Advanced Korean

‫׮‬द‫ ח‬৔য‫݈ ۽‬ೞ૑ ݈ইঠ૑ 49

2. A:
Is Chunho Yŏngjin’s hubae?

B:
No, he’s not her hubae, rather he’s her sŏnbae.

3. A:
Is tomorrow Mother’s Day?

B:
It’s not Mother’s Day, but Parents’ Day.

4. A:
I think these clothes will suit you well.

B:
They’re not for me to wear, but to give as a present to my younger sibling.

5. A:
Sŏngho, you’re not coming tomorrow, are you?

B:
It’s not by choice—I can’t come.

6. A:
They say guests are coming suddenly; what shall we do?

B:
Let’s not just sit around worrying—let’s hurry up and prepare!

2. Instrumental Particle

The instrumental particle has a wide range of meanings and usages, many of which can be

found in Elementary Korean, Lesson 8.5. Nouns ending in consonants (other than ) take , and

nouns ending in vowels or take . Observe the various meanings of this particle in the example

sentences below.

7. A:
May I speak in English?

B:
No. Please speak in Korean.

8. A:
Do I absolutely have to write with a pencil?

B:
No, it’s OK to write with a ballpoint pen.

50 ઁ җ

9. A:
What did you ride to school in?

B:
Usually I ride the bus, but today I came by taxi.

10. A:
What book did you study with?

B:
I studied with this book.

11. A:
Say, this is a really nice computer!

B:
I bought it with money I earned from part-time work.

12. A:
May I help you?

B:
No, I’ll give it a try all on my own [“with my own strength”].

3. On the way to... / one is just on the way to... with

The word means street; road; path; way. As a postmodifier following a verb of motion ( , ,
and compounds built on these two verbs, etc.), it combines with either the particle to or the copula

to mean on the way to... or is on the way to..., respectively. This pattern is also explained in Con-
tinuing Korean, Lesson 19.4.

13. A:
Please stop by my place tomorrow.

B:
Sure. I’ll drop by in the morning on my way downtown.

14.
On my way home, I happened to meet a friend.

15.
Let’s have a drink on the way home from work today.

16.
On the way to my hometown, I stopped by my grandfather’s grave.

‫׮‬द‫ ח‬৔য‫݈ ۽‬ೞ૑ ݈ইঠ૑ 51

17. A:
Where are you going?

B:
I’m on my way to the office [“company”].

18. A:
Are you on your way back from a trip?

B:
Yes, I’m on my way back from Cheju Island.

4. Quoted Statements with

Indirect quotations were covered in detail in Continuing Korean, Lesson 27, but quoted statements can
be summarized as follows.

First, all indirect quotations are built on the Plain Style ( Style) by adding the indirect quota-
tion particle .

Plain Style Statements

Plain Processive Bases
:
after Processive Bases ending in vowels: , , etc.
after Processive Bases ending in consonants: , , etc.

All Other Bases
:

Plain Descriptive Bases ,, (copula), etc.
All Past Bases
All Future Bases ,, , , , , etc.
, etc.
have / exist and ,,, ,

,

Second, there are three types of indirect quotation:
1) Expanded Quotations,
2) Simple Quotations, and
3) Contracted Quotations.

Expanded Quotations have the indirect quotation particle , Simple Quotations drop the indirect
(in the Polite and Intimate
quotation particle , and Contracted Quotations end in

Styles) or (in the Formal Style).

52 ઁ җ

Plain Style Indirect Quotations: Expanded
The basic rule is to add to the Plain Style form.

Plain Processive Bases , , etc.
, etc.
Vowel Bases
Consonant Bases

All Other Bases , , etc. , ,
Plain Descriptive Bases The nonpast copula is irregular: ,
All Past Bases
All Future Bases ,,
have / exist and , , etc.

,,
, , etc.

,

Plain Style Indirect Quotations: Simple
The basic rule is to drop the from .

Processive , , etc.
Vowel Bases , , etc.
Processive
Consonant Bases , etc.
Descriptive Bases , etc.

Nonpast Copula , , etc.
(still irregular) , , etc.
All Past Bases

All Future Bases , etc.
have / exist and , etc.

Plain Style Indirect Quotations: Contracted ‫׮‬द‫ ח‬৔য‫݈ ۽‬ೞ૑ ݈ইঠ૑ 53
There are two main types of contraction: -type and
-type. Using the verb as our
model, these two types can be schematized as follows:
-type
-type ĺ
ĺ
ĺ ĺ
ĺ ĺ
ĺ
ĺ , , etc.
, , etc.
Processive . , etc.
Vowel Bases , etc
Processive ,
Consonant Bases , , etc.
Descriptive Bases , etc.

Nonpast Copula
(irregular as ever)
All Past Bases

, etc.
, etc.

All Future Bases

, etc.
, etc.

have / exist and

Here are some examples of -type Contracted Indirect Quotations:
ĺ
19. ĺ
Sumi is a good kid.

20.
That film is boring.

54 ઁ җ

21. ĺ
Chŏng’a is writing a letter to her friend.

22. ĺ
Chinho is making a phone call.

23. ĺ
Sŏnyŏng went to meet a friend.

24. ĺ
Yesterday I was really tired.

25. ĺ
He’ll go early in the morning.

26. ĺ
It looks like it will rain.

27. ĺ
Yŏngsu isn’t tall.

28. ĺ
Chinho doesn’t smoke.

29. ĺ
Thomas is German.

30. ĺ
Last month we ran a deficit.

31. ĺ
She’s going to go out to meet her friend.

‫׮‬द‫ ח‬৔য‫݈ ۽‬ೞ૑ ݈ইঠ૑ 55

32. ĺ
I want to travel around here and there.

5. Seems... with

This lesson presents two new patterns for seem, built on the two patterns for questions presented in

Continuing Korean, Lesson 29: and The mechanics of

the pattern are easy, insofar as is a one-shape ending and attaches in this one

shape to any and all bases. The mechanics for the pattern are more complex:

Descriptive Plain Bases:
Processive Plain Bases:

and :
Past (and Future) Bases:

Note that the auxiliary verb see in this pattern behaves like a descriptive verb.

5.1. Modifier +

is an auxiliary descriptive verb. It is descriptive because the plain form is , not (which
is the processive verb sees), and it is an auxiliary because it always follows either the Familiar Question
Form in or a modifier plus the question postmodifier . The meaning of the expression is it looks
as if; it seems. Thus, this pattern is very similar in meaning to the expressions made up of a modifier +

it seems; it looks as if.

33. a. It seems to be raining.
b.
c.

34. a. It seems to have rained.
b.
c.

35. a. It looks as if it might rain.
b.
c.

Note that many speakers nowadays shun the combination of Future-Presumptive with
or . Thus, (35a) and (35b) are more naturally expressed as or
.

36. a. The weather seems to be nice.
b.
c.

56 ઁ җ

Here are some more examples of a modifier + :

37.
He seems to be a minor.

38.
I think someone’s here.

39.
That movie looks interesting.

40.
It seems cold out.

41.
Dad seems to have lost his temper.

5.2. Base +
Usually this pattern is reserved for processive bases, or for and as well as ALL Past

and Future Bases. However, one will also occasionally hear used on a descriptive

base. Note that while copula rarely occurs with the Plain Base + , forms

on the Past Base are perfectly acceptable.

42. A:
What is Sŏnyŏng doing?

B:
She seems to be sleeping in her room.

43. A:
Even though you bought her clothes, she doesn’t seem to like them much, right?

B.
Seems she doesn’t like the clothes.

44. A:
Do you think that movie might be interesting?

B:
Judging by all the people in line, it would appear to be interesting.

45. A:
Where did Yunju go?

B:
Judging by the fact her car is not there, she seems to have gone far away.

‫׮‬द‫ ח‬৔য‫݈ ۽‬ೞ૑ ݈ইঠ૑ 57

46. A:
Please give me some watermelon.

B:
There isn’t any in the fridge. It seems the kids ate it all a little while ago.

47. A:
Why is Chunho eating in such a rush?

B:
Looks like he didn’t have time to eat lunch.

48. A:
He said he was going to the pool; why is he back so soon?

B:
Seems he came back early because there were too many people at the swimming pool.

49. A:
Whose watch was that yesterday?

B:
Seems to have been Sŏngjun’s.

50.
It seems that the tiger symbolizes Korea.

51.
That man looks as if he has no money.

52.
It looks as if Mother is going to stay home this evening.

53.
It looks as if he’s gone to bed early.

54.
It doesn’t seem to be snowing anymore.

55.
It seems that he once studied at this school.

58 ઁ җ

6. Has to / must do [of course / don’t ya know, i.e., emphatic] with

You already know the have to / must pattern (processive). When combined with the

pattern , this yields has to / must [of course, don’t you know, etc.]. This pat-

tern, in turn, can undergo contraction by deleting the of , which yields a highly colloquial

pattern (sometimes spelled ). A similar contraction is also widespread for the

pattern shall have to; probably ought to, which contracts to . Here are some

examples:

56.
My stomach doesn’t feel well, so I’d better not drink today.

57.
Starting tomorrow, you’d better get up early.

58.
This year, you definitely have to quit smoking.

59.
In the morning, I should get up early and exercise.

60.
I should definitely not forget to call Chinyŏng in a little bit.

61.
From today on, I should use just Korean.

62.
You shouldn’t get angry with others.

7. Three New Auxiliary Verbs:
Examine the following sentences:

63.
I have to do my studying well [in preparation for something].

64.
I lost my appetite [completely].

65.
You sprinkle salt over them [and get that out of the way].

‫׮‬द‫ ח‬৔য‫݈ ۽‬ೞ૑ ݈ইঠ૑ 59

Certain Korean verbs mean one thing when they are used by themselves, but combine into phrases

with infinitives in to mean something different. You have learned the following:

sees does [to see what it’s like]
gives does [as a favor for someone]
gives does [as a favor for someone esteemed]

Three more such combinations are made by putting together an infinitive in with another

verb (all processive). The combinations all mean various shades of finish doing or do it [in anticipation

of some later use for the action]:

puts; places gets it done; does it now [in anticipation of a
later need]; does it for later
throws away; discards
puts or leaves [somewhere] does it totally, completely, or exhaustively
does sth and gets it out of the way; does it and
gets it over with; finishes up

For the pattern , note that the auxiliary verb is often heard as , and for the pattern

, note that the pronunciation with is livelier. But in writing, they are always

just and .

Observe how each verb is used by itself below:

66.
Where shall I put it?

67. [instructions on a cooking show]
Somewhat later you throw away the brine and after that...

68.
You leave it for about three days and then eat it.

Here are some more examples of the verbs used in phrases with infinitives:

69.
If we buy vegetables [in advance, ahead of time], Mrs. Kim says she’ll make the kimch’i for us.

70.
We’ve prepared the food well [ahead of time].

71.
That food tasted so good that I ate it all.

72.
Let’s go home right after dinner.

60 ઁ җ

73.
You have to study while you are still young.

74.
You’d better eat all of it now.

75.
Koreans make kimch’i in the fall, and have it throughout the winter.

Note that the two verbs forget and lose derive etymologically from this pat-

tern, but are now treated as single, unitary verbs (no space in the spelling):

76.
I completely forgot to bring [forgot and didn’t bring] the book.

77.
Mr. Kim says he lost his wallet at the department store.

8. Pretends to... with

The postmodifier means pretense. In combination with the (processive) auxiliary verb and

the and modifiers, it forms the two patterns pretend to be a certain

way (with descriptive verbs) or pretend to have done (with processive verbs) and pretend

to do / be doing something (with processive verbs). Note that you may also encounter instead of

in this pattern.

78.
Stop pretending to be busy and [instead] help me.

79.
Even though she saw it, Suji pretended not to and just passed by.

80.
Stop showing off [“pretending to be great”].

81.
He pretends to be a fool.

82.
Just ignore him [“pretend not to know him”].

EXERCISES ‫׮‬द‫ ח‬৔য‫݈ ۽‬ೞ૑ ݈ইঠ૑ 61
.
Exercise 1: Reading Comprehension

Write out answers to the following questions.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Exercise 2: Practice with NOUN

Answer the “A” questions below using the pattern NOUN

1. A:
B: ______________________

2. A:
B: ______________________

3. A:
B: ______________________

4. A:
B: ______________________

5. A:
B: ______________________

6. A:
B: ______________________

Exercise 3: Practice with .
Answer the questions below using the particle

1.
2.
3.

62 ઁ җ

4.

5.
6.

Exercise 4: Practice with and
to answer the questions below.
Use the patterns and

1. A:
B: ______________________

2. A:
B: ______________________

3. A:
B: ______________________

4. A:
B: ______________________

5. A:
B: ______________________

6. A:
B: ______________________

Exercise 5: Composition

Exercise 6: Practice with Quoted Statements

Convert the following sentences to (a) Expanded Indirect Quotations, then (b) Contracted Indirect Quo-
tations, all in the Formal Style as indicated in the below.

ĺĺ

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

‫׮‬द‫ ח‬৔য‫݈ ۽‬ೞ૑ ݈ইঠ૑ 63

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Exercise 7: Indirect Quotations (again)

Convert example sentences 19–32 from Pattern 4 to the Style. For example, sentence 19 would go as
follows: ĺ

Exercise 8: Practice with and

A. Use the pattern to fill in the blanks.

1. _________________.

2.
_____________________________.

3.
_____________________________.

4.
_____________________________.

5.
______________________.

6.
_____________________________.

B. Now convert the following sentences from the pattern to the
pattern.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Exercise 9: Practice with .
Following the below, convert the sentences to statements using

ĺ

64 ઁ җ

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Exercise 10: Practice with , , and

Recast the underlined verbs in the following sentences using the pattern ,
or , then translate the results into English. (Some sentences allow more than
one of these patterns.)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Exercise 11: Practice with .

Recast the underlined verbs in the following sentences using the pretend pattern

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

਋ܻ ա‫ۄ‬ী‫٘ࠁ ח‬஠о
݃दҊ թਸ ݅ఀ ൔ೤‫׮פ‬

4ઁ җ

⊕ⶅ⿭㈡
㪉⚽㈡
⚡᠖㈡ ⯡ ┮㈝ ⚡᠖㈡ ❩䃡⭕ラ ᛂ㈝ ᣙ
㛑⌅ ゕ䀲㇭ 䀁ញ ㈱ぱᶍ

䀅㛡 ㉕⚡㈱᜵ ㈝〥ᣙ␥ 䀁ញ ᚩᶍᚩ ⊕ⶅ⿭ ⭕∵㈝ 㬙 ➝ᾅ
㤝 ❺㇭ ᥥ᭱ᶍ ᢡ⊕᷽ᵱ ⭕∵ᾍべ᜵ 䀅 ㈽⿒ Ῑ∥㎥ញ ⿭㑪ṭ
ⳉ㈝ ⛁㈝ᭁ ᭑㇩ ❺㇭ 㛦⚿㇥⌅ ḁ㋡ ✭⋡ᶍ ᤅ㒆 ᰩ∩ ⚡᠖㈡
㈝ ⿭ᣵㅝ ᜡ ㄅ ✭⑕ᴹ᭹ញ ◥ぱᶍ ᢡ≕᷽ᵱ ⊕ⶅ⿭ ⭕∵㇩ ㈹
ᣙᯍ ᭁ∥べᴽ ➝ᾅ㤝ᚩ ⑱ⶅញ ᭑㇭ ⑵㬥 䇽䀁ᶍញ ⑹䀱ᶍ

㌙ᢱ 䅭べ 㪉⚽ ⭕∵㈝ ⶅᚩ␥ ⭕∵ᾍべ᜵ 䀁ᭁ⿒ ᭁ᳉ ㎥ぱ
ᶍ ᢡ⑕ញ ㈹ᣙṭ ỹそ ║ᢱ 㿥ㅙᶍᚩ 㛦⚿㇥⌅ ḁ㋡ ✭⋡ᶍ

Ĝ⿭ᵱ 㪉⚽ᴽ 䂾㹡㈝ そ⋞ᶍញ ᾍぱᴽḙ ㄅ ᶍ 㿥ㅙ㑩 ⿳ញ
✭⑦ᵱᣵ ĝ

Ĝㅙ⑕ 㪉⚽べᴽ ⶅᚩᚩ 㿥ㅙញ ᭑㇭ ㊾ṭ⌅ 䇽䀒ᵱᶍ ĝ
ᢡ ⑹㇭ ᾍ㇩ ⚡᠖㈡㇩ ✵⁊ ㈥そᭁ᷽ᵱ ⚡᠖㈡ ❩䃡⭕␥ ✱
㓶 ᾍそ 㛦⚿㇥⌅ ḁ㋡ ✭⋡ᶍ

66 ઁ җ

NEW VOCABULARY

Vocabulary from the Main Text w– be regrettable, pitiful; be
(too) precious or valuable
Russia (to discard)
Russian (person) whereupon
American (person) in their (own) country
lawyer be common, plentiful
train cigar
train accident divide, share
for quite a while share sth with sb
take out, produce (from two or three; a few
sb’s pocket, a bag, etc.); mouthful; sip
bring up (a subject); the situation, state of affairs
broach be a mess; be in a sorry
whereupon state (said of a country’s
pour, pour out (NB: Note economy, for example)
that this base is not stand up abruptly, sud-
denly
doubling—it is lift sth up briskly
irregular.)
throw; toss be absent; fail to turn up
(NB: processive)
Vocabulary from the Example Sentences It is thanks to Chinyŏng.
from the very beginning
plate, dish originally; actually; as a
ceiling matter of fact
sth reaches, goes as far as keep an appointment or
with peace of mind; without promise
anxiety; free from care overflow
Is it true that she is pretty? the Seoul-Pusan Highway
Did sb / you say she was
pretty? “high speed”
look back; turn around and highway bus; coach
look open one’s eyes
subject, course (at school) be disgusting (in a horrific,
get exhausted, tired, worn scary way); give one the
out creeps; be horrid, horrible
have a good rest dialect; brogue; regional
because sth / sb was so accent
not-to-be-seen, i.e., never
showed up
one’s appearance from
behind

be severe, intense, extreme; ਋ܻ ա‫ۄ‬ী‫٘ࠁ ח‬஠о ݃दҊ թਸ ݅ఀ ൔ೤‫ ׮פ‬67
be strict, stern, harsh
in a grave / serious way; sometimes; on some
terribly; (e.g. “he uses occasions
dialect something boarding; staying as a
terrible!”) long-term lodger
boarding expenses; lodging
Vocabulary from the Exercises fees

leave of absence; holiday; scholar
vacation one’s regular or favorite res-
a hundred million taurant / bar
put up with sth; be patient; regular customer
“bear it”; suffer sth; endure bankruptcy; insolvency
sth go bankrupt
w– be surprising, amazing take good care of oneself
count (usually after sickness or
lose weight childbirth)
get rained on president (of a country)
What’s the matter? declare
make an error, mistake; (man) get married
commit an indiscretion (woman) get married
stupid mistake; silly gaffe be gentle, modest, nice,
lottery ticket well brought up, pleasant,
get selected in a drawing well behaved
win the lottery; win on a thesis; scholarly paper
lottery ticket hand in; submit
be slim, slender

PATTERNS

1. Quoted Questions with

This section reviews the indirect quotation patterns found in Continuing Korean, Lesson 27, and con-

tinues the ongoing review of indirect / reported speech in the first lessons of this course. Here we

focus on the expanded indirect quotation of questions in the Formal Style. (You will have an

opportunity to practice other Styles in the exercises at the end of the lesson.) Finally, note that in col-

loquial Korean, there is a growing tendency to replace the three different forms

with just everywhere.

68 ઁ җ

1. What are you doing? →

(a) Expanded: (Present: asks)
(ĺ Contracted:
).

(b) Expanded: (Past: asked)
(ĺ Contracted: ).

2. Who are you going to meet? ĺ

3. What book are you reading? ĺ

4. What are you thinking about? ĺ

5. Is that book interesting? ĺ

6. Where does it hurt? ĺ

7. Are you in a good mood? ĺ

8. Do you want to rest? ĺ

9. Does it look like it’s going to rain? ĺ

10. Aren’t you tired? ĺ

11. Isn’t Chinsu coming? ĺ

12. Who is that? ĺ

13. What country is Thomas from? ĺ

਋ܻ ա‫ۄ‬ী‫٘ࠁ ח‬஠о ݃दҊ թਸ ݅ఀ ൔ೤‫ ׮פ‬69
14. What did you do yesterday? ĺ
15. Did it hurt a lot? ĺ
16. Was this a coffee shop before too? ĺ
17. What would you like to eat? ĺ
18. Do you think that movie will be interesting? ĺ

2. As much as / as... as NOUN with NOUN and to the extent that... with

The word has two functions. As a particle following a noun, it means as much as; equal to:

19. A:
How much more should I bring?

B:
Please bring as much as there is on this plate.

20. A:
Does Mori speak Korean well?

B:
Yes, he speaks as well as Susan.

21. A:
Is Cheju Island really so beautiful?

B:
Well, it wasn’t as beautiful as I had thought.

As a postmodifier following the prospective modifier in , it creates a pattern that means to
the extent that...:

22. A:
Is Albert tall?

B:
Yes, so much so that his head reaches the ceiling on the bus.

70 ઁ җ

23. A:
Has your Korean improved a lot?

B:
Yes, it has improved now to the extent that I can get around without much worry.

24. A:
Is it true that Chinu’s wife is so pretty?

B:
Yes, so much so [“to the extent”] that people passing by turn around to get a second look.

In this latter postmodifier usage, the pattern is similar to . An-

other use of this pattern has the meaning of enough to, as shown below:

25.
I don’t have enough money to build a big house.

26.
I don’t have enough knowledge to teach this subject.

3. Startling Close-ups with Again

We have already examined this form in Lesson 1. Recall that Plain Base + is usually used for

non-first persons (you, he, she, it, they), Past Base + cannot be used with second-person you as

the subject, and Past Base + is usually used with first-person I or we. A good translation strategy

is to think of the meaning “whereupon.”

27.
I went hiking yesterday, and [now I discover] my legs hurt.

28.
Ch’ŏlmin went hiking yesterday, and [whadda ya know, now] it seems his legs hurt.

29.
He ate in such a rush it seems he has a tummy-ache [now].

30.
He studied so hard [and look!]—seems he’s passed the exam.

31.
Ch’ŏlmin stayed up several nights in a row, which probably explains why he seems exhausted.

32.
He had a good rest for several days, whereupon his body seems to have recovered.

਋ܻ ա‫ۄ‬ী‫٘ࠁ ח‬஠о ݃दҊ թਸ ݅ఀ ൔ೤‫ ׮פ‬71

33.
After coming home from swimming all day long, she seems tired.

34.
After not seeing Sŏnju for several days, it seems Kyŏngch’ŏl misses her.

4. Postmodifier

4.1. Know-how with
In one common pattern, the noun has the meaning know-how. In this pattern, it has the prospective

modifier in front of it and know or not know after it. The expression as a

whole means knows (doesn’t know) how to... Because the serves as the object of ,

it can optionally take particles like , , etc. Here are some examples:

35.
I don’t know what to do.

36.
Do you know how to wash dishes?

37.
I know how to cook, too.

38.
He doesn’t know how to do anything.

39.
He doesn’t know how to get to Pusan by himself.

40.
Do you know how to read Korean?

41.
We don’t know how to eat with chopsticks.

Notice that this construction is often translated to mean can (or can’t) in English: I can eat with chop-
sticks, I can’t speak Japanese, etc. Thus, the English can(not) has three separate equivalents in Korean:

a. can = it is possible:

He can [can’t] cook.

72 ઁ җ

b. can = knows how to:

She can [can’t] read Korean.

c. can = has permission to:

They can [can’t] go to the theatre.

4.2. Thinks /assumes that... with and not know /realize that... with
Yet another meaning of the postmodifier is assumption; presumed fact. In this pattern, can fol-

low any of the basic modifiers. When used with know and optionally followed by

the particle , the meaning concerns presumptions rather than hard facts: One thought or presumed

(wrongly) that... or One assumes, presumes, thinks, or feels that [so-and-so is the case]. When used with

, the particle is preferred over , and yields a pattern with the meaning One didn’t know or

realize that [so-and-so is / was the case].

On a Past Modifier:
42.

I thought / assumed you hadn’t / didn’t come [but I now know you did].

On a Descriptive Modifier:
43. A:

How have you been doing?

B:
I was traveling for a while.

A:
I hadn’t seen you for so long I thought you were sick or something [but obviously I was wrong!].

On a Processive Modifier:
44. A:

Yŏngjin is asleep now, so please call again tomorrow morning.

B:
Mom, I’m not asleep.

A:
You were so quiet I thought [wrongly] you were sleeping.

On a Prospective Modifier:
45. A:

Looks like Chinho is late again today.

B:
I knew it! [“I had assumed he would do that.”] After all, he hasn’t come on time even once.

਋ܻ ա‫ۄ‬ী‫٘ࠁ ח‬஠о ݃दҊ թਸ ݅ఀ ൔ೤‫ ׮פ‬73

More examples:
46. A:

Hey, Sŏnju!

B:
Who are you?

A:
Oh, I’m so sorry. Just seeing you from behind, I thought you were my friend.

47. A:
Ch’ŏlmin, why didn’t you come to the meeting yesterday?

B:
I went, but then something came up so I left early.

A:
Really? I thought you hadn’t come.

48. A:
Oh, Yongp’il! I thought you were too busy to come, but you’re here!

B:
How could I not come to an event like this?

49.
I assume they wouldn’t teach anything bad.

50.
I feel certain that they didn’t teach anything bad.

51.
I think [I’m assuming] he’ll be [= come] back tomorrow.

52.
I think [I’m assuming] he’s coming back tomorrow.

53.
I thought he was coming tomorrow [but now I realize that I was wrong, and in fact he will come some
other time].

54.
My understanding is that he’s not at home now.

Note that when you use , as in the next few examples, cannot be used.

74 ઁ җ

55. A:
I really had no idea that Albert spoke Korean so well.

B:
It’s all thanks to Chinyŏng.

56. A:
I had no idea Sumi was such a good person.

B:
Come on—I’ve been telling you how nice she is since forever!

57.
Didn’t you know they had children in that family?

58. A:
I had no idea Sanghyŏn would promise to come and then not show up.

B:
Sanghyŏn has never been good at keeping appointments.

5. To the extent that... with and

This pattern was covered in detail in Continuing Korean, Lesson 28. The basic meaning of the noun

is extent, e.g., to a certain extent or to what extent? As a postmodifier following the

prospective modifier in , it creates two patterns: (a) lit.: It is to the ex-

tent that..., and (b) to the extent that... (adverbially).

59. A:
Still busy?

B:
Yes, so much that [“to the extent that”] I don’t have time to eat.

60. A:
Did it rain a lot in Seoul last summer?

B:
Yes, it rained so much [“to the extent that”] the Han River overflowed its banks.

61. A:
Has Albert’s Korean improved much?

B:
Yes, to a surprising extent.

਋ܻ ա‫ۄ‬ী‫٘ࠁ ח‬஠о ݃दҊ թਸ ݅ఀ ൔ೤‫ ׮פ‬75

62. A:
I heard there was a big accident on the Seoul Pusan Highway yesterday.

B:
I saw it on the news, too, and it really was one of those accidents that was so horrible you can’t bear
to look.

63. A:
Does Sŏnho use a lot of dialect?

B:
Yes, so much that sometimes even I can’t understand.

64. A:
Did you drink a lot yesterday?

B:

Yes, so much that when I got up this morning, I couldn’t remember how I got home.

6. Is it true that...? with

These two related patterns are built on the indirect quotation patterns introduced in Continuing Ko-

rean, Lesson 27, and reviewed in this course in Lesson 3. In other words, these patterns are originally

contractions from the expanded indirect quotation pattern, and one could “spell out” or expand them

as and However, this is by now simply a

historical or etymological fact, and nobody uses the fully expanded source form—you should use only

the contracted forms.

Note that in highly colloquial Korean, these patterns can be contracted even further, as (a)

and or (b) (even more colloquially) and

These highly contracted forms are restricted mostly to the Plain and Intimate Styles (in

other words, you are unlikely to hear them followed by the Polite and are not normally used in

writing.

65. A:
Is it true you went on a trip last week?

B:
Yes, where did you hear about it?

66. A:
Is it true that restaurant has good kalbit’ang?

B:
Yeah, it is really good.

76 ઁ җ Style, following the

67. A:
Is it true that play is interesting?

B:
Yeah, it’s really interesting.

68. A:
Is it true she’s a singer?

B:
Yeah, she sings really well.

69. A:
Is it true he lives next door to you?

B:
Yep.

70. A:
Is it true that lodging prices have been expensive lately?

B:
Yeah, they went up again.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1: Reading Comprehension
Write out answers to the following questions.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Exercise 2: Practice Quoting Questions
Quote the questions below as expanded indirect quotations in the Formal
“ ” below.

Š

਋ܻ ա‫ۄ‬ী‫٘ࠁ ח‬஠о ݃दҊ թਸ ݅ఀ ൔ೤‫ ׮פ‬77

1. 11.
2. 12.
3. 13.
4. 14.
5. 15.
6. 16.
7. 17.
8. 18.
9. 19.
10. 20.

Exercise 3: More Practice Quoting Questions
Rewrite the questions in example sentences 1–18 from Pattern 1 in the Contracted form (both Present and
Past tenses), as shown in Example 1 below, and translate the original questions into English.

1. What are you doing? ĺ
(a) (Present: asks)
(b) (Past: asked)

Exercise 4: Practice with .
Answer the questions below using

1. A:
B: ________________________

2. A:
B: ________________________

3. A:
B: ________________________

4. A:
B: ________________________

5. A:
B: ________________________

6. A:
B: ________________________

Now translate the following sentences as indicated, using .

7. Probably nobody takes as much medicine as I do.
8. There is probably no country that likes sons as much as Korea.
9. There is probably no guy that takes as good care of his girlfriend as I do.
10. We were so upset we couldn’t stand it.

78 ઁ җ .
. Then trans-
11. The students here study surprisingly hard.
12. I’m so exhausted I can’t even budge.
13. So many people came I couldn’t count [them all].

Exercise 5: Practice with
Finish off the sentences below to reveal the noteworthy occurrence with a clause

1. _______________________
2. _______________________
3. _______________________
4. _______________________
5. _______________________
6. _______________________

Exercise 6: Practice with
Write an appropriate response for the blanks below using the pattern
late all the exchanges into English.

1. A:
B:
A: ___________________________________.

2. A:
B:
A: ___________________________________.

3. A:
B: ___________________________________.
[“I knew it!”]

4. A: _______________________.
B: [“I had no idea I’d meet you in a place like this...”]
A:
_______________________.
5. A: [“I thought it was you”]
B:
A:

਋ܻ ա‫ۄ‬ী‫٘ࠁ ח‬஠о ݃दҊ թਸ ݅ఀ ൔ೤‫ ׮פ‬79

6. A: _______________________?
B: [“you thought I wasn’t coming, right?”]

Use in the sense of “know-how” with to translate items (7)–(9) into Korean.

7. I don’t know how to make kimch’i.
8. Do you know how to use chopsticks?
9. Do you know how to get downtown?

Now try your hand at translating the following sentences with either or
.

10. I had no idea that Chinho would really come to our house.
11. I had no idea I would win the lottery.
12. Who would have known that it would snow like this?
13. I had absolutely no idea she was going abroad to study.
14. I didn’t know you were such a good cook!
15. I didn’t know it had rained.
16. I didn’t know it was raining.
17. I didn’t know it would rain.
18. I thought the kids were little, but they’re not at all!

Exercise 7: Practice with .
Answer the questions below using the pattern

1. A:
B: _______________________________________________.

2. A:
B: _______________________________________________.

3. A:
B: _______________________________________________.

4. A:
B: _______________________________________________.

5. A:
B: _______________________________________________.

6. A:
B: _______________________________________________.

80 ઁ җ

Exercise 8: Practice with and

Use this new pattern to ask what was originally said or reported. For example, in number 1, will ask
Is it true you’re going to the States next week? Translate the

results into English.

1. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

2. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

3. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

4. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

5. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

6. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

7. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

8. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

9. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

10. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

11. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

12. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

਋ܻ ա‫ۄ‬ী‫٘ࠁ ח‬஠о ݃दҊ թਸ ݅ఀ ൔ೤‫ ׮פ‬81

13. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

14. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

15. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

16. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

17. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

18. ĺ
ĺ : ___________________________________________________.

Exercise 9:
Fieldwork: Using a combination of interviews with Koreans you know and web-based searches, find four or
five jokes in Korean. Write them out in a composition, and also be prepared to retell them orally.

5ઁ җ ࠂण *

Review the example sentences below. Then, for each one, write a new sentence that uses the same pattern.

1. (First Pass)

1.
2.

2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

3.

7. A:
B:

8. A:
B:

9. A:
B:

4.

10. A:
B:

11. A:
B:

ࠂण * 83

12. A:
B:

5.

13. A:
B:

14. A:
B:

15. A:
B:

16. A:
B:

6.

17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

7.

27.
28.
29.

8.

30. A:
B:

31. A:
B:

32. A:
B:

84 ઁ җ

9. ĺ ĺ

33. ĺ
34. ĺ
35.

10.

36.
37.
38.
39.
40.

ĺ

11.

41. A:
B:

42. A:
B:

43. A:
B:

12.

44.
45.
46.
47.

13.

48.
49.

14. NOUN

50. A:
B:

51. A:
B:

52. A:
B:

ࠂण * 85

15.
53. A:

B:
54. A:

B:
55. A:

B:

16.
56.
57.
58. A:

B:

17.
59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

18.
68. A:

B:

86 ઁ җ

69. A:
B:

70. A:
B:

71.

19.
72.
73.
74.
75.

20.
76.

77.
78.
79. A:

B:
80.

21.
81.
82.
83.
84.

22.
85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

ࠂण * 87

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

23. NOUN
96. A:

B:
97. A:

B:
98. A:

B:

24. (Second Pass)
99.
100.

25.
101. A:

B:
A:
102. A:
B:
A:

26.
103. A:

B:
104. A:

B:

88 ઁ җ

27.

105. A:
B:

106.
107.
108.
109.
110.

ࣘ‫׸‬

6ઁ җ

そᴹ ᭁ∥ ⑹べᭁ ⰶᶝ㈝ ㈱ⵞᵱᶍ ⰶᶝ㇩ Ჭᚩ ⮆ᚪ䀝 ᭱ᴽ
㑩 ᢡ⑕ញ ち㋅⠩㯙 ⮆ᝥᴽ㑩ᴽ ⿵ ᣡ㈝ はⵞᵱᶍ ᢡ⊰㑩⑵ ⰶ
ᶝ㇩ ツ ⯉㌙ᾍ⌅⠩㯙 ᭝⋍ネ┝⯅ ⚥㌚㈁ ᝦ䂁べ ㈁䀝⯅ ⑵ᾍそ
㑭 㑩䃅㈁ ⑹㈝∥ញ 䀉 ⳁ ㈱ᝉⵞᵱᶍ

ⰶᶝ㇩ 㒐㇩ ⑹⌅ ềそ ㈱㑩⑵
ㅙ⑕ᚩ ⰶᶝ㇭ 䀅✱ ᾌញ⯅ ㉁
㈳そ✭⑕㑩 ⿳ᴽ ㈝㇉ᴽ 㒐㇩ ⑹ ⰶべ ᢡ ⇤㈝ ⠭┮䀁᜵ ᭁ㭩ᭁ
㈱ᣙ ῵◡㈮ᵱᶍ ₹ ⰶᶝべᴽ 㑩ᭅᭉ ㅙ⑕ ⯉㌙ᾍ㈁ ⮆䄅ឥ ⮆
ᚪ㈝ ᾍそ ㈱ᣙ ῵◡べ ⰶᶝ㇩ ㅙ⑕ᚩ ⮆䄅䀁ᴽ ḙべ ⑷㇩ ៹䅱
㇭ ㎶ᵱᶍ

Ĝ⯅ᶢ ᛅ ⭥ᯭ㈝┝ 㼶ㅽ ㇳᴽᶍĝ∥ᴽ ⰶᶝ㈝ ㈱ⵞᵱᶍ ㈝ ⰶ
ᶝ㇩ ◝ⶆ䀅 ⭕∵ṭ ᢩ ㉁䀁ᴽ ⭕∵ឥ ネ≁ ㈱᜵ ề┝ ㈹゙ ᝕◡
㈝ ⮆ᣝᶍᴽ ⇤㈮ᵱᶍ Ĝ᧕⑕ᚩ ᣡ┝ ⛈䈱ᴽ ✾㈝ᶍĝ∥ញ 䀁ᴽ
ⰶᶝṭ ㈱ⵞᵱᶍ 䀅ỹ ✱㇩ ᭑㇭ ⰶ㈥ ⳁ ㈱㑩⑵ ᝭ⰶ䀝⯅ ⛁➞
䀁ᶍᚩᴽ ᧖ ᾍ㭍᜵ ễᶍᴽ ⑹㈝㑩ㄽ

90 ઁ җ

ᢡ ⚿べ Ĝ᭔ ᰼ញ ᣙゖ㈹ṭ ║␡ᶍĝᴽ ⰶᶝ㈝ ㈱ⵞᵱᶍ ᭔㈁ ║〺㇩ 䀅ᢩ㈁ ᣙゖ㈹
ラ ⣭ⵠ䀒ᵱᶍ ᢡ ᭔㇭ ➝ញṭ ᣙゖ㈹ṭ ║␡ᶍ┝ ◝ⶆ䀁ᶍᴽ ⇤㈝ ⿭ᵱᝉⵞᵱᣵ

Ĝ㌮⌅べ⯅ ⥑ ⒇ញ 䀅ᚾべ ᚩ⯅ 䃽㼩㈝ 䀅ᶍĝᴽ ⰶᶝ㇭ ⿭ⶖᵱᣵ ㄾ㇭ ᶢ䀅 ᢡ ㈹
⑕べ⯅ᴽ ⿭◝ ⑹ṭ ╤䀁ញ 䃽㼩㈝␥ ひ⅚䀅 វべ ᚩ⯅ 䀅ᶍᴽ ⇤㈮ᵱᶍ ₹
㈮べ⯅ ㈮
㇥⌅ ㊭䀝㑩ᴽ ⰵ◡㈝ Ჱ ᤅ㒆䀁ᴽ ⭕㈝べ ᮹⑕ 㸥㑩᜵ Ồᵱᶍ ᢡ≁⯅ Ĝ⛅ はᴽ ⑹㈝
㝅⑕␥ ᚭᶍĝᴽ ⑹㈝ ㈱ᴽ ᜬ㝁⊥ 䀅 ✱ ⰵ◡㈝ 㸥㑩┝ ⿭◝ṭ ⑲㇭ ⳁ はⵞᵱᶍ

Ĝញ⮆ ᬆべ ᭂ㈝ パᶍĝᴽ ⰶᶝ㇭ ᾍそ ➝Ⱁⵞᵱᣵ そ⋍ㅝ ㈥㈝ᭁ ៝⌅ㅝ ㈥㇭ ᝓ㇩
䅭べ 㐹ᜪញ ㌴㇩ ㈥ṭ ⛁ᾅⶅ パᶍᴽ ⇤㈡ḙ ញ⮆䀁ᴽ 㤅᠕べ᜵ ㅒᣙ␥ ㎭ ῵ ⾡ ⳁ ㈱
ⵞᵱᶍ

㈝ ⚿べ ㎥⌅ 䀅㈹⌅ ᠕⯚ễ ⰶᶝṭ ゕ⊕ ᚩ㑩 ㈱ⵞᵱᶍ ケ␥ ᾍそ
Ĝᢱᚾ⭙ṭ ⶆ䅭
ᝦĝ㈝∥ᴽ ⑹㈝ ㈱ᴽḙ ⿭◝⑕ ㉕⚡㈱ᴽ ㈥㈝∥ṭ ⛙ᚩ ⠱⊕〥 䈎㈝ ᭅᶍᴽ ⑹㈮ᵱᶍ
₹
Ĝ㈥⯆㈝㌙ĝ∥ᴽ ⑹㇩ 䀅 ᛅ㈁ ṵ⌅ ⭱ ỹ ⑱⑕␥ ㉊ᴽᶍᴽ ⇤㈝ញ
Ĝ⛚◡㈝ ⠱ゕ㈥
᝕ĝ㈝∥ᴽ ⰶᶝ㇩ ⛚ ✱ ᾌᴽ ᜬ㈝ 䀅 ✱ ➝ᴽ ᜬ⑵ ╤䀁ᶍᴽ ⇤㈮ᵱᶍ 㐲
ゕ⊕ ✱ ⑹
⌅⑵ ᾌᴽ ᜬ➝ᶍ ⶍ㋅⌅ 䀅 ✱ ➝ᴽ ᜬ㈝ ᷽ ᭔ᶍᴽ ⑹㈮ᵱᶍ

NEW VOCABULARY

Vocabulary from the Main Text

NOUN proverb be ignorant; lack learning
NOUN from NOUN, by way of be good in studies (NB:
NOUN processive)
a people, race, nation, for a long time
ethnic group nature; naturally, as a
experience matter of course
based on NOUN; by one’s personal experience
NOUN (things “seen and heard”)
wisdom gain / acquire experience;
be clear, obvious broaden one’s horizons
ancestor tail
moral (to a story) cheat, fool, deceive
traditional village school- be / get cheated, fooled,
house for learning the deceived
Chinese classics repeat, reiterate
“wind and moon”; poetry be / get caught
recite (poetry) Korean sickle

ࣘ‫ ׸‬91

Chongno (“Bell Road”), a suffer; experience; undergo
main boulevard in down- for sure; definitely, cer-
town Seoul tainly
cheek courage
get hit, smacked give courage to; encourage
vent one’s anger; take out for the most part; in the
one’s anger main; mainly
humiliation, abuse; be / get composed of,
swearing, “cussing” made up of
suffer humiliation, be example
humiliated for example; for instance
be “random”; be farfetched, the Diamond Mountains
outrageous merriment, mirth
far and wide feel merry / excited
spread (intransitive) isn’t as good as seeing [it]
1000 li (one li = one-third once
of a mile) namely; to wit; that is to
stop, block say
suffering in actual fact; in real life
end; tip; “the end” be preferable, be better
joy, pleasure than
w– be tormenting, onerous;
feel tormented, out of sorts

Additional that are frequently used in Korea.

Here are some additional

1.
Birds hear words spoken in daytime, and mice hear words spoken at nighttime.

daytime

2.
The needle thief becomes a cattle rustler.

needle
thief

3.
Say something nice, hear something nice in return.

w– be pretty, beautiful

92 ઁ җ

4.
Plant black beans, and you get black beans; plant red beans, and you get red beans. (Reap what you
sow.)

black beans
red beans
plant something

5.
Speak of the devil.

tiger
one’s own, self ’s

6.
Hunger is the best sauce.

hunger
side dishes to accompany rice

7.
The grass is greener on the other side of the fence (lit.: “others’ rice cakes look bigger”).

8.
If a crow-tit tries to keep up with a stork, its legs will get torn.

crow-tit; parrotbill (a bird the size of a sparrow or chickadee)
stork

9.
Remove the cow’s horn when [the iron] is hot. (i.e., Strike while the iron is hot.)

cow’s horn; ox horn
get heated, become very hot
take out, extract, remove

10.
Even monkeys sometimes fall out of trees. (i.e., Even experts sometimes make mistakes.)

monkey

Vocabulary from the Example Sentences women; the female gender
wage(s)
believe in; rely on men; the male gender
get a hoarse throat half
headline
lead story

Person put on (glasses) ࣘ‫ ׸‬93
make a public pledge or
promise birthmark
elder or adult laser
take after; resemble remove, get rid of
get in trouble with some a casualty, victim, dead
body person
rich person high blood pressure
be misunderstood death rate
hike; go hiking quite; rather
kitchen weather forecast
bring up / raise a subject bark
(computer) drive advice
save (a computer file) move; behave
w– high-class; refined be / get used
gasoline
malaria import
mosquito be strong
be / get infected nation, nation-state
disease; affliction; ailment handle; take care of; deal
architect with
be / get designed writing; handwriting
test; test paper
Vocabulary from the Exercises
w– be luxurious, extravagant
act like a lazy bum; be lazy
thing; item; goods luxury, extravagance
change (apparel) every time; all the time
commit a crime / sin get free meals; freeload
incur debt; go into debt
be / get punished conduct a ritual ceremony
crime and punishment data
pay back; repay apologize
be blessed / fortunate (lit.: friendship; bonds of
“receive blessings,” i.e., friendship
processive) maintain (into the future)
regret courtesy; decorum;
fall behind propriety
axe Eastern Country of
top of the foot Propriety (i.e., Korea)
be / get chopped endeavor; exertion; effort
(pitiful / derogatory) make effort(s); exert
shape, form, appearance, oneself
sight

94 ઁ җ delete
kidneys
method; means; way be / get damaged, injured
be consistently persistent, result(s)
steadfast, unflagging tread on; step on
advanced country pay attention; be cautious
develop the country of
get lost; lose one’s way
eel tonic, restorative
virility one’s physical constitution
boost virility fit / match one’s physical
constitution
cancel; annul contrary to expectations;
(extenuating) circum- contrary to what one might
stance think / expect
be / get formed be injurious, harmful (NB:
environment processive)
genetics; heredity be / get closed
gene be hard, solid, firm
baseball (re)broadcast (functions both as proces-
broadcasting station sive and descriptive)
be / get decided, come about; come into
determined being
reader the Chosŏn era
select; choose; hire set up, establish
popular vote erase
chief of section / depart- remove, [make] take off
ment / division (clothing); undress (sb)
bulletin board
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PATTERNS

1. and

1.1. After … –ing with

The Main Text above contains the following phrase:

The reason we don’t forget a proverb after hearing it [just] once is...
Lesson 16.1 in Continuing Korean introduced the one-shape ending and noted that there are two
different kinds of used to join sentences. In other words, can take on two meanings:

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(a) does or is [so-and-so], and... [i.e., and also]
(b) having done or been [so-and-so], and... [i.e., and then]

As you may recall, with the (a) usage of (the and also usage) there are tenseless (plain)
forms, made by attaching the ending to the Plain Base of the verb ( go: ), and past-tense

and future-tense forms, made by attaching to the Past and Future Bases, respectively:

Plain Base: go
Past Base: went and...
Past form: will go and...
Future Base:
Future form:

But the and then only attaches to the Plain Base. In the new pattern being introduced in this les-

son, the form plus removes any potential ambiguity as to the meaning of the form—it

can only mean and then. And just like the form in its and then meaning, appears only on

Plain (or honorific) Bases, and never on Past or Future Bases:

Plain Base: go
goes or went and then...
form:
[nonexistent]
Honorific Base: [nonexistent]

form:

Past Base:

Past form: *
*
Future Base:

Future form:

Here are some examples of the pattern :

1.
After hearing her out, he understood.

2.
Open the door and take a look.

3.
The police phoned somebody and are now coming and going.

4.
She took a bath and then ate supper.

5.
He says his throat is hoarse after singing for three hours straight in a noraebang.

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6.
You eat your fill like that, and then say you’re hungry again?

7.
In whom have you trusted in coming here?

In general, then, you can think of as an emphatic or fortified version of in its and then
meaning.

1.2. Even after ... –ing with
We observed in Section 1.1 above that placing after the ending forces the and then meaning

for . In a similar manner, placing after the ending also yields a new ending with the and

then meaning, but in this case reinforced with the even / even though meanings of . Thus, the ending

can mean even after ... –ing or even though one does it / finishes doing it. (It is similar, though not

identical to the pattern in .) Here are some examples:

8.
[today’s headline] Even Though Performing the Same Work, Women’s Wages are “Half”.

9.
You mean, even when you put your glasses on you can’t see well?

10.
The president, even after having made public pledges to the people of the nation, is not honoring them.

11.
They say she has lots of former students who, even after graduating, stay in touch and come to see her.

2. Generalized Truths with Modifier +

The Main Text includes the proverb . Literally, this means something

like If your tail is [too] long, it’s bound to get stepped on, meaning more generally that if something is

overly conspicuous, cocky, or otherwise draws too much attention to itself, it is bound to pay a price.

The Sino-Korean word literally means law; regulation; rule; good reason; justification; pro-

priety; (pre)ordained way. When it follows a modifier, it creates a pattern meaning such-and-such is

the invariable or universal nature of things; such-and-such is the preordained state of affairs; it is fitting and

proper that..., etc. As postmodifier, can follow any of the three main modifiers (i.e., ,,

and , but usually you will encounter it on the processive modifier .

12.
That’s no way to speak to your elders!

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13.
Children usually take after their parents.

14.
Every person has [at least] a few close friends.

15.
Where do you find justification for that?

Note that the universalizing or generalizing aspect of this pattern makes it particularly appropriate for
proverbs:

16.
It is in the nature of things for small peppers to be hot.

3. Warnings with

The Main Text includes the proverb . Literally, this means If you

keep on doing something, you are bound to end up getting caught. The pattern means it

inevitably ends up a certain way and we will be examining it more later.

For now, let us focus on the ending in , which is made up of the transferentive ending

plus particle . As with just transferentive , the ending can attach

to either Plain or Past Bases, and creates the first clause of a warning: If one does blah-blah-blah, [then

some bad result will come about]. In other words, the ending retains some of the transferen-

tive or interruptive sense of just , and we can think of it as meaning if one keeps on doing… [then

suddenly AND unfortunately]... Here are some examples:

17.
You might get hurt if you make a mistake, so be careful.

18.
If you make a bad impression on the boss, you’ll get in big trouble.

19.
Carry on not working and fooling around, and you’ll never get rich.

20.
One mistake, and it’s easy to be misunderstood.

21.
Keep misbehaving like that, and you’ll get in big trouble with Dad [the teacher].

22.
Act like a hotshot all the time, and you’ll lose your friends.

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23.
[while hiking] One false step here, and you fall down there.

4. While you’re at it... with

The list of additional proverbs above contains the expression , literally: Remove

the cow’s horn when [the iron] is hot (i.e., Strike while the iron is hot). The while you’re at it... pattern

was covered in Lesson 22.7 of Continuing Korean. As you will recall, a processive verb

followed by a past modifier or a processive modifier followed by means incidental

to VERBing; seeing as one is VERBing or has VERBed anyway… Such clauses can be preceded by the

adverb , which we can translate as anyway; anyhow. Here are some examples:

24.
Since you’re going to the kitchen anyway, would you mind bringing me a beer (a cup of water)?

25.
Since we were cleaning the kitchen anyway, we cleaned the bathroom, too.

26.
Seeing as I had brought up the subject anyway, I got everything I wanted to say off my chest.

5. In the course of ... –ing with

The Main Text contains the phrase provides us with many les-

sons for our lives. More literally, it means something like gives us lessons in the course of our living. The

pattern should remind you of the Imminent Elaboration pattern with Circumstantial

covered in Continuing Korean, Lesson 23.1.

In the pattern introduced here, the Circumstantial occurs as a quasi-free noun (that is, a noun

that cannot begin a sentence but must always be modified by something in front of it) with the mean-

ing course [of doing sth]; circumstance; occasion. The locative particle spells out the sense of in the

course or circumstance of ...–ing, and the following clause usually has expressions like help,

be a help, serve as a good reference, use sth,

be necessary, be important, etc. Here are some examples:

27. A:
What’s this C-drive used for?

B:
For saving programs.

28. A:
What sort of cane is this?

B:
That’s a walking stick used for hiking.