Schaum's outline of Japanese grammar

32 PRONOUNS [CHAP. 4

Sore wa sen-en desu.
(It/that is 1000 yen.)
2. '::'(l);;$:I:t:Jot L 6 1.- '-c:'-r ~ o
Kano hon wa omoshiroi desu yo.
(This book is interesting.)
3. ~ Iv~.:a:-~I.-'~ Ltc.'/po
Donna kuruma wo kaimashita ka.
(J¥.hat kind ofcar did you buy?)

4. 4' S (l)1fiI'flI:t.::. ;:: I ~ ~ I) ~ T o

Kyoo no shinbun wa koko ni arimasu.
(Today's newspaper is here.)

"Ka-so-a-do" words also refer to a subject that has been already mentioned in a given
context. The ko-group refers to the subject that belongs to the domain of the speaker's
knowledge. The
so-group refers to the subject that belongs to the domain ofthe listener's knowledge, and the
a-group refers to the subject that is shared by the speaker and the listener as their common
knowledge.

1. A: Rf: S rft.f J ~ 1.-' -) V.A r- '7 / -c:'1\tA: ~ L t;:.o

Kinoo "Sakura" to iu resutoran de tabemashita.
(l ate at a res taurant called "Sakura I>yesterday.)

r-B: -{:-(l) V.A '7 / I:t ~" '::'I~ ~ I) ~ -ripo

Sono resutoran wa doko ni arimasu ka.
(J¥.here is that restaurant?)

2. A:)t~ ~t'B .r-..1T0 -C~~ Lt;:. o
Sengetsu Kyooto e itte kimashita.
(l went to Kyoto last month.)

B: --t -) -c:'-tiPo fA t~~1T~ ~ Ltd)~ , i>(l)liITf:t~ nl.-'t~IiIT-c:'-t:O.o

Soo desu ka. Watashi mo kyonen ikimashita ga, ana machi wa kirei na machi
Desu ne.
(Did you? So did Ilastyear. It is a beautiful city, isn 't it?)

In item 2, speaker B refers to Kyoto as "ana machi" because both A and B are familiar with
the city.

CHAP. 4] PRONOUNS 33

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

. Single Plural
Watashi
1st person Anata (1) Watashi-tachi (we)
2nd person Kanojo
3rdperson Kal'e (you) Anata-tachi (you)
(she)
(he) Kanojo-ra/tachi (they)

Kare-ra/tachi (they)

In general, the personal pronouns are frequently omitted if they are understood in context.
Furthermore, second-person and third-person pronouns are seldom or never used, especially to
address a superior, because it carries an arrogant tone. Secnd person (e.g., the listener) and
third person are usually referred to by their names instead of the pronouns. They are also
referred to by "kana/sana/ana hito."

1. jOjG%: -C:TiJ~o
O-genki desu ka?
?4J-e you well? /How are you?)

2. Il1= 13 ij{ A J-. /'.r-..rr ~ ~ L- t~o

Kinoo Bosuton e ikimashita.
(1 went to Boston yesterday.)
3. I.tJIB ~!VV;l:{iiJ:a:~A:~TiJ~o
Yamada-san wa nani 0 tabemasu ka?
(Mr./Ms. Yamada, what are you going to eat?)

4. cb (l) },S;l:4'{iiJ:t -c:T iJ ~0

Ana hito wa ima nan-sai desu ka.
(How old is be/she?)

PRONOUN "NO"

The,pronoun "no" corresponds to "one" in English and refers to something which is already
introduced in the given context. In general, the thing referred to by "no" is tangible.

Kono jisho wa watashi ga motte iru no to onaji desu.
(This dictionary is the same as the one I have.)

34 PRONOUNS [CHAP. 4

Akai kaban wa gosen-en desu ga, kuroi no wa nanasengohyaku-en desu yO.

(The red bag is 5000 yen, and the black one is 7500 yen.)

c3. :.. 0) jJ } =} fj:::k ~ v\-c:'Ttlo t'0 /J ~ ~ v\(J)t;~;b ~ "* TZPo

Kono kamera wa ookii desu ne . Motto chiisai no ga arimasu ka.

(This camera is big. Do you have a smaller one?)

1. Put the appropriate Japanese pronoun on each blank based on the given English word.
Ex. :.. :n"fj:{iiJ-c:'Tzpo (this one)
KQre wa nan desu ka.

1. A: _ _ zHilvfj::ATfII-c:'T7Y'o (that~)

--- kaban wa rokusen-en desu ka.
B: v\v \;t , :.. nfj:- 7JfII-c:'To

lie, kore wa ichiman-en desu.

2. A: tenA fj: -c:'TiI"o (that ~ over there)

--- hito wa dare desu ka.

Yamada-san desu.

3. A: fj:;bf.tt;:iI~J:<~51Wi!f-c:'TiI"o (thisone)

___ wa anata ga yoku tsukau jisho desu ka.

B: v\v\;t, -t 5 C~;b~ "*-ttlvo

lie, soo ja arimasen..

A: _ _ _ _ fj: c":"I:.;b ~ "* TiI"o (the one that you often use)

- - - - wa doko ni arimasu ka.

_ _ _ ni arimasu yo.

Review

2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words based on the contexts.
1. (A and B talk about the restaurant called "Hana," which both ofthem know.)
A: I$S:ffi-c:'Tl.Ar~---::"* l.,t;:J: o
Kinoo Hana de sushi wo tabemashita yo.

CHAP. 4] PRONOUNS 35

B: ~ ? ""0'Tt.J~o

800 desu ka. _ __ mise no sushi wa totemo oishii desu ne.

2. A: (b~O'§U::v'?*~~~0-Cv''!Tt.J~0

Asahi-ya to iu hon-ya wo shitte imasu ka.

B: v' v' it, ~ fJ "i itIvo f'j: c!::' :'1.: (b ~ '! Tt.J~o

lie, shirimasen. ___ wa doko ni arimasu ka.

Eki no soba ni atarashii biru ga arimasu ne.

B: f'j:v' o

Hai.

A: 1::"/vO) 9=' 1.: (b ~ "i T J: 0

___biru no naka ni arimasu yo.

m. . . .3. ~'f 13 ~ 0 ~ ff~"i L-tz:.o ~ L- -C _ _""0'*~~Jj."i L-tz:.o

Kinoo kissaten e ikimashita. 80shite _ _ de hon wo yomimashita.

4. A: /" 1) -{ f'j: fjf""0'Tt.J~o

Hawai wa tokoro desu ka.

B: Pl t.J ~< -C~ L-v'fjf""0'T J: o

Atatakakute tanoshii tokoro desu yo.

3. Translate the following English sentences into Japanese.
1. A: What is this food?
B: It is a Japanese sweet.
2. I worked for a Japanes~ bank and I met my wife there.
3. A: What kind of car do you want?
B: Mr. Shimizu has a small red one, doesn't he? I want that kind.

Chapter 5

Numbers, Time, Dates, Counters

NUMBERS 40 yon-Juu
50 gO-Juu
1 ichi 60 roku-juu
2 nl 70 nanalshichi-juu
3 san 80 hachi-juu
4 yonlshi 90 kyuu-juu
5 go 100 hyaku
6 roku 101 hyaku-ichi
7 shichilnana 110 hyaku-juu
8 hachi 200 ni-hyaku
9 kyuu 300 san-byaku
10 JUU 400 yon-hyaku
11 juu-ichi 500 go-hyaku
12 Juu-nl 600 rop-pyaku
13 juu-san 700 nana-hyaku
14 juu-yonlshi 800 hap-pyaku
15 juu-go 900 kyuu-hyaku
16 juu-roku 1,000 sen
17 juu -shichilnana 1,100 sen-hyaku
18 juu-hachi 2,000 m-sen
19 juu-kyuu 3,000 san-zen
20 m-Juu 4,000 yon-sen
21 ni-juu-ichi
30 san-Juu 36

CHAP. 5] NUMBERS, TIME, DATES, COUNTERS 37

5,000 go-sen 8,000 has-sen

6,000 roku-sen 9,000 kyuu-sen

7,000 nana-sen 10,000 ichi-man

Interrogative words: nan-juu, nan-byaku, nan-zen, nan-man

1. Read the following numbers.
Ex. 1,500 sen-go-hyaku

1. 24
2.89
3. 198
4. 356
5. 881
6.630
7. 9,003
8. 13,200
9. 50,000

TIME

HmJ.rs 7:00 -t;1fil shichi-ji
1:00 A.M. LfM-1fil gozen ichi-ji 8:00 Alfil hachi-ji
2:00 P.M Lff&=1fil gogo ni-ji 9:00 111fil ku-ji

3:00 ~ Ifil san-ji 10:00 +R~ )UU-)l

4:00 Il9Ifil yO-]l 11:00 +-Ifil juuichi-ji
12:00 +=Ifil )UUm-)l
5:00 Ji:a~ gO-)l

6:00 Alfil roku-ji
Interrogative word: fiiJlfil nan-ji

Minutes 6 A51 rop-pun
7 -t;51 nana/shichi-fun
1 -53- ip-pun 8 A 51 hap-pun
2 = 53- ni-fun 9 1151 kyuu-fun
10 +51 )up-pun
3 ~53- san-pun

4 1m 53- yon-pun
5 1i53- go-fun

38 NUMBERS, TIME, DATES, COUNTERS [CHAP. 5

11 +Ji)j- juugo-pun 35 .=.+ Ji)j- sanjuugo-fun
40
=20 =+)j- nijup-pun 45 119+)j- yonjup-pun
50 Im+Ji)j- yonjuugo-fun
25 + Ji)j- hap-pun Ji+)j- gojup-pun

30 .=.+)j- kyuu-fun

Interrogative word: fiiJ)j- nan-pun

1. A: 4-{iiJ1If-e-tZP0

Ima nan-ji desuka.
(Wnat time is it now~

B: =1If~+~-e-to / =1If~-e-to

Ni-ji sanjup-pun desu. / Ni-ji han desu.
(It is two thirty.) / (It is halfpast two.)
2. 4--t:;IIf+~M-e-to
Ima shichi-ji jup-pun mae desu.
(It is ten minutes before seven o'clock.)

3. t::> 3L1lf3L~-t~-e-ttlo

Moo go-ji go-fun sugi desu ne.
(It is already five minutes past five, isn't it~

2. Read the following time .
Ex. 3:20 San-ji nijup-pun

1. 4:.lQ

2. U.5

3. ~
4. ~

5. 1A5

6. tiQ

7. .Lilli

8. ~

Counter ofhoun ADd minutes
"- jikan" and "- funlpun (kan)" are used with numerals to count the number of hours and

minutes respectively.

CHAP. 5] ~ERS,TUME,DATES,COtnNTERS 39

Ex.
1 hours =If.¥:r~' ni-jikan

1 hour and half -If.¥:r.ll¥- ichi-jikan-han

9 hours :tLlf.¥:r~' ku-jikall

+13 hours ~If.¥:r~' juusan-jikan

24 hours = +[lglf.¥:r~' nijuu yo-jikan
5 minutes Jl.~(r~') go-fun-(kan)

/30 minutes ~ +~ (r~') ¥-If.¥:r~' sanjup-pun (-kan) / han-jikan

Interrogative word: nan-ji-kan, nan--pun (kan), dono gurai

<' *1 . 0<»:) ~I'j:A~rm '? It \ L- tp~ itIv "(' L- t;:.o

Yuube wa roku-jikan gurai shika nemasendeshita.

(J slept only about six hours last night.)

2. f3 *~O)Wl*~!J!I'j:'='~III!"('T .to

Nihon-go no kimatsu shiken wa san-jikan desu yo.

(The Japanese final examination is three hours long, you know.)

<' *3 . Q:;:;: tp '? ~t~t*"(' /-\A "(' (:" 0) '? It \tl~tl~ I-J Ttr~o

Koko kara gakkoo made basu de dono gurai kakarimasu ka.

=-+ *(How long does it take to go from here to school by bus?)

A: 3L7.)- <"'? It \ tl~tl~ I-J To

Nijuugo-fun gurai kakarimasu.

(It takes about twenty- five minutes.)

DATES

Months

January - Jl ichi-g~tsu July -tJl shichi-gatsu
hachi-gatsu
February =Jl ni-gatsu August J\Jl ku-gatsu
juu-gatsu
March ~Jl san-gatsu September :tLJl juuichi-gatsu
October +Jl juuni-gatsu
April [lgJl shi-gatsu
November +-Jl
May Jl.Jl go-gatsu
December +=
June :AJl roku-gatsu

Interrogative word: {"iiTA nan-gatsu

40 NUMBERS, TIME, DATES, COUNTERS [CHAP. 5

Days ofthe month

pt - 13 tsuitaehi 17th +-t13 juushiehi-niehi

2nd = 13 futsuka 18th +AI3 juuhaehi-niehi
3'd =: 13 mik-ka 19th +1113 juuku-niehi

4th Il9I3 yok-ka 20th =+13 hatsuka

5th 11.13 itsu-ka 2pt =+-13 nijuuiehi-niehi

6th :A 13 mui-ka 22nd =+=13 nijuuni-niehi

7th -t13 nano-ka 23rd = +=:13 nijuusan-niehi

8th )\. 13 yoo-ka 24th =+Il9El nijuuyok-ka

9th 1113 kokono-ka 25th = +11.13 nijuugo-niehi

10th +13 too-ka 26th =+:A13 nijuuroku-niehi

11th +-13 juuiehi-niehi 27th =+-t13 nijuushiehi-niehi

12th += 13 juuni-niehi 28th = +AI3 nijuuhaehi-niehi

13th + =: 13 juusan-niehi 29th = +1113 nijuuku-niehi

14th +1l9 13 juuyok-ka 30th =:+13 sanjuu-niehi

15th +11.13 juugo-niehi 3pt = + - El sanjuuiehi-niehi

16th +:A13 juuroku-niehi

Interrogative word: {iiJ 13 nan-niehi

1. fl (J) ~1:. 13 f:t Il!V~ :1L 13 -e-t0

Watashi no tanjoobi wa shi-gatsu kokono-ka desu.

(My birthdayis April ffh.)

=:a2. :1L~ ip;¥=~;a"tzil* V) *-to

Ku-gatsu mik-ka kara gakkoo ga hajimarimasu.
(School starts on September :rI.)

3. Read the following dates.
Ex. Jan. 10th iehi-gatsu too-ka

1. Dec. 4th 6. Feb. 28th
2. Mar. 22ud 7. Apr. 8th
3. Sept. 5th
4. Nov. 20th 8. June 2nd
9. July 30th
5. May. 14th 10. Aug. 6th

CHAP. 5) ~ERS,T~,DATES,CO~ERS 41

Counters of days and months

"- ka (-kan) / nichi (-kan)" and "- ka-getsu (-kan)" are used with numerals to count the

number of days and months respectively.

Ex. ichi-nichi(-kan) 2 days =13 (r~') futsu-ka (-kan)

mm1 day -13

3 days =-13 (r~') mik-ka (-kan) 4 days ~13 (r~') yok-ka (-kan)
mui-ka (-kan) juugo-nichi (-kan)
6 days AI3 (r~') mm15 days +1L13

20 days =+13 (r~') hatsu-ka (-kan) 24 days =+~13 (r~') nijuu-yok-ka (-kan)

Note: "Tauitachi" refers only to "the first day of a month." It is not used to count "one day."

Interrogative word: {iiI 13 (r~') nan-nichi (-kan)

1 month - 'T J=! (r~') ik-ka-getsu (-kan) 5 months 1L'T J=! (r~') go-ka-getsu (-kan)

6 months A'T J=! (r~') rok-ka-getsu (-kan) 8 months )\.. 'T J=! (r~') hak-kalhachi-ka-getsu (-kan)
+ +=10 months 'T J=! (r~') juk-ka-getsu (-kan) 12 months
'T J=! (r~') juuni-ka-getsu (-kan)

Interrogative word: {iiI'T J=! (r~') nan-ka-getsu (-kan), t:,' (J) <~ C":> It \ dono gurai

1. 3L amH~EE cp ~ Iv t: -~,~ ::f/L-7 ~ Vi L.t~o

Itsu-ka mae ni Tanaka-san to issho ni gorufu wo shimashita.

(1 played golf with Mr. Tanaka five days ago.)

2. :*~ (J) :J:1*.7t-Ij:=-?'" j) <' C":> It \ -e-f0

Daigaku no natsu-yasumi wa san-ka-getsu gurai desu.

<"( =a(The summer vacation ofa university is about three months long.)
3. tollliJ~1t \t~ (/R!){iiIt~ ~C":>.tvi-tt Iv"(" L.t~o

O-naka ga itakute futsu-ka(-kan) nani mo taberaremasen deshita.

(1 had a stomach ache and 1 could not eat anything for two days.)

Days aithe week

Monday J=! 11113 getsu-yoobi Friday ~1II13 kin-yoobi
Saturday
Tuesday ka-yoobi Sunday ±1II13 do-yoobi
1311113 nichi-yoobi
Wednesday sui-yoobi

Thursday moku-yoobi

Interrogative word: {iiI1II13 nan-yoobi

1. *llR(J)j) 8Ia '~~~iJ~ib IJ *-to

Raisyuu no getBu-yoobi ni shiken ga arimasu.
(1 have an examination on next Monday.)

42 NUMBERS, TIME, DATES, COUNTERS [CHAP. 5

2. .1<1113 c*1II131j: a ;$:m(7):7 7 A;1~ ~ IJ ~ itIvo

Ka-yoobi to moku-yoobi wa nihon-go no kurasu ga arimasen.
(There is no Japanese class on Tuesday and Thursday.

Counters ofweeks
"-shuukan" is used with numerals to count the number of weeks.

Ex. 1 week -imm., is-shuukan 4 weeks lmiIMr~ yon-shuukan

8 weeks )\'ilMr~ has-shuukan 10 weeks +i1Mr~ jus-shuukan

Interrogative word: nan-shuukan

= <.1. ill110 Gv\,*rrtJ~ lJ;:-.1, \~To

Ni-shuukan gurai ryokoo ga shitai desu .

(I want to travel for about two weeks.)

<2. :. (7) ~;:c :a:- I}: (7) I;: t::, J: ? c· - JIrIlJ tJ ~tp IJ ~ lJ;:o

Kono ronbun wo kaku noni choodo san-shuukan kakarimashita.
(It took me exactly three weeks to write this paper.)

"-nen" is used with numer:als to name years.
Ex. The year of 2000 = 'f-iF nisen-nen

The year of 1900 'f-JL EfiF senkyuuhyaku-nen
Interrogative: fiiJiF nan-nen

Counters ofyears
"-nen (kan)" is used to count the number ofyears.

Ex. 1 year -iF (rIm ichi-nen (-kan)

10 years -tiF (r~) jyuu-nen (-kan)
Interrogative: nan-nen (-kan)

1. fll:t 1 9 8 OlF(7)Il9.FlI;:.g~1:~n~ lJ;:o
Watashi wa sen-kyuuhyaku-hacbijuu-nen no shi-gatsu ni Tookyoo de umaremashita.
(1 was born in Tokyo in Apnl of1980.)

2. Q: .fiiIlF (110) <. Gv\ a ;$:1;:itIv ~v \~ l, t;:-!J~o

Nan-nen (-kan) gurai Nihon ni sunde imashita ka.
(How many years did you live in Japan?)

CHAP. 5] NUMBERS, TIME, DATES, COUNTERS 43

A: :::.IF-C:To 9 5lFzJ'l'? 9 8lF*-C:I3*~;:v\* L-fc.o

San-nen desu. Kyuujuu-go-nen kara kyuujyuu-hachi-nen made Nihon ni imashita.
(For three years. 1 was in Japan from 1995 to 1998.)

COUNTERS

There is no clear distinction between singular and plural forms in Japanese except for several
words. However, counter words are always attached to the number of the objects which are
counted. Here are some of the counters which are frequently used.

:::Mai

This is used to count flat things such as paper and CDs. The numbers before "mai" are the
same as given in the earlier list of numbers of 1 to 10,000.

*l. 70 '/ ~o-T- 4" A -:7 :a- =fk~ v\ l-fc.o

Furoppii disuku wo ni-mai kaimashita.
(1 bought two floppy disks.)

2. ~O)~:a-JlQfk< t-!..~v\o
80no kami wo yon-mai kudasai.

(Please give ·me four sheets ofthe papers.)

- Han (PonIBon)
This is used to count long, shaped things such as pencils, bottles, and trees.

1 ip-pon 11 juuip-pon
2 ni-hon 12 juuni-hon
3 san-bon 20 lllJup-pon
4 yon-hon 30 sanjup-pon
5 go-hon 50 gojup-pon
6 rop-pon 100 hyap-pon
7 nana/shichi-hon 110 hyakujup-pon
8 hap-pan 120 hyakunijup-pon
9 kyuu-hon 1000 sen-bon
10 jup-pon
Interrogative word: {iiI;$.: nan-bon

44 NUMBERS, TIME, DATES, COUNTERS [CHAP. 5

1. I$~ t:" -IV~~~dj.* L-t~ o

Kinoo biiru wo san-bon nomimashita,
(1 drank three bottles ofbeer yesterday.)
2. ;;tJvU0;6~=*v\ IJ ~To
Enpitsu ga ni-hon irimasu ,
(1 need two pencils.)

- Hai (psi /Bail

This is used to count cups, glasses and bowls of drinks or food.

1 ip-pai 8 hap-pai
kyuu-hai
2 ni-hai 9 jup-pai
nijup-pai
3 san-bai 10 hyap-pai
sen-bai
4 yon-hai 20

5 go-hai 100

6 rop-pai 1000

7 nanalshichi hai

Interro~atjve: {iiJliv \ nan-bai

1. *~=t.t\t'f;J0-C*-C< t('25v\o

Mizu wo nihai motte kite kudasai..
(please bnng two glasses ?fwater.)

2. iit ~ ::1- 1:: -~ ='f';f\t, <~ Gv\~dj. ~ T

Mainichi koohii wo san-bai gurai nomimasu.

*(I drink about three cups ofcoffee every day.)

3. i§ 1:t{iiIf';f\t' <-' Gv\~.Y) T;6:.o

Sake wa nan-bai gurai nomemasuka.
(How many cups ofsake can you drink?)

4. ':'-~~t ?-t,l\t'< t('~v\o

Gohan wo moo ip-pai kudasai.
(Please give me another bowl ofrice.)

This is used to count human beings.

1 hitori 2 futari

CHAP. 5] NUMBERS, TIME, DATES, COUNTERS 45

3 san-nln 8 hachi-nin

4 yo-nm 9 kyuu-nin

5 go-nin 10 juu-nin

6 roku-nin 100 hyaku-nin

7 nana/shichi-nin 1000 sen-nin

Interrogative word: {1iJA nan-nin

1. ;t{ii il~ ~A~n~ *~ Lt~ o
Tomodachi ga san-nin uchi ni kimashita.
(Three ofmy friends came to my house.)

2.A: 5L 5fH±{iiIAIt\~Til~o
Kyoodai wa nan-nin imasuka?
(How many brothers and sisters do you have?;'

B: f.Mitt$ il~ =AIt \ ~ T o

Watashi wa ane ga futari imasu.
(Ihave two big sisters.)

-Satsu
This is used to count bound books, magazines, etc.

1 is-satsu 8 has-satsu

2 ni-satsu 9 kyuu-satsu

3 san-satsu 10 jus-satsu

4 yon-satsu 20 nijus-satsu

5 go-satsu 100 hyaku-satsu

6 roku-satsu 1000 sen-satsu

7 nana-satsu '

Interrogative word: fIiJ ~"0 nan-satsu

1. Jt~ * ~~~'0~Jj.~ Lt~o
Senshuu hon wo san-satau yomimashita.
(1 read three books last week.)

2. !3 *~O) ~ . il~ -~'0I~LIt\-c'To
Nihon-go no jisho ga is-satau hoshii desu.
(1 want one Japanese dictionary.)

46 ~ERS.TnME.DATES. CO~ERS [CHAP. 5

~Hjkj (Pm LBiki)

This is a general counter for animals but not for birds.

1 ip-piki 8 hap-piki

2 ni-hiki 9 kyuu-hiki

3 san-biki 10 jup-piki

4 yon-hiki 20 nijup-piki

5 go-hiki 100 hyap-piki

6 rop-piki 1000 sen-biki

7 nana-hiki
Interrogative: {iirCJ~ nan-biki

1. ~J;:fj:tl:.tJ~ ="O~ ~ *tJ~.-~~"\~To

Uchi ni wa neko ga ni-hiki to inu ga ip-piki imasu.
(There are two cats and one dog in my house.)
2. il'r]f-c';f;;(:3: :a:- -~~Yl.~ l-t;:.o
Daidokoro de nezumi wo ip-piki mimashita.
(1 saw one mouse in the kitchen.)

This counter is used for many objects that do not belong to any of the above categories.

1 hito-tsu 7 nana-tsu
2 futa-tsu 8 yat-tsu
3 mit-tsu 9 kokono-tsu
4 yot-tsu 10 too
5 itsu-tsu 11 juu-ichi
6 mut-tsu 12 ]uu-m
Interrogative word:
"\ <"'":) ikutsu

1. Wrll~iJ~ --?;b ~ ~To

Shitsumon ga hitotsu arimasu.
(1 have a question.)
2.A: A,s~*:a:- "'<-?$Pl25tL-~ l-tdpo

Kyoo kanji wo ikutsu benkyoo shimashita ka.
(How many kanji did you study today!)

CHAP. 5] NUMBERS, TIME, DATES, COUNTERS 47

B: I!Q-?MJ~ L- ;t L t~o

Yottsu benkyoo shimashita.

astudied four kanji}.

3. (At a store)

IJ Iv ::'a-JL-? <t-c. ~ Iv \0

Ringo wo itsutsu kudasai.

(1 wlll take five apples. ILit. Give me five apples.)

4. Fill each blank with the given number or word and the appropriate counter .

Ex. ~.tii-c'* a- 5 ~ ",?f1lf IJ ;t L- t~o (5)

.Toshokan de hon wo ~o·satsu karimashita.

Pen ga anmasu.

2. :. O)~:f3H;: 13 *MtO))t;~iI~_ _ _ _1v '"i TiI\ (how many)

Kono gakkoo ni nihon·go no sensei ga _ _ _ _ imasu ka.

Yamada-san ni kawaii neko wo ____ moraimashita.

4. WJ¥a- _ _ _ _,J(~, \;t L-t~iI:\o (how many)

Kitte wo kaimashita ka.

5. tii: 13 IJ Iv::' a-_ _ _ .!:: / '\ TTa- _ _ _~ ~ ;tTo (2), (3)

Mainichi ringo wo ____ to banana wo ____ tabemasu.

<' <6. /{ -T -1 f;: l::"-/va-_ _ _ GIv \~0 -C *-C t~ t:: Iv \ 0 (20 bottles)

Partii ni biiru wo gurai motte kite kudasai.

7. -7-~a- J(1v\;t L- J:: ? iPo (how many)

Keeki wo kaimashoo ka.

8. 1f~0) CD a- ~t~i?I;:;blj;t L-t~o (4)

Ongaku no CD wo tomodachi ni agemashita.

9. V.A t- '7 /'-c':tolv \ L- Iv \17 -{ /' a- ~.7j..;t L- t~ o (3' glasses)

Resutoran de oishii wain wo ____ nomimashita.

Watashi wa ani ga ____ imasu.

48 NUMBERS, TIME, DATES, COUNTERS [CHAP. 5

Review

5. Give the Japanese equivalents to the given words.
Ex. February 4th ni-e:atsu yokka
28 (books) nijuu has-satsu
4:00 yQj.i

1. 3:45
2. 9:10
3. June 30th _ _ _ _ __
4. January pt
5. November 3rd
6. 610 (sheets of papers) _ _ _ _ __
7. 16 (cups/glasses) _ _ _~_
8. 10 (cats) _ _ _ __
9. 7 (apples) _ _ _ _ __
10. 1,392 (people) _ _ _ _ __
11. 90 (pencils) _ _ _ _ __

6. Translate the following into Japanese.
1. A: What day is today?

B: It is Monday, October 16.
2. A: What time is it now?

B: It is four fifty.
3. I ate three cakes last night.
4. I will be in Japan from April 11 to September 30.
5. There are eight Japanese magazines in the library.
6. A: How many watches do you have?

B: I have only two.
7. I drank six bottles of beer yesterday.

Chapter 6

Particles

WA

Thpic
The particle "wa" ma.rks a topic of a sentence. The topic could be anything, the subject, object,

location, etc. A word or phrase preceding "wa" is something already mentioned before or obvious
from the context or universally accepted facts. The focus of a sentence is placed on the part which
follows "wa."

Tomoko-san wa gakusei desu.
(Tomoko is a student.)
2. /bO)l!9!:iWr.tlID S iO~"::d;: ~To
Ano eiga wa omoshirokatta desu.
(That movie was interesting.)

<3. :.:. r.t* /b I) "i -ttIvo

Koko wa samuku arimasen.
(This place is not cold.)

4. ¥A ;::'§.Iir.t b 5 -:tt.r.:: "i l.Jc /po

Asa gohan wa moo tabemashita ka?
(Did you already eat breakfast?)

Contrast
The particle "wa" also shows the contrast of a word or phrase marked by "wa" with something

else. "Wa" also indicates the contrastive element, when it is used in negative sentences.

49

50 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6

Watashi wa asa taitei koocha wo nomimasu. Demo, kesa wa koohii wo nomimashita.
( Usually I drink tea in the morning. But I drank coffee this morning.)
2. ~:ht:.ipt?, ~~~t;t1..-f.l~\-C:~' T' ~-7'-A~1..--Z-1..-~\,t\~ 1..-t:.o
Tsukareta kara, benkyoo wa shinai de bideogeemu wo shite shimaimashita.
(Becasuse I became tired, I did not study and ended up playing video games.)

3. ~ip 13 *r-..rr . :d:.I1~~\ *Ji{r-.. t;trr~ ~ 1..-td)~ , Ji{Wr-..t;trr~ ~1t Iv-c: 1..- t:.o

Kyonen Nihon e itta toki, Tokyo e wa ikimashita ga, Kyoto e wa ikimasen deshita.
(U'hen I went to Japan last year, I went to Tokyo, but I didn't go to Kyoto.)

GA

The subject of a sentence
The particle "ga" marks the subject of a sentence. A word or phrase preceding "ga" is the

subject of a sentence which is introduced as a new information in the discourse. It puts a focus on
the elements preceding "ga." In case the subject has a contrastive element, its subject-marker,
"ga," is replaced by "wa." When a WH-word is the subject of a sentence, it is always followed by
the particle "ga" and in the response to the question, the subject is also marked by "ga."

1. ~ r:L - ff.¥f ;: 7 /' ~Iv~$*~i"0
Kyoo, ichi-ji ni Ken-san ga kimasu.
(Today, Ken will come at one o'clock.)

2. ~~$ :' :h~~-:> -Z-*tclv -c:i"il:.o

Dare ga kore 0 motte kita n' desu ka.
(U'ho brought this?)

3. A: lbO) V.A t--'.7 /' fj:{iiJ~$:to\,t\ 1..- \,t \-C:i"n:.o

Ano resutoran wa nani ga oishii desu ka.
(What is good in that restaurant?)

B: lb.:c :. fj: -Z- Iv ~ t? ~$:to \,t \ 1..- \,t \-C:i" J: 0

Asoko wa tempura ga oishii desu yo.
(As for that place, tempura is good, you knOw.)
4. A: .:c O)t-?7- fj:~-Z-t\,t\\,t\-C:i"tl.o
Sono seetaa wa totemo ii desu ne.
(}Our (Lit. the) sweater is very m·ce.)

CHAP. 6] PARTICLES 51

<B: -t-? -C-TtJ~o ro:~~~-::>"( tLt;:lv-C-To

Soo desu ka. Haha ga katte kureta n' desu
(Really? My mother bought it for me.)

5. A: c"(J) l:::"lv~~ t- 7 ,/"/. -71J--C-TtJ~o

Dono biru ga Toranpu Tawaa (Trump Tower) desu ka,
(Which building is Trump Tower?)

B: £ti:,(J) l:::"lv~~-t- ? -C-To

Ano biru ga soo desu.
(That building is the one.lLit.That building is so.)
6. A: 13;~q:t {iiJ~ ~~v\v\-C-TtJ ~o
Nihon wa nan-gatsu ga ii desu ka.

(Which month is m'ce in Japan?)

B: -t-? -C-TP;to Im~ ~~v\v\-C-T.

Soo desu nee ... Shigatsu ga ii desu .
(Let me see . .. in Japan it is nice in April.)

The subject in a aubonHDRte clause
The subject in a subordinate clause is marked by "ga," when it is not the same as the subject

ofthe main clause.

1. :to~$ ~ lv~~~Pl1.-- t;:I1~~\ ¥i-=t- ~ lvl:t+::t-C- 1.-- t;:o

Oneesan ga kekkon shita toki, Sachiko-san wa jus-sai deshita.
(Sachiko was ten years old, when her sister got married.)

2. ~~~lv ~~~t;: '?, -t-(J)-=t-linr.~fr.h~'i Lt;:o

Toshio-san ga mitara, sono ko wa nakihajimemashita.
(When Toshio looked at the child, she started to cry.)

3. :Dtli ~S *t;:tJ~ ,?, {±.~ L 'i1tlv-C- 1.--t;:o

Tomodachi ga kita kara, shigoto wo shimasen deshita.
(Since my friend came, I did not work.)

Note : In a relative clause the subject may be followed by "no" as well as "ga."

tIE ~ ~ lv ~S~ -::> t;:~~H:t c"( ;HjtJ~-::> t;: -C-To

Tanaka-san ga katta tokei wa totemo takakatta desu.
(The watch Ms. Tanaka bought was very expensive.)

IE ~ ~ lv(J)~ -::> t;:~*I:t .c"( t ;HjtJ~-::> t;: -C-To

Tanaka-san no katta tokei wa totemo takakatta desu.

52 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6
(The watch Ms. Tanaka bought was very expensive.)

Direct object
The direct object of stative verbs and some auxiliary adjectives is usually marked by "ga." If

the object has a contrastive e~ement, "ga" is replaced by "wa."

Koko kara Fuji-san ga yoku miemasu yo.

(We can see Mt. Fuji well from herelLit. Mt. Fuji is well visible from here, you know.)

+2. ~J3tO)1*.7;.~Ui, S (' ~ V\ 3 - 0 :/ /~1*rr~S 1.-tcv \C'To

Kondo no yasumi ni wa, tooka gurai no Yooroppa ryokoo ga shitai desu.
(l want to take a ten-day European trip during the next vacation.)
3. •*~~~~~~ ~~~t~~C'~
Suzuki-san wa jazu ga totemo suki desu.

(Mr. Suzuki likes jazz very much.)

A list of special predicates that need "ga" for object-marking is as follows.
iru (need), dekiru (can do), hoshii (want), mieru (can see), kikoeru (can hear),
wakaru (understand), -tai (want to).

1. Choose the right particle from the two shown in parentheses.

l. JL (tj:. ~S) ~PI 1.-tc)diCPOOAC'To

Ani (wa, ga) kekkon shita hito wa chuugoku-jin desu.
2. fL ( tj:. ~S) ~1f.*~:a:~~ 1.- "iTo

Watashi (wa, ga) kotoshi daigaku wo sotsugyoo shimasu.
3. o~7 (t;t. ~S) ~~t*~v\OOtco

Roshia (wa, ga) totemo ookii kuni da.
4. S *C'iPJ Ct;t. ~S) - :i=iiiSiF'-::>tc C'TZF'o

Nihon de nani (wa, ga) ichiban omoshirokatta desu ka..
5. !ECP~~li~1:.S~;:. (t;t. ~S) 111.-v\-{-?C'To

Tanaka-san wa tanjoobi ni kuruma (wa, ga) hoshii soo desu.

2. Fill in the blanks in the following passage with either "wa" or "ga."

fL ~1f.7 } !J jJ ~;:*"! 1.- tco

Watashi kyonenAmerika ni kimashita.

CHAP. 6] PARTICLES 53

~ ff0~~=~ ~~~~~?~~~~~=~-3-~~~

Watashi itta tokoro Bosuton to Washinton to Nyuuyooku desu.

-i:O)tp~fJ. !7 ~~ ~ ~ - *~~ ~To

Sono naka de watashi Washinton ichiban suki desu.

<?~~ ~ ~ - - - ~ -C t ~:h,v\~, :tot l,~v\FJf _ _ tc. ~ Iv~ IJ ~To

Washinton totemo kirei de, omoshiroi tokoro takusan arimasu.

*if. _ 5_ _ ~~77~~~::zI;:ff= ~,1~,v\ ~To

Rainen San Furanshisuko ni ikoo to omoimasu.

wo

The direct object
The particle "wo" marks the preceding word or phrase as a direct object in the sentence.

Senshuu omoshiroi eiga wo mimashita.
(Last week I saw an interesting movie.)

<2. :ttif.X:7J~Ev \WJ~~ :h, ~ l, tc. o

Kyonen chichi ga furui kitte wo kuremashita.
(Last year my father gave me some old stamps.)
3. ~ A ~ Ivl"im 13 ::z - t: -~~lj. ~To

Tom-san wa mainichi koohii wo nomimasu.
(Tom drinks coffee every day.)

Place with a verb of motion
The particle "wo" marks a place word through which the motion takes place. It also indicates

a place from which the movement starts.

1. =0)~ ~lm0-C~T~~ 1,J: 50

Kono michi wo tootte ikimashoo.

(Let's go through this street.)

-c <2. (jz0)~ ~1fu7J~ 0t-c. ~ v\0

Tsugi no kado wo magatte kudasai.

(please turn the next corner.)

54 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6

Ashita ni-ji ni uchi wo demasu.

(Tomorrow / W11lleave home at two o'clock.)

<'.U <4. il!rf~J(~j3 fJ tc ~, -t
L- -C t-c:. ~ v\ 0

Chikatetsu wo oritara, sugu denwa shite kudasai.

(Men you get offthe subway, please call me right away.)

NI

Indirect object
The particle "ni." marks its preceding word or phrase as an indirect object in the sentence.

(cf. A direct object is marked by "wo.")

Watashi ni. sono jisho wo kudasai.
(Please give me that dictionary.)

2. ~ln::t r.::IJtl.J::r~ fJ "i L-tco

Neko ni. tabemonowo y~rimashita.
(/gave the cat some food.)

<3. X:f:t.:=~ ~ 3~:7 O)~t±lr.J: .U::ri1\~t~-to

Chihi wa Nyuuyooku no kaisha ni. yoku denwa wo kakemasu.
(My father often calls a company in New York.)

Location

The particle "ni." marks the location of objects.

Ano mise ni. totemo ii kamera ga arimasu yo.
(There are very good cameras in that store.)

2. T>{.~ }-O)wUr.tc< ~IvAi1~ v\"i-to

Depaato no mae ni. takusan hito ga imasu.
(There are manypeople in front ofthe department store.)

3. -1-{;jt0):' 6flO) ? ~'r.I:t*iJ~~m;v \"i L-tco

Kodomo no koro watashi no uchi ni. wa inu ga san-bili imashita.
(Men I was a child, there were three dogs in my house.)

CHAP. 6] PARTICLES 55

Point in time

The particle "ni" marks a point in time and it corresponds to "at," "on," or "in" in English. It
usually follows the time expressions which need "at," "on;" or "in" in English, such as "at three
o'clock," "on Monday," and "in May." "Ni" does not follow the time words which do not need any
prepositions in English, such as "today," "last week," and "next year."

Maiasa shichi-ji ni okimasu.
Every morning I get up at seven o'clock.)
2. 3iJH;: S *.r-..ff~ ~-to
Go-gatsu ni Nihon e ikimasu.
/ am going to Japan in May.)
3. :; 3 - :; • !7 ~/ "/IJ:=f-\:;B '=:' + =~I;:1:.~;h,~ l-t;:. o
Jooji Washinton wa sen-nanahyaku-sanjuu-ni-nen ni umaremashita.
(George Washington was born in 1732.)

4. £~*~~-t.- ---::>~ J: ? l- ~ l-t;:.o

Kyonen dagaku wo sotsugyoo shimashita.
(/ graduated from college last year.)

5. X: 1j: iji)J - p~ r~'i7k~' ~-to

Chichi wa asa ichi-jikan oyogimasu.
(My father swims for one hour in the morning.)

Note: In case of "in the morning" and "at night" Japanese equivalents do not use "ni."

DestjnAtion
The particle "ni" marks the destination of a motion verb.

1. 4' pjE~OOiI;:fT ~ ~ -tt IvtJ ~o

Konban eiga ni ikimasen ka.
(Would you like to go to a movie tonight?)
2. 1.fHj:*~ * ~ I;:A ~ ~-to
Otooto wa rainen daigaku ni hairimasu.
(My younger brother will enter college next year.)

3. • ~~ Iv~*~S*~.~-t.- ? ~~

Emi-san wa rainen Nihon ni kaeru soo desu.
(/ have heard that Emi is going back to Japan next year.)

56 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6

Purpose of motion verb
"V-stem + ni" with a motion verb indicates the purpose ofthe verb.

1. -=t-#t ~ /-::/'?t".a- Jt1;::1tJ~IiI.r-...ft~:t 1..-t~ o
Kodomo to panda wo mi ni doobutsu-en e ikimashita.
(I went to the zoo with my child to see a panda.)

-e2. :1 v-t?/' r.a- ""'1~ ~:3 '/ I::0/,~' • /'?t-.r-...ft~:t 1..-t~ o

Purezento wo kai ni shoppingu sentaa e ikimashita.
(1 went to a shopping mall to buy a present.)
3. t:"x-;v ~ AAim, 13 ~::'~.a-,*~I;::*.r-...1ffl1) :tTo
Pieeru-san wa mainichi hiru-gohan wo tabe ni uchi e kaerimasu.
(Pierre goes back home to eat lunch every day.)

Ail'nt of passive, causative or causative passive verbs
The particle "Di" marks the agent ofthe action expressed by passive, causative or causative

passive verbs.

<1. Jj~ ~ It \a~, ffl: 1;:: J:: Itt; tL t~o

Chiisai toki, haha ni yoku shikarareta.
(Mlen 1 was a child, 1 was often scolded by my mother.)

2. tl1= 13 9*1:t,¥=~""(')*G~:l:J;::ll6l) ;tLt~.:t.- 5 ""('To

Kinoo imooto wa gakkoo de sesnei ni homerareta soo desu .
(1 heard that my younger sister was praised by a teacher at school yesterday.)
3. fl.I:t-=t-#t 1;::m, 131f~.a-jt.r( ~-tt:t To
Watashi wa kodomo ni mainichi yasai wo tabesasemasu.
(1 make my children eat vegetables every day.)

<4. fl.I;::.:t.- (7)~.a- 00 iJ~-tt--C t-c. ~ It \0

Watashi ni sono hanashi wo kikasete kudasai.
(please let me hear the story.)

5. tJt-=t- t? ~ Ivl:t:toffl: ~ Iv I;:: 1::0 7 J (7)~~.a- ~ -it;tL:t To

Tomoko-chan wa okaasan ni piano no renshuu wo saseraremasu.
(Tomoko is made to practice the piano by her mother.)
6. fl.I:t)*G~£.l;::-~r~""('"(}; iJ~f~.a-Jt;t ~ -it;;(1:t 1..- t~o
Watashi wa sensei ni Hiragana wo is-shuukan de oboesaseraremasnita.
(1 was made to memorize hiragana in a week by a teacher.)

CHAP. 6] PARTICLES 57

E

The particle "e" indicates the direction of motion verbs. It corresponds to "toward" or "to" in
English and is usually interchangeable with the particle "ni."

1. 4-~0)![ 0 / F/""-~T! ~To

Kotoshi no natsu Rondon e ikimasu.
(This summer 1 am going to London.)

2. 4-13 fiiTa~::'0::> 1?""-$1J ~T;O::'o

Kyoo nan-ji goro uchi e kaerimasu ka.
(Around what time do you go home today?)

<3. ijFj 13 A~f':~~""-*""( t~ ~ V\0

Ashita hachi-ji ni gakkoo e kite kudasai.
(Please come to school a,t eight o'clock tomorrow.)

4. ji.""-tfj tz: G, F:ffl;O~ ~ -::> ""( V\ ~ L- tz:o

Soto e detara, ame ga futte imashita.
(When 1 went outside, it was raining.)

DE

The particle "de" marks the place where an action takes place or an event occurs. It is
equivalent to "in" or "at" in English.

1. ~.A~/Vf:t7 j. !J jrel3*~a-~%iL-~ L-tz:o
Kimu-san waAmerika de nihon-go wo benkyoo shimashita.
(Ms. Kim studied Japanese in the United States.)

2. *-f-~/Vf:t~lHT-efllJv\""(v\~To

Michiko-san wa ginkoo de hataraite imasu.
(Michiko is working at a bank.)

3. :. 0)-*:7 -7 -1 f:t 13 *-eJi: v\~ L- tz:o

Kono nekutai wa Nihon de kaimashita.
(1 bought this tie in Japan.)
4. 4-I!5E Aa~-,¥-;O~ G~.:r ~ /v 0) : > 1? -e/.::-7'".{ -tJ~~ IJ ~To
Konban hachi-ji han kara Tomoko-san no uchi de paatii ga arimasu.

58 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6

(There is a party tonight starting from eight thirty at 1bmoko's house.)

5. lit 13 ~~"'e'T.:x: p (J)::I /-,"!T- "i>~£b ~ ~ L.t;:o
Kinoo gakkoo de chero no konsaato ga arimashita.

(There was a cello concert at school yesterday.)

Means
The particle "de" indicates the means for doing something. It is equivalent to ''by'" or "with" in

English.

1. ~v\~/-'"'e'~M:a:.v\-c< tc~v\

Kuroi pen de name wo kaite kudasai.
(Please write your name with hlack pen.)

2. ~i>~~0-CV\Qi>:>G, 7':7~-"'e'*~L.t;:o

Ame ga futte iru kara, takushii de kimashita.
(l came by taxi, because it was raining.)
3. ~ A ~ Ivl'i I=P$:~"'e'~ L. ~ L. t;:o
Jimu-san wa nihon-go de hanashimashita.
(Jim spoke in Japanese.)

The particle "de" indicates the cause. It is equivalent to "because of' or "due to" in English.

1. *~IvI'itp-lf"'e'~t±:a:1*Jj.~ L.t;:o
Hayashi-san wa kaze de kaisha wo yasumimashita.
(Mr. Hayashi was absent from work because ofa cold.)

2. f±."'e'~;b .::t""'1T~ ~To

Shigoto de Shikago e ikimasu.
, (l am going to Chicago on business.)

3. ~"'e' 1::0 :7 .:::. /' :7 i>~ -e ~ ~ itIv -e L. t;:o

Arne de pikunikku ga dekimasen deshita.
(We could not have a picnic because ofrain.)

Required time or quantity

The particle "de" indicates'the required time or quantity.

CHAP. 6] PARTICLES 59

= *it1. =- (J) v~- r ~ S "t'.iO~ft Ithl:fft Ij Ivo

Kono repooto wo futsuka de kakanakereba narimasen.

(1must write this report in two days.)

502. ~(J).I'i - )J P' /v"t'I'i~~:Jtv\-c:'L-J:

Ano kuruma wa ichiman-dorude wa kaenai deshoo.

(Probably one cannot buy that car with $10,000.)
3. =f-~ ~ Ivl'i~ c!:: -fF"t'*,*~$~ L- *To

Chie-san wa ato ichi-nen de daigaku wo sotsugyoo shimasu.

(Chie is going to graduate from college in a year.)

3. Choose the right particle from the choises given in parentheses.
1. I¥ls = a~ (~, I;:', "'-, "t') ~.~iJ~~Ij*To

Ashita ni-ji (wo, ni, e, de) kooen ga arimasu.
2. S*AI'i:'-fJi~t~v\-Cv\~ (~, I;:', "'-, "t') '1ltA:*To

Nihon-jin wa gohan wo taitei hashi (wo, ni, e, de) tabemasu.

<":)3. fLI'i ~ (J) 5 ffl: (~, I;:', ~, "t') (~, I;:" "'-, "t') ~ ':) -C t Gv\* L- t~ o

Watashi wa kinoo haha (wo, ni, e, de) kutsu (wo, ni, e, de) katte moraimashita.

*4. r~ -t ::; Y Hi :7" p - F? .:r:. - (~, I;:" "'-, "(') ~ L- t;:.o

rKyattsuJ wa Buroodowee (wo, ni, e, de) mimashita.

5. * J]/illlc!::"'<"-17:3: (~, I;:', "'-, "t') 1T~*To

Raigetsu tomodachi to Maiami (wo, ni, e, de) ikimasu.
6. ±PiS(J)Irn~iJ~GYMCA (~, I;:" "'-, "t') ::I~~-riO~~Ij*To

Doyoobi no yo-ji kara YMCA (wo, ni, e, de) konsaato ga arimasu.

7. ~(J)rn (~, I;:', "'-, "t') f3 *(J) t:"-/viJ~~ Ij *T.t o

no mise (wo, ni, e, de) Nihon no biiru ga aimasu yo.
8. #tSIRlt-if! (~, I;:', "'-, "t') fiX~L-'iTo

Mainichi onaji michi (wo, ni, e, de) sanpo shimasu.
9. :; 3 -:;~!vIJ:m~ (~, I;:" "'-, "t') ~-Cv\*To

Jooji-san wa byooki (wo, ni, e, de) nete imasu.
1O.!(J) 5 * (~, I;:', "'-, "t') Jl&L- (~, I;:', "'-, "t') ~.~ (~, I;:', "'-, "t') 1T~*L-t;:.o

Kinoo hon (wo, ni, e, de) kaeshi (wo, ni, e, de) toshokan (wo, ni, e, de) ikimashita.

1l.-te'M (~, I;:', "'-, "t') Sh-C, )t1:. (~, I;:', "'-, "t') IltGh-CL-*v\* L-t;:.o

Shukudai (wo, ni, e, de) wasurete, sensei (wo, ni, e, de) shikararete shimimashita.
12. ~c!:: ~ S (~, I;:', "'-, "t') jJ-/v7v~FiJ~::IP7 FiO~G**To

Ato mik-ka (wo, ni, e, de) gaarufurendo ga Kororado kara kimasu.

60 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6

4. Fill in the blanks in the following passage with the particle "wo," " ni," "e," or "de."

~ fIisO)}\a~ $~ *-C<t~2!:v\ o

Kinyoobi no hachi-ji ___ gakkoo kite kudasai.

1;- './ }-*~)v L-ftlv L-~To

Kento hooru - - - shiken shimasu. * <-C t~ 2!: v\ 0

* <I;- './ }- ~)v _ _ 1j:~*iJ~ t;: 2!: Iv;b I') ~ TiJ~, 32 A

Kento hooru ___ wa kyooshitsu ga takusan arimasu ga, 32 A kite

kudasai. )le1=.iJ~:='Av\~To )Ie1=. LD. Jt-tt-C< t~2!:v\o
32A

32 A sensei ga san-nin imasu. Sensei LD. misete kudasai.

L-ftlvlj:~'./ _ _ _ .v .\-Cfj:v\ft~-ttlvo *-1v(J0 _ _ _ f;10-C*-C< t~2!:v \o

Shiken wa pen kaite wa ikemasen. Enpitsu ___ motte kite kudasai.

=**- 1v(J0fi v\v \-z" L- J.: '50

Enpitsu wa san-bon ___ ii deshoo. .

Shigoto kuru koto ga dekinai hito wa Tanaka sensei ___ denwa _ __

kakete kudasai.

KA

Interrogative
The sentence final particle "ka" indicates the preceding sentence to be an interrogative.

1. 7 './ 2!: Iv Ii $1=. -z"T'IJ"0
An san wa gakusei desu ka.
(Is Ann a student?)

2. ~" lvtt{f~iJ~~t~ -z"T'IJ"o
Donna ongaku ga suki desu ka.
(Wflat kind ofmusic do you like?)

3. .:: 0) 8 v\7:3 ::z v~ Hi:t3v \ L- v\-z"T'IJ"o

Kona shirai chokoreeto wa oishii desu ka.
(Does this white chocolate taste good?)

4. ~--1- 2!: Iv 0) :t3--1- 2!: IvIj:3z:0) --1- -z"T iJ), .93 0)--1- -z"T iJ )0

Reika-san no o-km:;an wa anna no ko desu ka, otko no ko desu ka.
(Is Reiko's child a girl or a boy?)

CHAP. 6] PARTICLES 61

Note: When two interrogative sentences are combined, as it). "X 1m, Y b," this corresponds to "X
or Y?" in English.

Alternative
The particle "1m" marks an alternative. "X bY" corresponds to "(either) X or Y" in English.

1. 4'1!§Hi S *!f!4~il~.OO!f!4~~1ltA:.f;:D~ ~ L- J: ? 0

Konban wa nihon-ryoori b kankoku-ryoori wo tabe ni ikimashoo.
(Let's go to eat either Japanese or Korean food tonight.)

2. f lj X ~ Iv Ii 7" j !J :7J il~-1 =¥ !J ;q;:{±Jj. t;: l,t \.:t ? "Z"-t0

Toshio-san wa Amerika b Igirisu ni sumitai soo desu.
(I heard that Toshio would like to live either in the United States or in England.)
3. 4' if.0)J: li5Lil~~iP ~ 1ffiff~ L- ~-to
Kotoshi no natsu wa ani bane to ryokoo wo shimasu.
(I wlll go on a trip this summer either with my older brother or with my sister.)

Embedded queation
The expression "1m doo ka~' indicates that the preceding sentence is an embedded yes-no

question. It is equivalent to "whether (or not)" in English.

1. NiI~Iv~~ -1 -7 !J 7" ~~~-til~L'?il~~-::>,,(l,t \ ~-t~~o

Yoshie-san ga itaria-go wo hansu b doo ka shitte imasu ka.

*(Do you know whether Yoshie speaks Italian?)

2. A ~ Iv ~~ ~ ~1lt A:. Q il~ L' ? il~~ IJ ~ itIvo

Kimu-san ga niku wo taberu b doo b shirimasen.

(I do not know whether Mr. Kim eats meat.)

3. ~ S ~ "C'1;:{±*~" ~bQil~L'? il~5'f~~ IJ ~itlv o

Ashita made ni shigoto ga owaru ka doo b wakarimasen.

(I can not tell (Lit. understand) whether the work will be done by tomorrow.)

< <t-c.4. S *.r-... l,t \",:>ff il~;t "( ~ l,t \ 0

Nihon e itsu iku ka oshiete kudasai.

(Please let me know (Lit. teach me) when you tire going to Japan.)

5. ib 0) A f;: ~" ::. "C'~ -::> t;: il~Jt;t "( l,t \~ itIv o

Ano hito ni doko de atta b oboete imasen.

(I do not remember where I met herlhim.)

62 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6
Note: When an embedded sentence is a WH-question, just "ka" alone is used.

NE

The particle "ne" is a sentence final particle indicating that the speaker seeks for an
agreement or confirmation from the listener about the statement. It is often regarded as a tag
question in English.

Kono apaato wa oom desu ne.
(This apartment is large, isn't it?)

2. *!I!f)'G~O)~~liH;t J: tJ~~ t~ -Z--tt.lo

Mizuno sensei no kooen wa yokatta desu ne.
(Professor Mizuno's lecture was good, wasn't it?)
3. lAf~ ~ JvlillfXtJ~J::~-Z-Tt.lo
Shigeru-san wa uta ga joozu desu ne.
(Shigeru sings well, doesn't he? /Lit. Shigeru is good at singing, isn't he?)

YO

The particle "yo" is a sentence final particle of emphasis showing the speaker's conviction.

Ano mise wa takai desu yo.
(That store is expensive, you know.)

2. :. :' Ii /3lliHi c!:: -C"b :':lj."* T .t o

Koko wa nichiyoo wa totemo komimasu yo.
(This place is very crowded on Sundays, I tell you.)

3. 1IFf~~~fiBl!fIJ-Z-T.t o

Denshi-jisho wa benri desu yo.
(An electronic dictionary is convenient, you knOw.)

5. Fill in the blanks in the following dialogue with the particle "ka," " ne," or "yo."
(In this dialogue between A and B, they are taking a walk in a park with which B is familiar.)

CHAP. 6] PARTICLES 63

A: =- OXG!iH:t:k ~ v\-eT _ _~o fPJ C: i§ 5 ~1I-eT _ _---'>0

Kono kooen wa ookii desu _ _ _. Nan to iu kooen desu _ __

B: t~~IiI-eT _ _ _0

Sakura kooen desu _ __

*¥3 <A: ;b;b, -'t 5 -eT _ _'0
~;:f;: ~ Ivt~O)*n~ib 'J ~T _ _0

Aa, soo desu _ __ Hontoo ni takusan sakira no ki ga arimasu _ __

B: ;t;to *~;:t~;Sc:, :ffin~~v\"C c:-ct~hv\-eT _ _~o

Ee. Haru ni nani to, hana ga saite, totemo kirei desu _ __

A: -'t 5 -e L- J:: 5 _ _~o -'t 0) =- 7:>, =- =- -et~~ 'J ;O~ ib;S c:' v5 ;O:>~ -::> -C \"i Tn~o

Soo deshoo _ _ _. Sono koro, koko de sakura-matsuri ga aru doo ka shitte

Imasu _ __

Aa, Sakura matsuri desu . Arimasu . Demo itsu aru yoku

oboete imasen. Shi-gatsu itsuka ___ tooka da to omoimasu _ __

Jaa, moo sugu desu Mata, issho ni kimasen _ __

B: -'thl:tv\v\-eT 0 -'t 5 L-* L-J:: 50

Sore wa ii desu . Soo shimashoo.

NO

The particle "no" marks the modifier of the noun following it.

possessive
The particle "no" indicates the possessive of its preceding noun.

Jimu no okaasan wa Shikago ni sunde imasu.
(Jim's mother lives in Chicago.)

2. A: =-hl:tIDE O)6bn ~h-eT;O:>o

Kore wa dare no megane desu ka.
(Whose glasses are these?)

B: ;b <b, -'th-eTZPo ;fJ.O)-eTo

Aa, sore desu ka: Watashi no desu.

64 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6
(Oh, those? They are mine.)

Note: The modified noun is omitted when it is understood from the context.

Equivalent
The particle "no" indicates that the preceding and the following nouns are equivalent.

1. fl,'(l)jt(l)=To I'iT !J 7-Z+To

Watashi no inu noChiro wa teria desu.
(My dog, Chiro, is a terrier.)

-r2. £!;) o):;4s::I'i~~(I)5.& ~ Iv f;:: £!;) ff"i ~ t;:o

Ano hon wa tomodachi no Hiroko-san ni agemashita.
(I gave that book to my friend, Hiroko.)

3. 5B(I)JEWI'i4'if.=+f;::fj: ~"i ~t;:o

Otooto no Masaki wa kotoshi hatachi ni narimashita.
(My younger brother, Masak1: turned (Lit. became) twenty years old this year.}

Location
The particle "no" marks the location of the noun following it. "X no Y" means cry inJat X" in

English.

c '(/)1. JltJii: (I)~tH;:: "':) t;: It \ -z+T0

Tookyoo no kaisha ni tsutome-tai desu.
(I want to work at a company in Tokyo.)

2. ::. 0)1BT(I)01111'i ~ hit \-z+TPo

Kono machi no kooen wa kirei desu ne.
(The park in this town is beautiful, isn't it?)

3. fit-r ~ 1v00$m(l)T v \::"I'i c"( 'b/J' ~ It \

Shizuko-san no heya no terebi wa totemo chiisai.
(The TVin Shizuko's room is very small.)

Subject
The particle "no" marks the subject of a sentence modifier. This "no" may be interchangeable

with the particle "ga" (cf. Chapter 11, Modification ofa Noun, pp.151-152: Sentence Modifier)

CHAP. 6] PARTICLES 65

1. :. h f:t fJ.O)/ilS{'f 0 t;: 7- q:.""t:T0
Kore wa watashi nolga tsukutta keeki desu.
(This is the cake 1 made.)

2. -7"7 -17 /' ~ Iv O)/ilS"if, 0 t;: :. C: 1:t7ttJ~ I) "i itIv""t: lJ;:o

Buraian-san nolga itta koto wa wakarimasen deshita.
(1 did not understand what Brian said.)
3. ~ O)/ilS*QmffmU:t JAL (J) 747 ~To
Tsuma nolga noru hikooki wa JAL no 747 desu.
(The plane which my wife will fly is JAL 747.)

MO

Sjmilarity
The particle "mo" indicates similarity. It is equivalent to "also" in an affirmative sentence and

"either" in a negative sentence.

1. A: b t;: 1...,(J) ~1'. S I:tAfJ A S ~To

Watashi no tanjoobi wa roku-gatsu muika desu.
(My birthday is the (Jh ofJune.)

B: ;t 0, ~(J)"b ~To
E! boku no mo desu .
(Really! So is mine.)

2. !J-~ lvf:t~f:t1\t A:. "iitlvo ~b1\t A:. "iitlv o
Ree-san wa niku wa tabemasen. Sakana mo tabemasen.
(Mr. Lee does not eat meat. He does not eat fish, either)

3. . ~1f:ffim ~ff~ ~ 1...,t;:o *~i~ bff~"i 1.--t;:o
Kyonen Kyooto e ikimashita. Oosaka e mo ikimashita.
(1 went to Kyoto last year. 1 also went to Osaka.)

Note : Particles "wa," "ga," and "wo" are replaced by "mo," but other particles coexist with
"mo" by preceding it.

Emphasis
The particle "mo" which fo'llows a quantitative word with a numeral emphasizes how much or

how little the amount is.

66 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6

1. B3 if!)fG1:.0)~~$ ~ Ii8 ~ 1':'='8.A.bAiJ~*~ l.J~ o

Tanaka sensei no kooen wo kiki ni sanbyaku-nin mo hito ga kimashita.

0s many as three hundred people came to listen to Professor Tanaka's talk.)

2. ~t S 1:t=~lRJb !Ji~it!v -c' 0t~ o

moKinoo wa ni-jikan nemasen deshita.

(Yesterday I did not sleep for not even two hours.)

v\* tc.3. ~ j A:.tiZl¥O)~-c' l:::"-lv~JL;$:btl?\!v-c' L ~
0o

Yuube tomodachi no uchi de biiru wo go-hon mo nonde shimaimashita.

(1 ended up drinking as many as five bottles ofbeer at my friend's last night.)

-MO-MO

The repetition of the particle "mo" in an affirmative sentence is equivalent to "both ~ and ~"
and in a negative sentence "neither ~ nor -" in English.

Hajime-san no otoosan mo okaasan mo sensei desu.
(Hajime's father and mother both are teachers.)

2. *~-c'~-f- ~ !vI': b1m-f- ~ !vI': b ~ v\~ 0t~o

Tokyo de Toshiko-san ni mo Ikuko-san ni mo aimashita.
(1 sa w both Toshiko and Ikuko in Tokyo.)

3. ~-f- ~ !vl:t~ b m b~ A:. ~it!v o

Hanako-san wa niku mo sakana mo tabemasen.
(Hanako eats neither meat nor fish.)

4. 7;1. ;J :7J -c'I:tl!9CiOO!i-c' b \/7. ~ '7 /'-c' b ?' /~::z ~T0-CI:tv\~t~it!vo

Amerika de wa eigakan de mo restoran de mo tabako wo sutte wa ikemasen.
(One must not smoke in a movie theater or in a restaurant in the United States.)

Note: Particles "wa," "ga," and "wo" are replaced by "mo," but other particles coexist with
"mo" by preceding it.

CHAP. 6] PARTICLES 67

TO

Complete listinl
The particle "to" joins nouns. It is equivalent to "and" in English.

1. ]H:. jrr ?f c!: 7" 7 ~:b ~fj' ~ ~ I...- t;:. o

Natsu ni Kanada to Arasuka e ikimashita.

(1 went to Canada andAlaska during the summer.)

2. * ~ ~n:' UJEI3~Ivc!:E13l:fl~IvC!: ~ 51-~Iv;O~*~To

Raishuu uchi ni Yamada san to Tanaka-san to Miraa-san ga kimasu.

(Mr. Yamada, Ms. Tanaka, and Mr. Miller will come to my house next week.)
* <-c3. 7- ::t- ~f'F Q;O ~ ~, !1~ c!: ~ ~ ~ - c!: ij)~~ ~ -:> -C
t:. ~ Iv \ 0

Keeki wo tsukuru kara, tamago to bataa to satoo wo katte kite kudasai.

(Please go and buy eggs, butter, and sugar, because 1 am going to make a cake.)

Reciprocal relationship
The particle "to" marks the person(s) with whom one does things. It is equivalent to "with" in

English.

Watashi wa tomodachi to apaato ni sunde imasu.
(1 live in an apartment with a friend.)

2. JlGJI .5U;l:-j-;t ~ ~ Iv c!::b -j- ?f~fj'~ ~ I...- t;:.o

Sengetsu ani wa Naomi-san to Kanada e ikimashita.
(My older brother went to Canada with Naomi last month.)
3. 1It~ 5U;l:-ffJ: c!: ftt~ I...- ~To
. Maiasa chichi wa haha to sanpo shimasu.
(My father takes a walk with my mother every morning.)
4. ~ (7)? 1il~ c!: -=-R~rfl' t~ I...- ~ I...-t;:.o
Kinoo tomodachi to san-jikan mo hanashimashita.
(1 talked with my friend for three long hours. yesterday.)

Quotation
The particle "to" indicates the preceding sentence or word to be a quotation, one's thought,

onomatopoeia, etc.

68 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6

1. J: fE ~ Iv ~~ m~-z- ~ f:DR:.Q !: § It \"i I..J;:.o
Ueda-san ga denwa de ashita kuru to iimashta.

(Mr. Ueda said by phone that he would come tomorrow.)

52. ~ltij{A }</~.-z-rr::. !:}~,It\"iTo

Kondo Bosuton e kuruma de ikoo to omoimasu.
(I think that next time I will go to Boston by car.)
3. *~~ 9 / 9 /!: 1.t~"i L-t;:.o
Inu ga wanwan to nakirhashita

o dog barked, "'Ruff, ruff. '?

4. WJr~~-1- ~ Iv !:It\ 5 .A~~-:> -C1t\"iT~~o

Yamashita Taeko-san to iu hito wo shitte imasu ka.
(Do you know a person called Taeko Yamashita?)

SimjJari1;y and difference

The particle "to" indicates that the preceding noun is "same as ~" or "different from ~."

Tomoko-san no suutsu wa watashi no to onaji da.
(Tomoko's suits are the same as mine.)

2. ::.;h,!: IiO C t tO)~~ 5 -"'Jib IJ "i T~~o

Kore to onaji mono ga moo hitotsu arimasu ka?
(Do you have another one just like this?)

3. -tl~ ~ Ivfi:t3jt ~ 1v!:1f1v1flvil"'*TPo

Ichiroo-san wa oniisan to zenzen chigaimasu ne.

(Ichiroo is completely different from his older brother, isn't he?)

4. 7} !J ;b O)I.tTfi 13 *O)!: i? J: -:> C."'*To

Ameika no nasu wa Nihon no to chotto chigaimasu.

I 0n American eggplant is a little different from a Japanese one.)

YA

The particle "ya" connects nouns and implies that there would be more things besides those

on the list. It is equivalent to ,,~ and others," and "- and so forth" in English.

CHAP. 6] PARTICLES 69

1. %-1- ~ Iv~ ~ Iv "b/~-T'{ -{;:*~ L,f;:.o
Reiko-san ya Takeshi-san mo paatii ni kimashita.
(Reiko, Takeshi, and others also came to the party.)

2. 1*.7:f.i;: ii ~~#lJi ;::ff'2: t;:. J., \-c'-9p.o
Yasumi ni wa yama ya umi ni ikitai desu ne.
(I want to go to the mountain, the sea, and so forth during holidays.)

3. Jt~~*~ft C:"Ii1*i;:J.,\J.,\0
Yasai ya kudamono nado wa karada ni ii.
(Vegetables, fruits, and the like are good for the health (Lit.! body).)

Note: The particle "nado" is optional.

6. Choose the right particle from the choices given in parentheses.

1. ~ (0), t, !:, ~) ~~ii -A -c' U. S. ;t-://'i;::ff'2: ~ L,f;:.o

Otooto (no, mo, to, ya) tomodachi wa hitori de U.S. oopun (Open) ni ikimashita.
2. ij(-1-~lvli*7J~*~t-'2:-c'-9o fA (0), t , !:,~) -i:"?-c'-90

Toshiko-san wa inu ga daisuki desu. Watashi (no, mo, to, ya) soo desu.
3.~~-1-~1v( 0), t , !:,~*-1-~1v~=~-3- ~*~0)~ ~-c'~

Misako-san (no, mp, to, ya) Yasuko-san wa Nyuuyooku daigaku no gakusei desu.

4. 13*~0)~ =:7 ;;q;:ii7;1- !J jJA (0), t, !:, ~) 9='OOA (0), lh !:, ~) '-'OOA

Nihongo no kurasu ni wa amerika-jin (no, mo, to, ya) chuugoku-jin (no, mo, to, ya)
it C:"J., \ 0 J., \ 0 itA7J~J., \"i-90

kankoku-jin nado irorio na hito ga imasu.

5. -1-i:!tOJT v ~" {IH!l(program) (0), t, !:, ~) rt ~ ~.A r- !J - r- Jii:ff~ -c'-90

Kodomo no terebi bangumi(program) (no, mo, to, ya) rSesami SutoriitoJ wa yuumei desu.
6. "/'3IvY~1v0)?'f?I;:Ii ~ojJ/' 0)~7J~+tt (0), t , !:,~) ~~-i:"?-c'-90

Shorutsu-san no uchi ni'wa Pikaso no ega juu-mai (no, mo, to, ya) aru soo desu.
7. 1t\--:>7J~*~iF'2:t;:.J., \ (0), t , !:,~) ,~0-CJ.,\~-90

Itsu ka hon wo kakitai (no, mo, to, ya) omotte imasu.

<8. :><: (0), t, !:, ~) -~I;:J: T=.A~ L."i-90

Chichi (no, mo, to, ya) issho ni yoku tenisu wo shimasu.
9. Jl;[ffi (0), t , !:,~) :it!rf~liJ.,\--:>"b:'Iv-c'J.,\~ o

Tookyoo (no, mo, to, ya) chikatetsu wa itsumo konde iru.

10. :.tlli = +if:rrn:)t~ (0), t, !:, ~) :toiF'2:I;:ft0t;:.*-c'-90

Kore wa nijuu-nen mae ni sensei (no, mo, to, ya) o-kaki ni natta hon desu.

70 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6

11. l-;- c." "J ~ 1v1-;1:1'fv'~ ((I), b, ~, ~) 1f1v1fIvit 5 0

Midori-san wa wakai toki (no, mo, to, ya) zenzen chigau.

12. )(:1-;1:7.:::.;A ((I), 'b, ~, ~) ::{}v7 «I), b, J;:, ~) L*-ttlvo

Chichi wa tenisu (no, mo, to, ya) gorufu (no, mo, to, ya) shimasen.
13. II-;1:QJ «I), 'b,~,~) v'5v;Al-7/~;:ff0t~:,c.iJ~ib"J*-9n~0

"Haru" (no, mo, to, ya) iu resutoran ni itta koto ga arimasu ka.

7. Fill in the blanks in the following passage with the particle "no,"" mo," "to," or "ya."

;fkl-;1:)'G~ t{i¥ _ _ 7-1" }:- _ _ 7~7~1*ffL* Lt~o

Watashi wa sengetsu tomodachi _ _ Keito _ _ Ajia wo ryokoo shimashita.

t:p~ _ _ 1=1:* _ _ .~tt ~' ~ff~ * Lt~ o 7' -1~;: _ _ ff~ * Lt~ o

Chuugoku _ _ Nihon __ Kankoku nado e ikimashita. Tai ni __ ikimashita.

E3 *-C:I-;1:*R: _ _ R:~IH;:ff0-C v'6v'6tt~m!~-jtr-::.* Lt~ o

Nihon de wa Tookyoo _ _ Kyooto ni itte, iroiro na ryoori wo tabemashita.

*R: _ _ /{/~-c:;fk _ ~0t~7-:\,-I-;1:c.-Ct:tov'Ln~0t~0)-c:, = A-c:

Tookyoo _ _ pan-ya de watashi _ _ katta keeki wa totemo oishikatta node, futari de

-A .r::> _ _ -jtr-::.-C L*v'* Lt~ o

Mutts tabete shimaimashita.

;fk _ _ £3:1-;1:.:tn _ _ IRJ C7-:\'-n~-jtr-::.-Cl-;-t~v' _ _ ~ 0-CV'*-90

Watashi __ haha wa sore __ onaji keeki ga tabete mitai __ itte imasu.

*4=-1-;1:£3: _ _ -~J;: E3 *~ff~ *-90

Rainen wa haha ishho ni Nihon e ikimasu.

KARA
The particle "bra" indicates a starting point. It is equivalent to "from" in English.

Kinoo Bosuton bra kuruma de kimashita.

(1 came from Boston by car yesterday.)
2. ~~~I-;1:-~il~f> -C:-90

Kooen wa ichi-ji bra desu.

. (The lecture starts at (Lit. is from) one o'clock.)

*3. :. nl-;1:~$il~; t Gv' L t~o

Kore wa ane kara moraimashita.

CHAP. 6] PARTICLES 71

(I received this from my older sister.)

MADE

The particle "made" corresponds to "up to," "until," or "as far as" in English.

1. * b ~ G ~ t±~~tp;v\-C1T~,*-r-o

Uchi kara kaisha made aruite ikimasu.
(/ walk to my office from home.)

2. * i!~Hj:~ Ilib~G*Ili~~o,*-z+-r-o

Raishuu wa getsuyoo kara suiyoo made hima desu.

'*(Next week / am not busy /Lit. free from Monday to Wednesday.)

3. :. 0) l;J{~ 13 ::tL ~l;J{ ~ ~tl:.:a- L- -C v\ -r-0

Kono goro mainichi ku-ji goro made shigoto wo shite imasu.
(Recently / have been wl?rking until around nine o'clock every day.)

4. IDl'IIE ~lvb~*Q~~:' :.I;:.v\,* L-J: :> 0

Okada-san ga kuru made koko ni imashoo.
(Let's stay here until Mr. Okada comes.)

MADEN!
The particle "made ni" marks the time limit. It corresponds to ''bylby the time" in English.

San-gatsu made ni kekka wo oshirase shimasu.

(/ will notifyyou ofthe result by March.)

<2. 4-1!i-t~~ ~1;:*I;:.*-r t~ ~ V\0

Konban shichi-ji made ni uchi ni kite kudasai.

(Please come to my house by seven o'clock tonight.)

*';:'11"3. * iF 13 <~ ~l;:~*:a- -=-sJt;t Q~t I) t~o

Rainen Nihon ni iku made ni kanji wo sanbyaku oboeru tsumori da.

(/intend to memorize three hundred kanji by the time / go to Japan next year.)

72 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6

8. Choose the appropriate particle from the ones shown in parentheses.
l. *~ (tJ~b, ;:-e, ;:-el;::) :'O){±~f"i~bfJ"iTipo

Raishuu (bra, made, made ni) kono shigoto wa owarimasu ka.
2. J.l1li13 (tJ~b , ;:-e, ;:-el;::) ~L-It\{±~-a:-9a~"iTo

Getsuyoo-bi (bra, made, made ni) atarashii shigoto wo hajimemasu.
3. 4' 13 f"i * ( tJ~b, *-e, *-el;::) ~~f;::'~ 7 ~-,"(,*"i L-t~o

Kyoo wa uchi (bra, made, made ni) gakkoo ni takushii de kimashita.

4. :ltmJ1! (tJ~b, *-e, *-el;::) 1L1'1'1 (tJ~b, *-e, ;:-el;::) 1IHTmt'"('fiiJ~rll'<"GIt\

Hokkaidoo (bra, made, made ni) Kyuushuu (bra, made, made ni) hikooki de
iJ-,.ip fJ "i TiJ-"o

nan-jikan gurai kakarimasu ka.

9. Fill in the blanks in the following passage with the particle "kara," " made," or "made ni."

4'130)::J/~- J-.f"i AH~ _ _'"('TtJ-,.G, -t;~¥ _ _ ::J/~- J-.*-lvO)M _ _

Kyoo no konsaato wa hachi-ji _ _ desu kara, shichi-ji han _ _ konsaato hooru no

<*-C t~~ It \ 0

mae kite kudasai.

~t± _ _ ::J/~- J-.*-lv _ _ f"i/ -\ .A'"('=+~<"GIt\'"('L-J:? o

Kaisha _ _ konsaato hooru _ _ wa basu de sanjup-pun gurai deshoo.

<'"('Tip G, {±~f"iAH~ _ _ L- -C L- "i -::> -C t~ ~ It \0

Desu kara, shigoto wa roku-ji __ shite shimatte kudasai.

.:tn ____Aa~1L~M
M=-::> -C1t\"~TtJ~, *ftlt\~f"i, - A '"('*-lvf;::'A fJ "iTo

Hachi-ji go-fun mae _ _ matte imasu ga, sore _ _ konai toki wa, hitori de hooru

ni hairimasu.

YORI

The particle "- yori." indicates that the preceding noun or verb shows the measure for
comparison. It is equivalent to "than -" in English.

*l. ~ Ivf"ifAJ: ~ 1=j'tJ~~1t \0

Hayashi-san wa watshi yori. se ga takai.
(Ms. Hayashi is taller than 1)
2. ~!lJ~lvf"i.fB~lvJ: ~ipJ:'"('L-J:? o
Nakayama-san wa Fujita-san yori. toshiue deshoo.

CHAP. 6] 'PARTICLES 73

(Mr. Nakayama is probably older than Ms. Fujita.)

3. i1!rf~--c.+fi"< .1JiJ~/-\.A --c.+#< .t ~ .!f!.1t\--c.+To
Chikatetsu de iku hoo ga, basu de iku yori hayai desu.

(Going by subway is faster than going by bus.)

HODO

The particle ,,~ hodo + negative expression" indicates that the preceding noun or verb shows
the "standard" of negative comparison. It is equivalent to "not as ....as ~" in English.

1. ~.I~Jj:1J(IHi~'ff45 C~i> ~ "i~lvo
Nara wa Kyooto hodo yuumeija arimasen.
(Nara is not as famous as Kyoto.)

2. 4-if.(7)4f'j:~li~.< i> ~ "i~lvo
Kotoshi no fuyu wa kyonen hodo aamuku arimasen.
(This winter is not as cold as the last one.)

3. i* <· (7)f:1~;t "(\t'"ftli ~~~ t... < ~\t'o

Oyogu no wa bngaete ita hodo yaaaahiku nai.
(Swimming is not as easy as 1 thought.)

DARE

The particle "dake" indicates that t.he preceding noun or sentence shows restriction or
limitation. It is equivalent to ~'just" or "only" in English.

1. ~ ~ l., It \~* te~t1t;t ~ l., t;:.o
Yasashii kanji dake oboemashita.
(I memorizedjust easy kanji.)

2. -1 / Fr-..-ltte~tfi"'::>f;:.::' CiJ~;t; IJ ~To
Indo e ichi-do dake itta koto ga arimasu.

(I have been to 1ndiajust once.)

3. ~ (7) ? 1:1T v 1::":a-J!t;:. t~ ft --c.+To

Kinoo wa terebi wo mita dake desu.
(1 only watched TVyesterday. }

74 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6

Ano hito wa yuumei na dake desu.
(Tha t person is just famous, tha t's all.)

SHIKA

The particle "shika + negative expression" is equivalent to "only" or "nothing but" in English.

1. fE 9=' ~ Iv (: tf fE ~ Iv 1..,i):\** '\tN 't' lAto

Tanaka-san to Yoshida san shika kimasen deshita.
(Only Mr. Tanaka and Jl{s. Yoshida came.)
2. T -{ A ~ 1v1j:!I!f~ 1..,i)~~*'\tNo
Timu-san wa yasai shika tabemasen.
(Tim eats nothing but vegetables.)

3. ~ -{- :. ro..lj: 1>' 7 ' / - -c' 1..,i)~lt*'\tN o

Asoko e wa takushii de shika ikemasen.
(You can go there only by taxi.)

10. Choose the appropriate particle from the ones shown in parentheses.

1. S ;$:Ij: 9=' 00 (J: ~, J:f ~, felt, 1..,i):\) tJv \00-c'1j:~ IJ ~ 1tIvo

Nihon wa chuugoku (yori, hodo, dake, shika) furui kuni de wa arimasen.
2. ~=~IvIj:S;$:~ (J:~, J:f~, felt, 1..,i):\) ~1t~1tlvo

Kenzoo-san wa nihon-go (YOri, hodo, dake, shika) hanasemasen.
3. ~fLIj:= F/L-- (J:~, J:f~, felt, 1..,i):\) f¥-:::>-Cv\~1tlvo

Ima watashi wa ni-doru (yori, hodo, dake, shika) motte imasen.

** <4. ~ IvIj:jO)i: ~ Iv (J: ~, J:f ~, felt, 1..,i):\) ~;O)~ lt v\ 0

Hayashi-san wa otoosan (yori, hodo, dake, shika) se ga takaku nai.
5. fLIj:7-~ ( J:~, J:f~, felt, 1..,i):\) *~(7):1J;O) *~-c'To

Watashi wa keeki (yori, bodo, dake, shika) kudamono no hoo ga suki desu.

11. Fill in the blanks in the following passage with the particle "yori," " hodo," "dake," or "shika."

fLIj:~WI;:Ij:-)jt _ _ fi-:::> tc.:' (: ;O)~ IJ ~1t1v;O), ~W;O)*~t~ -c'To

Watashi wa Kyoto ni wa ichido __ itta koto ga arimasen ga, Kyooto ga daisuki desu.

*~Ij:~W _ _ *'fL-v\-c'T;O), ~W _ _ ~nv\ c:.~(b IJ ~1tlvo

Tookyoo wa Kyooto _ _ atarashii desu ga, Kyooto _ _ kirei ja arimasen.

CHAP. 6] PARTICLES 75

JIC~;O" ~:g=/m,* -c:'1!MT~-c:'1T--::> t~.Jl)-c:', - ~rl'l' _ _ ;0,;0" ~ ,*1tIv-c:' L-t;:.o

Tookyoo kara Kyooto made hikooki de itta node, ichi-jikan _ _ kakarimasen
deshita.

c '*tt7)a~f";t -C t,tt L-;O"--::> t;:.;O"~, :g=/mI::I:t= ~ _ _ v\-C, T('*:gl::~--::> -C~ L-t;:.o

Sono toki wa totemo isogashikatta kara, Kyooto ni wa mik-ka _ _ ite, sugu Tookyoo
ni kaette kimashita.

~1:ttt7)~ _ _ 'It: L- < f.tv \t7)-c:', X:g=/mI::1T--::> -C ,M _ _ *v \rl'l,:g=/ml::v \t;:. v \-c:'To

Ima wa sono toki __'_ isogashiku nai node, mata Kyooto ni itte, mae _ _ nagai aida
Kyooto ni itai desu.

Review '

12. Choose the appropriate particle from the two in parentheses.

l. ~'&1Tt7)M (~, I;:.) A (t;t, tiS) t;:.< ~lvv\Qo

Ginkoo no mae (de, ni) hito (wa, ga) takusan iru.

2. 5<:1:t0111 (~, I;:.) J:: < 'MX~L-*To

Chichi wa kooen (wo, ni) yoku sanpo shimau.

3. ~t7)5TL- (~, t;t) itA: (~, I;:.) ~*t7)VA r-7/ (-., ~) 1T--::>t;:.o

Kinoo sushi (wo, wa) tabe (wo, ni) nihon no resutoran (e, de) itta.

4. ::'t7);O'lilvl:tt~tl «(/), ~) -c:'T (;tJ., tI,,) o

Kono kaban wa dare (no, wo) desu (ne, ka).
5. 7-~7-~ IvI:t?-~--1/~~ (tiS, ~) 5t;O"~*To

Sumisu-san wa supein-go (ga, wo) wakarimasu.

6. 7-';-~ ~ l- 0;:., ~) ?---1?- (t;t, (/) a~* (tiS, ~) ~v\* L-t;:.o

Depaato (ni, de) Suisu (wa, no) tokei (ga, wo) kaimashita.

7. ~1ljf-7/ l- • *~!v (~, I;:.) ::z /~~ l- (tiS, t;t) ~Q o

Konban Kento Hooru (de, ni) konsaato (ga, wa) aru.
8. ::.t7)-7~:\,-I:tA7"~/ (~, I;:.) :t1tA:-C<t~~v\

Kono keeki wa supuun (de, ni) tabete kudasai.

9. ~Ji;O~W. (t;t, ~) <tlQ (~, !:) §v\,*·L-t;:.o

Tomodachi ga jisho (wa, wo) kureru (wo, to) iimashita.

10. ~ SI:t= Flv (t~.t, t.tI,,) f;J--::>-Cv\*1tlvo

Kyoo wa ni-doru (dake, shika) motte imasen.
11. ~+~Iv (!:, t,) ~+~Iv U::, t,) *~1:-c:'To

Sumiko-san (to, mo) Yoshiko-san (to, mo) daigaku-sei desu.

76 PARTICLES [CHAP. 6

12.I3*f:;l:C:P[E O:f~, J:~) *~<t~lt\o
Nihon wa Chuugoku ~o, yori) ookiku nai.

13. ~ 13 f:;l:-t;~ (*"t'lr., *"t') f±.~T.:s~t IJ -c'To
Kyoo wa shichi-ji (made ni, made) shigoto wo suru tsumori desu.

<14. W'l13 f:;l:~t± Or., "t') }\.~ (* "t'lr., * "t') *-C t;: ~ It \

Ahita wa kaisha (ni, de) hachi-ji (made ni, made) kite kudasai.

13. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate particle.

:"liif-%L 7 '7 './ :A rr ~ '! L- tco /~ !J

Kyonen watashi __ Furansu __ ikimashita. Pari __ is-shuukan imashita.

• ~~7I rr~-c, ~-~- .~'!L-ko ~-~- .~~~G

Mai-asa kafe (Cafe) _ _ itte, koohii (coffee) _ _ nomimashita. Koohii _ _ nomi

JH ~1t\-CIt\.:sAk ~.:s0) ~-ctjOt L-6ip~tc-c'To

nagara michi _ _ aruite iru hito-bito _ _ miru no _ _ totemo omoshirokatta desu.

1*rr L- -C1t\.:sA $1:. ~t±ffit -T1*t~ ,!::', 1t\61t \6t~A It \'! L-

Ryokoo shite iru hito _ _ gakusei _ _ kaisha-in _ _ kodomo nado, iroiro na hito __

tc o %Lf:;l: 7'7 './:A ~ _ _ JLif- _ _ i1 ~ -C It \.:s 0) f;:, 7'7 './:A A ~ L- -Cit \.:s

imashita. Watashi wa furansu-go __ go-nen __ naratte iru noni, furansu-jin __
:.~ _ _ d/L- _ _ 5JtpIJ'!1tIv-c'L-tc o 7'7'./:A~ _ _ ~~ _ _ t~~JlL-It\

hanashite iru koto sukoshi wakarimasen deshita. Furansu-go __
_ _ ,~,It\'! L-tc o

ei-go _ _ motto muzukashii _ _ omoimashita.
/ ~ !J _ _ :tttrr~f:;l:-@!fIJt~O)-c', :tttrf~ _ _ 1t\61t\6t~m _ _ ~ _ _ rr~'!

Pari __ chikatetsu wa benri na node, chikatetsu __ iroiro na tokoro __ mi __

L-tco lv-:ilv ~ ~tcIJ, .::c.:;;7Ilv* ~~tcIJ, Y'~'./1!!J1! _ _

ikimashita. Ruuburu (the Louvre) _ _ e _ _ mita-ri, Efferu-too (the Eiffel Tower) _ _

~ It \tc IJ L- '! L- tco

nobotta-ri, Shanzerize (Champs-Elysees) __ aruita-ri shimashita.

= if-M 13 *~~ ~ ~ -C It \.:s ip G, *if.f:;l: 13 * rr:. 5

Ni-nen mae _ _ nihon-go _ _ naratte iru kara, rainen wa Nihon _ _ ikoo _ _

1t\'!To

omotte imasu.

Chapter 7

Conjunctions

COORDINATING CONJUNCTION

Ga

"Ga" is a conjunctive word that corresponds to "but" in English and connects two contrastive
sentences.

Hima wa arimasu ga, okane wa arimasen.
(Ihave free time, but I don't have money.)

2. 4-131j:7d~Uj:~It\-c:'-t~$, tb* IJ *< tb IJ 'iitlvo

Kyoo wa tenki wa warui desu ga amari samuku arimasen.
(The weather is bad, but it's not so cold today.)

3. ~~~.7;.*l..-t;:~$ .. *tcJ:<ttlJ'iitlvo

Kusuri wo nomimashita ga, mada yoku narimasen.
(I took medicine, b.ut I haven't gotten better yet.)

*4. f~}:!I!Ij::Jo1t \ l..-il"0 t;: -c:'-t~$.. ib IJ 1t-" ~ t1'i itIv -c:' l..- t;:o

Ryoori wa oishikatta desu ga, amari taberaremasen deshita.
(The food was delicious, but I could not eat much.)

77

78 CONJUNCTIONS [CHAP. 7
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

The clause of "toki" indicates "the time when~" in English. Since this is a subordinate clause,
the subject in a "toki" clause is marked by "ga." The particle "ni," "wa," or "ni wa" may be added
to "toki" depending on the context.

I. Noun + no toki (ni) (wa)

*1. .f*,,"Q)~Xlit~ v\--Cv \ :i'Jv71~rr~ To

Yasumi no toki chichi wa taitei gorufu ni ikimasu.
(My father usually goes golfing when he is not at work.)

<2. r{JtQ)~J±ct 5U::: 01iJ-c-JriV* L-t~ o

Kodomo no toki wa yoku ani to kooen de asobimashita.

*(l-li71en 1 was a child, 1 often played with my brother in the park.)

3. ~~Q)~~i:. 7'7 / .A ~~fr}J5i L- L- t~o .
Gakusei no toki furansu go wo benkyoo shimashita.
(1 studied French when 1 was a student.)

II. I-adjective + toki

<1. jJiD~."\~t1=- 0)~~~1v-c- t-c. ~ It \.

Atama ga itai toki wa k6no kusuri wo nonde kudasai.
(Please take this medicine when you have a headache.)

<2. !&V'~t1J: Ha:.n*1tlvbo

Atsui toki wa yoku nemuremasen ne.
(We can't sleep well when it is hot, can we?)

< *3. ~li/J... ~"\~J: 1fi33{U~t~ IJ L-t~o

Otooto wa chiisai toki yoku byooki ni narimashita.
(My little brother often got sick when he was young.)

III. Na-adjective + toki

Hima na toki wa nani wo shimasu ka.
(l-li71at do you do when you are free?)

CHAP. 7] CONJUNCTIONS 79

<2. ~.fl:fU:~SJG~~~J:: *~MUv-c't GIt\,! L.-t:.o

Sobo gagenki na toki yoku hon wo yonde moraimashita.
(When my grandmother was well, 1 used to have her read a book to me.)

IV. Verb + toki
The event in the subordinate "toki" clause is stated in the past plain form when it takes place

before the event in the main clause. On the other hand, the event in the "toki" clause is always
stated in the non-past plain form when it takes places after the event of the main clause,
regardless ofthe tense.

1. ~'f 13 /{;.q;::~ .0 ~t:f EE ~ Iv f;: ~ It \ '! L t:. o

Kinoo basu ni noru toki yoshida-san ni aimashita.

(Yesterday 1 met Mr. Yoshida when 1 rode a bus.)

2. ~1;::~"'J t;:~lt \"':) t-1 ~} ~lv~ Ji!, '! T o

Uchi ni kaetta toki itsumo e-mail wo mimasu.

(1 always see e-mails when 1 get home.)

3. 13*)d"j:,*~.o~ rlt\t:.t~~'!TJ ~ i§lt\'!To

Nihon-jin wa taberu toki "itadakimasu" to iimasu.

(Japanese say ({itadakimasu" when they eat.)

r-74. VA / -c',**~ l,t;:~Jj:T ::; 7"~~If''!To

Resutoran de shokuji wo sbita toki wa chippu wo agemasu.

(We give tips when we eat at a restaurant.)

A negative sentence in a "toJri" clause is commonly described in the non-past negative plain
form whether the statement refers to the non-past event or the past event.

1. ~~st.t1t'~Jj:* t~ t ~ ;:tf.tip--:d :.o

Kane ga nai toki wa hon mo sake mo kaenakatta.
(When 1 had no money, 1 could buy neither a book nor sake.)

< <2. ~B~S~~ t.t1t'~J:: x:~~-¥f~-:? -C .ht:.o

Shukudai ga dekinai toki yoku chichi ga tetsudatte kureta.
(When 1 couldn't do my homework, my father often helped me .J
3. lI&t1t.tv'~Jj:/"~7,·~ ~t!XJj.'!To

Nemurenai toki wa haabu-cha wo nomimasu.
(1 drink herb tea when 1 can not sleep.)

80 CONJUNCTIONS [CHAP. 7

1. Connect the given two sentences using "toki".

< <Ex. f-~t;:: -::>1c / J: JL t: lilvt;:: -7 f-~(f)~ J: .& t: lilJ~ L- tco

Kodomo datta / Yoku ani to asonda. -7 Kodomo no toki yoku ani to asobimshita.

1. :<$: :a:-ft fJ tc lID :a:- Jt1ttco

Hon wo karita / ID wo miseta.
2. 1fU.:*6 / i§:a:-~~f.tv\

Kuruma ni noru / Sake wo namanai

Sensei ni au / Shitsumon suru
4. S:<$:~fT< / iJ :\~~iJ~J!tcv\

Nihon e iku / Kabuki ga mitai

2. Translate the following English into Japanese.
1. I will borrow a book when I go to the library.
2. I can not come home early when I am busy.
3. I will call you when I leave home.
4. I used my credit card when I bought a bag and shoes.

''Mae'' is an independent noun which means" the front" in English. The clause or noun
phrase of "mae" indicates "the time before -" in English. The subject in the clause of "mae" is
marked by "ga" because it is a subordinate clause. The particle "ni," "wa," or "ni wa" may
follow "mae" depending on the context.

I. Noun +no mae ni

Sbiken no mae ni nando mo kanji wo renshuu shita.
(Jpracticed kanji many times before the examination.)

2. tt.(l)tfIl;::v\-Tb ~1)fJ :a:-~.7j."i To .

Shigoto no mae ni itsumo shinbun wo yomimasu.)
(J always read a newspaper before work.)
3. ,*.(l)tfIl;::-¥iJ~~1t \tc It \-C:-T~
Shokuji no mae ni te ga araitai desu.
(J want to wash my hands before the meal.)

CHAP. 7] CONJUNCTIONS 81

II. Verb + mae ni
The verb in the "mae" clause is always in the non-past plain form regardless of the tense.

1. ? 7 A~$M* 7.> JliU;::ta'J1I:a:- ~ -C ~"i 0 t~o

Kurasu ga hajimaru mae ni shukudai wo shite shimatta.
(I finished the homework before the class began.)

2. ~.~$*7.> llirl;::ats!l:a:-:t 5 t:- ~ -Cj3~ "iTo
Tomodachi ga kuru mae ni heya wo sooji shite okimasu.

(I will clean up the room before my friend comes.)

3. ~ 5 ~.7.>llirl;:*:a:-~Jj."i ~t~o

Yuube neru mae ni hon wo yomimashita.
(I read a book before 1 went to bed last night.)

A phrase or a sentence followed by "ato" indicates "the time after doing so and so -" in
English. When the subject in the subordinate clause is different from the one in the main clause,
it is marked by the particle "ga." The particle "de" or "wa" may be added to "ato" depending on
the context.

I. Noun + no ato (de)

<1. ? 7 A(/).-e~1Ul1n;:1T --:> tV) -C:To

Kurasu no ato de toshokan ni iku tsumori desu.
(1 intend to go to a library after the class.)
2. 1t*(/).-e~lvlt~"i ~t~ o
.Shokuji no ato de sanpo shimashita.
(I took a walk after the meal.)

II. Verb (past-plain)+ ato (de)
The verb in the subordinate clause of "ato" is always in the plain past form whether the

statement is about the present or the future event.

1. *MI;:."?tt.T<~ *-'"'1~ V) "iTo

Hon-ya ni yotta ato sugu uchi e kaerimasu.
(1 will go home right after 1 stop by the bookstore.)