Grade 9 Optional Environmental Science Nepali Medium

-v_ k|ltsfo{ (Response)

• ks| fk] sf] cj:yfsf] klxrfg
• ks| f]ksf] c;/ / ke| fjsf] ljZn]if0f
• k|sf]ksf] gsf/fTds c;/sf] Gog" Ls/0f
• k|sf]ksf] ;dfwfgsf] pkfox¿sf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f
• tTsfnLg j}slNks pkfox¿sf] vfh] L tyf pko'St pkfox¿sf] ko| f]u
• vf]h, p4f/, /fxt tyf k'g:yfk{ gf
• cfkts\ fnLg cf>osf] Joj:yf tyf tTsfnsf nflu ;'/lIft If]qdf :yfgfGt/0f
• cfkt\sfnLg k|fylds pkrf/, ;/;kmfO tyf ;dGjosf] Joj:yf
• k|f/lDes Iflt ;ªs\ ng tyf ljZn]if0f

-v_ k'gnf{e (Recovery)

• k'g:f{/rgf tyf kg' :yf{kgf
• Iflt tyf gfS] ;fgLsf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L
• bL3{sfnLg ;'/lIft If]qdf lj:yflkt ;d'bfosf] :yfgfGt/0f
• j}slNks hLljsfk] fhg{ sf] Joj:yf
k|sf]k tyf o;af6 pTkGg ljkb\sf] cj:yfcg';f/ To;sf] Joj:yfkg tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿ klg
km/s km/s xG' 5g\ . To;n} ] sx] L k|fs[lts ks| fk] x¿ tyf ltgLx¿sf] Joj:yfkg tyf Go"gLs/0fsf
pkfox¿sf] af/d] f oxfF j0fg{ ul/Psf] 5 .

(=& r6\ofª (Lightening)

r6o\ fª l:ylt ljB't\sf] c;/ xf] . ;g\ !&%@ df a]Ghfldg k|\mofªslngn] ljBt' \ kj| fxaf6 r6\ofª kg]{
s/' f kQf nufPsf lyP . j}1flgs efiffdf r6o\ fª kg'{ jf lahnL' rlDsg' eg]sf] jfod0' 8naf6 pRr
zlStsf] ljBt' \ k;| f/0f x'g' xf] . cfsfzdf jfkmsf s0fx¿ lrl:;bF } hfFbf afbn aGb5 . afbndf
kfgLsf ;;fgf yfk] fx¿ cfk;df hf]l8Fb} hfbF f ux|fF} eO{ tnlt/ emb5{ g\ . tnaf6 tftf] xfjf / hnjfik
dflylt/ uO/x]sf] xG' 5 . o;/L xg' ] bfx] f]/f] rfnn] ubf{ afbndf 3if0{ f eO{ ljBt' \ rfh{ pTkGg x'G5 .
oxL j|mddf Psflt/af6 OnS] 6f« g] sf] kj| fx csft]{ km{ xG' 5 . o;/L crfns j:ta' f6 OnS] 6f« g] ;//] hfbF f lgs}
tfk kb} f xG' 5 . of] tfkn] xfjfnfO{ ;t] f] xg' ] u/L ttfp5F . oxL jm| ddf ljBt' \ kj| fx ePsf] 7fpsF f] xfjf
t/ªu\ sf] ¿kdf kml} nG5 / Psl} 5gdf lr;f] eO{ vD' rbF f 7n' f] cfjfh lg:sG5 . o;/L r6o\ fª pTkGg xG' 5 .

146 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

(=&=! r6o\ fªsf] sf/0f (Causes of Lightening)

ha C0f jf wg rfho{ 'St afbn cfsfzaf6 w]/} tn cfOk'U5, To;kl5 cUnf ?v, 3/ cflbsf] dfly
ljk/Lt rfh{ hDdf xG' 5 . oL ljk/Lt rfhs{ f] lardf cfs{if0f eO{ ljBt' \ k|jfx x'G5, cyf{t\ r6\ofª
kb{5 .

(=&=@ r6o\ fªsf] c;/ (Effects of lightening)

r6o\ fª kbf{ ?v, 3/ jf cGo j:t' h] 5, ;f] hn]/ gfz xG' 5 . To;} u/L hª\undf cfunfuL x'g klg
;S5 . r6o\ fªn] w]/} hgwgsf] Iflt ub5{ .

(=&=# r6\ofªsf] /fs] yfd (Prevention of lightening)

r6\ofªaf6 3/, kn' , pBf]u, snsf/vfgf cflbnfO{ hf]ufpg cly{ª ugk{' b5{ . 3/sf] dfly lqz"n
/fv]/ tfdfsf] df]6f] tf/ hf8] ]/ hldgdf lr;f] cfpg] :yfg;Dd nu]/ 5f]8d] f ;a} ljBt' \ hldgdf k|jfx
eO{ b3' {6gfaf6 hfl] uG5 . o;/L r6o\ fªaf6 aRgsf nflu clyª{ /fVgk' b{5 . 3/df ljB't\ k|jfx ug{
ljR5fOPsf] tf/nfO{ klg cly{ª ul/g] rng 5 .

(=&=$ r6o\ fªsf] Joj:yfkg tyf c;/ Gog" Ls/0f (Management and reduction

measures of lightening)

olb xfd|f] ghLs} s;}nfO{ r6o\ fªn] xfgs] f] 5 eg] Tof] JolStnfO{ xfdLn] arfpbF f xfdLnfO{ s'g} klg
ks| f/sf] s/G] 6 nfUbg} / c;/ kb}g{ . r6\ofªn] dflg;sf] dlit:s / Go'/fg] df c;/ u5{ . s'g}
cj:yfdf la/fdL hNg ;S5 / d[To' klg xg' ;S5 . To:tf] ljkt\df k/]sf] JolStnfO{ rfF8fe] Gbf rf8F f]
c:ktfndf k'¥ofpgk' b5{ .

(=* af9L (Flood)

vf]nfgfnf tyf gbLdf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf eGbf cTolws dfqfdf kfgL aUgn' fO{ af9L elgG5 . jiff{sf]
kfgL gbL, vfn] fdf gc6]/ cfgf] cf;kf;sf] If]qdf km}lnG5 / ToxfF 8a' fg kb} f ub5{ . o;/L gbL,
vf]nfdf dfq geO{ cGo hldg Ifq] af6 klg kfgLsf] cTolws axfj x'gn' fO{ af9L elgG5 . o;/L hldg
;txdf ePsf] efl} ts ;r+ /gf eTsfpg,] 8'afpg,] hgwgsf] Iflt ug{], kz'kG5LnfO{ gf]S;fg k¥' ofpg]
ePsfn] af9L klg Ps k|fsl[ ts ks| fk] g} xf] . lbOPsf] lrq (=@ Dff af9L uO/xs] f] cj:yf b]vfOPsf]
5.

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 147

lrq g=+ (=@ af9L uO/x]sf] lrq

(=*=! af9Lsf sf/0fx¿ (Causes of flood)

af9L ljleGg sf/0faf6 cfpg ;S5 . tL dWo] s]xL kd| 'v sf/0fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

• hnfwf/ If]qdf cTolws jiff{ eP/
• klx/fn] ] vfn] f y'lgP/ kg' M elTsPkl5 / axfj cTolws eP/
• gbLaf6 cj}1flgs tj/af6 9'ª\uf afn'jfsf] ;ª\sng
• gbL cltjm| d0f u/L ;+/rgf lgdf0{ f
• le/fnf] hldgsf] cj}1flgs pkofu]
• cTolws dfqfdf lxpF kUn]/
• lxdtfn lj:kmf6] eP/
• gbLsf] afwF km'6/]
• cj}1flgs ljsf; sfo{
• eI" fo
• hnjfo' kl/j{tg

(=*=@ af9Lsf c;/x¿ (Effects of Floods)

• hgwgsf] Iflt
• s[lifof]Uo hldgdf Iflt

148 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

• 3/, pBfu] , snsf/vfgfdf Iflt
• ljsf; ;+/rgf ;8s, kn' , ljBt' \ux[ , gx/, sn' f,] cflbdf gfS] ;fg
• jghª\un, jg:klt tyf jGohGt'sf] gfz
• hl} js ljljwtfdf x|f;
• /fu] Joflw, ul/aL, ;fdflhs ck/fw j[l4
• jftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ng

(=*=# /f]syfdsf pkfox¿

• gbL lsgf/df t6aGw lgdf{0f ug{]
• gbL lsgf/sf dfgj j:tL x6fpg]
• gbL lsgf/df jf;F h:tf w]/} h/f x'g] la?jf /fK] g]
• le/fnf] hldgdf u/f agfO{ v]tL ug{]
• a;fa] f; :yn glhs kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] Joj:yf ug{]
• cltrl/r/gnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{]
• j[If/f]k0f ug{]
• gbLaf6 hyfefjL 9ª' \uf, afn'jf glemSg]
• gbL, vfn] fsf] cltj|md0fnfO{ /fS] g]

(=*=$ kj" {tof/L (Preparedness)

– ;'/lIft :ynsf] vf]hL
– cTofjZos ;j] fsf] kxFr' sf] Joj:yf
– cfjZos ;/+ rgf lgdf{0f
– cfly{s ;f| t] sf] Joj:yf
– hgr]tgf, tflnd tyf ;"rgf ;ªs\ ng ;o+ Gq lgdf0{ f

(=*=% af9Lsf] Joj:yfkg tyf c;/ Go"gLs/0f

af9Lsf] c;/ Gog" Ls/0f ug{ af9Lsf] k|sf]ksf] a]nf / s]xL ;dokl5 ljzi] f Wofg lbgk' 5{ . af9Lsf]
;dodf xfdLn] vt/fo'St hUufdf hfg' x'bF }g, ;s;] Dd ;/' lIft :yfgdf uO{ p4f/sdL{af6 cfpg]
lgb]z{ gcg;' f/ rNg'kg{] xG' 5 . afnaflnsf tyf hi] 7 gful/s, ckfªu\ tf ePsf JolSt / ue{jtL
dlxnfnfO{ rfF8} pkrf/ lbO{ t?' Gt} cj:yf x/] /] c:ktfndf nUgk' 5{ . af9L cfPkl5 kfgLdf lxF8g\ ],

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 149

kf}8g,] uf8L xfSg] ug{' x'bF g} . af9Lkl5 ljleGg /f]ux¿ dxfdf/Lsf] ¿kdf kml} ng] vt/f ePsfn]
;/;kmfO / vfgk] fgLdf ljz]if Wofg lbgk' 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk !

cfgf] a;fa] f; If]qdf cfPsf] af9Lsf] cjnfs] g u/L ToxfF af9L cfpgsf sf/0fx¿, To;af6 k/s] f]
c;/ / /f]syfdsf pkfox¿ pNnv] u/L Pp6f kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx'{ f];\ .

(=( klx/f] (Landslide)

kxf8 jf le/fnf] hldgsf] sg' } efu jf r66\ fg 56' l\ 6P/ u?' Tjann] tnlt/ emg]{ k|ljm| ofnfO{ klx/f]
elgG5 . efu} le{s k|lj|mofsf sf/0f klg cUnf] :yfgaf6 xfr] f] :yfgtkm{ df6f]nufot cGo kbfy{ xf]rf]
:yfgtkm{ aUb5 . To;} u/L cTolws jif{fsf sf/0f le/fnf] ;txdf /xs] f] df6f] sdhf/] eO{ tnlt/
v:b5 . o;/L ljljw kl| j|mofåf/f df6fn] ufot ljleGg kbfy{ cUnf] :yfgaf6 xf]rf] :yfglt/ aUg]
j|mdnfO{ klx/f] elgG5 . g]kfnsf] kxf8L efudf uPsf] klx/fs] f] gd'gf lrq (=# df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

lrq g=+ (=# klx/f]

(=(=! klx/f]sf sf/0fx¿ (Causes of landslide)

• efu} les{ ultljlw tyf u?' Tjansf sf/0f klx/f] pTklQ xG' 5 .
• cTolws jiffs{ f sf/0f hldg ;tx sdhf]/ eO{ cf/] fnf]lt/ aUb5 .
• e"ldut hn:t/df jl[ 4 xg' fn] klx/f] hfg ;S5 .
• gbL s6fgn] klx/f] hfG5 .
• ljsf; lgdf0{ f sfo{ h:tM} ;8s, kn' , agfpbF f hldg eTsfpg la:kmf6] ugfn{ ] klx/f] hfG5 .

150 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

• cTolws r/Lr/gn] hldg gfª\uf] xFb' } hfbF f klx/f] hfG5 .
• le/fnf] If]qdf cj1} flgs tl/sfn] v]tL ugfn{ ] klg klx/f] hfG5 .
• jg ljgfz xg' fn] klg klx/f] hfG5 .

(=(=@ klx/f]sf] c;/ (Effects of landslide)

• hgwgsf] Iflt
• s[lifofU] o hldg ljgfz
• 3/, kn' , ;8s, ljsf; ;/+ rgf gfz
• jghªu\ n ljgfz
• jGohGt' tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] x|f;
• af9L cfpg] ;Defjgf jl[ 4

(=(=# /fs] yfdsf pkfox¿

• Hf]lvdo'St le/fnf] If]qdf a;fa] f; :yn gagfpg]
• gbL lsgf/df t6aGw lgdf{0f ug{]
• ;8s lgdf0{ f ubf{ hyfefjL lj:kmf]6 gug{]
• Jojl:yt rl/r/g ug]{
• le/fnf] If]qdf u/f agfO{ vt] L ug{]
• jI[ f/fk] 0f / ;/+ If0f sfo{ ;fy;fy} cufl8 a9fpg]
• klx/f] hfg] :yfgsf] klxrfg u/L To;af6 ;fjwfg /xg]
• hgr]tgf clej[l4 sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ug]{ .

(=(=$ klx/fs] f] Joj:yfkg tyf c;/ Go"gLs/0f

klx/f]n] ubf{ wghg tyf ef}lts ;/+ rgfsf] Iflt x'g] xbF' f xfdLn] o;sf] c;/ Gog" Ls/0f ug{ klx/f]
uO/x]sf] a]nf ljz]if ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . klx/f] uO/xs] f] 7fpeF Gbf a9L prfO ePsf]
;'/lIft 7fpFdf a:gk' 5{ . klx/fn] ] k'l/Psf dflg;x¿sf] l56fe] Gbf l56f] p4f/ u/L 3fOtn] fO{ t?' Gt}
c:ktfn nh} fg'k5{ . klx/f]sf] vt/f ePsf Ifq] sf dflg;x¿n] x/If0f ;rt] /xg'k5{ . xfdLn] :yfgLo
/l] 8ofs] f va/ tyf hfgsf/Lx¿ ;G' gk' 5{ . s'g} vt/fsf ;ª\s]tx¿ h:t} clwstd jiff,{ 9'ªu\ f v;s] f
cfjfhx¿ ;g' ]df klx/f] uPsf] 7fpFeGbf 6f9f a:gk' 5{ . klx/f] /f]lsPkl5 klg klx/f] uPsf] 7fpFdf
hfg' xb' }Fg lsgls klx/f] kml] / klg hfg ;S5 . hfl] uPsf JolStx¿n] cfgf] 5/l5d]s 5g\ ls 5g} g\,

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 151

cj:yf s:tf] 5 olsg ugk{' 5{ . ljz]if1x¿sf] ;Nnfxkl5 dfq klx/f] uPsf] 7fpFdf kmsg{ ] ls gkms{g]
lg0fo{ ugk{' 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk @

sg' } klx/f] uPsf] :yfgsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f u/L ToxfF klx/f] hfgsf] sf/0f, To;af6 k/]sf] c;/ /
c;/ Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿ pNnv] ub{} Pp6f k|ltjb] g tof/ ug'x{ f;] \ .

(=!) e"sDk (Earthquake)

e"sDk eGgfn] k[YjLsf] ;txsf] rfnnfO{ hgfp5F . sg' } sf/0fj; kY[ jLsf] cfGtl/s efusf] ;Gtn' gdf
cj/f]w pTkGg xbF' f kY[ jLleqsf] r66\ fgsf] efu tGsg] / vD' rg] ubf{ w/ftndf x'g] sDkg g}
e"sDk xf] . ;fy} Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6g xb'F f klg es" Dk hfg] ub{5 . slxn] k[YjLsf] ;tx bfofF afofF
(horizontal) / slxn] tndfly (vertical) xlNnG5 . o;}nfO{ e"sDk jf e'OrF fnf] elgG5 . gk] fndf
lj=;=+ !(() ;fndf / lj=;=+ @)&@ df 7n' f e"sDk uO{ Jofks hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf] lyof] .

lrq g=+ (=$ e"sDkn] tx;gx; agfPsf] a:tL

(=!)=! e"sDk pTkGg xg' ] sf/0fx¿ (Causes of earthquake)

es" Dk hfg] w/] } sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ sf/0fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
• k[YjLleqsf] r6\6fgsf] efu tlGsg] / v'Drg] ubf{ es" Dk pTkGg xG' 5 .
• kY[ jLsf] ;txleq /xs] f 7'nf yfnLx¿ (Plates) bfofaF fofF ;bf{ e"sDk pTkGg xG' 5 .
• Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6 xb'F f es" Dk pTkGg xG' 5 .

152 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

• 7nf 7n' f lj:kmf6] xbF' f e"sDk k}bf xG' 5 .
• hnd08nsf] lkwdf /xs] f] r6\6fgdfly kfgLsf] 7'nf] rfk kbf{ es" Dk pTkGg xg' ;S5 .
• hldgsf] ;txsf l5b|af6 kfgL l5/]/ uO leqsf] tftf]n] afkm agfO{ aflx/ cfpFbf r66\ fgdf

wSsf lbO es" Dk k}bf pTkGg xG' 5 .

(=!)=@ e"sDksf c;/x¿ (Impacts of earthquake)

• hldgsf] :j¿k kl/j{tg ug{ ;S5 . cUnf kxf8x¿ ;dy/ / ;dy/ e"efu kxf8 aGg
klg ;S5 .

• kfgLsf dn" ;S' g] / sxLF kfgLsf dn" pTkGg xg' ;S5 .
• 3/, snsf/vfgf, k'n, ;8s cflb ;/+ rgf gfz x'g ;S5 .
• le/fnf] ;txdf klx/f] hfg ;S5 .
• k/' ftflŒjs dxŒjsf d7dlGb/, b/af/sf] gfz x'g ;S5 .
• vfgk] fgLsf] kfOk, lahn' L aQL, 6l] nkmf]gsf tf/ cflb 66' fOlbg ;S5 .
• 9nx¿ km'6g\ ] / ltt/lat/ x'g ;S5g\ .
• hgwg, kzk' G5L cflbsf] gf]S;fg x'g ;S5 .

(=!)=# e"sDksf] c;/ Gog" Ls/0fsf] k"j{tof/L

e"sDkaf6 Jofks c;/ kg]{ ePsfn] o;sf] c;/ sd ug{sf nflu lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M

• ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ubf{ ;'/lIft kl| jlwsf] cjnDag ug{]
• 3/leq ;fdfgsf] Joj:yfkgdf Wofg lbg]
• ;/' lIft :yfgsf] klxrfg / 5gf6] ug]{
• cfkt\sfnLg j:ts' f] Joj:yf ug]{
• es" Dk hfg'cl3, hfbF } ubf{ / kl5 ugk{' g]{ sfos{ f] kj" {of]hgf u/L tof/L cj:yfdf /xg]
• hgr]tgf clejl[ 4 sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ug{]

(=!)=$ es" Dk Joj:yfkg tyf c;/ Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿

e"sDk Joj:yfkgsf nflu es" Dk hfgk' j" {, e"sDk uO/xs] f] cj:yfdf / kl5 ug'k{ g]{ sfos{ f] k"jt{ of/L
u/L ;bf;jb{ f tof/L cj:yfdf /xg' kb{5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 153

-s_ es" Dk cfpg'eGbf klxn] cfpgk' g]{ pkfox¿

• es" Dk k|lt/fw] fTds ejgx¿ ejg lgdf{0f ;l+ xtf kfng u/L lgdf0{ f ug]{
• 3/leq, b/fh, lkm| h, k':tssf ¥ofs, Pg] f, 6l] nlehg cflbnfO{ leQfdf c8\ofP/ g9Ng] u/L

/fVg]
• km'6\g] j:tn' fO{ gv:g] u/L c8\ofP/ /fVg]
• 3/sf leQf, l;lnª, lah'nLsf tf/ cflb lau]s| f] 5 eg] ;dodf g} dd{t ug]{
• 6rn{ fO6, /]l8of], kf| ylds pkrf/sf] ;fwg cflb ;'/lIft ¿kdf /fVg]
• 3/leq / aflx/ ;'/lIft :yfg klxrfg u/L /fVg]

-v_ es" Dk cfO/xs] f] cj:yfdf ckgfpgk' g{] pkfox¿
3/leq ePsf] cj:yfdf

• gcQflng] tyf w}o{ /xg]
• 9fs] fsf] rfs} ;sf] tn pleg] jf 6]an, 8]:s jf vf6dl' g l5g{]
• sf]7fleq 6a] 'n, vf6, 8:] s geP ‘3'8F f 6s] L u'8F N' sL cft] nfuL ;dft’ sf] ljlw ckgfpg]
• elTsg ;Sg] emo\ fn, l;;f jf n8g\ ;Sg] j:ts' f] glhs ga:g]
• es" Dk uO/xs] f] ;dodf 3/af6 aflx/ glg:sg]
• 3/ aflx/ lg:sg] 9fs] f glhs ePdf aflx/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg]
• e¥ofª gcfl] n{g] / emo\ fnaf6 aflx/ xfd gkmfNg]

3/aflx/ ePsf] cj:yfdf

• lah'nLsf] nfOg, 6«fG;kmd{/, sdhf]/ ?v, cUnf ejg glhs ga:g]
• af6f] ;fF3'/f] 5 / bfofFafofF cUnf 3/x¿ 5g\ eg] s'g} klg 3/sf] 9f]sfdf pleg]
• v'nf 7fpdF f eP klg ‘3'F8f 6]sL u8'F N' sL cft] nfuL ;dft’sf] ljlwaf6 cfk"mnfO{ ;'/lIft

/fVg]
• olb ;jf/L ;fwg rNffO/xg'ePsf] 5 eg] ;8ssf] 5]pdf nu]/ ;fjf/L ;fwg /f]Sg]

-u_ es" Dkkl5sf] cj:yfdf ugk{' g]{ sfox{ ¿

• e"sDk /fl] sgf;fy 3/ aflx/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg]
• rf6] k6s nfus] fd] f pkrf/ ug{tkm{ nfUg]

154 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

• p4f/ sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{
• 3/leq hfg'k"j{ hu, kvf{n, ‰ofn9fs] f cflbsf] cj:yf lg/LIf0f ug]{
• /l] 8of], 6l] nlehg cflbaf6 lbOPsf] ;"rgfcg;' f/ Jojxf/ ug{]
o;/L es" Dk cfpg'k"j{, e"sDk uO/x]sf] cj:yf / To;kl5sf] cj:yfdf ;o+ ldt eO{ oL sfo{ ug{ ;sd] f
e"sDkaf6 x'g] Iflt Gog" Ls/0fdf ;xofu] kU' b5 .

lj|mofsnfk #

es" Dkn] c;/ k¥' ofPsf] s'g} ;Dkbfsf] cjnfs] g u/L To;df k/s] f] c;/ / c;/ Go"gLs/0f tyf
To;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ug'k{ g{] sfox{ ¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g,\ pNn]v ub{} Pp6f kl| tj]bg tof/
ugx{' f];\ .

(=!! eI" fo (Erosion)

s'g} Ps :yfgsf] df6f] csf{] :yfgdf k¥' ofpg' jf df6fsf] u0' f:t/ x|f; xg' 'nfO{ e"Ifo elgG5 . sg' }
hldg s8f / s'g} g/d xG' 5g\ . sg' } :yfgsf] df6f] v'sn' f] x'G5 eg] sg' } sl:;Psf] xG' 5 . hldgsf]
agf]6cg';f/ s] slt e"Ifo x'G5 eGg] s'/f cgd' fg ug{ ;lsG5 . le/fnf] hldgdf / vf]nf gbL lsgf/df
a9L e"Ifo x'G5 . eI" fonfO{ dV" o $ ks| f/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ hnLo eI" fo – kfgLaf6 x'g]
-v_ jfo' e"Ifo – xfjfaf6 x'g]
-u_ lxdfnL e"Ifo – lxpFdf xg' ]
-3_ ;db' |L eI" fo – ;d'b|df x'g]

(=!!=! e"Ifosf sf/0fx¿ (Causes of erosion)

e"Ifo x'gsf d"Vo sf/0fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

-s_ jg ljgfz M jg:klt gePsf :yfgdf e"Ifo a9L e/} xG5 .
-v_ le/fnf] hldg M le/fnf] hldgdf df6f] a9L aUb5 .
-u_ cltrl/r/g M hyfefjL kz'x¿nfO{ r/fpbF f 3f;F n] 9fss] f] Ifq] phf8 agL eI" fo x'G5 .
-3_ cj1} flgs vt] L k0| ffnL M le/fnf] hldgdf hyfefjL vt] L ubf{ klg eI" fo x'g hfG5 .
-ª_ cJojl:yt ljsf; lgdf{0f M cJojl:yt ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ eI" fo xG' 5 .
-r_ jiffs{ f] c;dfg ljt/0f M cTolws jif{f / Go"g jiff{ b'j}n] eI" fonfO{ ;3fpF5g\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 155

-5_ gbLx¿df wf/ kl/j{tg M gbLn] cfgf] wf/ kl/j{tg ubf{ pAhfp hldgsf] df6f] aufP/
e"Ifo x'G5 .

-5_ hnsf] axfadf ult/fw] M ljljw sf/0fj; kfgLsf] kj| fxdf cj/f]w cfpbF f e"Ifo x'G5 .
-h_ kf| sl[ ts sf/0f M xfjf, x/' L, atf;, af9L klx/f] h:tf kf| sl[ ts sf/0fn] e"Ifo x'G5 .

(=!!=@ e"Ifosf c;/x¿ (Impacts of erosion)

• hldgsf] pTkfbsTj x|f; x'G5 .
• jgljgfz x'g ;S5 .
• hl} js ljljwtfdf xf| ; NofpF5 .
• kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf ljrng Nofp5F .
• jftfj/0fLo c;Gtn' g lglDtg ;S5 .
• tfntn}of kf]v/L k'l/g ;S5g\ .
• gbL lsgf/sf v]tLofU] o hldg gfz x'g yfNb5g\ .
• ;db' | txdf df6f] hDdf xF'b} hfg yfNb5 .
• le/fnf] hldgsf] df6f] au/] hfbF f ToxfF afsF L /xs] f] r66\ fgdf la?jf pdg| sl7gfO xG' 5 .

(=!!=# e"Ifo /f]syfdsf pkfox¿

• jI[ ff/fk] 0f ug'k{ b{5 .
• kzr' /0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ugk{' b5{ .
• le/fnf] hldgdf uxf| agfO{ vt] L ug{'kb5{ .
• af9L lgoGq0f ug{ vfn] f lsgf/df t6aGw lgdf0{ f ug'{k5{ .
• kfgL lgsf;sf] dfu{ tof/ ug{k' b5{ .

(=!@ lxdtfn ljikmf]6g (Glacial lakes outbrust)

kfgL 7f;] , t/n / Uof;F tLgcf]6} cj:yfdf kfOG5 . kfgLsf] 7f;] cj:yf lxpF / a/km xf] . ;fdfGotof
0°C tfkjm| ddf kfgL 7f;] aGb5 . cfsf;df cTolws lr;fn] ] ubf{ kfgL hd]/ lxFpsf] ¿kdf tn embf{
lxdfndf lxpF hDdf xG' 5 . oxL lxpF kUn]/ lxdgbLx¿ ag]sf] xG' 5g\ . lxdfnL e]udf r66\ fgn] 3l] /Psf]
:yfgdf lxpF klUnP/ ag]sf tfnnfO{ lxdtfn elgG5 . tfkj|mdsf] jl[ 4 xFb' f lxdtfnsf] lxpF klUng]
jm| d a9b\ } uO{ tfndf kfgLsf] dfqf a9\5 . j|mdzM kfgL a9b\ } hfbF f afFw km6' /] 7'nf] af9L cfpg ;S5,
h;nfO{ lxdtfn lj:kmf6] g elgG5 -lrq (=%_ .

156 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

lrq (=% lxdtfn ljikmf6] gsf] b[Zo

(=!@=! lxdtfn ljikmf]6gsf] sf/0f (Causes of giacial lakes out brust)

lxdtfn lj:kmf]6gsf k|d'v sf/0fx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

• ljZjJofkL pmi0ftf M xfn ljZjsf] tfkjm| d lbgfgl' bg a9b\ } uPsf] 5 . o;n] lxpF kUng] /
lxdtfndf cTolws kfgL hDdf eO{ lj:kmf6] g xg' ] vt/f a95\ .

• lxdklx/f] uP/ M lxdklx/fs] f] sf/0f tfnsf] ;txsf] kfgL a9b\ } hfG5 / lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 x'G5 .
• afFw km'6]/ M lxdtfnsf] afwF ljleGg sf/0fn] sdhf/] eP/ cfkmF} eTsg ;Sb5 / lxdtfn

lj:kmf]6g x'g ;S5 .
• e"sDk M es" Dkaf6 klg lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 x'g ;S5 . hldg xlNng hfbF f kfgLsf] 5fnn] afwF

gf3]/ aflx/ lg:sg] j|mddf lvofpFb} nu]/ klg lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 xg' ;S5 .

o;/L le/fnf] hldgdf w]/} lxpF hDdf xg' ', s8f r66\ fg IfoLs/0f eP/ sdhf]/ aGg' / lxpsF f] ef/
axg ug{ g;Sg,' r66\ fgsf wfFhfdf k;s] f] kfgL hDg] / klUng] kl| j|mof lg/Gt/ rln/xg,' 7n' f] lxdkft
x'g', e"sDk uP/ hldg xlNng' cflb sf/0faf6 lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 xg' hfG5 .

(=!@=@ lxdtfn lj:kmf]6gsf c;/x¿ (Impacts of glacial lakes outbrust)

-s_ 7'nf] af9Lklx/f] hfg ;Sb5 .
-v_ jghª\un, vt] Lof]Uo hldgsf] gfz ub{5 .
-u_ kzk' G5L tyf jGohLjsf] gfz ub{5 .
-3_ ljsf; ;/+ rgf ;8s, k'n, ljB't\ux[ h:tf ;/+ rgf gfz xG' 5g\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 157

-ª_ hgwgsf] Ifltsf ;fydf qf; pTkGg u/fp5F .
-r_ kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf gsf/fTds c;/ kfb{5 .
-5_ dfgj a:tLsf] lj:yfkg u/fpF5 .

(=!@=# lxdtfn lj:kmf]6sf] c;/ Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿

gk] fnsf clwsf+z 7n' f gbL lxdfnaf6 pTkGg eO{ alu/x]sf 5g\ . gbL lsgf/fdf g} dfgj a:tL a;]sf
kfOG5 . s[lif tyf kz'kfng klg gbL lsgf/sf If]qdf g} kfOG5 . lxdtfn lj:kmf]6af6 pTkGg xg' ]
c;/ Go"gLs/0f nflu lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' b{5 .

• k|fljlws pkfo M pko'St kl| jlw, l;k tyf 1fg k|ofu] u//] lxdtfn lj:kmf6] gaf6 /fS] g] /
lj:kmf6] g eOxfn]df klg Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

• k"j{ ;r" gfsf] Joj:yf M lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g kj" { ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf u//] lxdtfn km6' \g nfu]sf]
;r" gf gbL lsgf/df a;fa] f; ug{] afl;GbfnfO{ lxdtfn lj:kmf6] xg' 'k"j{ lbg ;lsG5 .

• hgrt] gfdn" s sfo{ M lxdgbL lsgf/fdf /xs] f hg;d'bfofnfO{ lxdtfn lj:kmf]6af/] lgoldt ¿kdf
r]tgfdn" s lzIff k|bfg ug'{kb5{ .

lxdtfn lj:kmf6] x'Fbf k|efljt x'g ;Sg] Ifq] df ;8s, k'n, ljBt' u\ [xnufot ljsf; ;/+ rgf agfpFbf
pkoS' t kl| jlw, :yfgsf] rog u//] Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

;f/f+z (Summary)

• cs:dft\ s'g} 36gf 36]/ hgwgsf] 7'nf] Iflt eO{ ;fdflhs hghLjgdf kl| ts"n c;/ k'¥ofpg]
36gfnfO{ k|fsl[ ts ks| fk] elgG5 .

• kf| s[lts k|sfk] nfO{ k|sl[ thGo ks| fk] / dfgjhGo ks| f]k u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
• kf| s[lts 36gfjm| dsf] ¿kdf b]vf kg{] k|sfk] nfO{ k|s[lthGo / dfgjLo ljm| ofsnfkaf6 pTkGg

ks| fk] nfO{ dfgjhGo ks| f]k elgG5 .
• hg;ª\Vof j[l4, jgljgfz, af9L, klx/f,] eI" fo, cj1} flgs sl[ if k0| ffnL, clgolGqt ljsf; lgdf0{ f

h:tf ultljlwn] kf| sl[ ts k|sf]k lgDTofpF5g\ .
• kf| s[lts k|sfk] n] hgwgsf] Iflt, hl} js ljljwtfdf x|f;, kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf c;Gt'ng, ljsf;

lgdf0{ f ;/+ rgfdf Iflt k¥' ofpF5 .
• ks| fk] Joj:yfkgsf nflu /f]syfd, k"j{tof/L, ;Dafw] g h:tf r/0fa4 sfo{ ug{'kb5{ .
• cfsf;df afbn cfk;df 3if0{ f x'Fbf pTkGg x'g] ljB'tLo kj| fx g} r6\ofª xf] . o;af6 aRg 3/df

cly{ª ugk'{ 5{ .

158 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

• gbLgfnf, vfn] f jf kfgLsf] ;|ft] df ;fdfGoeGbf cTolws dfqfdf kfgL aUgn' fO{ af9L elgG5 .

• cTolws lxpF kUn/] , lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 eP/ gbLsf] afFw km'6/] , cTolws jiff{ eP/, klx/f]n] gbL
yl' gP/ vfl] nPkl5 af9L hfG5 .

• af9L /f]syfdsf nflu gbL lsgf/fdf t6aGw lgdf{0f, af;F h:tf w]/} h/f xg' ] la?jf /f]Kg],
j[If/fk] 0f ug]{, cltrl/r/gnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ ug{'kb{5 .

• kxf8 jf le/fnf] hldg tnlt/ emg]{ ljm| ofnfO{ klx/f] elgG5 .

• vfnL hldgdf j[If/f]k0f ug],{ hgrt] gf clej[l4 sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug,]{ rl/r/gnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{
h:tf ultljlwn] af9L, klx/f], eI" fonfO{ /f]Sg dbt ub{5g\ .

• k[YjLsf] ef}ule{s lj|mofn] ubf{ ;txdf x'g] sDkgnfO{ es" Dk elgG5 .

• k[YjLsf] leqL efudf /x]sf] r6\6fg tlGsg] / v'Drg] ubf{ tyf yfnLx¿ (Plates) bfofF afofF ;bf{
es" Dk cfp5F .

• es" Dkn] hldgsf] :j¿k kl/j{tg ug{], kfgLsf] d"n ;S' g], km'6g\ ], ljsf; ;+/rgf ;8s, k'n, ejg
gfz ug{] hgwg, kz'kG5Lsf] gfz ug]{ h:tf c;/ lgDTofpF5 .

• e"sDksf] c;/af6 hf]lugsf nflu kj" ;{ fjwfgL ckgfpg'kb5{ . o;sf nflu ;/' lIft :ynsf] 5gf]6
tyf cTofjZos ;j] fsf x/;do tof/L cj:yfdf /xg'kb5{ .

• sg' } Ps :yfgsf] df6f] csf]{ :yfgdf k'¥ofpg' jf df6fsf] u'0f:t/ xf| ; x'g'nfO{ eI" fo elgG5 .

• jgljgfz, cltrl/r/g, cj1} flgs v]tL k|0ffnL, cTolws jiff{, xfjfx/' L, atf;, af9L klx/f] h:tf
sf/0fn] e"Ifo xG' 5 .

• eI" fon] hldgsf] pTkfbsTjdf x|f;, jgljgfz hl} js ljljwtfdf xf| ;, jftfj/0fLo c;Gtn' g
lgDTofpF5 .

• eI" fo /fs] yfdsf nflu j[If/f]k0f ug{,] le/fnf] hldgdf u/f agfO{ v]tL ug]{, vfn] f lsgf/df t6aGw
lgdf{0f ug{,] kfgL lgsf;sf] dfu{ tof/ ug{k' b{5 .

• cTolws lxpF klUnFbf, lxd klx/f] hfbF f kfgLsf] ;tx a9g\ uO{ lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 x'g hfG5 .

• lxdtfn lj:kmf6] n] af9L, klx/f], jghªu\ n, ljgfz, kzk' G5L ljgfz, v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] gfz tyf
a;fa] f; :yn ;dt] gfz ub5{ .

• lxdtfn lj:kmf6] sf] c;/ Gog" Ls/0fsf nflu pko'St k|ljlw, l;ksf] pkof]u, kj" { ;"rgf k0| ffnL
h8fg, hgrt] gfd"ns sfo{ ug'{kb5{ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 159

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ kf| sl[ ts ks| f]k egs] f] s] xf] < o;sf k|sf/sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ af9L eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ klx/f] eg]sf] s] xf] <
-3_ e"Ifosf] cy{ n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-ª_ lxdtfn lj:kmf6] lsg x'G5 <
-r_ es" Dk egs] f] s] xf] <

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf ks| f/nfO{ 5f6] s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf;] \ .
-v_ kf| s[lts ks| f]ksf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ugx'{ f];\ .
-u_ k|fs[lts ks| fk] n] s] s:tf c;/ kfb{5 < pSt c;/ Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-3_ kf| s[lts ks| fk] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ug'k{ g{] r/0fa4 ljm| ofsnfk JofVof ug{x' f];\ .
-ª_ af9L cfpgsf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ub{} o;af6 kg]{ c;/x¿ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-r_ af9Lsf] /fs] yfdsf pkfox¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\ < pNn]v ug{x' f];\ .
-5_ af9Lklx/f]af6 kg]{ c;/af6 aRF gsf nflu s] s:tf kj" { tof/L ugk{' b5{ , nV] gx' f;] \ .
-h_ klx/f]sf] sf/0f / /fs] yfdsf pkfox¿ pNnv] ug{x' f;] \ .
-em_ e"sDk cfpgsf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-`_ e"sDkaf6 kg{] c;/x¿ pNnv] ub{} o;sf] Gog" Ls/0fsf nflu ug{'kg{] k"jt{ of/Lsf] af/]df

JofVof ug'{xf;] \ .
-6_ es" Dk Joj:yfkg tyf Gog" Ls/0fsf nflu ugk{' g]{ sfox{ ¿ r/0fa4 ¿kdf pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
-7_ e"Ifoaf6 bv] f kg{] c;/x¿ pNn]v ub{} /f]syfdsf pkfox¿ nV] gx' f];\ .
-8_ lxdtfn lj:kmf6] sf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ub}{ o;af6 kg]{ c;/ Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .
-9_ 9r6o\ fª s;/L kb5{ < JofVof ug'{xf;] \ .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ kf| s[lts ks| f]kn] s] s:tf c;/ kfb{5 < gk] fndf kf| sl[ ts k|sf]ksf] c;/ Gog" Ls/0f ug{]
Jofjxfl/s pkfox¿ klxrfg ug'x{ f];\ .

160 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-v_ ‘k|fsl[ ts ks| f]k Joj:yfkgdf dflg;sf] ljz]if el" dsf /xG5’ ts;{ lxt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ af9L / klx/fa] f6 kg]{ c;/af6 aRF gsf nflu s] s:tf kj" { tof/L ugk{' b5{ , JofVof ugx{' f;] \ .
-3_ e"sDkaf6 kg]{ c;/x¿ pNn]v ub{} o;sf] Gog" Ls/0fsf nflu ug'k{ g]{ kj" {tof/Lsf] vfsf

tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Project work)

tkfOFs{ f] a;f]af; :yn glhssf] klx/f,] eI" fo, af9L, cflb dWo] s'g} Ps k|fs[lts ks| f]ksf] :ynut
cjnf]sg u/L To;sf] sf/0f, c;/ / /f]syfdsf pkfox¿sf] kl| tj]bg tof/ ug{x' f];\ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)

k|fs[lts k|sf]k M hgwgsf] Iflt u/fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf afs] ]sf] k|fsl[ ts 36gf
cltj[li6 M nuftf/ w/] } jiff{ x'g'
cgfj[li6 M kfgL gkg',{ v8/] L nfUg'
cltrl/r/g M cTolws dfqfdf kzx' ¿ r/fpg] sfd
Gog" Ls/0f M sd ub{} nh} fg] kl| j|mof
yfnL M kY[ jLleq /xs] f] 7n' f r66\ fgL efux¿
lxdtfn lj:kmf6] M lxdtfn km'6/] cTolws kfgLsf] kj| fx x'g'
ljZjJofkL pmi0ftf M kY[ jLsf] tfkj|md j[l4 xg' '
hnjfo' kl/jt{g M xfjfkfgLsf] kf| sl[ ts cj:yfdf cfpg] ck|Tofl;t kl/jt{g
hfl] vd M k|sfk] sf] 36gfsf sf/0f pTkGg xg' ;Sg] Ifltsf] ;Defljt cj:yf

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 161

PsfO jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg

!) (Environment Management)

!)=! kl/ro

jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgdf k|sl[ t ;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, lbuf] ;fdflhs ;/+ rgfsf] ljsf;,
hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg, ;f:F s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;/+ If0f ug]{ h:tf kIfx¿ kb{5g\ . jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg Pp6f
o:tf] kålt xf,] h;af6 k|lts"n jftfj/0fLo k|efjnfO{ k|ljm| ofut tl/sfaf6 Go"g u/L lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
jftfj/0fLo u'0f:t/ sfod ul/G5 . jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgn] xl/t ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\
u/]sf] 5 . o; ljwfn] dfgjLo lj|mofsnfk / ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ jftfj/0fd}qL (environment
friendly) agfpbF } k|bi" f0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 xg' ] k|lts"n c;/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{] / cgs' l" nt
agfpg] nIo lnPsf] x'G5 . o; PsfOdf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro, o;sf] cfjZostf tyf
dxŒj, jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgdf ljleGg txsf] e"ldsf tyf jftfj/0fdq} L hLljsfk] fhg{ sf af/]df rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 .

jftfj/0fdf pknAw ;f| ]t ;fwgsf] ljj]sk0" f{ pkof]u u/L dflg; / jftfj/0flarsf] ;DaGw lbuf]
agfpg] Joj:yfksLo k¢lt jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg xf] . k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kn] jftfj/0fdf a9b\ f]
;x/Ls/0f, a9\bf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, kb| "if0f, k|fs[lts ;|ft] / ;fwgsf] cTolws ko| f]u tyf k|fsl[ ts
k|sf]kx¿n] c;/ kfl//x]sf] xG' 5 . o:tf] c;/nfO{ sd ug{] / a9L dfqfdf jftfj/0fdq} L kl| jlw jf
hLjgz}nL ckgfpg' g} jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg xf] .

!)=@ jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj (Need and importance of

environment management)

:j:y hLjgz}nL cjnDag ug{ :j:y jftfj/0fsf] h?/t kb{5 . To:t} :j:y jftfj/0f sfod /fVg
jftfj/0fsf] ;dl' rt ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ckl/xfo{ kIf xf] . jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf /
dxŒjnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M

• kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] ;/+ If0f ug{
• h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;/+ If0f ug{
• eI" fo, jgljgfz, af9L, klx/f] h:tf kf| s[lts k|sf]ksf] c;/ Gog" Ls/0f ug{
• dfgj tyf jftfj/0fnfO{ hfl] vddf kfg{] j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg / ko| f]udf /fs] nufpg
• jftfj/0fd}qL hLjgzn} L ckgfpg

162 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

• k[YjLsf] axg Ifdtfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg
• Jojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fnfO{ a9fjf lbg
• jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f lgoGq0f ug{
• efjL ;Gtltsf] eljiokl| t pQ/bfloTj k/" f ug{
• lbuf] ljsf;sf] cem glhs k'Ug
• k|s[ltdf ePsf ;Dk0" f{ k|f0fL tyf ;+/rgfx¿sf] oyfl] rt ;+/If0f ug{

!)=# jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgdf ljleGg txsf] e"ldsf (Role of different levels in

environment management)

jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yfkg ug{] lhDd]jf/L kT| oIf tyf ck|ToIf ¿kdf JolSt, /fi6« Pjd\ cGt/fl{ i6«o huts\ f]
xf] . o;dWo] sx] L txsf el" dsfx¿ tnsf aFb' fx¿df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ JolSt jf 3/kl/jf/ (Individual or family)

;dfh lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/et" PsfO JolSt xf] . JolSt JolSt ldn]/ g} ;dfh lgdf{0f xG' 5 . ;dfhdf sg' }
cfdn" kl/jt{g Nofpg' 5 eg] ;jk{ |yd JolStdf kl/jtg{ Nofpgk' b{5 . o;y{ jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf
nflu JolStn] lgefpg ;Sg] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M

• JolStut ;/;kmfOdf Wofg k'¥ofpg]
• pmhf{df ldtJolotf ckgfpg]
• gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] k|ofu] nfO{ kf| yldstf lbg]
• z4' kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug{]
• kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{
• jifft{ s\ f] kfgL ;ª\sng tyf kg' M ko| f]u ug]{
• xl/ofnL kj| wg{ df ;xofu] k'¥ofpg]

-v_ ;d'bfo jf 6fn] (Community or Locality)

;db' fo eg]sf] JolSt jf kl/jf/x¿sf] 7n' f] ;d"x xf] . ;db' fon] cjnDag u/]sf sfox{ ¿ olb
pbfx/0fLo ePgg\ eg] To;sf] c;/ k/" f /fi6d« f kg{ hfG5 . ;d'bfon] jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgdf plrt
Wofg lbg' tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg;DaGwL lj|mofsnfskx¿ ;~rfng tyf sfofG{ jog ug{' clt
cfjZos xG' 5 . ;db' fon] jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgtkm{ lgefpg ;Sg] el" dsfx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

• ;db' fodf jftfj/0f ;w' f/ ;ldltsf] u7g ug]{

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 163

• 6fn] ;/;kmfO cleofg ;~rfng ug{]
• xl/ofnL tyf ;fG} bo{ kj| wg{ sfo{jm| d ;~rfng ug]{
• 6fn] :t/Lo kb| "if0fx¿sf] lgoGq0f ug]{
• kmfx] f]/dn} f Joj:yfkg ug]{
• vfg]kfgLsf] d'xfg ;/+ If0f ug{]
• jftfj/0fLo ;'zf;gsf] lgodg ug{]

-u_ :yfgLo jf gu/:t/Lo tx (Local or municipal level)

:yfgLo tx eGgfn] ;;fgf ;db' fo, 6f]n Pjd\ j8fx¿ ldn/] ags] f] 7n' f] ;d"xut ;+/rgf eGg] a'lemG5 .
xfnsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ :yfgLo tx eGgfn] ufpkF flnsf / gu/kflnsfnfO{ a'lemG5 . :yfgLo tx /fHosf]
Ps ljlzi6 cª\u xf] . :yfgLo txn] cjnDag u/s] f gLlt tyf sfox{ ¿sf] ke| fj k/" f /fHoel/ g}
k/s] f] x'G5 . t;y{ :yfgLo txn] klg jftfj/0f Joj:yfkglt/ plrt Wofg tyf sfo{jm| dx¿ ;~rfng
ug{' clt cfjZos x'G5 . :yfgLo txn] jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgdf lgefpg ;Sg] e"ldsf o;ks| f/ 5g\ M

• vfg]kfgL of]hgf lgdf0{ f tyf sfof{Gjog ug{]
• :oflg6/L NofG8lkmn ;fO6sf] lgdf{0f ug]{
• ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug]{
• ;fj{hlgs zfr} fnosf] Joj:yf ug{]
• Knfl:6ssf ;fdu|L ko| fu] df k|ltaGw nufpg]
• ejg lgdf{0f cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lgdf0{ f tyf sfofG{ jog ug]{
• ;fj{hlgs pBfgsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng ug]{
• 9n lgsf;sf] plrt Joj:yf ug]{
• sl[ ifIfq] df sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] sd ko| fu] ug]{
• jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f sfi] fsf] :yfkgf ug{]
• jftfj/0f ;DaGwL sfd ug]{ ;ª3\ ;+:yfl;t ;dGjo ug]{

!)=$ jftfj/0fd}qL :yfgLo ;"rsx¿ (Environment friendly local indicators)

jftfj/0fd}qL :yfgLo zf;g kf| ¿k, @)&) df pNnv] ul/Pcg¿' k jftfj/0fdq} L :yfgLo ;"rsx¿nfO{
cfwf/e"t / ljsl;t ;"rsdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

164 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-s_ cfwf/e"t ;"rs (Fundamental indicator)

sg' } klg 3/ kl/jf/, a:tL, 6f]n jftfj/0fd}qL 3fi] f0ff xg' sf nflu 3/kl/jf/bl] v lhNnf;Dd clgjfo{
¿kdf k/" f ug{k' g{] u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf ;"rsx¿ cfwf/e"t ;"rs xg' \ . ;DalGwt txsf ;a} cfwf/et"
;r" sx¿ k/" f u/]kl5 ;f] txnfO{ jftfj/0fd}qL sb/ jf ;Ddfg kb| fg ug]{ Joj:yf /xs] f] 5 .

-v_ ljsl;t ;"rs (Developed indicator)

cfwf/e"t ;r" seGbf dflyNnf] :t/sf ;r" sx¿nfO{ ljsl;t ;r" ssf] ¿kdf /flvPsf] 5 . jftfj/0fdq} L
3f]if0ff xg' sf nflu oL ;r" sx¿ k"/f ug{' clgjfo{ geP tfklg yk :t/Ls/0fsf nflu ljsl;t ;r" ssf]
u0fgf ul/G5 . ljsl;t ;"rssf] bfo/f cfwf/e"t ;r" ssf] eGbf ax[ t\ x'G5 . jftfj/0fd}qL yk
lj|mofsnfk ug{ kf| T] ;flxt ug]{ p2Z] on] ljsl;t ;r" sx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .

!)=% gu/ If]qsf nflu jftfj/0fdq} L :yfgLo zf;gsf ;r" sx¿ (Local governance

indicators for municipal level)

gu/ Ifq] sf ljleGg txsf nflu lgDg jftfj/0fd}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf ;"rsx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M

tx cfwf/et" ;r" sx¿ ljsl;t ;r" sx¿

3/kl/jf/ -c_ ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yo -c_ ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yo

• Kofg;lxtsf] rkL{ • ;]lK66\ofªs\ L;lxt kSsL rkL{

• 3/ sDkfpG8leq kmf]xf]/sf] plrt • 3/cfuF g aflx/ ;8ssf] ;/;kmfO

Joj:yfkg l:ylt

• JolStut ;/;kmfO • Knfl:6ssf emfn] f lgodg

-cf_ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ -cf_ :jR5 pmhf{sf] ko| fu]

• pmhfs{ f] pkof]u • :jR5 pmhfs{ f] pkof]u

-O_ xl/ofnL÷;x/L ;fG} bo{ -O_ xl/ofnL tyf ;x/L ;f}Gbo{

• xl/ofnL tyf ;x/L ;f}Gbo{ kj| w{g • 3/kl/;/df vn' f 7fps“ f]

-O{_ vfgk] fgL Joj:yfkg

• jiff{t\sf] kfgL ;ª\sng÷e08f/0f • ;x/L ;fG} bo{
• z'4 vfg]kfgL -O_{ ejg lgdf0{ f ;+lxtfsf] kfngf

• ;'/lIft ejg lgdf{0f

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 165

6fn] -c_ ;:+ yfut Joj:yf, ;/;kmfO / ;G' b/tf • ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] ;/;kmfO

• 6fn] ljsf; ;:+ yf÷6f]n ;'wf/ ;ldlt • 6f]ndf xl/ofnL kj| wg{
u7g • Wjlg k|b"if0f lgoGq0f

• 6fn] ;/;kmfO cleofg

• ;+:yfsf] jftfj/0fLo ;z' f;g

• ;x/L ;f}Gbo{ kj| w{g

• Wjlg k|b"if0f lgoGq0f

j8f -c_ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO -c_ ;8s gfnf Joj:yfkg

• vfgk] fgLsf d'xfg ;+/If0f • ;8s gfnfsf] Joj:yfkg

• kmfx] f]/d}nf Joj:yfkg -cf_ s[lif

• kf]v/L lgdf0{ f tyf Joj:yfkg • kf| ªu\ fl/s s[lifnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg

-cf_ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg • kf| ªu\ fl/s vt] L k|0ffnLsf]
• cfkt\sfnLg ;/' lIft Ifq] cjnDag
-O_ jg tyf e;" +/If0f
• Ps j8f Ps g;/{ L • df}/L kfngnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg
• vfnL ktL{ hldgsf] Joj:yfkg tyf -O_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
• :yfgLo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
xl/ofnL kj| w{g
u7g / Ifdtf ljsf;
-O{_ jg tyf e;" /+ If0f

• vfnL tyf ktL{ hUufdf j[If/f]kg
tyf pBfg Joj:yfkg

-p_ Wjlg kb| "if0f lgoGq0f

• Wjlg k|bi" f0f ug{n] fO{ bl08t ug{]

166 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

gu/kflnsf -c_ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO -c_ ;/;kmfO

• vfgk] fgLsf] /0fgLlts ofh] gf lgdf0{ f • :oflg6/L NofG8lkmN8 ;fO6sf]

• :oflg6/L NofG8lkmn ;fO6sf] ;~rfng j1} flgs Joj:yfkg

• ;fjh{ lgs zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf • 9n kz| f]wg ;DaGwL Joj:yf

• Knfl:6s ko| fu] df aGb]h • xf]6n tyf /:] 6/' ]G6x¿sf] cgu' dg

-cf_ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg -cf_ sl[ if

• bdsnsf] Joj:yf • sl[ if pTkfbgdf PsLst[ sL6

• ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;lj|motf / Joj:yfkg

sf]if Joj:yfkg -O_ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{

• /fli6o« ejg ;l+ xtfsf] kfngf • ;8s a:tLsf nflu ;fo} { pmhf{

-O_ jg tyf e;" +/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtf / • ;fjh{ lgs zf}rfnox¿af6

xl/ofnL afofU] ofF; pTkfbg

• pBfgsf] ;~rfng • jftfj/0f zfvf :yfkgf

• jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ljzi] f

sf]if :yfkgf

-O_{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

• ljkb\ hfl] vdsf] gS;fª\sg

-p_ Knfl:6s Joj:yfkg

• Knfl:6s ;ª\sng tyf Joj:yfkg

-pm_ lzIff

• ljBfnodf jftfj/0fLo lzIff

-C_ jg, e";+/If0f, hl} js ljljwtf /
xl/ofnL

• xl/ofnL kj| w{g

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 167

-P_] ef}lts kj" f{wf/ ljsf;
• ep" kofu] ofh] gf
• kfls{ª :yn Joj:yfkg
• kz' awzfnf Joj:yfkg
• ;8s dfkb08 lgwf/{ 0f / sfof{ Gjog
-cf_] cfB} fl] us k|b"if0f lgoGq0f ;DaGwL
• cf}Bf]lus k|b"if0f lgodg
-cf}_ Wjlg tyf jfo' kb| i" f0f lgoGq0f
• Wjlg kb| i" f0f lgoGq0f
• jfo' k|bi" f0f Go"gLs/0f
-c+_ ;j] f s]Gbs| f] Joj:yf
• ;]jf s]Gb| ;DaGwL Joj:yf

!)=& jftfj/0fdq} L hLljsfk] fh{g (Environment friendly livelyhood)

jftfj/0fd}qL hLljsf]kfhg{ eGgfn] jftfj/0f
jf jftfj/0fLo tŒjx¿df sg' } klg lsl;dsf]
xflg gk'¥ofO{ jf jftfj/0fLo IfltnfO{ ;s;] Dd
/fs] yfd u/L ckgfOPsf] hLljsfnfO{ a'lemG5 .
jftfj/0fd}qL hLljsf]kfhg{ ug{ ckgfpg ;lsg]
sx] L k|d'v k4ltx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

-s_ kof{ko{6g (Eco-tourism)

kofk{ o6{ g eg]sf] b[Zosf] ;'Gb/tf, h}ljs,
;f:F s[lts j}ej / hl} js ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t lrq !)=! lrtjg /fli6o« lgs'~hdf kof{ko{6g
ko6{ g xf] -lrq !)=!_ . o;n] jftfj/0fnfO{
c;/ kfg]{ ljlw tyf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ko| f]udf lgifw] ub{5 . jftfj/0fdq} L ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng u/L
jftfj/0fnfO{ lbuf] /fVg] pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ub{5 . kof{ko6{ gn] ko6{ sLo If]qdf w'jfF, wn' f],
h}ljs ljljwtf gi6, kf| s[lts ;f| t] sf] bf]xg, jghªu\ n kmF8fgL cflbnfO{ lgif]w ub{5 . kofk{ o{6gsf]
Oltxf; xg] ]{ xf] eg] o;sf] ;'?jft ;g\ !(*# df sf:] 6fl/sfsf Ps ko6{ g Joj;foLn] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

168 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

kof{ko6{ gljb\ Objf8{ Ogl:sksf] zAbdf k|sl[ t, ufpF 3/, sl[ ifIf]q cflbdf :yfgLo afl;Gbfs} ky kb| z{g
/ JofVofdf lgb]l{ zt x'Fb} yf]/} ofq'x¿n] lgolGqt ¿kdf ug{] ofqf g} kofk{ o{6g xf] .

gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f kof{ko6{ gsf] If]q ljzfn / pkofu] L 5 . g]kfnsf c;ªV\ o gbLgfnf, l;d;f/ Ifq] ,
kxf8, n]sa];L, db} fg, tfntn}of, hªu\ n, jGohGt,' lxd>[ªv\ nf cflbn] kofk{ o{6gsf] ;DefjgfnfO{
;ª\s]t ub5{ . /fli6o« lgs~' h tyf ;/+ lIft If]q ljz]if kofk{ o{6sLo If]q x'g\ . g]kfnsf] lrtjg /fli6«o
lgs~' h, cGgk0" f{ ;/+ lIft If]q cflb ko6{ ssf nflu d'Vo kofk{ o6{ sLo uGtJox¿sf ¿kdf /xs] f 5g\ .

-v_ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ vt] L (Non timber forest product farming)

u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ v]tL eGgfn] jghª\unaf6 kf| Kt To:tf pkofu] L j:tx' ¿ x'g\, hg' kf| Kt ugs{ f
nflu ?vx¿ sf6g\ cfjZos xFb' }g . u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/df h8La6' L, 8fn] 3fF;, ljleGg lsl;dsf
Rofpx¿, kmnkmn" x¿ cflb kb{5g\ . oL plNnlvt jg kb} fjf/x¿sf] vt] L ug'{ g} u/} sfi7 jgk}bfjf/
v]tL ug{' xf] . u/} sfi7 jgkb} fjf/ vt] Lsf] dxŒj jghª\un ;+/If0fsf nflu clt pQd xG' 5 lsgeg]
o:tf] vfnsf] vt] L ugfs{ f nflu jg kmF8fgL ug{ cfjZos 5g} / ;fy} o:tf] lsl;dsf] v]tLn] ubf{ jg
k}bfjf/ ;/+ If0fdf 6j] f klg ldNb5 . u}/sfi7 jgk}bfjf/ v]tLn] ubf{ yk' |} u|fdL0f Ifq] sf kl/jf/x¿n]
cfkmg\ f] /fh] L/f]6Lsf] Joj:yf ug{ kfPsf 5g\ . u}/sfi7 jgk}bfjf/df h8La6' Lx¿sf] vt] L / pkof]un]
ubf{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] :jf:Yodf ;d]t ;w' f/ cfpg] ub{5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbed{ f u/} sfi7 jgk}bfjf/ vt] Lsf lglDt y'k}| ;Defjgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF 3gf jghª\un,
3f;F ] d}bfg / a6' o\ fg If]qx¿ ePsfn] gk] fn u}/sfi7 jgk}bfjf/ v]tLsf nflu pkoS' t d'ns' xf] .
xfn g]kfndf h8La6' L vt] L u/L yk' }| kmdf:{ o'l6sN;\x¿ (phrmaceuticals) rns] f 5g\ eg] To;afxs]
ljleGg vfnsfvfB j:tx' ¿sf] vt] L u/L cfocfh{gsf] dfWod klg agfOx]sf 5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk !

cfkmg\ f] j/k/ k|ofu] ul/g] u/} sfi7 jgkb} fjf/sf] gfd kQf nufO{ tn lbOPsf] tflnsf eg'{xf];\ .

u}/sfi7 jgk}bfjf/sf] gfd k|of]u ul/g] efu k|of]u

!=

@=

#=

$=

%=

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 169

-u_ s[lif jg (Agro forestry)

s[lif jg k0| ffnL eGgfn] jGo If]qdf

kfOg] pkofu] L la?jf jf ?vnfO{ s[lifhGo

afnL;uF ;Fu} v]tL ug]{ kl| j|mofnfO{ sl[ if jg

k|0ffnL elgG5 -lrq !)=@_ . Psfx] f]/f]

¿kdf cGgafnLx¿sf] v]tL ubf{ df6fdf

jg:kltsf nflu cfjZos vlgh tŒjx¿sf]

cefj xF'b} hfG5 / To;sf] k'gM kl" t{ ug{ ufxf| ]

kb5{ . sx] L o:tf jGo jg:kltx¿ 5g,\ lrq !)=@ sfe|]df ul/Psf] s[lif jg k|0ffnL
h'g vfB afnL;Fu nufpbF f To;n] df6fdf

/xs] f vlgh tŒjx¿nfO{ gjLs/0f ug{ dbt

ub{5 . o:t} sg' } s'g} vfnsf jGojg:kltx¿n] vfBafnLx¿nfO{ xfjfx/' L tyf sL6ktª\u cflbaf6

hf]ufpg] sfd ub5{ .

g]kfndf xfn s[lif jg k|0ffnLdf kfpnf]lgofsf] a[xt\ ¿kdf v]tL eO/xs] f] 5 . kfpnfl] gofnfO{ lsltj[If,
/fhs'df/L jI[ f / dxf/fgL j[If klg elgG5 . of] j[Ifaf6 ;of}F jifb{ l] v rLgn] kmlgr{ /, vn] fg} f, 3/sf
emo\ fn 9f]sf, jfBjfbg oGq, gfp cflb agfO/x]sf] 5 . of] rLgsf] /fli6«o ?v xf] . j1} flgx¿sf
cg;' f/ sd ;dod} g} a9L sf7 pTkfbg ug{ of] ?v pkofu] L bl] vPsf] 5 . o;sf] k|of]u gk] fndf ;g\
!(($bl] v eO/xs] f] 5 . of] j[If axp' kof]uL 5 lsgeg] o;sf kft / km"nx¿ kz'sf nflu 8fn] 3f;F
xf,] bfp/fsf¿kdf k|ofu] ubf{ sfO] nf klg aG5, jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'gaf6 hfu] fp5“ / ;fy} dx pTkfbgdf
klg ;xofu] k'¥ofp5F .

-3_ ;fdb' flos jg (Community forest)

jg ;/+ If0f tyf ;db' fosf] lxt Pjd\ enfOsf nflu
;fd'bflos nufgLdf ;fj{hlgs hldgdf :yflkt ;fgf]
jgnfO{ ;fdb' flos jg elgG5 . ;fd'bflos jgsf]
;Dk"0f{ sfos{ f/L clwsf/ ;d'bfodf g} lglxt x'G5 -lrq
!)=#_ .

;fdb' flos jg klg Ps k|sf/sf] jftfj/0fd}qL lrq !)=# ;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkgdf
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] dfWod xf] . ljz]ift jgIf]qsf] ljsf; :yfgLo :fdb' fosf] ;xeflutf
tyf ;Def/ / k|jw{gsf nflu ;fd'bflos jgsf]

170 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

cjwf/0ff gk] fn ;/sf/n] cl3 ;f/]sf] xf] . jg pkof]ustf{ ;d"xsf] sfgg' L dfGotf k|bfg xg' ,' u|fdL0f
tyf ;fdb' flos ljsf;, ;xeflutfd"ns sfo{jm| d, jg ljsf; / pTkfbg pkofu] df :jtGqtf, lbuf]
jg Joj:yfkg / hl} js ljljwtf ;/+ If0f o;sf ;an kIfx¿ xg' \ . o;n] ubf{ jgaf6 pkef]Stfn]
hg;xeflutf, lx:;b] f/L, ;fd'bflos ljsf;, ul/aL lgjf/0f, jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f, afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yodf
;w' f/ / lbuf] ;|f]tsf] l;h{gf h:tf s/' fdf nfe ku' s] f] 5 .

-ª_ hl} js vt] L (Organic farming)

h}ljs v]tL sl[ ifsf] o:tf] ljlw xf,] h;df

/f;folgs dn tyf /f;folgs sL6gfzsx¿sf]

k|of]u ljgf pTkfbg ul/G5 -lrq !)=#_. o;n]

df6fsf] pj/{ fzlStnfO{ sfod /fVg, afnLrj|m

;~rfng ug{ tyf xl/t dn / sDkf]:6 dnsf]

k|of]udf hf8] lbG5 . hl} js vt] Ln] df6fsf]

pj{/fzlStnfO{ sfod /fVg] ePsfn] sl[ ifIfq] df

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hl} js v]tLsf kmfObfx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

-s_ hldgsf] pj{/fzlSt jl[ 4 xG' 5 .
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-5_ hldgaf6 kfgLsf] jfikLs/0f xg' d' f lgoGq0f x'G5 .
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elgG5 .

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jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 171

;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ug,{] hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f ug{], ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug{] h:tf kIfx¿
kb5{ g\ .
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lgdf{0fnfO{ jftfj/0fd}qL -environment friendly_ agfpbF } hnjfo' kl/jtg{ af6 x'g] k|lts"n
c;/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ / cgs' "lnt agfpg] nIo lnPsf] x'G5 .
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:yfgLo txn] klg jftfj/0f Joj:yfkglt/ plrt Wofg tyf sfoj{ |mdx¿ ;~rfng ug'{ clt
cfjZos x'G5 .
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Joj:yf ul/Psf ;r" sx¿ cfwf/et" ;"rs x'g\ .
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xg' sf nflu oL ;"rsx¿ k"/f ug{' clgjfo{ geP tfklg yk :t/Ls/0fsf nflu ljsl;t ;"rssf]
u0fgf ul/G5 .
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xf] .
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lsl;dsf Rofpx¿, kmnkmn" x¿ cflb kb5{ g\ .
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ug]{ k|lj|mofnfO{ s[lif jg k|0ffnL elgG5 .
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dnsf] ko| f]udf hf8] lbG5 .

cEof;

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172 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

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ug{x' f;] \ .
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ugx'{ f;] \ .
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$= 5f]6f] l6Kk0fL n]Vgx' f;] \ M

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ug'x{ f];\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 173

kl/ofh] gf sfo{ (Project work)

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¿kdf ePsf] k|ultsf] ;dLIff u/L kl| tj]bg tof/ ug{x' f;] \ .

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tl/sfx¿sf] cWoog cjnfs] g u/L kl| tj]bg tof/ kfgx{' f];\ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)

jftfj/0fd}qL M jftfj/0fnfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL gk'¥ofpg] sfo{
kmdf:{ ol' 6sN;\ M cf}ifwL pTkfbg ug{] sDkgL
:oflg6/L NofG8lkmN8 M ;x/L kmfx] f]/ Joj:yfkg ug{] :yn
PsLs[t sL6 Joj:yfkg M hl} js ljlwx¿ ckgfP/ sL6 Joj:yfkg ug{] tl/sf

174 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(