Schaum's outline of Japanese grammar

~-A-ll-th-e -es-sentials of Japanese grammar in
easy-to-understand form!

~-7-8-8 -pr-ac-tice exercises with
fully explained answers

~------

Examples and exercises in both
Japanese characters and
English transliteration

~-I-de-al-fo-r -independent
study!

Use with these courses: ~ First-Year Japanese ~ Elementary

Japanese A&B ~ Independent Studies in Japanese

SCHAUM'S OUTLINE OF

JAPANESEG

•

KEIKO UESAWA CHEVRAY
TOMIKO KUWAHlRA

•

SCHAUM'S OUTLINE SERIES
MCGRAW-HILL

New Thrk San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota' Caracas
Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal
New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo 1bronto

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Keiko Uesawa Chevray is Director of the Japanese Language Program
at Columbia University in New York, and full time Senior Lecturer in
Japanese in the Depart ment of East Asian Languages and Cultures. She is
also a member of the Board of Directors of the Japanese American
Association of New York.
Tomiko Kuwahira is Lecturer in Japanese in the Department of East
Asian Languages and Cultures at Columbia University. She has al ~o
taught Japanese at Beijing University in the People's Republic.

Schaum's Outline of
JAPANESE GRAMMAR
Copyright C 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the
United States ofAmerica. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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McGraw-Hill

A Division ofThe McGraw-Hill Companies

Contents

Preface .................................................................................................................... xi
Writing System .................................................................................................... XIII
Some Characteristics of Japanese Grammar ...................................................... xv

Chapter 1 COPULA

Forms .................................................................................... 1

Affirmative Non·Past. Negative Non·Past. Affirmative Past. Negative Past.
Tentative Form. Te-Form.

Chapter 2 ADJECTIVES

I-Adjective ................. .. ......................................................... 7

Na-Adjective ............ '" .............................................................7

Non-Past ............................................................................. 8

I-Adjective. . Na·Adjective.

Negative Non-Past ............................................................... 9

I-Adjective. Na·Adjective.

Past .............. .. .................................................................. 10

I-Adjective. Na·Adjective.

Negative Past .................. '" ............................ ,.............. ..... 12

I·Adjective. Na·Adjective.

Adjectival Usage ... .................................. ;........ " ................. 14

I·Adjective. Na·Adjective.

Adverbial Usage ............................. .................................... 15

I-Adjective. Na·Adjective.

Te-Form .......................................................................... .. 16

I-Adjective. Na-Adjective.

Auxiliary Adjective ......... '" ................. ..... ,................... '" ... . 18

V-stem + Tai. V-te+ Hoshii. (Hosml). V-stem + Yasui. V-stem + Nikui.

111

IV CONTENTS

aChapter ADVERBS

Moo ...................................................... .............. .... ........... 25
Mada ................................................................................. 26
Amari ......... .............. .......................................... .'........ .. .. ... 27
Zenzen ..... ,....................... '" '" .................... ..... ........ '" ........ .27
Tokidoki .................... .................................................... ......28
Nakanaka ................................... ... ... ...... ............................ 28

Chapter 4 PRONOUNS

Demonstrative Pronouns ...................................................... 31

Nominals. Noun Modifiers.

Personal Pronouns ., ....................... '" ................................. .. 33
Pronoun "Nd' ... -................................................................... 33

Chapter 5 NUMBERS, TIME, DATES, COUNTERS

Numbers .................... ........................ ... ............ .... ........... .. 36
Time ................................................................................. . 37

Hour. Minutes.

Dates .. ............................................................... .. ............. .. 39

Months. Days of the Month. Counters of Days and Months.
Days of the Week. Counters of Weeks. Years. Counters of Years.

Counters ............................................................................. 43

-Mai. -Hon. -Hai. -Nin. -Satsu. -Hiki. -Tsu.

Chapter 6 PARTICLES

Wa ................. . ...... .................. ....... ......................... . ........... 49

Topic. Contrast.

Ga ..................................................................................... 50

The Subject of a Sentence. The Subject in a Subordinate Clause.

CONTENTS v

Direct Object.

Wo ..... ....... ........ ... ....... ....................... ..... ...................... ..... 53

The Direct Object. Place with a Verb of Motion.

Ni ........................................ .. ......................... ...... .............54

Indirect Object. Location. Point in Time. Destination.

Purpose of Motion Verb. Agent of Passive, Causative or

Causative Passive Verbs.

E ............................. ................................. ......................... 57
De ........ ... ..... ..... . ............ .... ...... . ......................................... 57

Place. Means. Cause. Required Time or Quantity.

Ka ............ .. ... .......................... ..... ..................................... 60

Interrogative. Alternative. Embedded Question.

Ne ............ ............ ......................................................... .... 62
Yo ............. ......... .......... ........ ...................... ...................... .. 62
No ................................... ... ................ .. .......... . .......... .. ...... 63

Possessive. Equivalent. Location. Subject.

Mo ...... ..... .. ....... ........... ....... :..................... ..........................65

Similarity. Emphasis.

- Mo- Mo ......................... ............ ........ .. .. ................ ..... .... 66
To :..................... ................................. ................... ............ 67

Complete Listing. Reciprocal Relationship. Quotation.

Similarity arid Difference.

Th ..... ........ ... ..... ...................... .................................. .... ..... 68

Kara .................. .............................. ........ ........................ .. 70
Made ........ ................. ..................... ... ............... .......... ........ 71
Madeni ..... .... .......................... ............................. ...... ........ 71
Yori ..... ...... ... ...................... ............. .......... . ...................... 72
Hodo ......... .... .......................................... .. ............. . ........ .. . 73
Dake .................... ............ .. ................................... ........... .. 73
Shika ................................................................................. 74

Chapter 7 CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating Conjunction ............ ........ ............... ....... .... ,...... 77

Ga.

vi CONTENTS

Subordinating Conjunctions ............... '" .... ,................... '" .... . 78

1bki. Mae. A to. Aida. Kara. Node. Noni. Nagara. Made.

8Chapter VERBS

Styles ................................................................................. 95

Formal Speech Style. Informal Speech Style.

Forms and Groups ..................... '" ......... '" ........................... 96

Formation of the Plain Negative Non-Past Form.
Formation of the Plain Negative Past Form. Formation of the Plain Past Form.

Basic Types of Japanese Verb Sentence ...... '" ..................... '" ......98

V-Mashoo. Intransitive Verbs. Transitive Verbs. Motion Verbs.
Existential Verbs. Spontaneous Verbs.

Potential Form. ...................................................................104
The Verbs of Giving and Receiving .........................................105

. Ageru. Kureru. Morau. Honofiric and Humble Expressions.

The Verbs "Naru" and "Suru" .................................................. 108

NouniNa-Adj. + ni Naru. I-Adj.- ku Naru. Nounl Na-Adj. + ni Suru.
I-Adj.-ku Suru. V(Plain non-past) + Koto m' Naru vs V(plain .non-past) +
Koto m ' Suru. V(plain non-past) + Yoo ni Naru vs V(plain non-past) +
100ni Suru

Passive Form..................................................................... .... 112

Direct Passive. Indirect Passive.

Causative Form ................................................................... 114

Make-Causative Sentences. Let-Causative Sentences.

Causative Passive Form ...................................................... .117
Te-Form ........................... '" '" ...... '" .................................. 118

Sequence ofAction. Reason. Manner. Request.
Expressions with -te Iru. Expressions with -te Miru.
Expressions with -te Oku. Expressions with -te Shimau.
Expressions with -teAgerulKureruIMorali' .

Volitional Form .......... ,............................... '" ..................... 129

CONTENTS vii

Chapter 9 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Tara ................................................................................ 135

Copula. I-Adjective. Na-Adjective . Verb.

Ba .................................................................................. 138
To ...................................................................................·140

Chapter 10 INTERROGATIVE WORDS

Interrogative Phrases with Particles .................................. 145

Interrogative + Demo in Affirmative Sentences.
Interrogative + Mo in Negative Sentences. Interrogative + Ka.
Interrogative + V/Adj-te mo.

Chapter 11 MODIFICATION OF A NOUN

Sentence Modifier ............................................................ 151

Chapter 12 NOMINALIZATION

No ................................................................................. 155

V(plain Non-Past) + no wa -(da). X wa V(plain Non-Past) + no ga -da.
V(plain Non-Past) + no wo/ga + V(Senses/Perception).
V(plain Non-Past) + no wo + V(Waiting, Helping, etc.).
V(plain Non-Past) + noni-.

Koto ...............................................................................157

V (plain Non-Past) + Koto ga Dekiru. V (plain Non-Past) + Koto ni Suru.
V(plain Non-Past) + Koto ni Naru.

Chapter 13 MODALITY

Tsumori .......................................................................... 160
Hazu .............................................................................. 160

viii CONTENTS

Yoo (Mitai) .................. ................. ................. ,.. ............... 162

Conjecture. Resemblance.

Rashii ........... .............................. ............. ....... .... ........... 164

Conjecture. Typical Model.

Soo ...................................................................'............ . 166

Conjecture. Hearsay.

No da/ N' da ...... .... .............. ... ............. ............. ... ... ......... 168

Explanation. Seeking Attention.

Chapter 14 HONORIFIC EXPRESSIONS

The Special Honorific and Humble Forms ........... ..... ............ 171

Verbs. Copula.

Other Honorific and Humble Forms '" ...... .. ......................... 175

Verbs. Nouns. Family Terms. I-Adjectives and Na-Adjectives.

Chapter 15 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

Comparison ....... .... .... .......... ........................................... . 183
Superlative ............... ... '" ................. ,............... .......... ..... 185
Negative Te-form .................. '" ........ ... . ........... ... ... .... ....... 187
Compound Verbs .............. ..... ........... .. ...... ............... .. .. .. ... 189

V-stem + Hajimeru. V-stem + Owaru. V-stem/Adj -stem + Sugiru.

Compound Noun .......................................................... ... ... 191

V-stem + Kata.

Quoted Sentences .. ............ .. .............. '" ........................... 192

V(plain Non-Past) + 100 ni Tanomu and V(plain Non-Past) + 100 ni Iu.
- to Iu / Omou / Kangaeru / Shinjiru, etc.

Conjecture ........................... '" ........................ .. ... .. ,........ 194
Partial Listing ofActions ....... ,............ .. ....... .................. ... 195
Permission .................. '" ... .................. ... ........... ... .......... 196
Prohibition ................. .... '" .. ............ .. ...... ... ... .. ...... ... ...... 198
Obligation ...................................................................... 199
Experience .... ,....... ' " ....... ............... ........ .. ......... ... ...... .... 201
Advice ......................................... ................................... 202

CONTENTS ix

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES ................. .. ....... ... ......... ..... ........... .. ......... . 207
INDEX .. ................ .. ... .............................. .................................... .... ... 231



Preface

Schaum's Outline of Japanese Grammar has been designed to be used as a review book for
Japanese grammar at the elementary level. The book is divided into fifteen chapters. At the
beginning of each chapter, basic elements of the language are introduced, pointing out their
differences from English. Chapters 1 through 14, concentrate on the basic problem areas of the
language: copula, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, numbers, particles, conjunctions, verbs,
conditional clauses, interrogative words, modification of a noun, nominalization, modality, and
honorific expressions. The last chapter introduces several useful expressions to be learned at the
elementary level.

Each grammatical or structural point is followed by a simple explanation in English and then
by concrete examples for the further clarification. These are followed by exercises. An answer
key appears at the end of the book.

All the examples and exercises are written first in both Japanese characters, kana, and
Chinese characters, kanji , so that they will be authentic Japanese sentences. They are then
followed by the same sentences in Roman letters, and then, finally, in English translations
which are written in italic.

The vocabulary employed here is limited to those words which are considered to be basic. The
loan words from European languages, mainly from English, are written in katakana, and some
of them are directly followed by English translation because they are different from the originals
when written in katakana.

Since this is a review book for basic Japanese grammar as stated above, all grammar and
expressions introduced here are limited to those which are regarded to be basic.

The examples and exercises for each chapter are written so that the students can get the clear
understanding of the function of each grammatical point. The students are encouraged to read
all the examples after the grammatical explanation and then to work on the exercises.
This book can be used not only as a review book but also as a supplementary workbook to any
textbook, or as a reference book for understanding basic Japanese grammatical points.

Keiko Uesawa Chevray
Tomiko Kuwahira

xi



Writing System

There are three different kinds of symbols in Japanese, Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji

(Chinese characters). Katakana are used to write out loan words from other l~nguages .

Hiragana can be used to write out all the other Japanese words, but Kanji are commonly used for
nouns . They are also used for verbs and adjectives except for their inflected parts. The
following are the charts of Hiragana, Katakana, and the corresponding Rooma-ji (the system
used for transcribing Japanese with the Latin alphabet), which we use in this book.

Hiragana ;try tp ~ tc tt. Ii 'i ~ c:, b Iv
Katakana
Rooma-ji 7 jJ ~ ~ T /'\ "? -'r :7 r;J /'

a ka sa ta na ha ma ya ra wa n

It' ~ 1..- i? --1-= {} J.;. It' t) It'
t ,..... ~
~ ~ ~ 7- !J ~
nl hi mi 1 n1
1 ki shi chi
'/J. b tf ~ is 5
5 " -t"- -'".) Iv ?
? -J ;z.. '/ ~7 A .::z.
ru u
u ku su tsu nu fu mu yu
n ;t
;t It it -C b "'- fJ) ;t
.::r:. -'T t T v .::r:.
-* "'- j. .::r:.
e ke se te re e
ne he me e
:to --'- -t c 6 :a:
0) I~ t J::
;t- ::1 '.J r- Cl '7
J * .::c 3
0 ko so to ro wo
no ho mo yo

Hiragana tJ~ ~ t~ Ii Ii
Katakana
Rooma-ji ")1' -if ~o /-\ /~

ga za da ba pa

~ C t? lf lJ

:?If ~ 7- t OO to

gi ji . ji bi pi

<' -r --:) ~ ~

.yo ;< ;/ -;l 7'

gu zu zu bu pu

If if ""'"('r::-'"
r::
If ~ _00

T
ge ze de be pe
c· It I£'
--" t

'-

::1: ' ;/ 1'0 7j{ ~

go zo do bo po

xiii

xiv WRITING SYSTEM

Hiragana ~~ ~' ~ L-~ C~ 1?~ I:'~ O~ O~ tJ~ 7-).~ ") ~
Katakana
Rooma-ji ~~ :¥~ /~ :/~ 7-~ .::=.~ t:~ t:" ~ t:0 ~ "3:~ !J~
kya gya sya ja cha nya hya bya pya mya rya

~19> ~19> L-19> CI9> 1?19> I:. 19> 019> 019> tJl9> 7-).1<}> ")19>
~::1. :¥::1. /::1. :/::1. 7-::1. '::='::1. t:::1. t:" ::1. t:0 ::1. ~.=L !J::1.

kyu gyu shu ju chu nyu hyu byu pyu myu ~u

~J: ~J: L-J: CJ: 1?J: I:. J: OJ: OJ: tJJ: 7-).J: ")J:
~3 :¥3 /3 :/3 7-3 '::='3 t:3 t:" 3 t:"3 3: 3 !J 3

kyo gyo sho io cho !!yo hyo byo _pyo Il!Yo ~o

Some Characteristics of Japanese Grammar

WORD ORDER

I. Basic Sentence Structure
Japanese is different from English in the word order of a sentence. The main verb is

preceded by the object, and it always comes at the end of a sentence in Japanese (the main
verb precedes the object of a sentence in English).

Tomodachi ga/wa t.ukci wo kaimashita. My friend bought a watch.
Subject Verb Object
(friend) (watch) (bought)

Subject Object Verb

II. Modifiers
Japanese is regarded as a left-branching language, which means that all noun modifiers

such as possessives, adjectives, and sentence modifiers. precede the head nouns. Also, all
adverbial phrases precede their modifying verbs or adjectives.

1. :.nl:t a*J§(1)~1::c1)~:t=t~o
Rore wa nihongo no gakusei nojiahQ da.
(This is a dictionary ofJapanese language students.)

2. 3C<-C~t11t\~ 7/"~ -I-a- ~ L-C \t\ "! -to
Yasukute ki.reina apaato wo sagashite imasu.
(I am looking for an apartment that is cheap and clean.)

a3. lit ~"'(:'~ill::it ~ tt*a- ~1Vv t~o

Kinoo uch de tomodachi ni karita h.on wo yonda.

(Yesterday I read the book at home, which I borrowed from a friend.)

PARTICLES

Particles play the roles of case markers in Japanese sentences. Each of them follows a noun
phrase and tells how the noun phrase is related to the predicate of a sentence. For example, the
particle "wa" functions as a topic marker, and it marks a noun phrase as the topic of a sentence.

xv

xvi SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF JAPANESE GRAMMAR

1. fl. t:t 13 *~a: ~~ L- ~ To

Watashi wa (= topic) nihon-go wo (= object) hanashimasu.
(1 speak Japanese.)

2. m:.-eif7- "/l;:ff~ ~To

Densha de ( = manner) Boston ni (= goal/direction) ikimasu.

(1 will go to Boston by train.)

OMISSION

A noun phrase such as a topic or an object is commonly omitted if it is understood in context.

1. A: (~flft:t:t) tI'¥ 13 ~lOO ~ Jt ~ L- tctJ~o

(Anata wa) kinoo eiga wo mimashita ka.
(Did (you) see a movie yesterday?)

B: fj: v\, (~J'j:) (~iii ~) Jt ~ L- tc o

Hai, (watashi wa) ( eiga wo ) mimashita.
(Yes, (I) did.)

2. x:fj:I3*f;:ff-?tctJ~~4" (~t:t) *f;:v\~1tlvo
Chichi wa nihon ni itta kara ima (chichi wa) uchi ni imasen.
(My father went to Japan, so (he) is not home now.)

SPEECH STYLES

There are mainly two types of speech style in Japanese, formal and informal. Informal
style is considered to be .a non polite expression, and it is used among people who have intimate
or close personal relationships like one's own family and friends. On the other hand, formal
style is considered to be a polite expression, and it is usually used between the people who carry
on a conversation in a formal or public situation, or it is used between people who are not
personally very close. A sentence in formal style ends in "desu" or "masu:" The informal style
corresponds to the plain form.

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF JAPANESE GRAMMAR XVll

Formal speech style
Ex. (A conversation between A and B, who are colleagues)

A: 4' S lj:fPJ~I-=. ~ 'iTlPo

Kyoo wa nan-ji ni kaerimasu ka.
(Wha t time will you go home todaY?)
B: Aa#~111t Q --:) t I) '"C!To
Roku-ji goro kaeru tsumori desu.
( I'm going to go home around six o'clock.)

Informal speech style
Ex. (A conversation between A and B, who are a daughter and a father)

A: j3X: ~ lv, 4' S fPJa#~mtl:\~t .0 0)0
Otoosan, kyoo nan-ji goro dekakeru no?

(Father, what time will you go out today?)

B: :fL~I;J[tljiJ~~t Q --:) t I) ~J:. o
Ku-ji goro dekakeru tsumori da yo.

(Ill go out around nine o'clock.)

HONORIFICS

Japanese honorific expressions are highly developed and based on the hierarchy of age and
status in the society. They are used to show one's respect especially to the elderly or to people of
higher status than oneself. There are two kinds of honorific. One is "honorific" and the other is
"humble." The honorific form refers to the person who is to be respected, and the humble form
is used to talk about the speaker or the speaker's own family.

Honorific form

Ex. B3CP;t~fj:4' S ~~'-=l,';-:J L,~l,''i-ttlv (=v\'~1tIv) o

Tanaka sensei wa kyoo gakkoo ni irasshaimasen (=imasen).
(professor Tanaka is not at school today.)

Humble form

Ex. x: tffl:t4'*'-=jO~ 'i-ttlv (=v'~1tIv) o

Chichi mo haha mo ima uchi ni orimasen (=imasen).
(Neither my father nor my mother is home now.)



Chapter 1

Copula

FORMS .~ \ !:> '(\o\- wa,:, Wd'::. not
past
Plain non-past neg. non-past neg. past
t~ "? t~
tc "C'1'i1C:' ~ itv' "C'1'if t:. ~ it 7P "? t~
datta
da dewa/ja nai dewa/ja nakatta

Polite "C'T *"C' l'if t:. ~ (b IJ 1tIv "C'l,k *"C' l'if t:. ~ (b IJ 1tIv "C' l, t~
desu
dewa/ja arimasen deshita dewa/ja arimasen deshita

Affirmative non-past
The affirmative non-past of copula is "cia" (plain) or "desu" (polite) and is equivalent to "is",

"am,;' or "are" in English. "X wa Y daldesu" means "X is Y' or "As for X, it is Y." When X is
understood from context, just ''Y daldesu" is sufficient.

Tanaka-san wa daigakusei desu.
(Ms. Tanaka is a colleg~ student.)

2. A: 1:::0-7' - ~ Iv ~-tiPo *
Piitaa-san desu ka. *
(Are you Peter?)

B: l'iv', -{-5~-to
Hai, soo desu.
(Yes, I am /Lit. it is so.)

(* 'lJl is added at the end of a sentence to make it into interrogative.)

1

2 COPULA [CHAP.l

3. - a~~t"o
Ichi-ji desu.
(It is one o'clock.)

\4. EB q:. ~ JvO) 7" /'~- r-It ~ n~ ~t"tlo

Tanaka-san no apaato wa kirei desu ne.
(Miss Tanaka's apartment is pretty, isn't it?)
5. £!I!f ~ Jvlt)'G1:.teo
Hoshino-san wa sensei cia.
(Mr. Hoshino is a teach.er.)

6. ::1 /' ~0 .:L -7' -lt~fIJteo

Konpyuutaa wa henri cia.
fA computer is convenient.)
7. ~~K~lHt1f!~ \'"C'T J:: o

Shinkansen wa hayai desu yo.
(The bullet train is fast, you know.)

Neptiye non-past
The negagive non-past of copula is "jaldewa nai" (plain) or "jaldewa arimasen" (polite). "X wa

Y ja nailarimasen" and "(x wa) Y ja nailarimasen" mean "X is not Y" and "It is not Y'
respectively.

l. :,nlt7".-{:r:::; r- . ::1-"7 C~iJ ~ ;:-\tlvo

Kore wa daietto kooku ja arimasen.
(This is not diet Coke.)

<2. ibnlt~ ~ C~fl\t\o

Are wa sakura ja nai.
(That is not a cherry tree.)
3. A: /~-T -1 -lt4' S '"C'TiPo

Paatii wa kyoo desu ka
(As for the party, is it today?)

B:~ \~\;t, 4' S C~iJ ~ ;:-\tlvo

lie, kyoo ja arimasen.
(No, it is not today.)
4. :. O)rR'Mltfjijiji C~fl\t\;
Kono mondai wa kantan ja nai.
(This problem is not simple.)

CHAP. 1] COPULA 3

Sore wa watashi no ja arimasen.
(That is not mine.)

Affirmative past
The affirmative past of copula is "datta" (plain) or "desbita" (polite) . "X wa Y dattaJdesbita"

and "(x wa) Y dattaJdesbita" mean "X was Y' and "It was Y' respectively.

Yamamoto-san wa pairotto desbita
(Mr. Yamamoto was a pilot.).

2. Il'f 13 1j:::1 P /' /~.A • "T'- ~'J '/to

Kinoo wa Koronbasu dee (Columbus day) datta.
(Yesterday it was Colum.bus day.)

3. A: v\ <C?"'(! L,'/ttpo

Ikura desbita ka.
(How much was it?)

3i+B: }-:'Jv"'(!L,'/to

Gojuu-doru desbita.
(It was fifty dollars.)

4. :. 0) r~'1T0 t;:;PPt±lj:lri*~"j '/to

Kono aida itta jinja wa rippa datta.
(The shrine where I went the other day was splendid.)

* /'5. ;fAO)~fJJ 0) 1l!1j: :$i'"'(! L,'/to

Watashi no saisho no kuruma wa Honda desbita.
(My first car was a Honda.)

Nepti:ve past
The negative past of copula is "jaldewa nakatta" (plain) or "ja/dewa arimasen deshita"

(polite). "X wa Y ja nakattaJarimasen desbita" and "(x wa)Y ja nakattaJarimasen deshita" mean
" X was not Y' and "It was not Y' respectively.

1. A: $11Ij:-!*.lf -c: lJdpo

Gakkoo wa yasumi deshita ka.
(Was school closed?)

4 COPULA [CHAP.1

B: It \It \ *- , 1*.7j. C ~ i.> ~)"i -ttIv "t' L 'fto

lie, yasumi ja arimasen deshita.
(No, it was not closed.)

2.~S ~ »d~ . C~i.>~*-ttIv"t'L~

Kinoo Shikago wa yuki Ja arimasen des~ta.
(Yesterday it did not snow in Chicago.)

3. ;fJ.il~.::..::z. - 3 - 7 "C'Y8* -0 t~ * 7 /vf'i~il ~ C~i.> ~ *-ttlv"t' Lito

Watashi ga Nyuu Yooku de tomatta hoteru wa shizuka ja arimasen deshita.
(The hotel where I stayed in New Thrk was not quiet.)
4. ~.!Gf;:lt\ t~ :9:(7))d'i ~~ C~fl~~-:>ito
Toshokan ni ita onna no hito wa gakusei ja nakatta.
(The woman who was in the library was not a student.)

*Note: "desu"could also be a substitution for a predicate which is obvious from context .
1X:::;- ~ Ivl'ilt \ "":) t ::z -1::: -a-~.7j. TiJ~ , ;fJ.lj:jO~"t'To
Tomoko-san wa itsumo koohii wo nomimasu ga, watashi wa o-cha desu.
(Tomoko drinks alway s coffee, but 1 drink tea.)

Tentative form
The tentative form of copula is "daroo" (plain) or "deshoo" (polite) and is preceded by a noun,

a n adjective, or a verb. It indicates the speaker's conjecture and is equivalent to "probably" in
English.

1. IY'l S l'i ffi "t' L J: ? 0

Ashita wa ame deshoo.
(It will probably rain tomorrow.)
2. 133-g~ 1v (7)7 /~ - H'i~iJ ~ -0t~ "t'LJ: ?Po
Tamiya-san no apaato wa takakatta deshoo ne.
(Mr. Tamiyas apartment was probably expensive, wasn 't it?)
3. .r-..7'·7 -1 ~I'iJtfH/lt \te-3? c!:: ,~,It \ *To
Hebrai-go wa muzukashii daroo to omoimasu.
(1 think that Hebrew is probably difficult.)

4. &:::;- ~ 1v1'i7 j. !J » f;:3L"F- 1t \ t~iJ~ ~ , ~mil~J::.¥ "t' L J: ? 0

Yoshiko-san wa Amerika ni go-nen ita kara, ei-go ga joozu demoo.
(Yoshiko was in the United States for five years, so she is probably fluent in English.)

CHAP. 1] COPULA 5

5. ;fLO)~J¥fi4-13 *I.:J, \ -"5 --e t., J: ? 0

Watashi no tomodachi wa ima Nihon ni iru deshoo.
(My friend is probably in Japan now.)

Te-form

The te-form of copula is "de" and links a sentence, "X wa Y daldesu," with another sentence.
It is equivalent to "and" in English.

Kimura-san wa sensei de, okusan wa isha desu.
(Mr. Kimura is a teacher, and his wife is a doctor.)
2. :. nfi13 *O)j] ;I- ':7--e, ;bnfi F-1' YO)-C:To
Kore wa Nihon no kamera de, are wa Doitsu no desu.
(This is a Japanese camera, and that is a German (one).)
3. ~ ~~ ~ Ii =- a~ --e, vt ::1~ :3 /'li1L~ -C: To
Kekkon-shiki wa san-ji de, resepushon wa go-ji desu.
(The wedding is at three o'clock, and the reception is at five o'clock.)

4. ~ 3: ~ ~ Iv li-1';!if-!J ~A --e, '*1f.o /' F /' lJ ~ ~*~ l.J.:.o

Sumisu-san wa igirisu-jin de, kyonen Rondon kara kimashita.
(Mr. Sumith is English and came from London last year.)
5. ~-=t-~lv fiT ':::' A lJ~ c--CtJ:=F--e, ::1 pl~ttl-J~l.J;:o
Tomoko-san wa tenisu ga totemo joozu de, pro ni narimashita.
(Tomoko plays tennis very well and has became a professional.)

1. Change the following into the required form given in the parentheses.

Ex. ~Ilflt;:: -7 (polite past) anllfl-c: l,f;:

shinbun da -7 (polite past) shinbun deshita

1. ffl: t;:: (plainnegative) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Haha da (plain negative) _ _ _ _- - - - - - - -

2. .xiii B t;:: (polite past) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Kayoobi da (polite past) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

*A3. 13 t;:: (polite negative past) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Nihon-jin da (polite negative past) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4 . * ~It \ t:'lv t;::: (te-form) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Ookii biru da (te-form) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

6 COPULA [CHAP. 1

Ookii biru da (te-form) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

5. 63 9J ~ Ivt:. (polite negative non-past) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Tanaka-san da (polite negative non-past) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
6. f!J..t:' (plainpast) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Sakana da (plain past) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
7. -{ ~ ~ 7 O) ~l!!Ut;:' (plain negative past) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Itaria no eiga da (plain negative past) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

2. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate form of copula.

1. ~ S f::l:j(IIIS 0

Kyoo wa kayoobi _ _ _ __

<2. A: db:hf::l: ~ G-C-T;O~o

Are wa sakura desu ka.

:C:>B: v'v\;Z, _ _ _ _ _ _ _- '0

lie, soo _ _ _ _--'-_ __

3. 1i.if.mJl:~o -~-~lvf::l:)t1:. _ _ _ _ _ ;O~, ~f::l:~7 ~ - 7 / _ _ _ _ _~o

Gonen mae Piitaa-san wa sensei _ _ _ _ ga, ima wa sarariiman _ _ _ _ __

Kotoshi chichi wa rokujis-sai ____, haha wa gojuugo-sai ni narimasu.

5. ~ S f::l:{'iiJS - - - - -;O~o

Kyoo wa nan nichi _ _ _ _ _ ka.

_ _ _ _~o

Saitoo-san wa kuruma de ikimasu ga, watashi wa basu (bus)_ _ _ __
7. A: ~0~*tc.Af::l:s63~Iv-C-LJc;O~0

Sakki kita hito wa Yoshida-san deshita ka.

B: v'v';z, s63 ~Iv _______,

lie, Yoshida-san _ _ _ _ _ __

Kore wa Chuugoku no o-cha _____, sore wa nihon no o-cha desu yo.

9. :'O) lBT f;:f::l: :i1BT~;O~tt v';O~G, /FfJ! _ _ _ _ :0.0

Kono machi ni wa chikatetsu ga nai kara, fuben ______ ne.

Chapter 2

Adjectives

There are two types of Japanese adjectives, I-adjectives and Na-adjectives. Japanese
adjectives have tense, while English ones do not. The structure of the Japanese adjectival
sentence is basically "X wa I-adjecitiveINa-adjective" or "X wa Y ga I-adjectiveINa-adjective"
and it corresponds to "X is/are so and so" and "Speaking of X, Y is/are so and so" respectively.

I-ADJECTIVE

Plain non-past neg. non-past past neg. past
:k ~ 1J~ "c:d::.
:k~lt\ :k~<f~v\ ookikatta <:k~ f~1J~ "c>tc

ookii ookikunai ookikunakatta

Polite :k~v\~T :k~<&r.>IJ~itlv :k~ 1Jv;J t~ ~T *:k ~ < &r.> IJ itIv ~ lJ~
ookii desu ookiku arimasen ookikatta desu
ookiku arimasen deshita

NA-ADJECTIVE

non-past neg. non-past past neg. past
Plain fft1J~t:: fft1J~ t:..~/-c'f:tf~v \ fft1J.),t::"0 t~
~1J~ t:..~/-c'f:tf~1J~"0 t~
shizuka da shizuka jaldewa nai shizuka datta
shizuka jaldewa nakatta

Polite ~1J~~T ~1J), t:.. ~ &r.> IJ ~ itIv fft1J ~ -c' L. t~ fft1J~ t:.. ~ &r.> IJ ~ itIv ~ L. t~
shizuka desu shizuka ja arimasen shizuka deshita shizuka ja arimasen deshita

7

8 ADJECTIVES [CHAP. 2
NON-PAST

Both I-adjectives and Na-adjectives have two forms of non-past, plain and polite non-past.

I-adjective
The plain form of an I-adjective is identical to the dictionary form. The copula "de8u" is

added t o the plain form to construct the polite form.
Ex. plain: ookii polite: ookii desu

1. :. (J)~m-f'i*~\-'~i"tlo
Kono tokei wa ookii desu ne .
(This watch is big, isn't it?)

2. -j--{ /v f'i -;!lPo

Nairu wa nagai.
(Th e Nile is long.)
3. -7"-{ 7-'E/' Ff'i jOj\-'o

Daiamondo wa takai.
(Diamonds are expensive.)

4. 13 *~~H'i iOb L..-5 \-'~i"o
Nihon-go wa omoshiroi desu.
(Japanese is interesting.)

5. t- A 2: Ivf'i'WiJ~jOj\-'o

Tomu-san wa se ga takai.
(Tom is tall.)
6. 7'7 /':;7.. f'i/~/'iJ~iO\-' L..\-'~i"o
Furansu wa pan ga oishii desu.
(Bread is delicious in France/Lit. Talking about France, bread is delicious.)

Na-adjectjve
The copula "da" or "desu" is added to the stem to construct the plain and polite form

respectively.
Ex. plain: heta da polite: heta desu.

Suzuki-san wa genki desu.
(Mr. Suzuki is welULit. healthy.)

CHAP. 2] ADJECTIVES 9

2. :. (!Yr :;7, "1"i1lfiltiteo
Kono tesuto wa kantan da.
(This test is easy/Lit. simple.)

3. ~.:r ~ 1v1"i-r::::.:;7, iJ~ C: -C t l:~"t'To

Tomoko-san wa tenisu ga totemo joozu desu.
(Tomoko plays tenms very welllLit. Tomoko is very good at tennis.)

4. - !1J ~ 1v1"i~iJ~ /l}~teo

Kazuo-san wa sakana ga sm da.

(Kazuo likes fish! Lit. Speaking ofKazuo, he likes fish.)

NEGATIVE NON-PAST

I -adjective

In order to form the plain or polite negative non-past ofl-adjective, the last vowel ("i") ofthe

plain non-past is changed to "ku," and then "nai" or "arimasen" is added.

Ex. plain polite

ookii-7 ookiku nai ookiku arimasen

Irregular: ii -7 yom riai yoku arimasen

<l. 4" IHi* t~ 11 '0

Kyoo wa samuku nai.
(It is not cold today.)
2. A: lE ~ 1v00:Q[1"i$v \"(:'-tiJ~o

Tadashi-san no kuruma wa akai desu ka.
(Is Tadashi's car red?)

B: v\v\;t, ~<;b~ 'l'itlvo

lie, akaku arimasen.
(No, it is not red.)

3. :' 0)$~1"i~'i ~ JA<;b ~ 'l~Iv;Po

Kono heya wa amari hiroku arimasen ne.
(This room is not very spacious, is it?)

4. :X: 1"i t 5 fi< t~v'o

Chichi wa moo wakaku nai.
(My father is not young any more.)

10 ADJECTIVES [CHAP. 2

<5. "&:J(J) l::"IH'i~iJ~*~ fl1i'o

Ano biru wa mado ga ookiku nai.
(The windows ofthat bU1lding are not large/Lit. As for that bU1ldin~ the windows are not
large.)

Na-adjective

In order to form the plain or polite negative non-past ofthe Na-adjective, the copula "da" in

the non-past form is changed to "jaJdewa nai" or "jaJdewa arimasen."

Ex. Plain Polite

heta desu-7 heta jaJdewa nai .heta jaJdewa arimasen

Ano resutoran wa yuumeija arimasen.
(That restaurant is not famous.)
2. Vq EE ~ Ivf'iJEi«~tj:t.t1i'o
Uchida-san wa shoojiki dewa nai.
(Mr. Uchida is not honest.)

3. :. (J)alTf'i~tL1i'~tj:iJ ~ *-ltlvtlo

Kono machi wa kirei dewa arimasen ne.
.(This town is not clean, is it?)
4. 5flf'imxiJ ~T ~t~iJ) ~, jJ:7 ;;t71'it8- ~ C~fl1i'o
Watashi wa uta ga heta da kara, karaoke wa suki ja nai.
(Since I am not good at singin~ I don't like karaoke.)

PAST

I-adjective

In order to form the plain or polite past of the I-adjective, the final vowel ("i") ofthe plain

non-past is changed in "katta" or "katta desu" is added.

Ex. Plain Polite

ookii -7 ookikatta ookikatta desu

Irregular: ii -7 yokatta yokkadesu

1. :. (J).f'i:tetr~"::"'t. ~t"o

Kono kuruma wa yasukatta desu.

CHAP. 2] ADJECTIVES 11

(This car was inexpensive.)

2. at: 13 if) ::Z / ~ - " fj: t: -c t J: 'IJ>·':)"lt.o

Kinoo no konsaato wa totemo yokatta.
(Yesterday 's concert was very good.)
3. 4-1f.if)4 1J:lllb)~~~':)"It. ~T~o
Kotoshi no fuyu wa atatakakatta desu ne.
(This winter was warm, wasn't it?)
4. 4- 13 ~t~ !!*:iiIDlJ: ,,?"* ;t.t.~~':)"lt.o
Kyoo mita eiga wa tsumaranakatta.
(The movie which 1 sa w today was boring.)
5. f-#tif) If.¥ :/ A ~ !vfJ:1f;o~ g~~':)"It. ~To
Kodomo no toki Jimu-san wa se ga hikukatta desu.
(Jim was short when he was a child.)

Na-adjectjye

In order to form the plain or polite past ofthe Na-adjective, the copula "da" is changed to

"datta" or "deshita."

Ex. plain plain

heta da -7 heta datta heta deshita

1. EB 9J ~ !v if)7 /'~ - HJ:~tL\t'~L."lt.ipo
Tanaka-san no apaato wa kirei deshita ka.
(Was Ms. Tanaka's apartment pretty?)

2. at: 13 fJ.fJ: 0 "* ~ L."lt.o

Kinoo watashi wa hima deshita.
(1 was free yesterday.)
3. :. if)mfJ:1f~~;Ie':)"lt.o
Kono mise wa mukashi yuumei datta.
(This store was famous a long time ago.)

4.*~~if)If.¥, ~ ~ p v ~ ~ .~~L.~

Daigakusei no toki, watashi wa rokku ga sili deshita.
(Men 1 was in college (Lit. 1 was a college student), 1 liked rock music.)

12 ADJECTIVES [CHAP. 2
NEGATIVE PAST

I -adjective

In order to form the plain or polite negative past of the I-adjective, the "nai" in the plain

negative non-past is changed.to "nakatta " or "arimasen deBhita."

Ex. Plain Polite

ookiku nai-7ookiku nakatta ookiku arimasen deshita

1. ~t ~ W\1v t~ ::J ~ ~ ~ fi:to\t \ l.., < fl.'IJ~~ 1to
Kesa nonda koohii wa oiBhiku nakatta.

(Th e coffee I drank this morning was not good.)

2. WF I3li e< iJ ~ *itlv"t'l..,1tho

Kinoo wa atsuku arimasen deshita ne.
(It was not hot yesterday, was it?)

3. A: )t;~0)~~ 7 Ii J:: iP0 t;: -eTir"o

Senshuu no opera wa yokatta desu ka.
(Was last week's opez:a good?)
B: v\v\;t , ;!i)~'J J:<iJ~*itlv"t'l..,1to
lie, amari yoku arimasen deBhita.
(No, it wasn 't very good.)

Na-adjective

In order to form the plain or polite negative past of the Na-adjective, the "nai" in the plain

negative non-past is changed into "nakatta " or "arimasen deBhita."

Ex. Plain Polite

heta ja nai ~ heta ja nakatta heta ja arimasen deshita

1. A: :§- ~ Iv 0) 7 / ,~ Hi~' ? ""(' l..,tdr\

Tani-san no apaato wa doo deshita ka.

(How was Ms. Tani's apartment?)
B: .'IJ~C~iJ ~ *-ltIv"t'l..,1to

Shizuka ja arimaBen deBhita.
(It was not quiet.)

*::.2. O)J2HiiJ!"J C~ iJ ~ *itIv"t' l..,1to

Mukashi kono hen wa henri ja arimasen deBhita.

(This neighborhood was not convenient a long time ago.)

CHAP. 2] ADJECTIVES 13

• •3 .~ m~=~u~ ~s~c.~~~~

Kodomo no koro watashi wa yasai ga su1ri ja nakatta.

(In my childhood I didn't like vegetables.)

1. Change the following adjectives into the negative form of its corresponding plain or polite
style.
Ex. yasui ~ yasuku nai
kantan deshita ~ kantan ja arimasen deshita

1. * ~It \

ookii
2. ~tp-:,f:. -C-t

atukatta desu

3. ~ hit \t-c. ..:Jt:.

kirei datta
4. ffip ..:>t:.

wakakatta

5. lln l:li t-c.

kantan da

6. 5lt ~ -C L- t:.

suki deshita
7. * It ,

samul
8. J::~-C -t _ _ _ __

joozu desu
9. ~ It\

takai
10. lEiR-c L- t:.

shoojiki deshita

2. Answer the following questions according to the given cue.

=1. ~1f.f~H;t~t.P0 t:. -C-ti,) ~o

Kono tokei wa taka katta desu ka.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,0

Hai, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

14 ADJECTIVES [CHAP. 2

2. -f:" (7) ?ifiH;tIt 'It' '"(:'T tI ~o

Sono jisho wa ii desu ka.

__________0It ' It ' k ,

lie, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

3. Hf 13 (7)~OOifi c." 5 '"(:' LJ;:tI~o

Kinoo no eiga wa doD deshita ka.

itIvitIv (interesting)

Zenzen (interesting),_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4. C. l..--=f ~ Iv fi ]:::°7 J tI~ J:.q::.'"(:'TtI ~o

Toshiko-san wa piano ga joozu desu ka.

It ,It' k, ~ ;,t ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _'0

lie, amari _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

c'5. 5 L- -C -f:" n~~ -:> t;: O)'"(:'TtI~o

Dooshite sore wo katta no desu ka.

(pretty)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _tl~ G"("To

(pretty)___________kara desu.

ADJECTIVAL USAGE

When an I-adjective or a Na-adjective modifies a noun, it always precedes the noun.

I -adjective
The plain non-past of an I-adjective can modify a noun directly.

1. a1: 13 IJ' ~ \( '?if. ~ ~ It ,;,t l..- t;:o

Kinoo chiisai jisho wo kaimashita.
(/ bought a small dictionaryyesterday.)

<2. -:. 0) ~1I ' . f i J: ~ ~ ~ itIvo

Kono akai kuruma wa yoku arimasen.
(This red car isn 't good.)
3. fl.(7) J[ 1...,\(':2 /]:::0.:z. -?<' -fif.!ijtl~-:> t;: "("To
Watashi no atarashii konpyuutaa wa takakatta desu.
(My new computer was expensive.)

CHAP. 2] ADJECTIVES 15

Na-adjective
When a Na-adjective modifies a noun, the final "da" of its plain non-past is replaced by "na."

Ex. heta da ~ heta na

<1. ~t1v'tl*-e.v\-C tf:.2sv\o

Kirei na ji de kaite kudasai.
(please write neatly/Lit. with neat letters.)

2. ;: .hlj::k*t.t*-e-r-o

Kore wa daiji na hon desu.
(This is a valuable book.)

3. fttir~tlffl-"rr~;;t L- J: 50

Shizuka na tokoro e ikimashoo.
(Let's go to a quiet place.)

ADVERBIAL USAGE

I-adjectives and Na-adjectives can modify verbs.

I-adjective
When an I-adjective modifies a verb, the final "i" of its plain non-past is replaced by "ku."
Ex. ookii ~ ookiku

<*-c1. I¥lI3 ~tH:.Ip. <tf:. 2s v\ 0

Ahita gakkoo ni hayaku kite kudasai.

(Please come to school early tomorrow.)

2. t "0 t: :k~ < .~;;t L- J: 57.1\0

Motto ookiku kakimashoo ka.

(Shall I write it bigger?)

<3. ~f 13 7.1\ GVi( ~ f,t I) ;;t L- t;::ho

Kinoo kara suzushiku narimashita ne

(It has become cool since yesterday- hasn't it?)

Na-adjective

When a Na-adjective modifies a verb, the final "da" of its plain non-past is replaced by "ni."
Ex. heta da ~ heta ni

16 ADJECTIVES [CHAP. 2

l. T ~ ;6~h."C v' Q;6~,?, fttiJ~I;O: ~L- "C < t~~ v 'o

Kodomo ga neteiru. kara, shizuka ni hanashite kudasai.
(A child is sleeping so please speak quietly.)

2. ±IB[!g] ~1fjlttlci\t ~ ~ L- J:: 5 0

Chizu wo Kantan ni kakimashoo.
(1 wJ1l draw a simple map/Lit. 1 wJ1l draw a map simply.)
3. O*I;o: tt0t;:'?, ::{/v 7 ~ L- J: :> ~,'l!'!, v ' ~To
Rima ni nattara, gorufu wo shiyoo to omoimasu.
(1 think that 1 will play golf when 1 have time.)

3. Change the given adjectives into an appropriate form.
. E x. Hanako-san wa kirei na hana wo moraimashita. (kirei)
Suupu wo moo sukoshi atsuku shite kudasai. (atsui)

L :. .h1:1: ~ "C t *-c'T o (~v')

Kore wa totemo hon desu. (takai)

2. ~*~ <in '''C t~ ~ v' 0 (~tLv,tt:)

Kanji wo kaite kudasai. (kirei da)
3. ~ 131:1:
~ ~ ~ L- J:: :> 0 (.!flv')

Ashita wa okimashoo. (hayai)

4. 5fJ.1:1:v' 0 t n:@ ~ f'F VJ ~ To Oltiltttt.j

Watashi wa itsumo ryoori wo tsukurimasu. (kantan da)

5. 1*Jj. ;6Q;f .L-v' -c'To (~v')

_____ yasumi ga hoshii desu. (Nagai)

6. 5(.0) t "- /v l:1:7~ t t "- /v-c' T o (!if~ tt.j

Chichi no biiru wa Asahi biiru desu. (suki da)

7 . tt VJ t;:v'~,'l!'!, v'~T ipo (~~tt:)

______ naritai to omoimasu ka. (Yuumei da)

TE-FORM

The te-form of an adjective links with another adjective or predicate. The meaning of the
te-form varies depending on the context, but usually it is equivalent to "and" in English. The
te-form itselfis tenseless, and the tense of the statement is determined by the main verb or
predicate of the sentence.

CHAP. 2] ADJECTIVES 17

I-adjective
In order to form ate-form of an I-adjective, the final vowel ("i") of its plain non-past is
replaced by "kute."
Ex. ookii 7 ookikute

1. :tLrjJjl,I:ttlj(l,< '"(It \It \ffl-c'To

Sappro wa suzushikute ii tokoro desu.

(Sapporo is a cool and nice place.)
2. ~J:It\~lvO)b.::'I:t/J'~ < '"(n~blt\It\-c'T J: o

Yayoi-san no neko wa cbiisakute kawaii desu yo.
(Thyoi~ cat is small and cute, you knOw.)

3. ;!i)0) 1/?- "'7 /'1:t1i:< '"(1t\1t\-{- 5 -c'To

Ano resutoran wa yasukute ii soo desu.

(l have heard that the restaurant is inexpensive and good.)

-c4. 0 -/v?- 0 -{ ?-I:t ~ t ifj < '"(~;:t 'i-ttIvo

Roorusuroisu wa totemo takakute kaemasen.

o Rolls-Royce is too expensive and I cannot buy it.)

5. ::. 0) r""Zl:1v t'::*f:tt,-f'i1:\ l, < '"(~n~ I) 'i -ttIv-c' lJ;::.o

Kono aida yonda hon wa muzukashikute wakarimasen deshita.

(The book I read the other day was difficult and I did not understand it.)

Na-adjectiye
In order to form the te-form of a Na-adjective, the "cia" of its plain non-past is replaced by

"de."
Ex. heta cia 7 heta de

1. :;:3 -t ~ Ivl:t ~ -c t.~~1t \It \A -c'To

Joze-san wa totemo shin.setsu de ii hito desu.
(Jose is a very kind and'nice person.)

2. 1ITIWIH:t• •~{ffljt'::o
Denshi-jisho wa kantan de benri da.
(An electronic dictionary is simple and convenient.)

3. JfI33 ~ 1v1:t~n~l:-=F~;fJ-*:¥-*-/v-c'~It\'i L.t;::.o
Noda-san wa uta ga joozu de kaanegii hooru de utaimashita.
(Ms. Noda is good at singing and sang at Carnegie HalJ.)

18 ADJECTIVES [CHAP. 2

*4. /~ l) "('¥13 "? tc*-r /vlj:.~~-c.- J: n~"? tc "('To

Pari de tomatta hoteru wa shizuka de yokatta desu.
(The hotel we stayed in Paris was quiet and nice.)

4. Translate the following sentences into Japanese .
1. This tea is very hot and I cannot drink.
2. Mr. Okada is an honest and nice (person).
3. That restaurant is famous for tempura and always crowded.
4. Yesterday I was busy and I could not go to my friend's party.
5. This camera is inexpensive and easy to use.

AUXILIARY ADJECTIVE

V-stem +tai

"V-stem + taj" expresses one's desire to do something and is equivalent to "want to (do) " in

English. The conjugation ofthis phrase is the same as that ofI-adjectives.

Ex. Pbrin Polite

non-past ikimasu ~ iki-tai iki-tai desu

neg. non-past iki-taku nai iki-taku arimasen

past iki-takatta iki-takatta desu

neg. past iki-taku nakatta iki-taku arimasen deshita

1. fL fj: v\"':)n~7' I::: T"'ff~ 1t\t'-c.-To

Wtashi wa itsuka Tahichi e iki-tai desu.
(I want to go to Tahiti s~meday.)

<2. 4':toJH[n~ v\"? ltv \t~n~ ~, {"iiI t *~1t i.> ~ ~itNo

Ima onaka ga ippai da kara, nani mo tabe-taku arimasen.

(I don't want to eat anything, because I am full now.)
3. £iF7/v/-\..{ t- n~ t..1til~"':)1tltnt:\ 1t\v\{±*n~£b~*-1t!v"(,Ltc o

Kyonen arubaito ga shi-takatta keredo, ii shigoto ga arimasen deshita.

(I wanted to work part-time last year, but there was not a good job.)

<tc4. Iff ~ Ij:Mn~.n~"? 0) "(" /~ --r -1' -"('ten t: t!6t..tt i.> ~ ~itN-c.-t..tto

Kinoo wa atama ga itakatta node, paatii de dare to mo hanashi-taku arimasen deshita.

(1 had a headache yesterday, so I did not want to talk to anyone at the party.)

CHAP. 2] ADJECTIVES 19

5. '17:.::r- ~ 1vt.J~ ~ -:j:~"'tt"'AI"ijOl,!d1J ~ Iv-c'To
Yasuko-san ga ima ichiban ai-tai hito wa o-baasan desu.

(The person whom Yasuko wants to see the most now is her grandmother.)

<6. 13 *~~t.J~J:~ (::.~ ~ tt '"C , 13 *I::'*~ l.Jco

Nihon-go ga joozu ni nari-takute, Nihon ni kimashita.

(1 wanted to become good at Japanese, so 1 came to Japan.)

V-te + hoshiiLmorai-tai
''V-te+ hosbiilmorai-tai" expresses one's desire and is equivalent to "want someone to do

something." "Someone" is marked by the particle "Bi" and should not be of a higher status than
the subject of the expression. The conjugation ofthis phrase is the same as that ofI-adjectives.

Ex. Plain Polite
itte + hoshiilmorai-tai desu
non-past iku -7 itte + hoshiilmorai-tai itte hoshikulmorai-taku arimasen
itte hoshikattalmorai-takatta desu
neg. non-past itte hoshikulmorai-taku nai itte hoshikulmorai-taku arimasen deshita

past itte hoshikattalmorai-takatta

neg. past itte hoshikulmorai-taku nakatta

1. fLI"iJi::r- ~ Iv (::'/"'--r -1 -(::'*'"CI:t t..."'/t b "'tt"'Iv-C:Tt.J~, *i!M0)~1Ii 13 "(}~ -C:Ti6~o

Watashi wa Michiko-san ni paatii ni kete hoshiilmoraitai n' desu ga, raishuu no kin-yoobi

hima desu ka.
(1 want you, michiko, to come to the party. Are you free next Friday?)
2. ~L-v\7/"'- "~~ ·-n:tt...""tb"'tt"'i6~G, ~I!$e*-C< t-c.~v\o

Atarashii apaato wo mite hoshiilmoraitai kara, konban kite kudasai.

(1 want you to look at my new apartment, so please come tonight.)

3. m: c:',JL (::. ~ -~(::.e:Iv"t'I:t t...ir~'J tt/t b ",tttJ~-:l ttftn 5L1"itt$-C:-i =¥ !J Ar-..D--"? -C L-

~v\~ L-tco
Ani ni haha to issho ni sunde hoshikattalmoraitakatta keredo, ani wa shigoto de Igirisu

e itte shimaimashita.
(1 wanted my older brother to live with my mother, but he had gone to England because of

his work.)

Note: "Hoshii" without the "te-form" expresses one's desire to have something, and "X wa Y ga
hoshii (desu)" is equivalent to "X wants Y" in English. The conjugation of "hoshii" is the same as
that ofI-adjectives.

20 ADJECTIVES [CHAP. 2

1. f.Mj:*:~n;:*~ 1t'7/-\- t- iM:f 1,;lt"'~To

Watashi wa Tookyoo ni ookii apaato ga hoshii desu.

(/ want a large apartment in Tokyo.)

<2. ~Hj: 7" v-tt /' t- :a:- Jt "C r1:"Ivft t 0) I:l: l:f 1,; tctlt '0 J C: g1t'"i L. t;:.o

Otooto wa purezento woomite, "Sonna mono wa hoshiku nai" to iimashita.
(My younger brother looked at the present and said, (1 don 't want such a thing. ")

3. Tf*O)~~ 1t '$:iJq:f 1,;ir~~ 1t"t'To

Kodomo no toki akai kuruma ga hoshikatta desu.
(lW.!en / was a child, / wanted a red car.)

< <4. :' lvft~1t '~~H:l:l:f 1,; flil~~ 1t ~th ~', ffl:iJ~~ -0 -C ht;:.Iv~-to

Konna takai tokei wa hoshiku nakatta keredo, haha ga katte kureta n desu.
(/ did not want such an expensive watch, but my mother bought it for me.)
5. 4-fJ. iJQ:f 1,;lt' t O)I:l:a~ rl'l' ~-ro
Ima watashi ga hoshii mono wa jikan desu.

(lW.!at / want now is time.)
6. E1t';jJLiJq:fL< -C~ iJ~L.-C1t'"i-ro

Furui tsukue ga hashikute sagashite imasu.

(/ want an old desk and have been looking for it.)

Note: The third person's desire in the three expressions above, "v-stem + tai," "v-te + hoshii,"
a nd "hoshii," is usually expressed by "v-stem + tagarultagatte iru," "v-te +
moraitagaru/moraitagatte iru" and "hoshigaru/hoshigatte iru" respectively. The conjugation

ofthose three expressions is the same as that of "u-verb."

Otooto wa sanpo ni iku to densha ni nori-tagari.masu.
(lW.!enever we go for a walk, my younger brother wants to ride a train.)

2. - fl~ ~ 1v1:l:*~1:.ftO) I;:, :toe ~ Iv I;: {iiJ~ t 1,;-C 'b ~ It'1til$ ~ ;:To

Ichiroo-san wa daigaku~ei na no ni, okaa-san ni nan demo shite morai-tagarimasu.
(Although /chiroo is a college student, he wants his mother to do everything for him.)
3. 5"113 ~ IvI:l:iJ1t 'CP OOO)~:a:- I:f 1,;il$~ -Clt''iTo
Yoshida-san wa furui Chuugoku no e wo hoshigatte imasu.
(Mr. Yoshida wants an old Chinese painting.)

V-stem + yasui
"V-stem + yasui" is equivalent to "something is easy to do" in English. The conjugation of

CHAP. 2] ADJECTIVES 21

this phrase is the same as that ofI-adjectives.

Ex. Pbrin Polite
iki+ yasui desu
non-past ikimasu -7 iki + yasui iki-yasuku arimasen
iki-yasl!katta desu
neg. non-past iki-yasuku nai iki-yasuku arimasen deshita

past iki-yasukatta

neg-past iki-yasuku nakatta

1. :. O) -"/ I:t:. ~~T1t'o
Kono pen wa kaki.-yasui.
(This pen is easy to write with.)

2. ~*)t~O)~f4'¥j1Hj: ~iJ~~~T< "'('jOt l,6;O~"'?t;:~To

Suzuki sensei no kooen wa wakari-yasukute omoshirokatta desu.
(Professor Suzuki's lecture was easy to understand and interesting.)

-c<3. f1:~~T1t'S*f-t:@~!ffi:;t tt2sv\o

Tsukuri-yasui nihon-ryoori wo oshiete kudasai
(Please tell (Lit. teach) me a Japanese dish which is easy to make.)

V-stem +njJrui

''V-stem + nikui" is equivalent to "something is difficult to do" in English. The conjugation of

this phrase is the same as that ofI-adjectives.

Ex. Pbrin Polite

non-past ikimasu.-7 iki + nikui iki+nikui desu

neg. non-past iki-nikuku nai iki-nikuku arimasen

past iki-nikukatta iki-nikukatta desu

neg-past iki-nikuku nakatta iki-nikuku arimasen deshita

<1. :. o)*I'j:*;O~ ;J' 2s -Ca"'l;: < 1t'~Ttlo

Kono hon wa ji ga chiisakute yomi-nikui desu ne.

(The letters ofthis book are small and difficult to read, aren't they?)

<2. $a3 2s Ivlc:@1iJ ~IJfl;O~ht;: ~th e:"- ItIJJ t.l;: iJ~-:> fto
..
Tsuda-san ni riyuu wo kikareta keredo, setsumeishi-niku katta.

(l was asked the reason byMr. Tsuda, but it was difficult to explain.)
3. :;t7 -{7-O)llv\ 7' -17"'7-17'-IJ:*1t'l;:< <",(" Mttf!J!v\~-ttlvo

Ofisu no furui taipuraitaa wa tsukai-nikukute, dare mo tsukaimasen.

(The old typewriter in our office is difficult to use, so nobody uses it.)

22 ADJECTIVES [CHAP. 2

4. S E8 ~ lvl:tt? J: 0 .!::: ~lA;:: <"'-,,"'C:T.t o

Shirota-san wa chotto hanasbi-nikui hito desu YO.

(MS. Shirota is a little difficult (Lit. difficult person) to talk to.)

5. Change the following words into the required form given in the parentheses.

<'"Ex. ~"LtJ yomu (difficult to read) -7 IV}:I;:: yomi-nikui
*Q noru (wanted to ride) -7 ~ ~ tt.'IJ),~ tt. nori-takatta

1. ~T hanasu (want to talk)

rr <2. iku (easy to go)

3. ~fIt Q kaeru (difficult to return)

4. 'It.r-.::. Q taberu (not difficult to eat)

5. *Q kuru (wanted to come)

6. mLtJ yomu (not easy to read)

7. TQ suru (did not want to do)

8. Yt-'6 mlrU (was not easy to look at)
9. if::5 tsukau (want someone to use)

6. Translate the following sentences into Japanese.
1. I want a small radio.
2. I do not want to drink sake tonight.
3. This kanji is difficult to memorize.
4. The shoes I bought the other day are comfortable (Lit. easy) to wear.
5. When I was a child, I wanted to become a policeman.
6. I wanted to talk with my mother in Japan, and I called her from the United States.

Review

7. Give the Japanese equivalent ofthe following English sentences and phrases.
1. It is cold.
2. This inexpensive pen is easy to write with.
3. A slow train
4. The man was not young.
5. The place where I want to live the most
6. A convenient shop

CHAP. 2] ADJECTIVES 23

7. I wanted Toshiko to come to my house.
8. The building was magnificent.
9. The teacher's voice was difficult to hear.

8. Choose the most appropriate adjective from the following list, and then fill in the blanks with

the te-form ofthe adjective. fjttJ).t~,
~nlt\t~, lJ~It\, !lIt\, 1'i~I~<It\, 1l:L-It\, ~It\,

kirei da, shitai, atsui, haki-nikui, hoshii, takai, shizuka da,

<Ex. ~it ~ 1v1'i~;6~~ -C /'\ './-tj- A t~o

Takashi-san wa se ga takakute, hansamu (handsome) da.

1. :. O)':;ffl~ l'i pGn~-ttlv o

Kono heya wa neraremasen.
2. :. :'I'i , ~5~T~0)1~It\It\""(:'To

Koko wa , benkyoo suru no ni ii desu.
3. :A -1 :A o) P~ *tJ~ , X:I~R 0 -c t GIt\~ L-t~o

Suisu (Swiss) no tokei ga . chichi ni katte moraimashita.

4. ~~;6~ , *~~I~A~:' ~ I~ L- ~ L-t~ o

Benkyoo ga , daigakuin ni hairu koto ni shimashita.

5. $::r~1v0)7/'~- H'i~-ct , *~It\-c'To

Sachiko-san no apaato wa totemo . ookii desu.

6. :. 0) < -:>I'i , '@;6~1ifi < it. 0 -c V~ It \~ L- t~o

Kono kutsu wa _____, ashi ga itaku natte shimaimashita.

9. Fill in the blanks with Japanese adjective according to the given cue.
Ex. jG37:Vt.~ S ~ Iv -c'TPo (healthy)
Genki na akachan desu ne.

1. ~? r-::I'i_ _ _ _ _ _p~ L-t~o (late)

Yuube wa nemashita.
2. Iv 1:::"'./~.=L ~ -1 './I'i
r.1:::°7.:=..:;7.. t":'0 t~o (famous)

Rubinshutain wa pianisuto datta.

3. Ilt S 0)~~1'i;t;; ~ I) _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _0 (was not difficult)

Kinoo no shiken wa amari _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

24 ADJECTIVES [CHAP. 2

4. 13*-r_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _Af;:t~< ~1v~1t\* L-t~o (kind)

Nihon de hito ni takusan aimashtia.

5. *1f.o 2/ F2/.r-... C,~,It\*To (want to go)

Rainen Rondon (London) e to omoimasu.

6. :. c7)T L-f:t._ _ _ _ _ _ _ -r~ *1tIv-r l,t~o (skillfully)

Kono sushi wa _______ dekimasen deshita.

7. ~ /~ ::I1:tf:<tq;: 0 (no good)

Tabako wa karada ni _________

8. Mc7)7 /'~~ H:t·__________o (was not convenient)
Mae no apaato wa _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

W.:a- <9. J~>::>"( tt ~ It \0 (easy to use)

_ _ _ __ ---.Jjisho wo katte kudasai.
10. ~ 13 l:tifIvif Ivtt*iJ~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-----,o (do not want to do)

Kyoo wa zenzen shigoto ga _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Chapter 3

Adverbs

Japanese adverbs are always placed before the words they modify. Here are frequently used
adverbs.

MOO

The adverb "moo" means "already" in an affirmative sentence and "(not) any more" in a
negative sentence.

Ano atarashii eiga wo moo mimashita ka
(Have you already seen the new movie?)

2. 11* ~ 1v0)l3-f- ~ Ivl:t"b ? -=-:t-eT7J~o

Enomoto-san no o-ko-san wa moo san-sai desu ka.
(Is Mr. Enomoto's child already three years old?)
3. A: ~,::'~a-t.::..r<* Lt'::'7J~o

Hiru-gohan wo tabemashita ka.
(Did you eat lunch?)

B: ;t;t, "b ?~.r<* Lt.::.o

Ee, moo tabemashita.
(Yes, I have already eaten.)

< < *it4. tbo) V.A }- 7 /1:tJ: t~1t\7J~ t?, "b ?1T~ t.::. tb IJ Ivo

Ano resutoran wa yoku nai kara moo ikitaku arimasen.
(That restaurant is not good, so I do not want to go any more.)

25

26 ADVERBS [CHAP. 3

Mie-san wa tabako wo moo suwanai soo desu.
(l have heard that Mie does not smoke any more.)

MADA

The adverb "mada" means" still" or "yet" in a positive sentence and "(not) yet" in a negative
sentence. A positive sentence of "Mada desu." corresponds to "Not yet." in English.

Ani wa mada gakusei desu.
(My older brother is sWl a student.)
2. ~)v~lvf:t)\.. +::t-eT;6~, *te.A=t--a-l:~To

Jiru-san wa hachijus-sai desu ga, mada sukii wo shimasu.
(.hll is eighty years old, but she sWl skies.)
3. A: :jOX:~ Ivf:tt? 7} !J jJ;6~G1ffl-:)"t"*;t lJ~;6~o

Otoo-san wa moo Amerika kara kaette kimashita ka.
(Has your father already returned from the United States?)

B: v\v\;t, *te~m--:)"t"*;titlvo /v\v\;t, *te-eTo

lie, mada kaette kimasen.l lie, mada desu.

(No, he has not yet returned.lNo, not yet.)

*r-4. A: ::. (1) T:3 ::I v - te~ IJ ;t T;6~o

Kono chokoreeto mada arimasu ka.
(Do you still have this kind ofchocolate?)
B: T.7j.;titlvo t? ~ IJ ;titlvo
Sumimasen. Moo ar~masen .
(Sorry. We do not have it any more.)

*5. ::. (1)* a- 1t.fJtlv -ev \ttv \(1)0

Kono hon wo mada yonde inai no.
(Haven't you read this book yet?)

1. Fill in the blanks with either "moo" or "mada."

1. ~ f:t 3 - p '/ /~.r-....rr-:) t~::. C: ;6~ ~ IJ ;t i tIv o

Otooto wa ____ yooroppa (Europe) e itta koto ga arimasen.

CHAP. 3] ADVERBS 27

r2. A: :;7..:::r '/ ~ !vf:t ~=F~~;t -Cv\"~T7,Po

Sukotto-san wa karate wo oshiete imasu ka

B: v'v';t, ~;t-Cv\"~-lt!v o

lie, oshiete imasen.

3. _ _ _ _ 1LP~--c:'T;O~, 4-l!$Ef:t_ _ _DIf:< ft IJ ~ \""t;:.o

_ ___ ku-ji desu ga, konban wa _ _ _ _ nemuku narimashita.

Kurisumasu kaado wo _____ kakimashita ka.

B: v'v';t,

lie , _ _ _ _ ichi-Jilai mo kaite imasen.

AMARI

The adverb "amari" is always used in a negative sentence, and it means "not so much,"
"not often," or "not enough" in English.

Niku wa amari tabetaku arimasen.
(1 do not want to eat meat.)
2. ilJJI ~':1: ~ -r.:::;q:t \..., -Cv\~-ltlvo
Saikin amari tenisu wa shite imasen.
(Recently 1 have not been playing tennis often.)
3. :jO~;O~ i>':1: ~ ftv'i0~G,*rrf:t__c:'~~-ltlvo
O-kane ga amari nai kara ryokoo wa dekimasen.
. (1 do not have much money; so 1 cannot take a trip.)

<4. :. 0) JliNfH:t i> ':1: ~ J:: ;b IJ ~ -Itlv:Po

Kono jisho wa amari yoku arimasen ne.
(This dictionary is not so good, is it?)

ZENZEN

The adverb "zenzen" is always used in a negative sentence, and it means "not at all" in
English.

28 ADVERBS [CHAP. 3

Yuube wa zenzen neraremasen deshita.
(1 could not sleep at all last night.)

2. 9J OO~I:t:Sip fJ 'i TiJ~, _OO~I:t~Iv~ lv5tiJ~ fJ 'i i t Iv o

Cyuugoku-go wa wakarimasu ga, kankoku-go wa zenzen wakarimasen.
(I understand Chinese, but 1 do not understand Korean at all.)

<3. ;i;) 0)1!9C i@1:t~Iv~1v:t3 t l>S ;i;) fJ 'i itIv -c' L t~o

Ano eiga wa zenzen omoshiroku arimasen deshita.
(That movie was not interesting at alL)

TOKIDOKI

The adverb "tokidoki"is always used in an affirmative sentence, and it corresponds to

"sometimes" or "now and then" in English.

1. t£E8~IvI:t"\"\~1:.--c:'T·iJ~, ~k 'l'7.A~1*Jj.'iT.

Matsuda-san wa ii gakusei desu ga, tokidoki kurasu wo yasumimasu.
(Ms. Matsuda is a good student, but she sometimes misses class.)
2. ~k -*'I3'1=1~r~~ L'i L J: :; 0
Tokidoki issho ni shokuji wo shimasyoo.
(Let's eat together, now and then.)
3. ~k ~t,t)UJ~ GMH=m~iJ~;i;)0 -Cfi!ijmiJ~,L'~2. L -C"\'iTo
Tokidoki hen na hito kara ane ni denwa ga atte ryooshin ga shinpai shite imasu.
(Sometimes there is a call from a strange person for my big sister and my parents are
worried.)

NAKANAKA

The adverb "nakanaka" means "quite so and so" in English in an affirmative sentence. In a
negative sentence it is used when something is not completed as easily or as soon as one expects.
It is interpreted as "it takes time for something to be done" or "not easily Inot soon" in English.

1. ~'1J>,~tJ"" \ It \1!9Ci@--c:' L t~Po

Nakanaka ii eiga deshita ne.

CHAP. 3] ADVERBS 29

(It was quite a good movie, wasn't it?)
2. ;1--,* ~ 1v1:tt.til~t.ttpJ:.~f;: 13 *~:a:-~ L-;t Tho

Rune-san wa DAkADAkA joozu ni nihon-go wo hanashimasu ne.
(Rune speaks Japanese quite well, doesn't he?)
3. J(~G:a:-tt )(L-tc<7)f;:, t.til~t.til~0-C~;titlv o
Tenpura wo chuumon-shita noni, DAkaDAkA motte kimasen.
(I ordered tempura, but it takes time for them to bring it.)
4. :'(7)*I:t~*iJ~$< -Ct.til~t.til~m6f);titlvo
Kono hon wa kanji ga ookute DakaDaka yomemsen.
(There are many kanji in this book, and I can not read it easily.)

2. Translate the following English sentences into Japanese.
1. I do not drink whiskey at all.
2. I usually study at home but sometimes I study in the library.
3. The weather is not so good today.

4. I water this flower every day, but it takes time to bloom.

5. Mr. Eguchi is quite good at singing.

Review

3. Choose the right adverb from the ones in parentheses.

<rr *1. ~1: (7)P~f;: l:t/~- f;: J::
~ ;t L- tciJ~, :. (7) 1Ji1:t (t.til~t.til~, ib ~, 1f6'..tt) ~T ~ * it Iv o

Gakusei no toki ni wa yoku baa (bar) ni ikimashita ga konogoro wa (DakaDAka, amarl,

tokidoki) ikimasen.

=fFmn;: 'ite)2.
F-1~~:a:-~5~L-tc(7)-c:'TiJ~, ( t ; , t.til~t.til~, ~$Sh-CL-;t1t\;tL- tco

San-nen mae ni doitsu-go wo benkyoo shita no desu ga, (moo, DAkaDaka, mada) zenbu

wasurete shimaimashita.

3. fr3-%'t~ 0 tcip G (lf6'k, ~Iv'iflv, t.til~tt.il~) /±IiJ-:.11 * itIv -c:' L- tc o

Byooki datta kara (tokidoki, zenzen, DakaDaka) dekakemasen deshita.

4. A::.z- ~-e7-:a:-J(0tcI1hC!::', ( t ; , *te~ t.til~t.til~) mlv-c:'1t\;titlvo

Besuto seraa (best seller) wo katta keredo, (moo, mada, DAkADaka) yonde imasen.

5. 1t\-'")t:t3~:a:-~7j.*TiJ~, (t.til~tt.il~, ib*~, 1f6'..tt)::I-t:-t~7j.*To

Itsumo o-cha wo nomimasu ga, (DakADaka, amri, tokidoki) koohii mo nomimasu.

6. /':::.z-:a:- = +71' t~0 -C1t\*TiJ~ , (ib* ~, t ; , t.til~t.til~) **itIvho

Basu wo sanjup-pun ~o matte imasu ga, (amari., moo, DakaDsks) kimasen ne.

30 ADVERBS [CHAP. 3

4. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the adverb "moo," "mada," "amari,"
"zenzen," "DsksDSks," or "tokidoki."

Opera wo kiki ni ikimasu ka.

B: 1T~ "iitlvtlo ':::'.:z. ~:3 ~71;:+~ t{±lv-ev\Q 1v-e-tiJ~, -l3lt

_ _ _ _ _' ikimasen ne. Nyuuyooku nijuu-nen mo sunde iru n' desu ga, ichi-do mo

____1i8 v\-C v\"i it Ivo

- - - - kiite imasen.

<2. A: ::i'Jv 7 ~ J:: 1..-"i -tiJ\o

Gorufu wo yoku shimasu ka.

B:
_ _ _ _ _,shimasen. _ _ _ _ _suru dake desu ne.

3. :j'$-f- ~ 1v0) v~~ Hj: _ _ _ _ _ J:: iJ\--:J tc -e-t J:: o

Yooko-san no repooto wa _ _ _ _ _....Jyokatta desu yo.

4. :. O)-"'<':::'.:z. 7' JV~ =l3liJ'L.7;."i 1..- tciJ~,

Kono manyuaru (manual) wo _____,san-do yomimashita ga,

- - - -wakarimasen.

Chapter 4

Pronouns

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Japanese demonstrative pronouns are represented by "ko-so-a-do" words. They have
several forms each and refer to a thing, a subject, and so forth. The ko-group refers to a thing
that is closer to the speaker than the listener. The so-group refers to a thing that is closer to the
listener than the speaker. The a-group refer to a thing that is far from both the speaker and
the listener. The do-group corresponds to the interrogative words.

NornjnsJs Place

Thing Koko (here/this place)
Kore (this thing) Soko (there/that place)
Sore (that thing) Asoko (there/that place)
Are (tha t thing) Doko (where/which place)
Dore (which one)

Noun modjfers Konna - (this kind of-)
Kono - (this-) Sonna - (that kind of-)
Sono - (that -) Anna - (that kind of-)
Ano - (tha t -) Donna - (what kind of-)
Dono - (which -)
31
<l. A: .:.nf:tlt \ b -c"TtJ~o

Kore wa ikura desu ka.
(How much is this?)