Grade 9 Optional Environmental Science Nepali Medium

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नेपाल

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ks| fzs M g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

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© ;jfl{ wsf/ M kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
lj=;+= @)&^

db' |0f M

ISBN :

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] bs| f] lnlvt :jLsl[ tlagf Jofkfl/s k|ofh] gsf nflu
o;sf] k"/} jf cfl+ zs efu xa' x' k|sfzg ug,{ kl/jt{g u/]/ k|sfzg ug{,
s'g} ljB'tLo ;fwg jf cGo /]s8{ ug{ / k|ltlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5}g .

xfdf| ] egfO

lzIffnfO{ p2Z] odn" s, Jofjxfl/s, ;d;fdlos / /f]huf/d"ns agfpg ljleGg ;dodf kf7o\ j|md,
kf7\ok:' ts ljsf; tyf kl/dfhg{ ug{] sfon{ fO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{x¿df /fi6,«
/fli6«o Pstf / nfs] tflGqs ;+:sf/sf] efjgf kb} f u/fO{ gl} tsjfg\ cgz' fl;t / :jfjnDaL, l;hg{ zLn,
lrGtgzLn eO{ ;dfj]zL ;dfh lgdf0{ fdf of]ubfg lbg ;Sg,] eflifs tyf ul0ftLo l;ksf ;fy} lj1fg,
;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlw, jftfj/0f, :jf:Yo / hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL 1fg / hLjgfk] of]uL l;ksf] ljsf;
u/fpg' h?/L 5 . pgLx¿df snf / ;f}Gbo,{ dfgjLo d"No dfGotf, cfbz{ / jl} zi6o\ x¿sf] ;+/If0f,
;+jw{gkl| tsf] efj hufpg cfjZos 5 . ;dtfdn" s ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg pgLx¿df
ljleGg hfthflt, lnª\u, ckfª\utf, efiff, wd{, ;:+ sl[ t / Ifq] k|lt ;defj hufpg' / dfgj clwsf/ tyf
;fdflhs dN" o dfGotfkl| t ;rt] eO{ lhDdj] f/Lk0" f{ cfr/0f ljsf; u/fpg' klg cfhsf] cfjZostf ags] f]
5 . ljBfyL{sf] ljzi] f Ifdtf phfu/ ug{ Pl] R5s ljifox¿sf] klg Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . oxL cfjZostf
kl" ts{ f nflu dfWolds tx -sIff (–!)_ Pl] R5s jftfj/0f lj1fg ljifosf] kf7o\ jm| d, lzIff;DaGwL ljleGg
cfofu] sf ;e' mfj, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsnufot lzIff;uF ;Da4 ljleGg JolSt ;lDdlnt ufi] 7L /
cGt/ljm| ofsf lgisifs{ f ;fy} ljleGg ki[ 7kfi] f0f;dt] nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL of] kf7o\ k:' ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

o; kf7\ok':tssf] n]vg >L uf]kLrGb| kf}8]n, >L ;'efzrGb| v/]n, >L gjLGb|nfn sdf{rfo{åf/f
ePsf] xf] . kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ o; :j¿kdf Nofpg] sfo{df sG] bs| f dxflgb]{zs 8f= nv] gfy kf}8n] ,
8f= s]bf/ l/hfn, 8f= p4j/fh v8\sf, >L lji0f' vfodnL, lgb{]zsåo 8f= bLk]Gb| u'?ª, >L k|ldnf avtL,
>L ;~hLjgL ofG] hg, >L lvngf/fo0f >i] 7nufotsf] ljifz] ofu] bfg /xs] f] 5 . o; kf7o\ k:' tssf] ljifoj:t'
;Dkfbg >L oj' /fh clwsf/Laf6, efiff ;Dkfbg >L u0fz] k;| fb e66\ /fO,{ >L /hgL lwdfn / >L lrgfsd' f/L
lg/f}nfaf6 tyf lrqfª\sg, 6fOk ;l] 6ª / nc] fp6 l8hfOg ;Gtf]ifsd' f/ bfxfnaf6 ePsf] xf] . o;
kf7o\ k':tssf] ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g sfod{ f ;+nUg ;a}k|lt kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b| wGojfb ks| 6 ub5{ .

kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;af6 ljBfyL{n] kf7\ojm| dåf/f
nlIft ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ dbt k'Ug] ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7\ok':tsnfO{ ;s;] Dd lj|mofsnfkdv' L,
?lrs/ / l;sf? sl] Gbt| agfpg] ko| Tg ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\ok':tsnfO{ cem} kl/:s[t kfg{sf nflu lzIfs,
ljBfyL,{ cleefjs, a'l4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;d]t dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf /xg] x'bF f ;Da4 ;as} f]
/rgfTds ;'emfjsf nflu kf7o\ j|md ljsf; sG] b| xflb{s cg'/fw] ub{5 .

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lj=;+= @)&^

ljifo;r" L

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! jftfj/0fsf] kl/ro !
@
# kfl/l:ylts lj1fg / kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL !!
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% gk] fnsf k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ / h}ljs ljljwtf @(
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& jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0f %&
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( hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf] c;/ *(
!)
js} lNks pmhf{ !))

jftfj/0f / lbuf] ljsf; !!^

jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo !#%

kf| s[lts ks| f]k / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg !$@

jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg !^@

PsfO jftfj/0fsf] kl/ro

! (Introduction to Environment)

!=! kl/ro (Introduction)

kY[ jLdf /xs] f ;a} hLjhGt', jg:klt, ;"IdhLj tyf lghL{j j:t'x¿ Pscfk;df cGt/;DalGwt /x]sf
x'G5g\ . log} ;hLj tyf lghLj{ tŒjx¿larsf] cGt/;DAfGwn] sg' } klg :yfgsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf
ePsf] x'G5 . oxL jftfj/0fdf ;hLjx¿ hLjgofkg ub5{ g\ / Pscsf{nfO{ k|efj kfl//xs] f xG' 5g\ .
dflg;nufot s'g} klg hLjsf nflu hLjg k|lj|mof ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kfgL, vfBfGg, pmhf,{ kfi] f0f
tŒj cflb ;a} jftfj/0faf6 k|fKt x'G5 . dflg;n] cfgf] hLjgofkgnfO{ ;xh agfpg tyf clws
cfly{s nfe lng kf| sl[ ts ;|f]tx¿sf] cTolws pkofu] ul//xs] f 5g\ . ;fy} a9b\ f] hg;ª\Vof, bt"|
;x/Ls/0f, tLj| cfB} fl] usLs/0f h:tf dfgjhGo ultljlwsf sf/0f dfgjnufot k[YjLdf /xs] f ;Dk"0f{
hLjx¿nfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 . To;}n] jftfj/0fsf] dxŒj ae' m/] o;sf ljljw tŒjx¿sf]
pkofu] ugk{' g]{ x'G5 . o; PsfOdf xfdL jftfj/0fsf] kl/ro, dxŒj, jftfj/0fLo tŒjx¿ / jftfj/0f
lj1fg;uF ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' cWoog ug]{ 5fF+} .

!=@ jftfj/0fsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of environment)

jftfj/0f eGgfn] k[YjLsf] ;Dk"0f{ afxo\ kl/l:yltnfO{ hgfpF5 . k[YjLdf /x]sf ;Dk0" f{ ;hLj / lghL{j
j:tx' ¿sf] pkl:yltn] sfod ePsf] ;du| kl/l:yltnfO{ ;/n ¿kdf jftfj/0f elgG5 . jft ± cfj/0f
ldn/] jftfj/0f zAb ag]sf] xf] . jftsf] cy{ xfjf / cfj/0fsf] cy{ 9Ssg x'G5 . To;}n] jftfj/0fsf]
zflAbs cy{ kY[ jLsf] jl/kl/sf] ;Dk0" f{ If]q cyft{ \ xfjfn] 9fss] f] If]q eGg] a'lemG5 . jftfj/0fnfO{
cªu\ |]hLdf environment elgG5 . Environment km| fG;]nL zAb Environner af6 ags] f] xf] .
o;sf] cy{ encircle or to surround x'G5 . o;/L jftfj/0f eGgfn] kY[ jLsf] jl/kl/sf] ;Dk0" f{ afxo\
kl/jz] jf cj:yfnfO{ hgfp5F . o:tf kl/jz] df /xs] f ;Dk0" f{ ;hLj / lghL{j j:tx' ¿sf] ;o+ S' t :j¿k
g} jftfj/0f xf] .

jftfj/0fn] ;Dk"0f{ hLjhGt,' jg:klt / ;I" dhLjlarsf] cGt/lge/{ tf tyf cGt/ljm| ofnfO{ ;d6] ]sf]
xG' 5 . ;a} ;hLjx¿sf] Pscfk;df / xfjf, kfgL, df6f,] tfkjm| d, ks| fz cflbsf] lardf cGt/;DaGw
/x]sf] xG' 5 . To;n} ] hLjhGt' tyf jg:klt / lognfO{ cfjZos kg]{ xfjf, kfgL, df6f], ks| fz, tfk,
cfb{t| f cflbsf] ;dfofh] g / cGt/ljm| ofsf] ;dli6ut ¿k g} jftfj/0f xf] . jftfj/0fdf /xs] f ;Dk"0f{
tŒjx¿sf] cfcfg} dxŒj /x]sf] xG' 5 . kT| oIf jf ckT| oIf ¿kdf oL ;a} tŒjx¿lar cGt/ljm| of /
cGt/;DaGw sfod ePsf] xG' 5 . To;n} ] oL tŒjx¿ Pscsfd{ f cGtlg{lxt x'G5g\ . olb logLx¿larsf]

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 1

;DaGwdf sxLF st} cj/fw] ePdf jf ;DaGw 6'6\g uPdf o;n] ;Dk0" f{ jftfj/0fnfO{ c;/ k¥' ofp5F .
o;/L jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ uPdf s'g} hLjhGt' tyf jg:klt nfk] xg' ] vt/fdf k'Ug
;S5g\ . To;n} ] ;Dk0" f{ hLjsf] cl:tTj hfu] fO{ /fVg jftfj/0fsf] kf| s[lts :j¿knfO{ b'?:t sfod
/fVg'kb{5 .

lj|mofsnfk M !

cfgf] ljBfno jf jf;:yfg j/k/sf] jftfj/0fsf] cjnf]sg u/L ToxfF pknAw ;hLj / lghL{j
j:tx' ¿sf] ;r" L tof/ u/L ltgLx¿larsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:tt' ug{'xf;] \ .

!=# jftfj/0fsf] dxŒj (Importance of environment)

jftfj/0f ;a} k|f0fL tyf jg:kltsf] ;femf jf;:yfg xf] . ;hLj tyf lghLj{ j:t'sf] cfk;L cGt/;DaGw
tyf cGt/lge{/tfn] jftfj/0fsf] dxŒj phfu/ ub{5 . jftfj/0fsf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒj lgDgfg;' f/
/xs] f] 5 M

• hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf nflu jf;:yfgsf] cfwf/ k|bfg ug{
• ;hLjnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ vfBkbf{ysf] ;|ft] tyf zlSt kb| fg ug{
• xfjf, kfgL, df6f,] tfk, ks| fznufot kf| sl[ ts ;|ft] sf] cfwf/ k|bfg ug{
• k|fsl[ ts ;'Gb/tf sfod ug{
• df;} d / xfjfkfgL lgoldt ug{
• hl} js ljljwtf ;/+ If0f ug{ / kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLnfO{ sfod /fVg
• dflg;sf nflu uf;F , af;, skf;sf] cfwf/ kb| fg u/L :j:y hLjgofkgsf] cfwf/ k|bfg

ug{
• kY[ jLnfO{ ;hLj ux| sf] ¿kdf sfod /fVg

!=$ Jfftfj/0fLo cjojx¿ (Environmental components)

jftfj/0f ;hLj / lghLj{ u/L b'O{ cjojx¿ ldn]/ ags] f] x'G5 . lghLj{ x¿nfO{ ch}ljs cjoj
(abiotic components) / ;hLjx¿nfO{ h}ljs cjoj (biotic components) elgG5 .

-s_ ch}ljs cjojx¿ (Abiotic components)

jftfj/0fnfO{ ke| fj kfg{] lghL{j j:tx' ¿nfO{ chl} js cjoj elgG5 . ch}ljs cjojcGtu{t lgDglnlvt
tŒjx¿ kb{5g\ .

2 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

!= xfjf @= kfgL

#= df6f] $= tfkjm| d

%= k|sfz ^= cfb{|tf

&= hldgsf] efu} fl] ns cj:yf

!= xfjf (Air) M xfjf jftfj/0fsf]

Ps dxŒjk"0f{ cz+ xf] . xfjfn] ubf{

kY[ jLdf hLjsf] cl:tTj ;Dej ePsf]

xf] . kY[ jLsf] jl/kl/ xfjfn] 9fs]sf]

efunfO{ jfo'd08n -atmoshphere_

elgG5 -lrq !=!_ . jfod' 08nsf] w/] }

c+z kY[ jLsf] ;txaf6 emG8} %))

ls=ld=prfO;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . t/

jfo'd08ndf xfjfsf] ljt/0f ;dfg

xFb' g} . k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 hlt dfly lrq !=! jfod' 08nsf txx¿
uof], xfjf kftnf] x'bF } uPsf] x'G5 .

k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 emG8} !^ ls=ld=

dfly;Dd km}lnPsf] jfo'd08nsf] txnfO{ lgDgd08n -troposhere_ elgG5 . o;df nueu (%

kl| tzt xfjf /xs] f] x'G5 . o;eGbf dflysf] efudf afFsL % k|ltzt xfjf /x]sf] cgd' fg ul/G5 .

jfod' 08nsf] o; txdf lah'nL rDsg], afbn, jiff{, cl;gf, t;' f/f] cflb aGg] tyf ljleGg hLjsf]

hLjgrjm| rln/xs] f] xG' 5 .

Jffo'd08n ljleGg UofF ;x¿sf] ;ld>0fn] ags] f] xG' 5 . o;df gfO6f« h] g sl/a &* k|ltzt,
clS;hg sl/a @! k|ltzt / cGo Uof;F x¿ ! kl| tzt /x]sf] 5 . Jffod' 08ndf /x]sf] clS;hg
;a} hLjx¿sf] k|f0fjfo' xf] . hLjx¿n] Zjf;k|Zjf; ubf{ clS;hg lng] / sfa{g8fOcS;fO8
kmfNg] ub5{ g\ . sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 la?jfn] vfgf agfpg pkofu] ub5{ g\ . xfjfn] la?jfdf
k/fu;r] g / lapx¿sf] k|;f/df dbt u5{ . To;} u/L xfjfn] df;} dL jiff{ u/fpg tyf hLjx¿sf]
cl:tTj sfod u/fpg ;sf/fTds el" dsf vn] s] f] x'G5 . t/ xfjfx'/L, e"d/L h:tf k|ljm| ofn] hldg
;txsf] v'Nnf tyf vs' 'nf] df6f], w'nfsf s0fx¿ p8fO{ e"Ifo u/fpg,] pj/{ f zlStdf xf| ; Nofpg,]
cfunfuL, 89]nf,] cfwF Lax] /L Nofpg] h:tf gsf/fTds c;/x¿ k¥' ofpF5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 3

@= kfgL (Water) M kfgL ;Dk"0f{ hLjsf]

afRF g] cfwf/ xf] . of] ;j{JofkL kbfy{

xf] . ljleGg hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf]

jhgsf] ^) b]lv () k|ltzt kfgL

/x]sf] x'G5 . /;folgs agf]6sf]

b[li6n] kfgL bO' { efu xfO8«fh] g / Ps

efu clS;hg ldn/] ag]sf] x'G5 .

kY[ jLsf] ;txsf] emG8} &! kl| tzt lrq !=@ hnrjm|

efu kfgLn] cfu] 6]sf] 5 . hLjx¿sf]

jl[ 4, ljsf;, lj:tf/, kh| gg cflbdf kfgLsf] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf /x]sfn] o;sf] w]/} dxŒj 5 .

kfgLsf] ;|ft] nfO{ hldgd'lgsf] kfgL, hldg ;txsf] kfgL / jiff{sf] kfgL u/L tLg efudf ljefhg

ul/G5 . lrq !=@ df lbOPsf] hnrjm| sf] cWoog u/L kfgLsf ljleGg ;f| t] x¿sf af/]df yfxf

kfpg ;lsG5 .

#= df6f] (Soil) : df6f] k[YjLsf] ;txdf kfOg] jftfj/0fsf] Ps dxŒjk0" f{ cz+ xf] . df6f] ljleGg

af]6la?jf tyf hLjhGts' f nflu dxŒjk0" f{ tŒj xf] . ljleGg hgfj/x¿ oxL df6fdf afFr]sf xG' 5g\

eg] af]6la?jfn] klg df6faf6 cfjZos nj0f, vlgh / kfgL k|fKt ub{5g\ . xfjf, kfgL, vlgh

kbfy,{ hl} js kbfy{ / r6\6fgsf dl;gf 6'jm| fx¿ ldnL df6f] ags] f] xG' 5 . t;y{ hg' r66\ fgaf6

df6fsf] lgdf0{ f ePsf] x'G5 . ;fx] L r66\ fgsf] u0' fcg'¿k df6f] ags] f] x'G5 . df6fdf la?jfnfO{

cfjZos gfO6«fh] g, km:kmf/] ;, kf]6fl;odnufot ljleGg tŒjx¿ kfOG5g\ . df6fdf kfOg] x\od' ;

(humus) sf] dfqfn] df6fsf] cDnLo, Iff/Lo tyf t6:ykgsf] lgwf/{ 0f ub5{ . df6fd] f /xs] f]

xo\ 'd;n] kfgLnfO{ c8fO{ /xg] Ifdtf k|bfg ub5{ . kmGhfO{, 9';L, AofS6l] /of h:tf ;I" d hLjx¿n]

df6fdf /x]sf ;hLjsf cjzi] fnfO{ s'xfP/, ;8fP/, unfP/ 3'nLt vlgh kbfyx{ ¿df 6S' |ofp5F g\ .

oL kfgLdf 3n' Lt vlgh kbfy{x¿nfO{ la?jfn] h/fdfkm{t cjzf]if0f ub5{ g\ .

$= tfkj|md (Temperature) : s'g} klg j:td' f /xs] f] tftfk] g jf lr;fk] gsf] dfkgnfO{ tfkj|md

elgG5 . kY[ jLsf] ;a} :yfgdf ;dfg tfkjm| d xF'bg} . hLjhGt', jg:klt / tfkj|mdlar cGt/;DaGw

/x]sf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof –!))C bl] v %))C tfkj|mdlar hLjx¿ afFRg ;Sb5g\ . tfkj|mdn]

hLjx¿sf] jl[ 4 tyf ljsf; h:tf hLjg kl| jm| ofdf kT| oIf ke| fj kfb5{ . tfkjm| dsf] 36a9 ePdf

hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltx¿sf] hLjg kl| jm| ofdf kl/jtg{ cfpgs' f ;fy} nfk] xg' ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

%= k|sfz (Light) M k|sfz jftfj/0fsf] Ps dxŒjk0" f{ c+z xf] . o;sf] dV' o ;|ft] ;"o{ xf] .

ks| fzn] jftfj/0fsf ;a} kIfnfO{ k|efj kfb5{ . ks| fzaf6 ;Dk0" f{ hLjx¿n] pmhf{ k|fKt ub{5g\ .

4 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf] j[l4, k|hgg\ h:tf hLjg k|lj|mofdf ks| fzsf] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf xG' 5 .
k|sfzsf] ;xfotfn] jg:kltx¿n] cfgf] vfgf agfpF5g\ . o;/L jg:kltn] lgdf{0f u/s] f] vfgf
cGo hLjhGtn' ] k|fKt ub{5g\ . of] jm| dzM ljleGg vfB >[ª\vnfdf k'Ub5 . jg:kltsf] cfsf/
tyf j[l4, xl/ts0fsf] cj:yf, kftsf] cfsf/, kmnk"mn tyf lap ljsf; cflb k|ljm| of ks| fzsf]
pknAwtfåf/f lgwf{l/t xG' 5 . ks| fz zlSt, /f;folgs zlStdf ¿kfGtl/t xF'b} hGt' tyf
jg:kltsf] ljt/0f, lj:tf/, rfn, Jojxf/, a;fO;F /fO, kh| gg cflb hLjg kl| jm| ofdf kT| oIf ke| fj kf5{ .

^= cfb{t| f (Humidity) M jfo'd08ndf afkmsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] kfgLsf] dfqfnfO{ cfbt|{ f elgG5 .

xfjfdf kfgLsf] afkm cbZ[ o ¿kdf /x]sf] xG' 5 . k[YjLsf] ;txdf /xs] f] kfgL ljleGg ;f| ]taf6
jfikLs/0f eO{ xfjfdf kU' b5 . kfgL kl//xg] ;bfaxf/ hª\un ePsf] :yfgdf cfb{|tf a9L xG' 5 .
d?e"ld tyf ;V' vf hldg ePsf] 7fpdF f cfbt|{ f sd x'G5 . kY[ jL ;txsf] tfkjm| d, ;db' |L ;txbl] v
hldgsf] prfO, xfjfsf] j]u, jghªu\ n cflbn] xfjfdf cfb|{tfsf] dfqf lgwf/{ 0f ub{5 . cfb|{tfn]
hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf] hLjg k|lj|mofdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf vN] 5 . ;'Vvf If]qdf af6] la?jfaf6 w]/}
kfgL jfikLs/0f xg' vf]Hb5 . To;n} ] To; :yfgsf la?jfsf] kft afSnf, ;fgf / s8f xG' 5g\ .
kfgL a9L xg' ] :yfgsf la?jfsf kft km/flsnf x'gfn] clws kfgL jfikLs/0f xFb'+ f jfo'd08ndf
cfbt|{ f a9\b5 . ;V' vf xfjf ePsf] If]qdf la?jfsf] pT:j]bg -transpiration_ klg l56f] xG' 5 .
;'gufef -orchids_, d; -moss_ / ‰ofp -fungi_ h:tf jg:kltn] cfk"mnfO{ rflxg] kfgLsf] w/] }
dfqf cfb|{tfaf6 kf| Kt ub{5g\ .

&= ea" gf6] (Topography) M sg' } :yfgsf] jftfj/0f lgdf0{ fdf e"agf]6sf] ljz]if e"ldsf xG' 5 /

tL :yfgx¿df jftfj/0f cg's"nsf af]6la?jf tyf hLjhGt' pkl:yt x'G5g\ . cyft{ \ s'g :yfg
sg' k|sf/sf jg:klt tyf k|f0fLsf nflu pkoS' t xG' 5 eGg] s'/f ToxfFsf] efu} f]lns cj:yfdf e/
k5{ . s'g} :yfgsf] ea" gf]6sf] cj:yfnfO{ lgDglnlvt ec" fs[ltcg;' f/ JofVof ul/G5 M

prfO (Altitude) M prfO cyf{t\ clN6Ro8' eGgfn] ;db' L| ;txbl] v slt prfOdf /x]sf] eGg]

hgfpFb5 . kY[ jLsf] ;txdf st} lxdfn, st} kxf8, st} ;dy/ d}bfg / st} pkTosf /x]sf 5g\
/ oL :yfgx¿ ;d'b|L ;txbl] v km/s prfOdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . sg' } :yfg ljzi] fsf] prfOcg;' f/
tfkj|md, xfjfkfgL, 3fdsf] rsf{k] gf, cfbt|{ f, jfod' 08nLo rfk, xfjfsf] j]u cflbdf ljljwtf x'G5 .
kmn:j¿k sg' } :yfgsf] prfOcg;' f/ jftfj/0fdf km/skgf cfp5F / km/s jftfj/0fcg;' f/ tL
:yfgx¿df km/s k|sf/sf hLjhGt' tyf jg:klt xG' 5g\ . h:tM} pRr lxdfnL efudf wk' L, ;Nnf
h:tf jg:klt / ofs, rf}/F L ufO{ h:tf hgfj/ kfOG5g\ eg] t/fO{ efudf ;fn, l;;f} h:tf jg:klt
/ af3, uF8} f / xfQL h:tf hgfj/x¿ kfOG5g\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 5

le/fnfk] g (Slope) M hldgsf] le/fnfk] gsf sf/0f klg s'g} :yfgsf] jftfj/0fdf c;/ kU' b5 .

clws le/fnf] hldgdf jiff{sf] kfgL cl8g ;Sb}g / ;V' vf /xg] ub5{ . To;n} ] o:tf] :yfgdf
t'ngfTds ¿kdf Gog" ;ª\Vofdf hLjx¿ /xG5g\ . ;dtn ;txdf jiff{sf] kfgL ;lhn} cl8g
;S5, h;sf sf/0f af6] la?jfx¿ ;lhn} xs' {g / a9g\ ;S5g\ . le/fnf] ;txdf ;o" s{ f] ks| fz
58s\ ] kg]{ / ;dtn ;txdf l;wf kg{] ePsfn] ToxFfsf] tfkj|mddf klg km/s xG' 5, h;sf sf/0f
ToxfF kfOg] hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltx¿ ;d]t km/s x'G5g\ .

dfx] 8f (Aspect) M s'g} :yfgsf] jftfj/0fdf hldgsf] dfx] 8fn] c;/ kfb5{ . k[YjLsf] ;a}

efudf ;o" {sf] ks| fz Ps}rf]l6 / ;dfg ¿kn] kU' bg} . kxf8sf] blIf0f df]x8fdf ;"os{ f] ls/0f
k|ToIf ¿kdf kb{5 / tfkj|md ;fdGotof a9L x'G5 . kxf8sf] pQ/L df]x8f ;"o{sf] ls/0f l;wf
gkg]{ xg' fn] sd tfkj|md, a9L cfl] ;nf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . jftfj/0fsf] km/skg cg'¿ksf]
hLjhGt' cl:tTjdf cfp5F g\ . o;/L hldgsf] df]x8fn] klg jftfj/0fdf c;/ k'¥ofp5F .

-v_ hl} js cjojx¿ (Biotic components)

jftfj/0fsf] ;hLj c+znfO{ h}ljs cjoj elgG5 / o;cGtu{t ;Dk"0f{ kf| 0fL tyf jg:kltx¿ kb{5g\ . oL
kf| 0fL tyf tyf jg:kltx¿sf] pkl:ylt tyf ltgsf lj|mofsnfkn] sg' } klg :yfgsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0fdf
cxd\ e"ldsf x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu df6fdf kfOg] ;I" d hLjx¿n] af]6la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg
vlgh kbfy{, nj0f cflb pknAw u/fpg dbt ub5{ . To;} u/L df6fdf x'g] u8o\ f}nfn] df6f]nfO{ pa{/
agfO{ pTkfbg a9fpg dbt ub5{ . jftfj/0fdf jg:klt tyf kf| 0fLx¿ Pscfk;df cGt/;DalGwt
xG' 5g\ / ltgLx¿lar lg/Gt/ cGt/ljm| of eO/x]sf] x'G5 . oL hLjx¿lar xg' ] cGt/lj|mof ;sf/fTds
jf gsf/fTds x'g ;S5g\ .

!= ;sf/fTds ;DaGw (Positive interaction)

s'g} bO' { jf bO' {eGbf a9L hLjx¿larsf] cfk;L
cGt/lj|mofdf olb bj' } jf s'g} Ps hLj csf]{ hLjaf6
nfeflGjt x'G5g\ / nfeflGjt gxg' ] hLjsf] ;dt]
sg' } xflggf]S;fgL x'Fbg} eg] To:tf] cGt/lj|mofnfO{
;sf/fTds cGt/lj|mof elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
s'g} b'O{ hLjx¿sf] ;xsfod{ f b'j} hLj Pscsfa{ f6 lrq !=# km"n / df}/Llarsf] ;sf/fTds ;DaGw
nfeflGjt xG' 5g\ eg] To:tf] ;xsfon{ fO{ ;xhLjtf (symbiosis) elgG5 . h:t}M df}/L, kt' nL cflbn]
la?jfdf k/fu;]rg ub5{ g\ eg] pgLx¿n] km"naf6 vfgf kf| Kt ub{5g\ -lrq !=#_ . To;} u/L nx/f xg' ]
la?jfx¿n] cfgf] j[l4 / ljsf;sf nflu l;wf pleg c¿ la?jfsf] ;xf/f lnG5g\ . o; cj:yfdf
nx/f x'g] la?jfnfO{ kmfObf x'G5 eg] ;xf/f lbg] la?jfnfO{ vf;} xflg x'Fbg} .

6 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

@= gsf/fTds ;DaGw (Negative interaction)

olb b'O{ hLjx¿larsf] cGt/ljm| ofdf bj' }nfO{ jf sg' } PsnfO{ xflg xG' 5 eg] To; ks| f/sf] cGt/ljm| ofnfO{
gsf/fTds cGt/ljm| of elgG5 . h:tM} df/} Ln] dflg;nfO{ 6f]Sbf dflg;nfO{ xflg k¥' ofpF5 eg] df}/L
:jod\sf] d[To' xG' 5 . To;} u/L olb bO' { hLjx¿larsf] cGtljm| {ofdf bj' n} fO{ jf sg' } PsnfO{ xflg x'G5
eg] To; k|sf/sf] cGt/lj|mofnfO{ k/hLjtf -paracitism_ elgG5 . h:t} M sg' } hgfj/sf] z/L/df
ePsf] h'd|fn] hgfj/af6 cfgf] vfgf kf| Kt ug{] jm| ddf hgfj/nfO{ gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpF5 . To;} u/L
ljleGg ls/fx¿, nfdv6' \6,] p8;' , plkFof cflbn] dflg;nfO{ /ut r';]/ xflg k¥' ofpF5g\ eg] tL k/hLlj
hLjx¿ nfeflGjt xG' 5g\ .

kfi] f0fsf] cfwf/df h}ljs cjojnfO{ dV' o tLg efudf ljeflht ul/G5 M

-s_ pTkfbs (Producer) M cfgf] vfgf cfkm}F agfpg ;Sg] xl/ts0fo'St jg:kltnfO{ pTkfbs
elgG5 . pTkfbsn] hldgdf /xs] f] kfgL, nj0f tyf jfo'd08naf6 sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 k|fKt u/L
u'Nsf]h lgdf0{ f ub5{ g\ / To;dWo]sf] sx] L cz+ pkof]u u/L cfgf] hLjg lgjfx{ ub5{ g\ eg] afFs+ L
/xs] f kf]if0f kbfy{sf] ;~ro ub{5g\ . o;/L :jkf]lift jg:kltx¿n] ;~ro u/]sf] kf]if0f vfgf
agfpg g;Sg] cGo hLjx¿sf nflu pknJw u/fpFb5g\ .

-v_ pkef]Stf (Consumer) M vfgfsf nflu cGo hLjdf e/ kg{] hLjnfO{ pkef]Stf elgG5 . vfgfsf
nflu pTkfbsdf e/ kg]{ hGtn' fO{ k|yd pkefS] tf elgG5 . To;} u/L ky| d pkef]Stf vfg]nfO{
låtLo pkef]Stf / låtLo pkef]Stf vfg]nfO{ t[tLo pkefS] tf elgG5 . h:tM} 3f;F vfg] ls/f,
km6\ofªu\ f| ky| d pkefS] tf xg' \ eg] ltgnfO{ vfg] Eofu'tf låtLo / ;k{ t[tLo pkef]Stf xg' \ .

-u_ laR5]bs (Decomposer) M d[t hLjnfO{ ;8fpg,] unfpg,] sx' fpg] / ltgdf ePsf h}ljs
kbfyn{ fO{ ch}ljs vlgh tŒjdf ljR5g] u/L kg' M df6fdf ldnfpg] hLjnfO{ laR5]bs elgG5 .
h:t}M AofS6]l/of, kmGhfO{ cflb .

!=% jftfj/0f lj1fg (Environment science)

jftfj/0f eGgfn] kY[ jLsf] jl/kl/sf] ;hLj tyf lghLj{ j:tx' ¿sf] ;dli6ut cj:yfnfO hgfp5F .

lj1fg eGgfn] s'g} ljifoj:t'sf] j|mda4, tYodf cfwfl/t 1fgnfO{ hgfp5F . To;}n] jftfj/0f lj1fg

eGgfn] jftfj/0fdf /x]sf] ;Dk0" f{ cjojx¿sf] efl} ts, /;folgs tyf hl} js kIfx¿sf] tYok/s

cWoognfO{ hgfpF5 . k[YjLdf dflg;sf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4;uF } cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] j[l4n] jftfj/0fLo

;|f]tdf clws bjfj kgfn{ ] gsf/fTds c;/ bv] f kg{ yfn]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lusLs/0f tyf ;x/Ls/0fsf

sf/0f jftfj/0fdf k/s] f] k|efjsf] cWoog / o;sf] ;/+ If0fsf nflu jftfj/0f lj1fgsf] cfjZostf

k/s] f] xf] . jftfj/0f lj1fgn] jftfj/0fLo cjojx¿, ltgLx¿larsf] cGt/;DaGw / ;/+ If0fsf

pkfox¿ af/d] f cWoog ub5{ . of] ljifo cGt/ljifos lj1fg xf] -lrq !=$_ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 7

lj1fg / kl| jlwsf] tLj| ljsf;, ;fdflhs cfly{s kl/jt{g / cTolws vktoS' t hLjgz}nLsf sf/0f
k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] df cTolws bjfj kgf{n] oL ;|f]tx¿sf] x|f; x'g yfn]sf] 5 . oL kf| sl[ ts ;|ft] x¿ ;lhn}
kg' M:yf{lkt x'g g;Sg] cj:yfdf ku' ]sf 5g\ . jgljgfz, e"Ifo, sl[ ifofU] o hldgsf] pj{/fzlStdf x|f;,
af9L, klx/f], lxdklx/f,] lxdtfn lj:kmf6] , ;d'b| ;tx a9g\ ] h:tf jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx¿ lbgfgl' bg
a9b\ } uO/xs] f 5g\ . To;} u/L hn k|b"if0f, jfo' k|bi" f0f, e"kb| "if0f, Wjlg kb| i" f0f h:tf ;d:ofx¿ klg
lbgfgl' bg a9b\ } uO/x]sf 5g\ . o;/L k|fsl[ ts jftfj/0fdf cfPsf] c;Gt'ngn] dfgjnufot cGo hLj
kh| ftLsf] cl:tTj ;ªs\ 6df k/]sf] xg' fn] o;sf] cWoog u/L ;dfwfg klxNofpg jftfj/0f lj1fgn]
dbt k¥' ofpFb5 .

lrq !=$ jftfj/0f lj1fg;Fu cGt/;DalGwt ljifox¿

;f/fz+ (Summary)

1. k[YjLdf cjl:yt ;Dk"0f{ chl} js tyf h}ljs cjojx¿sf] ;dli6ut ¿k g} jftfj/0f xf] .
2. jftfj/0f ;hLj tyf lghL{j cjojx¿ ldnL ag]sf] xG' 5 .
3. jftfj/0fn] ;hLjnfO{ afFRg] cfwf/ kb| fg ugs{' f ;fy} kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ hf]ufpF5 .
4. jftfj/0fsf lghLj{ j:tx' ¿df xfjf, kfgL, df6f], hldgsf] efu} fl] ns cj:yf, tfkj|md, ks| fz,

cfb|{tf kb{5g\ .

8 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

5. hl} js cjojx¿df pTkfbs, pkef]Stf / laR5]bs h:tf hLjx¿ kb{5g\ .
6. ;hLjx¿lar Pscfk;df ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds k|lt:kwf{Tds cGt/ljm| of eO/xs] f] xG' 5 .
7. jftfj/0f lj1fgn] jftfj/0fLo cjojx¿ / ltgLx¿larsf] cGt/lj|mofaf/] cWoog ub5{ .
8. jftfj/0fLo ;d:of / rg' ft} L klxNofO{ dflg;nfO{ jftfj/0fk|lt pQ/bfoL agfO{ lbuf] ljsf; ug{

/ jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f ug{ jftfj/0f lj1fgsf] cfjZostf kb5{ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ jftfj/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ jftfj/0fLo cjojx¿nfO{ sg' sg' efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 < pNnv] ug{'xf];\ .
-u_ h}ljs cjoj eg]sf] s] xf] <
-3_ ch}ljs cjoj eg]sf] s] xf] <
-ª_ jftfj/0fsf ch}ljs cjojx¿sf] ;r" L agfpg'xf];\ .
-r_ ;xhLjtf -symbiosis_ egs] f] s] xf] <
-5_ jftfj/0f lj1fg eg]sf] s] xf] <

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ jftfj/0fsf] dxŒjnfO{ ab'F fut ¿kdf pNn]v ug'x{ f];\ .
-v_ jftfj/0fsf ch}ljs cjojx¿sf] 5f6] f] j0fg{ ug{'xf];\ .
-u_ jftfj/0f lj1fgnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt j0fg{ ug{x' f;] \ .

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ ;hLjx¿lar x'g] ;sf/fTds ;DaGwx¿ Kflxrfg u/L pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ugx'{ f];\ .
-v_ ;hLjx¿lar xg' ] gsf/fTds cGt/lj|mofnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg{x' f];\ .
-yu_ jftfj/0f lj1fg ljifosf] cWoogn] jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf s;/L ;3fp k¥' ofpF5 < JofVof

ugx{' f];\ .
-3_ ‘‘hldgsf] efu} fl] ns cj:yfn] jftfj/0fdf k|efj kfb{5’’ o; egfOnfO{ ts;{ lxt k:| t't

ugx'{ f];\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 9

kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Project Work)

cfkm\gf] ljBfno j/k/ ePsf jftfj/0fLo cjojx¿ -h}ljs / chl} js_ sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿larsf]
cGt/;DaGw emNsg] rf6{ tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'x{ f;] \ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)

pT:jb] g -transpiration_ M la?jfn] a9L ePsf] kfgL kftaf6 afkmsf] ¿kdf jfod' 08ndf kmfNg]
k|lj|mof
xo\ 'd; M hLjhGt'sf] cjzi] fo'St ldlxg dlnnf] df6f]
;xhLjtf M b'O{ ks| f/sf hLjx¿ Ps} :yfgdf /xL Pscsfd{ f xflggf]S;fgL gk'¥ofO{ hLjgofkg ug{]
cj:yf

10 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

PsfO kfl/l:ylts lj1fg / kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL

@ (Ecology and Ecosystem)

@=! kl/ro (Introduction)

xfdf| ] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f hl} js / chl} js j:tx' ¿ ldn/] ags] f] xG' 5 . tkfO{F zfsfxf/L xg' 'x'G5 eg]
tkfOsF{ f] vfgfdf xl/of ;fukft, t/sf/L, cGg, u8] fu8' L kmnkm"n cflb /x]sf xG' 5g\ . xfdLdWo] slt
;jx{ f/L xG' 5f}, h;n] xl/of ;fukft, t/sf/L, cGg, u]8fu8' L kmnkm"nnufot df;' klg vfg] ub{5f}F .
k[YjLdf /xs] f k|f0fLx¿sf] vfgfsf] kd| 'v ;f| ]t eg] jg:klt g} xg' \ . xl/of jg:kltx¿n] k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f
k|lj|mofdfkmt{ h/faf6 kfgL / vfBtŒj tyf xfjfaf6 lnPsf] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dbtn] cfkm\gf] vfgf
agfpFb5g,\ h'g vfgf g} dflg;nufot cGo k|f0fLx¿n] k|fKt ub{5g\ . sg' } :yfgdf /xs] f hLljt tyf
lghL{j j:tl' ardf cGt/lj|mof eO{ ;Gtl' nt k0| ffnL ags] f] xG' 5, h;nfO{ xfdL kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL eg/]
a'emb\ 5f} . o; PsfOdf xfdL kfl/l:ylts lj1fg, kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL / o;sf ks| f/ / vfB :t/sf]
af/]df cWoog ug{] 5fF} M

@=@ kfl/l:ylts lj1fg (Ecology)

k|sl[ tdf /xs] f ;Dk0" f{ hLjhGtx' ¿ Pscfk;df tyf cfgf] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f;Fu cGt/;DalGwt /
cGt/lge/{ x'G5g\ . hLjhGt'x¿sf] Pscfk;lar tyf jftfj/0f;Fu x'g] cGt/;DaGwsf] cWoog ug{]
lj1fgnfO{ kfl/:ylts lj1fg (ecology) elgG5 .

Ecology zAbsf] pTklQ b'O{ lu|s zAb 'oikos' / 'logos' sf] ;+ofh] gaf6 ePsf] kfOG5, h;df'oikos'
zAbsf] cy{ ‘3/’ cyf{t\ ‘jf;:yfg’ x'G5 eg] 'logos' zAbsf] cy{ ‘cWoog’ eGg] xG' 5 . To;n} ]
kfl/l:ylts lj1fgn] hLjhGtx' ¿sf ;fy} ltgLx¿sf] jf;:yfgsf af/]df ul/g] cWoognfO{ ae' mfp5F .
Ecology zAbnfO{ ;jk{ y| d ;g\ !*^^ df hdg{ j1} flgs Ernest Haeckel n] ko| fu] df nfPsf lyP .
kfl/l:ylts lj1fgsf] cWoogleq /;fog lj1fg, ul0ft, ef}lts lj1fg, hLj lj1fg tyf eu" f]n h:tf
ljifosf] ;d]t cWoog ljlw tyf cjwf/0ffx¿sf] cfjZostf kg]{ tyf cGt3'ln{t x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{
cGt/ljifos (interdisciplinary) lj1fgsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .

k[YjLdf /x]sf hLjhGt'nfO{ ljleGg txut ¿kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] hLjhGts' f] ;ae} Gbf
;fgf] PsfObl] v pRrtd\ txdf lgDgadfl] hd juL{s/0f u/L kfl/l:ylts lj1fgsf] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5
-lrq @=!_ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 11

lrq @=! kfl/l:ylts lj1fgdf hLjhGt'sf] txut 9fFrf

-s_ hLj÷k|hflt (Organism/species) M Pssf]ifLobl] v ax'sfi] fLo hLljt :j¿k g} hLj xf] . h:tM}
AofS6l] /of, cldaf h:tf cfFvfn] bV] g g;lsg] Pssf]ifLo hLj xg' \ eg] 9;' L, jGf:klt tyf k|f0fLx¿
axs' fi] fLo hLj xg' \ .

Ps} k|sf/sf cfs[lt, Jojxf/ tyf cgj' f+lzs ;dfgtf ePsf hLjsf] ;dx" nfO{ kh| flt elgG5 .
h:t} M /x' df5f Ps kh| flt xf] eg] dfgj csf{] kh| flt xf] . kY[ jLdf slt ks| f/sf kh| fltx¿
/x]sf 5g\, olsg ¿kn] eGg g;lsPtf klg %) nfvbl] v !) s/f8] ;Dd kh| fltx¿ /xs] f] ljZjf;
ul/G5 . clxn;] Dd j}1flgsx¿n] AofS6l] /of k|hfltafxs] nueu !* nfv kh| fltx¿sf] dfq
klxrfg ug{ ;s]sf] kfOG5 .

-v_ hg;ªV\ of (Population) M lglZrt Ifq] df /x]sf s'g} Ps kh| fltsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ pSt k|hfltsf]
hg;ªV\ of elgG5 . h:tM} kfv] /Ldf ePsf sg' } df5f kh| fltsf] ;ª\Vofn] pSt kh| fltsf]
hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ ae' mfpF5 . s'g} kh| flt ljzi] fsf] hg;ªV\ of /xg] :yfgnfO{ jf;:yfg (habitat)
elgG5 .

-u_ ;d'bfo (Community) : sg' } lglZrt Ifq] df Ps} ;dodf /x]sf bO' { jf ;fe] Gbf a9L k|hfltx¿sf]
;d"xnfO{ ;d'bfo elgG5 . h:t} M s'g} kfv] /Ldf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ hLjhGt,' jg:klt tyf ;"IdhLjx¿n]
To; kf]v/Lsf] ;db' fonfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub5{ . pSt ;db' fonfO{ klg ;I" d hLj, jg:klt jf
hgfj/sf] ;db' fodf ljeflht u//] klg cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .

-3_ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL (Ecosystem) : sg' } Ps If]q ljz]ifdf /x]sf hLj;db' fox¿larsf] cfk;L

12 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

tyf lghL{j j:t'x¿;+Fusf] cGt/;DAfGwaf6 lgld{t k|0ffnL g} kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL xf] . h:tM}
kf]v/Ldf /xs] f ;Dk"0f{ hLjhGt' / ToxfFsf] xfjf, kfgL, df6f] tyf vfBtŒj cflbn] pSt kfv] /Lsf]
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL lgdf{0f u/]sf] xG' 5 .

-ª_ hLj If]q (Biome) M sg' } vf; ks| f/sf] hnjfo'df ;dfg lsl;dsf jg:klt / hgfj/ ePsf]
kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] ;d"xnfO{ hLj Ifq] elgG5 . o:tf hLjIf]qx¿ k[YjLsf] ljleGg 7fpdF f 5l/P/
/xs] f] kfOG5 . h:tM} pmi0f jiff{ jg (tropical rain forest), zLtf]i0f ktem/ jg (temperate
deciduous forest) cflb .

-r_ hLjd08n (Biosphere) M k[YjLsf] hn, :yn / jfo'd08ndf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ hLjhGt,'
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL tyf e"kl/lwn] hLjd08n ags] f] x'G5 . jf:tjdf hLjd08n cfkmd}F f Pp6f 7'nf]
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL xf], h;df hl} js j:tx' ¿n] chl} js j:t'af6 pmhf{ / kfi] fs tŒj kf| Kt
ul//xs] f xG' 5g\ . ;fdfGotof cg'sn" jftfj/0fdf hLj hGt'x¿sf] pRr 3gTj /xs] f] x'G5 .
jfo'd08ndf ;fdl' bs| ;txbl] v nueu !) ls=ld= sf] prfOdf / ;db' d| f nueu * ls=ld=
hlt ulx/fO;Dd hLjhGt'sf] cl:tTj /xs] f] kfOG5 . jfo'd08nsf] dflyNnf] efudf clS;hg
/ tfkj|md Gog" xg' ] / ;db' s| f] ulx/f] efudf k|sfzsf] sdLn] ubf{ jg:klt tyf kf| 0fLsf nflu
pkoS' t jftfj/0f xF'bg} .

@=# kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL (Ecosystem)

s'g} :yfgdf /xs] f hLjhGt' / jftfj/0f;Fusf] kf/:kl/s cGt/lj|mofaf6 ags] f] k|0ffnLnfO{ kfl/l:ylts
k0| ffnL (ecosystem) elgG5 . kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf hLljt j:t'x¿n] ch}ljs j:tx' ¿af6 pmhf{ /
kfi] fs tŒj k|fKt ub{5g\ . kY[ jL cfkm}Fdf Pp6f 7'nf] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL xf,] t/ sg' } :yfg ljzi] fdf
cjl:yt jg:klt tyf k|f0fLx¿sf] u'0fsf cfwf/df of] a[xt\ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ ljleGg ;;fgf kfl/
l:ylts k|0ffnLx¿ h:t} jg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL, d?e"ld kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL, 3fF;] db} fg kfl/l:ylts
k|0ffnL, hn kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL cflbdf ljefhg u/L cWoog ul/G5 . To;}n] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL
;fgf]df yf/] } If]qkmn cf]u6s] f] kfv] /L jf wfg v]tb]lv ;d'b|, d?e"ld jf jghª\un ;d]t x'g ;S5g\ .
oL kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLx¿sf leGg leGg PsfOx¿ cfkmd}F f cnu eP/ klg Pscsf{df lge/{ xG' 5g\ .

k|fsl[ ts jftfj/0fdf /x]sf kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLx¿ jg, d?e"ld, 3fF;] db} fg, kfv] /L, tfn, gbL, ;fdl' b|s
cflb ;a} k|fs[lts kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL x'g\ -lrq @=@_ . t/ dflg;n] cfkm\gf] pkofu] sf nflu kf| sl[ ts
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf km/] abn u/L lgdf0{ f u/s] f wfg vt] , aur}F f, PSjfl/od, sl[ qd kfv] /L cflb h:tf
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLx¿ dfgj lgldt{ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL x'g\ -lrq @=#_ . g]kfnsf] slknj:t' lhNnfdf
cjl:yt cGt/fl{ i6«o dxŒj ePsf] /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;r" Lst[ hulbzk'/ tfn Ps dxŒjk0" f{ dfgj lgld{t

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 13

kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLsf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . k|fs[lts tyf dfgj lgld{t bj' } kfl/l:ylts
k|0ffnLsf cfkm\g} ljz]iftfx¿ xG' 5g\ / oL bO' {lar tflnsf @=! df pNn]v u/]adf]lhdsf leGgtfx¿
kfOG5 .

lrq @=# dfgj lgld{t kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL lrq @=@ k|fsl[ ts kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL

tflnsf @=! kf| sl[ ts tyf dfgjlgld{t kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLlarsf leGgtfx¿

kf| s[lts kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL dfgj lgld{t kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL
k|hflt ljljwtf w]/} x'G5 . k|hflt ljljwtf ;fdGotof sd xG' 5 .
cfgj' l+ zs ljljwtf w]/} xG' 5 . cfg'jl+ zs ljljwtf sd xG' 5 .

;o" {sf] k|sfz g} ;Dk"0f{ pmhf{sf] ;|ft] sf] ¿kdf ;"os{ f] ks| fzsf] cnfjf dnvfb tyf cGo
/x]sf] x'G5 . kf]ifs tŒj aflx/af6 df6fdf xflnG5 .
vfB >ª[ \vnf nfdf] / hl6n lsl;dsf] x'G5 . vfB >ª[ v\ nf 5f]6f] / ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] x'G5 .

cfkm}dF f :jlge/{ /x]sf xG' 5g\ . dfgjåf/f lgolGqt x'G5g\ .

xfd|f] b]z g]kfn If]qkmnsf] lx;fan] ;fgf] / o;sf] pQ/ blIf0f b'/L 5f]6f] ePtf klg o;leq w]/}
ef}ufl] ns ljljwtf /xs] f] 5 . efu} f]lns ljljwtfn] ubf{ :yfgcg;' f/ gk] fnsf] hnjfo' leGg lsl;dsf]
/xs] f] 5 . t/fO{ h:tf] ;dy/ Ifq] df udL{ a9L xG' 5 eg] lxdfnL eu] df jif{el/ g} hf8f] xG' 5 . To:t}
kxf8L If]qdf w/] } hf8f] klg gxg' ] / w/] } udL{ klg gx'g] dWod vfnsf] hnjfo' kfOG5 . ef}ufl] ns
tyf hnjfo'sf] ljljwtfn] ubf{ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf ;dt] ljljwtf /xs] f] xG' 5 . o:tf :yfgLo sf/s
tŒj afx]s gk] fn ljZjsf bO' { cf]6f 7'nf ef}ules{ If]qx¿ blIf0fdf OG8fd] nfog (Indo-Malayan) /
pQ/df Koflnofl6s{ (Palaearctic) Ifq] sf] lardf /x]sf] xg' fn] klg w]/} ks| f/sf kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL
/x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf klxrfg ePsf !!* k|sf/sf kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL dWo] !!@ ks| f/sf jg, rf/
ks| f/sf s[lif, Pp6f hnLo / Pp6f lxdgbL÷lxd÷r6\6fg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL /xs] f 5g\ . ef}ufl] ns
If]qcg;' f/sf oL kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLx¿sf] ljt/0f tflnsf @=@ df pNnv] ePadfl] hd /x]sf 5g\ .

14 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

tflnsf @=@ M g]kfnsf kl/l:ylts k0| ffnLsf] efu} fl] ns If]qcg';f/sf] ljt/0f

j|m=;= efu} fl] ns If]q kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf]

;ª\Vof ;ªV\ of -kl| tzt_

!= lxdfnL If]q / pRr kxf8L If]q #* #@=@
@= kxf8L Ifq] %# $$=(
#= l;jflns If]q !$ !!=(
$= t/fO{ Ifq] !@ !)=@
%= hnLo kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL ! )=*
!!* !))
hDdf

>ft] M Biodiversity Profile Project 1995

@=$ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf cjojx¿ (Components of ecosystem)

sg' } klg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf cjojx¿nfO{ ch}ljs / hl} js u/L bO' { efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ ch}ljs cjojx¿ (Abiotic components) M ks| [ltdf /xs] f xfjf, kfgL, df6f] h:tf lghL{j
j:tx' ¿n] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf k|efj kfl//xs] f x'G5g\ . oL lghL{j j:tn' fO{ g} chl} js cjoj
elgG5 . ch}ljs cjojdf ks| fz, tfkj|md, cfb|{tf, jfod' 08nLo bafa, xfjf, kfgL, df6f],
kf]ifs tŒj, clS;hg, sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 cflb kb5{ g\ . hLljt jg:klt tyf k|f0fLx¿n] chl} js
cjojx¿nfO{ ljleGg k|lj|mofdfkm{t k|fKt ul//x]sf xG' 5g\ h:t} M

• ;hLjn] xfjfaf6 Zjf;k|Zjf; kl| j|mofdf clS;hg k|fKt ul//xs] f] x'G5 .

• jg:kltn] ks| fz ;Z+ n]if0f k|lj|mofdfkmt{ sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, kfgLnufotsf j:t' kf| Kt
ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .

• ;a} ks| f/sf hLjsf] z/L/df x'g] /;folgs lj|mofsnfk pkfkrog (metabolism)
;~rfng ug{ kfgL cfjZos kb{5 .

• jg:kltn] cfkm" nfO{ rflxg] cfjZos kf]ifs tŒj df6faf6 kf| Kt u5g{ \ tyf cGo k|f0fLx¿n]
jg:kltdfk{mt kf| Kt u5{g\ .

-v_ h}ljs cjojx¿ (Biotic components) M ;Dk"0f{ jg:klt tyf k|f0fLx¿ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf
hl} js cjoj xg' \ . kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLsf hl} js cjojx¿nfO{ ;fwf/0ftof pTkfbs (producer),
pkefS] tf (consumer) / ljR5]bs (decomposer) u/L tLg ks| f/df juL{s/0f ul/G5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 15

pTkfbs (Producer)

cfgf] vfgf cfkmF} lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] xl/ts0fo'St ;a} jg:kltx¿nfO{ pTkfbs elgG5 . oL pTkfbs
jg:kltx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ cfjZs kg{] ;Dk0" f{ tŒjx¿ jftfj/0faf6 lnP/ cfkmg\ f] vfgf cfkm}F agfpg]
xg' fn] logLx¿nfO{ :jkfi] fs (autotrophs) klg elgG5 .

hldgdf kfOg] ;a} xl/t af6] la?jfx¿ / kfgLdf kfOg] xl/t jg:kltx¿ h:t} PNuL tyf ;I" dhLlj
kmfO6fK] nfª6g (phytoplankton) To; kfl/l:ys k0| ffnLsf pTkfbs x'g\ . kf| oh;f] pTkfbsx¿n]
;o" s{ f] k|sfzsf] dbtn] jftfj/0faf6 k|fKt sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 / kfgLnfO{ ;+of]hg u/L Uns' fh] df
kl/jtg{ u5g{ \ . o; k|ljm| ofnfO{ ks| fz ;Z+ ni] f0f (photosynthesis) elgG5 . ks| fz ;Z+ ni] f0f
kl| j|mofnfO{ lgDg /;folgs ;dLs/0fåf/f k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

;"os{ f] ks| f;

sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 ±kfgL Uns' f]h ± clS;hg

6CO2 + 6H2O xl/ts0f C6H12O6 + 6O2

sunlight

chlorophyll

s]xL AofS6l] /ofx¿n] eg] ;o" {sf] k|sfzljgf klg jftfj/0faf6 lnPsf kbfya{ f6 cfkmg\ f] vfgf agfpg
;Sb5g\ . o; k|lj|mofnfO{ eg] /f;folgs ;+Zni] f0f (chemosynthesis) elgG5 .

pkef]Stf (Consumer)

cfgf] vfgf cfkm}F lgdf{0f ug{ g;Sg] hLj cyft{ \ vfgfsf nflu c¿ hLjdf e/ kg{] hLjx¿nfO{
pkef]Stf elgG5 . oL hLjx¿n] cfkm" nfO{ cfjZos kg{] pmhf{ / kf]ifs tŒj cGo hLjaf6 k|fKt ug]{
ePsfn] logLx¿nfO{ k/kf]ifs (heterotrophs) klg elgG5 . v/fof], Eofu'tf, ;k{, lrn, af3, efn'
cflb pkef]Stf kf| 0fLx¿ x'g\ .

ljR5]bs (Decomposer)

sg' } kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf d[t jg:klt tyf kf| 0fLnfO{ ;8fO{ ltgdf ePsf hl6n (complex) h}ljs
kbfyn{ fO{ ;/n (simple) ch}ljs tŒjdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L pTkfbsn] kg' M k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] kf]ifs tŒjsf
¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] hLjx¿nfO{ ljR5b] s elgG5 . o;/L ljR5b] sn] kf]if0f tŒjx¿sf] kg' Mrj|m0f
k|lj|mofdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofpbF 5 .

16 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

lj|mofsnfk !

aft] nleq kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] lgdf0{ f

cfjZos ;fdu|L

!= l;;fsf] 7n' f] af]tn jf hf/

@= kGhf

#= ;;fgf 9ª' \uf tyf lu6\6L

$=dlnnf] sfnf] df6f,] em\ ofpx¿, la?jfsf ;fgf
xfFufx¿

%=;fgf ;fgf la?jf tyf plgpsf kft -km/s km/s

lsl;dsf_ lrq @=$M af]Tfnleqsf] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL

^= sfO] nf

&= kfgL

lgdf0{ f ljlw

• l;;fsf] af]tnnfO{ ;kmf u/L ;'Vvf agfpgx' f;] \ .

• aft] nsf] lkwF df lu6\6Lsf] Ps tx cf5] o\ fpgx' f;] \ / To;sf] dfly sx] L sfO] nf /fVg'xf];,\
h;n] ubf{ h}ljs tŒjx¿ sl' xbF f lg:sg] uGw sd ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 . To;dfly dlnnf]
sfnf] df6fs] f] tx ykL dflyaf6 xft jf rDrfsf] ko| fu] u/L lyRg'xf];\ .

• af]tnleq /fd|/L ldnfP/ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;;fgf emf/ tyf la?jf /f]Kg'xf];\ / Ps sk
hlt kfgL /fVgx' f];\ . aft] nnfO{ dflyaf6 lasf]{ nufOlbgx' f];\ . t/ Afft] nleq xfjfsf]
kj| fx ;'rf? /fVg lasf]{df ;;fgf Kjfn kfg'x{ f;] \ .

• o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] aft] nleqsf] au}FrfnfO{ lr;f] / pHofnf] 7fpdF f /fVgx' f;] \ t/ l;wf
3fddf eg] g/fVgx' f];\ . af]tnleq cfPsf] kl/jtg{ nfO{ bl} gs cjnfs] g u/L l6kf6]
ug{'xf];\ . ;s' s] f kftx¿ sr}F Lsf] k|ofu] u/L ;do ;dodf x6fpgx' f];\ .

• lr:ofg sfod /fVg ;do ;dodf yf/] } kfgL xfNgx' f;] \ .
o;/L aft] nnfO{ xl/tux[ sf] ¿kdf tof/ u/L To;leq kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLsf] gd'gf tof/ ug{

;lsG5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 17

@=% kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLsf k|sf/x¿ (Types of ecosystem)

kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLnfO{ d'Votof b'O{ ks| f/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ :ynLo Kffl/l:ylts k0| ffnL (Terrestrial ecosystem)
-v_ hnLo Kffl/l:ylts k0| ffnL (Aquatic ecosystem)
-s_ :ynLo Kffl/l:ylts k|0ffnL (Terrestrial ecosystem)
Hfldgdf kfOg] hl} js tyf chl} js cjojx¿sf] cGt/;DaGwåf/f :yflkt kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{
:ynLo kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL elgG5 . pkl:yt jg:klt tyf k|f0fLx¿sf] k|sl[ tsf] cfwf/df :ynLo
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLnfO{ lgDg k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

-c_ jg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL (Forest ecosystem)

jg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf jg:kltsf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] xG' 5 . of] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf hLjhGt'x¿
kr| "/ dfqfdf /xs] f xG' 5g\ . o;n} ] ubf{ o; kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf hl} js ljljwtf tyf jg:klt Pjd\
k|f0fLx¿sf] 3gTj t'ngfTds ¿kdf cGodf eGbf a9L xG' 5 . of] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf ;fdfGo
km/] abn cfPdf k/' } kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] ;Gt'ngdf c;/ k'Ug hfG5 . kY[ jLdf /xs] f jg kfl/l:ylts
k0| ffnLnfO{ hnjfo'sf cfwf/df d'Vo tLg k|sf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M pmi0f jifft{ \ jg kfl/l:ylts
k0| ffnL, pkf]i0f jg kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL / afl] /on jf 6fOuf jg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL .

pi0f jifft{ L jg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL (Tropical rain forest ecosystem) M of] kfl/l:ylts

k|0ffnL e"dWo /]vfdf /x]sf blIf0f / dWo cdl] /sf, pQ/k"jL{ Pl;of, sx] L Sof/]laog ;fu/ / kz| fGt
dxf;fu/sf 6fk' Ifq] x¿df kfOG5 . oL Ifq] x¿df cf};t jflif{s jiff{ *) O~r ;Dd x'g] ePsfn] jiff{tL
jgsf gfdn] lrlgPsf 5g\ . oxfFsf] tfkj|md klg jif{el/ g} Psg} f;sf] kfOG5 . pmi0f jiff{tL jg
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf cGo sg' } klg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] eGbf a9L k|hflt ljljwtf /x]sf] xG' 5 . oxfF
emo\ fp, plgpF, cfls8{ , kfNdnufotsf jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ . oxfF ljleGg k|sf/sf xfQL, d[u, rd]/f,
nfv] s{,] afbF /, efn,' ;k,{ r/fr'?ªu\ L, ls/fkm6\ofª\uf| cflb kofK{ t kfOG5g\ .

;dlztf]i0f jg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL (Temperate forest ecosystem) M of] k[YjLsf] dxŒjk0" f{

kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL xf] . oxfFsf] hnjfo' :ki6 ¿kn] hf8f] / udL{ofddf 56' l\ 6Psf] xG' 5 . oxfsF f
jgx¿df k|foM ;bfaxf/ / ktem8 ks| [ltsf la?jfx¿ kfOG5g\ . of] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL ljz]ifu/L
pQ/k"jL{ Plzof, klZrd tyf dWo o/' fk] sf Ifq] x¿df kfOG5 . o; If]qdf s6';, dk] n, ;Nnf,
/]8j'8nufotsf la?jfsf k|hfltx¿ kfOG5g\ . oxfF ljleGg ks| f/sf du[ , b'D;L, /fsg' , /ftf] :ofn,
nfv] s{,] Jof;f,] lrn, pNn', EofuQ' f, s5j' f cflb kofK{ t kfOG5g\ .

18 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

afl] /on jf 6fOuf kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL (Boreal or taiga ecosystem) M pQ/L ufn] fw{sf] pRr

cIff+zdf sf0] fwf/L ;bfaxf/ / ktem8 jgn] 7n' f] Ifq] cf]u6s] f] kfOG5 . of] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLnfO{
/l;og efiffdf æ6fOufÆ klg elgG5, h;sf] cy{ ækljqÆ jf ægrnfOPsfÆ] eGg] cy{ x'G5 . of] jg
Sofgf8f, cnf:sf, ;fOjl] /of, ?; / o'/f]ksf ;jcfs{l6s xfjfkfgL ePsf] 7fpdF f kfOG5g\ . oxfsF f
jg:kltx¿ cUnf tyf g/d sf7o'St x'G5g\ / logsf] ko| fu] ljzi] f u/L ;nfOsf a6\6f, sfuh cflb
agfpg ko| f]u x'G5g\ . lr/ ;Nnf / ;8] f/ oxfFsf d'Vo jg:klt kh| flt xg' \ eg] w'j| Lo efn,' ldª\s,
lj;g cflb kd| 'v jGohGt' xg' \ .

-cf_ d?el" d kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL (Desert ecosystem)

cf;} t jflifs{ jiff{t\ @% ldlnld6/eGbf sd xg' ] If]qdf lrq @=%M d?e"le kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL
d¿el" d kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL kfOG5 -lrq @=%_ . k[YjLsf]
hldgsf] !& kl| tzt e"efu o;n] cf]u6s] f] 5 . pRr
tfkjm| d tyf kfgLsf] cefj x'g] ePsfn] o; Ifq] df
ljzi] fu/L emf8L kh| fltsf jg:kltx¿, sx] L 3f;F tyf xfr] f
?vsf kh| fltx¿ kfOG5g\ . d?el" ddf kfOg] jg:kltx¿sf]
sf08 / kftx¿ ¿kfGtl/t eO{ kfgL ;/+ If0f ug{ ;Ifd
ePsf x'G5g\ . l;pF8L (cactus) la?jf d?e"lddf xg' ]
jg:kltsf] pbfx/0f xf,] o;sf] kft ¿kfGtl/t eO{ ltvf
sf8F fsf ¿kdf x'G5g\ eg] sf08 kmn' ]sf] xG' 5 . To:t}
oxfF kfOg] cGo hLjhGtx' ¿ klg oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL cg¿' k
cg'sl" nt ePsf xG' 5g\ .

-O_ 3fF;] db} fg kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL (Grassland ecosystem)

3fF;] d}bfg kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL ePsf] Ifq] df 3f;F k|hfltsf
jg:kltx¿ kz| :t dfqfdf kfOG5g\ eg] s]xL dfqfdf ?v
tyf emf8L kh| fltsf jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ . 3fF;] d}bfgdf
k|z:t dfqfdf zfsfxf/L hgfj/x¿n] cfkm\gf] jf;:yfg
agfPsf xG' 5g\ . 3f;F ] d}bfg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL dV' o b'O{
ks| f/sf x'G5g\ .

lrq @=^M zS' nfkmf6F sf] 3fF;] d}bfg

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 19

;efgf (Savanna) kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL M pmi0f xfjfkfgL ePsf] Ifq] df o;ks| f/sf] kfl/l:ylts

k0| ffnL kfOG5 . jif{el/ w/] h} ;f] ;do ;'Vvf /xg] o; 3f;F ] d}bfgdf cUnf ?vx¿sf] ;ªV\ of Gog"
xG' 5g\ eg] of] 3f;F ] d}bfgn] rl/r/g ug]{ zfsfxf/L tyf 7'nf df;+ fxf/L hgfj/x¿nfO{ cf>o kb| fg
u/s] f] x'G5 .

kl|] / (Prairie) kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL M o; k|sf/sf] 3f;F ] d}bfg kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf 7n' f ?v tyf

emf8L kh| fltx¿ kfOFb}gg\ . cUnf / xf]rf 3f;F sf ldl>t k|hfltx¿ ePsf 3fF;] db} fg o; kfl/l:ylts
k|0ffnLcGtu{t kb5{ g\ .

-O_{ lxdfnL kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL (Alpine ecosystem)

lxdfnL kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL ljljwtfoS' t jf;:yfg ePsf] k|0ffnL xf,] h;df w]/} ks| f/sf jg:klt tyf
hgfj/x¿ kfOG5g\ . o;sf] prfO, efu} f]lns agf6] , hnjfo,' hLjhGt', kfgLsf] ;f| t] h:tf ljz]iftfn]
oxfFsf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL lgwf/{ 0f u/s] f] kfOG5 . pRr lxdfnL Ifq] df eg] kl| ts"n df;} dsf] sf/0f
7n' f ?vx¿ geO{ cNkfOg jg:kltx¿ dfq kfOG5g\ . oxfFsf hgfj/x¿df hf8f]af6 aRF g afSnf] e'jf
x'G5 . ;fy} logLx¿ hf8fo] fddf lgl:j|mo (hibernation) cj:yfdf a:5g\ . o; kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLsf]
tNnf] eu] df sf]0fwf/L kj{tLo hªu\ nn] 9fss] f] kfOG5 .

lxdfn / ltAat Ifq] lxdfnL kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLsf] ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] w]/} kml} nPsf] / pRr Ifq] xf] eg]
cd]l/sf / lrnLdf kml} nPsf] lxdfnL kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL ;ae} Gbf nfdf] kjt{ Lo >ª[ v\ nf xf] . To:t} cGo
>[ªv\ nfdf o'/fk] sf] PNk;\, Pl;ofsf] ss];;\, tyf Gol' hNof8 / k"jL{ clk|msfdf kfOG5g\ .

-v_ hnLo Kffl/l:ylts k|0ffnL (Aquatic ecosystem)

kY[ jLsf] ;txsf] sl/j &! k|ltzt If]qkmn kfgLn] cfu] 6s] f] 5 . t;y{ hnLo kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL
k[YjLsf] ;ae} Gbf 7'Nff] Kffl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL xf] . o; k0| ffnLcGtut{ hn dV' o jf;:yfg, hnLo
jg:kltx¿ pTkfbs / hnLo k|f0fLx¿ pkefS] tfsf ¿kdf x'G5g\ . o; Kffl/l:ylts k0| ffnLnfO{ ;db' L|
/ :jR5 hnLo kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL u/L bO' { efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

-c_ ;db' L| Kffl/l:ylts k0| ffnL (Marine ecosystem)

of] kY[ jLsf] ;a}eGbf 7N' ff] hnLo Kffl/l:ylts k|0ffnL xf], h;n] k[YjL ;txdf /xs] f] kfgLsf] sl/a (&
kl| tzt Ifq] kmn cf]u6s] f] 5 . ;fdl' b|s kfgLdf cTolws dfqfdf vlgh tŒj / nj0f ldl;Psf] xg' fn]
of] g'lgnf] x'G5 . ;dG' b|L n]p h:tf jg:klt oxfFsf pTkfbs xg' \ eg] ;d'b|L df5f, du' f, ;]kmfnfk] f8] ;\,
Olsgf8] d,{ ;fs{ h:tf hnr/ kf| 0fLx¿ pkef]Stf x'g\ .

20 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-cf_ :jR5 hnLo kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL (Fresh water ecosystem)

of] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLn] kY[ jLsf] ;txsf] sl/a

)=* k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6\5 . kfv] /L, tfn, gbL,

vf]N;f tyf l;d;f/ :jR5 hnLo kfl/l:ylts

k0| ffnLsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . :jR5 hnLo kfl/l:ylts

k|0ffnLnfO{ l:y/ (lentic) / ultzLn (lotic) u/L

bO' { ks| f/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . kfv] /L, tfn

/ l;d;f/ -lrq @=&_, l:y/ hnLo kfl/l:ylts

k|0ffnLcGtut{ kb5{ g\ eg] gbL tyf vfN] ;fx¿

ultzLn kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLcGtut{ kb{5g\ . l:y/ lrq @=& l;d;f/ kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL
hnLo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLeGbf ultzLn hnLo

kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf 3l' nt clS;hgsf] dfq a9L x'g] ePsfn] ultzLn k0| ffnLdf clws h}ljs

ljljwtf xG' 5 .

@=^ vfB >[ªv\ nf, vfB hfnf] tyf vfB tx (Food chain, food web and trophic level)

k[YjLdf /xs] f ;a} hLjx¿ Pscsf{sf] vfgfsf] ;f| ]t x'g ;S5g\ . hLjx¿n] cfkmg\ f] jl[ ¢ tyf ljsf;sf
nflu rflxg] pmhf{ csf]{ hLjaf6 k|fKt ul//xs] f x'G5g\ . h:t}M xl/of jg:kltn] k|sfzsf] pkl:yltdf
jftfj/0fjf6 hn, vlgh tŒj / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 Un'sf]hsf] ¿kdf vfgf lgdf0{ f ub{5, xl/of
jg:kltnfO{ km6o\ fªu|f]n] vfG5, / km6o\ fªuf| n] fO{ r/fn] vfG5 . o;/L vfgf tyf kf]if0f tŒj Ps txsf]
hLjaf6 csf{] txsf] hLjdf :yfgfGt/0f xF'b} hfG5g\ . ;Dk0" f{ d[t jg:klt tyf hgfj/nfO{ ljR5]bsn]
;8fO{ ;/n vlgh kbfy{df ¿kfGt/0f u/L df6fdf ldnfOlbG5g\ / kg' M jg:kltx¿sf nflu pkofu]
ofU] o agfOlbG5 . hLjx¿n] vfgf vfg] kl| jm| ofsf] ;/n /]vfnfO{ vfB>[ªv\ nf elgG5 . vfB>ª[ v\ nfn]
Ps hLjaf6 csf{] hLjdf kf]ifs tŒj tyf pmhf{ k;| f/0fsf] k|ljm| of lgwf{/0f ub5{ .

kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLsf hl} js cjojdf vfB >ª[ v\ nfsf] dfWodaf6 Ps hl} js txaf6 csf]{ txdf pmhf{
zlStsf] :yfgfGt/0f xG' 5 . pmhfs{ f] :yfGt/0f Ps txaf6 csf{] txdf hfbF f *) b]lv () kl| tzt
gi6 xg' ] ub5{ . of] gi6 ePsf] pmhf{dWo] sx] L hLjn] vfgfaf6 ;f:] g g;s/] xf] eg] afsF L hLjn]
cfkm\gf] d]6fafl] nHd kl| j|mofdf vkt ub5{ g\ . x/s] vfB >ª[ v\ nfsf] ;?' jft pTkfbsaf6 g} x'G5 .
pTkfbsafx]s c¿ ;a} Pscsf{nfO{ vfg] pkefS] tf xG' 5g\ . vfB >ª[ \vnfdf /xs] f ljleGg txnfO{ g}
vfB :t/ (tropic level) elgG5 . vfB >[ª\vnfnfO{ lgDg j|mddf hgfpg ;lsG5 M

pTkfbs ky| d pkefS] tf låtLo pkefS] tf tt[ Lo pkefS] tf

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 21

;fdfGotof ks| [ltdf vfgf tyf pmhfs{ f]

:yfgfGt/0f ;/n /]vfdf eO/x]sf] xb'F g} .

w]/}h;f] hLjx¿n] leGg leGg lsl;dsf vfB

>ª[ \vnfsf] kl| tlglwTj ul//x]sf xG' 5g\ .

w/] h} ;f] pkef]Stfn] PseGbf a9L lsl;dsf

hLjx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] vfgfdf ko| fu] ul//xs] f

xG' 5g\ . To;} u/L w/] } hLjx¿nfO{ PseGbf

a9L ks| f/sf hLjx¿n] vfO/x]sf klg

x'G5g\ . o; k|lj|mofdf w]/} vfB >ª[ \vnfx¿ lrq @=*M vfBhfnfs] f] gdg' f
Pscfk;df hfl] 8P/ Ps hl6n ;~hfn

lgdf0{ f u/s] f] xG' 5 . oxL hl6n vfB ;~hfn tyf vfB >[ªv\ nfsf] hl6n cGt/;DaGwnfO{ vfBhfnf]

elgG5 -lrq @=*_ .

@=& kfl/l:ylts lk/fld8 (Ecological pyramid)

ljleGg vfB :t/df /x]sf hLjx¿nfO{ lk/fld8sf] csf/df k|ltlglwTj ugn'{ fO{ kfl/l:ylts lk/fld8
elgG5 . o;df pTkfbsx¿nfO{ cfwf/df /flvG5 eg] t[tLo pkefS] tfnfO{ dflyNnf] txdf /flvG5 .
tbg\ ¿' k cGo pkef]Stfx¿ pTkfbs / tt[ Lo pkef]Stfsf] lardf /flvG5 . kfl/l:ylts lk/fld8df
kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf /x]sf hLjx¿sf] vfB :t/ bzf{pg] t];f{] /]vfx¿åf/f ags] f] afs; cfs[lt /xs] f
xG' 5g\ . pSt afs; cfsl[ tsf] Ifq] kmnn] pSt vfB:t/df kg]{ hLjsf] ;ª\Vof jf lk08 jf pmhf{nfO{
k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . To;}n] kfl/l:ylts lk/fld8nfO{ lgDg tLg k|sf/df ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{
;lsG5 .

-s_ hLjlk08sf] lk/fld8 (Pyramid of biomass)
-v_ pmhf{sf] lk/fld8 (Pyramid of energy)
-u_ hLj;ª\Vofsf] lk/fld8 (Pyramid of numbers)

-s_ hLjlk08sf] lk/fld8 (Pyramid of biomass)

hLjlk08sf] lk/fld8 s'g} klg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf ljleGg vfB :t/df /xg] hLjsf] ;V' vf tfn} jf
hLjlk08af6 lgwf/{ 0f ul/G5 . ;fwf/0ftof pTkfbssf] lk08 cGo vfB :t/df /x]sf hLjsf] lk08
eGbf clws x'G5 . hldgdf kfOg] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf ;fdfGotof pTkfbssf] lk08 clws xg' ]
ePsfn] hLjlk08sf] lk/fld8sf] cfwf/ 7'nf] x'g] / Tof]eGbf dfly pkef]Stfx¿sf] cfwf/ j|mdzM ;fgf]
xF'b} uPsf] kfOG5 -lrq @=(_ . t/ w/] h} ;f] hnLo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] lk/fld8sf] cfsf/ pN6f] ePsf]

22 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

lrq @=(M :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf kfOg] hLj lk08 lk/fld8

kfOG5 . kfgLdf /xs] f pTkfbs jg:kltx¿ ;fgf cfsf/sf x'G5g\ t/ l56f] l56f] kh| gg\ ul//xs] f
xG' 5g\ . To;n} ] hnLo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] pTkfbssf] lk08 sd x'g] ePsfn] hLjlk08 lk/fld8sf]
cfwf/ ;fgf] x'G5 eg] pkefS] tf txdf hLjlk08sf] cfsf/ 7'nf] x'bF } uPsf] kfOG5 -lrq @=!)_ .

lrq @=!)M hnLo kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf kfOg] hLjlk08 lk/fld8

-v_ pmhfs{ f] lk/fld8 (Pyramid of energy)

pmhf{sf] lk/fld8n] s'g} klg kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLsf] vfB >[ªv\ nfdf x'g] pmhfs{ f]
:yfgfGt/0fnfO{ lrqfTds dfWodaf6 k|ltlglwTj ub{5 -lrq @=!!_ . ;fwf/0ftof Ps
vfB txaf6 csf{] txdf pmhf{ k|;f/0f x'Fbf !) kl| tzt pmhf{ dfq csf{] txdf hfG5 . ky| d
pkefS] tfaf6 låtLo, tt[ Lo pkefS] tfdf hfbF f klg To;/L g} !) kl| tzt dfq k|jfx xG' 5 . To;}n]
w/] } sd dfq pmhf{ k|;f/0f x'g] ePsfn] vfB >ª[ v\ nfsf] tx a9Ldf % jf ^ tx;Dd dfq x'g]

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 23

u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu 3fF;] db} fgsf]

kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf 3f;n] ;fo} { pmhf{nfO{

/f;folgs pmhf{df kl/jt{g u/]sf] pmhfn{ fO{

!)) kl| tzt dfGg] xf] eg] 3fF;af6 d[u -k|yd

pkefS] tf_ df k'Ubf Tof] pmhf{ !) kl| tzt

dfq hfG5 . To;} u/L d[unfO{ af3n] vfof]

eg] af3 -låtLo pkefS] tf_ df hfFbf d[uaf6

klg !) k|ltzt dfq kj| fx x'G5 . o;/L

pmhf{ k|;f/0f xbF' } hfFbf pTkfbsaf6 låtLo

pkefS] tfdf kU' bf ! kl| tzt pmhf{ dfq låtLo lrq @=!!M pmhf{sf] lk/fld8
pkef]Stfn] k|of]u ug{ ;S5 . pTkfbs ;w}F

;ae} Gbf w/] } ;ª\Vofdf x'g] ub{5g\ . vfB >ª[ \vnfsf] tx hlthlt dfly uof,] Tolt g} pkef]Stfsf]

;ªV\ of klg 36\b} hfG5 . To;}n] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf pmhf{sf] lk/fld8sf] cfsf/ ;w}F dflylt/

(upright) kms{]sf] xG' 5 .

-u_ ;ªV\ ofsf] lk/fld8 (Pyramid of numbers)

;ªV\ ofsf] lk/fld8n] sg' } klg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf /xs] f vfB txdf /xg] kh| flt jf ltgsf] ;ªV\ of
lrqsf] dfWodaf6 b]vfp5F . o;sf] cfsf/ dflylt/ (upright) jf tnlt/ (inverted) kms{s] f] xg'
;S5 . dflylt/ kms]s{ f] lk/fld8df k|To]s vfB :t/df hLjsf] ;ª\Vof 36\b} uPsf] x'G5 . o;k|sf/sf]
lk/fld8 vf;u/L 3f;F ] d}bfg / kfv] /Lsf] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf kfOG5 -lrq @=!@_ . t/ tnlt/

lrq @=!@M 3fF;} d}bfg tyf kfv] /L kfl/l:ylts lrq @=!#M jgkfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] ;ª\Vofsf] lk/fld8
k|0ffnLsf] ;ªV\ ofsf] lk/fld8 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

24

kms]{sf] ;ªV\ ofsf] lk/fld8df eg] tNnf] vfB :t/af6 dflyNnf] vfB:t/df hLjsf] ;ªV\ of a9b\ } uPsf]
kfOG5 . o;ks| f/sf] lk/fld8 ljif]zu/L jg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf kfOG5 -lrq @=!#_ .

kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf ePsf ;a} hLjx¿sf] ;ª\Vof u0fgf ug{ g;lsg] ePsfn] o;n] vfB txnfO{ :ki6
¿kn] JofVof ug{ ;Sb}g .

lj|mofsnfk @=@ vfBhfnsf] lgdf{0f

-s_ wfufsf] 8Nnf
-v_ ;o" {sf] lrq, ljleGg la?jf / hgfj/sf] lrq ePsf] kmn\ f; sf8{
-u_ 6]k

ljlw

!= lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL ;a} ljBfyL{x¿n] 6k] sf] ;xfotfn] kmn\ f; sf8n{ fO{ cfkmg\ f] cfkm\gf] 5ftLdf
6fF:gx' f];\ . ;a} ljBfyL{x¿ uf]nfsf/ agfP/ pleg'xf];\ / cfk"m;Fu ePsf] kmn\ f; sf8d{ f /x]sf]
lrqcg;' f/ la?jf jf hgfj/ s] xf] ;a}n] ;G' g] u/L eGg'xf];\ . ;"os{ f] lrq ePsf] ljBfyL{
ufn] fsf/sf] sG] b|df a:g'xf;] \ .

@= ;"os{ f] lrq ePsf] ljBfyLn{ ] wfufsf] Ps 5]p ;dftL wfufsf] 8Nnfn] fO{ ;"os{ f] k|sfz pkofu] ug{]
sg' } la?jfsf] lrq ePsf] ljBfyLn{ fO{ kmo\ fSF g'xf];\, h'g pTkfbs x'g] 5 .

#= pTkfbs ljBfyLn{ ] wfufsf] csf]{ 5]p ;dftL wfufsf] 8Nnfn] fO{ csf{] ljBfyL{nfO{ km\ofFSg'xf];\,
hf;] Fu jg:kltnfO{ vfg] lrq /x]sf] xG' 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu km6\ofªu\ |f]sf] lrq ePsf] ljBfyL{ h'g
k|fylds pkefS] tf x'g] 5 .

$= km]l/ wfufnfO{ ;dftL wfufsf] 8NnfnfO{ csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ kmo\ fFSg'xf];\, hf;] uF km6\ofªu\ |f] vfg]
hgfj/sf] lrq h:t} Eofu'tf /x]sf] x'G5 .

%= o:tf] kl| j|mofnfO{ lg/Gt/ cl3 a9fpg'xf;] ,\ ha;Dd ;a} ljBfyL;{ Fu wfufsf] 8Nnf] k'Ub5 .
^= ca olb sg' } k|hfltsf la?jf h:t} 3f;F k|hfltsf la?jf dg{] xf] eg] s] x'g ;Snf < 3f;F sf] lrq

afs] s] f ljBfyLx{ ¿n] wfuf] 5f8] g\ ] 5g\ . olb ;a} 3f;F gxg' ] xf] eg] o;sf] c;/ s;nfO{ kg{ ;S5 <
&= 3f;F dfq vfPsf afFRg] hgfj/nfO{ klxrfg ug{x' f;] ,\ ltgLx¿nfO{ kof{Kt vfgf pknAw aGb x'G5 .

ltgLx¿sf] lrq afs] s] f ljBfyL{nfO{ wfuf] 5f8] g\ nufpgx' f;] \ . o;/L g} tL hgfj/nfO{ vfg] cGo
hgfj/n] klg kofK{ t vfgf kfpg 5f85\ g\ .
*= of] k|ljm| of cufl8 a9\bf vfB hfnfs] f] cfsf/ klg lg/Gt/ kftlnFb} uPsf] bV] g ;lsG5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 25

lgisif{ M dflysf] lj|mofsnfkn] s] bv] fp5F eg] vfB hfnf]df k|Tos] hLjhGtx' ¿ Pscsf{df cfl>t
/xs] f x'G5g\ . To;}n] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf sg' } Ps cjojnfO{ c;/ kU' bf k/" } vfBhfnf] g} x/fpg
;S5 .

;f/f+z (Summary)

• hLjhGtn' ] Pscsfd{ f tyf ch}ljs jftfj/0f;uF ug]{ cGt/lj|mofsf] cWoog ug{] lj1fgnfO{
kfl/l:ylts lj1fg (ecology) elgG5 .

• kfl/l:ylts lj1fgsf] cWoog k|hflt, hg;ªV\ of, ;d'bfo, kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL, hLj Ifq] tyf
hLjd08nsf] txdf ug{ ;lsG5 .

• s'g} :yfgdf /xs] f hLjhGt' / jftfj/0f;Fusf] kf/:kl/s cGt/ljm| ofaf6 ags] f] k|0ffnLnfO{
kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL (ecosystem) elgG5 . k|s[ltdf /xs] f lghLj{ j:t' xfjf, kfgL, df6f] h:tf
tŒjn] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf ke| fj kfl//xs] f xG' 5g\ .

• ;a} ;hLj j:t' kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf h}ljs cjoj x'g\ .
• Kffl/l:ylts k0| ffnLnfO{ dV' o ¿kn] :ynLo Kffl/l:ylts k0| ffnL (terristrial ecosystem) / hnLo

Kffl/l:ylts k0| ffnL (aquatic ecosystem) df juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
• vfB >ª[ v\ nf eGgfn] vfBhfnfl]eq hLjhgfj/n] vfgf vfg] kl|jm|ofsf] PstkmL{ ;/n -l;wf_ >ª[ v\ nf eGg] al'emG5

eg] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf ePsf vfB >[ª\vnfsf] hl6n cGt/;DaGwnfO{ vfBhfnf] elgG5 .
• vfB >[ª\vnfdf /x]sf ljleGg txnfO{ g} vfB tx (tropic level) elgG5 .
• ljleGg vfB :t/df /xs] f hLjx¿nfO{ lk/fld8sf] cfsf/df kl| tlglwTj ugn{' fO{ kfl/l:ylts lk/fld8

elgG5 . kfl/l:ylts lk/fld8nfO{ hLjlk08, pTkfbsTj / ;ªV\ ofsf] cfwf/df juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f6] f] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ kfl/l:ylts lj1fg (ecology) eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ kfl/l:ylts lj1fgnfO{ klxnf]k6s ko| fu] df Nofpg] j1} flgssf] gfd nV] gx' f];\ .
-u_ kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL (ecosystem) egs] f] s] xf] <
-3_ dfgj lgldt{ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL eg]sf] s] xf] <
-ª_ k|s[ltdf sg' kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLsf] hLjlk08sf] lk/fld8 pN6f] kfOG5 <
-r_ ;efgf kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL eg]sf] s] xf] <

26 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-5_ 6fOuf jgsf] s'g} Ps ljzi] ftf n]Vgx' f];\ .
-h_ hnLo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL eg]sf] s] xf] < o;nfO{ slt efudf af8F g\ ;lsG5 < juL{s/0f

ug{'xf;] \ .
-em_ vfB :t/ egs] f] s] xf] <
-`_ kfl/l:ylts lk/fld8 egs] f] s] xf] < of] slt ks| f/sf] x'G5 < ;"rL agfpgx' f];\ .
-6_ ch}ljs cjoj egs] f] s] xf] < hLjhGtn' ] chl} js cjojx¿ s:tf s:tf k|ljm| ofdfkmt{

kf| Kt ul//x]sf xG' 5g\ < s'g} bO' { k|ljm| of n]Vg'xf];\ .

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ kf| s[lts / s[lqd kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt j0fg{ ugx{' f;] \ .
-v_ l6Kk0fL n]Vgx' f;] M

-c_ kh| flt -cf_ hg;ª\Vof -O_ ;db' fo -O_{ hLj If]q -p_ hLjd08n

-u_ tn lbOPsf ljifoj:td' f leGgtf n]Vgx' f];\ M
-c_ kfl/l:ylts lj1fg / kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL
-cf_ kf| s[lts kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL / sl[ qd kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL
-O_ pTkfbs / pkef]Stf
-O{_ vfB >[ª\vnf / vfBhfnf]
-p_ hl} js / ch}ljs cjoj

-3_ ;jx{ f/L pkefS] tfnfO{ s'g vfB:t/df /fVg'k5{ < sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-ª_ g]kfn pmi0f If]qdf cjl:yt gePklg pmi0f jg kfOG5, lsg <
-r_ hnLo kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLnfO{ hLj lk08 lk/fld8df k|:tt' ug'x{ f];\ .
-5_ jg kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLnfO{ juLs{ /0f u/L 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug{x' f;] \ .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ kfl/l:ylts lj1fgdf hLjhGt'sf] txut 9fFrf tof/ u/L cGt/;DaGw k:| tt' ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ juLs{ /0f ubf{ s] s] kIfdf kmfObf kU' b5 < JofVof ug{x' f];\ .
-u_ ;efgf 3f;F ] db} fgsf] kfl/l:ylts k4ltnfO{ g]kfnsf] zS' nfkmfF6 3fF;] d}bfg;uF t'ngf u/L

;dfgtf / leGgtf klxrfg ug{'xf;] \ .
-3_ vfB >ª[ \vnf, vfB hfnf] tyf vfB txlarsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ lrq;lxt ki| 6 kfg{'xf;] \ .
-ª_ hnLo kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf hLj lk08sf] lk/fld8nfO{ lrq;lxt j0f{g ugx'{ f];\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 27

kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Project work)

!= cfkm\gf] glhssf] s'g} :yn kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] ed| 0f u/L ToxfF ePsf pTkfbs, pkefS] tf tyf
ljR5]bs s] s] xg' ;S5g\, l6kf]6 ug{'xf];\ . ;fy} kfl/l:ylts lk/fld8sf] pmhf{, hLjlk08 /
;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ s:tf] s:tf] x'g ;S5, lrq agfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:tt' ugx'{ f;] \ .

@= cfkm\gf] glhssf] s'g} hnLo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] e|d0f u/L ToxfF ePsf pTkfbs, pkef]Stf
tyf ljR5]bs s] s] xg' ;S5g,\ l6kf]6 ugx{' f];\ . ;fy} kfl/l:ylts lk/fld8sf] pmhf,{ hLjlk08 /
;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ s:tf] s:tf] x'g ;S5, lrq agfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'x{ f];\ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)

OG8fd] nfog / kflNoofl6{s Ifq] M kY[ jLdf ePsf cf7 h}ljs ef}ufl] ns If]q dWo] bO' { Ifq]
xfOj/g;] g (Hibernation) M jg:klt tyf hgfj/x¿ hf8f]ofddf lgl:jm| o /xL a:g] cj:yf



28 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

PsfO gk] fnsf kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ / hl} js ljljwtf

# (Natural Resources and Biodiversity of Nepal)

#=! kl/ro (Introduction)

xfdf| ] b]zdf ljleGg k|sf/sf kf| sl[ ts ;|f]tx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . jg:klt, kz'kG5L, ;"Id hLj, dflg;
cflb ;hLj kf| s[lts ;f| t] / xfjf, kfgL, df6f,] vlgh, r6\6fg, kxf8, gbLgfnf, tfn, kf]v/L cflb
lghLj{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t x'g\ . dflg;n] k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]tsf] cTolws pkof]u u/d] f o;sf] ;Gtn' g lau|g uO{
jftfj/0fLo x|f; lglDtg ;S5 . xfdf| ] bz] sf] w/] h} ;f] Ifq] kxf8L w/ftn ePsfn] jiffs{ f] kfgLn] df6f]
w/] } Ifo eO/x]sf] 5 . o; PsfOdf xfdL kf| s[lts ;f| ]tsf] kl/ro, k|sf/, dxŒj, l:ylt, ;+/If0f, df6f]
lgdf0{ f kl| j|mof, eI" fo, vlgh cflb ljifoj:t' cWoog ug{] 5f+F} .

#=@ Kff| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] kl/ro -Introduction to natural resource_

k[YjLdf cfkmF} pTkGg ePsf j:tn' fO{ k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] elgG5 . kY[ jLdf ljleGg ;hLj tyf lghL{j
j:tx' ¿ /xs] f x'G5g\ . ;hLjcGtut{ jg:klt, kz'kG5L, ;I" d hLj, dflg; cflb kb5{ g\ . o;} u/L
lghL{jcGtut{ xfjf, kfgL, df6f,] vlgh, r66\ fg, kxf8, gbLgfnf, tfn, kf]v/L cflb kb{5g\ . kf| sl[ ts
;|ft] n] ;Dk"0f{ hLljt kf| 0fLx¿sf] hLjg lgjfx{ ug{sf nflu pko'St jftfj/0f kb| fg ul//xs] f] xG' 5 .
dflg;nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ xfjf, kfgL, vfgf, tfk, ks| fz cflb ks| [ltaf6 g} pknAw xG' 5 . To;} u/L
hLjx¿sf] cf>o:yn klg k|fs[lts ;f| ]t g} xf] .

#=# kf| sl[ ts ;|f]tsf] juLs{ /0f -Classification of natural resource_

k|fs[lts ;f| ]tx¿sf u'0f tyf pkof]lutfsf cfwf/df o;nfO{ tLg ;dx" df juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ cgGt (Perpetual) -v_ gjLs/0fLo -Renewable_ -u_ cgjLs/0fLo -Non-renewable_

k|fsl[ ts ;|f]t

cgGt (Perpetual) gjLs/0fLo (Renewable) cgjLs/0fLo (Non-renewable)

-s_ cgGt ;|f]t -Perpetual resource_

slxNo} ggfFl;g] / lg/Gt/ ¿kdf plQs} kl/df0fdf pknAw eO/xg] k|fs[lts ;f| t] nfO{ cgGt ;f| t]
elgG5 . h:t} M ;f}o{zlSt, jfo'zlSt, Hjf/ef6f cflb .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 29

-v_ gjLs/0fLo ;f| t] -Renewable resource_

Psk6s pTkfbg eO{ pkof]usf] jm| ddf sd x'bF } uPdf jf gflF ;Pdf k'gM pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] k|fsl[ ts
;|f]tnfO{ gjLs/0fLo ;|f]t elgG5 . o; lsl;dsf ;|ft] x¿ kg' ?Tkfbg -regeneration_ ug{ ;lsG5 .
h:tM} :jR5 xfjf, pj{/ df6f,] :jR5 kfgL, jg:klt cflb . oL ;f| t] sf] pkof]u a9b\ } uPdf, kb| l" ift
ePdf gfz x'Fb} hfG5g\ .

-u_ cgjLs/0fLo ;f| ]t -Non-renewable resource_

Psk6s ko| fu] df NofO;sk] l5 l/lQg] / kg' M lgdf{0f u/L ko| f]udf Nofpg g;lsg] kf| sl[ ts ;|ft] nfO{
cgjLs/0fLo ;f| ]t elgG5 . oL ;|f]tx¿ lg/Gt/ ko| f]u ub}{ hfbF f ;lSsPkl5 km/] L kg' ?Tkfbg ug{ ;lsbF }g
h:t} M wft'ut vlgh kbfy{, cwft'ut vlgh kbfy{, hLjf+z OGwg -sf]Onf, k6] f« n] , l8hn] dl6tn] ,
kf| sl[ ts UofF;_ cflb . oL ;|ft] x¿ k|sl[ tdf ;Lldt dfqfdf xg' ] ePsfn] ko| fu] ub}{ hfbF f l/lQFb} hfG5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk – !

cfgf] jf;:yfg glhssf] Ifq] sf] cjnfs] g ed| 0f u/L To; :yfgdf /x]sf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] gfd
l6k/] tL ;f| ]tnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf juLs{ /0f ug{x' f;] \ .

cgGt ;|ft] gjLs/0fLo ;f| t] cgjLs/0fLo ;f| t]

#=$ gk] fndf kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]tsf] l:ylt -Status of natural resource in Nepal_

kf| s[lts ;|ft] sf] ljt/0f :yfgcg';f/ km/s km/s kfOG5 . ljZjsf ljleGg Ifq] df km/skm/s ks| f/sf
kf| sl[ ts ;|f]tx¿ kfOG5g\ . xfdf| ] b]zdf klg ljleGg ks| f/sf k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . xfdf| ]
bz] df kfOg] dV' o kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]tx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] jt{dfg l:yltnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M

#=$=! hldg -Land_

g]kfnn] ljZjsf] sn' If]qkmnsf] !,$&,!*! ju{ lsnf]ld6/ Ifq] kmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; dWo] @! k|ltzt
sl[ ifofU] o hldg 5 eg] & kl| tzt vt] L ug{ g;lsg] hldg /xs] f] 5 . emG8} $$=&$ k|ltzt hldg
jghªu\ n tyf emf8L Ifq] /xs] f] 5 . g]kfndf emG8} !@ k|ltzt 3fF;] db} fg / @=^ k|ltzt hnIf]q
/x]sf] 5 . cGo Ifq] df lxpFn] 9fs]sf] Ifq] , afeF mf] hUuf, r6\6fg, 9ª' \uf / afn'jf /xs] f] kfOG5 .

30 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

#=$=@ hn;f| ]t -Water resource_

hn;|ft] gk] fnsf] kd| v' k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]t xf] . g]kfnsf] ee" fu dWo] sl/a @=^ k|ltzt hnfzon] 9fs]sf]
5 . o;dWo] # nfv (% xS] 6/ gbLn] / % xhf/ x]S6/ tfnn] cfu] 6s] f] 5 . gk] fndf emG8} ^)))
gbLx¿ / ^^) cf]6f tfnx¿ /x]sf 5g .

#=$=# vlgh -Minerals_

g]kfndf rg' 9ª' u\ f, v/L9ª' \uf, l;;f, h:tf, dfan{ , tfdf, kmnfd cflb vlgh kfOG5 . pbok'/ /
l;Gwn' Ldf sl/a & s/f8] 6g, sf7df8fsF} f] rf]ef/df Ps s/f]8 %# nfv 6g, dsjfgk/' e}F;d] f *)
nfv 6g / cfv] /]df Ps s/f8] 6g rg' 9ª' \uf /x]sf] 5 . nlntk/' , /fd5] fk, /f]Nkf, tgxF' / lrtjgdf
kmnfd kfOg] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . o;} u/L dsjfgk'/sf] sflnsf / ;fn] v' 'Da'sf] jfK;fdf tfdf vfgL
/x]sf] 5 . /;'jfsf] u0fz] lxdfn, wflbªsf] njfª / v}/fªdf l;;f / h:tf kfOG5 .

#=$=$ jg:klt -Vegetation_

gk] fnsf] ee" funfO{ lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO u/L tLg efudf aflF 8Psf] 5 . km/s :yfgdf km/s k|sf/sf]
xfjfkfgL kfOg] ePsfn] oxfF ljleGg ks| f/sf jg:klt kfOG5g\ . gk] fndf nueu !),^## kh| fltsf
jg:klt kfOG5g\ . tL dWo] kmn" km'Ng] #((! kh| fltsf 5g\ . ?vx¿ sl/a $)) kh| fltsf 5g\ .
emG8} &)) kh| fltsf jg:klt h8La'6Lsf nflu ko| f]u ul/G5g\ .

#=$=% hLjhGt' -Animal_

gk] fnsf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtfn] ubf{ hl} js ljljwtfdf 6]jf k'us] f] 5 . If]qkmnsf] lx;fan] gk] fn ;fgf]
eP klg gk] fn kzk' G5Ldf wgL dflgG5 . g]kfndf !*% kh| fltsf] :tgwf/L, *&* kh| flteGbf w/] }
r/fr?' ª\uL, !!* k|hfltsf peor/, ^%! k|hfltsf k'tnL, &* k|hfltsf ;l/;k[ , !*& k|hfltsf df5f
/ !&% k|hfltsf dfs/' f kfOG5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk @

tkfOF{ jf;:yfg j/k/sf] If]qdf cjnfs] g ed| 0f u/L ToxfF kfOg] kzk' G5L tyf jg:kltsf] gfd
;ª\sng ug{x' f];\ . oL hLjx¿ s'g sg' sfddf pkof]u ul/G5 . To;sf] ljj/0f;lxt Pp6f
k|ltjb] g tof/ ug{x' f];\ .

jm| =;= kz'kG5L jf jg:kltsf] gfd pkofu]

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 31

#=% k|fs[lts ;f| ]tsf] dxŒj -Importance of natural resources_

;hLjx¿ cfgf] hLjgofkg ug]{ jm| ddf lghLj{ df e/ kb{5g\ . k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]tx¿cGtu{t kg]{ xfjf,
kfgL, df6f], jg:klt, hLjhGt' cflbsf] cfg} dxŒj /xs] f] 5 . k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] sf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

!= ;a} hLjnfO{ vfgfsf] ;f| ]t pknAw u/fp5F .
@= ;a} hLjnfO{ cf>o:yn k|bfg ub{5 .
#= ;a} hLjnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ :jR5 xfjf / kfgL k|bfg ub{5 .
$= pmhfs{ f] ;f| t] pknAw u/fp5F .
%= kf| s[lts ;|ft] n] ;f}Gbo{tf kb| fg ub5{ .
^= ko6{ g pBf]u ljsf; ug]{ cfwf/ to ub{5 .
&= pBfu] , snsf/vfgf, s[lif, ko6{ g cflbsf] ljsf; u/L cflys{ ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpF5 .

#=^ k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;+/If0f -Natural resource conservation_

dflg;n] hLjgofkgsf j|mddf kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] pkofu] ub5{ g\ . dflg;n] k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] sf] cTolws
pkof]u u/d] f o;sf] ;Gtn' g laug| uO{ jftfj/0fLo xf| ; lglDtg ;S5 . To;n} ] k|fs[lts ;f| t] x¿sf]
pkof]u ubf{ ljjs] k0" f{ tl/sf ckgfpg'kb5{ . ;+/If0ffTds tyf ldtJooL pkofu] u/L o;sf] ;Gt'ng
hf]ufO{ /fVgk' b{5 . o;sf nflu t]n, sfO] nf, vlgh h:tf cgjLs/0fLo ;f| ]tsf] sd ko| f]u, kg' M ko| f]u
tyf kg' M rjm| 0fsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg'kb{5 . To;} u/L gjLs/0fLo ;|f]tx¿sf] klg plrt ko| f]u u/L
;/+ If0fdf 6]jf lbg'k5{ .

#=& hn;f| t] -Water resources_

kY[ jLdf pknAw kfgLsf] ;f| t] nfO{ g} hn;|f]t elgG5 . kY[ jLsf] ;txsf] nueu &! kl| tzt efu kfgLn]
9flsPsf] 5 .

#=&=! kfgLsf] ;|ft] x¿ -Sources of water_

jiffs{ f] kfgL, hldg ;txsf] kfgL / hldgd'lgsf] kfgL u/L kfgLsf] ;f| ]tnfO{ tLg efudf af8F \g ;lsG5 .
kfgLsf] ;|ft]

jiffs{ f] kfgL (Rain water) ;txsf] kfgL (Surface water) ;txdl' gsf] kfgL (Ground water)

32 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-s_ jiff{sf] kfgL -Rain water_

kY[ jLsf] ;txsf] kfgL ;o" s{ f] tfkn] afkm ag]/ cfsfzdf hfG5 / lgs} dfly k'uk] l5 lrl:;P/ afbn
aGb5 . To;kl5 jiff{, cl;gf, t';f/f,] lxpF cflbsf] ¿kdf kY[ jLdf g} emb{5 . o; k|ljm| ofnfO{ hnrj|m
elgG5 . of] k|ljm| of lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 / a]nfan] fdf jiff{ eO/xG5 . jiff{ kfgLsf] k|dv' ;f| ]t xf] .
jiffa{ f6 em/]sf] kfgL s]xL hldg ;txdf g} /xG5 eg] s]xL hldgdl' g l5b{5 .

-v_ ;txsf] kfgL -Surface water_

lrq #=! hldg ;txsf] kfgLsf] ;f| t]

gbL, vfn] f, em/gf, tfn, kfv] /L, ;db' | cflb hldg ;txsf] kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ -lrq #=+ !_ . jiff{sf]
kfgL, lxpF kUn/] cfPsf] kfgL, hldg ;txd'lgsf] kfgLaf6 gbL tyf vfn] fdf kfgL axG5 . g]kfnsf
;bfjxf/ lxdgbLx¿df cfwfl/t gbL kj| fxx¿ ;Ktsf];L, ;Ktu08sL / s0ff{nL x'g\ .

To;} u/L lxpF kUn/] tyf hldgd'lgsf] kfgL /;fP/ tfn aGb5 . tfn, s0' 8, bx cflb hldg ;txsf
kfgLsf] ;f| ]t xg' \ . /f/f, km]jf, ¿kf, ju] gf;, uf;] fOs0' 8, ;o" s{ '08, e}/js0' 8, ltlnrf,] kmfS] ;0' 8f] cflb
k|l;4 tfn tyf s'08 xg' \ . ks| l[ tåf/f lgld{t tyf dflg;n] lgdf{0f u/s] f hldgsf vfN8fx¿df kfgL
hd]/ kfv] /L aGb5g\ . o:tf kfv] /Ldf jiff{sf] kfgL / hldgd'lgsf] kfgL /;fP/ /xG5 . hldgd'lgsf]
kfgL lg:s/] tyf lxpF kUn]/ cUnf] 7fpFaf6 xf]rf] 7fpFlt/ em/s] f] kfgLnfO{ em/gf elgG5 . em/gfsf]
kfgLsf] dfqf df;} dcg;' f/ 36a9 xG' 5 . s'g} em/gfsf] kfgL lg/Gt/ aUb5 eg] sg' } c:yfoL xG' 5g\ .
vfn] f, gbL cflbaf6 au]/ uPsf] kfgL ldn/] ;db' | aGb5 . ;db' | kfgLsf] 7'nf] ;f| t] xf] .

-u_ ;txdl' gsf] kfgL -Ground water_

kY[ jLsf] leqL efudf hDdf ePsf] kfgLnfO{ ;txdl' gsf] kfgL elgG5 . hldgdl' gsf] kfgL leqleq alu/xs] f]
xG' 5 . sj' f, Ogf/, 9ª' u\ w] f/f, dn" sf] kfgL, 6o\ a' an] cflbaf6 hldgdl' gsf] kfgL aflx/ cfp5F .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 33

kxf8sf] sg' fsfKrf / ;dy/ ee" fudf d"n km'6/] hldgd'lgsf] kfgL aflx/ lg:sG5 . To;/L kfgL
lg:s]sf] 7fpdF f vfN8f] agfO{ kfgL hDdf ug{] sj' f agfOG5 . s'jfsf] kfgL kf| s[lts kfgL xf] . jiffs{ f]
;dodf a9L / lxpFbsf] ;dodf sd kfgL hDdf xG' 5 .

To;} u/L hldgdf vg/] , Ogf/ agfP/ / 6o\ a' n] -tube well_ af6 tfg]/ kfgL pkof]u ul/G5 .
9'ªu\ w] f/faf6 cfpg] d"nsf] kfgL klg kfgLsf] kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]t xf] .

#=&=@ kfgLsf] dxŒj -Importance of water_

kfgL hLjgsf] cfwf/ xf] . kfgLlagf sg' } klg hLjsf] cl:tTj /xbF g} . kfgLsf] dxŒj lgDgfg;' f/ /xs] f] 5 M

-s_ hLjx¿sf] z/L/ lgdf0{ f ugs{ f nflu kfgL rflxG5 . hLjsf] z/L/df &) kl| tzteGbf a9L
kfgL xG' 5 .

-v_ dflg;sf nflu lkpg, vfgf ksfpg, ;/;kmfO ug,{ n'uf w'g cflb sfod{ f kfgL cfjZos
kb5{ .

-u_ ljleGg pBfu] ;~rfng ug,{ l;FrfOsf nflu kfgL geO{ gxg' ] k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]t xf] .
-3_ la?jfn] vfgf agfpg hldgd'lgsf] kfgL h/fåf/f ;f];/] lnG5 .
-ª_ kfgL hnljB't\ pTkfbg ug,{ 8ª' \uf, df]6/af]6 (motor boat_ ;~rfng u/L oftfoft /

dgf/] ~hg lbg ;lsG5 .
-r_ jftfj/0fLo cj:yfdf ;Gt'ng Nofpg kfgL cfjZos kb5{ .

#=&=# kfgLsf] ;|ft] sf] ;+/If0f -Conservation of water resources_

kfgLsf] ;|ft] x¿sf] plrt ko| fu] / ;+/If0f sfo{ Ps} ;fy ugk'{ b5{ . kfgLsf] ;f| t] x¿sf] ;/+ If0f ug{]
pkfox¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ hnfwf/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f -Watershed conservation_

sg' } klg vfn] fgfnf, gbL, tfn, tn}of, kfv] /L, hnfzodf s'g} vf; Ifq] df k/s] f] kfgL au/] cfp5F .
To; If]qnfO{ hnfwf/ If]q elgG5 . To;}n] sg' } klg kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf jl/kl/sf] ee" fu g} To;sf] hnfwf/
Ifq] xf] . o; Ifq] df /x]sf 3fF;kft, af6] la?jf / kf| sl[ ts :yfgnfO{ hf]ufO{ o;sf] ;/+ If0f ugk{' b{5 .
vfnL 7fpdF f j[If/f]k0f ugk{' b{5 .

-v_ jghª\unsf] ;+/If0f -Forest conservation_

kfgLsf] ;f| t] x¿ hfu] fpg jghªu\ nsf] ;/+ If0f ugk{' b5{ . jghªu\ nn] kfgL kfg{ dbt ub5{ . To;n} ]
jghªu\ nsf] ;/+ If0f u/L eI" fo /fS] g, af9Lklx/f] /fS] g, kfgLsf] ;f| t] x¿ kl' /g / gfl;gaf6 hfu] fpg ;lsG5 .

34 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-u_ hldgsf] ;+/If0f -Land conservation_

hldg eTs]/, lau/|] / au/] uPdf ToxfsF f] kfgLsf] ;f| ]tx¿ laug| hfG5 . hldg ;S' vf ePdf
d?ed" Ls/0f xg' hfG5 . To;n} ] hldgsf] ;+/If0f u/L hn;|f]t ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 .

-3_ kfgLsf] plrt pkofu] -Proper use of water_

kfgLsf] ;f| ]tnfO{ plrt dfqfdf Joj:yfkg / k|ofu] ug'{kb{5 . cTolws pkofu] ubf{ kfgLsf] sdL xg'
hfG5 . hyfefjL kfgLsf] ko| f]u ePdf eljiodf ;d:of cfpF5 . To;n} ] ;an} ] kfgLsf] plrt pkofu]
ug]{ afgL a;fNgk' b{5 .

-ª_ kfgLsf] k'gM ko| fu] -Reuse of water_

Psk6s ko| f]udf NofOPsf] kfgLnfO{ k|zf]wg u/L k'gM ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] u/d] f kfgLsf] vkt
365\ / kfgLsf] ;f| t] x¿sf] ;/+ If0fdf ;xof]u kU' 5 .

-r_ hgr]tgf clejl[ 4 -Public awareness_

kfgLsf] ;|ft] sf] ;+/If0fdf dflg;sf] ljz]if el" dsf /xG5 . kfgLsf] plrt k|of]u ug,]{ ;|f]tsf] jl/kl/
kmf]xf/] gkmfNg,] ToxfFsf la?jfx¿ gsf6\g,] yk jI[ f/f]k0f ug{], df6fsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ h:tf sfo{df dflg;n]
hf8] lbgk' 5{ . o;sf nflu kfgLsf] ;|ft] sf] ;/+ If0faf/] hgr]tgf clej[l4 sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ug{k' b{5 .

-5_ kfgL k|bi" f0f /f]syfd (Water pollution control)

kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ ;+/If0f ug{ o;sf] k|bi" f0f /f]syfd ug{ cfjZos 5 . kfgLdf sg' } klg k|sf/sf
kmf]xf]/d}nf lj;hg{ ug'{ xb'F g} . 9nx¿, pBf]uwGbfaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf/] nfO{ plrt :yfgdf lj;{hg
ugk{' 5{ . s[lif Ifq] df /f;folgs dn, sL6gfzs cfi} fwLsf] ko| fu] n] klg kfgL k|bi" f0f xG' 5, To;}n] h}ljs
dnsf] ko| fu] df ljz]if hf]8 lbgk' 5{ . kfgLsf] ;|f]tdf uP/ g'xfpg,] nu' f w'g,] ef8F fs8'F f wg' ], ufOj{ :t'nfO{
kfgL vj' fpg] sfon{ ] klg kfgL k|b"if0f xg' ] xb'F f o:tf] sfo{x¿ /f]Sgk' 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk – #

tkfOsF{ f] Ifq] df /x]sf kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf;] \ . tL kfgLsf ;f| ]tsf] jtd{ fg l:ylt,
pkofu] sf] cj:yf, ;|f]t j/k/sf] ;/;kmfO / ToxfF eO/x]sf] ;/+ If0f sfo{sf] af/d] f Pp6f k|ltjb] g
tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf;] \ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 35

#=* df6f] -Soil_

r66\ fgsf ;;fgf 6j' m| f, afnj' f, vlgh kbfy,{ hLljt j:t' / dt[ j:ts' f] cjzi] f ldl;P/ ags] f] ;ld>0f
g} df6f] xf] . of] kY[ jLsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] efudf /xs] f] xG' 5 . df6fn] g} hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltnfO{
cf>o :yn lbG5 . df6faf6 g} jg:kltn] cfgf] vfgf agfpg cfjZos kbfy{ kf| Kt ub{5g\ . sltko
;;fgf hLjx¿, ls/f, 3;|g] hLj, AofS6l] /of, kmGhfO cflbn] cfgf] hLjgrjm| g} df6fdf k/" f ub5{ g\ .
df6f] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ k|fs[lts ;f| t] xf] .

#=*=! df6f] lgdf0{ f kl| j|mof -Soil forming process_

df6f] kY[ jLsf] aflx/L ;txdf /x]sf] kf| ªu\ fl/s / ckf| ªu\ fl/s j:ts' f] ;lDd>0f xf] . ck|fª\ufl/s j:t'
r66\ fg jm| dzM Ifo eO{ ags] f] j:t' xf] eg] k|fªu\ fl/s j:t' d[t hLjhGt' tyf jg:klt ljR5b] g eO{
ags] f] j:t' xf] . df6f] aGg] ljm| ofnfO{ bO' { r/0fdf j0fg{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

Parent material -9ª' \uf_
First step -ky| d r/0f_

Weathering -IfoLs/0f _
• ef}lts IfoLs/0f (Physical weathering)
• /;folgs IfoLs/0f (Chemical weathering)
• hl} js IfoLs/0f (Biological weathering)


Weathered rock

-IfoLs/0f ePsf] 9'ª\uf_
Second step -bf];f| ] r/0f_

Pedogenesis sl' xPsf hl} js j:t' /
6l' jm| Psf] r66\ fg ldnL df6f] aGg] kl| jm| of

klxnf] r/0f

IfoLs/0f -weathering_ M o; k|ljm| ofdf r6\6fgx¿ efl} ts, /f;folgs jf h}ljs tŒjsf sf/0fn]
;;fgf 6'j|mf -rigolith_ df 6l' jm| G5g\ . r6\6fgx¿ jf:tjdf lj36g -disintegration_ / ljefhg
-decomposition_ kl| jm| ofaf6 IfoLs/0f xG' 5 . IfoLs/0f lgDg ks| f/n] xG' 5 M

36 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-s_ ef}lts IfoLs/0f -Physical weathering_

;o" s{ f] k|sfz, jfo', t;' f/f], lxpF h:tf efl} ts tŒjsf sf/0fn] r6\6fg 6l' j|mP/ ;;fgf s0f -rigolith_
aGg] k|ljm| of ef}lts IfoLs/0f xf] . ;"os{ f] tfksf] k|efjn] r66\ fgx¿ k|;f/ xg' ] ub5{ eg] lr;f] xF'bf
;ª\s'rg x'g uO{ r6\6fgx¿ 6'ljm| G5g\ . slxFns] fxLF r6\6fgsf lr/f jf l5bx| ¿af6 k;s] f] kfgL lr;fn] ]
a/km aGg hfbF f klg r66\ fgsf] cfotgdf kl/jt{g eO{ 7'nf] rfk kg{ hfG5 / r66\ fg 6'ljm| G5 .

-v_ /f;folgs IfoLs/0f -Chemical weathering_

o;ks| f/sf] IfoLs/0fdf r66\ fgdf /f;folgs kl/jt{g xG' 5 . /f;folgs IfoLs/0f klg ljleGg kl| jm| of
h:t} M xfO8];« g, xfO8«fn] fOl;;, clS;8];g l/8S;g, sfaf]{g];g cflb kl| j|mofaf6 xG' 5 . r66\ fgdf kfgL
ldl;g uO{ g/d x'g hfbF f r6\6fg 6l' j|mG5, h;nfO{ xfO8«];g -hydration_ elgG5 . xfO8«fn] fOl;;
k|lj|mofdf kfgL / vlgh kbfy{sf] k|ltlj|mofaf6 ;/n lsl;dsf] cs}{ ks| f/sf] vlgh kbfy{ aG5 .
clS;hg;uF kl| tlj|mof eO{ cS;fO8 aG5, h'g kfgLdf 3'nk] l5 r6\6fg sdhf]/ x'G5 / 6l' jm| g kU' 5 .
sfaf{]g;] g k|lj|mofdf kfgL / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8lar k|ltlj|mof eO{ ag]sf] sfafl]{ gs Pl;8 r66\ fgdf
ePsf] Soflnl;od, DofUgl] ;od / c¿ vlghsf] xfO8«fS] ;fO8;Fu k|ltlj|mof eO{ sfaf{]g6] / afOsfafg]{ ]6
aG5 .

-u_ h}ljs IfoLs/0f -Biological weathering_

ljleGg lsl;dsf hLjhGt', jg:klt, kzk' G5L tyf dflg;sf lj|mofsnfkn] r6\6fgsf] IfoLs/0f xg' ]
ljm| ofnfO{ hl} js IfoLs/0f -biological weathering_ elgG5 . dflg;n] 3/, af6f]3f6f,] ;8s, k'n
lgdf{0f ubf{ r66\ fgsf] ckIfo u/]sf] x'G5 . To:t} kzk' G5L tyf hgfj/n] klg r66\ fg 6j' m| fpg] sfd
ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . jg:kltn] efl} ts jf /f;folgs bj' } ljm| ofåf/f r6\6fgx¿ ckIfo ul//xs] f x'G5g\ .
la?jfsf h/fx¿ r66\ fgsf b/f/df km}lnbF } hfbF f r6\6fgx¿ km'6\g jf 66' g\ yfN5g\ .

bf];f| ] r/0f

k8] f]hg] ]l;; -Pedogenesis_ M r66\ fg IfoLs/0f xbF' f 6'ljm| P/ ;;fgf vlgh 6'jm| fx¿ aG5 t/ oL
6j' m| fx¿ g} jf:tljs df6f] xf]Og lsgeg] logLx¿df la?jfsf] j[l4 xg' ;Sbg} . IfoLs/0f ePsf]
r66\ fgsf 6j' |mfdf w]/} kl/jtg{ xg' 'kb5{ , h;nfO{ k]8f]h]gl] ;; -Pedogenesis soil development_
elgG5 . IfoLs/0f vf; ef}lts / /f;folgs kl| jm| of xf] eg] Pedogenesis rflxF hl} js kl| j|mof
-biogical phenomenon_ xf] . o; k|lj|mofaf6 dt[ jg:klt / k|f0fLsf] z/L/ s'lxP/ humus aG5 .
x\o'd; klg b'O{ ks| f/sf xG' 5g\ – df]/ -more_ / d"n -mull_ . df/] xo\ o'd; cDnLo xG' 5 / o;df
kmªu\ ; / AofS6]l/ofsf] j[l4 xG' 5 . df]/ xo\ d' ;df SoflN;odsf] dfqf sd xG' 5 . d'n xo\ 'd; t6:y

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 37

vfnsf] xG' 5 / slxn]sfxLF s]xL Iff/Lo xG' 5 . o:tf] xo\ d' ;df SoflN;od a9L dfqfdf x'g] ePsfn]
u8o\ f}nf k|z:t xG' 5 / o;n] ubf{ k|fªu\ fl/s j:t' a9L x'G5 .

#=*=@ df6fsf] agf6] -Composition of soil_

ljleGg ef}lts, /f;folgs tyf hl} js IfoLs/0f eO{ r66\ fgsf 6'jm| f / hLjx¿sf] cjzi] f ldln df6f]
ags] f] x'G5 . df6f] ;fwf/0ftof r6\6fgsf ;;fgf s0f, vlgh kbfy{x¿ / h}ljs kbfy{sf] ;lDd>0faf6
ag]sf] x'G5 . df6fsf] lsl;d / agf6] cg;' f/ o;sf] dfqf 36a9 x'G5 . s'g} 7fpdF f vf8n vGbf
df6fsf 5'6\6f56' \6} ljleGg txx¿ bV] g ;lsG5 . ;txbl] v vf8nsf] lar;Dd bl] vg] o; lsl;dsf
txx¿nfO{ ;du|df df6fsf] txlrq -soil profile_ elgG5 .

#=*=# df6f]sf] lsl;d -Types of soil_

df6fn] fO{ ljleGg cfwf/df juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 . agf6] sf cfwf/df df6f]nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ juLs{ /0f
ul/G5 M

– anf6} ] df6f]
– lrD6\ofOnf] df6f]
– bfd] 6 df6f]
– cDnLo df6f]
– sfnf] df6f]

-s_ anf6} ] df6f] -Sandy soil_

anf}6] df6f] xns' f / zi' s x'G5 . of] df6f] afnj' f / Sjf6\{h -quartz_ åf/f aG5 . o:tf] df6fdf
afnLgfnLnfO{ rflxg] kf}li6s tŒjx¿ lgs} sd x'G5 . kmn:j¿k pTkfbgsf nflu pkofu] L dflgFb}g .

-v_ lrD6ofOnf] df6f] -Clay soil_

lrD6\ofOnf df6f] bf]d6 / anf}6] df6fsf] pkoS' t ;lDd>0f xf] . kfgL / kfl} i6s tŒjnfO{ o:tf] df6fn]
a9L, ;~ro ub5{ . t;y{ sl[ if pAhgLsf nflu of] df6f] clt pko'St dflgG5 .

-u_ bfd] 6 df6f] -Loamy soil_

bf]d6 df6f] lrD6o\ fOnf] / anf6} ] df6fsf] pkoS' t ;lDd>0f xf] . kfgL / kfl} i6s tŒjnfO{ o:tf] df6fn]
a9L ;~ro ub{5 . t;y{ sl[ if pAhgLsf nflu of] df6f] clt pkoS' t dflgG5 .

38 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-3_ cDnLo df6f] -Acidic soil_

df6fsf] pH 7 eGbf sd ePdf To:tf] df6fnfO{ cDnLo df6f] elgG5 . pH 7 af6 36\b} uPdf kmnfd
-Fe_, h:tf -Zn_, dfGulgh -Mn_ cflb wft'sf] dfqf cTolws ¿kdf a9\b} hfG5, h;n] ubf{ w]/}h;f]
af]6la?jfnfO{ xflgsf/s x'G5 ;S5 . a9L jiff{ x'g] / kfgL hDg] vt] af/Lsf] df6fsf] ks| [lt cDnLo
xG' 5, o:tf] df6fsf] pTkfbsTj sd x'G5 . cDnLo df6fdf sx] L ljz]if k|sf/sf af]6la?jfx¿ afxs]
;fwf/0f la?jfx¿ pld|g ;Dej xb'F g} .

-ª_ sfnf] df6f] -Black soil_

c¿ lsl;dsf df6fx] ¿eGbf sfnf] df6fn] ;o" {sf] tfk Hofbf ;ªs\ ng ug{ ;Sg] x'G5 . o:tf] df6fdf
kf| ª\ufl/s kbfy{ tn' gfTds ¿kn] a9L x'g] ePsfn] klg pmi0ftfnfO{ yfld/fVg ;S5 . sfnf] df6fdf
k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{ a9t\ f xg' ] ePsfn] df6f] Gofgf] xG' 5 . o:tf] df6fdf kfl} i6s kbfyx{ ¿ ;lhn;} uF r'lxP/
ghfg] xg' fn] jg:klt /fd|f] pd|g] xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk – $

sg' } bO' { tLg :yfgsf] df6f] NofO{ kfgLdf 3fN] gx' f;] \ / dflysf] txnfO{ test tube df /fvL Universal
indicator sf] ko| fu] dfkmt{ df6fsf] pH kQf nufpgx' f;] \ .

#=*=$ df6fsf] ljgfz -Soil degradation_

df6fs] f] cfwf/e"t ef}lts, k|fs[lts jf dfgjLo lj|mofsnfkn] ubf{ x'g] Ifo g} df6fsf] ljgfz xf] .
df6fsf] ljgfzdf e"Ifosf] d'Vo e"ldsf x'G5 . o;nfO{ lj:t[t ¿kdf tn k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 .

#=( eI" fo -Soil erosion_

sg' } 7fpsF f] ;txsf] df6f] k|fsl[ ts -kfgL jf xfjf_ cyjf dfgjLo sf/0fn] csf]{ 7fpdF f nfg] jf yk' fg]{
k|lj|mof g} eI" fo xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu v]taf/Lsf] dlnnf] df6f] sn' f]af6 au]/ l5d]sLsf] af/Ldf kU' g'
klg eI" fo xf] . eI" fosf] sf/0faf6 df6fsf] ljgfz x'g] ub5{ .

#=(=! e"Ifosf lsl;d -Types of soil erosion_

sg' } klg :yfg ljz]ifdf eI" fosf] ;?' jft xg' d' f ljleGg sf/s tŒjx¿n] cxd\ e"ldsf vl] n/fvs] f] xG' 5 .
jg:kltsf] ljt/0f, w/ftnLo :j¿k, tLj| 9fn, ef/L jiff{ cflb s/' fx¿df e"Ifo lge{/ /xG5 . ljleGg
sf/s tŒjx¿sf cfwf/df xg' ] eI" fosf] lsl;dnfO{ bx] focg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 39

-s_ kfgLåf/f xg' ] e"Ifo -Water erosion_

kfgLåf/f x'g] eI" fonfO{ lgDglnlvt ks| f/df juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

1. Yff]Kn] e"Ifo -Raindrop or splash
erosion_ M d';nwf/] jiffn{ ] df6fsf]

dflyNnf] efu pSsfP/ n}hfg] ub{5 .
o:tf] kl| j|mofnfO{ jiff{sf] kfgLaf6 x'g]

eI" fo elgG5 .

2. ;tx e"Ifo -Sheet erosion_ M
jiffs{ f] kfgL ;ª\sng x'bF } hfbF f ;;fgf

enx¿ aGb5g\ . pSt enx¿n] lrq g=+ #=@ kfgLåf/f ePsf] e"Ifo
;txsf] df6fnfO{ Ifo ub{5g,\ h;nfO{

;tx e"Ifo -sheet erosion_ elgG5 .

3. lr/f e"Ifo -Rill erosion_ M w/] } enx¿sf] cfotg / ultn] ubf{ ;txsf] df6f] kmfl6P/
lr/fx¿ aGb5g,\ h;nfO{ lr/f e"Ifo -rill erosion_ elgG5 .

4. vfN] ;f] eI" fo -Gully erosion_ M tLj| ultsf] kfgLn] df6fdf ulx/f] lr/f kfb{5 . o:tf]
lsl;dsf] e"IfonfO{ vf]N;f] eI" fo elgG5 .

5. gbLsf] t6Lo s6fgaf6 x'g] e"Ifo -Channel erosion_ M gbLsf] kfgLdf tLj| ultn]
ubf{ gbLsf] t6Lo efusf] df6f] sfl6P/ xg' ] eI" fonfO{ gbLsf] t6Lo s6fgaf6 xg' ] e"Ifo

elgG5 . h:t} lrqdf gbLn] hldg s6fg u/]/ ePsf] eI" fo b]Vg ;lsG5 .

-v_ xfjfaf6 xg' ] eI" fo -Wind erosion_

vf;u/L xfjfaf6 x'g] e"Ifo a9L xfjf rNg] ef}ufl] ns If]q lrq g=+ #=# xfjfåf/f xg' ] e"Ifo
/ d?el" d If]qdf x'G5 . cfwF Lax] /L / x/' Latf;n] hldgsf]
dflyNnf] ;txsf w'nfsf s0fx¿ p8fP/ cGoq nh} fg]
ub{5 . xfjf a9L rNg] / cS;/ atf; cfpg] Onfsfdf
df6fsf s0f / afnj' fx¿ p8fP/ n}hfg] ub5{ . lxdfnL
Onfsfdf hf]8bf/ xfjf rNg] ub5{ . o:tf efudf k|foM
laxfg !) ahb] ]lv ;fFem %–^ ah;] Dd tLj| ultdf xfjf
rN5 . o:tf] xfjf rNbf ;fdfGotof cfvF f p3fg{;dt]
d'l:sn kg]{ / slxns] fxLF t 3r]6g\ ] vfnsf] hf]8bf/ xfjf

40 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

rNg] x'G5 . d':tfª, dgfª, 8fN] kf cflb 7fpFdf xfjf / atf;sf sf/0fn] e"Ifo ePsf] oqtq el] 6G5 .
;d'bL| ;txaf6 sl/a #^,)) ld6/sf] prfOdf d':tfªdf lr;f] df;} d / xfjfaf6 x'g] e"Ifon] ubf{
d?e"lds} l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 . ljZjsf w/] h} ;f] b]zx¿sf nflu xfjfaf6 xg' ] eI" fon] l;h{gf u/s] f] ;d'b|
t6Lo If]q / leqL anf6} ] bg' If]q 7'nf] ;d:of aGg ku' ]sf] 5 . gk] fndf eg] o:tf] vfnsf] anf6} ] b'gsf]
;d:of 5g} . ljz]if u/L sl[ if afnL ljgfz ugd{ f xfjfaf6 xg' ] e"Ifo a9L lhDdj] f/ x'G5 . o:tf] vfnsf]
eI" fosf] k|sf]k a9L dfqfdf d?el" dsf] If]q ePsf] dWok"js{ f c/a /fi6«x¿, dWo Pl;ofsf bz] x¿ /
pQ/ clkm| sfdf kfOG5 . dflysf] lrqdf xfjfåf/f ePsf] e"Ifo bV] g ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk %

s'g} glhssf] vfn] fgfnf Ifq] jf le/kfvf glhs eI" fosf] k|sfk] n] c:tJo:t :yfg jf Onfsfsf]
cWoog e|d0f u/L eI" fo x'gfsf sf/0f kQf nufpg'xf];\ / lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfdsf nflu tTsfn
ckgfpg ;lsg] pkfox¿ pNn]v u/L kl| tjb] g tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ugx'{ f;] \ .

#=(=@ e"Ifosf sf/0fx¿ -Causes of soil erosion_

g]kfnsf] clwsfz+ e"efu eI" fosf] rk6] fdf k/]sf] 5 . o;f] xg' fsf d'Vo b'O{ sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . tL x'g\ M

– kf| sl[ ts sf/0f

– dfgjLo sf/0f

-s_ kf| sl[ ts sf/0f -Natural causes_

efu} f]lns cl:y/tf, e"agf]6 / hnjfo'sf sf/0fn] kf| sl[ ts tj/af6 x'g] e"Ifo k|fs[lts sf/0fcGtu{t
kb5{ . k|fsl[ ts sf/0faf6 xg' ] e"IfonfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

– jiff{
– x'/Latf;
– gbL s6fg
– af9Lklx/f]
– df6fdf kfgLsf] dfqf
– df6fsf] s0fx¿sf] cfsf/

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 41

-v_ dfgjLo sf/0f -Man-made causes_

k|fs[lts ;|ft] sf] kl/rfngsf nflu ;xL Joj:yfkgsf] sdL / b¿' kof]usf sf/0faf6 xg' ] e"Ifo dfgjLo
sf/0fcGtut{ kb5{ . dfgjLo sf/0faf6 x'g] eI" fonfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

– jgljgfz
– vfl] /of km8F fgL
– cltr/g
– cgk' o'St sl[ if ljlw
– 3/, ;8s, ljsf; lgdf{0f ubf{ cJojl:yt ef}lts lgdf0{ f cflb .

#=(=# eI" foaf6 jftfj/0fdf kg]{ c;/x¿ -Effects of soil erosion on the

environment_

e"Ifo g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf uDeL/ jftfj/0fLo ;d:of ags] f] 5 . e"ljgfzsf sf/0f s[lif / jgsf
cltl/St cGo cflys{ tyf jftfj/0fLo Ifq] x¿df ;d]t o;n] k|lts"n c;/ kfb5{ . ljzi] ftM e"Ifoaf6
lgDglnlvt kIfx¿df k|ToIf c;/ kg{] ub{5 M

– df6fsf] pj{/fzlStdf xf| ;
– jg:kltdf xf| ;
– kzk' G5Lsf] jf;:yfgdf xf| ;
– v]tLkftLdf xf| ;
– pTkfbsTjdf xf| ;
-s_ jg:kltdf x|f; M eI" fosf] ;d:of hl6n ePkl5 jghª\unx¿ gfz x'g] kl| j|mof ;'? x'G5 .
kl/0ffd:j¿k jgkb} fj/sf] ;d:of l;h{gf xG' 5 . To:t} jg:klt ljgfzaf6 dflg;nufot hª\unL
Pjd\ 3/kfnj' f kzk' G5Lx¿sf nflu cfjZos cfwf/et" vfBkbfys{ f] cefj x'g] x'G5 . t;y{
eI" foaf6 jg:klt hut\df k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ xg' fn] jg:kltdfly k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf lge/{ /xg]
hLjhGt'x¿sf] cl:tTjdf kZ| glrxg\ v8f x'G5 .
-v_ kz'kG5Lsf] jf;:yfgdf x|f; M jg / jGohGts' f] Psfk;df 3lgi7 ;DaGw /xg] xg' fn] jgljgfzsf
sf/0f jGohLjsf nflu cfjZos jg:klthGo vfB kbfy{x¿sf] cefj x'g hfg] xG' 5 . cfjZos
vfBkbfy{ / jftfj/0f cgs' "n jf;:yfgsf] cefjn] jGohGtx' ¿sf] ;Gtl' nt j[l4 ljsf;df ;d]t
k|ltsn" c;/ kg{ hfg] x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k kz'kG5Lx¿sf k|hfltx¿sf] nfk] xg' ] ;Defjgf a9b\ }
hfg] xG' 5 .

42 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-u_ vt] LkftLdf xf| ; M el" jgfzaf6 sl[ if afnL tyf jgkb} fj/ pTkfbgdf xf| ; cfpg] x'G5 . vt] Lof]Uo
hldgsf] ;txsf] df6f] -top soil_ au]/ uO{ hldgsf] pj/{ fzlStdf sdL cfp5F . kl/0ffd:j¿k
v]tLkftLsf] pTkfbsTjdf xf| ; x'G5 .

-3_ df6f]sf] pTkfbsTjdf x|f;M e"Ifo xbF' f df6fdf /x]sf gfO66«] , kmf]:km]6 h:tf kf]if0foS' t tŒj au]/
hfG5 . oL kf}li6s tŒjljgf la?jfsf] plrt j[l4 x'g ;Sbg} . kmn:j¿k o:tf kf}li6s tŒj
gePsf 7fpFdf afnLgfnLsf] pTkfbsTjdf sdL cfpF5 . df6fsf] dflyNnf] txsf] pj{/foS' t df6f]
! OGrsf] tx aGg sd;]sd ;ft ;o jif{ nfU5 .

lj|mofsnfk ^

cfcfgf] a;f]af; Onfsf If]qleq eI" fou|:t :yfgx¿df eI" fosf sf/0f / ToxfFsf] hghLjgdf
k/]sf k|lts"n c;/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kf/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

#=(=$ e"Ifo /f]syfdsf pkfox¿ -Control measures of soil erosion_

gk] fndf s[lif pTkfbg / jftfj/0fdf ;w' f/ NofO{ hgtfsf efs] , /f]u x6fpg] / hLjg:t/ dfly p7fpg]
xf] eg] v]taf/Laf6 x'g] e"IfonfO{ lgoGq0f u/L e"ldsf] pTkfbg Ifdtfdf j[l4 Nofpg] pkfox¿ ckgfpg
lgtfGt cfjZos xG' 5 . eI" fo /f]syfdsf pkfox¿nfO{ dV' otof oflGqs ljlw / h}ljs ljlwdf
juL{s/0f u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . o;cGtu{ t lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M

• ux|f ;w' f/ M kxf8sf] le/fnf] hldgnfO{ ;w' f/
u/L uxf| agfP/ To;df kfgLsf] ;/' lIft

lgsf;sf] Joj:yf ugk'{ b{5 . o;/L uxf| ,

sfGnf agfpbF f o;sf] jl/kl/ 9n agfP/ a9L
ePsf] jiffs{ f] kfgL aufpgk' b5{ . o;f] ugf{n]

df6f] aUg] sfd /fl] sG5 . h:t} lrq #=$

b]vfOPcg;' f/ uxf| agfP/ v]tL ug{'kb{5 . lrq g=+ #=$ uxf| ;'wf/
• afwF tyf kvf{n lgdf{0f M vf]nf lsgf/df

cjl:yt hldgnfO{ vf]nfsf sf/0f Iflt xg'

glbg / v]taf/LnfO{ eI" fosf sf/0f Iflt xg' glbg Pjd\ v]taf/LnfO{ eI" foaf6 /fs] yfd ug{

ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf :yfgLo :t/df pknAw ;fduL| tyf tf/ hfnL ko| fu] u/L afwF tyf kvfn{ lgdf0{ f

ugk{' b5{ .

• lgsf;sf] plrt ka| Gw M v]tL ug{] hldgdf l;FrfO ug{] p2Z] on] tyf v]taf/Ldf hDdf x'g] kfgLnfO{

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 43

;'/lIft ¿kdf lgsf; lbg s'n;] f] lgdf{0f ugk'{ b5{ . o:tf] sn' f] vt] af/Lsf] sfGnfsf] s'gftkm{
lgdf{0f u/L To:tf] sn' fdf e'O{ 3f;F x¿ nufpg'kb{5 . o;n] en;Fu au]/ hfg] dlnnf] df6f] tyf
k|fªu\ fl/s kbfyn{ fO{ /f]Sg dbt k¥' ofp5F .

• af9Lklx/f] lgoGq0f M af9Lklx/f] uPsf] 7fpdF f 3fF; tyf af]6la?jf /f]Kgk' 5{ . To:t} vt] af/L /
cGo sl[ ifofU] o e"ldx¿df 5]safFwåf/f en tyf vfN] ;fvfN] ;Laf6 au]/ cfpg] kfgLsf] /fs] yfd
ugf{n] klg klx/f]sf] lgoGq0f eO{ df6f] Ifo x'gaf6 aR5 . To:t} gbLgfnf, vx/] cflbsf
lsgf/fx¿df 5]safwF x¿sf] lgdf{0faf6 klg af9Lklx/f] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

• l;rF fO tyf gbLsf] k|jfx lgoGq0f M l;FrfO tyf gbLsf] k|jfxnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ gbLgfnfx¿sf
lsgf/ / hnfwf/ If]q j/k/ ePsf tfn, tnfp / bxaf6 aUg] kfgLsf] k|jfx dfux{ ¿sf bfofFafofF
5s] jf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o:tf] ks| f/sf] lgoGq0f k|lj|mofaf6 e"Ifo lgoGq0f x'gs' f
;fy} v]taf/Lsf] df6f] cGoq au]/ hfg] jm| d /fl] sg] x'G5 .

• cltr/gsf] /f]syfd M cltr/gnfO{ lgoGq0f u/L awF j' f k|0ffnL ckgfO{ j:t'efp kfNg] ugk'{ b{5 .

• jghª\unsf] ;/+ If0f M jghª\un ;/+ If0f ePdf j/k/sf] jftfj/0fdf xl/ofnL 5fpF5 . jgleqsf
jg:klt ;/+ If0f x'gfn] hldgsf] dflyNnf] ;txsf] df6f] aUg kfpFb}g . hldgsf] ;txdf ;w}F
jg:kltn] 9fls/xg] kl| jlw ckgfpgfn] jiff{sf] kfgLn] k|ToIf ¿kdf df6f] aufpg kfpbF g} . o;/L
?vla?jf / ;;fgf jg:kltn] cfsfzaf6 kg{] kfgLsf] yfk] fnfO{ ;f]em} df6fdf kg{ glbO{ cfkm"n]
yfK5g\ / e"Ifo xg' af6 hfu] fO{ df6fsf] ;+/If0f ub{5g\ .

• vt] af/Laf6 aUg] kfgLsf] plrt Joj:yf M vt] af/Lsf] lrq #=%M j[If/f]k0f
plrt Joj:yfkgsf nflu uxf| / kf6fx¿sf] ;w' f/
u/L kfgL lgsf;sf] Joj:yf ul/Pdf df6f] aUg] k|ljm| of
/f]lsg ;S5 . o;sf nflu ;/+ If0f k]6Lsf] ljsf;
ul/g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . o;/L vt] af/Ldf en
tsfp{ g] sn' f] / 9n agfO{ a9L ePsf] kfgL ;/' lIft
:yfgdf lgsf; u/Lgfn] eI" fosf] ks| fk] af6 hfl] ug
;lsG5 .

• jI[ f/fk] 0f M vt] af/Lsf] cfnL, sfGnf tyf ljljw
k|ofh] gsf nflu vfnL 5fl8/fvs] f] hldgsf] plrt ko| f]u ug]{ p2]Zon] jI[ f/fk] 0f, 3f;F /f]k0f /
kmnkmn" /fk] 0f ul/Pdf eO/xs] f] el" dsf] ;bk' of]u eO{ e";/+ If0f ;d]tdf ;xof]u k'U5 -lrq #=%_ .

44 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

• s[lif jg k0| ffnL M dn" tM sl[ ifhGo la?jfx¿sf] h/f hldgsf] dflyNnf] efudf dfq lj:tf/
eO/x]sf] x'G5 . jghGo la?jfsf] h/f hldgsf] sl/a ! bl] v @ ld6/ tn;Dd km}lnPsf] xG' 5 .
o;/L s[lifhGo / jghGo la?jfx¿sf] PsLs[t ¿kdf v]tL u/L hldgsf] Joj:yfkgåf/f e;" /+ If0f
ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=(=% df6fsf] dxŒj -Importance of soil_

-s_ hLjhGts' f] afFRg] cfwf/ tyf cf>o:yn g} df6f] xf] . o;n] af]6la?jfnfO{ vfB tŒj cfkl" t{ ug]{
/ c8\ofpg] dfWod k|bfg ub5{ . hLjhGt'nfO{ jf;:yn pknAw u/fpF5 .

-v_ dflg;nufot ;a} hLjnfO{ vfB j:t'sf] ;f| ]tsf] ¿kdf df6fn] ;xofu] k'¥ofp5F . vfBfGg, kfgL
skf; pTkfbg ug{] ;|ft] klg df6f] xf] .

-u_ df6f] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLnfO{ ;Gt'ng /fVg] dxŒjk0" f{ ;|ft] xf] . df6faf6 g} xl/of jg:kltn] cfgf]
vfgf agfpF5g . hGtx' ¿n] af6] la?jfaf6 cfgf] vfgf agfp5F g . hGtx' ¿n] af]6la?jfaf6
cfgf] vfgf k|fKt ub5{ g\ . d/s] f af6] la?jf / hgfj/ sl' xP/ df6fdf g} ldl;G5g\ . o;nfO{
kg' M jg:kltn] lnG5g\ . o;/L kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL ;Gt'lnt eO/xG5 .

-3_ ljleGg vlgh tŒjsf] d"n ;f| ]t klg df6f] g} xf] . ;"Id hLjsf] jf;:yfg / hl} js kbfy{sf] e08f/
klg df6f] g} xf] .

lj|mofsnfk &

Pp6f l;;Ldf cfwfhlt kfgL /fv/] clnslt df6f] xfNgx' f];\ . l;;LnfO{ s]xL ;do lj:tf/} xNnfP/
grnfO{ /fVgx' f];\ . To;kl5 s] s] bl] vG5 . ;lrq JofVof ug{'xf];\ .

#=(=^ df6f] ;+/If0f -Conservation of soil_

df6f] Pp6f kd| 'v kf| s[lts ;f| t] xf] . o;sf] plrt ;/+ If0f ug{k' b{5 . xfdf| ] bz] sf] w/] h} ;f] If]q kxf8L
w/ftn ePsfn] jiff{sf] kfgLn] df6f] w/] } Ifo eO/x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L cj1} flgs tl/sfaf6 v]tL ubf{
/ jghªu\ n kmF8fgLn] klg df6f] au]/ emb5{ / kfgLn] aufp5F . df6fs] f] ;/+ If0fsf nflu lgDglnlvt
pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

!= jghªu\ n kmF8fgL /f]Sg'kb5{ .
@= vfnL rf}/ / gfªu\ f 8fF8fx¿df j[If/f]k0f ug{'kb5{ .
#= le/fnf] Ifq] df kmnkmn" tyf 3fF;sf la?jf /f]Kgk' b{5 .
$= le/fnf] ;txdf u/f agfP/ vt] L ug{k' b{5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 45