Advanced Korean

઱݈஖Ҋ‫ ח‬ਬդ൤ ߄ࡍ‫ ؍‬૑դ ੌਃੌ੉঻‫ ׮‬149

EXERCISES

Exercise 1: Reading Comprehension

Write out answers to the following questions.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Exercise 2: Practice with .
Complete the “B” responses below with a phrase using

1. A:
B: ___________________________

2. A:
B: ________________________

3. A:
B: _____________________________

4. A:
B: ______________________

5. A:
B: ____________________

6. A:
B: _________________________.

Exercise 3: Practice with or as appropriate.
Complete the sentences below, using the patterns

1. _____________________.
2. ______________________.
3. _____________________.
4. _____________________.
5. _____________________.
6. _____________________.

150 ઁ җ

7. _______________________.
8. __________________.
9. _____________________.
10. _____________________.

Exercise 4: Practice with .
Complete the speaker “B” responses below using a phrase with

1. A:
B: __________________________.

2. A:
B: __________________________.

3. A:
B: __________________________.

4. A:
B: __________________________.

5. A:
B: __________________________.

6. A:
B: ______________________.

Exercise 5: Practice with or , as appropriate.
Fill in the blanks below with a phrase in either NOUN

1. A:

B: __________________

2. A: __________________

B: _________________

3. A: _________________.

B:

4. A:

B: _________________

5. A:

B: _________________.

6. A:

B: _________________

઱݈஖Ҋ‫ ח‬ਬդ൤ ߄ࡍ‫ ؍‬૑դ ੌਃੌ੉঻‫ ׮‬151

Exercise 6: Practice with .
Complete the sentences below with appropriate phrases using

1. A:

B: ___________________________.

2. A:

B: _____________________________.

3. A:

B: _________________________.

4. A:

B: _________________________

5. _______________________

6. ______________________ ______________________.

Exercise 7: Practice with and following the hints in

Complete the following sentences using the pattern
brackets. Then translate the sentences into English.

1. _________________.
2. _________________.
3. _________________.
4. ____________
5. _________________
6. _________________
7. _________________
8. _________________
9. _________________

10ઁ җ ࠂण **

Review the example sentences below. Then, for each one, write a new sentence that uses the same pattern.

1.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

2. and

9.
10.
11.
12.

3.

13.
14.
15.

4. Warnings in

16.
17.

ࠂण ** 153

5.

18.
19.

6.

20.
21.
22.

7. NOUN

23.
24.
25.

8.

26.
27.

9.

28.
29.
30.

10.

31. A:
B:

32. A:
B:

33. A:
B:

11.

34.
35.

36.

154 ઁ җ

12.

37. A:
B:

38. A:
B:

39. A:
B:

13.

40. A:
B:

41. A:
B:

42. A:
B:

14.

43.
44.
45.
46.

15.

47.
48.

16.

49. A.
B.
A.

50. A.
B.
A.

17.

51.
52.

ࠂण ** 155

53.
54.

18.

55.
56.
57.

19.

58.
59.
60.

20.

61. A:
B:

62. A:
B:

63. A:
B:

21.

64. A:
B:

65. A:
B:

66. A:
B:

22.

67.
68.

23.

69.
70.

156 ઁ җ

24.
71.

72. A:
B:

73.
74.

25.
75.

76.

77.

78.

26.
79. A:

B:
80. A:

B:
81.

27.
82. A:

B:
83. A:

B:
84.

85.

ࠂण ** 157

27.

86. A:
B:

87. A:
B:

88.

29.

89. A:
B:

90. A:
B:

Ӓ۠ Ѫତ਷ ਋ܻ‫ ب‬
ঌҊ ੓যਃ

ઁ 11 җ

䀅 ㈡␁䀂㈹ᚩ ⿭㾭⑕㤝 ㊾ᢩ ⰶべ ㈱ᴽ 䀅 ⑱㇭㇭ ㌙⭕䀁⊕ ᚽᶍ
ᢡ⊙ḙ ᢡ 䀂㈹ᚩ ṭ㛒䀱㇭ ῵ そ⑙⿭㈝ᾍ㈝ ⿲、ᶍ ㈥そ᭕
ᶍ 䀁┝⯅ Ṯ㵢䀅 ᰩ㈝␥ 䀁ញ ㈱ぱᶍ ᢡ 䀂㈹ᴽ ⑱㤑 ㉁ ềぱᶍ
⶟そ⯅ ⭕㑭㇭ 㚶㇥⋍ញ 䀁ォᶍ ᢡ≕᷽ᵱ ⿭㈝ᾍ㈝ ⑱㤁 䀖㈁␥
䀁ᴽ ᾘ㈝ ⰵ⑕␥ 㑩␝┝⯅ ⰹᚩ∦㑱㇭ 䀁ᴽ ᜬ㈝ぱᶍ
㌩ ◝⿱䀝㑭 ㈡␁䀂㈹ᴽ ⿭㈝ᾍべ᜵ ᶍᚩᚩ⯅ ⭕㑭㇭ 㚶そṭ 䃥
㈝ ⤉㋡ᭁᚩ㑩 ⿳ᴽᶍញ ⯍┮䀁ᣙ ⶅ㈺䀱ᶍ ᢡ⑕ញ ⭕㑭ᣙべ ᶩ䀝
⯅ṭ ㈝ᜬ㊩ᜬ ⑹䀝 ㎥ぱᶍ ⿭㈝ᾍ㈝ ┰ ✱ ᢡ ⭕∵㈁ ⑹㇭ ⑲ញ ◽
ᚩ ⑹䀁⋍ 䀁ォ㑩⑵ 䀂㈹ᴽ ⿭㈝ᾍべ᜵ ⑹䀉 㵱㇭ ㎥㑩 ⿳、ᶍ
㉉ⶅ 䅭 ⿭㈝ᾍ㈝ ㈹ᣙᚩ 䀅 ⑹㇭ ⿵⿭ᾍぱ㇭ ᜙∥ញ ⮆ᚪ䀅
㈡␁䀂㈹ᚩ ⿭㈝ᾍべ᜵ ⑹䀉 ᣙ䄵␥ ㎥ぱᶍ ᢡ⊕㈹ ⿭㈝ᾍ㇩ ㈝
⊰᜵ ⑹䀱ᶍ
Ĝ⭕㑭㇭ 㚶そṭ 䃥㈝ ᭁᚩ㑩 ⿳ᴽᶍᴽ ᜬ㚍㇩ ㅙ⑕ṭ ⿵ញ ㈱
そㄽ ㅙ⑕ᴽ 㤝⓽∥ ⊵㐱 ḗᛅᚩ ḗゕ ㈱ᶍᴽ ᜬ㇭ ⑹䀁ញ ⶟ぱ
㇭ ⩹㈝べㄽ ĝ

Ӓ۠ Ѫତ਷ ਋ܻ‫ ب‬ঌҊ ੓যਃ 159

NEW VOCABULARY

Vocabulary from the Main Text

humanity stealing; theft

anthropology needlework

anthropologist sawing

jungle be “without face,” i.e., lose
face; feel embarrassed,
investigate ashamed

be peculiar, unique, approach; go up to
original
soul; spirit
just in time; at the right
moment; in the nick of lit.: fall and go out
time; opportunely; luckily;
as luck would have it explain

thought / felt this has turned camera (nowadays people
out just fine also say )

just like / as if... (The gap; crack; space; interval;
adverb means as; like; time
as if, and usually precedes a
verbal pattern with the opportunity
same meaning.)
opportunist

object whereupon; no sooner had
this happened, than...
finger (from the as soon as pattern
in )
point (The postnoun as for (such an insignifi-
comes after nouns to mean cant, paltry thing)
the act of ... –ing, sometimes lid; cover
with deprecatory meaning cover sth
[when the preceding noun be / get covered
is a person (e.g., ),
as opposed to a thing (e.g.,
‘using a fan’),
where the meaning is
neutral].)

Vocabulary from the Example Sentences causative) (See
Pattern 5 for a list of
stairs; staircase derived passives.)
melt (intransitive) bury sth
w– be light (in weight) hero, heroine, main
waste character, protagonist
be / get fooled, deceived, dining table
taken in by sb be tough, chewy
be absent (“from one’s shake sth off or out
seat”) (NB: processive) for a long time
Please give me a break just betrayal, treachery
this one time.
passive (the opposite is

160 ઁ җ amongst themselves (
is a postnoun meaning the
Vocabulary from the Exercises separate group [of like
people], among [by, between,
quietly (often heard in to] ourselves [themselves,
yourselves].)
Hang on a minute [let be awful to see; the
me think]; Keep quiet a viewing of it is distasteful,
moment, etc.) bad
be uneasy; feel insecure, ill form; shape
at ease, anxious beverage
waist; lower back handwriting; penmanship;
breath calligraphy
breathe in report (sth, sb), notify,
breathe out make a declaration
sink down; go to the treasure, highly prized
bottom; subside; abate; article
quiet down rock, stone (usually quite
subtract; deduct; lessen; large)
mitigate be thick, hard
collapse; topple; sink to the
ground; fall down
chestnut
chestnut color, i.e., brown

PATTERNS

1. Alternating or Interrupting Actions with

Two transferentive forms, of opposite or contrasting meaning (most commonly on a Past

Base) and rounded off by a form of , mean that the two actions keep interrupting each other. For

example:

1.
If you keep turning the light on and off, it will break.

2.

The moon waxes and wanes each month. Or: The moon gets bigger and smaller each month.

3.

What with going up and down the stairs all day long because the elevator is broken, I’m so tired I could die.

Ӓ۠ Ѫତ਷ ਋ܻ‫ ب‬ঌҊ ੓যਃ 161

4.
I went to the dentist’s, I dropped in at the store, and I went to a friend’s house [and came home].

5.
If you keep opening and closing the fridge door, the ice cream will melt.

6. .
He is sometimes kind and sometimes unkind.

See Lesson One for more discussion of the transferentive

2. One feels / it appears that QUOTE with

The verb , in addition to its meaning of want to do something, can also mean feel; think. In this
meaning, it combines with a Plain Style statement in , or with questions in ,

, , as if quoting the thing felt or thought. (But note that this pattern never occurs
with the explicit quotation particle .)

7. A.
This tchigae tastes funny, doesn’t it?

B:
Yeah, it seems so. I thought there wasn’t enough water, so I put more in later, but [lo and behold—]
it tastes funny now.

8. A:
Looks like we’re going to be late; wouldn’t it be good to call?

B:
I thought we might be late, so I called just a minute ago to say we’re running late.

9.

I had something to say to Sumi, and happened to run into her on the street. I thought to myself, “This has
turned out great.”

10.
I was thinking we wouldn’t be able to finish everything today, but we’re all done!

11.
I was thinking it was a bit dangerous, and sure enough, there was an accident.

12.
I thought he was eating a lot and, whadda ya know—looks like he’s got a tummy ache.

162 ઁ җ

3. As if...; like with Modifier + , Base + ;

Seems... with Modifier + , Base +

These two patterns mean basically the same thing: seems; as if; like. The forms are explicitly
adverbial.

13. A:
Kyŏngjin, you look like you’re in a good mood today.

B:
Yes. I got a good night’s sleep yesterday, and now I feel so light I could fly away.

14. A:
Chŏngmin is terribly wasteful, isn’t he?

B:
Yes. He spends money like water.

15. A:
I was duped again by Sangho.

B:
I’ve never seen anybody lie so easily [“like eating rice”] as Sangho.

16. A:
Where did Yŏngmi go?

B:
She went home saying she was sick. It seemed like she had a headache.

17. A:
Is Yŏngjin aware of that rumor, too?

B:
It seems he doesn’t know about it yet.

18. A:
Doesn’t it seem like we’ve seen her somewhere before?

B:
Hmm, it seems as if I might remember her, but then again, I can’t.

4. Even if...; even though... with

The infinitive form of verbs can take the particle and; also; even to produce a pattern

meaning even if...; even though...; or in spite of the fact that... (See Continuing Korean, Section 18.2).

Ӓ۠ Ѫତ਷ ਋ܻ‫ ب‬ঌҊ ੓যਃ 163

19. A:
Are you playing soccer tomorrow even if it rains?

B:
Of course. We play even when it rains.

20. A:
Were you absent much when you were in elementary school?

B:
No. When I was little, I went to school even when I was really sick.

21. A:
Hey, Yŏngsu—change out of your clothes before you sleep, however tired you may be.

B:
Mom—I’m dead tired. Give me a break this once.

22. A:
The kids are driving me nuts.

B:
It’s because they’re still little. No matter how angry you might get, just grin and bear it.

23. A:
I’ll call Chinu.

B:
Even if you do, he won’t be there. You see, he told me he was going on a trip.

24. A:
Let’s run. If we run, we might be able to catch the bus.

B:
It’s already too late. We won’t make it even if we run, so let’s take our time.

5. Derived Passives

You have seen the following verb form: be / get seen; be visible. This verb is derived from

look at; see. Through this derivation (in this case, addition of to the base ), the new verb

acquires a passive meaning (as it happens, the same derivation also produces a causative mean-

ing [shows], but let’s ignore this for now).

A number of other verbs (though by no means all verbs) are also subject to this type of derivation.

The derivation process changes the meaning of the original verb from a transitive verb into a passive

one. Passive verbs can sometimes be translated to mean it can be (done). For example:

can be translated literally as The sea can be seen.

You will notice that the passives (and causatives, too, as it turns out) are usually derived with the use

164 ઁ җ

of some suffix such as , , , or . When the suffix contains an “ ” /i/ like

this, in relaxed colloquial pronunciation the last vowel of the verb base may be fronted (graphically
speaking, you can think of this as adding “ ”: ĺ , etc.): colloquial
for standard and

written , colloquial for standard and written , etc. The shapes and meanings are

largely unpredictable, so you would do best just to memorize each derived form as a separate, albeit

related, verb.

Here is a list of some of the verbs you have learned, together with other verbs derived from them as

passives (we will present a similar list of derived causatives in Lesson 14). They are given in the Plain

Style present form (with King & Yeon–style abstract base followed by the traditional Dictionary Form

in parentheses for trickier verb types).

basic verb meaning derived verb meaning
hang sth be / get hung; be hanging
snap sth; cut sth off be / get cut off
put be / get put
close sth closes; be / get closed
put sth in a vessel sth fills; be / get filled up
cover sth be / get covered
listen to; hear be / get heard; be audible
open [eyes, ears] [eyes, ears] open; be / get opened
eat be / get eaten
bite be / get bitten
stick to sth be / get smeared, stained
sth stains sth
bury sth; conceal sth be / get buried, concealed
push be / get pushed; be backed up;
sth accumulates
step on get stepped on
see; look at be / get seen; be visible
select sth be/ get picked, extracted, selected
snatch away be / get snatched away
mix be / get mixed; sth mingles
wrap be / get wrapped, enveloped
pile sth; heap sth sth piles up; be / get piled up
write sth “writes” [well]; be / get written
chew sth “chews”; be / get chewed
hug; embrace be / get embraced
open sth be / get opened; sth opens
immerse sth be / get sunk, submerged; steep sth
lock sth, fasten sth sth locks; be / get fastened
catch be / get caught
pick up in fingers be / get picked up; “picks up”
chase be / get chased
sell sth sth “sells” [well]; be / get sold
solve / resolve be/get resolved, solved, cleared away

Ӓ۠ Ѫତ਷ ਋ܻ‫ ب‬ঌҊ ੓যਃ 165

Here are examples of some of these derived verbs in sentences:

25.
It’s so covered by the fog you can’t see the sea very well!

26.
You mean the radio can be heard all the way from your bedroom?

27.
This window doesn’t open properly; I wonder if it can be fixed?

28.
They say the thief that broke into our hospital last night was caught.

29.
This pen doesn’t write well. Will you exchange it for me?

30.
Would you mind bringing me the newspaper on the desk?

31.
The door is open—come in!

32.
The protagonist is sleeping [embraced] in his lover’s bosom.

33.
I ran over to the store at 5:45, only to find that the doors were already closed.

34.
There are all kinds of bar snacks in the dish on top of the table.

35.
My little brother was once bitten by a dog when he was little, so he is afraid of dogs.

36.
The cat is being chased by the dog.

37.
If you’re having trouble picking it up with chopsticks, just eat it with a fork.

166 ઁ җ

38. A:
Did you see the movie yesterday?

B:
No. The tickets were all sold out, so we couldn’t go.

39.
This pulgogi is so tough it can’t be chewed properly.

40.
This door locks automatically, so don’t forget to take your key with you when you leave.

41.
There’s snow on the mountain.

42.
The telephone seems to be broken. I keep getting cut off, you see.

43. A:
Sujin, there’s all kinds of dirt on your shoe—wipe it off.

B:
It’s because I got my foot stepped on by the guy next to me on the subway just now.

44.
That scandal remained unknown [“buried”] a long time before a newspaper reporter discovered it.

There is no simple way to use just any verb in a passive construction. The form (cf. Continu-

ing Korean, Section 17.5) usually means get so that it does / is or get to do / be, and the pattern descrip-

tive verb + (Elementary Korean, Section 9.8) usually means get so it is = become.

In the case of many Verbal Noun + collocations, you can replace with to create a

passive. For example, see America was / got discovered in (44) just above, com-

pared to something like discovered America.

With certain other Verbal Noun + collocations like assassinate,

refuse, threaten, etc., you make the passive by using the verbal noun as the object of

another verb— suffer; undergo. For example:

45.
He tried hooking up with that girl but was rejected [lit.: suffered rejection].

46.
He was betrayed by an old friend [lit.: suffered betrayal].

47.
After crossing the street, he had a traffic accident [lit.: suffered a traffic accident].

Ӓ۠ Ѫତ਷ ਋ܻ‫ ب‬ঌҊ ੓যਃ 167

EXERCISES

Exercise 1: Reading Comprehension

Write out answers to the following questions.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Exercise 2: Using ... .

Complete the sentences below using phrases with the pattern

1. ______________________.
2. ________________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________________________
5. _____________________________________
6. _________________________

Exercise 3: Practice with .
Fill in the blanks below with an appropriate phrase using the pattern

1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ____________________________________
4. _________________________________________

5. _____________________________________
6. ___________________________.

Exercise 4: Practice with and

Write responses for “B” below using the patterns and .

1. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

168 ઁ җ

2. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

3. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

4. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

5. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

7. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

Exercise 5: Practice with .
Complete the “B” responses below using the pattern

1. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

2. A:
B: _____________________________________.

3. A:
B: ______________________________________

4. A:
B: ____________________

5. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

6. A:
B:

________________________________________.

Exercise 6: Practice with Derived Passives
Use an appropriate passive form of verbs from the list below to complete the sentences.

1. A: _________________________
B: _______________________________.

2. A:
B:

Ӓ۠ Ѫତ਷ ਋ܻ‫ ب‬ঌҊ ੓যਃ 169

3. A: ____________________________.
B:
___________________
4. A: ____________________________________.
B: _________________________
______________________
5. A: _____________________________________________.
B:
_____________________________________
6. A: _________________________
B: ______________________________________.

7. A: ______________________________
B:

8. A:
B:

9. A:
B:

10. A:
B:

11. A:
B:

12. A:
B:

13. A: ______________________________________________.
B: ______________________________________
A:

14. A:
B:

‫ޛ‬Ҋӝ‫ޛ ח‬ীࢲ ࢓ইঠ
‫غ‬ਗ਼ইਃ

ઁ 12 җ

⿭㈝␥ ᣙ␝ᶍ ➝┝ ᚩ᫽ ひ⅚䀅 ㈥ ῵◡べ ᰩ∥ᣙṭ 䀁ញ ㅬ
ᣙṭ 䀅ᶍ

ᭁᴽ ⿭ᾍ 䀁ᭁ䀁ញ ῡ 䀁ᭁ␥ ỹぱᴽḙ ῡ㇩ ⣭៹㊪ 〵㊭䀁
᜵ ⑹⸦ は㈝ ㈹∩ 㹡㈝ᶍ ᢡ⊙ḙ ⭕᭝⿭㈝ᴽ そ㚵ᭁ ㉎ᭅ㈝ ⶕ
䀅㑩 ᣙそ ᶍᵱᣙ ⶅ㈺䀝⯅⠩㯙 ᭁ䀁ញ ⿭᭝␥ 䉁ᾍ᜵ ⑵ᾍぱᶍ

䀅✱㇩ ㈝⊙ ㈥㈝ ㈱ぱᶍ ᢡ 〉ᚩ ᯍ ⭝㚍 ⓢぱ㇭ ῵ォᶍ ⶅ
㉎べ ᚽᶍ パ ⿭᭝ᚩ ⶆ㭪 ㆭべ ᰼⿭ ỽ ㌙ᣙᚩ はそ㋵ᶍញ 䀁ᴽ
ᜬ㈝ぱᶍ 㝁ㇵべ ᭁᴽ ❭⌅ ឩⶕ㇭ ᚩ㑩㑩 ⿳、ᴽḙ ⿭᭝ᚩ ㈹
ᩡ ㈝⭪䀁ᶍញ 䀁┝⯅ ゕᣙ㊩ᣙ 㛧ញ ㈱ぱᣙ ῵◡べ ᭁṭ ᛂ㈝
㛧ᣙ ⶅ㈺䀱ᶍ

⿭᭝ᴽ ㊩ᯪ ⛁㛕㇭ ⑵ᾍ⋍ញ ⠭┮䈱 ⶆ㭪 ㆭべ フ⋍᰼、ぱ
ᶍញ ⑹䀱ᶍ ᢡ⊙ḙ 㑩ᚺ㇭ ᚩ㋡ᶍ ᰼㇥⋍ញ ㉉᣹ ⿱⛒べ ᾍそ
ᚽᶍ ᭁパ ⭕㈝べ ㌙ᣙᚩ はそ㋵ᶍᴽ ᜬ㈝ぱᶍ ⠩ふ㇭ ⭮⭮㈝
Ὅ㋵㑩⑵ ㌙ᣙᴽ ➝㈝㑩 ⿳、ᶍ ᢡ≁⯅ ㅙ⑕ᴽ ㈝ㅬ㑺 ញ〺㈝ᚩ

‫ޛ‬Ҋӝ‫ޛ ח‬ীࢲ ࢓ইঠ ‫غ‬ਗ਼ইਃ 171

ᾍそラ⯅ ◥そ ᚽ㇭ ᜙∥ᴽ ᝙⌉㇭ ᭝⑕ញ 㛧ᴽ ᜬ㇭ 㺕ᣙ䀱ᶍ ⿭᭝ᴽ ╢ⶅ ⰶ㈝ ⭪䀅
ᾘ䀱ᶍ ᢡ⊙ḙ ㉉ⶅ 䅭 ╒ㄾ㭾べ ᾍそᚭ ⿭᭝ᚩ 㬙 ⰵ⑕⌅ ᭁ␥ ⠱⊩ᶍ ╒ㄾ㭾べ ᚩ ➝
ᵱ ㄾ㌙ ⿱べ ㌙ᣙ ỹ ⑱⑕ᚩ ἎἎ ⁉ ㈱ぱᶍ ᢡ᜝ ◥そ➥ ᜬṭ は㈝ ⿭ᾍ ᯩ⯆㈁ 㑼㈝
ぱᶍ ᢡ⊙ḙ ᷽ㅚ ㉕⚡㈱ᴽ ᜬ㇩ ㅙ⑕㈁ 㑱◡べ ᶩ䀅 ⿭ᾍ ᯩ⯆㈁ ᶩᶞ㈝ぱᶍ

Ĝ◥ញᣙᴽ ◥べ⯅ ⭝⿭〥 ề㈿⿭ㄽ ᢡ≁⯅ ᭝ᚩ ◥べ ᯌそ ㎥ぱそㄽ ĝ

NEW VOCABULARY

Vocabulary from the Main Text toy, plaything
be severe, intense
fish (in its uncooked state) crawl
raise, rear (children); grow crawl around
(a beard = ) From the time when he
be ridiculous, outrageous, began to crawl around; Ever
preposterous since he started to crawl
be surprised, astonished; around
be frightened He gave (us) a hard time.
has a son / daughter When he was about four
comparison years old
compare put (sth) down (for a
comparatively; relatively moment / for later use)
(fish) a kind of croaker or
be gentle, charming, sea bream
modest, well brought up have an interest in; be
concerned about; be
create trouble; make a fuss interested (NB: processive)
continuously
troublemaker keep on VERBing
be strange
NOUN without NOUN side dishes to go with rice
NOUN clearly
grow; grow up; be brought VERB be clear
up place sth up on top of sth
(lit.:”raise up and put”)
man; male take sth and put it away
(transferentive
He is such a little rascal on the infinitive of
that... (“his tricks are so
severe that...”) hold / take +
put / place)
game; play ( :a
game of ball); mischief;
prank; fun; amusement (
: for fun)

play with NOUN (e.g.,
:

plays with fire)

mischievous child

172 ઁ җ bathtub
adv. for describing sth
the women’s quarters; the floating bouncingly on the
room where the parents surface of water
sleep float
kitchen is (in a state resultant from)
in every nook and cranny floating
(adverb) needless to say (“needless
search; rummage; fumble to ask”)
neighbor; neighbor’s house rascal; urchin
bite my / our son (humble)
carry off in one’s mouth act, doing (often heard in:
conclusion
conclusion to the effect Just
that (QUOTE) [the cat] what the heck do you think
= probably walked off with it you’re doing?)
more; still more; all the
reach a conclusion; come more (also:
to a conclusion
give up; surrender )
terribly; awfully; very
be upset, distressed, rose
exasperated (NB: fade; wither
processive) (Why,) even / only just this
morning (lit.: even if one
Vocabulary from the Example Sentences considers the extent of until
the morning)
go straight; carry on be fresh (of produce)
straight any moment now
business; enterprise; (Why,) even / only just a
undertaking moment ago (lit.: even if one
several times considers the extent of a little
suffer while previously)
passport be clear, transparent
kill open one’s eyes
save; let live be bright
clear up; clean up; tidy up; a great mass; a huge
clear away amount; a mountain
Chinese character Seoul Station
Chinese character diction- open (a letter); tear out;
ary for Koreans pick; pluck; tear apart; pull
Just leave it as it is (for later to pieces
use / reference).
Since I’m going to clear it
away in a little while...
who all? (cf. also
where all?, what all?)
quit (smoking)

new student; “freshman” ‫ޛ‬Ҋӝ‫ޛ ח‬ীࢲ ࢓ইঠ ‫غ‬ਗ਼ইਃ 173
from up close
tattoo
Vocabulary from the Exercises
one’s children, sons and security guard at the
daughters; (vulgar) bastard entrance to a Korean
(supposedly worse than apartment building
) entrance
behavior; action; doings; physical education;
conduct athletics
Korea, as in large meeting, rally,
: Republic of Korea tournament
launder, wash (clothes) athletics tournament /
key meet

PATTERNS

1. If one does something over a period of time [and then steps back to reflect
on it]... with

Like the fourth pattern in Lesson 1 of this course ( ), this pattern uses the transferen-

tive followed by the verb to see, only here the latter is in the conditional form rather than

the sequential . The meaning is basically the same: if you do something for a while, then take a

step back and reflect on it [what one finds is]...

1.
If you continue straight [for a while], it’s on the right.

2.
If you meet him frequently [over a period of time], you’ll come to realize it.

3.
Once you try raising children [for a while], you find everybody’s like that, you know.

4.
If you try doing business for a while, there are plenty of times like that.

5.
If you listen to it several times, you’ll be able to make out what the contents are all about.

6.
If you try to travel abroad often, sometimes there are times when you suffer from losing your passport.

174 ઁ җ

2. Does for future reference with (again)

You have already worked with these patterns in Lesson 3 of this course, but the pattern is important
enough to bear reviewing. As you know by now, certain Korean verbs mean one thing when they are
used by themselves, but mean something different when combined into phrases with infinitives. You
have learned the following:

sees ĺ tries out doing

gives ĺ does for [sb]

gives [to sb esteemed] ĺ does for [sb esteemed]

The two such combinations under review here are made by putting together an infinitive with a verb
meaning originally to put, to place. Both resultant compound patterns mean something like does it for
future reference or use; does it so as to get it out of the way for now.

puts ĺ gets sth done; does sth now
[often pronounced. [in anticipation of a later need]; does
] sth for later

puts / leaves [somewhere] ĺ does sth and gets it out of the way,
[often pronounced ] does sth and gets it over with; finishes
up doing sth

Observe how each of these verbs is used by itself below:

7.
Did you put the forks on the table?

8.
You leave it for about three days and then eat it.

Here are some more examples of their use in phrases with infinitives:

9.
Auntie says she’ll make kimch’i if we buy the vegetables [in advance, ahead of time].

10.
We’ve prepared the food well [ahead of time].

11.
You must study while you are still young.

‫ޛ‬Ҋӝ‫ޛ ח‬ীࢲ ࢓ইঠ ‫غ‬ਗ਼ইਃ 175

12.
You’d better eat all of it now.

13.
Koreans make kimch’i in the fall, and have it throughout the winter.

14.
You sprinkle salt over them [and get that out of the way].

15.
It’d be best to do your homework in advance.

16. A:
Did you kill the mosquito that was in the room?

B:
Yup, I killed it.

17. A:
What shall we do with the car?

B:
Just park it here, I suppose.

18.
We have guests coming tomorrow, so I’m going to have to get the house all cleaned up.

19. A:
Where shall I put this one?

B:
Just leave it as it is for the time being.

20.
I replanted the tree that fell down last night in the wind.

21.
Thomas: We started learning Chinese characters in Korean class.

Ch’ŏlsu: Really? I guess you’d better buy yourself an okp’yŏn then.

22.
I’ll clean up later, so just leave it as is.

176 ઁ җ

3. Remote Past with

Although some Korean purist grammarians frown on it as a calque from the English “past perfect”

(had done, etc.), Korean grammar allows you to double up on the past tense marker

. With the copula, the resulting form is (after a consonant) or

(after a vowel). The effect on the meaning is to place the action (or state) in a more remote past

time than just by itself. With verbs of motion like go, the effect is to emphasize

that a round trip was made: went [and is still gone] vs. went [and is back]. Here are some

more examples:

23. A:
Where’d you go last night?

B:
I went downtown to meet a friend.

24. A:
Who all came to the meeting last time?

B:
The two of us, Sumi, and Chinyŏng came.

25. A:
Now when was it again that we met Yŏngho?

B:
It seems it was on Sumi’s birthday.

26. A:
Ch’ŏlmin, don’t you smoke?

B:
No. I used to smoke a long time ago, but I quit.

27. A:
The roses have already wilted.

B:
Oh? They were [had been] fine right up until this morning.

28. A:
Judging by the sky, it looks like it’ll rain any minute now.

B:
The sky was [had been] clear until just a short while ago, but gee, it clouded over right away.

‫ޛ‬Ҋӝ‫ޛ ח‬ীࢲ ࢓ইঠ ‫غ‬ਗ਼ইਃ 177

4. When I ... –ed, [I discovered]... with

This pattern should be mostly review for you, too. It combines the sequential ending in

its meaning of when... with the exploratory meaning of the pattern. Another way to

interpret the pattern is to take quite literally: when I ... –ed, what did I discover but... Here are some

more examples:

29.
When I opened my eyes in the morning, [I discovered that] it was light outside.

30.
When I got to the office [“company”], there was a mountain of work waiting for me.

31.
When I went outside, [I discovered that] it was snowing.

32.
When we arrived at Seoul Station, [we found that] the train had already left.

33.
I had assumed it was a boring book, but when I read it, it turned out to be interesting.

34.
When I tore open the letter, I found there was a photograph inside, too.

35. A:
See that good-looking new student over there?

B:
Yeah, why?

A:
Seeing her up close, you can tell her eyebrows were tattooed.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1: Reading Comprehension
Write out answers to the following questions.

1.
2.
3.

178 ઁ җ

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Exercise 2: Practice with

Complete Speaker B’s responses using the pattern

1. A:
B: _________________________

2. A:
B: _________________________________________

3. A:
B: _________________________________

4. A:
B: __________________________________________

5. A:
B: ____________________________

6. A:
B: _____________________________________

Exercise 3: Practice with and

Use appropriate verb phrases with the patterns either or to com-
plete the sentences below.

1.
______________________________________________.

2. ___________________________________________.

3. A: ______________________________.
B:

4. A: _______________________________.
B: ________________________________.

5. A:
B:

‫ޛ‬Ҋӝ‫ޛ ח‬ীࢲ ࢓ইঠ ‫غ‬ਗ਼ইਃ 179

6.
____________________________________

Exercise 4: Practice with to complete the re-
Use an appropriate verb or verb phrase in the remote past pattern
sponses below.

1. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

2. A:
B: _____________________________________________.

3. A:
B: _______________________________________

4. A: _____________________________________
B: _________________________________________.
_____________________________________
5. A:
B:

6. A:
B:

Exercise 5: Practice

Complete the following sentences by describing what was discovered after completing the action in the
first clause.

1. ________________________________________________.
2. ____________________________________________.
3. ______________________________________.
4. ____________________________________.
5. ________________________________________.
6. ________________________________________.

Ҋ‫݌‬ӝ‫ח‬ਃ

ઁ 13 җ

ᭁᴽ ㄽ㑁 ㎥㛑㉎べ⯅ ㈥䀁ញ ㈱ᶍ ᢡ⊙ḙ ⰹᶁ ㎺べᴽ ᚩ᫽
ゝⲉ␥ 㛑 ⿱べ ᧫⿭ ỹញ ◡㇭ ㉉ᚩ ✭⑕ᴽ ⠭ᾍ㈝ ㈱ᶍ ᢡ ῵⑱
ᶍ ᭁᴽ ㌩ ᠞㇩ 㝉⭕␥ ㈝ㅒ䀝⯅ 㛑 ◡㇭ ゝそ ㎩ᶍ

ᢡ⊙ḙ づ⑱ ㊭べ ㅬ㑩 ╤䀉 ㈥㈝ ㈱ぱᶍ ㉎⑱ᚩ ᬆᭁ⯅ ᢡ≕
ᴽ㑩 ᭉ⿑ᚩ 㼢㼢 㕁ᶍ ᭁᴽ ⶅㅹ䀅 ㇵ⍵ⳁ∥ṭ ⑱ⶍᣵ 䀝⯅ ⴱ㸥
⑱㦼べ ᚽᶍ ⭕㈝ᶍ␥ 䀅 ❺ ⭕ ᚩ㑩ញ ⑲ ᚩ᜵␥ ᭁネᴽḙ ㊳㇩
ゕ㈹ ỹ ┮㈝ ᚩ᜵ 〇べ⯅ 㛑 ◡㇭ ゝ⋍ញ 〉⾙ᴽ ᜬ㈝ ➝ォᶍ ᭁ
ᴽ ᢡᮎ ╤ ➡ 㝂䀁ញ ᚩ⋍ᶍᚩ ᜡㇵ㇭ ⓱㠽ញ ⯅⯅ ᢡ ゕ㈹ᾍ㈝ 䀁
ᴽ 䀲Ẃ㇭ 㑩㧅➝、ᶍ

ᢡ ゕ㈹ᾍ㇩ ◡㇭ ゝ⋍ញ 〉␥ ⸥㑩⑵ ◡㇩ ゝ⑕㑩 ⿳、ᶍ ᭁ
ᴽ ṭラ㎥そ〥ᝉᶍᴽ ⮆ᚪ㈝ ᾍそ⯅ ὠ㎥ⓡᵱべ ㈱ḁ 㝉⭕␥ ᥥ᭝
㛑 ク㇥⌅ ᶍᚩᚽᶍ ◡㇭ ゕᴽ ḙᴽ ⠭ṭ ᜡ⑕㑩 ⿳、ᶍ ᢡ ゕ㈹
ᾍ㇩ ᭁ␥ ᚹ㭭ⵍ⊕ㅝ 㼅㊾㇥⌅ ⚽∥➝┝⯅ ញ⒂ᶍញ ㈡⭕␥ 䀱
ᶍ ᭁᴽ ᣙ⠭㈝ ⿭㎥ ㌴、ᶍ ᢡ⊙ḙ ㉁╤ ᭁパ ⑹ 䀅 ⑱᾽ᚩ ᢡ ゕ
㈹ᾍ㈁ 㼅㊾㇭ ㈥ᢡ⊕㑩᜵ ⑵ᾍញ ᭝ ᣙ⠭㇭ ひ⒆㇥⌅ ⑵ᾍぱᶍ

Ĝញ⒂ᣙᴽㄽ ㊩ᴽ ㈝ᜡ⌅ ⓢញ ⭕ᴽḙㄽ
◹ ĝ

Ҋ‫݌‬ӝ‫ח‬ਃ 181

NEW VOCABULARY w– one’s steps, pace (from the
w– verb )
Vocabulary from the Main Text stop (sth); (sth) stops (i.e.,
functions as both transitive
parking lot and intransitive)
park the car (you can also action; behavior
make what seems like a watch over; guard; defend;
redundant expression and keep; observe; abide by
say ) watch sth closely; keep a
insert sth, wedge sth in, watchful eye on
stick sth in (to a rather a thought occurs to one
narrow space)
lock it pocket
be thick; be burly; be back pocket
sonorous (voice) pull / bring sth out;
wire broach, bring up (a
use it subject)
car door approach; go up to
not long ago (in) the course / process of
sth which is no laughing opening the door
matter; a rather serious exclaim over; wonder at;
matter marvel at
the seasonal rains be marvelous, impressive;
perhaps it was because the induce wonder
seasonal rains had finished (This attaches to nouns to
(I don’t know for sure, but...) make descriptive verbs
(the weather) be steaming with the meaning: be like,
hot (NB: processive verb) give the impression of, seem
(the is a mimetic like, suggest, be suggestive of
adverb, and the verb [the NOUN].)
gaze at; stare at
means steam sth) word; one word (also as in
be refreshing, be cool “I’d like to say a word”)
beverage shrivel up; wither; wilt
a refreshing beverage or the by means of this
like Well, this is how I make my
fizzy Korean soft drink like living, you know.
Seven-Up or Sprite
just as (one was doing sth);
just when
make efforts; try to do sth;
strive

182 ઁ җ

Vocabulary from the Example Sentences

(+ NEGATIVE) raw fish or meat for eating; amusement; recreation;
+ VERB sashimi pastime
(not) ... at all; (doesn’t) ... nearby; the vicinity
w– at all from nearby; from up close
stop VERBing far (adv); (from) afar; so
w– appetite that it is distant
be regrettable, pitiful; be fall down; drop; separate;
precious, valuable be detached; be removed
one regrets VERBing; dropping back to a distance
VERBing would be a be in a bad mood
matter for regret
fish; go fishing
Vocabulary from the Exercises cut one’s hair; get a haircut
be happy
misunderstand; mistake wide (open)
(sth / sb for) agree; assent, consent,
blanket; cover; quilt accede (to)
(elegant / honorific) play the guitar
birthday look good; look like one is
(elegant / honorific) in a good mood
birthday
make kimpap (cold rice
wrapped in seaweed which
includes vegetables,
seafood, or ham)

PATTERNS

1. Perhaps it is / was [so] because [I don’t know, but]... with

You have already seen the pattern in its meaning of because. Thus,

means does so or is so because... When this collocation in is

put into the oblique question pattern or , the resulting pattern means perhaps

because. You can interpret the pattern as having left out a following phrase it may have

been the case that [it was / did so] because... [I’m not sure / I don’t know], i.e., perhaps [it is / was] because...

1. A:
Yŏngmin, does Ch’ŏlmin like raw fish?

B:
Yes, a lot—probably because Pusan is his hometown.

Ҋ‫݌‬ӝ‫ח‬ਃ 183

2. A:
Mori doesn’t seem like a foreigner at all, does he?

B:
No. Probably because he speaks Korean well, he doesn’t seem like a foreigner at all.

3. A:
I just saw Sumi, and it seemed like she’s lost a lot of weight.

B:
Things must be tough for her lately; she seems to have lost a lot of weight.

4. A:
Why aren’t you eating any more? Eat some more.

B:
It’s probably because the weather has suddenly turned hot, but I don’t have any appetite.

5. A:
There were lots of people at the beach, weren’t there?

B:
No. Maybe because it’s the rainy season or something, but there was hardly anybody there.

6. A:
Why didn’t Chunsŏp come with you?

B:
He must not like coming here or something—he said something about having another commitment.

2. NOUN or something; NOUN or the like with NOUN

A noun followed by the pseudoparticle means NOUN or the like; NOUN or something;

NOUN [for lack of anything better]; NOUN [at least]. We call it a “pseudoparticle” because in its origin,

it is just a form of the copula , —the same shape you see in forms like

(in quotations), (same as ), (same as ), etc. Literally,

then, and in its origin, NOUN means something like even though it be NOUN; even if it is

[just] NOUN. However, the pattern is beginning to be used like a separate particle now. Here are some

examples:

7. A:
Please lend me a fountain pen.

B:
I don’t have a fountain pen.

A:
Then lend me a ballpoint pen [at least].

184 ઁ җ

8. A:
If you have some money, can you please lend me 50,000 wŏn?

B:
All I have is 20,000 wŏn myself; shall I lend you this [at least]?

9. A:
Do you have any nice cold juice?

B:
Sorry, I don’t have any juice.

A:
Then please give me some water [for lack of anything better].

10. A:
I won’t be able to finish it all today; what should we do?

B:
In that case please finish it by tomorrow [at least].

11. A:
I’m so tired and hungry I don’t think I can work.

B:
In that case, how about if we pick up again after eating a pastry or something and resting for a bit?

12.
I am loath to throw away these clothes, so I’ll have to wear them around the house or something.

3. Was just going to ... but / when ... with

You have already learned the intentional pattern (often pronounced

), which is the historical source for the “wanna” pattern . You can com-

bine this with the transferentive pattern to render a pattern that means I was going to [do

something], but [then—SHIFT—I changed my mind, or something else happened, etc.]. The shape of the

pattern is from . In colloquial Korean, this combined

pattern is often built on the “wanna” form, so you will often hear alongside the

more proper . Here are some examples:

13.
At first, I was just going to go alone, but then I invited a friend, too.

14.
I was going to send it to you by fax, but since it wasn’t urgent, I just sent it as a letter.

Ҋ‫݌‬ӝ‫ח‬ਃ 185

15.
I was going to drink a cup of coffee, but had citron tea instead.

16.
I was going to hit him, but he seemed so much bigger than me that I thought better of it.

17.
I was going to watch a bit of the soccer match, but I was sleepy, so I just went to bed.

18.
I was going to give my presentation in Korean, but I had no time to prepare, so I ended up with no choice
but to do it in English.

19.

I was going to major in Japanese studies, but the Korean language teacher taught so well that I changed
to Korean studies.

4. Causatives with and

Any verb in Korean can be turned into a causative by plugging it into the pattern
. Given that the basic meaning of the adverbative is in such a way that, the literal mean-

ing of the pattern is does [to] / makes [somebody] in such a way that [something happens]. The resulting
pattern has a range of meanings, from lets somebody do it to has somebody do it, makes somebody do it,
forces somebody to do it, etc. The exact nuances are dictated to a certain extent by the particles you put

on the Causee, but usually it is by context. Thus, if a standard causative construction is:

Causer makes Causee do something

Korean allows the following options for Causee-marking:

Causer Causee do something
Causer Causee do something

The option with Causee tends to be interpreted more as force; make, while the option with Causee
tends to be interpreted as let; allow. Here are some examples:

20. A:
It seems Sumi is coming home too late these days, doesn’t it?

B:
I’ll have to have her come home a bit earlier.

186 ઁ җ

21. A:
Seems like the kids are playing video games often lately.

B:
We’ll have to stop them from doing so (“make them so they can’t do [it]”).

22. A:
Chinsu’s eyes have gotten really bad because he watches television from up close.

B:
Please have him watch from a distance.

23. A:
Is something wrong with Sumi lately? I haven’t seen her smile.

B:
I’m wondering the same thing. Try to make her laugh.

24. A:
Ch’ŏlmin, are you angry?

B:
I’m in a bad mood right now, so be quiet and don’t piss me off.

25. A:
Is this watch broken?

B:
Chŏngmi stepped on it just now and ruined it [“made it so that one can’t use it”].

5. Whadda ya mean, VERB? with VERB

A Plain Base followed by is a snappy way of contradicting something just said, asked of,

or suggested to you. It is the equivalent of the English Whadda ya mean...? [That is emphatically not the

case], or Are you kidding? [The situation is / was quite different from what you are assuming], but it doesn’t

have the same cheeky effect as the English equivalents—in fact, it is often used in Korean as a modest

way to decline a compliment.

26. A:
You’re quite busy lately, aren’t you?

B:
Busy? Far from it. Shall we go out somewhere?

27. A:
There were lots of people in the department store, weren’t there?

B:
Nothing of the sort. There wasn’t a soul.

Ҋ‫݌‬ӝ‫ח‬ਃ 187

28. A:
The new section chief is good-looking, don’t you think?

B:
Good-looking? Hardly, as I recall.

29. A:
The film we saw yesterday was interesting, wasn’t it?

B:
Interesting? Surely not—it was so boring I dozed off in the middle.

30. A:
Have you finished all your test preparations?

B:
Are you kidding? I haven’t done a thing.

31. A:
My, you speak Korean well!

B:
Are you kidding? It’s so difficult I think I’m going to die.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1: Reading Comprehension
Write out answers to the following questions.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Exercise 2: Using
Complete the following sentences to reveal what led to the perhaps because statement in the first clause.

1. ___________________________________.
2. ______________________________________.

188 ઁ җ

3. ________________________________________.
4. _________________________________.
5. ______________________________________.
6. __________________________________________.

Exercise 3: Practice with .
Complete the sentences below using an appropriate phrase with

1. _________________________________.
2. ___________________________________.
3. ______________________
4. ________________________________________________.
5. ___________________________________________.
6. ____________________________

Exercise 4: Practice with .
Complete the “B” responses below using an appropriate phrase with

1. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

2. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

3. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

4. 4. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

5. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

6. A:
B: __________________________.

Exercise 5: Practice with or .
Complete the “B” responses below using the causative pattern either

1. A: ____________________________________________.
B: __________________________________________.
_________________________.
2. A:
B:

3. A:
B:

Ҋ‫݌‬ӝ‫ח‬ਃ 189

4. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

5. A:
B: __________________________________________________________.
A:

6. A:
B: ______________________________

Exercise 6: Practice with .

Speaker B disagrees with what Speaker A has just said. Craft the responses using the pattern

1. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

2. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

3. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

4. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

5. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

6. A:
B: ______________________________________________________________.

ࢎ‫ی‬ೞ‫ ח‬ա੄ ইղীѱ

ઁ 14 җ

ネᵁ㇩ ⿭᭝㈁ ⮆㈥㈝ᶍ ᭁᴽ ┙㤉 ㊭⠩㯙 ⿭᭝べ᜵ ◝ⵑ ⯉
◥㇭ ㎥┝ ㌴㇭ᣵ 䀁ញ ញ⚥䀝 ヽᶍ ✵⸑ ⿭᭝ラ ᯭ ᚩᣵ㈝ ⭝
、ᶍ ᭁ㈝␥ ⓢそ ᚱⳁ⌆ ⿭᭝ᚩ ⰵ㎺䀁᜵ ᴹᦝ㑭ᶍ ᢡ≁⯅ ㈝✱
べᴽ ᭝ ㊾⯚㈝ ᶝᣝ ⯉◥㇭ ㎥そ⯅ ⿭᭝␥ ᰩ∥᜵ 䀝〥ᝉᶍញ ⑱
ㇵⓢぱᶍ ᢡ⊙ḙ ⿭◝⑕ ⮆ᚪ䀝ṭ ㌴㇩ ⮆ᚪ㈝ ⁉ネ␝㑩 ⿳、ᶍ
ᢡ≁⯅ ᭁᴽ 䀉 ⳁ は㈝ そ㋅ ⛚䃽㊹べ ᚩ⯅ ╒ᜡ㈝␥ 䀁ᭁ ⭩ᶍ

ᢡ⊰㑩⑵ ᢡ ⯉◥㈝ ⸒ ⑱ㇵべ ᾍ㑩 ⿳、ᣙ ῵◡べ ⿭᭝㈁ ⮆
㈥ᭉ ⭱❦㈡ 㑩ᢱᣵ㑩ṭ ㈝⠱ ⰶべ Ჭㅵ⯅ ⮆ᚪ㇭ 䀁ញ ㈱ᶍ ㈝
⊙㊩⊙ ⮆ᚪ ᬆべ ᯭ ㊭べ ㈱ぱḁ ㈥㈝ ⁉フ∹ᶍ

᭝ᚩ ゝ䀅 ⭝ ῵ォᶍ ㅙ⑕ 㑺べ⯅ᴽ ᰶ⭕␥ 㑼ញ ㈱ぱᣙ ῵◡
べ ⠩║ᶁ㇩ ⴝ ⭱ は㈝ ㈥㇭ 䀁Ⱁᶍ ᭁᴽ ⑸⿭ᾍ㈝ぱᣙ ῵◡べ
⠩║ᶁ㇭ ṭラ ᾅ⋍〥 䀱ᶍ ᭁᴽ ⭱❦べ ㈥㚶 ㈥そᭁ ⰵべ᜵ ⛎
㇭ ㎥ᴽ ㈥㈝ ㋅㈥ ⶔぱᶍ ⿭✭㑩ᴽ ⒍㈥ ⿭㤑 ㅙ⑕ ⛒べ ᾍそラ
㈥そᭁᣙ ⶔそ䀁ᴽ ᭁ␥ 䇽ᾍそ ᤑㅙⰑᶍ

ࢎ‫ی‬ೞ‫ ח‬ա੄ ইղীѱ 191

⿭✭㑩㈁ ⮆㈥㈝ づ⑱ ᭑㑩 ⿳、㇭ ῵ォᶍ ᭁᴽ ち㋅ᭁ ㅙ⑕␥ ㆭ䀝 ញ⮆㇭ 䀁ⶅᴽ
⿭✭㑩␥ ᣙ⬁᜵ 䀝 ᾅ⑕ញ ⶟ぱᶍ ᢡ⊰㑩⑵ ᭁべ᜵ᴽ ṱ㈝ はぱᶍ ᢡ ῵ ⿭㎥ ⓴㑭 ⮆
ᚪ㈝ ⁉フ∹ᶍ

⿭✭㑩㈁ ⮆㈥ᭉ ᭁᴽ ⿭✭㑩ᚩ ᭁ␥ ᤑㅙᴽ ⶅᚭ➝ᶍ 䀅 ⶅᚭ ⛁㚍 ㈥㚶 ㈥そᭁ⯅
⚿㇥⌅ ᭁᚽᶍ ᢡ⑕ញ ⠩║ᶁ㈝ ᤑⶅ㑩 ⿳᜵ ㌙ㅒ㌙ㅒ ⰵ㎦㇭ ᫼ゕ⯅ ⰵべ᜵ ㎥ញ ⛒
㇥⌅ ᾍそヽᶍ Ĝ⿭✭㑩ᚩ ᢡᜡ ➝ⶅ┝ そ⁍ づ᠝㇭ 䀁ⶍᣵ ĝ ᭁᴽ ㈝⠱ ⰶべ Ჭㅵ⯅ 䀲
➞䀅 ⮆ᚪべ ⤉㋵ᶍ

㉉ⶅ 䅭 ⿱⛒ ◡㈝ ゝ⑕ᴽ ⰵ⑕ラ 䀑ᦁ ᭁ␥ ⠩␝ᴽ ⿭✭㑩㈁ ╒ⰵ⑕ᚩ ᾍ⋡ᶍ ᭁᴽ
⿭✭㑩ᚩ ⠩␝ᴽ ⰵ⑕␥ ᾍぱ㇥┝⯅ṭ 㝁ㇵべᴽ ╤ ᾍ㇩ 㝂 ᚩ⑵䈱 ㈱ぱᶍ ᢡ⊕ᶍᚩ ⿭
✭㑩ᚩ ⯅᮱ ✱ ⠩␡ ᶍㇵべ ㈥そᭁ ⚿㇥⌅ ᭁᚽᶍ ⿭✭㑩ᴽ ㄡ〺ᚭ 〇㇭ 㑩ᭁᶍᚩ ⰵ
ᚩ ✵⸑ ⛎㇭ ⓢញ ㈱ᴽ ᜬ㇭ ➝、ᶍ ᢡ⑕ញᴽ ᤅ㒆 ᰩ∥ ᭝ 㕦㇭ 㝹ᶍ➝、ᶍ ᭁᴽ ⑹
は㈝ ⿒ ㅬぱᶍ

ᢡ ⮆ᚪ㇭ 䀁ᵱᣵ ᢡ῵㈁ ᚹẂ㈝ ᢡᶩ⌅ ề⭝⿭ᭁ 㧽ᬆ㈝ 㛊䀱ᶍ ᢡ⑕ញ ⿭᭝べ᜵
そ⁍ ⯉◥㇭ ㎥┝ ㌴㇭ᣵ 䀁ᴽ ⮆ᚪ㈝ ⁉フ∹ᶍ ᭁᴽ づ␡ ㈥そᭁ⯅ ⯅㉕⌅ ᜝᮱ᚩ⯅
⿭᭝べ᜵ 㹡㑩␥ ⾙ᣙ ⶅ㈺䀱ᶍ

Ĝ⭕∺䀁ᴽ ᭁ㈁ ⿭᭝べ᜵ ĝ

NEW VOCABULARY

Vocabulary from the Main Text be / get contained; be
filled with
agonize; be in anguish make up one’s mind
for close to thirty years; a thought occurs (“floats
nearly thirty years up”) to one
the more I age, the more...; necklace
the older I get, the more... earring
be important, weighty; be quite; rather; greatly; very
precious, dear much
feel; sense; experience; be engage in farming /
conscious of; realize; be agriculture
deeply moved without a(ny) chance /
get so that it is realized; moment to rest
come to feel / sense oldest son
sincerity and devoted
affection

192 ઁ җ toward me; in my direction
stare at; gaze at
shake, sway, disturb, agitate smile sheepishly; give a
sth quick (sheepish) smile
Not much (time) is left / being moved / touched;
remaining. deep emotion
boiled fodder revive; come back to life;
boil sth; make sth boil rekindle; burn up again
fall into (the end of one’s nose) get
the door to the itchy (because one feels
like crying)
, or parents’ bedroom immediately, right away
voice study (a studying room or
pretending not to have heard a library)
after (doing sth for) a cross over, go over (e.g.,
while, then (suddenly /
unexpectedly) )
three or four times; a few
times go across; come across
stable; cowshed
language ability); expand;
Vocabulary from the Example Sentences lengthen
causative vocabulary
ever since I was born until flip one’s pencil round and
now, uninterruptedly round between the thumb
be born; come into the and third finger (a favorite
world trick of Korean students)
Don’t stop / dissuade me; widen sth
Don’t get in my way (of the number of persons;
doing sth). staff, personnel
anymore; more; further the number of personnel
something which has been increase sth; augment sth;
passed down over time; stretch sth; enlarge sth;
something handed down; expand sth
something inherited entrust sth; leave a person
folkways, folk customs with; trust a person with;
the study of folklore leave in a person’s charge
folk game; traditional game take (“bear”) responsibility
the game of yut the person in charge; the
the game of seesaw, person responsible
teeter-totter leave sth left over; leave sth
board, plank undone (cf.
jump; leap; run
soap leave an impression)
water quality be over the top, too much,
contamination; pollution a strain, unreasonable
I switched over to soap. throw out, weed out, kick
increase; accrue; make out
progress; improve (one’s

shout, yell, cry (out) w– ࢎ‫ی‬ೞ‫ ח‬ա੄ ইղীѱ 193
alarm clock
pass (the test); make the Your clothes are all wet.
grade; come up to the others; people from one’s
standard “out-group”; outsiders
a sudden downpour / help; assist
cloudburst the quality (of goods)
in total; totally; in one big be dim-witted, stupid
lump (mind, brain) be brilliant,
get / become wet; get extraordinary
soaked / moistened emergency; emergency
situation
Vocabulary from the Exercises or
April Fools’ Day
feel satisfied (NB: be depressed, blue
processive) to one’s heart’s content
occupation; career (banana, apple, etc.) peel;
how-many-th? (tree) bark
at the end of the day; piggybank
ultimately to the top; full; chocka-
position; situation block; brimming; to the
lack / have maturity, sense brim
fortnight [two weeks] can’t keep up; can’t follow
slander; defame; interfere be strong, sturdy
with; thwart report card
fill sth up; complete (a seal, handstamp, chop
number); make up; satisfy; stamp / affix one’s name
fill; fulfill chop
sth (or other) be spaced-out, glazed over
in just one day be blinded, dazzled
not even a penny put out a fire; extinguish a
perhaps because it is spring light
(I don’t know, but...)
stimulate the appetite
be sure to...; without fail;
definitely

194 ઁ җ

PATTERNS

1. Moving Toward the Speaker (in time) with

A main verb in the infinitive form followed by come used as an auxiliary verb has

the various meanings gradually [comes in doing]; comes up [along]; starts [has started becoming / doing];

has / had been doing [up until now]. In general, the effect is to say that whatever the main verb is, it has

been happening from some point in the past all the way up to the present. The is used to empha-

size the perspective that something is coming toward the speaker (in this case, from a point in time

rather than a place). See Lesson Seven for the parallel pattern in .

1. A:
Sumi, you’re originally from Seoul, right? Haven’t you ever lived anywhere else?

B:
No. I’ve only lived in Seoul from the time I was born until now.

2. A:
Yŏngjin, hold your temper.

B:
Don’t try to stop me. I’ve held my temper until now, but I can’t stand it any longer.

3. A:
Sŏnho, do you get your pocket money from your parents?

B:

I’ve been getting spending money from my parents up until now, but from now on I should earn it
myself.

4. A:
What are some of the kind of folk games that have been passed down from the olden days?

B:
Yut and nŏlttwigi are folk games that have come down from the old days.

5. A:
Say, Sŏnyŏng, do you wash your hair with soap?

B:

Yes. They say that the water pollution is quite bad. So after using shampoo, I recently changed over
to soap.

ࢎ‫ی‬ೞ‫ ח‬ա੄ ইղীѱ 195

6. A:
I’m told that store’s prices are expensive.

B:
Really? I’ve always done my shopping there until now...

2. The more... the more... with

The pattern for Korean sentences meaning the more... the more... is to repeat the initial verb—first using

it in the conditional form with , then again as a prospective modifier followed by

the postmodifier . This takes care of both parts of the English expression; a regular statement (or

question) will complete the sentence. Note that the initial clause in is optional. Here are

some examples:

7.
Isn’t it true that the more you speak a foreign language the better you get at it?

8.
The more I get to know [him], the more good points he has!

9.
The more you read books like that, the better you’ll [more you’ll come to] understand Korea.

10.
The bigger the better.

11.
The smaller they are, the more flavor they have.

12.
The more you hear that story, the more interesting it is.

13.
The more money you have, the more you spend. [lit.: Money is a thing that the more you have the more
you spend of it.]

14.
The more I look at that car, the more I want to buy it.

196 ઁ җ

3. Derived Causatives
By now you should know these two common verb forms:

be / get seen, be visible; show, cause to see

kill; cause to die

These are derived, respectively, from look at; see and die. Through this derivation,

acquires a causative meaning (show) as well as a passive meaning (can be seen; be visible) while

acquires only the causative meaning (kill; make die).

A number of other verbs (though by no means all of them) are also subject to this type of derivation.

The derivation process changes the meaning of the original verb either from intransitive (that is, not

able to have an object—e.g., sth stop, come to an end) to transitive (able to have an object, e.g.,

make sth stop; stop sth; bring sth to an end), or else the derivation changes a transitive verb into

a causative or passive one (or in some cases, both, like the verb derived from ).

Causative verbs are sometimes translated as has someone do it, sometimes makes someone do it, some-

times lets someone do it, and sometimes gets someone to do it. The Korean form itself does not make it

clear whether the “causative” is by coercion, persuasion, or permission. You will recall from Lesson

13, Section 4, on causatives in , that the usual way to make a causative construction out of

any verb is to put the verb into its adverbative form and add some form of do, so that

make / let eat means much the same thing as feed. As you have seen, some of the causative

nuances are conveyed through the differential use of case particles:

Causer Causee do something-CAUSE
Causer Causee do something-CAUSE

The option with Causee tends to be interpreted more as force; make, while the option with Causee

tends to be interpreted as let; allow.

Back to the shape of the derived causatives themselves, you will notice that the causative (or pas-

sive) is usually formed using some suffix such as (either passive

or causative, depending on the base) and (causatives), etc. When the suffix

contains an “ ” /i/, in relaxed pronunciation (but not in spelling!), the last vowel of the verb base
may be fronted (i.e., acquire the graphic “ ,” as in ĺ ):
for , for ,

etc. The shapes and meanings are largely unpredictable, so you would do best just to learn each derived

form as a separate, though related, verb.

Here is a list of some common verbs, together with other verbs derived from them as causatives.

They are given in the Plain Style present form (with King & Yeon–style abstract base followed by the

traditional Dictionary Form in parentheses for trickier verb types).

basic verb meaning derived verb meaning
bathe; wash have sb bathe or wash
walk have sb walk
starve, be hungry starve sb; make go hungry

be bent bend sth

ࢎ‫ی‬ೞ‫ ח‬ա੄ ইղীѱ 197

basic verb meaning derived verb meaning
wake up wake sb up
w– sth stops stop sth; finish sth
w– exit put / take out; pay
sth flies fly sth; make / let sth fly
remain; be left
be wide, broad leave sth [behind]
play; goof off widen, broaden sth
be high let sb play; give sb a day off
increase raise [up]; elevate
be late; be loose increase sth, make sth increase
be hot, warm postpone sth; loosen sth
be hot, warm
sth turns heat sth; warm sth up

stick up / out, protrude heat sth; warm sth up
turn sth; make / let sth go
listen to; hear around; pass sth around
get dry raise, lift (up); stimulate,
cease; desist heighten
let / make sb hear
take responsibility dry sth; make sth dry
prevent sb from doing; stop /
eat dissuade sb
get undressed entrust to, put in the care of,
see; look at take charge of
call feed; let sb eat
comb (one’s hair) undress sb; take [sb’s clothes] off
live show; let sb see
stand have sb call
wear (on feet) comb (sb’s hair)
know make / let live; save; revive
sit erect sth; stop (a car)
be lacking put sth on (sb’s feet)
rise; ascend let sb know; inform
get dressed seat sb
catch eliminate; get rid of
get wet raise; lift; present; give
dress sb
be narrow have sth caught; have sb catch
die wet sth; make sth wet (irregular
sth burns derivation)
ride sth make narrow; narrow sth
kill
burn sth
give a ride (to sb)

198 ઁ җ

Here are examples of some of these derived verbs in sentences:

15.
You see, I didn’t want to give the office workers the day off, so I made up the excuse that there was a lot
of work to do.

16.
I tried having the baby walk by himself, but he still isn’t able to walk very well.

17.
The surgeon said he operated because he wanted to save the patient.

18.
If they don’t get rid of this old bridge, it will be dangerous.

19.
The dog has stomach trouble so we’ll have to keep him off his food.

20.
Korean students have the habit of twirling their pencil around with their fingers while they study.

21.
Somebody came from City Hall to say they are going to widen the street in front of our gate.

22.
They say that company is short of staff, so they’ll have to increase their personnel.

23.
The company president decided to entrust Manager Kim with all of the responsibility for this project.

24.
Departing at 4:00 AM is a bit overdoing it. Can’t we move the time back a bit?

25.
Clean your plate! [“Don’t leave any food remaining—eat it all up!”]

26.
Shall we heat the soup and eat it?

27.
How about having the children sit over there?