǺǁǶ ǹǢƼ ȧǮơȟǁƤ Ǹ ơƪơǮǁȨ ǹǮơǺȁǯǣǶ ȧǮơȟǁƤ
Ɠ
ǽƾȇ Ƣǧ Ơǀơȟ ǹȨȁdž ǸƠƼ ǩȆ ơƤ ǡȆ

șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ ǽƾȇ Ƣǧ Ơǀơȟ

șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ




ǹǯdzǷǞ ȄǀơǶ
ǹǯdzǷǞ ȄǀơǶ
ǹǫȆ ơƥǮ ǹǮƓơǞƽǻǶ

ǸǁǢƽǻȨ ƠǀơǿȇdzǷǶ
ǹǮƠǀ ǸƠƼ Ȁǀȁȣ ǤơƤ ȁƥȆƠ
ǽƾȇ Ƣǧ Ơǀơȟ
ǽƾȇ Ƣǧ Ơǀơȟ

șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ
șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ











Ɠ
ǡȆ ǽǮơȨƠ ǾǼƬǧ ǹǮǁƥȇȘǶ Ȫȁdž ǡȆ ǹǮƠǀ ǠǀȀƗdž Ȅ ơȗȁȩǷǶ ȁǶơǮ 2
ŸǹǮȁǮȎ ȁǶơǮ ǹǮƠ
ǹǮƠǀ ǽȇdzȇǷǶ ȅƪơǾ-ȅƪơǾǁƤ ȄȏȇǺ



3.1.4 ǦȈƫƢȇǂǯ ǸƠƼ ȧǯǣDz ǹǢƼ ƧƥƷǶ ƽǮ ǹǯdzȇǎơƷǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ȁƫǻƤ
3.1.6
73 ǹǢȀƽǺơǮ ȅLJȆƠ ǹǯǣȠǻȇƤ ǸƠƼ ǹǯdzȇǎơƶƼ ǽdzƪ ǡȆ ƽǮ ǹǣƫǻƥǷȨ ƨƠȁƤ
Ɠ
ǾǼƬȈǧ ǹǮǁƥȇȘǶ Ȫȁdž ǡȆ ǹǮƠǀ ȅǻǢơǻǶ Ơǀơȟ ǹƫȆ ơǮǁƤ ƽȆǀȁǶ DŽ ǸȁȩLJȆǀ ǹǯdžȁǶȀǁǶ




Bab 7 (69-87).indd 72 05-Sep-15 12:55:26 PM

ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ ƦƽȇǫǞ


ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ ǵDzƠƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȎ 1


șǻǿǷƲǁƪ ǸƠƼ ǝǷdž ƪǨȈǏǁƤ ƄƠ ȅdzǫǺ DZȇDzƼ ȝơƥǷǶ O
șȇdzǫǞ DZȇDzƼ ǸƠƼ ǝǷdž ƪǨȈǏ ȅƪǀƠ ǹǮơƪơȘǶ O
ǝǷdž ƪǨȈǏ ǹǢƼ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ǹLJǮ ǹǯȆƠǀơǻȘǶ
O
Z ( (
" (3 DZȤǣȇƪ ǡȆ ǴȁǪ ƽȩǮ ǼȁǞƼǁƤ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ƄƠ ǹǯdžȁƪȀƖƼ ǽdzƪ X DžǺȁȆ ŒǺ 2

ȎơǾǁƤ ǹǿƥǷȘȨ ǹǯdzȤǣȇǻǶ ǸƠƼ ƄƠ ǽƥǷȘǶ ǁȣƠ ȫȆǁǶ ȀǁȘǶ ƠƽǻȇȤƤ
ǼȁǞƼ ǩDzȁǻǶ ȫȆǁǶ ǸƠƼ ȅǣǻdžƼ Ǩƽȇƪ X DžǺȁȆ ŒǺ ǹƪƠȁƤǁȨ

ǨȀƼȀƽǻȨ ǹǯdzȤǣȇǻǶ ȁDzȎ ǽȆƽdž ƩǢơdž ƠƽǻȇȤƤ ƠƽǻȇȤƤ

ƄƠ ƠȀơǿƤ ȫȆǁǶ ƽȩǮ œǣȆƠǁȨ ǹǯȆǁƥǷǶ ǸƠƼ Z ( (
" (3

ǹdzȇȣƽǮ DžƪƠ DZȩǷȇƫdž ǡȆ ǹǶȁǯƶ ǹǯȆǁƥǷǶ ǹǮƠ

ȫȆǁǶ ǹǾȁǯǢƗǮ ǸƠƼ
ǹǯdzȤǣȇǻǶ X DžǺȁȆ ŒǺ Džȩdzdž

Ɠ
ǸƠƼ ơƫȇdzȣ ȧdzȣ ȄƼơƳǻǶ Ǹ ƠƼƗǮ ȫȆǁǶ
ȎȁǶ Z ( (
" (3 ǨȀƼȀƽǻȨ ǡȠǻǮ ǹǢƼ ǤȁȇƪǁƤ ŚǢƠ

X DžǺȁȆ ŒǺ ǼȁǞƼ ǩDzȁǻǶ ȫȆǁǶ ǹȩdzȇLJǮ ȄǀƽȘǶ
DžƪƠ ǸȁȩǶƠ ǸȁǾȁǷǶ ǸƠƼ ƧƤȁƪǁƤ ƠǁȤdžǁƤ ȫȆǁǶ ȫǶ

Ɠ
ȁȆƠǁǶ ǸƠƼ DžȇǢơǻǶ DZȇƥǷdž ȫȆǁǶ Ǹ ơǮơǾǀƽǮ
ơǷȆǁǻǶ ǸƠƼ ǁǢƽǻǶ ǝǷdž ƪǨȈǏǁƤ ǡȆ ƄƠ ƄƠ ƽȩǮ

Ɠ
ǡǻƪ ȄƼơƳǻǶ Ǹ ƠƼƗǮ ȁDzȎ Z ( (
" (3 ǨȀƼȀƽǻȨ ƧƤȁƪ

ƄƠ ǸƠǁǮ ǀȁǯNJǁƤ ƩǢơdž Z ( (
" (3 ǨȀƼȀƽǻȨ ȎȁǷdž

ȫȆǁǶ ƓơǞƼ ǹǯDzȁƥǫǷǶ ǽdzƪ
ǀơƥƫǞƠ ǹǯȆƠǀơǻdž ǸƠƼ ǡȠǻȇƤ DžƪƖƼ X DžǺȁȆ ŒǺ ǽǏȇǪ ǹǮǁdžƠƼǁƤ
O
ƨȁƥdžǁƪ ǽǏȇǪ ƽȨǀƼ

ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ǽdzƪ ȁǶơǮ ȚƠǁȇǯdž ǹǮȁǮȎ ȁǶơǮ ǹǮƠ ǡȆ ǽǮơȨƠ
O
ŸơdžȀƼ ǸƠƼ ǹȩdzȇLJǮȁƪƠȁLJdž

3.1.1
3.1.2 ƪǨȈǏ ǤƼơǾǁƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǻȇǫȇǮ Ȣǣȇǿdž DžƪƖƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
3.1.3 ǹǪƽǻȇƪ ǵDzƠƼ DŽơdžƠ Ȅơȣơƥdž ǹǯȆƼơƲƼ ƩȨƠƼ ǸƠƼ ȧƫǻǶ ȄƼơƳǻǶ ƄƠ ǝǷdž 74
3.1.4
3.1.5 ȚƓơǞƼ ơǷȆǁǻǶ ƄƠ ǰơƷȆǁȨ ǸƠƼ ǹǯȆƠ ƨȀǁȨ ǵDzƠƼ X DžǺȁȆ ȅƥǺ ǽǏȇǪ ǹǮơƫȆǁȟ

3.1.6


Bab 7 (69-87).indd 75 05-Sep-15 12:56:32 PM

ƦƽȇǫǞ ǁǏƤ ƩȇǺȀƠ





ȆǸȀǧ ǸƠƼ ȅƫȇdzƪ



ǸơLJǫƳȇƤ ǸƠƼ DZȆƼơǞ ǡȆ ǾǨȈǴƻ ǠǀȀƗdž ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ ǃȆǃǟDzƠ ƽƥǞ ǹƤ ǁǷǞ ǾǨȈǴƻ

ǹǮƠ ȀơȇdzƤ ȄǀơǾ Ǥơȇƫdž ǸȀơǶǀƼ ǸƠƼ ǼǀȁǷȨ ƪǨȈǏ ǹǢƼ DZǻǮǁƪ ƩǢơdž ȀơȇdzƤ


ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏǂƥ ǡȆ ƄƠ ŚǯLJȇǶ ŚǬǧ ƽȩǮ ǹǯǿȇȣƖƼ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǹǻǮơǶ ơǶǀƽǻǶ
Ɠ
șǻǫȆ ơƥǮ ǹdzǷǞ Ǥơȇƫdž ǠȁƫȇǿǣǶ ǸƠƼ ƩǿȇdzǶ











































Ǥơȇƫdž ƩǿȇdzǶ ơǿǶ ƄƠ ȁǶơǮ ǽǮȁǾơƪ

Ɠ
ǼǀȁǷȨ ǸƠƼ ȅƪơǾ ǩȆ ơƤ ȄȏȇǺ ŸǹǮȁǮȎ ƩȇǮ ǡȆ ƠǀơǮǁȨ


Ɠ
Ɠ
3.2.1 ǨȁƲơƪ ǹǢƼ ǹǯƫȆ ơǮ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ DžƪƖƼ DŽ ȫȇƪ Ȅ ơǻǣǶ Ǹǀơdž ǡƥǶȁdž
Ɠ
75 ƽȆǀȁǶ ƽȩǮ ǃȆǃǟDzƠ ƽƥǞ ǹƤ ǁǷǞ ǾǨȈǴƻ ȄƼơƥȆǁȨ Ǹ ơȇDzȁǷǮ ǹǮơƫȆǁȟ




Bab 7 (69-87).indd 74 05-Sep-15 12:56:17 PM

ȆǸȀǧ ǸƠƼ ȝơƤ ƦƽȇǫǞ




1
ǼƾơƫdžƠ ơƫȆǁȟ ǩƪ ƩǣȆƠ ǵǯȇdzǞ ǴȏLJDzƠ
2
Ɠ
ǀơǷǞ ǴȏLJDzƠ ǵǯȇdzǞȀ ǁǷǞ ǾǨȈǴƻ ȄƼơƥȆǁȨ Ǹ ơȇDzȁǷǮ ǡƫǻƪ ǀȁǺ
Ë
ƩǣȆƠ ǽdzȇƫLJǶ ŸǸȀơǶǀƼ ǸƠƼ ǼǀȁǷȨ ǡȆ ǃȆǃǟDzƠ ƽƥǞ ǹƤ


5
6 ƩǿȇdzǶ ơǿǶ ƄƠ ȅƪǀƠǁƤ ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏ
ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ƣƲƠȀ ƩȇǮ ȚơǻǟǶ ƨơȗ ǡȆ ƼƠ Ǵơdž ƠǀơǮǁȨ Ǥơȇƫdž
ǹǢƼ ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏǁƤ ƄƠ ƠȀơǿƤ ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏ ȅȗȁƥǷdžǁƪ ǡȆ ǸȁȨȀơƪƠ

ǸƠȁǮȎǁȨ Ǥơȇƫdž ȅǻȇǫȇǶ Ǩƽȇƪ ǸƠƼ ǹƫDzƠǁȨ ǹǮȁDzǁǷǶ Ǩƽȇƪ ƄƠ
ǽȇDzȀƠ ƩǿȇDzƼ ƩȨƠƼ ƩȇǮ DžƪơƤǁƪ

Ɠ
Ǩƽȇƪ ȅLJǺ ơǶ ǸȁȨȀȎƠȀ ƄƠ
șƫǿȇdzǶ ƩȨƠƼ




































ƄƠ ȄȏȇǺƼ DŽơȇƫǻdž ȄǁȆƼ ƠȀơǿƤ ȄǀƽȘǶ ȄȏȇǺ


3.2.1 ȅǾȀǀơǣȩǷǶ ƩȨƠƼ ƄƠ ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏ ƽȩǮ ǹǺơǷȆƗǮ Ơǀơȟ ǡƫǻƪ ǹǣȠǻȇƤǁȨ ƨƠȁƤ
3.2.6
ǹǿȇƪȎ ȁǮȁƤ ǵDzƠƼ Ʃƪơȟ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ȅLJǺ ơǶ ǹǪƽǻȇƪ 76
Ɠ





Bab 7 (69-87).indd 77 05-Sep-15 12:57:31 PM

ƦƽȇǫǞ





3
ȫȇƫǮ ǽǺơǶƠ ƩǢơdž ǁǷǞ ǾǨȈǴƻ
Ǩƽȇƪ ȀơȇdzƤ ƠǀơȤǺ ǹdžȀǀȀƠ ǹǮơǺơLJǫdzǶ
ƠǀơȤǺ ơƪǁǾ ǸƠƼ ǠƠȀ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ǽǺǁȨ

ȡǀƠȁdzǮ ǸƠƼ ȄǁȆƼ ǹǣȇƫǻȩǮ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ

4 ǽȇDzȀƠǁȨƼ ǡȆ ǹȇdzȇDz ǹǯǶƼơǷǶ ǹǮƠ ȀơȇdzƤ
ǾǨȈǴƻ ǹǺơǷȆƗǮ șƫƥȇǾ ƄƠ ǸơƷƥdž ǹȇdzȇDz ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ǸƠƼ ƠǀơȤǺ ǠƠȀ ƽȨǀƼ
ƄƠ ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏ ǤƼơǾǁƪ ǁǷǞ ǰơƶ ǹǢƼ ǹdžȀǀȀƠǁƤ ȫȇƫǮ ȄǁȆƽǻdž

ǾǨȈǴƻ ȄƼơƥȆǁȨ


8 7
ŕǞơǗǻǶ ŕLJǶ ƩȇǮ ǽDzȁƫȆƠ ƣƥdž ȅƫLJǶ ƩȇǮ ƄƠ ơȆ
Ɠ
Ț ǹǢǀȎ ȅǾȀ ơƳǻǶ ƄƠ ǽƫǻȆǁȨ Ǥơȇƫdž ǵDzƠƼ ȅƪơǾ-ȅƪơǾǁƤ
Ɠ
ǤơƤ ȁƥȆƠ ƽȩǮ ǩȆ ơƤ ƨƠȁƤǁƤ ƩȇǮ ǹƪƠȁƤǁȨ
ǸƠƼ ÏǸȀơǮ ÏȀǀȁȣ ȡǀƠȁdzǮ
Ɠ
ǹȆ Ȏ ǡȆ ƄƠ ¼ȂǴƼǷ ŚDzơǯdž































3.2.1 Ɠ
3.2.4 ǸƠƼ ÏǹǮƠǀ ÏȀǀȁȣ ȡǀƠȁdzǮ ǤơƤ ȁƥȆƠ ƽȩǮ ǩȆ ơƤ ƨƠȁƤǁƤ ÏƠǀơȟ Ǹǀơdž ǡƥǶȁdž
77 3.2.6 ǹȆ Ȏ ǡȆ ƄƠ ¼ȂǴƼǷ ǹȇDzơǯdž
Ɠ





Bab 7 (69-87).indd 76 05-Sep-15 12:56:59 PM

ǹǮƠǀ ǹȧƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ȝơƤ ƦƽȇǫǞ




ƄƠ ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏ ȅdzǫǞ DZȇDzƼ ǸƠƼ ȅdzǫǺ DZȇDzƼ


2 1
ȃDzơǟƪ ƄƠ ÀƢǷǂǧ ǽDzơȆƠ șȇdzǫǺ DZȇDzƼ
ȅdzǫǺ DZȇDzƼ ǽǮơȨƠ ǀȁǺ ǼƾơƫdžƠ

ŸƄƠ ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏ ȅȣơƤ


ƨƠǁƳƷDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž

ƩǿȇdzǶ ơǿǶ ƄƠ ǸƠƼ ȚƼȁǏǫǶ
ǹǮơƲǁǮ ȁǶơǮ ǡȆ ȎơȤdž



































3
4 DZȇDzƼ ȎȁȨ ǽǮơȨƠ
ǽDzơȆƠ ȎȁȨ șȇdzǫǞ DZȇDzƼ
Ɠ
ǸƠƼ Ǹ ơǺǀȁȩǷLJǮ ƪǨȈǏ ȎơȤdž ȅǫȇdzȇǷǶ ƄƠ 5 ŸǼƾơƫdžƠ șȇdzǫǞ
Ɠ
ƄƠ ȅȣơƤ DZȇƷƫLJǶ ƩȆƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ Ǹ ơȇDzȁǷǮ ǶȀǧ ǼƼȁdž ȅǶơǮ
ƩǿȇdzǶ ƩȨƠƼ Ǩƽȇƪ ȅƪǁȩdž ǹǢǀȁǯǮ ƪǨȈǏǂƥ ǽȇdžơǮ ơǷȆǁƪ ǼƾơƫdžƠ


Ɠ
3.2.2 ǸƠƼ ȅdzǫǺ DZȇDzƼ Ȅ ȁDzȏǶ ƄƠ ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏ ǤƼơǾǁƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǻȇǫȇǮ ǹǯǾȁǮȁǮ
3.2.3 Ɠ
3.2.5 Ȁǀȁȣ ǹǣȇƥǷȇƤ ǹǢƼ ǹȆ Ȏ DZȇDzƼ ơƪǁdž șǻǿǷƲǁƪ 78
ƄƠ ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏ ǤƼơǾǁƪ ǹǺơǷȆƗǮ ǹǯȇƫǪȁƥǷǶ ǡȆ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹȆǀơǾ ǹdzǷǞ Ǹǀơdž ǡƥǶȁdž




Bab 7 (69-87).indd 79 05-Sep-15 12:58:24 PM

ƦƽȇǫǞ ȅƪơȇƶ ǸƠƼ ȆǸȀǧ




ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏǁƤ ƄƠ ŘȇǫȇǶ ǹLJǮ


2 1








Ǩƽȇƪ Ȅơdž
ǨȁǮȀǁǶ ǹǮƠ

ǹƪƠȁƤǁȨ Ǥơȇƫdž ǵDzƠƼ ȅƪơǾ ȅƪơǾǁƤ ǹdzǷǞ ǹǮƠƽǻȣ ƩȩȇdzǶ ơǿdžȀƠǁƤ
ƩǿȇdzǶ ơǿǶ ƄƠ
3












¼Ȑƻ¦ ƠǀơǿȇdzǷǶ DŽơȇƫǻdž

5 4













ƄƠ ŕǷƶǀƼ ǤȀƽȇǾ ȅǺȁǶǁǾ ƩǮǀơNjǶ ǹǮƼȁƲȁǶ


ǹdžȁǶȀǀ
ǸƠƼ DždzƲ ǡȆ ȁƪƠȁLJdž ÏǤơȇƪ ƩǿȇdzǶ ơǿǶ ƄƠ ƠȀơǿƤ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ƣƲƠȀ ƩȇǮ

ȁǮȎ ǽǯǣȇƪ Ǥơȇƫdž ƽȨ ȅƪơǾ-ȅƪơǾǁƤ ǽdzǪƽǻǾ ƩȇǮ ƩȆƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ ȅȗȁƥǷdžǁƪ
Ɠ
Ɠ
ƄƠ Ǹ ơǮǀȁǷǮ ȅǾȀ ơƳǻǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ƩȇǮ
Ɠ
3.2.4 ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏǂƥ ƄƠ ȅǻȇǫȇǶ ǹLJǮ ǡǻƫƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǢƼ ƢƠȁƲ ǰƠ ȁdžǁƤ
3.2.6
79 ǹǮƼȁƲȁǶ ƩȨƠƼ ƄƠ ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏ ƽȩǮ ǹǻȇǫȇǮ Ơǀơȟ ǡƫǻƪ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ ǹǣȠǻȇƤǁȨ ƨƠȁƤ
DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ ǹǯǣƫǻƤ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ȅǺȁǶǁǾ ƩǮǀơNjǶ





Bab 7 (69-87).indd 78 05-Sep-15 12:57:54 PM

ǦȈƫ¦ȘȂǼȇ¦ ǹǶȎ ƦƽȇǫǞ






Ɠ
ƪǨȈǏǂƥ ǡȆ ƄƠ ƽȩǮ ǹǺơǷȆƗǮ ǹǢƼ ǹǯƫȆ ơǮ ǸƠƼ ǼȀơƤƼ ǁƥǷȣ ȅƫȇdzƪ 1
ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ǹǢƼ șǻǯǿƥǷdžǁȨ ǸƠƼ ǹdžȁǶȀǀ ƨƠȁƤ șdžȀǁƫdž ǁǏƤ
Ɠ
DždzǮ ǹȨƼơǾƼ ƨ ǹȆ ȁȨ ǀȀơȨ











DŽȁȣơƤ ȅȣȎ ǀȀƽȇƪ


































Ɠ
ÏǸȀơǮ ǸƠƼ ÏȀǀȁȣ ǤơƤ ȁƥȆƠ ƽȩǮ ǹǫȆ ơƥǮ ǹdzǷǞ ǩǷȇdž ȄƠǀơǻdž ƨƠȁƤ 2
ȁȤǣȇǶ ƽȨ ǹdzǷǞ ǸǀȁȨȎ ǹǯǣƫǻƤ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ǹǮȁǮȎ ȁǶơǮ ǹǮƠ ǡȆ
șƪȁǯȆƠǁƤ
Ɠ
ǹǫȆ ơƥǮ ǹdzǷǞ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ƧǶơǫƫdžƠ ȄȏȇǺ


3.2.4 DžƪƖƼ ÏȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
3.2.6
80






Bab 7 (69-87).indd 81 05-Sep-15 12:59:32 PM

ƦƽȇǫǞ ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ






șǻǿǷƲǁƪ ǸƠƼ ȅdzǫǺ DZȇDzƼ ȝơƤ ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž-ơǶơdžǁƤ 1

ȁǶơǮ ǹǮƠǀ ȅƲȀƠ 2

2 1
ƄƠ ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏ ȅƪǀƠ ȅƪǀƠ ǽǮơȨƠ ǵȇǯƶ

ǽDzơȆƠ ƄƠ ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏ

ƧȇDzơǞ ȎȁȨ ȁǶơǮ 3 4

ȅdzǫǞ DZȇDzƼ ǽǮơȨƠ șȇdzǫǞ DZȇDzƼ
ŸǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏ ȅȣơƤ ǽDzơȆƠ


ƠƽǻȇǶ ơƫȨ ǹǯȩǯǣDz 3



Ʀȏǎ ǹǮơǺơLJǫdzǶ Ȅơdž ǹǪƽǻȇƪ
Ƨǻdž ǹdzǷǞ ǹǮƠƽǻȣ ƩȩȇdzǶ ơǿdžȀƠǁƤ

Ȅơdž ǹǪƽǻȇƪ ǹƪƠȁƤǁȨ Ǥơȇƫdž ǵDzƠƼ ȅƪơǾ-ȅƪơǾǁƤ


Ȅơdž ǹǪƽǻȇƪ ¼Ȑƻ¦ ƠǀơǿȇdzǷǶ DŽơȇƫǻdž ŘȇǫȇǶ ǹLJǮ
ƪǨȈǏǂƥ ƄƠ
Ȅơdž ǹǪƽǻȇƪ ȅǺȁǶǁǾ ƩǮǀơNjǶ ǹǮƼȁƲȁǶ ǁǏƤ


Ȅơdž ǹǪƽǻȇƪ ƄƠ ŕǷƶǀƼ ǤȀƽȇǾ


ǹǯȩǯǣDz 4


ǹǢƼ șǻǯȇƫǪȁƤ ǹǮƠ Ȅơdž ƄƠ ǁǏƤ ƪǨȈǏ ǹǢƼ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ Ȅơdž


ƩǞơǖ ǡȆ ƄƠ ơƥǷǾ ȄƼơƳǻǶ ơǿdžȀƠǁƤ






3.2.1 ƪǨȈǏ ƽȩǮ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǺơǷȆƗǮ ǸƠƼ ǺǸȀǨǯ Ȣǣȇǿdž DžƪƖƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
3.2.2
81 3.2.3 ǹǯȩƫǻǶƼ ƩȨƠƼ ƄƠ ǁǏƤ
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6


Bab 7 (69-87).indd 80 05-Sep-15 12:58:59 PM

ǴȏǮ ƩȇǺȀƠ ƦƽȇǫǞ





ȆǸȀǧ ǸƠƼ ȝơƤ



U ƽǷƷǶ ȅƥǺ Ơƽƥdž

a



Ƕºdz¦ : & ' ()
* + ,'-
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6'
7 Ú ƄƠ - 8 9- ; <- / 7! )!'
( </







4
4
4
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*3 >! 4 @- ) :<- A
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4
4






ȄƿǶŖDzƠ ǼƠȀǀ
ȁƪơdž ǽȇDzȀƠǁȩǷǶ ǹǮƠ ȄƼ ƄƠ ƢơƫǮ ƽȨǀƼ »ÂǂƷ ȁƪơdž ȝơƥǷǶ ǡȆ ơȨơȇLJdž ȚƼȁǏǫǶ
Ɠ
Ɠ
ǹǮơƪơǣǶ Ǩƽȇƪ ȁǮƠ Ơƽǻȣ ȅDzơǮ ǼȁDzȁȩdž ǹǢƼ ǹǮƠƽǻȣƼ ǹǮƠ ǹǫȆ ơƥǮ ȁƪơdž ǹǫȆ ơƥǮ
ǵȇǶ ǸƠƼ »ÂǂƷ ȁƪơdž ǴȎ »ÂǂƷ ȁƪơdž ǦȈdz¦ ȅȨơƫƪ »ÂǂƷ ȁƪơdž ƩȆƠ ǵȇǶ ǴȎ ǦȈdz¦
»ÂǂƷ ȁƪơdž
ȚǁLJƤ ƄƠ ǸơƷƥdž
ȝơƥǷǶ ȎơǿȨ ǸǁƳǻȣ
ƄƠ ǴȏǮ











ȂǨǼȇ¦

ǹǯǺȀǀȁƪƼ ǡȆ ƄƠ ǴȏǮ ǽDzơȆƠ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ

U ƽǷƷǶ ȅƥǺ ƽȩǮ ƦǃƳǟǶ Ȅơȣơƥdž
ƦƼơƥǞ ȁƪơdž ǹǮơȨȀǁǶ ȚơȟơƥǷǶ ǸƠƼ


Ɠ
3.3.2 ǨȁƲơƪ ǹǢƼ ǹǯƫȆ ơǮ ơƪǁdž ŏǷȣ ǸƠƼ DŽ ȫȇƪ ǡƫǻƪ Ǹǀơdž ǡƥǶȁdž
3.3.5
ǸƠƼ ȄǀơǾ Ǥơȇƫdž ǹǮȁǮȎƼ ǡȆ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ȝơƥǷǶ ǹdzǷǞ ǹǮơƫȆǁȠǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ 82
ƄƠ ǴȏǮ ȝơƥǷǶ ȎơǿȨ ǸǁƳǻȣ ǹǢƼ ǹǯƫȆ ơǮ
Ɠ



Bab 7 (69-87).indd 83 05-Sep-15 1:00:57 PM

ƦƽȇǫǞ ȅdzǫǞ DZȇDzƼ ȅdzǫǺ DZȇDzƼ ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏ ȅƪǀƠ


ǽȇDzȁƤ Ǩƽȇƪ ƄƠ ȫƲ ȃDzơǟƪ ƄƠ ÀƢǷǂǧ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ƣƲƠȀ ƩȇǮ O

ȫǶ ƨơǮ ƨơǮǁƤ ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏǂƥ ƄƠ ƠȀơǿƤ
ǹǢǀȁǯǮ ǽDzȁǮȎǁƤ ȅƪǀƠǁƤ ƄƠ ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏ O

ǹǯǢƽdž Ț ȅȣơƤ 4:164 ƓơLJǻDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ƨơǮ ƨơǮǁƤ ơǿǶ ƄƠ
ƄƠ ȅȣơƤ DZȇƷƫLJǶ ƨơǮǁƤ ơǿǶ ȃDzơǟƪ ƄƠ

ǹǢǀȁǯǮ ƪǨȈǏǂƥ ƄƠ ǸƠƼ ȚƼȁǏǫǶ ƩDzƠ ǹǮȁDzǁǷǶ ơȩǻƪ ƨơǮ
Ɠ
ȅȣơƤ șǾȁȤǢȁLJdž ƨơǮ ƨơǮǁƤ ǽdzƪ Ǹ ƠǀơƫǺƠǁȨ ǸƠƼ ǸƠȁƫǻƤ
ȃdžȁǶ ȅƥǺ ƽȩǮ
ƪǨȈǏ ȎơȤdž ƄƠ ƨơǮ ƨơǮǁƤ ƄƠ Ơǀơȟ O
Ɠ
ǸƠƼ Ǹ ơǺǀȁȩǷLJǮ ƠǀơȠdž ÏƨơǮ ǹǢƼ ȅDzơǯdž Ǵơdž ơȨȀǁdž Ǩƽȇƪ
ƼƠ Ǩƽȇƪ ǠȁLJǣDz
Ɠ
Ǹ ơȇDzȁǷǮ ¼ȂǴƼǷ ǹǢƼ
Ɠ
Ǹ ƠǀơƫǺƠǁȨ




























ȂǨǼȇ¦


ǹǾȀǀȁdž ȅǢȀƽǺơǣǶ ƄƠ ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏ
ȅƶȀ ơȨȀǁƤ ǡȆ ǸƠȁǾơƫȆǁƥǷȨ ǸƠƼ ǹǿȤƪ
ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ȅƪǁȩdž Ț ǰȁdžǀ ƠǀơȨ ƽȩǮ

ǀȁƤǂ ǸƠƼ DZȇƳǺƠ ƦƠǀȁƪ ƄƠ ǴȏǮ ǹǯdzǷǟǣǶ ǸƠƼ ȅƪơȇƷǣǶ ȄȏȇǺ


3.3.1 ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ ǹǣȠǻȇƤǁȨ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȎ
3.3.2
83 3.3.3 ƄƠ ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏ ȅdzǫǞ DZȇDzƼ ǸƠƼ ȅdzǫǺ DZȇDzƼ ȅƪǀƠ O
3.3.5 Ɠ
ǹȆ Ȏ ǡȆ ȅdzǫǺ ÏDZȇDzƼ O
ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏ ƽȩǮ ǹǺơǷȆƗǮ ǹǯȇƫǪȁƥǷǶ ƩȨƠƼ ǡȆ ǹǪƽǻȇƪ O


Bab 7 (69-87).indd 82 05-Sep-15 1:00:19 PM

ȆǸȀǧ ǸƠƼ ŕȇdzƪ ƦƽȇǫǞ




ƄƠ ǹȧƼ ȪǮơȟǁƤ X ȃdžȁǶ ŒǺ



ǽƪơǮǁƤȀ ƄƠ ƧǷƶǀȀ ǵǯȇdzǞ ǴȏLJDzƠ


ơȇDzȁǶ ǹǢȁƳǺȁƲ X ȃdžȁǶ ŒǺ

ơǷȣǁƤ Ǵȏdžƚ ǽDzơdžǀ ƠȀơƥǷǶ
ȪơǾǀƼ ǩǯǢȁƤ ǸȁǞǂǧ ǡƫǻǻǶ

ơȇǺǀȁǮƼ ƦǃƳǟǶ ƄƠ ǹǢƼ ƨơǮ ƨơǮǁƤ


ȅƫǶǁƶƼ ǡȆ ÏǸȀơǮ

ȅƥǺ ǁǻƤ ǡȆ ǹDzơƳǮ DZȇƞƠǁdžƚ ȅǻƤ ŚȩǷȇǷǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ƄƠ ǹǯdžȁƪȀƖƼ X ȃdžȁǶ ȅƥǺ


ǹǮơƫȆǁȠǻǶ ƼƠ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǵDzƠƼ ƄƠ ǹǢƼ DŽȀǁƪ ȧǮơȟǁƤ ǽȇDzȁƤ ǡȆ ȅƥǺ ǽDzơȆƠ X ȃdžȁǶ
ƧȆƠ ǽǖ Ʀǀȁdž ǵDzƠƼ ȅƪǁȩdž  X ȃdžȁǶ ȅƥǺ ƦǃƳǟǶ ǡƫǻƪ


ƩȆƠ ȅȨƠ ƩȩǷƫǮ ȄơȩǷdž ȄƠ ȏȇƤơȨƠ ȫǶù ƼȁǏǫǶǁƤ ǡȆ ȃDzơǟƪ ƄƠ ǸơǶǂǧ

ȁǷƪȁdžơǮ ǽDzơǮȁƤ ȁǷǻǾȁƪ ȁǮƠ șǾȁȤǢȁLJdž ȃdžȁǶ ȄơǾƠȀù ȀǁdžƼ ȄƠ ǸǁǢƽǮ

ǰȁdžǀ ȄƼơƳǻǶ ȁǷǿȇdzȇǷǶ ǽdzƪ ȁǮƠ ȅȟȁdž ǡȆ ȂȁÉ ǖ ǽƥǷDzƼ ƼƠǁƤ Ǡǀơǯdž ȀơǯǢƠ ǸƠǁǮ


























3.3.4 ǡȆ ǸơǷȆơȣơƥdž ƄƠ ǹǢƼ ȧǮơȟǁƤ X ȃdžȁǶ ȅƥǺ ǽǏȇǪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ƽȩǮ ǹǯLJdzƲ
ǍǏǫDzƠ ǸƠƼ ǽǖ Ʀǀȁdž ǵDzƠƼ ǹǮơƫȆǁȟƼ 84
ƵȇƷǎ ǡȆ ǁƥǶȁdž ƽȨǀƼ ÀȂǟǂǧ ǹǢƼ X ȃdžȁǶ ȅƥǺ ǽǏȇǪ ȄǀơȠǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
ơƫȆǁȟǁƤ ǹǣȆƽǻƪǁȨ ǹǮƠƼƠ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ



Bab 7 (69-87).indd 85 05-Sep-15 1:01:35 PM

ƦƽȇǫǞ ǹǯǻȆ ȏǶ ǹǾȁƪ Ƽơȇƪ ƄƠ ǽDzȁǮƠ șǾȁȤǢȁLJdž ȁǶƠƽȩǮ ǹǮȁȇƶȀƼ ǡȆ ǤƠ ǽDzǁǢƼ
Ɠ

øȁǯȇƫǣȇǣǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ Ʀȏǎ ǽdzǻǯȆǁȆƼ ǸƠƼ ȁǮƠ ǽdzǿƥǷdž ƩȆƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ ȁǮƠ

ȁǮƠ ǡƪƠƼ ǹǮƠ ȧƫƪ ƩȆƠ ƧǶơȇǪ ȄǀơǾ șǾȁȤǢȁLJdžù ȅȣȎ ȃDzơǟƪ ƄƠ ǸơǶǂǧ

øǹǮơǿdžȀƖƼ ǡȆ ǤƠ ǹǢƼ DžDzơƤƼ ȄǁȆƼ ÏǤơȇƪ ơȆơȨȁdž șǣƪƠƼ DŽơǶ ǹǯȇȗȁƥǷdž


ǹȇDzơǯdž ƄƠ ȅƫǷƶǀƼ ǡȆ ÏǸȀơǮ


ƩȇǮ ƩȆƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ ƄƠ ǹǢƼ ƨơǮ ƨơǮǁƤ ƩȨƠƼ ǡȆ X ȃdžȁǶ ȅƥǺ ƦǃƳǟǶ ǽDzȁƫȇȤƤ

ǸƠƼ ƨơǮ ƨơǮǁƤ ơǿǶ ƄƠ ȅǻȇǫȇǶ ǹǢƼ ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏǂƥ ƄƠ ƠȀơǿƤ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ƣƲƠȀ

Ɠ
ȏȇƤơȨƠ Ǹ ƠǀơƫǺƠǁȨ ǸƠƼ ƩDzƠ ǹǮȁDzǁǷǶ Ǩƽȇƪ ơƪǁdž Ț ¼ȂǴƼǷ ƽȨǀƼ ƠƿȇƤǁƤ ƄƠ ÏƨơǮ
Ɠ
ƩȆ ơȆ ƩȇǮ ǹȨȀƽȇǿǮ ǵDzƠƼ șǻLJǮ ǩȗơƤ ƄƠ ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏ ǹǢƼ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ƩȇǮ
Ɠ
ƄƠ ǹǢȁȣƗǮ ǸƠƼ ǸǁLJƥǮ Ȅ ȁǮơǣǶ ý
ǹȨȀƽȇǿǮ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǣȤȨ Ȅơȣơƥdž ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǹǯȆƼơƳǻǶ ý

Ț ǹǢǀȎ ȎơȤdž ǹǯdzȤǣȇǻǶ ǸƠƼ ƄƠ ǽƫǻȆǁȨ ȎơȤdž ǹǢƼ DZǷǞǁƤ ý

ƄƠ ȅƫǷƶǀƼ ǸƠƼ ȅǿȇdžơǮƼ ý



ǽƪơǮǁƤȀ ƄƠ ƧǷƶǀȀ ǵǯȇdzǞ ǴȏLJDzƠȀ Ǹơȇǯdž
















ǹdžȁǶȀǀ

ÀǂȈǰȈǧ DZǫǞ ǽȇDzȀƠ ȀơǯǣƲƼ ƩȨƠƼ Ǩƽȇƪ ƄƠ ǴȏǮ
Ɠ
ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏ ǹǢƼ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ƣƲƠȀ ƩȇǮ ȅLJǺ ơǶ
șǻǢǀȎ ǹǯdzȤǣȇǻǶ ơƪǁdž ƄƠ ǽƫǻȆǁȨ ȅƫǞơǗǻǶ ǸƠƼ ƄƠ




3.3.3 ƄƠ ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏ ǹǢƼ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ǹLJǮ Ǹǀơdž ǡƥǶȁdž
3.3.4
85 3.3.6 ǤȀƽȇǾ ǸƠȀƽǻȨ Ȅơȣơƥdž ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǹǯȆƼơƳǻǶ Ơǀơȟ ǹǯȆƠǀȁǿǣǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ






Bab 7 (69-87).indd 84 05-Sep-15 1:01:17 PM

ǦȈƫ¦ȘȂǼȇ¦ ǹǶȎ ƦƽȇǫǞ



ȃDzơǟƪ ƄƠ ÀƢǷǂǧ
ȅLJȆƠ ȅǢȀƽǺơǣǶ ǡȆ DZƫȇȤȆƼ ơƪȁǺ ǹǯdzȇǎơƶ 1

ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ƄƠ ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏ ǡƫǻƪ ǡȇƫǻȨ
4:164 ƓơLJǻDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž
ǽdzƪ ƄƠ ǸƠƼ ȚƼȁǏǫǶ
ƽȩǮ ƨơǮ ƨơǮǁƤ ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ Ǵơdž ơǶơdžǁƤ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȎ
ÏƨơǮ ǹǢƼ ȃdžȁǶ ȅƥǺ
ƼƠ Ǩƽȇƪ ǠȁLJǣDz ƠǀơȠdž șǻǿǷƲǁƪ ǸƠƼ ȅdzǫǺ DZȇDzƼ ȝơƥǷǶ ý
Ǹ Ɠ ƠǀơƫǺƠǁȨ
Ɠ
ƠƽǻȇǶ ȅƲȀƠ ǃȆ ȁǮ ǹǮƠƼơǣǶ ý


ǹǯȆƼơƳǻǶ ǹǢƼ ƨơǮ ƨơǮǁƤ ơǿǶ ƄƠ ƠȀơǿƤ ȅǻȇǫȇǶ ƣƲƠȀ ƩȇǮ 2

Ɠ
ǤȀƽȇǾ ǹǶȀƽȨ ǸƠƼ ǸƠȀƽǻȨ Ȅơȣơƥdž ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ƩȆ ơȆ ƄƠ ǴȏǮ


Ɠ
ǹȨƼơǾƼ ǹǯǣƫǻƤ ǸƠƼ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǯǣȠǻȇƤ DžƪƖƼ Ǹ ơƪơȗǁȨ ǹǮǁdžƠƼǁƤ
ȅȤdž ȄǀƼ ǤȀƽȇǾ ǸƠȀƽǻȨ Ȅơȣơƥdž ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǹǯȆƼơƳǻǶ ÏƠǀơȟ DždzǮ


Ɠ
ǹǮƠǀ ǹǢƼ ǹDzȀ ơȣǁȨ ȄǁȆƼ ǹdzȇȩǷǻȨ
ǸƠȁȩǶǁȨ ǸƠƼ ȅǮȏDz


Ɠ
ȡǀƠȁdzǮ ǵDzƠƼ ǹDzȀ ơȣǁȨ
ƩǮǀơNjǶǁƤ ǤȀƽȇǾ


Ǩƽȇƪ Ȅơdž ȫƲ șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ ǹǫȆ ơƥǮ ǹdzȇȩǷǻȨ ȡơƳǻǶ DŽơȇƫǻdž Ȅơdž
Ɠ
ŕLJȨ șǻǯdzǷǟǣǶ ­ƄƠ ȅǿȇdžơǮƼ ǽDzơȆƠ ǡȆ ƦǀȁǞ ǤȁƪȁǻǶ ǹǢƼ ȄǁȆƼ
Ɠ
­ƄƠ Ȅ ơǮǀȁǶƼ ¼Ȑƻ¦ ǹǯdzǷǟǣǶ ơǺǀȁȩǷdž
ơȇDzȁǶ











ǹȨȀƽȇǿǮ ǵDzƠƼ Ǵȏdžƚ ǸǁƲƠ ǹǯdzǷǟǣǶ ȄȏȇǺ


Ɠ
3.3.1 ǹǢƼ ǹǯƫȆ ơǮ ơƪǁdž ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǯǣȠǻȇƤƼ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ȅdžƠȁƫȇdž ǼȁƫǺȁȟ ǹǯȆơȣơƥdzȨ
3.3.2 Ɠ
3.3.4 DžƪƖƼ Ǹ ơƪơȗǁȨ 86
3.3.5
3.3.6



Bab 7 (69-87).indd 87 05-Sep-15 1:02:43 PM

ƦƽȇǫǞ ǦȈƬǯ¦ ƠƽǻȇǶ






ƄƠ ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏ ǡƫǻƪ ǹǯȆƠǀȁǾ X ȃdžȁǶ ȅƥǺ ǽǏȇǪ ǹǮǁdžƠƼǁƤ 1

ǹȨȀƽȇǿǮ ǵDzƠƼ șǻǢƼ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ǹLJǮ ǸƠƼ

ƄƠ ǹȧƼ ȪǮơȟǁƤ X ȃdžȁǶ ŒǺ
øȁǯȇƫǣȇǣǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ Ʀȏǎ ǽdzǻǯȆǁȆƼ ǸƠƼ ȁǮƠ ǽdzǿƥǷdž ƩȆƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ ȁǮƠ ǹǯǻȆ Ɠ ȏǶ ǹǾȁƪ
ȧƫƪ ƩȆƠ ƧǶơȇǪ ȄǀơǾ șǾȁȤǢȁLJdžù ȅȣȎ ȃDzơǟƪ ƄƠ ǸơǶǂǧ ǽƪơǮǁƤȀ ƄƠ ƧǷƶǀȀ ǵǯȇdzǞ ǴȏLJDzƠ
ǡȆ ǤƠ ǹǢƼ DžDzơƤƼ ȄǁȆƼ ÏǤơȇƪ ơȆơȨȁdž șǣƪƠƼ DŽơǶ ǹǯȇȗȁƥǷdž ȁǮƠ ǡƪƠƼ ǹǮƠ ơȇDzȁǶ ǹǢȁƳǺȁƲ X ȃdžȁǶ ŒǺ
øǹǮơǿdžȀƖƼ ơǷȣǁƤ Ǵȏdžƚ ǽDzơdžǀ ƠȀơƥǷǶ
ǹȇDzơǯdž ƄƠ ȅƫǷƶǀƼ ǡȆ ÏǸȀơǮ ȪơǾǀƼ ǩǯǢȁƤ ǸȁǞǂǧ ǡƫǻǻǶ
ƩȆƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ ƄƠ ǹǢƼ ƨơǮ ƨơǮǁƤ ƩȨƠƼ ǡȆ X ȃdžȁǶ ȅƥǺ ƦǃƳǟǶ ǽDzȁƫȇȤƤ ơȇǺǀȁǮƼ ƦǃƳǟǶ ƄƠ ǹǢƼ ƨơǮ ƨơǮǁƤ
ƨơǮ ƨơǮǁƤ ơǿǶ ƄƠ ȅǻȇǫȇǶ ǹǢƼ ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏǂƥ ƄƠ ƠȀơǿƤ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ƣƲƠȀ ƩȇǮ ȅƫǶǁƶƼ ǡȆ ÏǸȀơǮ
Ǹ Ɠ ƠǀơƫǺƠǁȨ ǸƠƼ ƩDzƠ ǹǮȁDzǁǷǶ Ǩƽȇƪ ơƪǁdž Ț ¼ȂǴƼǷ ƽȨǀƼ ƠƿȇƤǁƤ ƄƠ ÏƨơǮ ǸƠƼ ǹDzơƳǮ DZȇƞƠǁdžƚ ȅǻƤ ŚȩǷȇǷǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ƄƠ ǹǯdžȁƪȀƖƼ X ȃdžȁǶ ȅƥǺ
ƩȆ Ɠ ơȆ ƩȇǮ ǹȨȀƽȇǿǮ ǵDzƠƼ șǻLJǮ ǩȗơƤ ƄƠ ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏ ǹǢƼ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ƩȇǮ ȏȇƤơȨƠ ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǵDzƠƼ ƄƠ ǹǢƼ DŽȀǁƪ ȧǮơȟǁƤ ǽȇDzȁƤ ǡȆ ȅƥǺ ǽDzơȆƠ X ȃdžȁǶ ȅƥǺ ǁǻƤ ǡȆ
ƄƠ ǹǢȁȣƗǮ ǸƠƼ ǸǁLJƥǮ Ȅ Ɠ ȁǮơǣǶ ý ƧȆƠ ǽǖ Ʀǀȁdž ǵDzƠƼ ȅƪǁȩdž  X ȃdžȁǶ ȅƥǺ ƦǃƳǟǶ ǡƫǻƪ ǹǮơƫȆǁȠǻǶ ƼƠ
ǹȨȀƽȇǿǮ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǣȤȨ Ȅơȣơƥdž ǸƠƓǁǫDzƠ ǹǯȆƼơƳǻǶ ý ƩȩǷƫǮ ȄơȩǷdž ȄƠ ȏȇƤơȨƠ ȫǶù ƼȁǏǫǶǁƤ ǡȆ ȃDzơǟƪ ƄƠ ǸơǶǂǧ
Ț ǹǢǀȎ ȎơȤdž ǹǯdzȤǣȇǻǶ ǸƠƼ ƄƠ ǽƫǻȆǁȨ ȎơȤdž ǹǢƼ DZǷǞǁƤ ý ǽDzơǮȁƤ ȁǷǻǾȁƪ ȁǮƠ șǾȁȤǢȁLJdž ȃdžȁǶ ȄơǾƠȀù ȀǁdžƼ ȄƠ ǸǁǢƽǮ ƩȆƠ ȅȨƠ
ƄƠ ȅƫǷƶǀƼ ǸƠƼ ȅǿȇdžơǮƼ ý ȁǷǿȇdzȇǷǶ ǽdzƪ ȁǮƠ ȅȟȁdž ǡȆ ȂȁÉ ǖ ǽƥǷDzƼ ƼƠǁƤ Ǡǀơǯdž ȀơǯǢƠ ǸƠǁǮ ȁǷƪȁdžơǮ
Ƽơȇƪ ƄƠ ǽDzȁǮƠ șǾȁȤǢȁLJdž ȁǶƠƽȩǮ ǹǮȁȇƶȀƼ ǡȆ ǤƠ ǽDzǁǢƼ ǰȁdžǀ ȄƼơƳǻǶ
ǽƪơǮǁƤȀ ƄƠ ƧǷƶǀȀ ǵǯȇdzǞ ǴȏLJDzƠȀ Ǹơȇǯdž







Ɠ
Ɠ
ǹǯȆǁƤƼ ǡȆ ǹDzƠ ȁdž ƢƠȁƲ ǼȀơƤƼ Ǹ ơƪơȗǁȨ ǹǮǁdžƠƼǁƤ 2










ǽdzƪ ǁȇǶƠ ȁǮƠ ǸȀơǮ ǹǯǻdžȁƥǷǶ ǡȆ ȄǀơǾ ǹȆƠ ȄǀơǾ
Ɠ
ȁȤǫȇȟ ȅǾǀơǶƼ ȁǮƠ șƫƥǪơǞ ȁǮȁƲơƤƼ ǁȆ Ơ ǹǯǿȩǶȁǻǶ
Ɠ
ǹȆ ơǶǁƤ ǩȗơƤ ȁǮƠ ȫǣȘǶ ȫȆǁǶ ǸƠǁǮ ȁƥȆƠ ǸƠƼ ǹȇǞ
ȀơǯǢƠ ǺǰǧƢǠǷ ǹǮƠ ǩƪ ȁǮƠ ǁȇǶƠ ǽDzȁǯdžƼ




ŸȁǶơǮ ǹǮƠǀ DŽȁƪơƫdž ǡƫǻƪ ȁǶơǮ ƩȨƠƽǻȨ ǽǮơȨƠ ý

ǹǶȎ ǺǰƬǠǨǼǸǷ ȁǶơǮ ǽǮơǺơǷȆơȣơƤ ƄƠ ǴȏǮ ǹǢƼ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ƩȇǮ ȫƲ ý

ŸƄƠ Ä Ƣǔȇ°® ǡȆ Ơǀơȟ ǹǢƼ ǹȆƠ ǰơȇdžȁdž


3.3.1 ƄƠ ǴȏǮ ƪǨȈǏ ƽȩǮ ǹǺơǷȆƗǮ Ȣǣȇǿdž DžƪƖƼ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǡȇƥǷȇƤ
3.3.2
87 3.3.3 ǹǪƽǻȇƪ ǵDzƠƼ DŽơdžƠ ǹǯȆƼơƲƼ ǸƠƼ ǹǯȩƫǻǶƼ ƩȨƠƼ

3.3.4 ươǿdž ǽƾȇ ƢǧǁƤ ǡȆ ƠǀơǮǁȨ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǰơȇdžȁdž ơȆƽȇǶ ǹǮơǺȁȤǣǶ ǁȣƠ ƽȆǀȁǶ ȅƫƷȇǏǺ
3.3.5
3.3.6


Bab 7 (69-87).indd 86 05-Sep-15 1:02:14 PM

ǸǁƲȏȫ ƦƽȇǫǞ









ƣȇ Ê LJƷDzƠ 1 ƩȇǺȀƠ
È


ǺǯǂȈǰȈǧ ǸƠƼ ǹǯȇƪơǾǁȫ









4:86 ƓơLJǻDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž

ƩǶǁƶ ǹȩȟȀƠ ȁƪƠȁLJdž ǹǢƼ ǹƫǶǁƷǣȨ ǹǯȆǁƤƼ ȁǶơǮ ȏȇƤơȨƠ ǸƠƼ ȚƼȁǏǫǶ
Ɠ
ǩȆ ơƤ ǽȇƥDz ǡȆ ǹǢƼ ƩȆƠ ǹƫǶǁƷǣȨ ǽdzLJDzơƤ ȫǶ  Ǵȏdž ȄŏǷǶ ȅƪǁȩdž
DŽơȇƫǻdž ƄƠ șǾȁȤǢȁLJdž Ǵơdž ǡȆ Ơǀơȟ ǹǢƼ ȄƼ ǽdzLJDzơƤ ȀơƪƠ ȚƠƽȨǀƼ

ȁƪƠȁLJdž Ǥơȇƪ ǠȁƫȇǿǣǶ



)
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!+) ( $ Ú ƄƠ ) F (G $
!

ȂǨǼȇ¦

ơǺǀȁȩǷdž ǡȇDzơȨ ǡȆ Ǵȏdž ƢƠȁƳǻǶ Ơǀơȟ
ǽƪơǮǁƤȀ ƄƠ ƧǷƶǀȀ ǴȏLJDzƠ ǵǯȇdzǞȀ ǽDzơȆƠ


Ɠ
3.4.3 DŽ ȫȇƪ ǡƫǻƪ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹǢƼ ƢƠȁƲ ǰƠ ȁdžǁƤ
88






Bab 8 (88-100).indd 89 05-Sep-15 1:11:59 PM

ƦƽȇǫǞ ȅƫȇdzƪ ǸƠƼ ȝơƤ







ƣȇ Ê LJƷDzƠ ƄƠ ǴơǺ ȅdzǫǺ DZȇDzƼ ƣȇ Ê LJƷDzƠ ƄƠ ǴơǺ ǹȇƪǁȨȫ
È
È

Ê
ȃDzơǟƪ ƄƠ ÀƢǷǂǧ ȥȁƫȇǿȨǶ ơǿǶ ƄƠ ȅƪǀƠǁƤ ƣȇLJƷDzƠ ƄƠ ǴơǺ
È
ƼƠ Ǵơdž ƩȇǮ ǹƪƠȁƤǁȫ ǸƠƼ ǹdzǷǞ ȩơȇƫdž
Ɠ
Ɠ
DŽơǶ ȩơȇƫdž ƽȫ ǩȆ ơƤ Ǩƽȇƪ ǸȁȫȀơƪƠ ǩȆ ơƤ
ƩȇǮ ǹƪƠȁƤǁȨ ǸƠƼ ǹdzǷǞ Ǥơȇƫdž ƩȬǷƪ ǸƠƼ
3:19 ǸƠǁǷǞ ǰƔ Ǽǀȁdž Ț ǽȇDzȀƠ DZȩǷȇƫdž ǡȆ ǹLJDzơƤ ȄǁƤƼ ǹǮƠ
Ê
È
ơȨơȇLJdž  ǽdzƫǣȆƠ ǸƠƼ ȚƼȁǏǫǶ ȅƪǀƠ ȄǁƥǷǶ ȡȁƲ ƣȇLJƷDzƠ ƄƠ ǴơǺ
ǹǢǁƫǮ ÏƧȆƠ ǹǮƠ ǁǯǣȆƠ °ȂǨǯ ǡȆ ș ơƥǷǾ ǸƠȁDzǁȬǮ ǹǯȫȁǮȁȠǻǶ ơǿǶ ƄƠ
ƩǶƠ ƄƠ șǾȁȤǢȁLJdž ȫǶ ­ƄƠ ƠȀơǿƤ ǸơǷȆƠǁƤ ƣƲƠȀ ƩȇǮ ƩȆƠ ǽȇDzȀƠ
Ɠ
Ț ƢơLJƶ ǹǢȁƫȇǾ ƠǁȤdž ƄƠ ȅǻȇǫȇǶ ǹȧƼ ƣȇLJƷDzƠ ǴơǺ Ȅ ơȗȁȩǷǶ ƄƠ
ș ơƥǷǾ ǸƠȁDzǁȬǮ ȅǾȁǻǷǶ ȮȇƫǮ ǼǀȁǷȫ ơǿǶ
ƩȇǮ ǹdzǷǞ ȩơȇƫdž ȥȁƫȇǿȨǶ ơǿǶ ǸƠƼ




























Ɠ
ƄƠ Ǹ ơǮǀȁǷǮ ȅǾȀ ơƳǻǶ ȄȏȇǺ
Ɠ
3.4.1 ƠǀơȠdž șǻǿǷƲǁƪ ơƪǁdž ȅdzǫǺ DZȇDzƼ ǸƠƼ ƣȇLJƷDzƠ ƄƠ ǴơǺ ȅƪǀƠ ǡƫǻƪ ǹǣȠǻȇƤǁȨ ƨƠȁƤ
3.4.2 ƣȇLJƷDzƠ ƄƠ ǴơǺ ǹǢƼ ǹǺơǷȆƗǮ ǹǢƼ ǹǯƫȆ ơǮ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ǹDzȁȩǶȁǮǁƤ
Ɠ
89 3.4.3
Ɠ
3.4.5 ǹǣȇƥǷȇƤ ǹǢƼ ƄƠ ƣȇLJƷDzƠ ǹǯǪȁƳǺȁǻǶ ǡȆ ǹȆ Ȏ ȅdzǫǺ DZȇDzƼ ȄǀơȠǻǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ
Ȁǀȁȣ



Bab 8 (88-100).indd 88 05-Sep-15 1:11:04 PM

ȫǶù Ț®ȂǐǬǷ ÀƢººǷǂººǧǂººƥ ƄƠ ȅƪơȇƶ ǸƠƼ ŕȇdzƪ ƦƽȇǫǞ

ǹǫȇƲơƥǮ ƨƠȁƤǁƤ ơȨơȇLJdž
ǹǮƠ ȄơȠLJǺ Ǽǀƾ ƨŏdž

ø șdzǷǞ ȁǮȁƤ ǵDzƠƼ șƫǿȇDzƼ ƣȇLJƷDzƠ ƄƠ ǴơǺ ȅǻȇǫȇǶ ǹLJǮ
99:7 ƧDzǃDzǃDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž

ǹdzǷǞ ǹǯǫȗơƥǷǶ 1


ŏǮƠ ƄƠ ŏǮƠ ƄƠ ǹdzǷǞ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ƠǁȤdžǁƤ 2
Ɠ
ǹǫȆ ơƥǮ

Ɠ
ǹǢƼ DŽơǶ Ȅ ơȣǁǿǣǶ 3

ǽƾȇ ƢǧǁƤ ƠǀơǮǁȨ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ


ƄƠ ŕǣȇǣǶ DŽơȇƫǻdž ƧȇǏǟǶ ǹǯdzȤǣȇǻǶ 4

ȎơȤdž ǹǢƼ ǀȁǯNJǁƤ 5
ƄƠ ǹȆŏǷȨ


ƄƠ ȅǣȆơdžƼ ǤȀƽȇǾ 6









ǤơƤ ȁƥȆƠ ȁƫǻƥǷǶ












ǰơȇdžȁdž ƢƠȁƳǢȁȤǣƪ ǹǯȆơǺȁǻǶ



ǹǿdžȁLJǮ ǵDzƠƼ ǡȆ ǠǀȀƠ ȁƫǻƥǷǶ ǹǫȆ ơƥǮ ǹǮȁǮȏǶ ǹǢƼ DŽơǶ Ȅ ơȣǁǿǣǶ ȄȏȇǺ
Ɠ
Ɠ

3.4.3 ƣȇLJƷDzƠ ƄƠ ǴơǺ ȅǻȇǫȇǶ ǹLJǮ Ǹǀơdž ǡƥǶȁdž
3.4.4 ǹƫƪơȟ ƨƠȁƤ ǹȆƼȁǷǮ ƧDzǃDzǃDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž ǸƠƼ ƧȆƠ ƼȁǏǫǶ ǸƠƼ ǁƥǷȣ ǹǯǣȠǻȇƤ
3.4.6 90

ǹȨȀƽȇǿǮ ǵDzƠƼ ǹǯdzǷǞƼ ǽȇDzȁƤ ȫȆǁǶ ǡȆ ǽƾȇ Ƣǧǂƥ ÏƠǀơǮǁȨ ǹǯȆƠǀơǻȘǶ ƽȆǀȁǶ ơƫǻȇǶ




Bab 8 (88-100).indd 91 05-Sep-15 1:13:26 PM

ƦƽȇǫǞ ƼȁǏǫǶǁƤ ǡȆ ȅȣȎ ÀƢǷǂǧǁƤ ƄƠ

ǹƫǾơƳǮ ƨƠȁƤǁƤ ơȨơȇLJdž ǸƠƼù
șƫǿȇDzƼ ǹǮƠ ȄơȠLJǺ Ǽǀƾ ƨǁƥdž
ƣȇLJƷDzƠ ƄƠ ǴơǺ ÏȅƫǪȁƤ ø șdzǷǞ ȁǮȁƤ ǵDzƠƼ


Ɠ
ȄǀơǾ ƩȆ ơȆ ƧǶơȇǪ ȄǀơǾ ȚƠƼƠ 1 99:8 ƧDzǃDzǃDzƠ Ʀǀȁdž
ǹƪƠȁƤǁȨ ȅdzȆƼơǞƼ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ ǹLJDzơƥǷȨ ȁǾơǶ Ȅơdž ȅƫǻǺ ȄǀơǾ ȁƪơdž

Ɠ
ȅLJǺ ơǶ Ǥơȇƫdž ȄƼ ȅƪǁȩdž ȄơƲǁƤ

ǸǁƳǻȣ Ȅơȣơƥdž ȡǁNJ ơƫȩȇȟƼ 2
ƵDzơǎ ǡȆ ǠǀȀƠ ƽȩǮ


ƽȩǮ ǹLJDzơƤ Ȅơȣơƥdž ȪƠǁǺ ơƫȩȇȟƼ 3
ǁǯǣȆƠ ǡȆ ǠǀȀƠ
ơdžƠ DŽȁƪȁȨǁƤ ǼƼȁǶ
ǹǯLJȣȁƪƼ ƽȇƫǞ ǸƠƼ ƣȇǪǀ ƧǯƞȏǶ 4
Ɠ
ǸƠƼ ǩȆ ơƤ ǹdzǷǞ ƩƪơȠǻǶ ǨȁƫǺȀƠ
ǨȀǀȁƤ

Ɠ
ǹǣƥǷȇƪ ȝƠǁǺ ƩȆ ơȆ ǸƠǃȇǶ ȚƠƼƠ 5
ǹdzǷǞ


Ɠ
ƪǠǨǼǷ ǹǯȆǁƥǷǶ ǡȆ ǵDzơǞ Ǹ ơƫȩȇȠǻȨ 6
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ȅLJǺ ơǶ ƽȩǮ ǹȆ Ȏ ǠǀȀƠ ǩƶ DZȇƥǷǣǶ

ǽȆƠ ǠȁDzȁƪ ȄǀơǶ ǵȇǟǺ
ǽȆƠ ǽdzȇȣȎ ȧƳǯdž







ȁƫǻƥǷǶ Ǩƽȇƪ
ǤơƤ ȁƥȆƠ

Ɠ
ǹȆ Ȏ ǠǀȀƠ ȄơȇǺơǣǶ ơdžȀƼ ǹƪƠȁƤǁȨ ȅǾȀ ơƳǻǶ ǹǢƼ ơȇdžȀƠ Ȅ ơȣǁǿǣǶ ȄȏȇǺ
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Ɠ
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3.4.3 ȅƫǪȁƤ Ȅơȣơƥdž ȅLJǺ ơǶ ƽȩǮ ƪǠǨǼǷ ǹǯȆǁƥǷǶ ǵDzơǞ Ǹ ơƫȩȇȠǻȨ Ơǀơȟ Ǹǀơdž ǡƥǶȁdž
3.4.5 ƄƠ ƣȇLJƷDzƠ
91 3.4.6
ǹdzǷǞ ƽȩǮ ǹǾȁȤǻȨ ƨƠȁƤ ǸƠƼ ƽȆǀȁǶ ǹȆǀơǾ ǹȨȀƽȇǿǮ ǽƥdžơƷǶ ȅƫȆȜȇƫǮƠ ǹǮȁǮȎ
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Ɠ
ǩȆ ơƤ Ǩƽȇƪ ǹƪƠȁƤǁȨ ǹǯdzȤǣȇǻǶ ơȆơȨȁdž ȫȆǁǶ ȅƫƷȇǏǺ ǸƠƼ ǩȆ ơƤ ǡȆ ƽȆǀȁǶ

Bab 8 (88-100).indd 90 05-Sep-15 1:12:40 PM