Grade 9 Optional Environmental Science Nepali Medium

• ;Dej xg' ] :yfgx¿df ljB'ta\ f6 rNg] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ko| fu] ug{] / o;sf] kIfdf k}/jL ug]{
• 5f]6f] b/' Lsf nflu lx8F g\ ] jf ;fOsn r9g\ ] / To;sf nflu cfjZos k"jfw{ f/sf] lgdf0{ f ug{]
• jghª\un ;/+ If0f tyf o;sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug{]
• 3/af6 lg:sg] kmfx] /nfO{ hyfjfeL gkmfNg,] h}ljs kmf]x/nfO{ sDkf]i6 dn agfpg] tyf :yfgLo

;db' fodf /x]sf k/Dk/fut 1fg / l;ksf] k|jwg{ / kr| f/ ug]{
• hnjfo' kl/jtg{ nfO{ ;Dafw] g ug]{ k/Dk/fut l;k, 1fg, k|ljlw / ko| fu] sf] clen]v tof/ kf/L

cfjZos ljsf; / k|jwg{ u/]/ Jojxf/df Nofpg]
• af9L, klx/f] / k|fs[lts k|sfk] ;Fu hW' g ;db' fosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ / k"j{ tof/Lsf] cj:yfdf

/fVg]
• afnL nufpg] 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g ug{] tyf kl/jlt{t hnjfo' / gofF /f]u;Fu kl| t/fw] ug{ ;Sg]

afnLsf hftx¿sf] ljsf; ug{]

lj|mofsnfk !

ljZjdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ 3l6t 36gfx¿sf] ;dfrf/sf nv] x¿ ;ª\sng u/L kf]:6/
agfpg'xf;] \ . o;sf nflu pknAw :yfgLo, /fli6o« tyf cGt/f{li6o« kqklqsfx¿df k|sflzt
hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf c;/x¿;DaGwL ;dfrf/ Pjd\ nv] x¿ ;ª\sng u/L rf6k{ ]k/df 6f:F g'xf;] \ /
sIffsf7] fdf k:| tt' ug{x' f];\ .

;f/f+z (Summary)

• x/s] If0f kY[ jLsf] s'g} :yfgdf jfo'd08nsf efl} ts tŒjx¿ tfkj|md, jiff,{ cfb{t| f, xfjfsf] ju]
cflb km/s eO/x]sf] xG' 5 . jfo'd08nsf o:tf ljleGg efl} ts tŒjx¿sf] kl/jt{gaf6 :yflkt
sg' } lglZrt :yfgsf] cj:yf g} df;} d xf] .

• hnjfo' eGgfn] sg' } lglZrt :yfgdf sDtLdf tLg bzs cufl8 jf xhf/fF} jif{ cufl8b]lv rNb}
cfPsf] df;} dsf] 9fFrf xf] . ;fdfGo cyd{ f eGbf hnjfo' egs] f] sg' } :yfgdf nfdf] ;dob]lv
lg/Gt/ :yflkt x'Fb} cfPsf] df;} dsf] cf;} t cj:yf xf] .

• hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] d'Vo sf/0f ljleGg lsl;dsf dfgjLo lj|mofsnfkx¿ x'g\ . To:tf
ljm| ofsnfkx¿df clws ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] ko| fu] , pBfu] tyf snsf/vfgfx¿af6 clws dfqfdf
w'jfF pT;hg{ , /]lk|mh]/]6/, sfN] 8:6f]/]h tyf Pc/ slG8;g/x¿sf] k|of]u cflb kb5{ g\ .

• kY[ jLdf dflg;n] ;~rfng u/]sf ljleGg lj|mofsnfkx¿af6 sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8, Snf/] fk] m\nf/] f]
sfag{ , gfO6«fh] g cS;fO8, ldy]g h:tf xl/tux[ UofF;x¿ w/] } dfqfdf pTkGg ePdf o:tf

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 96

UofF;x¿ jfo'd08nsf] tNnf] tx lgDgd08ndf hDdf x'g kU' 5g\ .
• ;x/L If]qx¿df dfgj hLjgdf b]lvPsf cfwl' gs kl/jt{gx¿sf sf/0f /]lkm| lh/6] /, Pc/ slG8;g/

h:tf ljBt' Lo pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]u klg a9\g yfns] f] 5, h;sf] sf/0f xfjfdf Snf]/f]kmn\ f/] f]
sfa{gsf] dfqf a9s] f] 5 .
• ;x/L Ifq] df a9b} uPsf] hg;ª\Vofn] ubf{ k|bi" f0fdf klg jl[ 4 eO/x]sf] 5, hg;ªV\ ofsf] cTolws
jl4n] ubf{ ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] rfk a9\g k'us] f] 5 eg] 7f;] kmf]xf/] dn} fsf] kl/0ffddf klg j[l4
ePsf] 5 .
• w/] } dfqfdf jgkmF8fgL xg' ' klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] Ps k|dv' sf/0f xf] . jghª\undf xg' ] ?v
tyf cGo jg:kltn] xfjfdf j[l4 xFb' } uPsf] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 Uof;F nfO{ ks| fz ;Z+ n]if0f kl| jm| ofsf]
dfWodaf6 ;Gtn' gdf /fVg] ub{5 .
• ljZjJofkL pmi0ftf xl/tux[ ke| fjs} Ps c;/ xf] . xl/tux[ Uof;F x¿n] ;o" {af6 cfpg] tfk,
ljls/0f tyf kY[ jLdf ljBdfg tfksf] zfi] f0f u5{g\ .
• ljZjJofkL pmi0ftfsf sf/0f ljZje/sf] xfjfkfgLdf w]/} kl/jt{gx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . ljZjJofkL
pmi0ftfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ ljz]if u/L w'|jLo jfo'sf] k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 .
• ljZjJofkL pmi0ftfsf] csf]{ c;/ ;fd'lbs| ;txdf jl[ 4 x'g' xf] . ljZjJofkL pmi0ftfsf sf/0f
clws lxpF klUnbf ;db' L| ;tx klg a9\g] x'G5 . clws tfkj|mdsf sf/0f klUnPsf] lxp“ g} kfgL
eP/ ;d'bd| f ldl;g cfOk'U5 .
• ljZjJofkL pmi0ftfsf] c;/ k[YjLsf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf ax[ t\ ¿kdf k/s] f] kfOG5 . w]/}h;f]
kh| fltx¿ clxn] ljZjJofkL pmi0ftfsf sf/0f cfkm\gf] jf;:yfg pQ/L w'|jlt/ jf pRr lxdfnL
Ifq] x¿df ;fg{ yfns] f 5g\ .
• IUCN sf] tYofªs\ cg;' f/ g]kfnsf emG8} %( :tgwf/L, @&( kG5Lx¿, #% kh| fltsf ;/L;k[
/ #$ kh| fltsf df5fx¿ ljZjJofkL pmi0ftfsf sf/0f ;ªs\ 6fkGg cj:yfdf kl' u;s]sf 5g\ /
h;dWo] rf/ kh| fltsf :tgwf/L / ;ft kh| fltsf kG5Lx¿ t nfk] g} eO;s]sf 5g\ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ hnjfo'nfO{ kl/eflift ugx{' f;] \ .
-v_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ xg' d' f sg' } bO' { k|dv' dfgj ljm| ofsnfkx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ .
-u_ ljZjJofkL pmi0ftfnfO{ kl/efflift ug{'xf;] \ .

97 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-3_ xl/tu[x eg]sf] s] xf] <
-ª_ g]kfndf ljZjJofkL pmi0ftfn] kf/]sf] Ps c;/ n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-r_ xl/tux[ k|efj eg]sf] s] xf] .
-5_ sg' } b'O{ xl/tux[ UofF ;x¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-h_ cltj[li6 eg]sf] s] xf] <
-em_ cgfjl[ i6 egs] f] s] xf] <

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ / xl/tux[ k|efjsf] ;DaGw 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ugx{' f];\ .
-v_ xl/tu[x k|efjn] s;/L ljZjJofkL pmi0ftf j[l4 ub5{ < j0fg{ ug{'xf];\ .
-u_ jfo'd08ndf s;/L xl/tu[x txsf] lgdf{0f xG' 5 < 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ km/s 56' \ofpg'xf;] \ M

-c_ hnjfo' / df};d
-cf_ xl/tux[ ke| fj / ljZjJofkL pmi0ftf
-O_ cltj[li6 / cgfj[li6

-ª_ 5f6] f] l6Kk0fL nV] gx' f];\ M
-c_ ;fd'lbs| ;txdf j[l4
-cf_ xl/tux[ ke| fj
-O_ xl/tux[ Uof;F

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0fx¿ / c;/x¿sf] klxrfg u/L hnjfo' kl/jta{ f6 xg' ] c;/
x¿nfO{ Gog" Ls/0f ug]{ pkfox¿sf] JofVof ug{x' f];\ .

-v_ ljZjJofkL pmi0ftfsf sf/0fx¿ / c;/x¿sf] JofVof ug'{xf;] \ . ljZjJofkL pmi0ftfsf
sf/0f g]kfndf b]lvPsf c;/x¿ klxrfg u/L Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿ ;'emfpgx' f];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Project work)

-s_ tkfO{F a;f]af; u/]sf] :yfgdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ s'g sg' Ifq] df c;/ k¥' ofPsf] 5 < tL
c;/x¿af6 aRg s] s] pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' nf,{ ;f]wvfh] u/L k|ltjbg] tof/ ug{'xf;] \ / sIffdf
k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 98

-v_ :yfgLo ;fduL| x¿ ;ªs\ ng u/L s[lqd xl/tux[ sf] lgdf{0f ugx{' f;] \ .
-u_ ljZjdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ 3l6t 36gfx¿sf] ;dfrf/sf nv] x¿ ;ªs\ ng u/L kf]:6/

agfpg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)

sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8sf] cjzfi] f0f M af]6la?jfn] jfod' 08ndf /xs] f] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 UofF;nfO{
cjzfi] f0f ug]{ kl| jm| of
cfb|t{ f M xfjfdf kfgLsf] dfqf
ljlzi6 tfkwf/0f Ifdtf M sg' } klg j:ts' f] tfkjm| d !°C n] a9fpg jf 36fpg rflxg] tfksf] dfqf
cgs' n" g M sg' } jftfj/0fdf To; jftfj/0fcg';f/ cg'sn" eP/ /xg ;Sg] Ifdtf

99 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

PsfO js} lNks pmhf{

^ (Alternative Energy)

^=! kl/ro (Introduction)

clxn] ljZjdf *) k|ltzt hlt OGwgsf] vkt
hLjfjzi] f OGwg (fossil fuel) af6 kf| Kt eO/xs] f]

kfOG5 . o:tf] OGwgsf] k|of]u ug{ ;xh / tn' gfTds

¿kdf 5f6] f] ;dodf x]bf{ pTkfbg tyf 9j' fgL ug{
;:tf] kg]{ bl] vG5 . t/ of] OGwg ;Lldt If]q /

kl/df0fdf kfOg'sf ;fy} o;sf] ko| f]uaf6 jftfj/0f

k|bl" ift eO/x]sf] x'G5 . To;n} ] o:tf OGwgsf]
ljsNksf] ¿kdf ljleGg j}slNks OGwgsf

;f| t] x¿sf] pkof]u ljZjel/ g} a9\bf] 5 .hnjfo'

kl/jtg{ n] ubf{ g]kfnn] dg;'g afxs] sf rf/kfFr
dlxgf v8/] L t ;xg' g} kb{5, cem ljZjJofkL

pmi0ftfn] v8/] Lsf] ks| f]k cem a9fOlbPsf] 5 . lrq ^=! j}slNks pmhfs{ f ;|f]t

hLjfjzi] f OGwgsf] ljsNkdf ko| fu] ul/g] pmhf{nfO{

g} j}slNks pmhf{ (alternative energy) elgG5 . ;f}o{, jfo', hn, jfof]df; cflb js} lNks pmhfs{ f
sx] L pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ -lrq ^=!_ . j}slNks pmhfs{ f] ;|ft] jftfj/0fdf kofK{ t dfqfdf kfpgs' f ;fy}

oLlgx¿ gjLs/0fLo klg x'G5g\ . To;}n] lbuf], gjLs/0fLo tyf Go"g jf s'g} klg jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f

gug{] ;fy} nfdf] ;dosf] k|of]udf lskmfotL klg x'g] ePsfn] o;sf] cg;' Gwfg u/L kl| jlwsf] ljsf;/
ko| f]u ugk'{ g]{ xG' 5 . o; PsfOdf js} lNks pmhfs{ f] dxŒj, l:ylt, ks| f/ / ljsf; ;DaGwdf cWoog

ug]{ 5f+F} .

^=@ js} lNks pmhf{sf] dxŒj (Importance of alternative energy)

js} lNks pmhfn{ fO{ lgDg sf/0fn] dxŒjk0" f{ pmhf{sf] ;f| t] sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 M

• j}slNks pmhf{sf] k|ofu] af6 hLjfjzi] f OGwgsf] vktdf 36fpFb5 . lglZrt kl/df0fdf /xs] f]
hLjfjzi] f OGwg l9nf] jf rfF8f] ;lsg] ePsfn] ;do 5bF } js} lNks pmhfs{ f ;|f]tsf] ljsf; tyf
k|jw{g ug{' cfjZos x'G5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 100

• js} lNks pmhf{sf ;f| ]tsf] k|of]uaf6 jfo'd08ndf xl/tux[ UofF;sf] pT;h{gdf sdL cfpF5 .
jtd{ fg ;dodf hNbf]aNbf] ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /xs] f] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] d'Vo sf/s tŒj hLjfjzi] f
OGwgsf] a9b\ f] k|ofu] nfO{ dflgG5 . o:tf hLjfjzi] f OGwgx¿ h:t} sfO] nf, k|fs[lts Uof;F ,
k6«fn] , l8h]n cflbsf] ko| f]u oftfoftsf ;fwg, ljBt' \ pTkfbgnufotsf sfo{ ubf{ dV' o ¿kdf
sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 Uof;F sf] pT;h{g xG' 5 . jfod' 08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;F sf] dfqf a9\gfn] k[YjLsf]
;txaf6 k/fjltt{ ePsf ;o" s{ f] ks| fznfO{ kmls{g glbO{ ljZjJofkL pmi0ftf u/fpF5g\ .

• js} lNks OGwgsf ;|ft] x¿ gjLs/0fLo xg' ] ePsfn] o;sf] lbuf] k|of]u ubf{ xfdf| eljiosf
;Gtltx¿ o;sf] k|of]uaf6 jl~rt aGg' kbg}{ . logLx¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;?' jftL h8fg vr{ s]xL
a9L ePtf klg ;~rfng vr{ lgs} sd xG' 5 . ;fy} jftfj/0fdf Gog" jf sg' } k|b"if0f gug{] ePsfn]
logLx¿ :jR5 pmhfs{ f ;|f]t x'g\ .

^=# js} lNks pmhf{sf] ;|f]tsf k|sf/ (Types of alternative energy sources)

j}slNks pmhf{sf ;f| t] x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

^=#=! ;fo} { pmhf{ (Solar energy)

;fo} { pmhf{ jif{el/ g} k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 tyf ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|fKt ug{] KofgN; (panels) nfO{ nfdf] ;do
s'g} dd{t ;Def/ gu/L klg ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;o" s{ f] k|sfz sd cfpg] If]qdf eg] o;sf] k|of]u
k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sbg} . To:t} /ftsf] ;dodf o;sf] ko| f]u ug{ ;lsFbg} tyf ;f}o{ KofgN;n] ;a} ;"os{ f]
k|sfznfO{ ;f]:g klg ;Sbg} . ;f}o{ pmhf{ ko| f]usf sx] L ak] mfObf eOsg klg o;sf kmfObfx¿ w]/}
/xs] fn] j}slNks pmhfs{ f] pkoS' t ;f| t] sf] ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 .

:jR5 pmhfs{ f] k|d'v ;|ft] / c;Lldt pknAwtfn] ubf{ ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] ko| f]u / ljsf; tLj| ultdf jl[ ¢
eO/x]sf] 5 . kl| jlwsf] pGgt ljsf;n] ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] ke| fjsf/L pkof]u u/L tfk / ljB'tn\ fO{ j}slNks
pmhfs{ f] d'Vo ;|f]t agfpg ;lsG5 .

;fo} { pmhfn{ fO{ pkof]usf cfwf/df b'O{ ks| f/sf juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 . lglij|mo / ;lj|mo pmhf{ .
-s_ lglij|mo ;fo} { pmhf{ (Passive solar energy) M ;"o{af6 kf| Kt ug{ ;lsg] pmhfs{ f] ;Defjgf

c;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . olb yf]/} dfqfdf klg ;fo} { pmhfs{ f] pkof]u ug{ ;lsPdf jtd{ fg ;dosf]
pmhf{ ;ª\s6 x6fpg ;lsG5 . lglijm| o ;fo} { pmhfs{ f] pkofu] k|ToIf ¿kdf ;o" {af6 pmhf{ kf| Kt
u/L ttfpg] tyf lr:ofpg] sfo{df k|ofu] ul/G5 . lglij|mo ;f}o{ pmhf{ dV' o ¿kn] ;"o{sf] ks| fzsf]
cjlw, cjl:ylt tyf tLjt| f cflbdf lge/{ /xs] f] x'G5 .

101 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

lglijm| o ;fo} { pmhf{ ko| fu] sf sx] L pkofu] x¿ o;k|sf/ /xs] f 5g\ M

kfgL ttfpg] lx6/ (Solar water heater)

o;sf] ko| f]uaf6 k|ToIf ¿kdf tfk pTkGg u/L kfgL

ttfpg k|ofu] ul/G5 . ;o" a{ f6 cfPsf] tfknfO{

;fo} { KofgN;af6 ;f];]/ lnO{ l;;fsf] KofgN;df

/xs] f] kfgL tfTg] ub5{ . l;;fsf] KofgN;nfO{

sfnf] /ªn] kf]ltPsf] x'G5, h;n] ubf{ a9LeGbf

a9L ;f}o{ pmhf{ ;f:] g ;lsof];\ . To:t} ;fn] f/

KofgN;nfO{ ;o" {af6 kofK{ t tfk ;f:] g lbgel/ g}

3fd nfUg] lbzfdf kmsf{P/ /flvPsf] xG' 5 . ;f}o{ lrq ^=@ kfgL tftfpg] ;f}o{ lx6/
tfkLosf] ko| f]uaf6 PskN6sf] vr{af6 nfdf] ;do

sg' } vr{ lag} tftf]kfgL k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ ljzi] fu/L 3/, sfofn{ o, xf]6n cflbdf gx' fpg tyf

cGo ko| f]hgsf nflu /flvPsf] xG' 5 -lrq ^=@_.

vfBfGg ;s' fpg] ;f}o{ oGq (Solar dryer)

o; lsl;dsf] oGqn] ;fo} { zlStsf] ke| fjsfl/tfnfO{ lrq ^=# vfBfGg ;s' fpg] ofo} { oGq
jl[ ¢ ub{5 . o; oGqleq kmnk"mn / t/sf/L
;s' fpg ;lsG5 . o;df /fd|/L xfjfsf] cfjthfjt
x'g] lsl;dn] agfOPsf] x'G5 . vfBGg ;s' fpg]
;f}o{ oGq ;"os{ f] ks| fz pkofu] ug{] cfwf/df
kT| oIf (direct), ckT| oIf (indirect) tyf ldl>t
(hybrid) lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ . o;nfO{ 9ª' u\ f, df6f,]
afF; / ;t] f] Knfl:6s h:tf :yfgLo :t/d} kfpg
;lsg] ;fdu|Laf6 klg agfpg ;lsG5 -lrq ^=#_ .
o;sf s]xL ljzi] ftfx¿ lgDg /x]sf 5g\ .

– vfBfGg ;'sfpg] ;f}o{ oGqsf] cfsf/ / k|sf/cg';f/ o;sf] Ifdtf /x]sf] xG' 5 . :yfgLo :t/df
ko| f]u eO/xs] f] oGqn] ;fdGotof bO' { lbgdf ^ b]lv * ls=u|f= ;Dd vfBfGg ;'sfpg ;S5 .

– o;n] vn' f 7fpFdf ;s' fpFbfeGbf l56f] ;'sfpF5 .

– o;leq vfBfGg ;s' fpbF f wn' f,] ls/f, r/f cflbaf6 ;/' lIft /fVg ;lsG5 .

– cfjZostfcg';f/ 3fd nfus] f] 7fpFdf ;fg{ jf /fVg ;lsG5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 102

;f}o{ ss' / (Solar cooker)

;f}o{ s's/df ePsf] Kof/fjf]lns (parabolic) ;txn] lrq ^=$ vfgf ksfpg] ;fo} { oGq
;o" {sf] ks| fznfO{ sG] b|Ls[t u/L o;df /flvPsf]
ef8F f]nfO{ ttfpg] ub{5 . o;nfO{ ;o" s{ f] ks| fz
kg]{ lbzfdf kmsf{OPsf] x'G5 . ;f}o{ s's/df ePsf]
k}/fjfl] ns ;txsf] cfsf/cg';f/ o;n] tfk lgisf;g
ub5{ . o;af6 lgl:sPsf] tfkaf6 ;lhn} vfgf ksfpg
;lsG5 -lrq ^=$_ . g]kfnsf pRr lxdfnL If]qdf
o;sf] ko| fu] ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] k|of]uaf6 vfgf
ksfpg] sfo{df bfp/fsf] k|of]u sd u/L jgljgfz
/fS] g ke| fjsf/L x'G5 .

kfgL lgd{nLs/0f ;fo} { oGq (Solar water disinfecting device)

o; oGqn] kfgLdf /xs] f hLjf0f'nfO{ kf:r/fOh];g
k|ljm| ofdfkmt{ dfg{] ub5{ . o;n] kfgLnfO{ 5f]6f] ;dod}
^% l8uL| ;l] G6u8]| df ttfO{ hLjf0f' /lxt agfp5F .
o;/L kfgL z'¢Ls/0f ug{] k|ljm| ofnfO{ ;f]l8; (solar
water disinfection-SODIS) klg elgG5 .
o;sf nflu ;kmf kf/bzL{ Knfl:6ssf] af]tnsf]
cfjZostf kb5{ . o;df kfgL e/L xfjf gl5g{] u/L
lasf]{ nufO{ aGb ul/G5 . xfdLnfO{ cfjZos kg{]
hlt af]tnx¿df kfgL e/L laxfgaf6 a]n'sL;Dd lrq ^=% ;fl] 8; kl| jlw k|of]u u/L kfgLsf] z¢' tf
sDtLdf ^ 306f kfl/nf] 3fddf /fVgk' b{5 . o;/L yfxf kfpg ko| f]u ul/g] pks/0fsf] gdg' f
/flvPsf] kfgL hLjf0f'/lxt eP/ vfg of]Uo x'G5 .
o;/L z'¢Ls/0f ul/Psf] kfgLsf] u0' f:t/ yfxf kfpg jfbL (WADI) gfds pks/0fsf] ko| f]u ug{
;lsG5 -lrq ^=%_ . of] k|ljlwsf] ko| f]uaf6 xfdLn] sg' } yk z'Nsljgf z'¢ kfgLsf] pkefu] ug{ ;S5fF} .

ljm| ofsnfk ^=!M ;f}o{ s's/ agfcf}F

cfjZos ;fduL|

!= sfuhsf] afs;, s}FrL, ud -6k] _

103 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

@= kfgL /fVg] ;fgf] srf/} f bO' c{ f6] f
#= cfnl' dlgod kmf]on (aluminum foil) jf k|sfz k/fjt{g ug]{ 6Nsg] lsl;dsf] j:t'
$= ydf]{ld6/

ljlw

• sfuhsf] afs;sf] s'g} Ps efuaf6 sF}rLsf]
;xfotfn] sf6g\ 'xf;] \ / rf/} kf6f vf]n]/ ;tx
agfpgx' f;] \ .

• sfuhsf] afs;sf] ;txdf udsf] ;xfotfn] k"/}
;tx 9fSg] u/L cfnl' dlgod kmf]on 6f:g'xf];\ .

• cfn'ldlgod kmfo] n 6flF ;Psf] sfuhsf] afs;nfO{
3fddf ;'sfpgx' f];\ .

• cfnl' dlgodsf] ;txn] k|sfz k/fjtg{ ub5{ . lrq ^=^ ;fo} { ss' /sf] gdg' f
To;sf/0f k/fjltt{ ls/0fnfO{ Pp6} laGb'df sl] Gbt|
x'g] u/L sfuhsf] afs;nfO{ ldnfpg'xf;] \ .

• ca b'O{cf6] f srf}/fdf lr;f] kfgL lngx' f];\ . pSt sfuhsf] afs;sf] k/fjlt{t ls/0f s]lGbt|
ePsf] 7fpFdf Pp6f srf/} fnfO{ /fVgx' f];\ -lrq ^=^_ . csf]{ srf/} fnfO{ afs; glhs} /fVgx' f];\ .

• ca Ps 306fkl5 ydfl{] d6/n] b'j} srf}/fsf] kfgLsf] tfkj|md gfKg'xf];\ .

• s] tkfOF{n] bj' } srf/} fdf ePsf] kfgLsf] tfkj|md a/fa/L kfpg'eof] < kfpge' Pg eg] sg' srf}/fdf
ePsf] kfgL a9L tftf] /x]sf] lyof] < srf/} fdf ePsf] kfgLsf] tfkj|md leGg ePsf] sf/0f s] xfn] f <
5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .

-v_ ;lj|mo ;f}o{ pmhf{ (Active solar energy) M ;lj|mo ;fo} { pmhf{ k|ofu] sf nflu ljBt' Lo jf

oflGqs pks/0f ko| fu] u/L ;"os{ f] ks| fznfO{ ljBt' Lo pmhf{df kl/jtg{ ugs{' f ;fy} eljiosf] ko| f]usf
nflu ;l~rt ug{ klg ;lsG5 .

kmf6] fe] fl] N6s ;]n (Photovoltaic cells)

of] ;ljm| o ;fo} { pmhf{ pkof]usf] ;j{q ko| fu] df cfPsf] kl| jlw xf] . o;sf] k|ljlw ;f}o{ tfkLoeGbf
leGg /x]sf] 5 . o;df ;fo} { pmhf{ l;w} ljBt' Lo pmhfd{ f kl/jtg{ xG' 5 . kmf6] f]efl] N6s ;]ndf ePsf
l;lnsfsf 6j' m| fx¿n] ;"o{sf] k|sfznfO{ ;f];/] lnG5g\ -lrq ^=&_. ha ;"os{ f] k|sfz ;]nleq l55{ ta
OnS] 6f« g] x¿ lglZrt lbzflt/ cl3 a95\ g\ . o;/L OnS] 6f« g] x¿ Ps} lbzfdf cl3 a9b\ f s/G] 6 pTkGg

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 104

x'G5, h;nfO{ 8fO/S] 6 s/]G6 (direct current)

elgG5 . Pp6f dfq ;]naf6 pTkGg x'g] ljB't\

sd xg' ] ePsfn] w]/} cf6] f ;]nnfO{ jm| d ldnfP/

/flvG5 . o;/L pTkflbt lahn' LnfO{ ljleGg

ljB'tLo ;fdu|L ;~rfng ug{ ko| f]u ul/G5 .

hlt a9L ;]n eof] TotL zlStzfnL pks/0f

;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . lrq ^=& kmf6] fe] fN] 6Ls ;n] / o;sf ljleGg cjojx?

;fo} { pmhf{sf kmfObfx¿ o;ks| f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

• ;fo} { pmhf{ cgGt ;do;Dd kof{Kt dfqfdf lgzN' s kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .
• ;fo} { pmhfn{ ] cfofltt OGwgsf] k/lge{/tf 36fp5F .
• jfo' kb| i" f0f tyf xl/t ux[ UofF;sf] pT;h{g sdL cfpF5 .
• ;?' jftL h8fg vr{ s]xL eP klg ;~rfng vr{ cToGt Gog" x'G5 .

;f}o{ pmhf{sf a]kmfObfx¿ o;ks| f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

• ;f}o{ k|0ffnLsf] cfo' nueu #) b]lv $) jif{ hlt dfq xG' 5 .
• ;f]nf/ pmhf{ pTkfbg ug]{ KofgN;n] w]/} hldg cfu] 6b\ 5 .
• /ftdf / afbn nfu]sf] ;dodf ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|fKt gx'g] ePsfn] Aofscksf] cfjZostf kb5{ .
• ;lj|mo ;f}o{ pmhf{ k0| ffnLdf pmhf{ ;l+ ~rt ug{ k|of]u x'g] Jof6«Laf6 xflgsf/s /;fogsf] hfl] vd

x'G5 .

^=#=@ jfo' pmhf{ (Wind energy)

jfo' pmhf{nfO{ ;lbofF} jif{ cl3bl] v ko| f]udf NofOPsf] kfOG5 lrq ^=* xfjfjf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg ug]{
-lrq ^=*_ . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf kfgLhxfhnfO{ ;db' |df 6f9f ;o+ Gqsf] gdg' f
6f9f;Dd lbzf lbg jfo' pmhf{sf] ko| fu] x'GYof] . xfjfaf6
rNg] 366\ af6 Pp6f kl/jf/nfO{ cfjZos kg{] afnLgfnL
l;rF fO ug,{ kfgL tfGg, lah'nL afNg cflb cfjZostf k"/f
ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZjsf ljleGg Ifq] df jfo' pmhfs{ f] k|ofu] af6
cfB} f]lus Ifq] nfO{ cfjZos dfqfdf ljB't\ pTkfbg ul/bF } cfPsf]
5 . 7n' f] Ifq] df /flvPsf jfo' ;+oGqaf6 jfo' pmhf{sf] k|ofu]
ljZjdf lgs} cl3af6 eO/xs] f] kfOG5 .

105 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

kY[ jLdf jfo' pmhfs{ f] pTklQ ljleGg k|ljm| ofaf6 eO/xs] f] xG' 5 . ;"o{sf] ks| fzn] uf]nfwd{ f eGbf w|j' Lo
If]qdf xfjfnfO{ a9L ttfp5F . tftf] xfjf xns' f x'g] ePsfn] To;sf] 7fpdF f lr;f] xfjfn] cfu] 65\ .
xfjfsf] o; rfnn] g} jfo' pmhfs{ f] pTklQ xG' 5, h'g sdhf]/ jf zlStzfnL b'j} xg' ;S5 . To:t}
kY[ jLdf hldg / kfgLsf] ;o" {sf] ks| fz ;f:] g] / k/fjt{g ug{] b/ leGg x'g] ePsfn] kY[ jLsf] ;tx /
jfod' 08ndf xfjfn] cfkmg\ f] ultzLntf sfod /flv/x]sf] xG' 5 . o;n] ubf{ klg jfo' pmhf{sf] pTklQ
xG' 5 . jfo' pmhf{ pTkGg x'g kY[ jLsf] cfkm\gf] 3'dfOn] klg c;/ kfb{5 .

xfjfsf] ult / lbzf

jfo' pmhf{ pkoS' t dfqfdf xfjf nfUg] If]qaf6 dfq k|fKt lrq ^=( Pgd] f]ld6/
ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] o;sf] ;+/rgf lglZrt If]qdf dfq /fVg
;lsG5 . xfjf gnfu]sf] j]nfdf jfo' ;+oGqdf ePsf] 6af{Og
g3'Dg] ePsfn] pmhf{ kf| Kt ug{ ;lsbF g} . To:t} a9L xfjf
nfu]df a9L ultdf 3'Dg] ePsfn] 6afO{ g g} lau|g ;S5 jf
cgfjZos dfqfdf pmhf{ lg:sG5 / jfo' ;+oGqdf c;/
k'¥ofp5F . To;}n] jfo' ;o+ Gqsf] :yfkgf ug'{eGbf cufj} pSt
7fpFsf] xfjfsf] dfqf, ult tyf lbzf yfxf kfpg h?/L x'G5 .
xfjfsf] ult tyf lbzf gfKg Pgd] fl] d6/ (anemometer) sf]
ko| fu] ul/G5 -lrq ^=(_ .

jfo' pmhf{sf s]xL kmfObfx¿ o;ks| f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

• jfo' pmhf{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] ;|ft] ePsfn] o;sf] ko| fu] af6 k6] «f]lnod kbfys{ f] k/lge{/tf
36fpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . o;sf] k|ofu] af6 sg' } klg jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f xb'F }g .

• jfo' pmhf{af6 ljB't\ pTkfbg ubf{ 7n' f] Ifq] cf]u6] tfklg pSt Ifq] df v]tLkftL tyf cGo
k|of]hgnfO{ ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

• ljs6 Ifq] x¿ hxFf s]GbL| o k;| f/0faf6 ljB't\ kj| fx ug{ sl7gfO{ x'G5, To:tf] 7fpFdf klg jfo' pmhf{
pkof]uL /x]sf] 5 .

jfo' pmhf{sf sx] L ak] mfObfx¿ o;ks| f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

• jfo' pmhf{ pTkfbg ug{] ;+oGq /flvPsf] Ifq] df kf| s[lts ;f}Gbot{ fdf gsf/fTds c;/ k'Ub5 .
• jfo' pmhf{ pTkfbg ug]{ ;+oGq /flvPsf] 7fpnF ] 7n' f] Ifq] kmn cf]u6s] f] xG' 5 .
• xfjfsf] ult kofK{ t gePdf o; ;+oGqaf6 cfjZos dfqfdf ljBt' \ pTkfbg x'g ;Sbg} .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 106

• jfo' pmhf{ pTkfbg ug]{ ;+oGqn] a;fO;F /fO{ ug{] r/fsf] af6f]df cj/f]w NofOlbG5g\ . To:t}
3'ld/xs] f] 6afO{ gdf r/fx¿ ku' d] f 3fOt] xg' ] jf dT[ o' xg' ;S5 .

• jfo' pmhf{ pTkfbg ug{] ;+oGqn] Wjlg kb| i" f0f klg ul//x]sf] x'G5 .

^=#=# e"tfkLo pmhf{ (Geo-thermal energy)

k[YjLsf] leqL efuaf6 lgsflnPsf] jf k|ofu] df NofOPsf] pmhf{ g} e"tfkLo pmhf{ xf] . of] k"0f{tM :jR5
/ glj/s0fLo pmhf{ xf] . k[YjLsf] ;txleq r6\6fg tyf cGo kbfy{x¿ klUnP/ t/n cj:yfsf] nfef
/xs] f] xG' 5 . o:tf] nfefsf] tfkjm| d ^)) l8u|L ;l] G6u|]8b]lv !#)) l8u|L ;]lG6u|8] ;Dd xg' ] ePsfn]
lg/Gt/ tfk lgisf;g ul//x]sf] x'G5 . k[YjLsf] ;txleq kT| o]s !)) ld=sf] ulx/fOdf # l8uL| ;l] G6u8|]
tfkj|md jl[ ¢ xg' ] ub{5 . o;/L hldgsf] w/] } tn hfbF f tfkj|md w]/} jl[ ¢ x'G5, hxfF kfgL cfkmF} plDng
yfNb5 . kfgL o:tf] tftf] r66\ fg ePsf] Ifq] df k'Ubf plDnP/ afkm lg:sG5 / To; afkmsf] k|ofu]
u/L 6af{Og 3'dfOG5 . o;n] h]g]/6] /nfO{ ;ljm| o t'NofO{ e"tfkLo pmhf{ ko| fu] ug{ ;Dej tN' ofpF5 .

et" fkLo pmhfn{ fO{ w/] h} ;f] b]zx¿df ljB'tLo pmhf{ pTkfbg ug{ ko| fu] u/s] f] kfOG5 . of] pmhf{
kb| "if0f/lxt xg' 'sf ;fy} pmhf{ kf| Kt ug{ yk cGo OGwgsf] klg cfjZostf kb{g} . o;af6 x'g] kmfObfn]
ubf{ j}slNks pmhf{sf] k|d'v ;f| ]t xg' ;S5 . olt x'Fbfx'bF } klg o;sf s]xL sdL sdhf/L /xs] f 5g\ .
k[YjLsf] ;a} If]qaf6 of] pmhf{ k|fKt ug{ ;xh xF'bg} . e"tfkLo pmhf{ k|fKt ug{] jm| ddf s]xL dfqfdf cGo
UofF;x¿ klg ;uF } lg:sG5g\, hg' jftfj/0fsf nflu xflgsf/s x'g ;S5g\ . To:t} e"tfkLo pmhf{ s]Gb|
/x]sf] If]q e"sDk / Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6gsf] ;dodf hf]lvdoS' t x'G5g\ . o;sf cltl/St et" fkLo pmhf{
s]Gb|sf] h8fg vr{ klg pRr xg' ] ub5{ . t/ of] pmhfs{ f] ;|ft] nfO{ kf| Kt u/L ke| fjsf/L ¿kn] k|of]u
ug{ ;lsPdf ljZjdf xfn eO/xs] f] pmhf{ ;ª\s6af6 ;lhn} 56' sf/f kfpg ;lsG5 .

^=#=$= hnljBt' \ pmhf{ (Hydroelectric energy)

ultzLn kfgLsf] zlStaf6 hnljBt' \ pmhf{ kf| Kt ul/G5 . o;sf nflu kfgLsf] ultzLn zlStaf6
6afO{ gdf oflGqs zlSt kb| fg ul/G5 . rnfodfg 6afO{ gn] oflGqs zlStnfO{ h]g]/6] /sf] dWoodaf6
ljBt' Lo pmhfd{ f kl/jtg{ ub5{ .

hnljBt' \ KnfG6 ljleGg lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ . kfgLsf] dfqf / o;sf] axfjcg';f/ hnljBt' \ KnfG6sf]
lgwf/{ 0f ul/G5 . hnljBt' \ gjLs/0fLo, lg/Gt/ kf| Kt ug{ ;lsg,] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsg] pmhf{ xf] . o;sf]
pTkfbgaf6 sg' } lsl;dsf] xl/tu[x Uof;F pT;h{g xF'b}g tyf jftfj/0fd}qL klg xG' 5 .

o;sf] gsf/fTds kIf egs] f] o;sf] pTkfbg ubf{ tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf kfgLsf] axfj sd x'g hfbF f
hnr/sf] jf;:yfg ljgfz xg' ,] sl[ ifdf c;/ kU' g,] lgdf0{ fdf 7'nf] vrs{ f] cfjZostf kg{] tyf
b3' 6{ gfj; afwF km'6d] f 7'nf] hgwgdf gfS] ;fg x'g ;S5 .

107 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

^=#=%= afofd] f; pmhf{ (Biomass energy)

hl} js kbfy{ tyf sl' xg] kmfx] f/] sf] ko| fu] u/L pTkfbg ul/g] j}slNks pmhf{af6 ttfpg] sfo{sf nflu,
ljB't\ pTkfbg ug{ tyf oftfoft ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . of] pmhf{ ljleGg :j¿kdf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .
xhf/fF} jif{ cl3af6 sf7 afn/] cfjZos pmhf{ k|fKt ul/GYof] . jt{dfg kl/j]zdf eg] k|ljlwsf]
ljsf;;Fu} kmfx] f]/, cNsfx] noS' t kbfy{ cflbaf6 klg cfjZos afofd] f; pmhf{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 .
afof]df; pmhfa{ f6 hLjfjz]if OGwgsf] t'ngfdf sd dfqfdf sfag{ jfo'd08ndf pT;h{g xG' 5 .

^=#=^= ;db' |L pmhf{ (Ocean energy)

k[YjLsf] tLg rf}yfO efu -nueu &!Ü_ ;d'b|n] 9flsPsf] x'gfn] ;d'b|af6 kf| Kt xg' ] j}slNks pmhfs{ f]
bfo/f lgs} a9L /xs] f] 5 . ;d'b|df rNg] t/ª\u (wave) / Hjf/ef6f (tide) dfkmt{ pmhf{ k|fKt ug]{
;Defjgf ckf/ /xs] f] xG' 5 . ;db' a| f6 tLg lsl;daf6 pmhf{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 M t/ª\uaf6 kf| Kt pmhf,{
Hjf/ef6faf6 kf| Kt pmhf{ tyf ;db' |sf] ;tx / ulx/fOdf ePsf] tfkj|mdsf] km/skgf (ocean thermal
energy conversion) af6 k|fKt pmhf{ .

^=#=&= xfO8«fh] g pmhf{ (Hydrogen energy)

xfO8f« ]hg k[YjLdf ;j{JofkL ¿kn] kfOPtf klg Psbd sd dfq :jtGq ¿kdf kfOG5 . kfgLdf bO' {
efu xfO8f« h] g /xs] f] xG' 5 . of] kf| oM u/L cGo tŒjsf] ldn]/ /xs] f] kfOG5 . To;n} ] o;nfO{ k|ofu]
ug{ ;a}eGbf klxn] tL tŒjaf6 cnu ug'{kg{] x'G5 . xfO8«f]hgaf6 k|fKt pmhf{nfO{ 3/ ttfpg, ;jf/L
;fwgdf tyf cGtl/Ifofgdf OGwgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ xfO8f« ]hgnfO{ cGo tŒjaf6 cnu
ug{ w/] } pmhf{sf] vkt x'g] u5,{ o;n] ubf{ lgs} dxª\uf] x'g hfG5 .

of] pmhf{sf] dV' o kmfObf eg]sf] of] :jR5 pmhf{ x'g' g} xf] . xfO8f« h] g pmhfs{ f] ko| fu] kl5 s'g} lsl;dsf]
kmf]xf/] tyf kb| i" f0f pT;h{g xF'bg} . of] gjLs/0fLo x'g] ePsfn] cfjZos dfqfdf hlt klg pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsG5 .

^=$ gk] fndf j}slNks pmhf{sf] cj:yf (Status of alternative energy in Nepal )

gk] fndf hLjfjzi] f OGwgsf] Joj;flos pTkfbg gePtf klg j}slNks pmhfs{ f ;|f]tx¿ k|r"/ dfqfdf
kfOG5 . k/Dk/futbl] v k|ofu] eO/x]sf] afofd] f; pmhf{, Jofj;flos pTkfbg eO/x]sf] hn ljB't\ tyf
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;f| ]tx¿ ;fo} { pmhf{, jfo' pmhf,{ afof] UofF; cflbsf] ;Defjgf pRr /xs] f] 5 .
g]kfnsf o:tf j}slNks pmhfs{ f] ;dl' rt k|of]uaf6 jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0fdf 6]jf k¥' ofpFb} bz] sf] lbuf]
ljsf; ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 108

^=$=! g]kfndf j}slNks pmhfs{ f] ;Defjgf

-s_ afof]df; pmhf{

afofd] f; pmhf{ gk] fndf k/Dk/fut ¿kn] g} k|of]udf cfO/xs] f] pmhfs{ f] k|d'v ;|f]t xf] . o;df
af6] la?jf tyf hgfj/af6 kf| Kt xg' ] 7f;] hl} js j:t' kb5{ g\ . o; hl} js j:t'x¿df af]6la?jfsf
xfFuflaFUff, :ofpnf, s[lifafnL pTkfbg ubf{ afsF L /xs] f cjzi] f, hLjhGt'sf dn cflb kb5{ g\ . To:t}
hl} js j:t'nfO{ rf/sfn] tyf as[ 6] agfP/ klg afofd] f; pmhf{ kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .

tYofª\scg;' f/ g]kfndf sl/a ! s/f]8 @% nfv 6g hlt bfp/f lbuf] ¿kdf jg, a6' o\ fg, 3f;F ] db} fg,
s[lif If]q cflbaf6 a;{]lg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ufOj:ts' f] dn csf]{ d'Vo pmhfs{ f] ;|ft] sf] ¿kdf /xs] f]
5 . o;sf] k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsg] pTkfbg a;l]{ g ! s/f8] 6geGbf al9/x]sf] 5 . ufOj:t'sf] dnnfO{
uO' F7f agfO{ 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]udf NofOG5 . To:t} u|fdL0f eu] df s[lif pkhx¿ h:t} wfg,
ds,} ux,'F bnxg, h'6 cflbsf cjzi] fx¿ Kflg dxŒjk"0f{ 3/n] ' afof]df; pmhf{sf ;|f]tsf ¿kdf /xs] f
5g\ . s[lif pkhsf cjz]ifaf6 nueu ! s/f]8 () nfv 6geGbf a9L afofd] f; pTkfbg xg' ] cgd' fg
hn tyf pmhf{ cfof]usf] lj=;= @)&) sf] kl| tjb] gdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

afof]df; OGwgnfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf k|ofu] ul/gs' f
cltl/St o;nfO{ cfw'lgs kl| jlwsf] cjnDag u/L
ljleGg :j¿kdf klg k|of]u ug{ yfln;lsPsf] 5 .
h;af6 afofd] f; OGwgsf] yk ke| fjsfl/tf a9g\
uPsf] 5 . h:tM} afofU] of;F tyf afof] km\o'n .

g]kfn sl[ ifk|wfg bz] ePsfn] kz'kfng sl[ ifsf] lrq ^=!) gjnk/f;L lhNnfdf lgdf{0fflwg
cleGg cªu\ xf] . hn tyf pmhf{ cfof]usf] lj=;= jfof]UofF; KnfG6
@)&) sf] kl| tjb] gcg';f/ gk] fndf ufOj{ :t'sf]
;ª\Vof () nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf ePsf] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 @ s/f8] 6g eGbf a9L
dndq" kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . afof]UofF; ;S] 6/
sfo{jm| dsf cg';f/ nueu !% nfv hlt afofU] ofF;
KnfG6sf] ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf cltl/St
snsf/vfgf, cfjf;Lo Ifq] cflbaf6 lg:sg] sl' xg]
kmfx] f/] nfO{ afofU] of;F lgsfNg ko| fu] df Nofpg] xf] eg]
afofU] of;F sf] yk pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 -lrq ^=!)_.

109 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

afofU] ofF;nfO{ cfw'lgs pmhf{sf] ;|ft] sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ufOj:t'sf] dndq" tyf s'lxg ;Sg] kmf]xf]/af6
Pgf/fl] js kl| jm| ofdfkm{t afofU] of;F sf] pTkfbg ul/G5 . afof]Uof;F nfO{ vfgf ksfpg tyf aQL afNg
j}slNks pmhf{sf] ;|ft] sf] ¿kdf k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ljzi] f u/L gk] fnsf] t/fO{ tyf dWokxf8L
Ifq] sf] tNnf] eu] df ;lhn} pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

-c_ afofU] of;F

gk] fn s[lifkw| fg bz] ePsfn] kzk' fng s[lifsf] cleGg cªu\ xf] . hn tyf pmhf{ cfof]usf] lj=;=
@)&) sf] k|ltjb] gcg';f/ gk] fndf ufOj{ :ts' f] ;ªV\ of () nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf]
5 . o;af6 @ s/f8] 6g eGbf a9L dndq" k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . afof]Uof;F ;]S6/ sfoj{ m| dsf cg';f/
nueu !% nfv hlt afof]Uof;F KnfG6sf] ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf cltl/St snsf/vfgf,
cfjf;Lo If]q cflbaf6 lg:sg] sl' xg] kmfx] f]/nfO{ afofU] ofF; lgsfNg k|ofu] df Nofpg] xf] eg] afof]Uof;F sf]
yk pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 -lrq ^=!)_.

afofU] of;F nfO{ cfwl' gs pmhf{sf] ;f| ]tsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ufOj:t'sf] dndq" tyf s'lxg ;Sg] kmfx] f]/af6
Pgf/f]ljs k|lj|mofdfkm{t afofU] of;F sf] pTkfbg ul/G5 . afofU] ofF;nfO{ vfgf ksfpg tyf aQL afNg
j}slNks pmhfs{ f] ;f| ]tsf] ¿kdf ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ljz]if u/L gk] fnsf] t/fO{ tyf dWokxf8L
If]qsf] tNnf] e]udf ;lhn} pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

-cf_ afof] kmo\ n'

o;nfO{ vfgf ksfpg, aQL afNg, oftfoftsf ;fwg cflbdf k|of]u u/L :jR5 pmhf{ kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .
vfgfof]Uo tn] sf] 3/fo;L k|ofh] gsf nflu dfu a9L xg' ] ePsfn] afof] kmo\ 'nsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{'
;fGble{stf x'bF g} . t/ vfgf cofU] o w]/} lsl;dsf t]nx¿ xfdLn] afofd] f;af6 kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbed{ f eg] afof] l8h]n / afof] Oyfgf]n pko'St /xs] f] 5 .

;lHhag (Jatropha), l/77\ f (Soapnut), yfsn, gfuZ] j/ cflb g]kfndf kfpg] jg:kltaf6 afof]
l8h]n pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . lrgL pBfu] af6 lrgL lgsfn]/ afsF L /xs] f] dfn] f;];af6 afof] Oyfgf]n
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} kxf8L Ifq] df kofK{ t dfqfdf kfOg] vf]6] ;Nnfaf6 6f/k]G6fOg tn] lgsfnL
k6] f« n] sf] ljsNkdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

gk] fndf afof] l8hn pTkfbg Ifdtf ;DefJotfsf] af/d] f lj:tt[ cWoog ePsf] kfOFbg} . s]xL
cWoogcg';f/ gk] fndf nueu @*^ k|sf/sf tn] pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] jg:kltx¿ /xs] f 5g\ h;df
@# kh| fltsf jg:kltaf6 tn] sf] Joj;flos pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . gk] fnsf w]/h} ;f] v]/ uPsf
kfvf]af/Ldf ;lHhagsf] vt] L u/L t]n pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf kfvfa] f/Ldf k|ltxS] 6/ kl| tjif{ !))

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 110

ln6/sf b/n] nueu @ ca{ ln6/ hlt t]n pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . 3/kfnj' f hgfj/sf] af;] fa] f6 klg
sx] L dfqfdf afof] l8hnsf] pTkfbg ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .

-v_ ;fo} { pmhf{

g]kfn ;o" {sf] ljls/0f kf| Kt ug]{ cgs' "n :yfgdf /x]sf] xg' fn] ;f}o{ pmhfs{ f] kr| "/ ;Defjgf jfs] ]sf]
5 . gk] fndf jif{sf] cf;} tdf #)) lbg 3fd /fd/| L nfU5 / #=^ bl] v ^=@ lsnfj] f6 kl| t ju{ld6/ k|lt
lbg ;o" {sf] ljls/0f kf| Kt x'G5 . j}slNks pmhf{ kj| wg{ sG] b|sfcg;' f/ gk] fndf @!)) du] faf6 ;fo} {
pmhf{af6 Joj;flos lx;fan] ljBt' \ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

g]kfndf cf};t lbgsf] ^=* 306f /fd/| L 3fd nfUg] ePsfn] kfgL ttfpg] (solar water heaters),
vfBfGg ;s' fpg] (solar dryers), vfgf ksfpg] (solar cookers) oGq, ;f}o{ 6s' L (solar lamp)
pkof]u ug{ kr| /" ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

-u_ jfo' pmhf{

ef}ufl] ns ljljwtf tyf df;} dsf] clglZrttfn] ubf{ xfjfsf] axfa ;fdfGoLs[t ug{ ufxf| ] 5 . tyflk
jfo' pmhf{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kn] pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] sx] L If]qx¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . h:t}M vD' a' Ifq] ,
d:' tfªsf] sfua]gL / r';fª . d':tfªsf oL b'j} 7fpF u/L sl/a @)) d3] fjf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg]
cWoogx¿n] bv] fPsf 5g\ . To:t} j}slNks pmhf{ kj| wg{ sG] b|sf cg;' f/ g]kfnsf ;Defljt ;a} 7fpF
u/L sl/a #))) d]3fjf6 ljBt' \ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] bv] fPsf] 5 . j}slNks pmhfs{ f] k|jwg{ df sfd
ug]{ ;:+ yfx¿n] gdg' f k|of]hgsf nflu sfe],| tfg;]g, dsjfgk'/, s0ffn{ Lsf] lr;fkfgL / pbok/' df @))
jf6sf] / gu/sf]6df $)) jf6sf] jfo' pHff{ pTkfbg ug]{ 6afO{ gsf] :yfkgf u/s] f 5g\ . hn tyf
df};d ljefun] u/s] f] cWoogsf] lgisif{cg';f/ kxf8L e]udf ljB't\ pTkfbg ug{ tyf t/fO{df l;FrfO
tyf vfg]kfgLsf nflu hldgdl' gsf] kfgL kDk u/L lgsfNg ;lsg] bv] fPsf] 5 .

-3_ e"tfkLo pmhf{

gk] fndf sl/a #@ cf]6f hlt tftf] kfgLsf d'xfg kmn] f k/]sf 5g,\ h;sf] tfkj|md %) l8u|L
;]lN;o;;Dd /x]sf] kfOG5 . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf o:tf tftf] kfgLdf gx' fpgfn] ljleGg /fu] sf] pkrf/
xg' ] ljZjf; ul/G5 . t/ tftf] kfgLsf dx' fgsf] ;d'lrt k|ofu] ug{ cg;' Gwfgsf] cfjZostf /xs] f] 5 .

-ª_ n3' hnljB't\ cfofh] gf

n3' hnljBt' \ cfofh] gfcGtu{t !)) lsnf]jf6;Dd ljB't\ pTkfbg Ifdtf ePsf hnljB't\ cfofh] gf
kb5{ g\ . gk] fn efu] f]lns ljs6tfoS' t If]q ePsfn] n3' hnljBt' s\ f] ljsf;n] b/" b/fhsf afl;Gbfx¿
pmhf{sf] ko| fu] af6 nfeflGjt x'g ;S5g\ . gk] fndf lxdfnL tyf kxf8L Ifq] af6 c;ª\Vo dfqfdf

111 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

gbLgfnfsf] pbu\ d Ifq] ePsfn] n3' hnljBt' \ cfofh] gf lgdf{0fsf] kr| "/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . ;fgf]
nufgLn] klg o:tf cfofh] gf lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] / ;lhn} pmhf{sf] cfjZostf k"/f xg' ] ePsfn]
;/sf/L txaf6} kf| yldstfdf /flvPsf] 5 . To:t} n3' hnljB't\ pTkfbgaf6 jftfj/0fdf Go"g jf sg' }
klg lsl;dsf] gsf/fTds c;/ kbg}{ .

^=$=@ g]kfndf j}slNks pmhfd{ f ePsf] ljsf;

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug{] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)%# ;fn sflQs !*
ut] j}slNks pmhf{ kj| wg{ sG] b| (Alternative Energy Promotion Center- AEPC) sf] :yfkgf
u/s] f] lyof] . o; sG] bn| ] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] k|rf/k;| f/ tyf kj| w{gsf] dfWodåf/f uf| dL0f
hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg,] jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f ug],{ /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/df jl[ 4 ug{] / gjLs/0fLo
pmhf{ kl| jlwnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f u/L o; ;DaGwL pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf; ug{] sfox{ ¿ ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
o; s]Gb|af6 ;~rflnt sfo{jm| ddf n3' tyf ;fgf hnljBt' ,\ ;f}o{ pmhf{, hl} js pmhf{ -afofU] oFf;,
;'wfl/Psf] r'nf,] afof]la|s]6, Uofl;kmfo/ cflb_, jfo' pmhf,{ ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 366\ , e"tfkLo pmhf{ cflbsf]
k|jw{g, ljsf;, pkofu] tyf lj:tf/ ;DaGwL sfo{ xbF' } cfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o ljB't\ k0| ffnLdfkm{t ljBt' \
;j] f pknAw u/fpg g;lsPsf uf| dL0f If]qsf hgtfx¿nfO{ n3' tyf ;fgf hnljBt' \ Pjd\ ;f}o{ tyf
jfo' pmhfs{ f dfWodaf6 ljB't\ pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . ;fy} afofU] ofF ;, ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf], afofl] as| ]6,
Uofl;kmfo/ cflbsf dfWodaf6 u|fdL0f If]qdf jftfj/0fLo kb| "if0f sd ug{ ;3fp ku' s] f] / pmhf{sf]
bIf pkofu] df dbt ku' s] f] 5 . gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f] ;|ft] af6 %% du] fjf6eGbf a9L ljBt' \ pTkfbg eO{
xfn;Dd ;dli6ut #^ nfv eGbf a9L 3/w/' L gjLs/0fLo pmhf{af6 nfeflGjt ePsf] kfOG5 . n3' tyf
;fgf hnljB't\ / ;f}o{ ljB'ts\ f] dfWodaf6 bz] sf sl/a !* kl| tzt hgtfdf ljBt' s\ f] kxFr' k'Ug'sf
;fy} sl/a #) xhf/ hgfnfO{ /fh] uf/L l;hg{ f ePsf] 5 .

gk] fnn] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|of]uaf6 !^ nfv 6g kd| fl0ft xl/t ux[ UofF; pT;h{g Gog" Ls/0f u/L
sfag{ Jofkf/af6 xfn;Dd sl/a Ps ca{ ?lkofF a/fa/sf] cfDbfgL ul/;s]sf] 5 . gk] fnsf] ;du|
pmhf{ pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] #=% kl| tzt gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f] ofu] bfg /xs] f] 5 .

j}slNks pmhf{ k|jw{g s]Gbn| ] lj=;= @)&$ ;fn;Dddf ljleGg gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl| jlwx¿ dWo]
$,)),$#@ cf6] f 3/fo;L afofU] of;F KnfG6, ** cf6] f 7n' f afofU] oFf; KnfG6, !#,$#,@$@ cf6] f df6fsf
;'wfl/Psf] r'nf], &,($,@&^ 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't\ k|0ffnL, !),^%$ cf]6f ;w' fl/Psf] kfgL 36\6, !,&)!
cf]6f ;:+ yfut ;f}o{ ljBt' \ k0| ffnL, $!,)() cf6] f kmnfd] ;'wfl/Psf] rn' f] h8fg u/L;ss] f] 5 . n3'
tyf ;fgf hnljBt' \ cfofh] gfaf6 @(,$%& lsnfj] f6 tyf ;fo} { jfo' ldgLlu8| k|0ffnLaf6 $!# lsnf]jf6
ljB't\ pTkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 112

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlw h8fg ug{ u|fdL0f eu] df a;fa] f; ug{] hgtfx¿sf] j|mozlSt Go"g /x]sfn]
To:tf 3/ kl/jf/df kl| jlw h8fgsf nflu cg'bfg klg pknAw u/fpbF } cfPsf] 5 . js} lNks pmhf{
kj| w{g s]Gb|n] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] kj| w{g / lj:tf/dfkmt{ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ tyf sfa{g pT;h{g
Gog" Ls/0f / jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

;f/f+z (Summary)

• hLjfjzi] f OGwg (fossil fuel) sf] ljsNkdf ko| f]u ul/g] pmhf{ g} js} lNks pmhf{ xf] .
• ljleGg k|sf/sf js} lNks pmhf{sf ;|ft] x¿df ;f}o,{ jfo', et" fkLo, afofd] f;, hnljBt' ,\ ;db' |L,

xfO8f« ]hg pmhf{ kb{5g\ .
• ;fo} { pmhf{ k|of]usf sx] L ak] mfObf eOsg klg o;sf kmfObfx¿ w]/} /x]sfn] js} lNks pmhfs{ f]

pko'St ;f| t] sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
• lglijm| o ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] pkofu] k|ToIf ¿kdf ;o" {af6 pmhf{ kf| Kt u/L ttfpg] tyf lr:ofpg] sfod{ f

ko| fu] ul/G5 .
• ;lj|mo ;f}o{ pmhf{ ko| fu] sf nflu ljBt' Lo jf oflGqs pks/0f k|of]u u/L ;o" s{ f] k|sfznfO{ ljB'tLo

pmhf{df kl/jtg{ ugs{' f ;fy} eljiosf] ko| fu] sf nflu ;l~rt ug{ klg ;lsG5 .
• xfjfsf] ult tyf lbzf gfKg] oGqnfO{ Pgd] fl] d6/ (anemometer) elgG5 .
• kY[ jLsf] leqL efuaf6 lgsflnPsf] jf k|of]udf NofOPsf] et" fkLo pmhf{ k0" f{tM :jR5 / gjLs/0fLo

pmhfs{ f] ;f| t] xf] .
• ultzLn kfgLsf] zlStaf6 6afO{ gsf] ko| f]u u/L hnljB't\ pmhf{ kf| Kt ul/G5 .
• gk] fndf k/Dk/futbl] v ko| fu] eO/xs] f] afofd] f; pmhf,{ Jofj;flos pTkfbg eO/xs] f] hnljBt' \ tyf

gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f ;f| t] x¿ ;fo} { pmhf,{ jfo' pmhf,{ afofU] of;F cflbsf] ;Defjgf pRr /xs] f] 5 .

113 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ js} lNks pmhf{ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ j}slNks pmhf{sf sg' } rf/ cf6] f pbfx/0f lbgx' f];\ .
-u_ 8fO/]S6 s/G] 6 eg]sf] s] xf] <
-3_ ;fo} { pmhf{af6 kfgL z'¢Ls/0f ug{] ljlwnfO{ s] elgG5 .
-ª_ xfjfsf] ult / lbzf gfKg] oGqsf] gfd nV] gx' f];\ .
-r_ gk] fndf js} lNks pmhf{nfO{ kj| w{g ug]{ dV' o ;/sf/L lgsfo s'g xf] <
-5_ ;d'ba| f6 slt lsl;daf6 pmhf{ kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 < gfd nV] g'xf;] \ .

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ lglijm| o ;f}o{ pmhfs{ f s'g} tLg k|of]usf af/d] f 5f6] s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|of]uaf6 x'g] kmfObf / a]kmfObf nV] gx' f;] \ .
-u_ 5f]6f] l6Kk0fL nV] gx' f;] \ M

-c_ lglijm| o ;fo} { pmhf{
-cf_ ;lj|mo ;f}o{ pmhf{
-O_ xfO8f« h] g pmhf{
-O{_ g]kfndf js} lNks pmhfs{ f] ;Defjgf
-p_ afof] UofF;
-pm_ afof] kmo\ 'n
-3_ gk] fndf e"tfkLo pmhfs{ f] cj:yfsf] af/d] f 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ g]kfndf jfo' pmhf{sf] cj:yfsf] klxrfg ugx{' f;] \ .
-r_ afofd] f; pmhf{ / o;sf] gk] fndf eO/xs] f] ko| fu] sf] af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf nV] g'xf;] \ .
-5_ ;fo} { pmhfn{ fO{ ko| f]usf cfwf/df s;/L juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 < 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vgx' f];\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 114

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ ‘jt{dfg ;dodf j}slNks pmhf{sf] ko| fu] ug{' >o] :s/ dflgG5’ o; egfOnfO{ ts{;lxt
k|:tt' ug'x{ f];\ .

-v_ g]kfndf j}slNks pmhfs{ f ;|ft] sf] cj:yf s:tf] /xs] f] 5, ljj]rgf ug{'xf];\ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{ (Project work)

!= cfkmg\ f] ufp,F 6fn] , 5/l5ds] df ko| f]u eO/xs] f js} lNks pmhfs{ f ;|ft] x¿sf] cjnfs] g e|d0f u/L
ltgLx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] af/]df pSt pmhf{ k|ofu] eO/xs] f] 3/wgL;Fu s'/f u/L 5f6] f] k|ltj]bg
tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ .

@= :yfgLo ufpkF flnsf÷gu/kflnsf÷pkgu/kflnsf÷dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no e|d0f u/L pSt
Ifq] df j}slNks pmhf{sf] k|jwg{ ug{ s] s:tf sfox{ ¿ eP u/s] f 5g,\ ;DalGwt lgsfosf
sd{rf/L;uF 5nkmn tyf ks| flzt ;fduL| sf] cWoog u/L kl| tj]bg tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)

lgd{nLs/0f M sL6f0f'/lxt agfpg] kl| jm| of
kf:r/fOh;] g M ko] tyf vfB kbfyn{ fO{ ;/' lIft /fVg xflgsf/s sL6f0fx' ¿ tfksf] ko| fu] u/L dfg{] kl| jm| of

115 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

PsfO jftfj/0f / lbuf] ljsf;

& (Environment and Sustainable Development)

&=! kl/ro (Introduction)

Dffgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;j|mdnfO{ lgofNbf dflg;x¿ dxfdf/L, af9L, klx/f] h:tf k|sfk] af6 aRg pAhfp
If]q, :jR5 a;fa] f;sf] If]q tyf hg;ª\Vof sd ePsf] 7fpxF ¿df a;fO;/fO{ ug{] u/s] f] bl] vG5 .
t/ hg;ªV\ of j[l¢ tyf tLj| ultsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ To:tf] pkoS' t If]qsf] cefj x'bF } uPsf] kfOG5 .
ljZjJofkL ¿kdf x/s] lbg ;fdflhs / cfly{s rg' ft} Lx¿ ylkO/x]sf 5g\ eg] kf| s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf]
clgolGqt bf]xgn]ljgfz tyf x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 . /f]u, ;|f]tsf] c;dfg ljt/0f, ul/aL, lubf]{ cflys{
cj:yf, pmhf{ ;ª\s6, a]/f]huf/L, hl} js ljljwtfdf x|f;, jgljgfz, jftfj/0fLo kb| "if0f, hnjfo'
kl/jt{g, xftxltof/sf] a9b\ f] ko| f]u tyf k/df0f' zlSt ljsf;df xf8] afhL cflb jtd{ fg ljZjsf kd| v'
r'gft} Lsf ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;fdflhs, cflys{ tyf jftfj/0fLo d'2fx¿ Pscsf{;Fu cGt/;DalGwt
/xs] f xG' 5g\ . jftfj/0fsf] ;/+ If0f / kf| s[lts ;Dkbfsf] lbuf] ko| f]udfkmt{ cflys{ ;d[l¢nfO{ sfod
/fVb} dfgj ;EotfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] cfhsf lkF9Lsf] lhDdj] f/L klg xf] . To;n} ] lbuf] ljsf; g} Pp6f
o:tf] cjwf/0ff xf], h;n] jt{dfg ljZjsf rg' ft} Lx¿sf] ;dfwfg ub}{ eljiosf lk9F Lsf nflu cflys{
¿kn] ;d¢[ , ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t, :jR5 jftfj/0f ePsf] kY[ jLsf] kl/sNkgf ub{5 . o; PsfOdf
lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf, k[YjLsf] jxg Ifdtfsf] cjwf/0ff, jftfj/0fdq} L hLjgzn} Lsf] kl/ro tyf
jftfj/0fdq} L k|ljlwsf] af/d] f rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

&=@ kY[ jLsf] axg Ifdtf (Carrying capacity of the Earth)

k[YjLdf xfdLnfO{ hLpg cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t ;Lldt dfqfdf /x]sf] xG' 5 jf k[YjLsf] lglZrt jxg Ifdtf
/x]sf] xG' 5 . sg' } klg kh| fltsf] pRrtd ;ª\Vof cgGtsfn;Dd jftfj/0fdf vfgf, jf;:yfg, kfgL /
cGo cfjZos j:t'x¿ k|fKt u/L afRF g ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ k[YjLsf] jxg Ifdtf elgG5 . k[YjLsf] axg
IfdtfnfO{ ljleGg tŒjx¿n] k|efj kfl//x]sf x'G5g\, h;dWo] tLg kd| 'v tŒjx¿ o;ks| f/ /xs] f 5g\ .

-s_ hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/

-v_ ;|ft] sf] pknAwtf

-u_ pknAw ;|f]tsf] k|ofu] ug{] tl/sf

;d'bs| f] lsgf/ jf kxf8sf] cUnf] :yfgaf6 x¥] of}F eg] k[YjLdf kfgL, jghª\un, 3f;F ] db} fg, tfn,
d?el" d cyfx ¿kn] kml} nPsf] bl] vG5 . oL k|fs[lts ;f| ]tsf] pkof]u s]xL nfv jf s/f]8 JolStx¿n]

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 116

dfq pkefu] ul//xs] f 5g} g\ . ljZjsf]
hg;ª\Vof gfKg] 38L (worldometers)
n] b]vfPcg';f/ lj=;= @)&^ ;fn;Dd
kY[ jLsf] hg;ª\Vof &=& ca{ gfl3;ss] f]
5 . k[YjLsf] hg;ª\Vof O:jL ;j+ t\
Psbl] v clxn];Dd w/] } jl[ å ePsf]
b]lvG5 . O:jL ;j+ t\ Psdf kY[ jLsf]
hg;ªV\ of )=)% k|ltzt jl[ ¢b/n] @)
s/f]8 hlt dfq /x]sf] ljZjf; ul/G5 .
kY[ jLsf] hg;ª\Vof Ps ca{ kU' g !*)) lrq &=! dfgj hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l¢ lxhf,] cfh / efl] n
jif{ nfUof] eg] cf}Bfl] us jm| flGt;uF } csf]{
Ps ca{ hg;ª\Vof ylkg !#) jif{ -;g\ !(#)_ dfq nfUof] eg] tLgca{ #) jif{ -!(^)_ leq g} kU' g
uof] . hg;ªV\ ofsf] jl[ å cem a9\b} uP/ !% jif{ -!(&$_ df rf/ ca,{ !# jif{ -!(*&_ df kfrF ca{,
!@ jif{ -!(((_ df ^ ca{ / ;g\ @)!! df & ca{ ku' s] f] lyof] . ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vof ;g\ @)%) ;Dddf
(=* ca{ k'Ug] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 -lrq &=!_ .

xfnsf] hg;ªV\ of ;g\ !(^) eGbf bfA] a/ xF'bf k|ltJolSt cfo eg] !) u0' ffn] a9\bf] 5 .

s]xL b]zx¿ ljz]ifu/L rLg, ef/t, a|flhn h:tf cTolws hg;ªV\ of ePsf bz] x¿sf] kl| tJolSt
cfo tLj| ¿kn] a9g\ fn] ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] dfu klg a9\bf] /xs] f] 5 . :jf:Yo Ifq] df cfPsf] jm| flGtsf/L
;w' f/;Fu} cf};t afFRg] b/ klg ljZjJofkL ¿kn] a9b\ f] 5 . ljsf;fG] dv' b]zx¿ ljsl;t bz] sf] h:tf]
cyt{ Gq agfpg tLj| ¿kn] cl3 al9/xs] f 5g\ . olb s'g} cf;} t cdl] /sg gful/ssf] hLjgz}nL
k[YjLsf x/s] gful/sn] lhpg] xf] eg] xfdLnfO{ kfFr cf6] f a/fa/sf] kY[ jLsf] ;f| t] cfjZos kg]{ 5 .
dflg;df pRr:t/sf] hLjgz}nL lhpg] nfn;f;Fu} jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds k|efj klg plQ g} kl//xs] f]
xG' 5 .

c7f/f}F ztfAbLd} cªu\ ]h| ljåfg\ yfd] ; dfNy;n] dfgj ;EotfnfO{ kY[ jLsf] axg Ifdtfn] y]Ug g;Sg]
/ efs] df/L cj:yf rfF8} cfpg] egs] f lyP . pxfkF l5 klg cGo w/] } ljåfgn] k[YjLsf] axg Ifdtfn]
a9b\ f] hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ yU] g g;Sg] ljrf/ JoSt u/]sf] kfOG5 . oBlk dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;;Fu} gofF
gofF j}1flgs cfljisf/ / pGgt k|ljlwsf sf/0f tTsfn ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf ;l' glZrt ePsf] kfOG5 .
vfB pTkfbgdf kl| jlwsf] ljsf; / cfoft tyf lgof{t Ifdtfdf clej[lå xFb' f a9b\ f] hg;ªV\ ofsf nflu
vfB ;'/Iffdf dxŒjk"0f{ ku| lt eO/xs] f] 5 . Psflt/ lxdfnL e]udf s[lifsf] cfwl' gs v]tL k0| ffnL
-6gn] vt] L, pGgt laplahgsf] k|of]u, oflGqs v]tL_ sf] dfWoodaf6 gofF gofF afnL pTkfbg eO/xs] f]

117 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

5 eg] t/fO{ Ifq] df pTkflbt cGg lxdfnL eu] df ;8s / xjfO{ dfWoodaf6 ;xh ¿kdf k'¥ofpg
;lsPsf] 5 . o;/L kj" c{ gT' kflbt If]qx¿df klg clxn] ToxfFsf] a9b\ f] hg;ª\VofnfO{ wfGg ;Dej ePsf]
5 . t;y{ kY[ jLsf] axg Ifdtfdf oftfoftsf ;fwgn] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf vn] ]sf] kfOG5 . lj1fg /
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] k[YjLdf dfgjhfltsf nflu axg Ifdtf j[l¢ u/] tfklg o; jm| dnfO{ cgGt sfn;Dd
lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg g;lsg] xbF' f clxn]bl] v g} dfgj hflt ;rt] x'g h?/L 5 .

ljZjsf] a9b\ f] hg;ª\VofnfO{ cfjZos ;|f]tx¿sf] kl/kl" t{ ug]{ j|mddf ;|ft] sf] ljZjJofkL cefj xFb' }
uPsf] 5 . oxL ¿kdf k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] x¿sf] bf]xg a9\b} uPdf efjL ;Gtltsf] cl:tTj g} ;ªs\ 6df kg{
;S5 . To;n} ] ;|f]t / k|ljlwsf] gofF cfofdx¿ vfh] L u/L ltgLx¿sf] lbuf] ko| f]u ub{} efjL k:' tfsf nflu
;d]t cfjZos ;|f]tx¿sf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ cfhsf] k|d'v rg' f}tL xf] .

&=# kY[ jLsf] axg IfdtfnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ tŒjx¿ (Factors affecting earth's carrying

capacity)

kY[ jLsf] axg Ifdtfsf] ;Ldf o;sf] dfkg ug]{ cj:yfdf e/ kb5{ . of] cfwf cab{ l] v rf}w ca{;Dd
/xs] f] dflgG5 . kY[ jLsf] axg Ifdtfsf] kI| fl] kt ;Ldfdf bl] vPsf] of] leGgtf vf;u/L gofF gofF
cfljisf/ / k|ljlwsf] s;/L ljsf; xG' 5, To;}df e/ kb5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb s'g} /f;folgs
dnvfb k|of]u gu/L h}ljs pTkfbgdf dfq e/ kg{] xf] eg] ;Dk0" f{ h}ljs pTkfbgn] ;f9] b'O{ ca{
hlt dfq hg;ª\VofnfO{ wfGg] b]lvG5 . /;folgs dnvfbsf] pTkfbgsf] klg lglZrt e08f/0f /
jftfj/0fLo k|efj xg' ] ePsfn] k"0f{ ¿kn] lge{/ ug{ ;lsFbg} . s]xL] d'Vo h}ljs tyf efl} ts Ifq] x¿sf]
axg IfdtfnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ s[lifof]Uo hldg (Arable land)

kY[ jLsf] axg IfdtfnfO{ sl[ ifofU] o hldgsf] pknAwtfn] ke| fj kfl//x]sf] xG' 5 . sx] L bz] x¿df
sl[ ifofU] o hldgsf] cefj /x]sf] xG' 5 eg] s]xLdf kofK{ t dfqfdf /xs] f] x'G5 . ljZj aª} \sn] ;g\
@)!% df k|sflzt u/s] f] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ k[YjLdf hldgsf] hDdf e"efusf] !)=( kl| tzt hlt dfq
sl[ ifof]Uo hldg /xs] f] 5 . To:t} g]kfnsf] sn' hldgsf] e"efusf] !$=& kl| tzt dfq sl[ ifof]Uo hldg
/xs] f] kfOG5 . hg;ªV\ of jl[ ¢;Fu} sl[ if pTkfbgsf] dfu a9g\ hfG5 / vfBfGg pTkfbg ug{ s[lif of]Uo
hldgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To:t} hg;ª\Vof j[l¢;uF } s[lifof]Uo hldgdf klg a:tL lj:tf/ x'g yfNb5,
h;n] dfu / cfkl" t{df yk c;Gt'ng Nofp5F .

-v_ dnvfb (Fertilizer)

kY[ jLsf] hg;ªV\ of !(^) df # ca{ lyof] . To;sf] ;GtfpGg jif{kl5 $ ca{ ylkO;s]sf] 5 . o;

cjlwdf krf;L kl| tzt hg;ªV\ of jl[ ¢ xbF' f sl[ ifofU] o hldg eg] $ k|ltztn] dfq jl[ ¢ ePsf] kfOG5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 118

hldgaf6 a9LeGbf a9L pTkfbg lng ;3g v]tL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf nflu df6fsf]
pj/{ tf hf]ufO/fVg cfjZos kf]ifs tŒjsf] cjZostf kb5{ .

kl| jlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} df6fsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg d'Vo u/L gfO6f« ]hg, km:kmf/] ; tyf kf6] f; h:tf kf]ifs
tŒjx¿n] 7n' f] ;xof]u k¥' ofO/xs] f] 5 . o:tf /;folgs dnvfbsf] pTkfbg tyf ko| fu] n] jftfj/0fdf
eg] gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . df6faf6 au]/ gfO6«f]hg kfgLsf] ;|ft] df ldl;gfn] k|b"lift eO{
SofG;/nufotsf /fu] lgDTofO/x]sf 5g\ . To:t} tfn, kf]v/L tyf ;db' |df gfO6f« h] g ldl;g uO{ ToxfsF f]
kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf c;/ kU' g uO{ df5fsf] ;ªV\ of 3l6/xs] f] 5 . To:t} km:kmf]/;sf] pTvgg ug{]
j|mddf klg 7n' f] dfqfdf hldg k|bl" ift eO/xs] f] 5 .

-u_ kfgL (Water)

kfgLsf] pkef]u ljleGg ko| fh] gsf nflu ul/G5 h:t}M l;rF fO, cf}Bfl] us tyf 3/fo;L k|ofh] g / cGo .
tYofª\scg;' f/ pkef]Uo kfgLsf] &) kl| tzt l;FrfOdf, @) k|ltzt cfB} f]lus ko| fh] g / !) k|ltzt
3/fo;L tyf cGo k|ofh] gsf nflu kfgLsf] pkef]u ePsf] kfOG5 . sl[ if pTkfbgdf kfgLsf] cefjn]
w]/} gsf/fTds ke| fj kfb5{ . kfgLsf] pknAwtf 36g\ ] t/ dfu a9\g] ug'{n] k[YjLsf] axg Ifdtfdf
c;/ k'Ug hfG5 . k[YjLsf] &) kl| tzt e"efu kfgLn] cfu] 6] klg Ps ca{eGbf a9L hg;ªV\ ofn] :jR5
lkpg ofU] o kfgLsf] cefj em]Ng' kl//xs] f] 5 . To:t} tLg ca{ hlt dflg;nfO{ jif{el/df sDtLdf Ps
dlxgf kfgLsf] cefjdf afRF g' kl//x]sf] 5 . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] k[YjLsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] nueu cfwf
hlt lx:;fn] kofK{ t dfqfdf l;FrfO tyf :jR5 kfgL lkpg kfPsf 5g} g,\ hg' k[YjLsf] axg Ifdtf;Fu
;DalGwt 5 .

-3_ hLjfjzi] f OGwg (Fossil fuel)

ljZjdf OGwg cfkl" t{sf] *) k|ltzt hLjfjzi] f OGwgn] cfu] 6]tf klg o;sf] ;Lldttf tyf cgjLs/0fLo
ljzi] ftfn] lgs6 eljiodf k[YjLsf] axg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg5] . o;sf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf h}ljs, ;f}o{,
jfon' ufotsf OGwgsf ;|f]tx¿sf] klxrfg / cWoog eO/xs] f] ePtf klg ptd ljsNk kd| fl0ft x'g
;s]sf 5g} g\ .

-ª_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g (Climate change)

ljZjsf] a9\bf] hg;ªV\ ofn] cfkmg\ f cfjZostf k/" f ug]{ j|mddf yk' |} r'gft} Lx¿ klg ylkPsf 5g,\
o;dWo] jftfj/0fLo ljgfz hNbf]aNbf] ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . tfkj|md jl[ ¢;Fu} lxdfnosf]
lxpF rfF8} klUng], df};dsf] ;fdfGo 9fFrfdf w]/} kl/jt{g cfpg] eO/x]sf] 5 . lxdfndf lxpF gxg' ] xf]
eg] lrg tyf blIf0f Pl;ofsf Ps ca{eGbf a9L hg;ªV\ of :jR5 kfgLsf] cefjdf afRF g'kg{] xG' 5 .

119 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

dflg;sf] lj|mofsnfkaf6 l;lht{ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] sf/0fn] vfB pTkfbgdf sdL cfO{ pRr d"No jl[ ¢
x'g] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g;uF ;fdgf ug{ si[ fsn] ablnbF f] kl/l:ylt;uF cgs' n" g xb'F } vfBfGg pTkfbg
ugk{' g]{ x'G5 .

&=$ kfl/l:ylts kblrx\g (Ecological footprint)

xfdLn] b}lgs hLjgdf pkefu] ug{] j:t' tyf ;j] fx¿ jl/kl/sf] If]qaf6 dfq gcfO{ leGg leGg
b]zx¿af6 cfPsf] klg x'g ;S5 . t/ hg' ;'s} If]qaf6 cfPtf klg ltgLx¿sf] pTkfbg ug{ cfjZos
sRrf kbfy{ kf| s[lts ;|ft] af6 g} kf| Kt ePsf xG' 5g\ . To:t} xfdLn] j:t' tyf ;j] f kf| Kt ul/;sk] l5
pT;hg{ xg' ] kmfx] f/] tyf k|bi" f0f klg k|s[ltdf g} ldl;G5g\ . kfl/l:ylts kblrx\gn] s'g} JolSt, ;db' fo
jf ljm| ofsnfksf nflupTkfbg / cjzfi] f0f ugn{ fO{ pknAw k|ljlw / Joj:yfkgdfkmt{ cfjZos kg{]
hl} js pTkfbsTj ePsf] hldg / kfgLsf] If]qnfO{ hgfp5F .
;fwf/0f cy{df kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\ egs] f] s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
hLjgz}nL lhpg cfjZos kg]{ j:t' / ;j] f k|fKt ug{ vkt ePsf]
jftfj/0fLo tŒjsf] dfqfnfO{ elgG5 . kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\ sf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ klxnf] kN6 ;g\ !(() df Dofly; j]s/gfun]
(Mathis Wackernagel) / ljlnod /]O; (William Rees) n]
k|ofu] df NofPsf lyP .

kfl/l:ylts kblrx\gn] JolStut, ;x/, Ifq] , b]z tyf k"/} ljZjsf]
klg dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} s'g} ljm| ofsnfksf] jf j:t' tyf
;]jf pTkfbgsf] klg kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\ dfkg xG' 5 .

k[YjLsf] axg Ifdtf / kfl/l:ylts kblrx\gsf] cjwf/0ffdf

;dfgtf ePtf klg ltgLx¿n] ;d6] g\ ] ;dosf] dfkgdf leGgtf lrq &=@ kfl/l:ylts kblrx\g hgfpg ko| f]u
ul/g] cfs[lt
/xs] f] kfOG5 . kfl/l:ylts kblrx\gn] jtd{ fg ;dodf jf lats] f]

;dosf] s'g} sfnv08df hLjgofkgsf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;|ft] sf] dfkg ub{5 . t/ k[YjLsf] axg

Ifdtfsf] cjwf/0ffn] eg] eljiodf kl| t JolStn] ug{] ;|f]tsf] pkef]u, hLjg:t/, hl} js pTkfbsTj tyf

k|ljlwdf xg' ] ku| ltnfO{ ;d6] s] f] x'G5 .

kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\ tyf kY[ jLsf] h}ljs pTkfbsTjnfO{ Unfa] n x]S6/ (global hecter-gha) df
dfkg ul/G5 . ;g\ @)!* df ljZjsf] hl} js pTkfbsTj !=& Unf]an x]S6/ /xs] f] lyof] eg] ljleGg
bz] sf] kl| tJolSt kfl/l:ylts kblrx\gdf stf/sf] ;a}eGbf a9L !%=& eg] cGo s]xL bz] x¿df
cdl] /sfsf] *=$, 8]gdfs{sf] &=!, lrgsf] #=&, ef/tsf] !=! / gk] fnsf] !=) Unfa] n x]S6/ /xs] f] 5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 120

ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifsf cg;' f/ dflg;sf] kfl/l:ylts kblrx\g k[YjLsf] h}ljs pTkfbsTj eGbf @)
u'0ffn] a9L /x]sf] 5 .

kl| tJolSt kfl/l:ylts kblrx\gsf] dfWoodaf6 xfdLn] cfkmg\ f] hLjgofkg ug{ k|s[ltaf6 k|fKt ug{
;lsg] ;|ft] sf] dfkg ug{ ;S5f}F . o;sf] ko| f]u u/L b]zsf] gLlt lgdft{ fx¿n] pknAw ;f| t] sf] pkefu]
;DaGwL gLlt agfpg] ub5{ g\ . To:t} o; kblrxg\ sf] dfWoodaf6 dflg;x¿nfO{ k[YjLsf] axg Ifdtf
/ cTolws pkef]uaf/] ;rt] gf hufO{ jftfj/0fdq} L hLjgofkg lhpg kf| ]T;fxg ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk &=! xfdf| ] kfl/l:ylts kblrx\g dfkg

cfjZos ;fdu|L M
-s_ kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\ kQf nfufpg] kZ| gfQ] /sf] gdg' f
-v_ rf6k{ k] /
-u_ sF}rL
-3_ ljleGg lsl;dsf /ª
kfl/l:ylts kblrx\g kZ| gfQ] /sf] gd'gf
!= tkfOF{ cfh ljBfno s;/L cfpg'eof] <

o lxF8/] jf ;fOsn r9]/
o a; r9]/
o sf/ r9/]
@= gx' fpgsf nflu slt dfqfdf kfgL ko| f]u ugx' 'G5 <
o Ps afN6L kfgL ko| f]u u5{' .
o 5f]6f] ;fj/ lnG5' .
o el/Psf] 6jdf gx' fpF5' .
#= tkfO{nF ] clxn];Dd slt cf6] f la?jf /f]Kge' Psf] 5 <
o b'O{ jf a9L
o Pp6f dfq
o Pp6f klg /fk] s] f] 5}g .
$= tkfOnF{ ] vfgf vfO;Sbf Kn]6df slt dfqfdf vfgf /xG5 <

o clnslt klg 5f]8\lbg .

121 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

o sx] L dfqfdf 5f8] \g] u5'{ . 122
o slxn] klg k"/f vfg] ulbg{ .
%= tkfOFs{ f] l6lkmgsf] afs; slt dfqfdf Knfl:6sn] a]l/Psf] x'G5 <
o Knfl:6s k|of]u ul/Psf] x'bF g} .
o yf]/} dfqfdff ko| f]u ePsf] x'G5 .
o ;a} Knffl:6sn] a]l/Psf] x'G5 .
^= tkfOF{ sf7] faf6 aflx/ lg:sFbf aQL of ljBt' Lo ;fwg lgefP/ hfGf] ug'{xG' 5 <
o ;wF}
o slxns] fxLF
o slxn] klg aGb ulb{g .
&= 3/df tkfOF{ kmf]xf/] nfO{ kg' Mrq{ m0f ug'x{ G' 5 <
o u5'{ .
o slxn]sfxLF u5'{ .
o o; af/d] f ;'g]sf] 5g} .
*= tkfOF{ ahf/df ;fdfg lng hfFbf Knfl:6s Aofusf] k|of]u ug{'xG' 5 <
o ulb{g .
o slxn]sfxLF u5'{ .
o ;w}F u5{' .
(= tkfOF{ cfk"mn] lsgs] f] k':ts s] ugx{' 'G5 <
o c¿ s;n} fO{ k9\g lbG5' .
o sjf8LnfO{ lbG5' .
o 3/d} /fV5' of kmo\ fFlslbG5' .
!)= k|Tos] xKtf tkfO{Fsf] 3/af6 slt dfqfdf kmfx] f]/ lgl:sg] u5={ =====
o ! ljm=uf| =
o @ ljm=uf| =
o # ljm=u|f= jf of] eGbf w]/}

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

ljlw

-s_ kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\ sf] cfsf/ k|Zgf]Q/sf] dfWodaf6 kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\ kQf nufO;s]kl5 b}lgs jftfj/0fnfO{ c;/ ug{] ultljlwaf/] ljrf/

ug'{xf;] \ . To:tf ultljlwsf] l6kf6] ug{x' f];\ / s;/L cfkm\gf] kfl/l:ylts kblrx\gsf] cfsf/
36fpg ;lsG5, kQf nufpg'xf;] \ .
-u_ o;kl5 rf6k{ ]k/df cfkmg\ f] k}tfnfsf] 5fksf] /v] fªs\ g u/L sf6g\ x' f];\ . sfl6Psf] kt} fnfsf]
/v] fª\lst sfuhnfO{ /ª nufP/ cfsif{s agfpg ;Sgx' g' ] 5 .
-3_ k}tfnfsf] kblrx\gdf Pp6f k0| f nV] gxf];\, h'g afgL Jojxf/n] jftfj/0fdf tkfO{sF f] kfl/l:ylts
kblrxg\ sf] cfsf/ 36\g dbt u/f];\ . o;/L tof/ ePsf] kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\ cfkmg\ f] sf]7f jf
cGo s'g} b]lvg] 7fpFdf /fVg ;lsG5 / cfkmg\ f] k|0f ofb eO/fVg] 5 . ;fy} cGo JolStx¿nfO{
;d]t o;n] pxfFx¿sf] kfl/l:ylts kblrx\g 36fpg k|f]T;flxt ug]{ 5 .
dfly lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ klxnf] eP !, bf;] f| ] eP @ / t];f| ] eP # ;ªV\ of lbg] . cfPsf ;ª\Vof
hf8] /] cfPsf] of]ukmnn] tkfOsF{ f] cfkm\gf] kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\ ;fgf] jf 7'nf] yfxf kfpg ;Sg'x'g] 5 .
of]ukmn !) – awfO{ 5, kfl/l:ylts kblrx\g ;fgf] ePsfdf . tkfOnF{ ] ;|f]tsf] ;/+ If0f / yf]/} dfq
kmfx] f]/ pT;hg{ uge{' Psf] 5 .
ofu] kmn !!–@) tkfO{Fsf] dWod :t/sf] kfl/l:ylts kblrx\g /xs] f] 5 . tkfOFn{ ] cfkmg\ f] kfl/
l:ylts kblrxg\ 36fpg s]xL kxn ug'{ePsf] 5 . cfkm\gf] afgL Jojxf/df s]xL ;'wf/ u/]df
cjZo klg tkfOs{F f] kfl/l:ylts kblrx\g ;fgf] cfsf/sf] x'g] 5 .
@!–#) tkfOFn{ ] kfl/l:ylts kblrx\g 36fpg sx] L a9L ldlxg]t ug{k' g]{ 5 . k|ZgfQ] / kml] /
bf]xf¥] ofP/ k9\g'xf;] \ / cfkm\gf] afgL Jojxf/df ;'wf/ Nofpg s] ug{k' nf{ ljrf/ k¥' ofpgx' f];\ .

&=% lbuf] ljsf; (Sustainable development)

&=%=! lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of sustainable development)

lbuf] ljsf;n] :j:y jftfj/0f tyf kY[ jLdf /x]sf dfgjnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ hLjsf] ;dl[ ¢nfO{ ;d]65\ .
To;n} ] lbuf] ljsf;sf] bfo/f ljzfn /x]sf] 5 . o;n] hg;ªV\ of, hnjfo', cfly{s ;d[¢tf, pmhf{,
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] pkofu] , kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg, hl} js ljljwtf, hnfwf/ ;+/If0f, k|ljlw, sl[ if, :jR5 kfgL
ljt/0f, cGt/fl{ i6«o ;/' Iff, /fhgLlt, xl/t ;+/rgf, Jojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f, ;fd'bflos tyf kfl/jfl/s
;DaGw, dfgjLo dN" o dfGotf cflb ;d]6s] f] x'G5 .

123 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

lbuf] ljsf; Ps axc' foflds ;fr] xf] . o;n] cflys{ ultljlw, pBfu] wGbf, Jofkf/, pmhf,{ sl[ if h:tf ofjt
kl| jm| ofnfO{ ;d6] s] f] xg' fn] ljsf;sf sfox{ ¿ cflys{ , ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo bl[ i6n] lbuf] xG' 5g\ .

lrq &=#M jftfj/0f, cflys{ / ;fdflhs kIf larsf] cGt/;DjGw

lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg;' f/ o;sf lgDg cfwf/e"t dfGotfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ .

-s_ jftfj/0fsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ x|f; cfpg] sfo{ ug'{ xFb' g} .
-v_ gjLs/0fLo ;|ft] nfO{ o;sf] kg' p{Tkfbg xg' ] IfdtfeGbf a9L pkofu] ug'{ xbF' }g .
-u_ eljiosf lk9F Lsf nflu klg ;|f]t, ;fwgsf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt ugk{' b5{ .
-3_ dflg;n] cfkm\gf] jtd{ fg cfjZostf kl" t{ ubf{ cGo hLj tyf eljiosf lk9F Lsf] cfjZostfnfO{

;Demf}tf ug{ ;lsFbg} .

lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ ljleGg tl/sfaf6 kl/eflift ul/P tfklg w]/} k|of]udf cfPsf] kl/efiff ‘aG|' 6NofG8
cfof]u’ (Brundtland Commision) n] ;g\ !(*& df ‘xfdf| ] ;femf eljio’(Our Common Future)
gfds k|ltj]bgdf o;/L lbOPsf] 5 .

“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

ælbuf] ljsf; o:tf] k|sf/sf] ljsf; xf], h;n] jt{dfgsf cfjZostf k"lt{ ubf{ efjL lk9F Lsf] cfjZostfkl| t
;Demft} f ub}{g ."

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 124

lbuf] ljsf; zAb cfkmFd} f gofF eP tfklg o;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] cEof; klxn]bl] v g} k|of]udf cfPsf]
bl] vG5 . ljut / jtd{ fgdf ePsf sltko ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ lbuf] ljsf; cgs' n" klg /xs] f 5g\ .
jftfj/0f x|f; gxg' ] u/L hLjgofkg ub}{ eljiosf lkF9LnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug'{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] r'gf}tL
xf] . lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] af/]df rrf{ ubf{ dV' o tLg kIfx¿ jftfj/0f, cfly{s / ;fdflhssf]
cGt/;DaGwnfO{ Wofg lbgk' g]{ xG' 5 . sg' } klg ljsf;sf sfox{ ¿ ubf{ oL tLg kIfnfO{ Wofg k¥' ofpg]
xf] eg] kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f eO{ jftfj/0f ljgfznfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5, cfly{s cj:yf ;b' 9[ x'G5 /
dflg;sf] hLjgofkgdf klg ;'wf/ cfp5F .

lbuf] ljsf; (Sustainable Development)

jftfj/0f(Environment) cfly{s(Economic) ;fdflhs(Social)
– ;xeflutf / ;dfj]zLs/0f
– kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] – cfly{s jl[ ¢sf] cj;/ – ul/aL / alx:s/0f lgd{"n
;+/If0f – cflys{ :yfloTj / ;/' Iff – vfB ;'/Iff
– jftfj/0fdq} L /fh] uf/L tyf – ;|f]tsf] ;dfg ljt/0f
– jfo', hn / hldgsf] – hLjgofkgsf] pQd ljsNk
u0' f:t/df jl[ ¢ a]/fh] uf/L cGTo
– ;|ft] sf] ;d'lrt ko| fu] tyf cj;/
– k|b"if0f tyf kmf]x/sf] plrt
Joj:yfkg –

– k|hfltsf] ;+/If0f
– ;|f]tsf] ;/+ If0fsf

pkfox?sf] cjnDjg

lrq &=$ M lbuf] ljsf;sf kmfObf

lbuf] ljsf;sf dxŒjk0" f{ tLg kIfsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ lrq &=# / &=$ af6 ae' mg\ ;lsG5 . klxnf]
lrqn] xfd|f ljsf;sf gLlt lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogdf tLg cf6] } kIfnfO{ plrt ;Daf]wg u/]df dfq lbuf]
ljsf;sf nIo kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 eg] bf];|f] lrqn] lbuf] ljsf;af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] kmfObf tyf
cj;/sf af/]df ki| 6 kf/]sf] 5 .

&=%=@ lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf

kY[ jLsf] hGdb]lv xfn;Dddf w]/} kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . clxn] k[YjLsf] hg;ª\Vof &=^ ca{ eGbf a9L
kl' u;ss] f] 5, h'g ;g\ !(^) Dff # ca{ dfq lyof] . o;ks| f/sf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4;Fu} k[YjLsf kf| sl[ ts
;f| t] x¿sf] cJojl:yt b'?kofu] eO{ a9b\ f] ¿kdf bf]xg eO/x]sf] 5 . o; bfx] g xg' ] k|lso| fdf cfwl' gs

125 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

kl| jlwx¿n] yk ult k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ dfgj tyf ;Dk0" f{ hLj hutnfO{ 6j] f k¥' ofpg]
kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL / k|fsl[ ts ;|f]tx¿sf] cl:tTjdf r'gft} L ylkPsf] 5 .

a9b\ f] hg;ªV\ of, k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]tsf] bf]xg, hnjfo' kl/jtg{ tyf kb| "if0f h:tf sf/0fn] dfgj hLjgdf
gsf/fTds c;/ k¥' ofPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] c;/ sg' } /fli6«o ;Ldf If]qleq dfq ;Lldt g/xg]
xF'bf cfB} fl] us /fi6«n] pTkfbg u/s] f] ljZjJofkL kb| i" f0fn] ;an} fO{ c;/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

ljutsf] s]xL b;sb]lv ljsf;n] lgDTofPsf] jftfj/0fLo ;ª\s6kl| t dflg;x¿ ;rt] x'g yfns] f 5g\ .
clxn] bv] f k/]sf tdfd ;ªs\ 6sf] ;dfwfg ug{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfO/xs] f] 5 .

&=%=# lbuf] ljsf; cjwf/0ffsf] Pl] txfl;s ljsf;jm| d

;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] jftfj/0fLo / ljsf; cfofu] jf a'6| nG} 8 cfofu] n] ;g\ !(*& df klxnf] k6s
lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffk|lt 'xfdf| ] ;femf eljio' k|ltjb] gdfkm{t cfkmg\ f] wf/0ff ;fjh{ lgs u¥of] .
o; k|ltj]bgnfO{ cfof]usf cWoIf gj]{sf tTsfnLg kw| fgdGqL uf| ] xfn{d] a6'| nG} 8sf] gfdaf6 a'6| n}G8
kl| tjb] g klg eGg] ul/G5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff;Fu ldNbf]hN' bf] ¿kdf cGo ljleGg cWoog /
sfo{x¿ of] kl| tj]bg cfpge' Gbfcufl8 klg ePsf lyP h:t}M /]r]n sf;{g (Rachael Carson) sf]
k:' ts ‘;fOnG] 6 l:k|ª –Silent spring' -;g\ !(^@_, uf/]6 xfl8{g (Garret Hardin) sf] k':ts ‘6«fh8] L
ckm sdG; –Tragedy of Commons' -;g\ !(^*_ cflb . ;g\ !(&@ df ;o+ 'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] dfgj
jftfj/0f ;Dd]ngn] klxnf] k6s ljsf; / jftfj/0f;uF ;uF } hfgk' g{] ljifodf jsfnt u/]sf] lyof] .

To;sf] nut} ;+oS' t /fi6«;ª3\ sf] l/of] lb hg] ]l/ofd] f ;g\ !((@ df ePsf] jftfj/0f / ljsf; ;Ddn] g
‘kY[ jL;Dd]ng (Earth Summit)' n] lbuf] ljsf;sf] /0fgLlts sfo{ofh] gf tof/ kf/L sfof{Gjogdf
NofPsf] xf] / o; ;Dd]ngsf] PhG] 8f @! nfO{ sf];]9'ªu\ fsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;n] lbuf] ljsf;sf]
:yfgLo / If]qLo txdf ;b:o /fi6«n] ug'{kg{] sfox{ ¿sf] vfsf k:| t't u/]sf] 5 / o;sf] ;k' l/j]If0f lbuf]
ljsf;sf] cGt/f{li6o« cfof]un] ug{] ub5{ .

lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwL s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ ;Ddn] g

jm| =;= jif{ ljZj ;Ddn] g
! !(*& ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ Lo jftfj/0f / ljsf; ljZj cfofu] , :6sxf]d
@ !((@ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ Lo jftfj/0f / ljsf; ;Ddn] g, ‘kY[ jL ;Ddn] g’ l/of] lb hg] l] /of]
# @))@ lbuf] ljsf; ljZj ;Ddn] g, ‘Rio+10’hfx] fGx;au{
$ @)!@ lbuf] ljsf; ljZj ;Dd]ng, ‘Rio+20’ l/of] lb h]g]l/of]

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 126

&=%=$ lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo (Sustainable development goal)

lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIon] kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/;Def/, ul/aL

lgjf/0f, zflGt :yfkgf / ;d[4zfnL agfpg] kl/sNkgf

u/s] f] 5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf nIosf af/d] f klxnf]

kN6l/of] lb hg] ]l/ofd] f ePsf] ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\ sf]

lbuf] ljsf; ljZj ;Ddn] g @)!@ “Rio+20" df /

;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] ;fwf/0f ;ef ;g\ @)!$ df

cfk} rfl/s ¿kdf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!% df

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] ;do;Ldf ;lsg'cl3 ;+oS' t

/fi6« ;ª\3n] @)!% cGTob]lv @)#) ;Ddsf nflu

!& cf]6f lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo / !^( cf]6f nIo

k|flKtsf uGtJox¿ (target) lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . lbuf] lrq &=% lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo kf| lKt Ifq]
ljsf;sf nIo tyf uGtJo kf| lKtsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{

kfrF Ifq] lgwf{/0f u/L sfo{jm| dx¿ s]lGb|t /xg] 5g\ -lrq &=%_ . tL If]qx¿ o;ks| f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

-s_ dfgj (People) M ul/aL tyf efs] d/L lgoGq0f ug{ sl] Gbt| x'g] 5 / ;a} dfgj hfltnfO{ :jR5
jftfj/0fsf] kT| ofe"lt ub{} ;Ddfg / ;dfgtf sfod ug'{ /xs] f] 5 .

-v_ k[YjL (Planet) M kY[ jLnfO{ jftfj/0fLo ljgfzaf6 hf]ufpg lbuf] pTkfbg / pkef]u, kf| s[lts
;Dkbfsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg, hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu h'emg\ tTsfn sfo{ ul/g] 5, h;n] ubf{ efjL ;Gtltsf
cfjZostfx¿ kl" t{ ug{ ;lsof];\ .

-u_ ;d[lå(Prosperity) M ks| l[ t;Fu dn] vfg] lsl;dsf ;fdflhs, cfly{s / kf| ljlws ljsf; ub{}
;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltn] ;dl[ ¢ xfFl;n ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .

-3_ zfGtL (Peace)M sg' } 8/ qf; ljgfsf] ;dfjz] L ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 . zflGt lagfsf] lbuf]
ljsf; x'g ;Sbg} / zflGt lagf lbuf] ljsf; kf| Kt ug{ klg ;lsFb}g .

-ª_ ;fem]bf/L (Partnership) M lbuf] ljsf;sf sfo{;r" L kf| Kt ug{ ljZj efOrf/fsf] ;DaGw ljsf;
ul/g] 5 . ul/aL / hf]lvddf /xs] f ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ bz] , ;fem]bf/ ;:+ yf / JolStsf]
;xeflutfdf ;Dafw] g ul/g] 5 .

;x;f| AbL ljsf; nIosf] ;kmntfdf cfwfl/t /x/] lgwfl{ /t !& cf6] f lbuf] ljsf;sf nIon] jt{dfg
ljZjsf hNbfaNbf d2' fx¿ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ , cflys{ c;dfgtf, gjLg vf]h, lbuf] pkef]u, zflGt /

127 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

Gofonufot ;d]6]sf 5g\ . lbuf] ljsf;n] lgwf{/0f u/s] f nIox¿ Pscsf;{ Fu cGt/;DalGwt /xs] f
5g\, h;n] ubf{ sg' } Pssf] ;kmntfn] csf]{ nIo k|flKt ug{ ;lhnf] k5{ .

lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ lgDg /xs] f 5g\ .
!= ul/aL /lxt (No poverty)
@= z"Go efs] d/L (Zero hunger)
#= ;':jf:Yo / ;DkGgtf (Good health and well being)
$= u0' f:t/Lo lzIff (Quality education)
%= n}ª\lus ;dfgtf (Gender equality)
^= :jR5 kfgL / ;/;kmfO (Clean water and sanitation)
&= ;'ne tyf :jR5 pmhf{ (Affordable and clean energy)
*= plrt /f]huf/L / cflys{ jl[ 4 (Decent work and economic growth)
(= pBfu] , cGj]if0f tyf ;/+ rgf (Industry, innovation and infrastructure)
!)= c;dfgtf 36fpg] (Reduced inequalities)
!!= lbuf] ;x/ tyf ;d'bfo (Sustainable cities and communities)
!@= pQ/bfoL pkefu] tyf pTkfbg (Responsible consumption and production)
!#= hnjfo';DaGwL sfo{ (Climate action)
!$= kfgLleqsf] hLjg (Life below water)
!%= hldgdf /xg] hLjg (Life on land)
!^= zflGt, Gofo / ;zSt ;o+ Gq (Peace, justice and strong institutions)
!&= nIo k|flKtsf nflu ;xsfo{ (Partnerships for the goals)

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 128

lrq &=^ lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿

&=^ jftfj/0fd}qL hLjgzn} L (Environment/eco-friendly lifestyle)

Jfftfj/0fdq} L eGgfn] dflg;n] cfkm\gf] cfjZostf k/" f ubf{ jftfj/0fLo tŒjx¿sf] lbuf] ko| f]u jf
ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ug'{ xf] . To;n} ] jftfj/0fd}qL hLjgz}nL eGgfn] xfdLn] cfkmg\ f b}lgs sfo{ ubf{ kfl/
l:ylts k0| ffnL / jftfj/0fdf Go"gtd jf s'g} klg ks| f/sf] gsf/fTds c;/ gk'¥ofpg] eGg] al' emG5 .
cfhsfn w]/} dflg;x¿ dfgj lj|mofsnfkn] ubf{ kY[ jLdf ePsf] ljgfzaf/] ;r]t ePsf 5g\ . o:tf]
ljgfz 36fpg pgLx¿ cfkmg\ f] tkm{af6 ug{ ;Sg] k|of;sf nflu hLjgzn} Ldf kl/jtg{ NofO/x]sf]
kfOG5 . o:tf ;rt] ;db' fox¿ ljz]if u/L xl/tu[x UofF;sf] pT;h{g 36fpg / cfkm" n] pkef]u ug{]
;fduL| jftfj/0fdq} L eP gePsf] k|lt lbglbg} ;rt] ePsf] kfOG5 . olt dfq geP/ jftfj/0fd}qL
hLjgz}nL hLjg lhpg] pQd snf klg xf] .
s]xL jftfj/0fd}qL hLjgzn} Lsf pbfx/0fx¿ af/]df oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

129 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-s_ kmfx] f/] Joj:yfkg M hyfefjL ¿kn] kmf]xf]/sf] pT;hg{ ugfn{ ] o;sf] Joj:yfkg ugd{ f sl7g x'G5
/ jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofpFb5 . kmfx] f]/sf] pT;h{g sd ug,{] ;fduL| sf] k'gMk|of]u /
k'gMrjm| 0f h:tf tl/sf ckgfpFbf kmf]xf/] sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 . ;fy} o;sf] Joj:yfkg
ug{ yk cflys{ ef/ klg sd x'G5 .

-v_ pmhf{ ;/+ If0f M pmhfs{ f] lskmfotL k|ofu] n] jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf ;xof]u k¥' ofpbF 5 . pmhf{sf]
pTkfbgsf] jm| ddf jftfj/0fdf k|ToIf jf ckT| oIf tl/sfn] k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
sg' } hnljBt' \ kl/of]hgf lgdf0{ f ;DkGg u?Ghn] ;Dddf hn tyf jfo' kb| i" f0f cflb x'g'sf ;fy}
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf klg gfS] ;fg k'¥ofPsf] xG' 5 . hn ljB'ts\ f] lgdf0{ f ubf{ lgdf{0f:yn;Dd k'Ug]
af6f] agfpg xf;] \ jf lgdf{0f :yn agfpg xf;] \ jf k;| f/0f nfOg lgdf{0fsf nflu xhf/f}F ?vx¿
s6fg ul/Psf] x'G5 . jftfj/0fdf c;/ k'¥ofpg] o:tf kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ jftfj/0fLo
k|efj d"Nofª\sg ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5, h;n] ubf{ jftfj/0fdf sd c;/ ku' f];\ .

-u_ j[If/fk] 0f M xl/tu[x k|efjnfO{ Gog" Ls/0f ug{ j[If/f]k0f ;ae} Gbf pQd ljsNk xf] . s'g} :yfgdf
ljsf; sfo{ ubf{ olb ?v sf6\g cTofjZos ePdf To;sf] Ifltk"lts{ f nflu csf]{ pkoS' t :yfgdf
Tolt g} dfqfdf j[If/fk] 0f ugk{' b5{ . To:t} jgaf6 sf7 pBfu] sf nflu ?v sf6\bf To; :yfgdf
kg' pT{ kfbg x'g ;Sg] u/L dfq s6fg ugk{' g]{ xG' 5 .

-3_ k|bi" f0fsf] lgoGq0fsf pkfosf] cjnDag M jfo', hn, hldg ;a} :yfgdf x'g] k|bi" f0fsf lgoGq0f
ug]{ pkfo ckgfpg' cfjZos 5, h;n] ubf{ dfgjnufot kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL tyf ;/+ rgfdf x'g]
gsf/fTds c;/ sd ug{ ;lsof];\ .

-ª_ oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] 5gf6} M xfdLn] ofqf ubf{ pkoS' t oftfoftsf ;fwg ko| f]u ug{ cfjZos
xG' 5 . glhssf] b'/Lsf ofqf ubf{ ;fOsn jf k}bn hfg ;lsG5 . To:t} ;fj{hlgs oftfoftnfO{
5f6] f] tyf nfdf] b/' Lsf nflu k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . jftfj/0fd}qL cGo oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] kj" f{wf/
tyf k|jwg{ ug{ ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf lghL Ifq] n] klg kxnsbdL lng cfjZos 5 .

-r_ :yfgLo pTkfbgdf hf8] M :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ko| fu] n] o;sf] 9j' fgLdf nfUg] vr{ sd xg' s' f
;fy} 9j' fgLsf jm| ddf xg' ] k|b"if0f klg sd xg' kU' 5 . To:t} :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ko| f]un] cflys{
;db' fosf] cfly{s hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ cfpFb5 .

-5_ k'gM rj|m0f ug]{ tyf k'gM rj|m0f ul/Psf ;fduL| sf] k|of]u M 3/, sfof{no, ljBfno tyf cGo
If]qaf6 pTkflbt kmfx] f]/nfO{ hyfefjL ¿kn] gkmo\ fFsL kg' M k|ofu] xg' ] ;Sg] ;fduL| sf] k'gM k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} slt ;fduL| nfO{ kg' Mrj|m0f ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] k'gM rj|m0f ug{] ;+:yfnfO{
lhDdf nufpg ;lsG5 . gofF ;fdu|L lsGge' Gbf k'gM rjm| 0f ul/Psf ;fduL| sf] ;s];Dd ko| fu]
ug]{ afgL ug{'kb5{ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 130

&=& jftfj/0fdq} L kl| jlw (Environment/eco-friendly technology) sf] cjwf/0ff

jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlw eGgfn] k|fs[lts ¿kn] g} kg' pT{ kfbg xg' ] ;f| ]tsf] kl| jlwsf] dfWodaf6 jftfj/0fdf
s'g} c;/ gk'¥ofOsg pRrtd k|of]u ugn'{ fO{ a'lemG5 . o;sf] kd| 'v p2Z] o g} ;f| t] sf] sd vktaf6
a9LeGbf a9L pTkfbsTj tyf kmfObf lng' xf] . o; lsl;dsf] kl| jlwn] ;o" {, kfgL, xfjf tyf ;db' |
cflbdf ePsf] ;l~rt pmhf{nfO{ ko| fu] ug{ ofU] o agfpF5g\ . o; k|ljlwn] pmhf{sf] lskmfotL k|of]u tyf
kmfx] f]/ pT;h{gdf sdL Nofpg] ePsfn] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . o;ks| f/sf] k|ljlw
ljsf;sf] gofF r/0fdf eOsg klg s]xL If]qdf eg] lgs} w/] } ku| lt ePsf] kfOG5 . h:tM} ljB'tLo ;jf/L
;fwg, PnO8L aQL cflb .

jftfj/0fdq} L kl| jlwsf dxŒjk"0f{ p2]Zox¿ lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g\ M

-s_ pmhf{sf] lskmfotL ug{]

-v_ jftfj/0fd}qL lbuf] ljsf;sf tl/sf cjnDag ug{]
-u_ xflgsf/s Uof;F tyf kmfx] f]/sf] pT;h{g sd ug{]

-3_ jftfj/df c;/ sd ug]{

-ª_ pknAw ;f| t] sf] pRrQd ko| fu] ug{]

-ª_ ;/' lIft / kb| "if0f dS' t jftfj/0fsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{

jftfj/0fdq} L k|ljlwsf] ko| fu] sf kmfObf (Advantages of environment friendly

technology)

-s_ jftfj/0fd}qL kl| jlwsf] k|ofu] af6
snsf/vfgf tyf pBf]uaf6 xflgsf/s
Uof;F tyf t/n kbfy{sf] lgisfzg sd
eO{ jftfj/0f ;/' lIft agfpg ;lsG5 .

-v_ clxn] dflg;df jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fsf] rt] gf

w/] } ePsfn] jftfj/0fdq} L ;fduL| sf]
pTkfbgaf6 sDkgLx¿sf] kl| ti7fdf

jl[ ¢ xG' 5 . To:t} o:tf pTkfbgx¿ lrq &=& jfo'pmhf{, jftfj/0fdq} L k|ljlwsf] gd'gf
Dfflg;x¿n] lsGg a9L ?rfp5F g\ .

-u_ jftfj/0fdq} L k|ljlwsf] ko| f]un] pmhf{ /

;f| t] sf] sd vkt ug{] ePsfn] pTkflbt ;fduL| sf] nfut sd eO{ ;:tf] x'g kU' 5 .

131 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-3_ xflgsf/s ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u gugf{n] jftfj/0fdf hfl] vd sd x'G5 .

gk] fndf k|of]udf cfPsf jftfj/0fd}qL kl| jlwsf] k|ofu] sf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf tn k:| t't
ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ ljB'tLo k|ljlw M gk] fndf ljBt' \af6 rNg] ljleGg pks/0fx¿ k|of]udf cfO/x]sf 5g,\ hg'

jftfj/0fd}qL 5g\ . ljBt' Lo rN' xf,] 6o\ fDk', a;, s]ansf/, luh/, ldS;/, /]lkm| h]/]6/, nu' f w'g]
dl] ;g, cfO/g cflbsf] ko| f]un] cGo k|bi" f0f ug{] pmhf{sf] ;|f]tsf] k|ofu] nfO{ 36fPsf] 5 .

-v_ PnO8L (LED) aNa M PnO8L aNan] cGo aNax¿eGbf *) kl| tzt hlt pHff{ vktnfO{

hfu] fpF5, h;n] ubf{ jftfj/0fsf] ;/+ If0fdf 6]jf kU' b5 . PnO8L aNan] ljBt' \ pmhf{nfO{ (%
k|ltzt ks| fz pmhfd{ f / kfFr kl| tzt tfkdf kl/jt{g ug]{ ePsfn] logLx¿ yf/] } Ifdtfn] klg
w/] } k|sfz lbG5g\ .

-u_ ;f}o{ pmhf{df cfwfl/t k|ljlw M ;f}o{ pmhf{df cfwfl/t kl| jlw h:t} ;fn] f/ Kofgn, ;fn] f/

aQL, ;fo} { 6'sL, ;fn] f/ lx6/, ;f]nf/ s's/, ;f]nf/ 8f« o/ cflbsf] k|of]un] jftfj/0fdf k|bi" f0f ug{]
pmhfs{ f] ;|ft] sf] ko| f]udf sdL NofPsf] 5 . o:tf pks/0fsf] k|of]u ubf{ h8fg vr{ ;'?df a9L
b]lvPtf klg ;~rfng vr{ z"Go jf Hofb} Go"g x'g] ub5{ .

-3_ jfo' pmhf{df cfwfl/t k|ljlw M jfo' pmhfa{ f6 rNg] ldnn] wfg s'6g\ , ux'F lk:g, t]n kN] g

;xof]u ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} jfo' pmhfn{ ] kfgL tfGg / 6af{Og 3'dfO{ aQL lgsfNg ;xof]u u5{ .
jfo' pmhf{sf] ko| f]usf sf/0f klg kb| i" f0f ug]{ pmhf{sf ;f| ]tsf] ko| f]udf sdL cfPsf] 5 .

-ª_ afofd] f;df cfwfl/t kl| jlw M afof]df; pmhf{af6 vfgf ksfpg], kfgL ttfpg], oftfoftsf

;fwg ;~rfngnufotsf sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . h}ljs kbfy{ sx' fP/ lgl:sPsf] afofU] ofF;, ;lHhag,
l/77\ f cflb jg:kltaf6 lgsflnPsf] afof] l8hn h:tf afof]df;df cfwfl/t k|ljlwn] jftfj/0f
hf]ufpg ;xofu] ub5{ .

-r_ km]las| kl| jlw M af;, s]/f, cNnf,] l;:gf] h:tf /];]bf/ (fiber) jg:klt gk] fnsf hª\undf

kof{Kt kfOG5g\ . o:tf /];]bf/ jg:kltaf6 sk8f pTkfbg ug{] kl| jlwsf] pRrtd ljsf; ug{
;lsPsf hLljsf]kfh{gdf 7'nf] 6]jf k'Ug ;Sb5 . gk] fndf lj:tf/} o; k|ljlwsf] k|ofu] af6 ;f8L,
;n, sDan, emf]nf cflb agfO{ lajm| L ljt/0f xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .

-5_ jiff{ kfgL ;ª\sng k|ljlw (Rain water harvesting system) M jiff{ kfgL ;ªs\ ng kl| jlw

klg jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlw xf] . o;sf] k|ofu] n] e"ldut hne08f/sf] ko| f]usf] rfknfO{ 36fO{
jftfj/0fdf kU' g] c;/ sd ub5{ . o; k|ljlwsf] ;?' sf] h8fg vr{ s]xL nfUg] ePtf klg Go"g
;~rfng vrd{ f ;kmf kfgL pkefu] ug{ ;S5fF} .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 132

;f/fz+ (Summary)

• sg' } h}ljs j:tn' ] jftfj/0faf6 vfgf, kfgL, jf;:yfg / cGo cfjZos kg{] j:t'x¿ kf| Kt u/L
pRrtd ;ªV\ ofdf afRF g ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ kY[ jLsf] axg Ifdtf elgG5 .

• kfl/l:ylts kblrx\gn] dflg;nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkefu] / o;af6 pT;lh{t
sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] cjzf]if0f ug{ pknAw k|ljlw / Joj:yfkgdfkm{t\ cfjZos kg]{ hldg /
kfgLsf] If]qnfO{ a'emfpF5 .

• kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\ nfO{ ‘Unfa] n xS] 6/’ df dfkg ul/G5 .
• lbuf] ljsf;n] cflys{ ultljlw, pBf]uwGbf, Jofkf/, pmhf{, sl[ if h:tf ofjt kl| j|mofnfO{ ;d]6s] f]

x'gfn] ljsf;sf sfox{ ¿ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo bl[ i6n] lbuf] xG' 5g\ .
• ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\ n] @)!% cGTobl] v @)#) ;Ddsf nflu !& cf]6f lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo / !^(

cf6] f nIo kf| lKtsf uGtJox¿ (target) lgwf{/0f u/s] f] 5 .
• jftfj/0fd}qL hLjgz}nL eGgfn] xfdLn] cfkmg\ f bl} gs sfo{ ubf{ kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL / jftfj/0fdf

Go"gtd jf s'g} klg ks| f/sf] gsf/fTds c;/ gk¥' ofpg] eGg] al' emG5 .
• jftfj/0fdq} L k|ljlw eGgfn] kf| s[lts ¿kn] g} kg' pTkfbg x'g] ;f| t] sf] kl| jlwsf] dfWodaf6

jftfj/0fdf s'g} c;/ gk'¥ofO{ pRrtd ko| f]u ug{'nfO{ al' emG5 .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f6] f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ kY[ jLsf] axg Ifdtfsf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-v_ kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\ sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ klxnf] kN6 s;n] slxn] k|of]udf NofPsf lyP <
-u_ kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\ nfO{ s'g PsfOdf gflkG5 <
-3_ ‘jG'| 6n}G8 cfof]u’n] lbPsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-ª ;+oQ' m /fi6« ;ª3\ n] lbuf] ljsf;sf sltcf]6f nIox¿ lgwf{/0f u/s] f] 5 <
-r_ lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo k|flKtsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ kfFr If]qx¿ s] s] lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf 5g\ <

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ kY[ jLsf] axg Ifdtfsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbO{ o;nfO{ ke| fj kfg]{ dV' o tŒjx¿ 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g
ug{x' f;] \ .

133 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-v_ lbuf] ljsf; dV' o cfwf/et" dfGotfx¿ pNn]v u/L 5f6] s/Ldf j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .
-u_ 5f]6f] l6Kk0fL n]Vg'xf;] \ .

-c_ kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\
-cf_ lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo
-O_ jftfj/0fdq} L hLjgz}nL

-3_ lbuf] ljsf; cjwf/0ffsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;j|mdsf] 5f]6s/Ldf j0fg{ ug'x{ f;] \ .
-ª_ lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo kf| lKtsf nflu s] s:tf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{' ;fGble{s dflGfG5 <
-r_ jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlwsf p2Z] ox¿ pNn]v ugx{' f;] \ .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ kY[ jLsf] axg IfdtfnfO{ k|efjkfg{] tŒjx¿ / kY[ jLsf] axg Ifdtfsf] k|Ifl] kt ;LdfnfO{
ke| fj kfg{] Ifq] x¿sf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ k|i6o\ fpg'xf];\ .

-v_ lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ pNNfv] u/L tL nIox¿ Kf"/f ubf{ cfOkg{] r'gf}tLx¿sf] klxrfg
ug{x' f;] \ / rg' ft} Lsf] ;fdgf ug{ s] ugk'{ nf{ < ;'emfjx¿ lbg'xf];\ .

-u_ jftfj/0fd}qL hLjgzn} L cjnDag ug{ s] s:tf JolStut / ;+:yfut sfox{ ¿ ugk{' nf{ <
;e' mfjx¿ lbgx' f;] \ .

-3_ gk] fnsf] kl/j]zdf jftfj/0fdq} L k|ljlwsf] ko| fu] s;/L ug'{knf{ < rrf{ ugx{' f;] \ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{ (Project work)

!= cfkmg\ f] kfl/l:ylts kblrxg\ kQf nufO{ jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf cfk"mn] ug{ ;Sg] sfo{x¿sf] af/d] f
k|ltj]bg tof/ kfgx' f;] \ .

@= :yfgLo ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsf÷pkgu/kflnsf÷dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfofn{ o ed| 0f u/L pSt
sfof{no k|dv' jf pkkd| 'v;uF s'/f u/L sfof{non] :yfgLo Ifq] df lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo kf| lKtdf
s:tf] k|ult xfl;n u/s] f] 5 / eljiosf of]hgfx¿ s] s] /xs] f 5g\, ;fw] /] 5f6] f] k|ltj]bg tof/
kfg{x' f];\ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)

Worldometers : ljZjel/sf ljleGg tYofª\sx¿ pknAw u/fpg] lgsfo

Unf]an xS] 6/ M dflg; tyf ljleGg lj|mofsnfksf] kfl/l:ylts kblrx\g / kY[ jLsf] h}ljs pTkfbsTj
dfkg ug]{ PsfO

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 134

PsfO jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo

* (Environmental Health)

*=!= kl/ro (Introduction)

xfdLnfO{ nfUg] ;Dk0" f{ /fu] x¿sf nfuL ;I" d hLjf0f' tyf ljiff0fx' ¿ dfq lhDdj] f/ 5}gg\ a¿ xfdf| ]
jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fLo cj:yfsf] klg dV' o e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f / dfgj :jf:Yosf] lar 3lgi7
;DaGw 5 . jftfj/0fLo tŒjx¿df cfpg] kl/jtg{ n] kT| oIf jf ckT| oIf ¿kdf dfgj :jf:YonfO{ c;/
kfl//x]sf] xG' 5 . jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yon] dfgjLo :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fsf ljleGg kIfx¿ h:t} M ef}lts,
/f;folgs tyf hl} js kIfx¿larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ :ki6 kfb{5 . jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] dV' o nIo c:j:y
jftfj/0faf6 l;lh{t /fu] x¿sf] lgbfg ug{' / :j:ys/ jftfj/0fsf] l;hg{ fdf ;3fp k¥' ofpg' xf] .

jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] dbtaf6 jftfj/0f cgs' n" k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf k|ofu] df ;dt] ;xofu] k'Ub5 .
o;n] dfgj :jf:YonfO{ :j:ys/ jftfj/0faf6 x'g] kmfObf / c:j:ys/ jftfj/0faf6 x'g] a]kmfObfsf
af/d] f hfgsf/L u/fp“b5 . t;y{ jftfj/0fLo :jf:YonfO{ dfgj :jf:Yo;Fu hf8] /] cWoog ul/G5 . o;
PsfOdf xfdL :jf:Yo / jftfj/0flarsf] ;DaGw tyf jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] dxŒjsf af/]df cWoog
ug{] 5fF} .

*=@= :jf:Yo / jftfj/0flarsf] ;DaGw (Relationship between health and

environment)

xfjf, kfgL, df6f] cflbdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] k|ToIf jf ckT| oIf ¿kdf dfgjnufot ljleGg hLjhGt'x¿
tyf ltgsf bl} gs lj|mofsnfkdf c;/ kfl//x]sf] xG' 5 . jftfj/0fLo tŒjx¿df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g
cfP To;n] dfgj :jf:Yodf ;sf/fTds ke| fj kfb5{ / olb gsf/fTds kl/jtg{ cfP To;n] gsf/fTds
g} c;/ kfb{5 . :jf:Yo / jftfj/0flarsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ xfjf (Air)

dfgj :jf:Yo / xfjflar cGofG] ofl>t ;DaGw /xG5 . xfjflagf dfgj hLjgsf] cl:tTj ;Dej 5}g .
xfjfdf /x]sf] kf| 0fjfo' clS;hg Zjf;kZ| jf;sf nflu clt cfjZos UofF; xf] . clS;hglagf dflg;
Ps If0f klg afFRg ;Sbg} . clS;hgn] dflg;sf] z/L/df /x]sf] cz4' /utnfO{ z4' Ls/0f ug]{ tyf
z/L/sf x/]s sfi] fx¿df ku' /] pkfkrog (Metabolism) df ;xof]u ub{5 . olb o:tf] clS;hgo'St
xfjfdf gsf/fTds kl/jt{g cfP dfgj :jf:Yodf ;dt] gsf/fTds c;/ kb5{ . o:t} u/L jfo' kb| i" f0fn]
ubf{ jg:kltdf ;dt] gsf/fTds c;/ k'Ub5 . bl" ift jfon' ] ubf{ jg:kltx¿sf] kft k5fl8 /x]sf

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 135

:6fd] f6fx¿ (Stomata) aGb x'g k'Ub5g\ / la?jfsf] Zjf;kZ| jf;df c;/ k'Ub5 . bl" ift xfjfn] ubf{
hLjhGt'x¿sf] :jf:Yodf ;dt] gsf/fTds c;/ kU' b5 .

-v_ kfgL (Water)

dfgj z/L/sf] emG8} &%Ü efu kfgLn] cf]u6]sf] xG' 5 . z/L/df /x]sf ;"Id sf]ifx¿sf cjojx¿
h:t}M k|f6] f]KnfHd / Go'lSnof]KnfHdb]lv lnP/ /ut, df+zkz] L tyf ljleGg hLj /;x¿sf] agfj6df
kfgLn] 7n' f] efu cfu] 6]sf] x'G5 . z/L/sf ;Dk"0f{ k0| ffnLx¿ ;'rf? 9ª\un] ;~rfngdf /fVg kfgL
cTofjZos x'G5 . z/L/sf] tfkjm| dnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg, kmf]xf]/ j:t'x¿ z/L/af6 aflx/ kmo\ fFSg /
zf/Ll/s jl[ 4sf nflu ;dt] kfgLsf] el" dsf dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5 . To:t} z/L/sf] /StrfknfO{ ;Gt'ngdf
/fVg / /St;~rf/ k|0ffnL ;r' f? ug{ klg kfgLs} cfjZostf kb5{ . kfgL jg:klt tyf ;Dk0" f{
hLjx¿nfO{ geO{ gxg' ] tŒj xf] . jg:kltn] kfgLs} pkl:yltdf k|sfz ;Z+ ni] f0f k|ljm| of ;~rfng
ub5{ . hLjx¿sf ljleGg zf/Ll/s k|ljm| ofx¿ ;'rf? 9ªu\ n] ;~rflnt xg' tyf zf/Ll/s j[l¢ ljsf;
xg' kfgL clt cfjZos xG' 5 .

-u_ df6f] (Soil)

dfgj hLjg cfxf/df lglxt 5 . dfgj cfxf/sf] d"n cfwf/ df6f] xf] . ;fdfGotof dflg;n] pkefu]
ug]{ sl[ ifhGo j:t'x¿ cGg, t/sf/L, kmnkmn" cflb df6fd} pAhgL xG' 5 . olb jftfj/0fdf kl| tsn"
kl/jtg{ cfO{ df6fsf] pTkfbsTjdf x«f; cfPdf vfBfGg pTkfbgdf kT| oIf k|efj kb{5 . dflg;x¿n]
pTkfbgdf jl[ 4 Nofpg ljleGg lsl;dsf /;folgs kbfy{ tyf /;folgs dnsf] clws k|ofu] ug]{
u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] pTkfbgdf jl[ 4 NofP tfklg dfgj :jf:Yodf eg] gsf/fTds c;/ kb}{ cfPsf] 5 .
clws /;fogsf] ko| f]us} sf/0f df6fsf] cDnLokgdf jl[ 4 cfO{ eljiodf To;sf] pTkfbsTj g} gi6 xg' ]
;Defjgf klg 5 . t;y{ kf| ª\ufl/s dnsf] k|ofu] u/]/ jf Jojl:yt 9ª\un] dfq} /;folgs dn k|ofu] df
NofO{ s[lif pTkfbg ug'{kb5{ . jg:kltnfO{ kfgL, vlgh tyf cGo kfi] fs tŒjx¿ df6faf6} pknAw
x'G5 . t;y{ pBfu] wGbfaf6 lgl:sPsf /;fogaf6 df6fnfO{ hfu] fpg'k5,{ ta dfq} :j:y jftfj/0fsf]
cfwf/ tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 .

-3_ jghª\un (Forest)

jghªu\ n / dfgj :jf:Yosf lar 3lgi6 ;DaGw /xs] f] 5 . dflg; tyf cGo hLjhGtn' fO{
Zjf;k|Zjf;sf nflu cfjZos kf| 0fjfo' clS;hg jghªu\ naf6} nuftf/ ¿kdf cfk"lt{ eO/xs] f]
x'G5 . jghªu\ nsf] ;/+ If0fn] hnfwf/ Ifq] sf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+/If0f eO{ sl[ ifsfo{df ;d]t ;xof]u k'U5 .
jghª\undf lglxt xl/ofnLoS' t jftfj/0fn] dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfb5{ . xl/ofnLn]
cfFvfsf] Hofl] t a9fpF5 eg] Zjf;k|Zjf;df ;xhtf NofO{ bd vfs] L h:tf Zjf;k|Zjf; ;DaGwL bL3{

136 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

/fu] af6 arfp“5 . ;fy} jghª\unaf6 k|fKt kmnkmn" hGo vfBkbfys{ f] ;]jgn] dfgj :jf:Yo :j:y /fVg
dbt ub{5 . jghªu\ nsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf jfo'd08ndf j[l4 eO/xs] f] sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 UofF;nfO{
cjzf]if0f u/L ;Gtn' gdf /fVg' klg xf] . h;n] xl/tux[ ke| fj x'g glbO{ dfgj :jf:YonfO{ gsf/fTds
k|efj kga{ f6 arfpF5 . jghª\unn] hªu\ nL hgfj/sf lglDt ljz]if dxŒj /fV5 . hªu\ n hª\unL
hgfj/sf] jf;:yfg xf], hxfF ltgn] vfgfbl] v hLjg lgjfx{ sf ;Dk0" f{ cfwf/ kf| Kt ub{5g\ .

*=#= jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] dxŒj (Importance of environmental health)

dflg;x¿ x/]s If0f jftfj/0fsf] ;Dksd{ f /x]sf x'G5g\ . jftfj/0fLo tŒjx¿;Fusf] k|ltlj|mofn]
dflg;sf] hLjg:t/, /xg;xg tyf ;ljm| otfdf kT| oIf c;/ kfb{5 . ctM jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yon]
dflg;x¿sf] :jf:Yodf ;w' f/ Nofpg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 .

jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] cjwf/0ffleq :j:ys/ jftfj/0fsf] lgdf0{ f tyf c:j:ys/ jftfj/0faf6 l;lh{t
/f]ux¿sf] lgbfg bj' } kb5{ . ljZje/ sl/a @^Ü kfFr jif{dl' gsf afnaflnsfx¿ tyf @#Ü kf| }9x¿sf]
d[To' jftfj/0fLo tŒjx¿df cfPsf] gsf/fTds kl/jtg{ sf sf/0f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljzi] f u/L blIf0f
Pl;ofnL Ifq] df a;fa] f; ug]{ dfgj ;db' fodf jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0fsf sf/0f l;lht{ /f]ux¿af6 dT[ o'
xg' ]sf] ;ª\Vof cem a9L kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] 1fg x'g' clt cfjZos
5 . jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDg zLif{sx¿df rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 M—

-s_ :j:ys/ jf;:yfgsf] pknAwtf (Availability of healthy habitat)

jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] 1fgn] dflg;x¿nfO{ :j:ys/ jf;:yfg lgdf0{ f u/L hLjg lgjf{x ug{ ;xhLs/0f
xG' 5 . jf;:yfg :j:ys/ ePdf o;n] dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf ;sf/fTds ke| fj kfb5{ . olb sg' } klg
:yfg j/k/sf ef}lts, h}ljs, /;folgs / ;fdflhs kIfx¿ ;an 5g\ eg] To:tf] :yfgnfO{ g} :j:ys/
jf;:yfg elgG5 . x/s] JolStn] cfkmg\ f] JolStut ;/;kmfOb]lv lnP/ jf;:yfg klg :jR5 tyf
;kmf /fv]sf] v08df :jtM :j:ys/ jftfj/0fsf] l;hg{ f x'G5 . kmn:j¿k v/fa jftfj/0fs} sf/0f
l;lht{ ljleGg lsl;dsf k|efjaf6 xfdL aRg ;S5f“} . :j:ys/ jftfj/0f aGgsf nflu yk' |} kIfx¿
;dl] 6gk' b5{ . sDtLdf klg lgDg s'/fx¿sf] plrt Joj:yf ePsf] v08df jftfj/0fnfO{ :j:ys/
jftfj/0f dfGg ;lsG5,

• Jojl:yt a;f]af; of]hgf

• vfg]kfgLsf] ;'ljwf

• gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] Joj:yf

• Jojl:yt 9n lgsf; of]hgf

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 137

• ;~rf/sf] ;'ljwf
• xl/ofnLoS' t kofj{ /0f
• ;/' Iffsf] kT| ofel" t

lj|mofsnfk !

cfkm\gf] sIffsf]7f, vfgk] fgLsf] ;f| t] tyf ljBfno k|fªu\ 0f ;/;kmfO ug{]

dfly plNnlvt ljm| ofsnfk lgDglnlvt ab'F fsf cfwf/df ug{ ;lsG5 M

• sIffsf7] fdf 5l/Psf sfuh tyf Knfl:6ssf kmf]xf]/ j:t' a6N' gx' f];\ / sl' xg] / gsl' xg] ef8F fdf
/fVg'xf;] \ .

• vfg]kfgLsf] ;f| ]t If]qdf ;/;kmfO ug{'xf;] \ .
• ljBfno kf| ªu\ 0fdf pld|Psf cgfjZos 3f;F pv]Ngx' f];,\ sfuh tyf Knfl:6ssf kmfx] f]/ a6N' g]

/ rg' jf lkmgn] 5g]{ sfo{ ugx'{ f;] \ .

-v_ :jR5 xfjfsf] pknAwtf (Availability of clean air)

jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] k|dv' kIf :jR5 xfjf klg xf] . wn' f,] w'jfF / /;folgs ljiffbL/lxt xfjf g}
:jR5xfjf xf] . dflg; :j:y /xgsf nflu :jR5 xfjf clt cfjZos xG' 5 . xfjf :jR5 ePdf b"lift
xfjfsf] dfWodaf6 dflg;df ;g{ ;Sg] Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL ljleGg /fu] x¿af6 aRg ;lsG5 . xfjf
:jR5 ePdf jftfj/0f klg :jtM :j:ys/ aG5 . bl" ift xfjfs} sf/0f ljleGg vfnsf /f]ux¿ kb} f
xG' 5g\, h:t}M ?3fvfs] L, Ifo/f]u, ljleGg lsl;dsf PnhL{ cflb . t;y{ jftfj/0fdf :j:ys/ xfjf
sfod /fVg klg jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] dxŒj 5 .

-u_ z4' kfgLsf] pknAwtf (Availability of pure water)

z'4 kfgL jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yoleqsf] csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf lrq *=! :jR5 kfgLsf] pknAwtf
xf] -lrq *=!_. dfgj :jf:YonfO{ ;Gtn' gdf /fVg z'4
kfgLn] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf vN] b5 . v'nf cfFvfn] xb] f{ kfgL
;kmf b]lvP tfklg pSt kfgL z'4 gxg' ;S5 . kfgLnfO{
k0" ft{ of z4' agfpg kfgL pdfNg' jf lgdn{ Ls/0fsf
cGo pkfo ckgfpg'kb{5 . sL6f0f/' lxt kfgLsf lglDt
kfgLnfO{ pdfNg] ljlw ;a}eGbf pQd ljlw xf] . !))°C
;Dd kfgLnfO{ pdfn] dfq} kfgLdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ sL6f0f'x¿

138 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

gi6 xG' 5g\ . pdfnL ;s]/ klg To;nfO{ ;kmf sk8fdf 5fg/] lkpFbf cem To;df ePsf w'nf]sf s0fx¿
5flgG5 / kfgL k"0f{tof ;kmf / z4' aG5g\ . dfgj :jf:YonfO{ k|efj kfg]{ w/] h} ;f] /f]ux¿ b"lift kfgLs}
dfWod eP/ dfgj z/L/df k:b5 . emf8fkvfnf, cfp,F ljifdHj/f] cflb /fu] x¿ bl" ift kfgL s} pkh
xg' \ . ctM dflg;sf] :jf:YonfO{ :j:y /fVg z4' kfgL cTofjZos 5 .

-3_ /f]u lgoGq0f (Disease control)

jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] k|dv' p2Z] o jftfj/0f k|b"lift x'g glbO{ dfgj :jf:Yodf kg]{ c;/x¿sf]
lg/fs/0f ug'{ xf] . jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf ljleGg kIfx¿ xfjf, kfgL, df6f] cflbdf gsf/fTds ke| fj
k/] dfgj :jf:Yodf klg gsf/fTds c;/ kb{5 . bl" ift kfgLaf6 x}hf, cfp,F h'sf emf8fkvfnf,
6fOkmfO8 h:tf /f]ux¿ ;5g{ \ . To:t} b"lift xfjfaf6 Ifo/f]u, kfl] nof], Eofut' ] /f]u cflb km}lnG5 eg]
c:j:ys/ jf;:yfgn] ubf{ lemuF f, d;' f, ;fª\nf tyf /fu] sf hLjf0f'x¿sf] jl[ 4 eO{ jftfj/0f g} bl" ift
kfb{5 / ljleGg lsl;dsf /fu] x¿sf] pTklQ xG' 5 . jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yon] xfjf, kfgL, df6f] cflbnfO{
s;/L kb| "if0fdS' t /fVg] eGg] s/' f l;sfp5“ . t;y,{ /fu] lgoGq0fdf /fVgsf nflu klg jftfj/0fLo
:jf:Yosf] cWoog cfjZos 5 .

;f/f+z

• jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yon] dfgjLo :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fsf efl} ts, /f;folgs tyf hl} js kIfx¿larsf]
;DaGwnfO{ :ki6 kfb{5 .

• jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] dbtaf6 jftfj/0f cgs' "n k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf k|of]udf ;d]t ;xofu]
k'Ub5 . o;n] dfgj :jf:YonfO{ :j:ys/ jftfj/0faf6 x'g] kmfObf / c:j:ys/ jftfj/0faf6 xg' ]
ak] mfObfsf af/d] f hfgsf/L lbG5 .

• jftfj/0fLo tŒjx¿ h:t}M xfjf, kfgL, df6f] cflbdf cfpg] kl/jtg{ n] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf
dfgjnufot ljleGg hLjhGt'x¿df c;/ kfl//x]sf] xG' 5 .

• dfgj :jf:Yo / xfjflar cGofG] ofl>t ;DaGw /xG5 . xfjfljgf dfgj hLjgsf] cl:tTj ;Dej
5g} . xfjfdf /x]sf] kf| 0fjfo' clS;hg Zjf;kZ| jf;sf nflu clt cfjZos Uof;F xf] .

• dfgj z/L/sf] emG8} &%∞ efu kfgLn] cf]u6]sf] x'G5 . z/L/df /x]sf ;"Idsf]ifx¿sf
cjojx¿ h:t}M k|f6] f]KnfHd / Gol' SnofK] nfHdbl] v lnP/ /ut, dfz+ k]zL tyf ljleGg hLj/;x¿sf]
agfj6df kfgLn] 7n' f] efu cf]u6s] f] x'G5 . z/L/sf ;Dk0" f{ k0| ffnLx¿ ;'rf? 9ªu\ n] ;~rfngdf
/fVg kfgL cTofjZos xG' 5 .

• dfgj hLjg cfxf/df lglxt 5 . dfgj cfxf/sf] dn" cfwf/ df6f] xf] . ;fdfGotof dflg;n]
pkef]u ug]{ s[lifhGo j:tx' ¿ h:t}M cGg, t/sf/L, kmnkmn" cflb df6fd} pAhgL x'G5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 139

• jghªu\ nsf] ;/+ If0fn] hnfwf/ Ifq] sf] lgdf0{ f tyf ;/+ If0f eO{ sl[ ifsfo{df ;dt] ;xof]u kU' 5 .
jghª\undf lglxt xl/ofnLo'St jftfj/0fn] dfG5s] f] :jf:Yodf ;sf/fTds ke| fj kfb5{ .

• jftfj/0fLo tŒjx¿;Fusf] k|ltlj|mofn] dflg;sf] hLjg:t/, /xg;xg tyf ;lj|motfdf k|ToIf
c;/ kfb5{ . ctM jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yon] dflg;x¿sf] :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ Nofpg dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf
v]Nb5 .

• jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] 1fgn] dflg;x¿nfO{ :j:ys/ jf;:yfgdf hLjg lgjfx{ ug{ xf};nf ldN5 .
jf;:yfg :j:ys/ ePdf o;n] dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf ;sf/fTds ke| fj kfb5{ .

• jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] kd| v' kIf :j:ys/ xfjf klg xf] . w'nf,] wj' fF / /;folgs ljiffbL/lxt
xfjf g} :jR5xfjf xf] .

• :jR5 kfgL jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yoleqsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . dfgj :jf:YonfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg
:jR5 kfgLn] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf v]Nb5 .

• jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] kd| 'v p2]Zo jftfj/0f k|b"lift x'g glbO{ dfgj :jf:YonfO{ ljleGg /f]ux¿af6
arfpg' xf] .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ :j:ys/ kfgL egs] f] s] xf] <
-u_ :j:ys/ jf;:yfg egs] f] s] xf] <
-3_ c:j:ys/ xfjfn] ubf{ ;g{] s'g} b'O{ /f]ux¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .
-ª_ c:j:ys/ df6fn] ubf{ sl[ ifdf kg{] s'g} b'O{ c;/x¿ n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-r_ c:j:ys/ kfgLn] ubf{ :jf:Yodf kg]{ sg' } bO' { c;/x¿ n]Vgx' f];\ .

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M

-s_ :j:ys/ jftfj/0fsf] dxŒj k|i6 kfgx{' f];\ .
-v_ jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf dxŒjx¿ pNn]v ugx'{ f];\ .
-u_ :j:ys/ jf;:yfg lgdf0{ f ug{ s] s] s'/fdf Wofg lbgk' b5{ < pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ .
-3_ jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yodf jghªu\ nsf] dxŒjnfO{ ab'F fut ¿kdf JofVof ug{x' f;] \ .

140 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

#= km/s 5'6o\ fpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ :j:ys/ jf;:yfg / c:j:ys/ jf;:yfg
-v_ /f]u lgoGq0f / jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo

$ 5f6] f] l6Kk0fL nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ :j:ys/ xfjf
-v_ :j:ys/ df6f]
-u_ jghª\unsf] dxŒj

%= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M

-s_ jftfj/0f / :jf:Yolarsf] ;DaGwnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug'{xf;] \ .
-v_ :j:Yf z/L/sf nflu :j:ys/ jf;:yfgsf] h?/t k5{ . ts{ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . :j:ys/

jf:f:yfgsf nflu s] ug{'knf{ < ;e' mfjx¿ lbg'xf;] \ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Project work)

tn lbOPsf abF' fx¿sf cfwf/df cfkmg\ f] glhsdf /xs] f] sg' } :yfgsf] cjnfs] g u/L kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ .
• :jf:Yosf b[li6sf0] fn] To; :yfgsf] l:ylt -pko'St, cg'koS' t_
• :jf:Yosf b[li6sf]0fn] pSt :yfg pko'St jf cgk' o'St /xg'sf sf/0fx¿
• cgk' o'St /x]df ;w' f/sf pkfox¿
• pSt :yfg :j:ys/ agfpg JolSt / ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf

zAbfjnL (Glossary)

pkfrfog (Metabolism) M hLjg k|lj|mof ;Gt'lnt /fVg hLjsf] z/L/df ;~rfng eO/xg] /f;folgs
k|ljm| of

:6f]df6f M Zjf;k|Zjf;sf nflu jg:kltsf] kft k5fl8 /xs] f l5bx| ¿

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 141

PsfO k|fs[lts ks| fk] / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

( (Natural Hazard and Disaster Management)

(=! kl/ro (Introduction)

k[YjLdf ljleGg 36gfx¿ 3l6/xG5g\ . oL dWo] sx] Ln] 7'nf] wghgsf] Iflt ub5{ g\ / jftfj/0fdf
;d]t c;Gt'ng kb} f ub{5g\ . o:tf 36gfnfO{ kf| sl[ ts ks| f]k elgG5 . h:t} M r6o\ fª, af9L, klx/f,]
e"sDk, eI" fo, lxdtfn lj:kmf]6, ;'gfdL cflb . gk] fndf lj=;+= !(() / lj=;+= @)&@ ;fndf cfPsf]
e"sDk / lj= ;+ @)&^ ;fndf g]kfnsf] t/fO{df cfPsf] af9L tyf 8a' fg k|fsl[ ts k|sf]ksf 8/nfUbf
pbfx/0f xg' \ .o; PsfOdf xfdL k|fsl[ ts ks| f]ksf] kl/ro, k|sf/, sf/0f, c;/, k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tyf
Go"gLs/0fsf] pkfox¿sf] af/]df cWoog ug{] 5f}F .

(=@ k|fsl[ ts ks| f]ksf] kl/ro (Introduction to natural hazard)

k[YjLdf ljleGg lsl;dsf 36gfx¿ af9L, klx/f], e"sDk, e"Ifo, lxdtfn lj:kmf6] g, ;g' fdL, r6o\ fª,
Hjfnfdv' L, cfunfuL, dxfdf/Lsf sf/0f hgwgsf] 7n' f] Iflt tyf gfS] ;fgL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf
k|sf/sf 36gfnfO{ k|fsl[ ts k|sf]k elgG5 . o:tf k|sf/sf 36gfn] hgwgsf] ;fy} ;fdflhs, cflys{
tyf jftfj/0fLo Ifq] df Iflt tyf gfS] ;fg k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . o;/L cs:dft\ s'g} 36gf 36]/ hgwgsf]
7n' f] Iflt eO{ ;fdflhs hghLjgdf k|lts"n c;/ k¥' ofpg] 36gfnfO{ k|sfk] (hazard) elgG5 .

k|s[ltdf h}ljs / ch}ljs tŒjx¿n] ;Gtn' g sfod u/L kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL ;r" f? eO/xs] f] xG' 5 .
olb oL tŒjdf sg' } c;/ kg{ uPdf c;Gt'ng eO{ gsf/fTds c;/ bv] f kb{5 . olb logLx¿larsf]
;Gtn' g sfod /fVg ;lsPg eg] o;n] dfgjnufot ;a} hLjsf] cl:tTj dfly kZ| g lrx\g v8f ug{
;S5 . jftfj/0fLo c;Gtn' gaf6 hLjx¿sf] hLjgrof{ tx;gx; xg' s' f ;fy} jf;:yfgsf] ;dt] ljgfz
xG' 5 . olb o:tf 36gfx¿ h;n] Iflt k¥' ofpF5 / ;d'bfonfO{ Iflt Gog" Ls/0f ug{ afx\o ;xfotf
h?/L kb5{ eg] To:tf] Ifltk"0f{ cj:yfnfO{ ljkb\ (disaster) elgG5 . o:tf ljleGg ks| fk] sf 36gfaf6
pTkGGf ljkbs\ f] cTolws hf]lvddf /x]sf] dn' s' dWo] gk] fn klg Ps xf] . k|sfk] x¿ sg' } cs:dft\ t
sg' } lj:tf/} b]vfkg]{ x'G5g\ . h:t} es" Dk cs:dft cfpF5 eg] v8]/L la:tf/} b]vf kb5{ . k|sfk] nfO{
/f]Sg g;s] klg ks| f]kaf6 pTkGg x'g] ljkb\sf] hf]lvd tyf IfltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 / o;sf
nflu xfdL ;a}sf] ko| f; cfjZos kb5{ .

142 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

(=# ks| f]ksf k|sf/x¿ (Types of hazard)

ks| fk] nfO{ pTklQsf cfwf/df dV' o ¿kn] b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ kf| sl[ ts k|sfk] (Natural hazard)

k|fsl[ ts 36gfj|mdsf] ¿kdf l;h{gf x'g] k|sfk] nfO{ k|fs[lts k|sfk] elgG5 . oL k|fs[lts ks| fk] x¿df
e":vng, klx/f,] e"Ifo, e"sDk cflb efu} les{ ks| f]k (Geological Hazards) hn tyf df;} d;Da4
k|sf]k (Hydro-meteorological hazards) r6o\ fª, cl;gf, lxdkft, af9L, xfjfx/' L, ;V' vf, n,'
zLtnx/ cflb / dxfdf/L, jg:klt jf hgfj/x¿df nfUg] ;?jf /f]u, Knu] , a8{ km\ n' cflb h}ljs k|sf]k
(Biological Hazards) kb{5g\ .

-v_ dfgj l;lht{ k|sfk] (Human-induced hazard)

dfgjLo ljm| ofsnfkn] pTkGg xg' ] ljleGg jftfj/0fLo x|f; tyf k|bi" f0fsf ;fy} k|fljlws If]qdf sfd ubf{
lg:sg] ljleGg k|fljlws ks| f]k dfgj l;lh{t ks| f]ksf] ¿kdf kb5{ g\ . jgljgfz / o;af6 kg{] c;/, v8/] L,
cf}Bf]lus b'36{ gf, kb| "if0f, cfunfuL, e":vng, dxfdf/L, oftfoft b'3{6gf, n8fFO tyf o4' , sf/vfgfdf x'g]
ljikmf6] cflb . tyflk cfunfuL eg] kf| s[lts tyf dfgj cfkmsF} f] nfk/jfxLsf sf/0fn] ;d]t xg' ] ub5{ .

ks| fk] sf] juLs{ /0f

ks| fk]

k|fs[lts ks| fk] dfgjhGo ks| f]k

r6\ofª\ (Lightning) cfunfuL (Fire)

af9L (Flood) xjfO{hxfh b'36{ gf (Aeroplane crash)

klx/f] -Landslide) dxfdf/L (Epidemics)

es" Dk (Earthquake) cftªs\ jfb (Terrorism)

lxdtfn lj:kmf6] g (Glacial lake outbrust) n8fOF (War)

eI" fo (Soil erosion) ;8s b'36{ gf (Road accident)

;g' fdL (Tsunamies) /;folgs kb| i" f0f (Chemical pollution)

x'/L (Storms) e:" vng (Landslide)

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 143

k|fs[lts ks| fk] x¿ s'g} k[YjLsf] w/ftn;uF t sg' } leqL efu;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . logLx¿dWo] e"sDk
;a}eGbf ljgfzsf/L ks| fk] xf] . To;} u/L Hjfnfd'vL, klx/f] klg ljgfzsf/L k|sf]k x'g\ . af9L, klx/f],
;V' vf, rjm| kft h:tf 36gfn] dfgj hghLjg g} pyn' k'yn' kfl/lbG5g\ . sltko /fi6« logs} f] rk]6fdf
k//] ul/aLaf6 ul| ;t ag]sf 5g\ . gk] fndf lj=;+= @)&@ df cfPsf] ljgfzsf/L es" Dkn] ;Dk0" f{
hghLjg g} tx;gx; agfpg'sf ;fy} y'k|} ;f:+ sl[ ts w/fx] / gfz ePsf lyP .

dfgjLo sfoa{ f6 ks| [ltdf kl| tsn" c;/ kg{ uO{ ks| fk] sf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g yfN5 . ks| [lt dflysf]
bafan] g} kf| s[lts ks| f]kx¿ l;hg{ f x'G5g\ . h:t} jgljgfzaf6 af9L, klx/f,] hnjfo' kl/jt{ g h:tf
ks| f]kx¿ b]vf kb{5g\ . hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4;uF } dfgjLo cfjZostf a9g\ uO{ ks| [ltdfly bjfj a9\5 .
To;n} ] hg3gTj a9\b} hfFbf k|fs[lts ks| fk] sf] k|efj / cj:yf klg a9\b} uPsf] bl] vG5 . k|s[lthGo
jf dfgjhGo h'g;'sa} f6 pTkGg ePsf k|sfk] af6 ckf/ Iflt xg' hfG5 . To;}n] o:tf ks| fk] x¿nfO{
sd ug{] pkfox¿ ;fr] /] ltgsf] cjnDag ug'{ ;as} f] bfloTj xg' cfpF5 .

(=$ k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf sf/0fx¿ (Causes of natural hazards)

• hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / k|fs[lts ;|ft] sf] bf]xg
• jgljgfz, af9L, klx/f], eI" fo
• sdhf]/ / le/fnf] e"agf6]
• cltjl[ i6 tyf cgfjl[ i6
• cj1} flgs s[lif k0| ffnL
• cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f tyf cf}Bfl] usLs/0f
• cj}1flgs 9ª\uaf6 ul/g] vlgh pTvgg
• cj1} flgs ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfo{x¿, ;8s lgdf{0f, gx/ sn' f,] afFw lgdf0{ f
• hnjfo' kl/jt{ g
• hgrt] gfsf] sdL
• ul/aL tyf clzIff

(=% kf| sl[ ts k|sfk] sf c;/x¿ (Impacts of natural hazards)

• hgwgsf] Iflt
• ljsf; lgdf{0f ;/+ rgfdf Iflt
• k'/ftflŒjs ;Dkbfsf] gf;

144 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

• h}ljs ljljwtfsf] x|f;
• kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf c;Gtn' g
• cTofjZos ;j] f kb| fgdf cj/f]w
• kfgLsf] ;f| t] sf] ljgfz
• c;xh ;fdflhs kl/l:yltsf] l;hg{ f
• k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]t / ;fwgsf] ljgfz

(=^ ks| fk] Joj:yfkg tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿

k|sf]k ljleGg sf/0faf6 pTkGg xg' ] b'MvbfoL 36gf xg' \ . k|sf]ksf] sf/0fcg';f/ To;sf] Joj:yfkg
tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' b5{ . k|sf]k Joj:yfkg eGgfn] ;s;] Dd ks| f]k pTkGg x'g]
kl/l:ylt l;h{gf x'g glbg', k|sf]k pTkGg ePdf To;af6 sd Iflt x'g] u/L To;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu
ul/g] sfo{ x'g\ .

ks| fk] Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgDgfcg;' f/sf r/0fa4 sfo{ ug'k{ b{5 . o; rj|mcGtut{ k"j{tof/L, kl| tsfo{
/ k'gnfe{ kb{5g\, h;nfO{ tn /]vf lrq (=! df bv] fOPsf] 5 . k|sf]k tyf ljkb\ cfpg'eGbf cufl8sf]
r/0fnfO{ k"Jft{ of/L, ljkbs\ f] ;dodf k|ltsfo{ / ljkb\kZrft\sf] ;donfO{ kg' nfe{ sf] r/0f elgG5 .
cem o; ljkb\ hfl] vd Joj:yfkg tyf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljzi] f u/L k"jt{ of/Ldf Wofg lbg' clt
cfjZos 5 .

-s_ kj" { tof/L (Preparedness) k"j{tof/L

o;cGt{ut lgDg sfo{x¿ kb5{ g\ . (Preparedness)

• ks| f]k tyf ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] kg" nfe{ kl| tsfo{
cWoog tyf gS;fª\sg
(Recovery) (Response)
• kj" { ;"rgf k0| ffnLsf] ljsf;

• cfly{s ;|ft] sf] Joj:yf lrq (=! k|sf]k tyf ljkb\ hfl] vd Joj:yfkg rjm|
• cfjZos ;+/rgf lgdf0{ f

• ks| f]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
pkfox¿sf] vfh] L

• :yfgLo 1fg, l;k tyf ;|ft] sf] klxrfg tyf kl/rfng

• tflnd, Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf hgrt] gf

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 145