Grade 9 Optional Environmental Science Nepali Medium

%= gbLgfnfsf] bfofFafofF af;F h:tf alnof h/f ePsf la?jf nufpg'kb{5 .
^= hyfefjL x'g] kzr' /0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kb{5 . le/fnf] Ifq] df kzr' /0f /f]Sgk' b{5 .
&= ;8s, kn' , ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ 7n' f] lj:kmf6] ug]{ sfo{ ug'{ xbF' g} .
*= gbL s6fg xg' ] If]qdf t6aGb nufpg'kb{5 . o;/L df6fsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
(= /;folgs dn tyf sL6gfzs cf}ifwLsf] ko| f]u Gog" u/L hl} js dn tyf ofl} ussf hl} js sL6gfzs

k|ofu] df hf]8 lbg'k5{ .
!)= df6fdf kmf]xf/] lj;h{ g ug]{ s/' fnfO{ /fs] nufpg'k5{ .

#=!) vlgh (Minerals)

ks| l[ tdf cfkmF} l;hg{ f ePsf vfgLaf6 pTvgg ug{ ;lsg] ;Dk0" f{ ch}ljs kbfyn{ fO{ vlgh
elgG5 . vlghx¿ w/] }h;f] of}lussf ¿kdf /xG5g\ eg] s]xL tŒjsf] ¿kdf klg kfOG5g\ . xd] f6fO6,
rfNsf]kfO/fO6 of}lus xg' \ eg] ;g' , uGws, lx/f tŒjsf] ¿kdf kfOG5 .

vlgh Ps k|fsl[ ts ¿kdf kfOg] dl0fe cfGtl/s agfj6 ePsf] ck|fª\ufl/s 7f;] kbfy{ xf] . h;sf
cfkm\g} /f;folgs agfj6 / ef}lts u0' fx¿ xG' 5g\ . vlgh kbfy{ dl0fe cfsf/sf s0fx¿ ldnL ag]sf]
xG' 5 . 7f;] cj:yfsf] vlghsf] dl0feLo ;+/rgf c0fx' ¿sf] Jojl:yt / j|mda4 ;o+ fh] gaf6 ags] f]
x'G5 .

vlghsf] lglZrt ;+/rgf, agfj6 / u0' f x'G5 . vlghsf s8fkg, /ª, dl0feLo :jefj tyf ;/+ rgf,
3gTj, rlDsnf]kg, /]l8of] wldt{ f, 6'lj|mg] kl| jm| ofnufot ljleGg ef}lts u0' f xG' 5 .

vlghnfO{ wfto' S' t vlgh / wft/' lxt vlgh u/L b'O{ ;d"xdf juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ wfto' S' t vlgh (Metallic minerals)

vlghaf6 wft' lgsflnPdf ltgLx¿nfO{ wft'oS' t vlgh elgG5 . oL vlghx¿ wft'sf of}lus xg' \ .
nfebflos ¿kdf wft' lgsfNg ;lsg] vlghnfO{ wfp elgG5 . h:t} M kmnfdsf] wfp x]df6fO6, tfdfsf]
wfp rfNsfk] fO/f6 cflb .

-v_ wft'/lxt vlgh (Non-metallic minerals)

wft' pTkfbg gul/g] vlghnfO{ wft'/lxt vlgh elgG5 . oL vlghx¿df l;dG] 6, /f;folgs dn cflb
agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 . oL vlghdf SoflN;od, ;fl] 8od, kf6] fl;od h:tf wftx' ¿ eP klg nfebflos
¿kdf wft' lgsfNg ;lsbF g} . uxgfsf] kTy/ agfpg, dl" t{ agfpg, OGwgsf ¿kdf, 3/, kn' , ;8s
agfpg / /f;folgs kbfy{ agfpg o;sf] ko| f]u ul/G5 .

46 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

#=!)=! vlghsf] jtd{ fg l:ylt (Present status of minerals)

gk] fndf lj=;= @)@$ af6 j}1flgs ¿kdf ef}ules{ ;j]I{ f0f / vlgh pTvgg sfo{ ;'? ul/Psf] xf] .
o;kl5 dfq gk] fndf l;d]G6 pBf]u, s[lif, rg' , pBfu] , wft' pBfu] , dfan{ pBf]u cflb :yfkgf ePsf
x'g\ . bz] df pknAw vlghsf l:yltn] pBf]u :yfkgf / ljsf;df k|efj kfb{5 . xfn;Dd gk] fndf
kfOg] sx] L k|dv' vlghx¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ .

!= kmnfd (Iron) M kmnfd gk] fnsf] kd| v' vlgh kbfy{ xf] . g]kfndf kmnfdsf] pkof]u w/] } klxn]bl] v
3/n] ' ef8F fs'8F f / xftxltof/ agfpg ko| f]u ul/GYof] . /fd5] fk / /f]Nkfdf k/Dk/fut ljlwaf6
kmnfdnfO{ vflgaf6 lgsfn/] kz| f]wg ug]{ rng lyof] . nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] km"nrf]sL, /fd]5fksf]
7f;] ], tgxsF' f] nAbL, lrtjgsf] lhvfafª, dsjfgk/' , g'jfsf]6, Ko7' fg cflb :yfgdf kmnfd vfgL
/x]sf] 5 . kmnfdsf] d'Vo wfp xd] f6fO6 / dU] g6] fO6 xf] .

@= tfdf (Copper) M gk] fnsf] k/Dk/fut ¿kdf pTvgg ePsf] k|d'v wftd' Wo] tfdf Ps xf] .
o;sf] kd| v' wfp rfNsf] kfO/fO6 xf] . o;af6 dl" t{, dlGb/, efF8fsF'8f, lahn' Lsf] tf/, tSdf
cflb agfOG5 . dsjfgk/' sf] sfln6f/, wflbª, ;fn] v' D' a,' tgx,'F afUn'ª, efh] k/' , 88]nw/' f cflb
lhNnfdf tfdf kfOG5 .

#= l;;f (Lead) M l;;f Ps dxŒjk0" f{ vlgh j:t' xf] . o;sf] kd| v' wfp Uofn]gf xf] . gk] fndf
l;;f vfgL u0fz] lxdfn, nlntk/' sf] kmn" rfs] L, dsjfgk/' sf] v/} fafª, ;fn] v' 'Dad' f kfOPsf] 5 .

$= h:tf (Zinc) M kf| rLg ¿kdf k|ofu] df gcfP klg xfn kmnfdnfO{ n]kg ug{ / ljleGg ldl>t
wft' agfpg klg o;sf] pkof]u lbgfgl' bg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . h:tfsf] vfgL u0fz] lxdfn, km'Nrfs] L,
dsjfgk'/, ;ª\vj' f;ef cflb :yfgdf kfOPsf] 5 .

%= rg' 9ª' u\ f (Limestone) M of] klg w]/} klxnb] l] v ko| fu] df cfPsf] vlgh xf], o;af6 l;d]G6 / rg'
agfpg ;lsG5 . gk] fnsf vlgh ;|ft] df cfwfl/t d'Vo pBf]u g} l;d]G6 / r'g x'g\ . gk] fnsf]
pbok'/, dsjfgk'/, ;'v{t] , c3fv{ frF L, wflbª, sfe,]| bfª, l;Gw'nLnufot sf7df8f}sF f] rf]ef/df
o;sf] vfgL kfOG5 .

^= uf| kmfO6 (Graphite) M gk] fnsf] Onfd, wgs6' f, l;Gw'kfNrf]s / ;ªv\ 'jf;efdf u|]kmfO6 kfOPsf]
5 . o;sf] d'Vo pkofu] kl] G;n, n'la|SofG6 agfpg k|ofu] ul/G5 .

&= v/L 9ª' u\ f (Tale stone) M gk] fnsf] clwsfz+ kxf8L Ifq] df v/L 9ª' u\ f kfOG5 . afUnª' / pbok/'
lhNnfsf] sx] L :yfgdf v/L 9ª' u\ f el] 6Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ lgdf0{ f / zª[ u\ f/sf ¿kdf ko| fu] ul/G5 .

*= :n6] (Slate) M 3/sf] 5fgf 5fpg / 3/ ;hfpg k|ofu] ul/G5 . tgxF', sf:sL, aemfª / wflbªdf
:n]6 kfOPsf] 5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 47

(= lgsn] (Nickel) M l;Gwk' fNrf]s, /fd]5fk, wgs6' f cflb :yfgdf lgsn] kfOG5 . lgsn] pRr
:y/sf] :kft agfpg tyf /f;folgs kbfys{ f] ¿kdf klg ko| f]u ul/G5 .

!)= ;g' (Gold) M g]kfnsf ljleGg gbLx¿sf afn'jfdf ;g' ldl;Psf] kfOG5 . sfnLu08sL,
a'9Lu08sL, d:ofª{ b\ L, ;g' sfz] L cflb If]qdf ;'g kfOG5 .

!!= sf]Onf (Coal) M gk] fnsf] ljleGg efudf sf]Onf vfgL e]l6Psf 5g\ . r'/] kxf8sf] leqL efu
bfª, ;Nofg, s}nfnL, sGrgk/' , lrtjg, d':tfª, afUn'ª cflb :yfgdf sf]Onf vfgL ePsf]
;jI]{ f0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

#=!)=@ vlghsf pkof]lutf (Use of minerals)

!= vlghaf6 wft' k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= ljleGg /f;folgs kbfy{ agfpg ;lsG5 .
#= 3/, kn' , ;8s, pBf]u tyf sf/vfgf lgdf0{ f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
$= OGwgsf] ¿kdf klg vlgh k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 .
%= cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf sfo ug{ klg vlgh kbfys{ f] pkof]lutf bl] vG5 .
^= ;hfj6sf ;fdu|L agfpg ;lsG5 .

#=!)=# vlghsf] ;+/If0f (Conservation of minerals)

dflg;n] kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]tsf] pkof]u u/L cfgf] hLjg lgjfx{ ub{5g\ . dflg;n] cfgf] cfsfIff k/" f
ugs{ f nflu k|fs[lts ;|ft] sf] cTolws k|of]u u/]df To;sf] cefjsf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . To;n} ]
k|fs[lts ;f| t] sf] pkof]u ubf{ ldtJooL ¿kn] ugk' b5{ .

vlgh kbfy{sf] pkofu] ubf{ ;s;] Dd sd ko| f]u, kg' M k|ofu] / k'gM rj|m0fsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg'kb{5 .
vlgh kbfy{ cgjLs/0fLo k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] ePsfn] o;sf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u clt dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5 .
cGoyf ;|ft] l;l4P/, l/lQP/ eljiodf ;ª\s6 gcfpnf eGg ;lsbF g} . clwsfz+ vlgh kbfy{x¿
cgjLs/0fLo ePsfn] lbuf] ko| fu] ug{] / js} lNks kbfy{sf] ko| f]udf kf| yldstf lbg' cfjZos 5 .

#=!! jghª\un (Forest)

jg tyf jg:klt dfgj hLjgsf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf x'g\ . g]kfnsf] jg P]g @)$( sf cg';f/ k0" f{ jf
cfl+ zs ¿kdf ?vn] 9fs]sf] Ifq] nfO{ jg elgG5 . kf| ljlws efiffdf # ld6/eGbf cUnf jg:kltnfO{
?v elgG5 . jf:tjdf jg:klt, ToxfF /x]sf] hn hldg / jGohGt'sf] PsLst[ ;dx" g} jg xf] . jg
;Dkbf dflg;sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbf xf] .

48 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

g]kfndf ljleGg lsl;dsf] ea" gfj6 / xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . s'g} klg b]zsf] ef}uf]lnstfcg;' f/ kfOg]
af6] la?jf klg km/s km/s ks| f/sf xG' 5g\ . hldgsf] agfj6, pj{/fzlSt, kfgL, xfjfsf] rfk, tfkj|md
h:tf kIfx¿n] af]6la?jfsf] jl[ 4 / ljsf;df km/s kfb{5g\ . g]kfndf xfn $$=&$ kl| tzt ee" fu
jghª\un tyf emf8L Ifq] n] cf]u6s] f] kfOG5 . xfn;Ddsf] cWoogn] gk] fndf nueu !)^## kh| fltsf
jg:klt kfOg] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . oL dWo] emG8} #((! kh| fltsf kmn" kmN' g] jg:klt kfOG5g\ . sl/a
$)) kh| fltsf ?v / &)) k|hfltsf h8La'6L g]kfndf kfOG5g\ .

#=!!=! jghª\unsf] dxŒj (Importance of forest)

g]kfnsf kf| sl[ ts ;|f]tx¿dWo] jghª\unsf] ljzi] f dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . hLjhGtn' ] :jf;kZ| jf;sf nflu
ko| fu] ug{] clS;hg Uof;F sf] ;f| ]t klg jghªu\ n g} x'g\ . kY[ jLdf ;fo} { zlStnfO{ cGo zlStdf
¿kfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{ klg jghª\unaf6 g} eO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] hLjnfO{ jf;:yfg kb| fg ugb{] ]lv
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLnfO{ ;Gtl' nt /fVg dbt ub5{ . jghª\unsf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ug{
;lsG5 M

!= hLjgsf] cfwf/ M b}lgs ¿kdf cfjZos kg]{ bfp/f, 3fF;kft, 3/, uf]7, kmlgr{ / agfpg] sf7,
h8La6' Lnufot :jR5 jftfj/0f, dgf]/~hg cflb cfwf/e"t cfjZostf jgaf6 g} k|fKt x'G5 .

@= clS;hgsf] e08f/ M ;hLjnfO{ :jf;k|Zjf; ug{ cfjZos clS;hgsf] e08f/ g} jg xf] . :jR5
xfjf / z4' clS;hg kf| Kt ug]{ cfwf/ g} jghªu\ n xf] . o;n] jfo'd08df hDdf ePsf] CO2
nfO{ kf| Kt u/L vfgf agfpF5 / dflg;nufot ;a} ;hLjnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ clS;hg lbg] ub{5 .

#= hnjfo' ;Gtn' gsf] cfwf/ M hnrjm| nfO{ ;Gtl' nt /fVg / jfo'd08ndf cfb|t{ fnfO{ sfod /fVg
jghª\unn] ;xof]u k'¥ofp5F . 3gf jghª\un ePsf] Ifq] df af]6la?jfdf a9L kfgL pT:jb] g x'g]
ePsfn] ToxfF hnjfiksf] dfqf sfod eO/xs] f] xG' 5 . jg:kltn] CO2 vkt ug]{ / O2 agfpg]
ePsfn] jfo'd08ndf CO2 sf] dfqf lgoGq0f ub5{ . o;n] ubf{ jfod' 08nLo tfkjm| d cTolws
xg' kfpbF }g / hnjfo' kl/jtg{ xg' /f]Sb5 . olb CO2 sf] dfqf jfod' 08ndf a9]df ljZjdf g}
pmi0fLs/0f a9g\ ] / hnjfo' kl/jtg{ x'g] ;d:of bv] f kb5{ . o;/L jghª\unn] CO2 nfO{ lgoGq0f
u/L hnjfo' ;Gt'ngsf] cfwf/ k|bfg ub5{ .

$= eI" fo lgoGq0f M jghªu\ ndf /xs] f la?jfsf h/fn] df6fnfO{ c8o\ fP/ klx/f] hfgaf6 /fS] b5 .
cfsfzaf6 k/s] f] kfgL la?jfdf 7fl] SsP/ tn embf{ To;sf] ult sd eO{ hldgdf vfN8f] k//] df6f]
aufpg] b/ sd xG' 5 . af6] la?jfn] df6fdf k/s] f] kfgL ;f;] /] hldgdf /fVg] Ifdtf ;dt] ljsf; xG' 5 .

%= hl} js ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f M jghª\unn] ljleGg k|sf/sf hLjhGts' f nflu jf;:yfg k|bfg ub5{
/ plrt jftfj/0f lgdf0{ f eO{ hl} js ljljwtf hfu] fpg dbt ub5{ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 49

^= kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL ;Gt'ng M jghªu\ ndf ljleGg jg:klt, hgfj/ /xg] ePsfn] oL hLj
Pscsf{df lge/{ /xL Pp6f rj|m lgdf0{ f u/]sf xG' 5g\ . oxfF /xg] hLjn] pTkfbs, pkef]Stf /
ljR5]bssf] el" dsf lgjfx{ u/L vfB rjm| agfPsf xG' 5g\ . o;/L jghªu\ nn] ljleGg hLjx¿lar
;Gt'ng sfod /fVg dbt ub{5 . o;/L jghªu\ nn] hGt,' jg:klt / jftfj/0flarsf] ;DaGw
;'rf? eO{ kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf ;Gt'ng Nofpg dbt ub{5 .

&= hLj e/" ;folgs rjm| df ;Gtn' g M jghªu\ nn] hnrj|m, clS;hgrjm| , sfag{ rjm| , gfO6f« ]hgrj|m
cflbdf ;Gtn' g Nofpg dbt ub{5 .

*= jiff{ rjm| lgoldttf M jghªu\ nn] jiff{ rjm| nfO{ lgoldt ug{ cltjl[ i6, cgfjl[ i6 / v08jl[ i6 h:tf
;d:of cfpg glbg ulx/f] el" dsf vN] b5 . hldgaf6 kfgLsf] pT:jb] g u/L jfo'd08ndf kfgLsf]
dfqf lgoGq0f ug{ klg ;xofu] ub5{ .

(= h8La6' Lsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ M jghªu\ ndf cgs] k|sf/sf h8La6' L kfOg] / cfi} fwL pBfu] df pkofu]
u/L /fi6s« f] cfjZostf k/" f ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] jghªu\ n h8La'6Lsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu clt
dxŒjk"0f{ xG' 5g\ . o;n] h8La'6Lsf] ;+/If0f u/L cflys{ pkfh{ g ug{ ;d]t ;3fp k¥' ofpF5 .

!)= k|fs[lts ;fG} bo{tf sfod M jghªu\ ndf kfOg] cgs] k|sf/sf af6] la?jf, kzk' G5L tyf r/fr'?ª\uLn]
kf| sl[ ts ;fG} bo{tf sfod /fVg dbt ub5{ g\ . o;n] dfgj hftLnfO{ dgf]/~hg k|fbfg ub5{ .
jghªu\ nnfO{ dgf/] ~hg :ynsf] ¿kdf k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

!!= cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ M jghª\unaf6 k|fKt kf| s[lts ;f}Gbon{ ] w]/} dflg;nfO{ nfE] ofp5F , h;n]
ko6{ g pBfu] vfn] ]/ cflys{ ljsf; ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofp5F . ko6{ g Joj;fo, xf]6n Joj;fonufot
jg;Dkbfdf cfwfl/t pBfu] , snsf/vfgf :yflkt u/L cflys{ ljsf; ug{] cfwf/ k|bfg ub5{ .

#=!!=@ jgljgfzsf sf/0fx¿ (Causes of deforestation)

jgljgfz Pp6f k|d'v jftfj/0fLo ;d:of xf] . dflg;n] cfkm" nfO{ cfjZos kg{] ;Dk0[" f{ sf7 kft,
3f;F kft, h8La6' Lnufot jg;Dkbfsf] pkofu] ub{} hfFbf o;sf] ljgfz xg' hfG5 . gk] fndf jgljgfzsf
dV' o sf/0fx¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

-s_ hg;ª\Vofsf] cTolws jl[ 4 / cJojl:yt a;fO;/fO{
-v_ k|fs[lts ;f| t] sf] clws pkofu]
-u_ clgoldt / clgolGqt kzr' /0f
-3_ sdhf]/ ;/sf/L gLlt / lgod sfg"gsf] pNnª3\ g
-ª_ v]tLdf lj:tf/ / a;f]af;sf nflu jgljgfz

50 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-r_ a9\bf] cfB} fl] usLs/0f / ;x/Ls/0f
-5_ pkoS' t ofh] gf lgdf{0f tyf sfo{Gjogdf sdL
-h_ cfunfuL tyf 89Fn] f]sf] k|sf]k
-em_ e"Ifo, af9L, klx/f]
-`_ ul/aL / jg;Dkbfdf lge/{ / rf]/L lgsf;L
-6_ sdhf/] jg ;'/Iff k|0ffnL / cg'udg tyf dN" ofª\sg
-7_ sdhf/] hgrt] gf :t/

#=!!=# jgljgfzsf c;/x¿ (Effects of deforestation)

jghªu\ nn] jftfj/0fLo ;Gtn' gdf dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . jgljgfzaf6 jftfj/0fdf c;Gtn' g kb} f
x'G5 . jgljgfzsf d'Vo c;/x¿ o;ks| f/ /xs] f 5g\ .

-s_ jfo'd08ndf clS;hgsf] dfqf sd / sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqfdf j[l4
-v_ hnjfo' kl/j{tg / cgfjl[ i6, v08jl[ i6 h:tf ;d:of j[l4
-u_ hn rj|mdf gsf/fTds c;/, jiff{sf] ;d:ofdf x]/km/] / s[lif k0| ffnLdf ;d]t c;/
-3_ efu} le{s kfgLsf ;f| ]tx¿sf] ;tx 36\g]
-ª_ jGohGt'sf] jf;:yfg ljgfz
-r_ h}ljs ljljwtfdf xf| ;
-5_ kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf c;Gtn' g
-h_ dxŒjk"0f{ h8La6' L tyf jGohGt' nfk]
-em_ df6fsf] pj{/fzlStdf xf| ;
-`_ lghL{jLs/0f / d?ed" Ls/0ftkm{ pGd'v
-6_ af9L klx/f], e"Ifo h:tf k|fsl[ ts ks| f]kdf j[l4

#=!!=$ jghªu\ nsf] ;+/If0f (Conservation of forest)

k[YjLdf h}ljs cl:tTj sfod /fVgsf nflu jghªunsf] ;/' Iff ug{' clt cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu
lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' b5{ M

-s_ j[If/fk] 0f tyf jgljgfzdf lgoGq0f

vfnL tyf gfª\uf hldgdf jI[ f/fk] 0f u/L jg If]q a9fpFb} n}hfg] vfn] f lsgf/, af9L klx/f] hfg]

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 51

If]qdf pkoS' t lsl;dsf af]6la?jf, 3fF; cflb /fK] g] / jg Ifq] sfod /fvL To;sf] ;/+ If0f sfo{nfO{
cufl8 a9fpgk' b5{ . jghª\unsf] lj:tf/sf ;fy} lbuf] ;+/If0fsf sfoj{ |mdx¿ ;~rfng ug'{kb5{ .
jI[ f/f]k0fsf] dV' o p2Z] o jgsf] pTkfbsTj ;'wfg'{, xl/ofnL a9fpg' / jg k}bfjf/sf] :yfgLo cfjZostf
k"/f ug'{ xf] .

-v_ r/g lgoGq0f

gk] fndf sl[ if Joj;fosf ;fydf kzk' fng Joj;fo klg lxdfnL dxŒjk0" f{ Joj;fo xf] . d'Votof kxf8L
e"efudf e]8f rfF/} L r/fpg] kr| ng 5 . hyfefjL kzn' fO{ r/fpbF f jg:kltsf] cTolws gfz xG' 5 .
To;}n] jghªu\ nsf] ;/+ If0fsf nflu Jojl:yt kl| jm| ofn] r/g Joj:yfkg u/L o;sf] lgoGq0f ugk'{ b5{ .
r/g If]qsf] lgoGq0f u/L bn' {e / ;ªs\ 6fkGg hGt' tyf jg:kltsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

-u_ cfunfuL lgoGq0f

a;f]af; If]q jf jghªu\ ndf crfgs cfuf] nfUg'nfO{ cfunfuL elgG5 . cfunfuLn] w/] } hgwg gfz
x'g ;S5 . jghª\undf cfunfuL xFb' f w/] } hLjhGt', kG5L tyf jg:kltx¿ gfz x'g k'U5g\ . o;n] w]/}
h}ljs ljljwtf gfz ub5{ . cfunfuL ljleGg sf/0faf6 x'g ;S5 . r6o\ fª k/]/ klg cfunfuL xg'
;S5 . dflg;n] r/' f6] sf] 76' f] hyfefjL kmfNgfn] klg cfunfuL x'g ;S5 . o;/L k|fsl[ ts jf s[lqd
tl/sf b'j}af6 cfunfuL xg' ;S5 . o;sf] ;dodf g} lgoGq0f ug'k{ b5{ . cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf nflu
hyfefjL r'/f]6sf 76' f gkmfNg,] jgsf 5]pdf hyfefjL cfuf] gafNg], aRrfx¿af6 ;nfO{ nfO6/ h:tf
lrh 6f9f /fVg] ug'{kb5{ . cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf nflu bdsnsf] Joj:yf ug{] / ;w}F tof/L cj:yfdf
/fVgk' b{5 . jghª\unsf 7fpF 7fpFdf vfnL :yfg agfpFb} clUg /]vf agfpg ;lsG5 . o;n] ubf{ st}
cfunfuL eOxfnd] f To; :yfg gf3]/ hfg g;Sg] agfpg ;lsG5 . jg If]q glhs kf]v/L agfpg'
csf{] dxŒjk0" f{ pkfo xf] .

o;/L jghªu\ n ;/+ If0fsf nflu jI[ f/fk] 0f ug,{] r/g Ifq] lgoGq0f ug,{] cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug,{] jgdflysf]
lge/{ tf sd ug{] h:tf ultljlw ugk{' 5{ . o;n] jg ;Dkbfsf] ;/+ If0fsf ;fydf jftfj/0fnfO{ hfu] fpg ;dt]
dbt ub5{ . jghªu\ nsf] ;/+ If0f g} jftfj/0f hfu] fpgd] Wo] ;ae} Gbf dxŒjk0" f{ pkfo xf] . o;n] hl} js
ljljwtf ;/+ If0fsf ;fydf kf| sl[ ts jftfj/0fsf] ;/+ If0f u/L hLjnfO{ afRF g cgs' n" jftfj/0f tof/ ub5{ .

;f/f+z (Summary)

• k|s[ltdf cfkmF} pTkGg ePsf j:tn' fO{ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] elgG5 .
• hLjhGt' tyf jg:klt ;hLj k|fsl[ ts ;|f]t x'g\ eg] xfjf, kfgL, df6f], vlgh cflb lghLj{ k|fsl[ ts

;|f]t xg' \ .

52 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

• kf| s[lts ;|f]tnfO{ cgGt, gjLs/0fLo / cgjLs/0fLo u/L tLg ;dx" df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
• kf| sl[ ts ;|ft] dfgj hLjgsf nflu ckl/xfo{ / dxŒjk0" f{ ;f| t] x'g\ .
• k|fs[lts ;f| t] sf] cTolws pkof]un] jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofpF5 .
• k|fsl[ ts ;|f]tsf] ljj]sk"0f{ / ldtJooL pkef]u u/L o;sf] ;+/If0f / ;j+ w{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
• hldgaf6 cf>o :ynnufot cGo kmnkm" n, sf7 bfp/f, h8La'6L, 3f;F kft kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .
• hldgsf] dxŒj ae' m/] o;sf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;s]df jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng, ;/+ If0f Pj+ ;j+ wg{ ug{

;lsG5 .
• r6\6fgsf ;;fgf s0f / vlgh kbfy{ x¿ ldn/] df6f] ags] f] xG' 5 .
• agfj6sf cfwf/df bf]d6, anf}6,] cDnLo, lrD6\ofOnf,] sfnf] u/L kfrF k|sf/sf df6f] x'G5g\ .

lrD6o\ fOnf] df6f] / anf6} ] df6f] ldn/] bfd] 6 df6f] aGb5 .
• cDnLo df6f] cfUgLo r66\ fgaf6 ags] f] x'G5 .
• sfnf] df6fdf kf| ª\ufl/s kbfy{ a9L xG' 5 .
• e"Ifo eGgfn] Ps 7fpsF f] df6f] csf]{ 7fpdF f k'¥ofpg] jf df6fsf] u0' f:t/ xf| ; Nofpg] kl| jm| of xf] .
• jiff{, x/' L atf;sf] sf/0f kf| s[lts ¿kdf eI" fo x'G5 . jgljgfz, clt r/g, e"pkofu] ug]{

tl/sfaf6 s[lqd tl/sfn] e"Ifo x'G5 .
• kY[ jLsf] ;txdf nueu &! kl| tzt kfgLn] 9fss] f] 5 .
• jiff{sf] kfgL, e;" txd'lgsf] kfgL / ;txsf] kfgL u/L kfgLsf] ;f| t] nfO{ tLg efudf af8F \g ;lsG5 .
• kfgL g} hLjgsf] cfwf/ xf] .
• kfgLn] hLjhGt' jg:kltnfO{ afFRg] cfwf/ k|bfg ub5{ eg] dflg;n] l;rF fO, hnljB't\, ;/;kmfO

pBfu] , oftfoft cflb sfo{df k|of]u ub5{ g\ .
• kfgLsf] ;f| ]tsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu hnfwf/ Ifq] sf] ;/+ If0f, jghª\un ;/+ If0f, hldgsf] ;/+ If0f,

kfgLsf] k'gM ko| fu] tyf hgr]tg ljsf; ugk{' b5{ .
• vfgLaf6 pTvgg ug{ ;lsg] ;Dk0" f{ ch}ljs j:tn' fO{ vlgh elgG5 .
• vlghsf lglZrt ;/+ If0f u'0f tyf agfj6 x'G5 .
• vlghnfO{ wft'o'St / wft/' lxt u/L bO' { efudf af8F g\ ;lsG5 .
• gk] fndf kmnfd, tfdf, l;;f h:tf, r'g9ª' u\ f, uf| kmfO6, :n6] , lgsn] , ;g' , v/L9ª' \uf, sf]Onf cflb

vlgh kfOG5g\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 53

• vlgh cgjLs/0fLo kf| sl[ ts ;|f]t ePsf] xg' fn] o;sf] ;/+ If0ffTds pkofu] df hf]8 lbg'k5{ .
• c+flzs jf k0" f{ ¿kn] ?vn] 9fss] f] Ifq] nfO{ jg elgG5 .
• jftfj/0f ;Gt'ngsf] k|d'v cfwf/ dWo] jghªu\ n klg Ps xf] .
• jgn] hLjgsf nflu cfjZos kg{] clS;hg pkNfAw u/fp5F .
• hl} js ljljwtf ;+/If0f ug,{ eI" fo /fS] g, kfl/l:ylts k|f0ffnL sfod /fVg hLj, e/" f;folgs

rjm| df ;Gt'ng Nofpg, kf| s[lts ;fG} bo{tf sfod /fvL ko{6g pBfu] :yfkgf ug{ / b]zsf] cfly{s
ljsf; ug{ jghªu\ nn] ;xofu] ub{5 .
• cTolws hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4, clgolGqt r/Lr/0f v]tLdf lj:tf/, lgdf{0f sfod{ f jl[ 4, a9\bf]
cf}Bf]lusLs/0f tyf ;x/Ls/0fn] jgljgfz lgDTofO/x]sf] 5 .
• jgljgfzn] k|fsl[ ts rjm| df c;Gt'ng Nofpg] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ , ljZjJofkL, pmi0ftf /f]uJofwL
j[l4, af9L, klx/f] h:tf c;/ lgDTofpF5 .
• jghª\unsf] ;/+ If0fsf nflu jI[ f/f]k0f cfunfuL lgoGq0f h:tf ultljlw ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] clt 5f6] f] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ k[YjLsf] ;txdf nueu slt kl| tzt kfgLn] cf]u6]sf] 5 <
-u_ cDnLo df6f] egs] f] s] xf] <
-3_ eI" fosf ks| f/ pNnv] ug'x{ f;] \ .
-ª_ hn;f| t] egs] f] s] xf] <
-r_ eI" fo eg]sf] s] xf] <
-5_ vlgh eg]sf] s] xf] <
-h_ jgljgfz eg]sf] s] xf] <
-em_ k|fsl[ ts ;|f]tnfO{ slt efudf afF8g\ ;lsG5, nV] gx' f;] \ .
-`_ vlghnfO{ slt efudf afF8\g ;lsG5, nV] g'xf;] \ .
-6_ agfj6sf] cfwf/df df6f] slt ks| f/sf xG' 5g,\ pNn]v ug'{xf;] \ .

54 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

@= tnsf] k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ g]kfndf vlghsf] jt{dfg cj:yf klxrfg ugx{' f;] \ .
-v_ e"Ifosf sf/0fx¿sf] 5f]6s/Ldf j0fg{ ug{'xf];\ .
-u_ km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf;] \ M

-c_ gjLs/0fLo / cgjLs/0fLo ;|f]t
-cf_ wft'o'St / wft/' lxt vlgh
-O_ e"Ifo / klx/f]
-O_{ lrD6ofOnf] df6f] / bfd] 6 df6f]

-3_ k|fs[lts ;f| ]tsf] dxŒj pNnv] ug'xf];\ .
-ª_ kfgLsf ;|ft] x¿sf] k|sf/ nv] L ltgLx¿sf] j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .
-r_ kfgLsf] dxŒjnfO{ a'bF fut nV] g'xf];\ .
-5_ kfgLsf] ;|ft] sf] ;+/If0f ug{] pkfox¿ j0fg{ ugx{' f;] \ .
-h_ df6f] lgdf{0f kl| j|mof j0fg{ ug'x{ f];\ <
-em_ g]kfndf kfOg] k|d'v vlghsf] af/d] f j0fg{ ug'xf;] \ .
-`_ jghª\unsf] dxŒj pNnv] ugx{' f];\ .
-6_ jgljgfzaf6 kg]{ c;/x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

#= tnsf k|Zgsf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ ‘‘df6f] ;hLj j:tx' ¿sf nflu ckl/xfo{ tŒj xf]’’ o; egfOnfO{ ts{;lxt ki| 6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-v_ jghªu\ nsf] ;+/If0fn] jftfj/0f ;Gtn' g /fVg dbt u5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/;lxt JofVof

ug{x' f;] \ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{ (Project work)

s'g} :yfg ljz]ifdf eI" fo eO{ ;f] :yfgnfO{ e"Ifou|:t Ifq] 3f]lift ul/Psf] 5 eg] tkfO{F jftfj/0f
lj1fg cWoog ug{] ljBfyLs{ f] x}l;otn] o:tf] eofjx kl/l:yltdf e"Ifo /fs] yfdsf pkfox¿sf] s;/L
sfof{Gjog ugx'{ G' 5 < ka| 4' JolStx¿sf] ;xof]u / kLl8t hg;db' fosf] kT| oIf ;Dkss{ f cfwf/df
;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ klxNofpg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ugx'{ f];\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 55

zAbfjnL (Glossary)

cjz]if M hLjx¿ df6f]dl' g k'l/P/ ags] f] r6\6fgL cj:yf
kmGhfO M xl/ts0f gePsf jg:kltx¿
IfoLs/0f M 6'ljm| Fb} jf lvObF } hfg] kl| jm| of
k8] fh] ]gl] ;; M df6f] aGg] kl| j|mof
dl0fe M HofldtLo cfsf/ ePsf s0fx¿
lrD6\ofOnf] df6f] M rfdf| ] df6f]
anf6} ] df6f] M afn'jf ldl;Psf] df6f]
bf]d6 df6f] M lrD6\ofOnf] / anf6} ] df6fsf] ld>0f
Universal indicator M cDnLo / Iff/Lo j:ts' f] s8fkg gfKg] ;r" s kbfy{

56 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

PsfO jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f

$ (Environmental Pollution)

$=! kl/ro (Introduction)

Jfftfj/0f / ljsf; Ps} l;Ssfsf b'O{
kf6fsf] ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . dfgj
;Eotfsf] ljsf;;uF } jftfj/0f ljgfz klg
;'? ePsf] dflgG5 . hg;ª\Vof jl[ ¢;uF }
a9\bf] ;fdflhs cflys{ ultljlwx¿
h:tM} cfwl' gs sl[ if k0| ffnL, cfB} fl] usLs/0f,
oftfoft, ef}lts lgdf{0f h:tf kl| j|mofn]
jftfj/0f ljgfz lgDTofpg] hfl] vd
al9/x]sf] 5 . xfdf| ] jl/kl/sf] xfjf, kfgL,
hldg cflbsf] kf| s[lts :j¿kdf kl/jtg{
cfO/x]sf] kfOG5 . lglZrt dfqfdf
ePsf] k|b"if0fnfO{ jftfj/0f cfkm}nF ] klg
z¢' Ls/0f ul//x]sf] xG' 5 t/ kf| s[lts lrq $=! M k|bi" f0fsf ;|ft] / jfo', hn / hldg k|b"if0f
;|ft] df ePsf] cTolws bfx] gn] ubf{ xfdf| ]
jl/kl/sf] xfjf ;f; km]g{ c:j:Yos/ x'bF } uPsf] 5, gbLgfnfx¿ hnr/ljxLg x'g yfns] f 5g,\ vt] Lof]Uo
pj{/ hldgx¿sf] pj{/fzlSt gfz x'bF } uO/xs] f] 5 .

xfdLn] xfd|f] jl/kl/ ljleGg lsl;dsf kb| i" f0fsf cj:yf bV] g] u/]sf 5fF} . vfn] fsf] lsgf/df kmo\ FflsPsf
7f;] kmfx] f/] tyf kz| fw] g gu/L 9nx¿ ld;fpgfn] vf]nfsf] kfgL kb| "lift xb'F } uPsf] 5 . ToxL kmfx] f]/af6
xfjfdf b'uG{ w km}lnFbf jfo' kb| i" f0f eO{ Zjf;kZ| jf; k|lj|mofdf ;d]t cK7o\ f/f] kg{ ;S5 . To:t} a;,
6«s, 6\ofDk', 6«ofS6/ tyf cGo d]l;g ;~rfng xF'bf k|ToIf ¿kn] jfo' tyf Wjlg k|bi" f0f u/fO/xs] f
xG' 5g\ . ;fy} o:tf ;fwgsf] ;/;kmfO tyf dd{t;Def/ x'bF f t]nhGo jf /;folgs kbfy{x¿ / laluP| sf
;fduL| x¿ hyfefjL kmfNgfn] hldg tyf kfgLdf k|b"if0f ul//x]sf xG' 5g\ . To:t} v]taf/Ldf hyfefjL
xflng] /f;folgs dn / sL6gfzs cf}ifwLn] lxhf]cfh df6fsf] pTkfbg ug{] Ifdtf 36fO/xs] f] 5 .
k|fsl[ ts ¿kdf x'g] Hjfnfd'vL, es" Dk, klx/f] cflbn] klg xfjf, kfgL / df6fdf k|b"if0f u/fO/x]sf
xG' 5g\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 57

s'g} j:ts' f] pkl:yltn] xfdf| ] jl/kl/sf] xfjf, kfgL, df6fsf] ef}lts, hl} js / /f;folgs u'0fdf kl/jt{g
NofO{ dfgj, hLjhGt' tyf ;Dkbfdf k'Ug] hfl] vdnfO{ k|b"if0f (pollution) elgG5 . jftfj/0fdf k|bi" f0f
u/fpg] sf/s tŒjnfO{ k|b"ifs (pollutant) elgG5 . k|b"ifsx¿ /f;folgs, hl} js jf ef}lts tŒjx¿
jf ltgLx¿sf ljleGg :j¿k x'g ;S5g\ . h:tM} wn' f], w'jfF, k/fus0f, tfk, ljsL/0f, Wjlg cflb .
o; PsfOdf k|b"if0fsf ;|f]t, ks| f/, c;/, /f]syfdsf pkfo tyf kmfx] f]/ / o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf af/d] f
rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

$=@ kb| i" fssf] juL{s/0f (Classification of pollutants)

kb| "ifsnfO{ ljleGg tl/sfaf6 juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 . jftfj/0fdf gi6 xg' nfUg] ;dosf] lx;fan]
kb| i" fsnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ ;8g\ ] kb| i" fs (Degradable pollutants) M o:tf k|b"ifs k|fs[lts kl| jm| ofx¿af6 rf8F } gi6 x'g]
ub{5g\ . h:t} M af6] la?jfsf ljleGg efux¿, efG;faf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/, dflg; tyf hgfj/sf]
dn cflb .

-v_ lj:tf/} ;8g\ ] kb| i" fs (Slowly degradable pollutants) M o:tf k|b"ifs jftfj/0fdf nfdf] ;do;Dd
cfkmg\ } :j¿kdf /xg] ub5{ g\ / lj:tf/} gi6 xg' ] ub{5g\ . lj:tf/} ;8\g] k|bi" fsx¿nfO{ gi6 xg'
bzsf+F} klg nfUg ;Sb5 . h:t} M sL6gfzs l8l86L, Knfl:6s cflb .

-u_ g;8g\ ] kb| i" fs (Non-degradable pollutants) M o; ks| f/sf k|b"ifs jftfj/0fdf cfO;s]kl5 s'g}
klg k|fsl[ ts kl| j|mofaf6 gi6 x'bF g} g\ . h:t} M l;;f, kf/f,] cf;l{] gs, /l] 8ofw] dL{ tŒj cflb .

To:t} kb| i" fssf ;f| t] sf cfwf/df lgDgcg;' f/ juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ l:y/ ;f| t] (Point source) M s'g} lglZrt :yfgdf tyf Pp6} k|b"if0fsf ;|ft] af6 k|b"ifs jftfj/0fdf
ldl;/xG5 eg] To;nfO{ l:y/ ;f| t] elgG5 . h:t} M OF6f e66\ faf6 lgl:sPsf] wj' fF, vf]nfdf
ld;fOPsf] 9n, km\ofS6L« sf] lgsf; cflb .

-v_ cl:y/ ;f| t] (Nonpoint source) M leGg leGg / klxrfg ug{ sl7g x'g] ;|f]taf6 cfPsf kb| "ifssf
;|f]tnfO{ cl:y/ ;f| ]t elgG5 . h:t} M sl[ if Ifq] , ;8s, Jofkfl/s If]q cflbaf6 gbL tyf kf]v/Ldf
ldl;Psf kb| "ifs, xfjfn] p8fP/ jfo'd08ndf ldl;Psf] sL6gfzs cf}ifwL cflb .

cl:y/ ;|ft] nfO{ eGbf l:y/ k|bi" fssf ;|ft] nfO{ klxrfg u/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;lhnf] / ;:tf] k5{ . kb| "ifssf
sx] L pbfx/0fx¿ tflnsf $=! df k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 .

58 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

tflnsf $=! M kb| i" fssf ks| f/ / pbfx/0f

jm| =;= kb| i" fssf ks| f/ pbfx/0f

!= Uof;F gfO6f« h] g cS;fO8x¿ (NOx), ;Nkm/ cS;fO8x¿ (SOx), sfag{
cS;fO8x¿ (COx)
@= cfB} fl] us kmfx] f/] k6] f« l] nod kbfy,{ cnsqf, wj' f,F wn' f]

#= Wffth' Go kmfx] f/] l;;f, lhªs\ , lgsn, Sof8ldod, jm| fl] dod

$= Pl;8 ;Nkmo\ l' /s Pl;8 (H2 SO4), DofGulgh 6f« OcS;fO8 (MnO3)

%= sl[ ifhGo sL6gfzs xla;{ fO8, kmªl\ u;fO8

^= 3/n] ' kmfx] f/] efG;faf6 lgl:sPsf kmfx] f/] dn} f

&= /l8ofw] dL{ kmfx] f/] cf0fljs sG] ba| f6 lgl:sPsf ljsL/0f

*= ljBt' Lo kmfx] f/] laluP| sf sDKo6' /, Sofnsn' 6] /, dfa] fOn cflb

$=# jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fsf ;|ft] x¿ (Sources of environmental pollution)

k|b"if0fsf ljleGg ;|ft] x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . tL ;f| t] x¿af6 lg:sg] k|bi" fs j:t'x¿n] xfdf| ] jftfj/0f kb| l" ift
u/fO/x]sf xG' 5g\ . k|b"if0fsf ;f| ]tx¿nfO{ kf| sl[ ts / sl[ qd u/L bO' { k|sf/df juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fsf ;|f]tx¿

kf| s[lts ;f| ]t dfgj ;l[ ht ;f| t]
jgljgfz
e"sDk
cf}Bf]uLs/0f
Hjfnfdv' L
;jf/L ;fwg
jg 8F9]nf]
/;fog pTkfbg tyf k|ofu]
Aff9Lklx/f] pTvgg, ljikmf]6 tyf lgdf{0f
cfFwLax] /L
sfo{
;fd'lb|s ultljlw ;3g sl[ if / kz'kfng

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( ;x/Ls/0f

59

$=#=! kf| s[lts ;f| t] (Natural sources)

k|fs[lts ¿kdf x'g] ljleGg ks| f]k / ljkb\ h:tf sf/0fn] jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f eO/x]sf] x'G5 . kf| sl[ ts
kl| jm| ofdfkm{t k|b"if0f pT;h{g ug{] es" Dk, Hjfnfdv' L, 89F ]nf] cflb ;f| t] x¿nfO{ kf| s[lts kb| "if0fsf ;|f]t
elgG5 . k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] af6 xg' ] jftfj/0f kb| i" f0f 5f6] s/Ldf tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ es" Dk (Earthquake)

kY[ jLdf sDkg x'gn' fO{ es" Dk elgG5 . e"sDksf] sf/0f
w'nf,] w'jfF p8\g,] af9Lklx/f] hfg], 3/ snsf/vfgfnufotsf
efl} ts ;/+ rgfx¿ eTs/] Iflt kU' g], /;folgs kbfy{x¿
jftfj/0fdf ldl;g], hLjhgfj/x¿sf] d[To' eO{ bu' G{ w
km}lng] ;Defjgf clws x'G5, h;n] ubf{ hn, hldg tyf
jfo' k|b"if0f xg' kU' 5 .

pbfx/0fsf nfuL gk] fndf lj=;= @)&@ df cfPsf] lrq $=@ M es" Dkaf6 ;/rgfx¿ eTsFbf
dxfes" Dkaf6 gofF ;+/rgfsf ;fy} k/' fgf w]/} ;/+ rgfx¿ lgl:sPsf] wn' f]
eTsg k'us] f lyP . df6f] tyf sRrf kbfya{ f6 ags] f
;+/rgfx¿ elTsbF f 7'nf] dfqfdf jfo' k|b"if0f lgDTofPsf]
lyof] / :jf;k|Zjf;sf nflu sl7g ePsf] cge' j ul/Psf]
lyof] -lrq $=@_ .

-v_ Hjfnfd'vL (Volcano)

Hjfnfdv' L ljikmf]6g ljZjJofkL ¿kdf xg' ] lrq $=# M Hjfnfdv' L lj:kmf6] g / jftfj/0f k|bi" f0f
kf| sl[ ts kb| i" f0fsf] Ps ;|ft] xf] -lrq $=# _ .
kY[ jLsf] sdhf]/ e"agf6] ePsf] 7fpFaf6
Hjfnfdv' L ljikmf6] g xF'bf nfefsf] tfkjm| dsf
sf/0f jl/kl/sf efl} ts ;/+ rgfx¿, jg:klt,
hLjhgfj/x¿nfO{ Iflt kU' g] ub{5 . o;sf
;fy} k[YjLsf] leqL ;txaf6 DofUdf (magma)
sf] cnfjf 7'nf] dfqfdf xl/t ux[ UofF; (green
house gas) tyf Po/f;] fn] x¿ (aerosols)
jfod' 08ndf pT;hg{ xG' 5g\ . o:tf kbfy{x¿df
kfgLsf] afkm (H2O), sfa{g8fOcS;fO8

60 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

(CO2), xfO8f« ]hg ;NkmfO8 (H2S), sfa{gdf]gfc] S;fO8 (CO), xfO8«fh] g Snf]/fO8 (HCl) /
xfO8«f]hg km\nf]/fO8 (HF) cflb kb5{ g\ . Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6g xF'bf lgl:sPsf Uof;F n] af]6la?jfx¿sf]
j[l¢ ljsf;df c;/ k'¥ofp5F g\ . xfO8f« ]hg ;NkmfO8 / xfO8f« ]hg kmn\ f/] fO8 h:tf UofF; hgfj/ tyf
dflg;sf] :jf;kZ| jf; k0| ffnLsf nflu xflgsf/s x'G5 . To:t} xfO8«fh] g ;NkmfO8 Uof;F jfo'd08ndf
ldl;gfn] ljZjJofkL cDn jiff{ eO{ ef}lts ;+/rgf, jg:klt tyf hgfj/x¿df gsf/fTds c;/
k'¥ofp5F .

-u_ jg 89]nf] (Forest fire)

Hjfnfdv' L ljikmf]6g, xfjfx/' Ln] ?vx¿ lrq $=$ M jg 89]nf]
7f]lSsbF f, v8]/L nfUbf jgdf kf| sl[ ts ¿kd}
cfunfuL xg' ;S5 -lrq $=$_ . jg 89]nf]
xbF' f ToxfsF f jg:klt, jGohGt,' df6f,] xfjf /
kfgLdf ljleGg k|lj|mofaf6 c;/ kU' g hfG5 .
jg 89]nf] nfUbf 7'nf] dfqfdf dl;gf wn' fsf
s0fx¿ (particulate matters) xfjfdf ldl;g
uO{ k|bl" ift u5g{ \ . To:t} cfunfuLaf6 pT;hg{
ePsf] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 Uof;F n] xl/t ux[
ke| fj j[l¢ u/L ljZjJofkL pmi0ftf j9fp5F .
jg 89]nfs] f] j|mddf sfa{gdf]gf]cS;fO8 Uof;F
lg:s/] jGohGts' f] :jf:Yodf uDeL/ c;/ k'¥ofpF5 .

jg 89]nf]n] k|ToIf / ckT| oIf ¿kdf hn kb| "if0f klg u/fO/xs] f] x'G5 . ljleGg xflgsf/s /;fogx¿
xfjf;Fu} ldl;P/ 6f9fsf kfgLsf] ;f| ]tx¿df k'uL kb| "lift agfp5F g\ eg] glhssf ;f| ]tx¿df kT| oIf ¿kdf
v/fgL tyf jg:kltsf 6j' |mfx¿n] au]/ uO{ hn k|b"if0f u/fp5F g\ .

-3_ af9Lklx/f] (Flood and landslide)

af9Lsf] kfgLdf k|b"ifs, kfi] fs tŒj tyf af6] la?jfsf ljleGg efux¿ /xs] f xG' 5g\ . af9Lsf] kfgLn]
AofS6l] /of, sL6gfzs ljiffbL h:tf kb| "ifsnfO{ 6f9f;Dd k¥' ofpF5g\ . kfi] fs tŒj ePsf] / wldnf]
kfgLdf cNuL / kmfO6fK] nfª6g l56f] a9g\ ] ePsfn] hn kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf c;/ k'Ub5 .

;dtn If]qdf af9Ln] w/] } c;/ k¥' ofp5F eg] le/fnf] If]qdf klx/f] hfg] ub5{ . klx/f]n] :yfgLo txdf
jfo' tyf hldg k|b"if0f xG' 5 tyf gbL lsgf/df uPsf] klx/fn] ] hn kb| i" f0f u/fpF5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 61

-ª_ cfwF La]x/L (Thunderstorm)

x/' Latf; tyf cfFwLax] /Ln] efl} ts ;+/rgf laufg{] dfq geO{ ljleGg kb| i" fsx¿ Ps 7fpaF f6 csf]{
7fp;F Dd k'¥ofp5F . h;sf sf/0f jfo,' hn, hldg, Wjlg / b[Zo kb| i" f0f a9\g uO{ dfgjnufot ;Dk"0f{
;hLjx¿df c;/ kU' 5 .

-r_ ;fd'lbs| ultljlw (Activities of ocean)

kfgLdf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 ;lhn} 3'Ng] ePsfn] ;d'b| sfa{g ;l~rt (carbon sink) ug]{ 7n' f] If]q xf] .
h;n] ubf{ jfod' 08ndf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 ;Gt'ng /fVg ;db' |sf] 7'nf] el" dsf /xG5 . t/ ;db' s| f]
;txaf6 kfgLdf /x]sf gg' hGo s0fx¿ xfjfsf] ju] n] p8fO{ jfod' 08ndf ldl;O{ jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fdf
kb| i" f0f u/fO/xs] f x'G5g\ . o:tf g'ghGo s0fdf xfdLn] vfg] gg' sf cltl/St cGo /;fogx¿
h:t}M DofUgl] ;od, ;Nkm]6, SoflN;od / kf]6fl;od klg /x]sf xG' 5g\ . o:tf s0fx¿n] dflg;sf]
:jf;k|Zjf;df c;/ k'¥ofpF5g\ eg] ;o" a{ f6 cfPsf k|sfznfO{ k/fjtg{ u/L sd ks| f;dfq kY[ jLsf]
;txdf cfpg kfpF5 . ;fy} k[YjLsf] hnjfo'sf] cj:yfdf logLx¿n] 7n' f] ke| fj kl//xs] f] xG' 5g\ .

$=#=@ s[lqd ;f| t] (Artificial sources)

dfgjLo lj|mofsnfkåf/f pT;lht{ x'g] kb| i" f0fsf ;|ft] x¿nfO{ s[lqd ;|ft] elgG5 . jftfj/0f kb| i" f0fsf
dfgj l;lht{ ;|ft] x¿ clgolGqt ¿kn] a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . ljsf; / ;j] f ;l' jwf ;a} 7fpFdf k¥' ofpg]
gfddf cJoJol:yt lj|mofsnfkn] ljZjdf k|b"if0fsf] ljs/fn l:ylt l;hg{ f x'g k'us] f] 5 . jftfj/0fdf
dfgj l;lht{ ;f| t] af6 xg' ] kb| "if0fnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ jgljgfz (Forest degradation)

jgljgfz jftfj/0f kb| "if0fsf] kd| v' ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf

/xs] f] 5 -lrq $=%_ . ;a} jgx¿n] sfa{gnfO{

;l~rt u//] /fvs] f x'G5g\ . jgljgfz ubf,{

89n] f] nufpFbf tyf jg k}bfj/ s'lxFbf ;l~rt

/xs] f] sfa{g jfod' 08ndf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf]

¿kdf pT;lh{t xG' 5 . sfa{g8fOcS;fO8n] ;"o{sf] lrq $=% M jg ljgfz
ks| fznfO{ k[YjLd} ;f;] ]/ /fVg] ePsfn] xl/tux[

ke| fjnfO{ jl[ ¢ u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{g u/fpg kd| 'v

e"ldsf vl] n/x]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0f kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL / hl} js ljljwtf hf]lvddf

/x]sf 5g\ .

62 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-v_ cf}Bf]lusLs/0f (Industrialization)

a9\bf] cfB} fl] usLs/0f / kl| jlwsf] ljsf;;uF }

jftfj/0fLo kb| "if0f / k|fsl[ ts ;|f]tsf] ljgfz

h:tf gsf/fTds c;/x¿;Fu;u} hfl] 8P/

cfPsf 5g\ -lrq $=^_ . pTkfbg, kz| f]wg,

9j' fgL / pkef]u ug{] jm| ddf kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbfsf]

ljgfzdfq geP/ jfo', hn, hldg tyf Wjlg

k|bi" f0f klg eO/xs] f] xG' 5 . cfB} fl] usLs/0fsf]

jm| ddf pT;lh{t kmfx] f]/nfO{ plrt Joj:yfkg lrq $=^Mcf}wfu] Ls/0f
gul/Pdf JolStut, jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs

gf]S;fgL ax] f]g'k{ g{] x'G5 . cf}Bf]lusLs/0f

cfhsf] o'udf hlt cfjZos 5, plt o;n] k¥' ofpg] Iflt ljs/fn ¿kn] a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 / dfgj

hflts} cl:tTjdf vt/f k¥' ofO/xs] f] 5 . xfd|f] jftfj/0fsf] lglZrt axg Ifdtf xg' ] tyf ;+j]bgzLn

kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ hyfefjL ¿kn] eO/x]sf] cfB} fl] usLs/0fn] hfl] vddf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . To;}n] lbuf]

ljsf;sf nflu kb| i" f0f lgoGq0f u/L Jojl:yt cfB} f]lusLs/0f ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

-u_ ;jf/L ;fwg (Automobiles)

;jf/L ;fwgaf6 lg:sg] sfnf] wj' fdF f sfa{gsf] dfqf

w]/} x'g] ePsfn] pSt w'jfF jfod' 08ndf ldl;bF f jfo'

kb| "lift xg' hfG5 -lrq $=&_ . k]6«fl] nod kbfy{sf]

ko| fu] u/L u8' g\ ÷] p8\g] ;fwgx¿af6 sfnf] wj' fF a9L

lg:sG5 . To;df klg k/' fgf ;jf/L ;fwgx¿af6

a9L w'jfF lgl:s/x]sf] xG' 5 . ;jf/L ;fwgsf] cfjfh

/ rsf{] xg{n] Wjlg k|b"if0f u/fp5F . g]kfnsf ;x/ lrq $=&M ;jf/L;fwgaf6 x'g] kb| "if0f
ahf/ Ifq] df k'/fgf ;jf/L ;fwgsf] k|ofu] af6 jfo'

k|b"if0f / Wjlg k|bi" f0f ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf bl] vPsf] 5 .

o;n] dflg;nfO{ l/; p7g\ ,] An8 k|;] / sd÷a9L x'g], l/uF6f nfUg,] sfg sd ;'Gg] h:tf ;d:ofx¿

lgDTofp5F .

-3_ /;fog pTkfbg tyf ko| f]u (Chemicals production and use)

PSsfO;fF} ztfAbLsf] a9\bf] j}1flgs k|ofu] / cfw'lgsL/0fsf] gfddf ljleGg /;fog pTkfbg / k|ofu] n]

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 63

jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ k¥' ofO/xs] f] 5 . cfwl' gs o'udf /;fogsf] bl} gs hLjgdf klg dxŒjk0" f{
:yfg cfu] 6s] f] kfOG5 h:t} M 3/, sfofn{ o cflb ;kmf ug{ cf}Bfl] us k|of]u ug{ cflb . t/ o:tf
kbfy{x¿sf] ko| f]u ;fjwfgLk"j{s gul/Pdf jftfj/0fdf ljiffSt kbfy{sf] ¿kdf pT;lht{ x'G5g\ .

-ª_ pTvgg, ljikmf]6 tyf lgdf0{ f sfo{ (Minings, explosion and construction)

kY[ jLsf] leqL efudf ePsf j:tx' ¿ lgsfNg] p2]Zosf lrq $=*M ;]tL gbL lsgf/df eO/xs] f] pTvgg\
;fy k[YjLsf] ee" fu vGg] sfo{nfO{ pTvgg elgG5
-lrq $=*_ . o;/L pTvgg u//] sfO] nf, k6] f« l] nod
kbfy{x¿nufotsf cGo wft'hGo tŒjx¿ lgsfNg]
ul/G5 . pTvgg ubf{ tyf 7'nf lgdf{0f sfo{x¿ ubf{
ljikmf6] s kbfy{x¿sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . o; j|mddf
hldg vGbf, 7n' f efl} ts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ubf,{
ljikmf6] s j:tx' ¿sf] ko| fu] ubf{, o;sf nflu cfjZos
cfh} f/x¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ ltgLx¿af6 lg:sg] w'nf],
/;fog ldl>t wj' f,F t/n kbfyn{ ] jftfj/0f kb| i" f0f xG' 5 .

-r_ ;3g s[lif / kz'kfng (Intensive agriculture and livestock farming)

ljZjdf sl[ if / kz'kfngsf] cfwl' gsLs/0f -lrq

$=(_ ;uF } pTkfbg a9fpg k|of]u ul/g] sL6gfzs

cfi} fwL, /;folgs dnx¿ tyf cGo w]/} k|sf/sf

/;folgs kbfy{x¿sf] k|ofu] n] Psflt/ jftfj/0f

k|bl" ift eO/x]sf] 5 eg] csfl{] t/ To:tf /;fogx¿

ko| f]u u/L pTkflbt vfBj:t' vfgfn] dfgj :jf:Yodf

;d]t c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 . sl[ if tyf kz'kfngdf

k|of]u ul/g] /;fogx¿sf] lg/Gt/ k|ofu] n] df6fsf] lrq $=(M Joj;flos s'v'/fkfng
u'0f:t/df x|f; NofPsf] 5 eg] o:tf /;fogx¿

hldgleqsf] kfgL tyf ;txsf] kfgLdf ldl;g uO{ kb| i" f0f u/fO/xs] f] xG' 5 . a9\bf] hg;ªV\ ofsf]

df;h' Go pTkfbg dfunfO{ wfGg 7n' f] Ifdtfdf ul/Psf kz'kfngaf6 ldyg] h:tf] xl/t u[x Uof;F

jfod' 08ndf pT;hg{ eO/xs] f] 5 . kzk' fngaf6 pT;lht{ xg' ] ldy]g UofF; hLjfjzi] f OGwgkl5 bf;] |f]

kd| v' s[lqd ;|ft] sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . s[lqd ;f| t] x¿dWo] kz'kfngaf6 nueu @& k|ltzt hlt ldy]g

jfod' 08ndf ldl;G5 eg] hLjfjzi] f OGwgaf6 ;ae} Gbf a9L ## k|ltzt pT;h{g x'G5 . ufO{j:t'x¿n]

ljz]if u/]/ vfgf krfpg] j|mddf 7n' f] dfqfdf ldy]g UoFf; lgisf;g u5g{ \ eg] pgLx¿sf] lb;faf6 klg

64 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

ldy]g UofF; lgl:s/x]sf] xG' 5 . To;} u/L dt[ kzk' G5L tyf cgfh pTkfbgkl5 afsF L /xs] f j:tx' ¿sf]
plrt Joj:yfkg gubf{ ;d]t jftfj/0fdf kb| i" f0f eO/x]sf] xG' 5 .

-5_ ;x/Ls/0f (Urbanization)

cfB} f]lusLs/0f / cfly{s j[l¢;uF } ;x/Ls/0fsf] k|lj|mof ;'? x'G5 -lrq $=!)_ . clgolGqt ;x/Ls/0fn]
kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ lau|g], jfo' k|bi" f0f, Wjlg kb| i" f0f,
wn' f], :yfgLo :t/df tftf] a9g\ ] (urban heat
island) tyf 7f;] tyf hfl] vdo'St kmfx] f/] sf]
Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of cfpg] ub5{ .

;x/L If]qdf ePsf ljleGg ;/+ rgfx¿sf]

k|sfznfO{ ;f]:g] / k/fjt{g ug]{ b/ jg:klt

/ hldgsf] eGbf km/s x'g] ePsfn] u|fdL0f

eu] eGbf ;x/L Ifq] /ftdf a9L ;do tftf] lrq $=!)M ;x/Ls/0f
eO/xs] f] xG' 5 . dfgj lj|mofsnfkn] jfod' 08ndf

sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, sfag{ df]gfc] S;fO8,

;Nkm/cS;fO8, gfO6«fh] g cS;fO8, cfh] f]g, ln8 tyf c¿ w/] } k|sf/sf k|b"ifsx¿ pT;h{g ul//x]sf

xG' 5g\ . To:t} o:tf kb| i" fsx¿ ;x/L Ifq] el/ km}lnP/ dfgj :jf:Yo, dxŒjk"0f{ ;Dkbfx¿ tyf

hn;f| ]tx¿df gsf/fTds c;/ k¥' ofO/xs] f xG' 5g\ .

gk] fnsf ;x/x¿df 9n lgsf; / 7f;] kmfx] f/] sf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf] sdLn] kb| i" f0f a9b\ } uO/xs] f] 5 .
gu/kflnsf jf ;x/ aGgsf nflu cfjZos kg{] dfkb08 gku' L ;x/ 3f]if0ff ul/lbbF f Jojl:yt ;x/
ljsf;df ;d:of l;hg{ f eO/x]sf] 5 . ;x/L Ifq] sf] ljsf;sf nflu PsLst[ ;x/L ljsf; u?' of]hgfsf]
lgdf{0f u/L ;f] cg¿' k sfo{ ul/gk' b{5 .

$=$ kb| "if0fsf ks| f/ (Types of pollution)

k|b"if0fnfO{ ljleGg ks| f/df juLs{ /0f u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . h;dWo] k|bi" f0fsf dV' o ks| f/x¿
lgDgcg;' f/ /xs] f 5g\ M

-s_ jfo' kb| i" f0f (Air pollution)

-v_ hn kb| i" f0f (Water pollution)

-u_ df6f] -hldg_ kb| "if0f (Land/soil pollution)

-3_ Wjlg k|bi" f0f (Sound pollution)

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 65

-s_ jfo' kb| "if0f (Air pollution)

jfod' 08ndf 7f];, t/n jf UofF;sf xflgsf/s kbfyx{ ¿sf] pkl:yltn] hLjhGt', dfgj :jf:Yo
tyf ;+/rgfx¿df c;/ k'Ug'nfO{ jfo' kb| "if0f elgG5 . jfo' kb| "if0fn] hLjhGt,' dfgj :jf:Yo tyf
;/+ rgfnufotnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} jfo'd08ndf o;sf] dfqf kofK{ t ePdf cDn jiff{, cf]hg
txsf] ljgfz, xl/t ux[ ke| fj a9fpg] h:tf kf| sl[ ts kl| j|mofdf g} ke| fj kfb5{ . o;sf cltl/St
7n' f] dfqfdf cfly{s gfS] ;fgL klg lgDTofO/xs] f] x'G5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7gsf cg;' f/ gk] fndf
k|Tos] ! nfv d[To'df kb| "if0faf6 #^ gk] fnLsf] kmf]S;fs] f] SofG;/, xb[ o3ft h:tf la/fdLaf6 d[To'
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o]n ljZjljBfnon] lj=;= @)&$ df ljZjsf ljleGg !*) b]zx¿sf] jftfj/0fLo
;r" sfª\s (environmental performance index) sf] cWoog k|ltjb] g ;fjh{ lgs u/s] f] lyof] . o;
kl| tjb] gcg;' f/ gk] fn ;du| jftfj/0fLo ;r" sfªs\ df clGtdaf6 rfy} f] :yfgdf /xs] f] 5 eg] jfo' kb| i" f0fdf eg]
klxnf] :yfgdf /xs] f] 5 . h;af6 ;xh} gk] fnsf] jfo' kb| i" f0fsf] cj:yf cgd' fg ug{ ;lsG5 .

jfo' k|bi" f0fnfO{ o;sf] pkl:ylt x'g] If]qsf cfwf/df b'O{ ks| f/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M afxo\ jfo'
k|b"if0f (outdoor/ambient air pollution) / 3/leqsf] jfo' kb| i" f0f (indoor air pollution)

!= afxo\ jfo' kb| "if0f (Outdoor/ambient air pollution)

;jf/L ;fwgx¿ a;, 6s« , 6D] k,' 6o« fS6/nufot cGo ;jf/L ;fwgaf6 / 7'nf 7n' f snsf/vfgf, O6F f
tyf l;dG] 6 sf/vfgfsf] lrDgLaf6 lg:sg] wj' fF, wn' f], uGwx¿n] jftfj/0fdf jfos' f] ;Gtl' nt cj:yf
laug| n' fO{ afxo\ jfo' k|b"if0f elgG5 . cfGtl/seGbf afx\o jfo' kb| i" f0fsf sf/0f jftfj/0fdf a9L c;/
k'lu/x]sf] xG' 5 .

afxo\ jfo' kb| i" f0f kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] tyf dfgj ljm| ofsnfkaf6 eO/xs] f xG' 5g\ . jfo' kb| i" f0fsf kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿
sd} dfq hfl] vdsf] :t/df /xs] f xG' 5g\ . kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf sx] L pbfx/0fx¿ o;ks| f/ /xs] f 5g\ M

• hldgaf6 xfjfx'/L cfpFbf xg' ] w'nfsf s0f
• Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf6] g x'Fbf pT;lh{t xg' ] ;Nkm/ cS;fO8 / w'nfsf s0f
• jg 89]nf] nfUbf lg:sg] sfag{ cS;fO8, gfO6f« h] g cS;fO8, w'nfsf s0f
• hLljt la?jfaf6 k/fus0f
• ;8s] f af6] la?jfaf6 ldyg] / xfO8«fh] g ;NkmfO8
• ;d'b|af6 g'ghGo s0fx¿
jfo' kb| i" f0fsf s[lqd ;f| t] jf dfgj lj|mofsnfkaf6 xg' ] kb| i" f0f ljz]if u/L snsf/vfgf, oftfoftsf
;fwg cflbdf hLjfjzi] f OGwgsf] ko| f]uaf6 jfod' 08ndf pT;lh{t eO/x]sf xG' 5g\ . dfgj

66 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

ljm| ofsnfkaf6 pT;lht{ xg' ] jfo' kb| "ifsnfO{ bO' { txdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . kb| i" f0fsf ;|f]taf6
k|ToIf ¿kn] jfod' 08ndf ldl;g] k|bi" fsnfO{ k|fylds kb| i" fs (primary air pollutants) elgG5 .
h:tM} sfag{ cS;fO8, gfO6f« h] g cS;fO8, ;Nkm/cS;fO8, w'nfsf s0f cflb . kf| ylds k|bi" fsx¿
jfo'd08ndf ldl;Pkl5 logLx¿ Pscsf{df tyf jftfj/0fsf cGo tŒj;Fu kl| tljm| of u/L gofF lsl;dsf]
k|b"ifs aGb5g\, h;nfO{ bf];f| ] txsf] k|b"ifs (secondary air pollutant) elgG5 . h:t}M ;Nkm\ol' /s
Pl;8, gfOl6s« Pl;8 cflb .

afx\o jfo' k|bi" f0fsf c;/ (Effect of outdoor air pollution)

afx\o jfo' k|b"if0fn] dfgj :jf:Yo, jg:klt, hgfj/ tyf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf kl| ts"n c;/ k'¥ofO/xs] f]
x'G5 . o:tf c;/x¿ sg' } kT| oIf lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ eg] s'g} ck|ToIf lsl;dn] c;/ k'¥ofO/x]sf xG' 5g\ .
afx\o jfo' k|bi" f0fsf c;/x¿nfO{ lgDg lnlvt ab'F fdf JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ dfgj tyf hgfj/sf] :jf:Yodf kg]{ c;/ (Effect on human and animal health)

dfgjnufot ;a} k|sf/sf ;fgf 7n' f hgfj/x¿nfO{ kb| "if0fn] c;/ ub{5 . Zjf; k|Zjf; k|lj|mofdf
xfjfaf6 clS;hg lnFbf k|b"lift xfjf klg z/L/leq k:b5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd kb| "lift xfjf ePsf] :yfgdf
/xFbf ljleGg cª\usf tGt'x¿df hDdf eO{ gf]S;fg k'¥ofp5F . Zjf; kl| jm| of afx]s hgfj/sf] 5fnf
tyf vfgf / kfgLaf6 klg kb| "ifs z/L/leq k;]/ xflg k¥' ofpbF 5g\ . jfo' k|b"if0faf6 dfgj / hgfj/df
kg{] c;/ ;dfg lsl;dsf] x'G5 .

sx] L kb| "ifs / ltgLx¿n] :jf:Yodf k'¥ofpg] c;/nfO{ tflnsf $=@ df k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf $=@ M ljleGg kb| "ifsn] :jf:Yodf k'¥ofpg] c;/ c;/
jm| =;= k|b"ifs

! ;Nkm/8fOcS;fO8 skm aGg,' :jfF :jfF x'g', cfFvf lrnfpg'

@ sfag{ dgfc] S;fO8 /utdf clS;hgsf] sdL

# gfOl6«s cS;fO8 g;f km'6\g]

$ l;;f aRrf tyf o'jfsf] dl:tis tyf :gfo' k|0ffnL ljsf;df
c;/, pRr /Strfk, ldufn{} fdf c;/
% wn' fsf s0f kmf]S;f]sf l5b|df xflg
^ /l] 8ofw] dL{ tŒj
sfl;g{ f]hl] gs

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 67

-v_ jg:kltdf c;/ (Effect on plants)

jfo' k|b"if0faf6 jg:kltsf kft, kmn, km"n tyf ;a} efux¿df c;/ k¥' ofpbF 5 . ;Nkm/8fOcS;fO8sf]
dfqf lglZrt txeGbf a9L ePdf jg:kltsf] sfi] fx¿ lglijm| o xG' 5g\ / kft ;'Sg yfNb5 . ljzi] f u/L
h6' , ux,F' hf} / :ofpsf la?jfx¿df o;sf] c;/ a9L bl] vG5 .

kmn\ f/] fO8 k|bi" f0fn] la?jfdf ks| fz ;+Zn]if0f / :jf;k|Zjf; kl| jm| ofnfO{ cj?¢ agfpF5, h;n] ubf{
la?jfsf] j[l¢ ljsf; /fd|/L xg' ;Sbg} . cfh] fg] tyf bf;] f| ] txsf k|bi" fsn] klg la?jfsf ljleGg
efux¿df gf]S;fg k¥' ofpFb5g\ .

-u_ jftfj/0fdf c;/ (Effect on environment)

jfo' kb| i" f0fn] jftfj/0fdf ljleGg tj/n] c;/ k¥' ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . tLdWo] sx] L c;/x¿ lgDg /x]sf
5g\ .

t'jfnF f] (Smog) M of] kf| sl[ ts sl' x/f] / jfo' kb| i" fssf] ldl>t :j¿k xf] . sf7df8fn}F ufotsf 7'nf
;x/x¿df t'jfnF f]n] g/fd/| L 9fls/xs] f] kfOG5 . oftfoftsf ;fwg, pBf]uwGbf tyf bfp/f / sf]Onf
afNbf lgl:sPsf] kb| i" f0fn] ubf{ t'jfnF f] ags] f] xG' 5 . of] ljz]if u/L ljleGg lsl;dsf kb| "ifs Uof;F n]
;"os{ f] ks| fzsf] pkl:yltdf w'nfsf s0f;uF sf] k|ltlj|mofaf6 ags] f] xG' 5 . t'jfFnfn] dflg;, jg:klt
tyf hgfj/sf] :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ k¥' ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf c;/x¿ lgDglnlvt a'Fbfdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

• skm hDdf x'g] / cfFvf, 5ftL, gfs / 3f6F Ldf PnhL{ xg' ]
• bdsf /fu] LnfO{ o;n] cem a9L l;ls:t agfpg]
• Zjf; k|Zjf;df ;d:of tyf kmf]S;f]sf] SofG;/ lgDTofpg]
• hlGdg] aRrfx¿sf] tfn} sd x'g] tyf s'g} k|sf/sf] sdhf/] L b]lvg]
• jfo'd08nsf] kf/blzt{ f 36fO{ ;8s tyf Kn]g b'36{ gfsf] hfl] vd a9fpg]
• jg:kltsf] jl[ ¢ ljsf;df c;/ k¥' ofpg'sf ;fy} ;ªj\ |md0f;Fu n8\g ;Sg] Ifdtfdf xf| ;

Nofpg]

cDn jiff{ (Acid rain)

;fdfGo cj:yfdf jf jftfj/0f k|b"lift gePsf] cj:yfdf klg jiff{sf] kfgL cDnLo -lkPr %=^_ ;Dd
/xs] f] xG' 5 . jiffs{ f] kfgL o;/L cDnLo xg' fsf] sf/0f jfod' 08ndf /x]sf] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8n]
jifft{ s\ f] kfgL;Fu k|ltlj|mof ugf{n] ePsf] x'G5 . t/ jfod' 08ndf /x]sf k|fylds k|bi" fsx¿ h:t} ;Nkm/

68 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

8fOcS;fO8, gfO6;« cS;fO8 tyf cGo s0f;uF kl| tljm| of u/L jifft{ s\ f] kfgL cem a9L cDnLo -lkPr $_
aGg] kl| jm| ofnfO{ cDn jiff{ (acid rain) elgG5 . cDn jiffa{ f6 xg' ] c;/x¿ lgDglnlvt /xs] f 5g\ M

• cDn jiffn{ ] jg:kltsf] kftnfO{ gfS] ;fg k¥' ofO{ ltgLx¿sf] /fu] k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfdf xf| ;
Nofp5F .

• cDn jiffn{ ] dfgj hfltdf :jf;k|Zjf; ;DaGwL /f]ux¿ h:t} bd, a|f]ª\sfOl6; nfUg]
;Defjgf a9fpF5 .

• efl} ts ;+/rgfx¿df Iflt k'¥ofp5F . r'g 9'ªu\ f tyf dfa{nn] ags] f ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ cDn
jiffn{ ] cem a9L c;/ k'¥ofpFb5 .

• :jR5 hnLo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] ;fdfGotof lkPr ^ / lkPr * sf] lardf /x]sf]
x'G5 . t/ cDnjiffn{ ] kfgLsf] cDnLokgf lkPr ^ eGbf sd agfO{ tfn, kfv] /L tyf cGo
hn kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofpFb5 .

• cDnjiffn{ ] df6fdf /xs] f] la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kg{] kf]ifs tŒj h:t} SoflN;od, DofUgl] ;odnfO{
gi6 u/L pTkfbsTjdf xf| ; Nofp5F .

@= 3/leqsf] jfo' k|bi" f0f (Indoor air pollution)

3/leq /xs] f] efG5faf6 bfp/f, uO' 7F f, e;' afNbf lg:sg] wj' f,F wn' f] / dflg;n] r/' f6] , tdfv' vfbF f pTkGg
xg' ] wj' fnF ] kb| i" f0f ul//xs] f xG' 5g\ . To;} u/L 3/leq ;kmf ug{ ko| fu] ul/g] /f;folgs ;fdu|Lx¿ klg
k|bi" f0fsf ;|f]t x'g\ . o;/L 3/leqaf6 lg:sg] w'jfF, w'nf] tyf ljleGg /f;folgs j:t'sf] k|ofu] ubf{ xg' ]
kb| i" f0fnfO{ 3/leqsf] jfo' k|b"if0f elgG5 .

3/leqsf] jfo' kb| "if0fsf ;|ft] (Source of indoor air pollution) M o;sf s]xL d'Vo ;|ft] x¿
o;ks| f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

• 3/leq aflnPsf bfp/f, uO' F7f, e';, sfO] nf, dl6t]n, Uof;F rn' f] cflb
• r'/f]6 tyf tDdfv' vfbf lg:sg] w'jfF
• lgdf{0f tyf ;hfj6sf ;fdu|Lx¿ h:t} P;j:] 6; k|of]u ul/Psf] tfk cj/fw] s ;fduL| ,

sfk6{] cflb
• 3/sf] ;kmfOdf k|of]u x'g] t/n kbfy,{ :k]| h:tf /;fog
• afx\o jfo' kb| "if0f
3/leqsf] jfo' kb| i" f0fsf] c;/ (Effect of indoor air pollution) M 3/leqsf] jfo' k|bi" f0fsf] c;/
tTsfn jf nfdf] ;dokl5 bl] vg] klg xg' ;S5 . kb| "if0fsf sf/0f tTsfn xg' ] c;/df cfFvf, gfs,

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 69

3f6Lsf] PnhL,{ 6fpsf] bV' g], l/uF6f nfUg], ysfj6 dx;;' xg' ] xG' 5 . o:tf] c;/ c:yfoL xg' ] / k|efljt
Ifq] af6 6f9f uPdf lj:tf/} l7s xG' 5 . t/ 3/leqsf] jfo' kb| "if0fsf] nfdf] ;dokl5 b]lvg] c;/x¿
vf; u/L 3/leqsf] kb| "ifs;uF nuftf/ ;Dksd{ f cfpFbf x'G5 . o:tf] c;/df :jf;kZ| jf; ;DaGwL
c;/, d6' ' /fu] / SofG;/ /fu] x¿ x'g ;S5g\ .

jfo' k|bi" f0fsf] /fs] yfd (Control of air pollution)

ljZjsf] s'g} Ps sg' fdf ePsf] jfo' k|b"if0fn] csf{] sg' fdf c;/ k¥' ofpg ;Sb5 . b]zx¿sf] l;dfgf
h:tf] jfo'd08nsf] sg' } lglZrt l;dfgf xbF' }g . To;}n] ljZjJofkL ¿kn] eO/x]sf] jfo' k|bi" f0f lgoGq0f
ug{ PsLs[t pkfox¿ cjnDag u/L dflg;nufot cGo hLjhGt' tyf efl} ts ;+/rgfx¿sf] ;+/If0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu cjnDag ug'k{ g]{ sx] L pkfox¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt a'Fbfx¿df ;dl] 6Psf] 5 .

• hg;ªV\ of jl[ ¢nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{
• gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f] k|ofu] df hf8] lbg]
• hLjfjz]if OGwgsf] ko| f]udf sdL Nofpg]
• OGwgsf] k|efjsf/L ko| fu] df ;'wf/ Nofpg]
• b/' Lcg;' f/ kb} n, ;fOsn jf ;fjh{ lgs oftfoftsf ;fwg k|ofu] ug]{
• jfo' k|bi" f0f, hn k|b"if0f, el" dsf] pkof]u, pmhf{, hg;ªV\ of, cflys{ , Jofkf/nufotsf

If]qx¿sf] PsLst[ gLlt tof/ kfg{]
• If]qut ¿kn] jfo'sf] u'0f:t/sf] lgodg ug]{
• k|b"if0f ug]{ If]q tyf lgsfonfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] / p7]sf] /fh:jnfO{ k|bi" f0f

/fs] yfdsf pkfo pkofu] ug]{
• gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f pGgt kl| jlwsf] sd ljsl;t bz] df :yfgfGt/0f ug]{

JolStut txdf jfo' k|bi" f0fjf6 aRg] pkfo¿

-s_ jfo' kb| i" f0f a9L ePsf] Ifq] df cToGt h?/L sfddf dfq aflx/ lg:sg]

-v_ 3/df bl} gs ¿kdf Eofsd' ko| fu] u/L ;kmf ug]{

-u_ 3/leq nfus] f 9;' Lx¿ lgoldt ;kmf ug{]

-3_ a9L dfqfdf jfo' kb| i' f0f xg' ] :yfgdf a;fa] f; ugn{] ] ‘Po/ Kol' /kmfo/’sf] ko| fu] u/L xfjf z¢' agfpg
;lsg]

-ª_ 3/leq ‘Po/ km|;] g/’ / dg} aQLsf] ko| fu] ;s;] Dd sd ug{]

70 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

-r_ 3/sf] emo\ fn kb| i" f0f sd ePsf] ;dodf dfq vfN] g,] c¿ an] f aGb /fVg]

-5=_ ;w}F u0' f:t/Lo df:ssf] ko| f]u ug{k' g,{] df:s gePdf ?dfnsf] k|of]u ug]{ t/ gfsdv' nfO{ vn' f
/fv]/ aflx/ glx8F \g]

lj|mofsnfk $=! w'nf] kj|mg] ;fwgsf] lgdf0{ f

cfjZos ;fduL|

• sfuhsf] Kn]6 –@
• k]6f« ]lnod h]nL jf Eofl:ng h]nL

ljlw

– Pp6f sfuhsf] Kn6] sf] k5fl8 ‘a9L’ / csf]{ sfuhsf] Kn]6df ‘sd’ nV] g'xf;] \ .

– ca cfkm\gf] ljBfno jf cfkm"nfO{ kfos kg]{ glhss} f] ;Defljt ;ae} Gbf a9L kb| i" f0f xg' ]
7fpsF f] gfd ‘a9L’ nl] vPsf] Kn]6df nV] g'xf;] \ / sd k|b"if0f xg' ;Sg] 7fpsF f] gfd ‘sd’
n]lvPsf] Kn6] df nV] gx' f];\ .

– oL bj' } Kn]6sf] dflyNnf] ;txdf k6] f« l] nod h]nL jf Eofl:ng hn] L xfNgx' f];\ . ca b'j}
Kn]6nfO{ tfl] sPsf] If]qdf @$ 306f hlt /fVgx' f;] \ .

– ca b'j} Kn6] nfO{ sIffsf7] fdf NofO{ cjnf]sg ugx'{ f;] \ .

b'O{dWo] sg' Kn]6 a9L k|b"lift ePsf] kfpg'eof] < kb| "if0fsf sf/s tŒj s] s] x'g ;S5g\ / o;sf]
Go"gLs/0f ug{ s] s:tf pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 < 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \ .

-v_ hn kb| i" f0f (Water pollution)

kfgLsf ;f| ]tx¿ s'jf, Ogf/, vfn] f, gbL, lrq $=!!M hn k|b"if0f
wf/f cflb kb| l" ift x'g'nfO{ hn k|bi" f0f ePsf]
elgG5 . To;n} ] kfgLsf] ef}lts, hl} js tyf
/;folgs u0' f:t/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{
hLjhGt' tyf jftfj/0fdf x'g] gsf/fTds
c;/nfO{ hn kb| "if0f elgG5 -lrq $=!!_ .
3/, snsf/vfgf tyf v]taf/Ldf ko| f]u ul/g]
ljiffbLx¿ au/] uO{ kfgLdf ldl;gfn]
To;df /xs] f gfO66]« , kmf]:km]6, ;Nkm]6 cflb

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 71

/;fogx¿sf] sf/0f kfgL kb| "lift eO/xs] f] x'G5 . o;} u/L ;db' |df vlgh / k6] f« ]lnod kbfy{x¿ pTvgg
ubf,{ 9nx¿ ld;fpbF f ;db' |sf] kfgL ;dt] kb| l" ift x'bF } uO/xs] f] 5 . o;/L k|b"lift ePsf] kfgL lkpg
/ cGo sfo{df k|of]u ubf{ dflg;nufot cGo hLjhGt'nfO{ ljleGg /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf w/] } xG' 5 .
dflg;x¿nfO{ vf;u/L emf8fkvfnf, xh} f, 6fOkmfO8 h:tf /fu] kfgL k|b"if0fsf] sf/0fn] g} xg' ] ub{5 .
To:t} hn kb| i" f0fsf] sf/0f kfgLDff a:g] hnr/x¿ df5f, uf]xL, Eofut' f h:tf hLjx¿ ;ªs\ 6df k/s] f
5g\ .

hn k|bi" f0fnfO{ ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M l:y/ ;f| ]t (point source), cl:y/
;|ft] (non-point source)

l:y/ ;f| t] (Point source) M klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] / lgl:rt k|sf/sf k|bi" fs lg:sfzg ug]{ ;|f]tnfO{

l:y/ ;|ft] elgG5 . pBfu] af6 lgl:sPsf hn kb| "ifsx¿ l:y/ ;|f]t x'g\ . pBf]uaf6 lg:sg] kb| "ifsx¿
h}ljs / chl} js b'j} lsl;dsf x'g ;S5g\ . h:t}M sfuhsf 6'jm| f, /;fogx¿ cflb . hn;f| t] glhs
/x]sf pBf]ux¿ hn kb| "if0fsf kd| 'v ;|ft] x'g\ . pBfu] x¿af6 hn;f| ]tdf ldl;g] sk/, j|mfl] dod, kf/f],
ln8 cflb wftn' ] hLljt j:t'x¿sf] :jf:Yodf uDeL/ c;/ k¥' ofp5F g\ . o:tf wfts' f kd| v' ;f| t] x¿df
OlG;g/] ]6/, sf]Onfaf6 rNg] pmhf{ pTkfbg s]Gb| / vlgh pTvgg Ifq] cflb kb5{ g\ .

cl:y/ ;|ft] (Non-point source) M klxrfg ug{ g;lsg] / km/s km/s k|sf/sf k|bi" fssf ;|f]tnfO{

cl:y/ k|bi" f0fsf ;f| t] elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu v]ltkftL ul/Psf] Ifq] af6 au/] cfO{ hn;f| ]tx¿df
ldl;Psf k|bi" fsx¿ leGg leGg lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ . ;fy} klxrfg ug{ ;d]t dl' :sn kb5{ . cfw'lgs s[lif
k|0ffnLdf ljleGg lsl;dsf /;folgs dnvfb, sL6gfzs cflb ko| fu] ul/Psf xG' 5g\ . v]taf/Laf6
o:tf /;fogx¿ au/] uO{ hn;f| t] nfO{ kb| l" ift agfPsf x'G5g\, h;n] hn kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLnfO{
hfl] vddf kfb{5 . To:t} kmf:] km6] / gfO66]« h:tf dnvfbx¿ au]/ hn;|ft] df k'Ubf ToxfFsf] pTkfbsTj
a9g\ uO{ w]/} dfqfdf cNuLsf] ;ªV\ of a9\g hfG5, h;nfO{ Oo6' f« ]lkms];g (eutrophication) elgG5 .
o; kl| j|mofaf6 kfgLdf clS;hgsf] dfqf a9g\ ] / sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf 36\g k'U5 . kfgLsf]
u0' f:t/df cfPsf] o:tf] kl/jt{gn] hnr/ dg{ kU' b5g\ / kfgL cem k|bl" ift x'g kU' b5 .

e"ldut hn k|bi" f0f (Ground water pollution)

el" dut hn;f| t] df ljleGg lsl;dsf k|bi" fs ku' L xg' ]
kb| i" f0fnfO{ el" dut hn k|b"if0f elgG5 -lrq $=!@_ .
vt] LkftLdf k|ofu] x'g] ljleGg sL6gfzs, ;x/L tyf cfB} fl] us
If]qdf ko| fu] x'g] cf;l]{ gs, l;;f cflb /;fogn] e"ldut hn
kb| i" f0f eO/x]sf] x'G5 . el" dut hn k|b"if0fsf] ;ae} Gbf 7'nf]

lrq $=!@M kmfx] f/] lj;hg{ jf6 ePsf] el' dut hn kb| i" f0f

72 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

;|f]t cJoJol:yt 7f]; tyf t/n kmfx] f]/sf] lj;hg{ /xs] f] 5 . cGo ;|ft] x¿df ;]lK6s 6\ofª\s, s[lif
If]q, hldg pTvgg cflb /xs] f 5g\ .

e"ldut hn;f| t] k|bl" ift ePdf ;txsf hn;|ft] kf| sl[ ts k|lj|mofaf6 ;lhn} z'¢Ls/0f xg' ;Sb}g .
el" dut hn If]qdf kfgL aUg] kl| j|mof l9nf] x'g] -)=# ld6/ k|ltlbgeGbf sd_, s'xfpg] AofS6l] /ofsf]
;ª\Vof sd x'g] / hldgdl' gsf] tfkjm| d Go"g x'g] ePsfn] k|bi" fs sl' xg÷] gi6 x'g] k|ljm| of klg l9nf]
xG' 5 . To;}n] PskN6 k|bl" ift ePsf] el" dut hn;f| ]tnfO{ kb| i" f0f d'St x'g xhf/fF} jif{ nfUg ;S5 .

hn k|bi" f0fsf] c;/ (Effect of water pollution)

hn k|b"if0fsf] c;/ o;df /xs] f] kb| i" fssf] ks| f/, k|b"ifssf] dfqf / :yfgdf e/ kb{5 . hn kb| i" f0faf6
x'g] s]xL c;/x¿ o;ks| f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

hnr/df c;/ M hn kb| i" f0fn] ubf{ kfgL cfl>t hgfj/x¿df ljleGg /fu] nfUgs' f ;fy} dT[ o' klg xG' 5 .

kb| i" f0fn] ubf{ ;db' ,| kfv] /L cflbsf lsgf/df 7n' fd] fqfdf df5f, r/f, 8lNkmg cflb d/s] f] kfOG5 .

vfB >[ªv\ nfdf c;/ M hn kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf l;;f / Sof8ldod h:tf k|b"ifsx¿ ;fgf df5fn]

vfbF f vfB :t/df /xs] f cGo hLjdf klg hfg] ePsfn] k"/} vfB>[ª\vnfdf c;/ kg{ hfG5 . o;
k|lj|mofnfO{ afof]DoflUglkms;] g elgG5 .

dfgj :jf:Yodf c;/ M kb| "lift kfgL vfgfn] emf8fkvfnf h:tf dxfdf/L gk] fnnufot w/] } cljsl;t

b]zx¿df kml} nPsf] kfOG5 . To:t} xflgsf/s /;fogaf6 kb| l" ift ePsf hLjhGt' dflg;n] vfbF f
x]kf6fOl6; h:tf /f]u nfUg ;S5 .

hn kb| i" f0f /f]syfdsf pkfo (Control measures of water pollution) M hn kb| "if0f /fs] yfdsf

pkfox¿nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

• v]taf/Ldf af]6la?jfn] lj:tf/} kf]ifs tŒj k|fKt ug]{ vfnsf /f;folgs dnvfbsf] k|of]u ug'k{ 5,{
h;n] ubf{ /;fogx¿ au]/ uO{ s[lif Ifq] af6 xg' ] ;tx tyf el" dut hn;|ft] kb| i" f0fnfO{ lgoGq0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . le/fnf] Ifq] sf v]taf/Ldf eg] o:tf /f;folgs dnvfbsf] ko| fu] ug{ xFb' }g .

• vt] af/Ldf /;folgs dnvfbsf] k|of]unfO{ lgoGq0f ub{} j}slNks s[lif k0| ffnL ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
h:tM} ljleGg s[lifafnLsf] lar lardf bnxg (leguninous) kh| fltsf] afnL nufpg ;lsG5 .
bnxg k|hfltn] jfo'd08naf6 gfO6f« ]hg lnO{ df6fsf] pj/{ fzlSt a9fpF5 . o; kl| jm| ofnfO{
gfO6«f]hg lkmS;];g (nitrogen fixation) klg elgG5 .

• sl[ if Ifq] af6 ;txsf] hn;f| t] df xg' ] kb| i" f0f lgoGq0f ug{ hn;|f]tsf] glhs} s[lifhGo lj|mofsnfksf]
lgoGq0f ug{'kb{5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 73

• sl[ if Ifq] df sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] k|ofu] df sdL Nofpgk' b5{ . o;sf] ljsNkdf hl} js ljlw
(biological control) jf PsLst[ sL6 Joj:yfkg (integrated pest management) sf]
cjnDag ugk{' b{5 .

• hnfwf/ Ifq] df x'g] e"Ifo / af9L lgoGq0f ug{ jI[ f/fk] 0f ug{k' b5{ .

• hn kb| "if0fsf l:y/ ;|f]taf6 x'g] kb| i" f0f lgoGq0f ug{ cfwl' gs kl| jlwsf] k|of]u u/L k|b"lift kfgLnfO{
k|zfw] g u//] dfq hn;f| ]tdf ld;fpg'kb5{ . 3/, sfof{no jf cGo Ifq] af6 pT;lht{ dnd"qnfO{
l;w} 9ndf gld;fO{ ;l] K66o\ fª\sLdf /fVg'kb5{ . o:tf kmfx] f]/nfO{ PsLs[t ¿kn] 9nsf] dfWodaf6
PsLst[ u/L kz| f]wg k|0ffnL (treatment plant) dfkmt{ kz| fw] g u/L kfgLsf] u0' f:t/ sfod u/L
hn;|f]tdf ld;fpg ;lsG5 . To:t} cfB} f]lus pTkfbgsf] j|mddf lg:sg] /;fognfO{ klg plrt
kz| f]wg u/]/ dfq hnIfq] df ld;fpgk' b5{ .

• hn kb| "if0f lgoGq0f ug{ plrt P]g, sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f tyf sfofG{ jogdf Wofg k'¥ofpgk' b5{ .

• hn kb| i" f0fsf] lbuf] Jofj:yfkgsf nflu o;sf] z¢' Ls/0f k|lj|mofeGbf hn k|bi" f0fsf] /fs] yfd g}
dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu lgDglnlvt pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5 M

-s_ /;folgs kbfy{sf] pT;hg{ df sdL (reduce) Nofpg] . h:t} sfag{ o'St cuf{lgs kG} 6;\ sf]
;6\6fdf kfgLdf 3N' g] kG} 6\;sf] k|of]u ug]{

-v_ kmfx] f/] kfgLsf] k'gM k|ofu] (reuse) M h:t} kz| f]lwt kfgLnfO{ l;rF fOsf nflu ko| fu] ug]{

-u_ kb| i" fsnfO{kg' M rjm| 0f ug]{ (recycle) M kfgLdf 3l' nt cj:yfdf /xs] f k|b"ifsx¿nfO{
k|zf]lwt u//] k'gM k|of]udf Nofpg]

kfgL z'¢Ls/0fsf kl| jm| of (Process of water purification) : sg' } lglZrt :t/df /xs] f] hn

kb| "if0f kf| sl[ ts hnrj|m kl| j|mofaf6 cfkmF} klg z¢' Ls/0f eO/xs] f] xG' 5 . ljzi] f u/L h}ljs k|bi" fsaf6
ePsf] kb| i" f0f kf| sl[ ts ¿kdf z'¢Ls/0f eO/xs] f xG' 5g\ . cGo s]xL s[lqd pkfox¿ lgDg lnlvt
/x]sf 5g\ M

• kfgL lgd{nLs/0f (Disinfection of water) M o; kl| j|mofdf kfgLdf /x]sf xflgsf/s
JofS6l] /ofx¿nfO{ df//] kfgL vfgof]Uo agfOG5 . o;sf ljzi] fu/L lAnlrª kfp8/sf] ko| fu]
ul/Psf] xG' 5, h;nfO{ Snf]l/g];g elgG5 .

• lyuf| pg] (Sedimentation) M kfgLdf lylu|P/ /xs] f j:tx' ¿nfO{ o; kl| j|mofaf6 x6fOG5 .
o;sf nflu ljz]ifu/L ufn] fsf/ jf cfotsf/ lsl;dsf] ef8F f] ko| f]u u/L lyu|fP/ 7f;] kmfx] f/] x¿
lgsflnG5 .

• kz| f]wg (Filtration) M kfgLsf] k|zfw] g ljleGg txdf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h:t} 3/fo;L

74 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

k|ofh] gdf lkpg, g'xfpg jf cGo k|ofh] gsf nflu ko| f]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . 9nsf] kb| l" ift kfgL
k|zf]wg ug]{ :t/ km/s x'g ;S5 . xfdLn] vfg] kfgLdf sg' } lsl;dsf] k|b"if0f ld;fj6 ePsf]
xg' ' x'bF }g . 9nsf] kfgL k|zfw] g ubf{ vfg] kfgLsf] :t/sf] xg' ' cfjZos gxg' ;S5 . kz| f]wg
kl| j|mofdf kb| l" ift kfgLnfO{ lu6L tyf afnj' fsf] ;txaf6 k7fOG5 . o; kl| j|mofdf kfgLdf /x]sf]
/ª, :jfb, uGw / AofS6l] /ofx¿ x6fpg ;lsG5 . k|zf]wgsf nflu kf| oh;f] k;]| / lkmN6/ /
Uf|flj6L lkmN6/sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 .

• kfgL g/d agfpg] (Softening of Water) M kfgLsf] s8fkg x6fpg of] ljlwsf] ko| fu]
ul/G5 . o;sf nflu d'Vot b'O{ ljlw pdfNg] jf r'gf ko| fu] u/L kfgLsf] s8fkg x6fOG5 .

-u_ hldg -df6f_] kb| i" f0f (Land/soil pollution)

df6fdf cgfjZos tŒjx¿ ldl;g uO{ o;sf] df}lns u0' fdf xf| ; cfpg'nfO{ hldg k|bi" f0f elgG5 .
;fdfGotof k|b"lift kfgLn] hldg klg k|bl" ift agfpF5 . Knfl:6s, sk8f, l;;f, wft,' hl} js j:t', lgdf0{ f
;fduL| , 3/, sfofn{ o, pBf]u cflbaf6 pT;lht{ kmf]xf]/nfO{ hyfefjL kmo\ fSF gfn] hldg kb| i" f0f xG' 5 .
To:t} s[lif pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg' ] dfnvfb tyf /;folgs cf}ifwLx¿ / NofG8lkmn ;fO6n] klg hldg
k|bi" f0f u/]sf x'G5g\ . o;sf cltl/St jfo' kb| i" f0fsf låtLo k|bi" fsx¿ h:t} ;Dkm\ol' /s / gfOl«6s Pl;8
klg cDn jiff{ eP/ df6fnfO{ k|bl" ift agfO/xs] f x'G5g\ . hldg kb| i" f0f ePdf df6fsf] lkPr w/] } cDnLo
jf w]/} Iff/Lo eO{ pj{/fzlStdf xf| ; cfO{ pTkfbgdf sdL cfpg] / df6fdf /x]sf pkof]uL hLjf0f'nfO{
c;/ kl//xs] f] xG' 5 .

hldg kb| i" f0fsf ;f| t] (Sources of land/soil pollution)

• Knfl:6s emf]nf (Plastic bag) M Knfl:6saf6 ags] f emfn] fx¿ gs'lxg] ePsfn] jftfj/0fdf 7n' f]
dfqfdf kb| "if0f lgDTofpF5g\ . Knfl:6s emfn] fdf /flvP/ kmo\ flF sPsf vfgfx¿ ufOj{ :tn' ] vfbF f
Zjf;kZ| jf; k0| ffnLdf c;/ ku' L dT[ o' xg' ;Sb5 . Knfl:6snfO{ 89fpFbf o;af6 xflgsf/s
UofF;x¿ h:t} sfag{ df]gfc] S;fO8, sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, 8fOclS;g tyf cGo Snfl] /goS' t ofl} usx¿
pT;h{g xG' 5g\ .

• cf}Bfl] us ;|f]t (Industrial source) M o;cGtu{t v/fgL, /;fog, wft' hGo / /]l8of]wdL{ kmfx] f]/x¿
kb5{ g\ . o:tf k|b"ifsn] :jf:Yodf hf]lvd lgDTofO/xs] f x'G5g\ .

• s[lifhGo ;f| ]t (Agricultural source) M s[lif pTkfbgdf ko| f]u xg' ] dnvfb tyf /;folgs
cfi} fwLx¿n] df6fsf] pj{/fzlStdf xf| ; NofO{ pTkfbgdf sdL cfpg] / df6fdf /x]sf pkof]uL
hLjf0fn' fO{ c;/ kl//x]sf] xG' 5 . To:t} dfgj tyf cGo hLjx¿sf] :jf:Yodf c;/ k'¥ofO{
:jf;kZ| jf;df ;d:of, SofG;/ h:tf /f]ux¿ nfUg ;S5g\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 75

hldg k|b"if0fsf] /f]syfd (Control of land/soil pollution)

• Knfl:6s emfn] fsf] ko| f]unfO{ aGb u/L sl' xg ;Sg] sfuh jf sk8fsf emf]nfsf] ko| fu] ug'k{ b5{ .
• 3/, s[lif Ifq] jf cGo If]qaf6 lg:sfl;t hl} js kmf]xf/] nfO{ 56' o\ fO{ sDkf:] 6 agfO{ pkofu] L dn

pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
• cfB} f]lus kmfx] f]/nfO{ lj;hg{ ug{' cl3 xflgsf/s j:t'x¿ x6fpg pkoS' t ljlwaf6 kz| f]wg

ug'k{ b5{ .
• c:ktfnaf6 lgl:sPsf kmf]xf/] nfO{ cnUu} OlG;g/] ]6/df /fv]/ gi6 ug'{kb{5 .

-3_ Wjlg k|b"if0f (Sound pollution)

;fwf/0ftof sg' } cfjfh Wjlg k|bi" f0f xf] ls xf]Og Tof] JolStsf] cge' l" tdf e/ kb5{ . pbfx/0fsf
nflu Ps} JolStnfO{ klg lbp;f] ahs] f] 38Lsf] ;ª\uLt s0f{lko| xg' ;S5 eg] /flt lgbf| df ToxL cfjfh
lr8lr8fx6 xg' ;S5 . To;n} ] sg' } cgfjZos cfjfh h;n] dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s c;/
k'¥ofpF5, To;nfO{ Wjlg kb| i" f0f elgG5 . ufp3F /df cyjf ;x/ ahf/sf] af6fdf df]6/;fOsn, a;,
6s« cflbaf6 lg:sg] xg{sf] cfjfh, OlGhgsf] cfjfh, ljBfnosf] glhsaf6 ;l' gg] 3G6Lsf] cfjfh,
dn] f hfqf dxfT] ;jaf6 cfpg] cfjfh To:t} snsf/vfgfaf6 lg:sg] cfjfh ;a} Wjlg k|b"if0f x'Gf
;S5g\ . WjlgnfO{ 8]l;an (dB) PsfOdf gfKg] ul/G5 . Wjlgsf] gsf/fTds k|efj JolSt / p;sf]
cj:yfcg;' f/ ;d]t km/s k5{ . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gn] a9Ldf lbgsf] ;dodf $% 8]l;an / /ftsf]
;dodf #% 8l] ;annfO{ ;/' lIft dfg]sf] 5 . ;fdGotof *) 8l] ;an;Ddsf] tLjt| fsf] Wjlg dflg;n]
u|x0f ug{ ;Sb5 . To;eGbf dflysf] Wjlgn] dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k¥' ofpF5 . PSsfl;
cfpg] w]/} 7n' f] cfjfhn] sfgsf] hfnL ;d]t km6' \g ;S5 . To:t} 5f6] f] ;dosf] Wjlg k|b"if0fn] dflg;nfO{
s]xL c;lhnf] dfq agfp5F eg] nfdf] cjlw;Dd cfO/xg] ;fgf] Wjlg kb| i" f0fn] dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf cgs]
lsl;dn] c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . To;} u/L Wjlg k|bi" f0fn] r/f tyf cGo hLjhGtd' f ;d]t gsf/fTds c;/
k'¥ofpFb5 .

Wjlg k|bi" f0fsf ;|ft] (Sources of sound pollution)

Wjlg k|bi" f0f clxn] a9\bf] ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . ljleGg dfgj ljm| ofsnfkn] Wjlg k|b"if0f
a9fO/xs] f] 5 . Wjlg k|b"if0fsf ;|ft] x¿ cfGtl/s / afx\o b'j} xg' ;Sb5g\ . tflnsf $=# n] Wjlg
kb| "if0fsf sx] L ;f| t] / ltgLx¿sf] tLj|tf bv] fOPsf] 5 .

76 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

Tfflnsf $=# M Wjlg kb| "if0fsf ;f| ]t / tLj|tf

;f| ]t tLjt| f ;|ft] tLj|tf
;fdfGo afl] nrfnL @)–#) dB /l] 8of]sf] ;ªu\ Lt %)–^) dB
^)–() dB
Jffbljjfb ^) dB ;jf/L ;fwg !)% dB
nf]8 af]ss] f] 6«s ()–!)) dB df]6/;fOsn !@) dB
()–!@) dB l8:sf]ys]
xjfO{hxfh
h]6 OlGhg !$) dB

• cfGtl/s Wjlg ;|ft] (Indoor noise pollution)
o; cGt/ut /l] 8of,] l6eL, hg] /] 6] /, ljBt' Lo kªV\ ff, uf| OG8/nufot 3/fo;L ;fduL| kb5{ g\ . To:t} ;x/L

Ifq] df ePsf] hg3gTj tyf pBfu] wGbfn] ubf{ Wjlg kb| i" f0f uf| dL0f Ifq] df eGbf a9L /xs] f] xG' 5 .
• afx\o Wjlg ;f| t] (Outdoor noise pollution)
oftfoftsf ;fwg, /]n, xjfOh{ xfhnufot ahf/ Ifq] , wflds{ , ;fdflhs / ;f+:sl[ ts ljm| ofsnfk,

/ª\uzfnf tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;ef ;Dd]ngx¿ afx\o Wjlg k|bi" f0fsf ;f| ]tx¿ xg' \ .

Wjlg kb| "if0fsf] c;/ (Effect of noise pollution)

• Wjlg kb| i" f0fn] dflg;df zf/Ll/s / dflg;s bj' } lsl;dsf] c;/ ub5{ . o;n] ;fdfGotof
dflg;nfO{ lr8lr8fx6 ugb]{ l] v 7n' f] :sn] sf] Wjlgn] :jf:Yodf hf]lvd l;hg{ f ub{5 .

• Wjlg k|bi" f0faf6 ;T' gdf sl7gfO{ cfpg], pRr/St rfk xg' ] tyf dfgl;s l:ylt vNalng] xG' 5 .
• Wjlg kb| i" f0fn] dflg;sf] sfo{Ifdtfdf x|f; NofOlbG5 .

Wjlg kb| "if0fsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f (Prevention and control of noise pollution)

Wjlg k|b"if0fnfO{ o;sf] ;f| t] df, Wjlg k|;f/0f x'g] dfWod tyf Wjlg kf| Kt ug]{ :yfgdf lgoGq0f ug{
;lsG5 . lgDg lnlvt pkfo ckgfP/ Wjlg k|b"if0fsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

– u'0f:t/Lo oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] ko| f]u / lgoldt dd{t;Def/ ug'{kb5{ .
– ;8ssf] ;do ;dodf plrt dd{t ;Def/ tyf sd 3if{0f ePsf] ;8ssf] lgdf0{ f /

;8ssf] bj' }lt/ Wjlg /fS] g] kvf{n lgdf0{ f ug'{kb5{ .
– ljdfg:ynaf6 lg:sg] Wjlg k|b"if0fnfO{ pkoS' t Wjlgsf] cj/f]wssf] ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
– snsf/vfgfdf Wjlg kb| i" f0f ug{] oGqx¿ ePsf] 7fpdF f ;fpG8 kl|' kmªsf] ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 77

– /ftsf] ;dodf 7'nf] :j/df ;ª\uLt ahfpg, ;fj{hlgs sfo{jm| dx¿ ug{ /fs] nufOg'kb5{ .
– ;+jb] gzLn Ifq] x¿ h:t} c:ktfn, ljBfnodf xg{ lgz]lwt If]q 3fi] f0ff ug'k{ b{5 .
– cfjf; Ifq] , ;8s cflbdf xl/t k6] L (green belt) Wolg ;f]:gsf nflu lgdf{0f ug{

;lsG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk $=@ Wjlg k|bi" f0fsf] gS;fªs\ g

cfjZos ;fdu|L M gf6] a's / k]lG;n

ljlw

– sIffsf7] fsf ;a} ljBfyLx{ ¿ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"x agfO{ ljBfnosf] rp/df hfgx' f;] \ .
– b'O{ dWo] Ps hgfn] gf6] as' df cfkmg\ f] jl/kl/af6 cfPsf] dg kg{] WjlgnfO{ Ps vfnsf] lrxg\ /

dg gkg{] WjlgnfO{ csf{] vfnsf] lrx\g lbO{ h'g lbzfaf6 Wjlg cfPsf] xf,] To;} lbzfdf cª\lst
u/L gS;fªs\ g ub}{ hfg'xf];\ . of] j|mdnfO{ !) ldg]6;Dd hf/L /fVg ;lsG5 . To:t} bj' } hgfn]
of] kl| jm| of kfnk} fnf] ug{ ;lsG5 .
– bj' } hgfn] cfkm\gf] gf6] a'ssf] lg/LIf0f u/L dg kg]{ Wjlg / dg gkg{] Wjlgsf] ;ª\Vof u0fgf
ug{x' f;] \ .
– b'j} hgfnfO{ dg kg{] / dg gkg{] Wjlgsf] ;ª\Vof km/s x'g ;S5 t/ o; dWo] b'j} hgfnfO{ dg
gkg{] Wjlgsf] ;f| ]t s] lyof] xfn] f < o:tf] WjlgnfO{ sd ug{] pkfo s] xg' ;S5 . To:t} dg kg{]
Wjlgsf] ;|f]t s] lyof] / To;nfO{ sfod /fVg s] ug{ ;lsG5, sIffsf7] fdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ .

$=% kmf]xf/] Joj:yfkg (Waste management)

$=%=! kmf]xf/] sf] cjwf/0ff

jftfj/0fdf kf| s[lts ;|f]taf6 pT;lht{ tyf dflg;n] kmfns] f sfd gnfUg] j:t' / ;fdu|LnfO{ kmf]xf/]
elgG5 . o:tf kmf]xf]/x¿sf sf/0f xfd|f] jftfj/0fsf dxŒjk"0f{ cjojx¿ xfjf, kfgL / hldg kb| "lift
eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . h;sf sf/0f jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ k/L hLjhGt' tyf dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf
c;/ kg's{ f ;fy} b[io kb| i" f0f, efl} ts ;/+ rgfx¿df klg c;/ kl//x]sf] x'G5 .

k|sl[ t cfkm}nF ] ;Lldt dfqfdf kmfx] f]/nfO{ ljleGg hLjf0fd' fkm{t sx' fO{ kg' Mrjm| 0f u/L jftfj/0fnfO{
;Gtn' gdf /fVg ;xof]u k'¥ofO/xs] f] x'G5 . t/ ljZjel/ g} dflg;df a9\bf] pkef]StfjfbL kj| l[ Qn] ubf{
Psflt/ k|s[ltsf] k'gM rjm| 0f ug{] IfdtfeGbf a9L dfqfdf sl' xg] kmfx] f]/sf] pTkfbg eO/xs] f] 5 eg]
5f]6f] ;dodf gsl' xg] kmfx] f]/x¿ h:tM} Knfl:6s, l;;f, ljBt' Lo kmfx] f/] nufotsf] pTkfbg kY[ jLn] y]Ug
g;Sg] cj:yfdf ku' s] f] 5 .

78 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

kmfx] f]/sf] ;dod} plrt Jofj:yfkg ug{ g;lsPdf o;n] ljs/fn l:yltsf] l;hg{ f ug{ ;S5 . ljZjdf
kmfx] f/] sf] pTkfbg a9\b} uO/x]sf] ljleGg tYofªs\ x¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ;g\ @)!# sf] Pl;ofnL ljsf;
aª} s\ sf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ ljZjdf k|ltjif{ !!=@ lalnog 6g kmf]xf/] pTkfbg xG' 5, h;df $ lalnog
6g Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] 7f]; kmfx] f]/ /xs] f] 5 . To:t} pTkflbt kmf]xf/] dWo] @% k|ltzt k'gMrjm| 0f
ug{ ;lsg] kmf]xf]/ /xs] f] kfOG5 . To;}n] xfdL ;a}n] jftfj/0fdf kmf]xf]/ pT;hg{ df sdL Nofpg
jftfj/0fdq} L kl| jlw / xfd|f] hLjgzn} Ldf klg kl/jt{g Nofpg h?/L eO;ss] f] 5 .

$=%=@ kmfx] f]/sf ks| f/ (Types of waste)

kmfx] f]/nfO{ ljleGg ks| f/df juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 . logLx¿sf] :j¿k jf cj:yfsf cfwf/df d'Vo u/L
bO' { efudf juL{s/0fu/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M t/n kmfx] f/] / 7f;] kmf]xf/] .

-s_ t/n kmfx] f/] (Liquid waste)

t/n :j¿kdf lgl:sPsf ;Dk0" f{ kmfx] f]/nfO{ t/n kmf]xf]/ elgG5 . s]xL 7f;] kmf]xf]/ klg t/n kmfx] f/] sf]
:j¿kdf kl/jt{g x'G5g\ . t/n kmfx] f/] sf] ;f| ]t l:y/ / cl:y/ bj' } x'g ;S5g\ . h:t}M 9nsf] kmf]xf/]
kfgL sg' } lglZrt If]qaf6 dfq lg:sG5 eg] af9L cfPsf] ;dodf kmfx] f/] kfgLsf] ;f| ]t klxNofpg sl7g
xG' 5 . efG;f, afy?d, zf}rfno tyf ;/;kmfOaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf/] kfgL, s[lif, pBf]u snsf/vfgf,
pTvgg tyf vfgLaf6 lg:sg] /;fog ldl>t kfgL t/n kmf]xf/] cGo s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ xg' \ .

-v_ 7f]; kmf]xf/] (Solid waste)

xfdLn] sfd gnfUg] 7fg]/ kmo\ fFlsPsf 7f]; cj:yfsf kmf]xf/] x¿nfO{ 7f;] kmf]xf]/ elgG5 . h:t}M pla|Psf]
vfgf, k'/fgf kqklqsf, k/' fgf kmlgr{ /, k/' fgf sk8f, Knfl:6s, ljBt' Lo kmfx] f]/ cflb . 7f;] kmfx] f/] sf]
;d:of ufpF3/lt/eGbf ;x/L If]qdf a9L /x]sf] x'G5 . 3/, Jofj;flos tyf cf}Bf]lus Ifq] , ljBfno,
sl[ if Ifq] , ;8s cflb 7f;] kmf]xf/] lg:sg] ;f| t] x¿ xg' \ .

jftfj/0fdf kg' M rjm| 0f xg' ] kl| jm| ofsf cfwf/df kmf]xf]/nfO{ bO' { k|sf/df juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 M sl' xg]
kmf]xf/] / gsl' xg] kmfx] f]/ .

-c_ sl' xg] kmf]xf/] (Biodegradable waste)

;I" d hLjf0f'n] ;;fgf efudf 6j' m| fpg ;Sg] kmfx] f]/nfO{ sl' xg] kmf]xf/] elgG5 . o:tf kmfx] f/] x¿df 7f];
tyf t/n b'j} xg' ;S5g\ . sfuh, sf7, nQfsk8f, vfgs] /' f, dt[ hLjhGt,' sl[ if hGo kmfx] f]/ cflb
s'lxg] kmf]xf/] cGtut{ kb5{ g\ . P/fl] js / Pgf/fl] js kl| j|mofdfkm{t AofS6l] /ofn] kmf]xf/] nfO{ sx' fpg]
ub5{ g\ . o:tf kmfx] f]/x¿ pkoS' t cj:yfdf jftfj/0fdf nfdf] ;do;Dd hDdf eP/ /xFb}gg\ /

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 79

hfl] vdoS' t (hazardous) klg xb'F }gg\ . t/ jftfj/0fdf k|fsl[ ts ¿kn] sl' xg]eGbf w/] } dfqfdf lj;h{g
ul/Pdf o:tf kmf]xf/] n] klg ljs/fn ;d:of lgDTofpg ;S5g\ .

-cf_ gsl' xg] kmf]xf]/ (Non-biodegradable waste)

;fwf/0ftof ks| [ltdf ;"Id hLjn] ;;fgf efudf 6'j|mo\ fpg g;Sg] kmfx] f]/nfO{ gs'lxg] kmfx] f/] elgG5 .
o:tf kmf]xf]/nfO{ ks| l[ tdf ldNg jiff}F{ nfUb5 . h:tM} Knfl:6s, l;;f, ljBt' Lo kmfx] f]/, /]l8ofw] dL{ kbfy{,
sL6gfzs cflb . o:tf kmf]xf/] x¿ hf]lvdoS' t (hazardous) x'g] ePsfn] jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds
c;/ k'¥ofp5F g\ .

$=%=# kmf]xf]/sf ;|f]tx¿ (Sources of waste)

xfdf| ] jl/kl/ b]lvPsf w/] h} ;f] kmf]xf]/x¿ dfgj ljm| ofsnfkaf6 g} pTkfbg ul/Psf x'g\ . s'g} j:t'sf]
pTkfbg ubf{ cfjZos sRrf kbfys{ f] kf| lKtb]lv pTkfbgsf ljleGg r/0fx¿df kmfx] f]/ klg lgl:s/xs] f]
xG' 5 . o;/L pTkflbt ;fduL| x¿sf] pkofu] kl5 k|ofu] df gcfPsf] efu kmf]xf/] sf] ¿kdf lg:sflzt
x'G5g\ . o:tf j:t'x¿ xfd|f] 3/, ljBfno, sfofn{ o, Jofkfl/s s]Gb|, pBf]uwGbf, c:ktfn, lgdf0{ f
sDkgL cflb Ifq] af6 kT| o]s lbg lgl:s/x]sf xG' 5g\ . kmf]xf/] lg:sg] w/] } ;f| t] x¿ xg' ;S5g\ . kmf]xf/] sf
;|f]tx¿nfO{ d'Vo u/L lgDg @ cf]6f ;f| ]tdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] (Natural source)

k|fs[lts kl| jm| ofx¿ h:t}M Hjfnfdv' L ljikmf]6g, es" Dk, af9L, klx/f], kf| s[lts cfunfuL, jg:klt
tyf hLj hgfj/x¿ d//] xg' ] kmf]xf/] cflb x'bF f k|fsl[ ts ¿kdf /xs] f j:tx' ¿sf] :j¿k kl/jtg{ eO{
kmfx] f/] df kl/0ft x'g ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf6] g xFb' f To;af6 lg:ss] f] Hjfnf, wF'jf,
w'nf] cflbn] xfjf, kfgL, hldg k|b"lift kfg{'sf ;fy} jl/kl/ /xs] f k|fsl[ ts j:tx' ¿ gi6 u/L kmf]xf/] df
kl/0ft ub{5 .

-v_ s[lqd -dfgj lgldt{ _ ;f| ]t (Artificial source)

dfgjLo lj|mofsnfkaf6 lgisfl;t xg' ] kmfx] f/] x¿ g} o;sf s[lqd ;|f]t xg' \ . kmf]xf]/ lg:sfzg ug]{ sx] L
s[lqd ;|ft] x¿ o;k|sf/ /xs] f 5g\ .

3/fo;L ;f| ]t M 3/fo;L ;f| ]tcGtut{ bl} gs dfgjLo lj|mofsnfkx¿af6 pTkfbg xg' ] kmf]xf]/x¿ k5{g\ .

sfofn{ o, /:] 6/' G] 6, ljBfno, ;fj{hlgs :yfgx¿, k;n, ahf/ Ifq] cflb 7fpxF ¿df dflg;x¿åf/f
ul/g] bl} gs ljm| ofsnfkx¿;uF ;DalGwt sfox{ ¿af6 kmf]xf]/ lgl:s/xs] f] xG' 5 . oL 7fpxF ¿nfO{
kmfx] f/] pTkfbgsf] 3/fo;L ;f| ]tsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . oL Ifq] x¿af6 vfgf, nu' fsk8f, 3/fo;L k|of]usf
;fdfgx¿, kmlg{r/, af]tnx¿, sfuh, Knfl:6s, l;;fsf 6'j|mf cflbnufotsf ;fdu|Lx¿ bl} gs ¿kdf

80 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

lgl:s/xs] f xG' 5g\ . 3/fo;L ;f| ]taf6 7f;] kmfx] f/] sf ;fy} t/n kmf]xf]/ klg lgl:s/x]sf x'G5g\ . h:t}M
g'xfPsf] kfgL, efG;faf6 lg:sg] kfgL .

:jf:Yo tyf cfi} fwLhGo ;f| t] M o;cGtu{t ljleGg :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿ xN] ykf:] 6,

c:ktfn, lSnlgs, ko| f]uzfnf, kz'kG5L c:ktfn÷lSnlgs cflb k5g{ \ . oxfaF f6 /ut, cf}ifwLx¿,
l;l/Gh, Kof8, k~hf, df:s, 3fp ;kmf u/s] f sk8fx¿ cflb lg:sG5g\ . :jf:Yo tyf cf}ifwLhGo
;|f]taf6 lg:s]sf w/] h} ;f] kmfx] f]/x¿ ;dfGo kmfx] f]/x¿eGbf a9L hfl] vdo'St xG' 5g\ .

sl[ ifhGo ;f| t] McGg, t/sf/L, kmnk"mn, t]nxg, guba] fnL, kz'kfng cflb h:tf sl[ if;uF ;DalGwt

sfo{x¿df k|ofu] x'g] ;fduL| af6 lg:sg] kmfx] f/] x¿ h:tM} sL6gfzs cf}ifwLsf a6\6fx¿, /;folgs
dnsf af/] fx¿, ufO{ j:t'sf] dndq" , s'lxPsf laplahgx¿ cflb sl[ ifhGo kmf]xf]/sf ;f| t] xg' \ .

cf}Bf]lus ;f| t] MljZjsf] a9b\ f] hg;ª\Vofsf] pkef]Uo j:t'x¿sf] dfunfO{ wfGg tLj| ¿kn]

cfB} fl] usLs/0f eO/xs] f] 5 . tL pBf]ux¿df ljleGg j:t'x¿ pTkfbg xg' ] j|mddf kmf]xf/] d}nf klg
lgl:s/x]sf] x'G5g\ . l;;f, Knfl:6s, sk8f, 5fnf, l;d]G6, vfBj:t', kmnfd, cf}ifwL, sL6gfzs cf}ifwL,
sfuh, On]lS6«sn tyf OnS] 6f« ]lgs ;fdfg cflb cf}Bf]lus kmfx] f]/sf ;f| ]t xg' \ .

ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf0{ f jf eTsfpbF f lg:sg] kmfx] f]/ M xfdLn] ;fdfGo 6x/f÷uf7] ÷3/ agfpbF fbl] v

lnP/ 7'nf 7n' f ejg, snsf/vfgf, afFw, k'nk'n;] f, 9n, af6f] cflbsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ To;df cfjZos
j:t'x¿ htftt} y'kfbf{ jf ko| f]u eP/ afsF L /x]sf, gldn]sf, 66' ]k'm6s] f j:tx' ¿n] jftfj/0f kmf]xf/]
agfO/xs] f x'G5g\ . o;cGtut{ sf7, 9ª' u\ f, l;d]G6, /8, /ª, h:tf, lu6\6L, afn'jfnufot ljleGg
ks| f/sf /;fogx¿ k5g{ \ . slxn]sfxLF ljkt\ cfpFbf ef}lts ;/+ rgfx¿sf] Iflt;Fu} ljleGg h}ljs
j:tx' ¿ s'lxP/ klg kmf]xf/] eO/xs] f] xG' 5 .

OnS] 6f« l] gs jf ljB'tLo ;fdu|L M dflg;x¿n] k|ofu] ug]{ ljB'tLo ;fdu|Lx¿ lau]k| l5 sfd gnfUg]

eO{ kmf]xf]/sf] ¿kdf kl/0ft xG' 5g\ . o:tf ;fdu|LcGtut{ l;8L, l8le8L, l6eL, lkm| h, sDKo6' /,
dfa] fOn, /]l8of]nufotsf ;Dk0" f{ ljB'tLo ;fdu|Lx¿ k5g{ \ . sltko ljB'tLo ;fdu|Lx¿ l6eL, lk|mh,
df]afOn cflbdf x'g] ds{/L, l;;f -ln8_, gfO6;« UoFf; h:tf kbfyx{ ¿n] jftfj/0fdf yk k|b"if0f
u/fpFb5g\ . OnS] 6f« l] gs j:tx' ¿sf] kmfx] f/] nfO{ O–j]:6 elgG5 . ;g\ @)!# df Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}ªs\ sf]
k|ltjb] gcg;' f/ ljZjdf k|lt jif{ %) ldlnog 6g hlt O–j:] 6sf] pTkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 .

$=%=$ g]kfndf kmfx] f]/sf] cj:yf

g]kfndf pTkfbg xg' ] 3/fo;L kmf]xf]/x¿dWo] hl} js kmf]xf/] sf] dfqf ;ae} Gbf w]/} /x]sf] 5 . oBlk
Knfl:6shGo ;fdfgx¿sf] a9\bf] ko| fu] n] ubf{ ch}ljs kmf]xf/] sf] dfqf klg a9b\ } uO/xs] f] 5 . o;/L

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 81

Knfl:6snufotsf ch}ljs j:t'x¿sf] bl} gs k|of]u ug{] afgLnfO{ xfdLn] lg?T;flxt kfb{} nh} fg'kg{]
cfjZostf bl] vPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf 3/w/' Laf6 k|ltlbg ;/b/ lgDg k|sf/sf kmfx] f/] x¿ lgisfzg x'g] ub5{ g\ M

lrq $=!#M g]kfnsf 3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/sf] juL{s/0f
;f| ]tM P=8L=aL= @)!#

dflysf] lrq $=!# cg';f/ gk] fnsf 3/w'/Laf6 k|lt lbg sl/a ^^ kl| tzt h}ljs kmfx] f]/ pTkfbg
xG' 5 eg] !@ k|ltzt Knfl:6shGo, ( k|ltzt sfuhhGo, # kl| tzt sfrF , @ kl| tzt wft', @ k|ltzt
sk8f tyf wfuf,] ! kl| tzt /a/ / 5fnfhGo / % kl| tzt cGo kmf]xf]/x¿ pTkfbg xg' ] Pl;ofnL ljsf;
aª} \ssf] k|ltjb] gn] bv] fPsf] 5 .

$=%=% kmf]xf]/sf c;/x¿

kmfx] f]/sf] plrt Jo:yfkg ul/Pg eg] To;n] jftfj/0fsf] ;G' b/tfdf gsf/fTds c;/ kfg'{sf ;fy}
jftfj/0f kb| l" ift agfp5F . dflg;x¿sf] cfw'lgs hLjgzn} L;uF } kmf]xf/] sf] dfqf klg al9/x]sf] 5
/ To;af6 jftfj/0fdf kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/sf] dfqfdf klg jl[ 4 eO/x]sf] 5 . kmfx] f/] sf sf/0f
jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] c;/x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

82 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

• kmfx] f]/n] kf| sl[ ts ;'Gb/tfnfO{ s'¿k agfpF5 .

• kmf]xf]/n] cgfjZos 7fpF cfu] 6/] hldgsf] pTkfbsTjnfO{ 36fOlbG5 .

• kmf]xf/] df d';f, ls/f, nfdv'6\6]nufotsf j:tx' ¿ cfslif{t xg' ] ePsfn] logLx¿n] dxfdf/L
kmn} fpg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

• h}ljs ljljwtfdf gsf/fTds c;/ kfb{5 .

• wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, Pl] txfl;s ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;f}Gbo{tf x|f; cfp5F .

• sltko sl' xg] kmfx] f]/x¿af6 rf8} bu' {Gw km} lnG5 . ltgLx¿af6 lg:s]sf] kfgLn] hldg
/ hn b'j} kb| "lift u/fp5F g\ . kmfx] f/] x¿sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gx'Fbf To;af6 gfO6;« ,
cS;fO8, ldyg] , Pdfl] gof h:tf UoFf;x¿ lg:s/] jfo' kb| i" f0f xG' 5 .

• gs'lxg] kmfx] f/] x¿ h:tM} Knfl:6s, l;;f, cfNdl' godn] df6fsf] pj/fz{ lSt 36fpF5g\ .
ljB'tLo kmf]xf/] af6 lg:sg] ln8, ds{/L cflbn] xfjf, kfgL, hldg kb| i" f0f u/fpbF 5g\ .

• kmf]xf]/af6 ePsf] k|bi" f0fsf sf/0f ?3fvf]sL, xh} f, 6fOkmfO8, dn]l/of, 8ª] u\ ', cfpF, dwd' x] ,
/Strfk, SofG;/, lduf{n} fdf ;d:of, 6fpsf] bV' g,] l/uF6f nfUg] cflb h:tf /f]ux¿ nfUg
;S5g\ .

$=%=^ kmf]xf/] Joj:yfkg

a9b\ f] hg;ª\Vof;uF } a9]sf dflg;sf cfjZostf tyf To;nfO{ k"lt{ ug{ cfwl' gsLs/0f;uF } ags] f gofF
gofF j:tx' ¿sf] ko| f]un] jftfj/0fdf kmf]xf/] sf] dfqf klg a9\b} uO/xs] f] 5 / o;sf] plrt Joj:yfkgdf
rg' ft} L ylkFb} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf ;x/ahf/x¿df t/n tyf 7f;] b'j} ks| f/sf kmfx] f]/sf] plrt
Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sbf ;x/sf sltko 7fpxF ¿ bu' l{ Gwt xF'b} uO/xs] f 5g\ . t/ kmfx] f/] sf] plrt
Joj:yfkg ug{] xf] eg] o;af6 cfly{s pkfh{g klg ug{ ;lsG5 . kmf]xf/] Joj:yfkgsf tl/sfx¿nfO{
aFb' fut ¿kdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ t/n kmf]xf/] Joj:yfkg

3/sf] efG;faf6 lg:sg] kfgLnfO{ s/];faf/L ePsf] 7fpFdf ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 t/ dflg;sf] lb;flk;fa,
pBfu] wGbf, c:ktfnnufotsf 7fpxF ¿af6 lg:sg] /;fogo'St kfgLsf] Jo:yfkgsf nflu eg] ljz]if
tl/sfx¿ ckgfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/n kmfx] f/] Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgDg sfox{ ¿ ug{' h?/L xG' 5 M

• efG;faf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf/] kfgL (grey water) sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu s/;] faf/L;Ddsf]
lgsf;, ;fs] lk6 (soak peat) sf] Joj:yf ug]{ / olb of] ;Dej gePdf 9n lgsf;;Dd
k'¥ofpg] kfOksf] Joj:yf ug{]

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 83

• zf}rfnosf] k|of]u M ;a}n] zfr} fnosf] ko| fu] ug,]{ v'Nnf 7fpdF f lb;flk;fa gug{]

• 9n lgsf;sf] Joj:yf M JolSt, 6fn] , ;d'bfo, ;/sf/, ;fd'bflos ;ª3\ ;+:yf, lghL
;ª3\ ;:+ yf cflb ldn]/ 9n lgsf;sf] lglZrt dfkb08 agfO{ kz| fw] g u//] dfq 9n
lgsf;sf] Joj:yf ug,{] vf]N;f, vf]nf, gbLx¿df 9n l;w} gld;fpg]

• kmf]xf]/ kfgLsf] kz| f]wg M ;d'bfo, ;ª3\ ;:+ yf, ;/sf/ cflb ldn/] ljleGg 7fpdF f agfOPsf
9nx¿af6 lg:sg] kmfx] f]/ kfgLnfO{ lglZrt 7fpxF ¿df hDdf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfO{ pSt
kfgLsf] kz| fw] g u/L l;FrfOdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 jf gbLdf klg ld;fpg ;lsG5 .
sltko ljsl;t b]zx¿df kmf]xf/] kfgLsf] kz| f]wg u/L ;/;kmfO sfo{sf nflu / sl[ ifdf
l;rF fOsf nflu k'gM k|ofu] ug{] ;d]t ul/Psf] kfOG5 . t/n kmfx] f]/sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu
3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) sf] cjwf/0ff cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 .

-v_ 7f]; kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg

k/fk"js{ fndf o; k[YjLdf dflg;sf] ;ªV\ of yf]/} lyof,] To; ;dodf kmf]xf/] pTkfbg klg sd x'GYof]
/ Joj:yfkgdf cK7\of/f] lyPg . sltko kmf]xf/] x¿ kf| s[lts ¿kdf g} Jojl:yt xG' Yof,] pSt ;dodf
w]/}h;f] sl' xg] kmfx] f/] x¿ dfq lg:sGy,] To;n} ] To; ;dodf yk' fg]{, vfN8f] vg/] k'gM jf dn agfpg] /
sx] L dfqfdf gsl' xg] kmf]xf/] x¿nfO{ hnfpg] ul/GYof] . t/ hg;ª\Vof j[l4;Fu} kl| jlwdf ePsf] ljsf;n]
s'lxg;] Fu} gs'lxg] 7f;] kmfx] f]/sf] dfqf lbgfg'lbg al9/xs] f] 5 . o;/L kmfx] f]/sf] dfqf a9b\ } hfFbf o;sf]
Joj:yfkgdf r'gft} L ylkP;uF } ljleGg pkfo, k|ljlwx¿sf] klg ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . 7f;] kmfx] f]/sf]
Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;j{k|yd k|To]s gful/s ;r]t eO{ JolStut tj/af6 g} o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf
pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . To;kl5dfq 6f]n, ;d'bfo, ;/sf/, ;ª3\ ;:+ yf cflb
ldn]/ kmf]xf/] sf] Joj:yfkg sfoc{ ufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 . s]xL kmf]xf/] x¿nfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] hnfpg
jf uf8\g klg ;lsG5 t/ o;f] ubf{ jftfj/0f k|b"lift gx'g] pkfox¿ ckgfpg' h?/L xG' 5 . kmf]xf]/
Joj:yfkgsf nflu d'Votof lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

7f;] kmfx] f]/ Joj:yfkgsf d'Vou/L tLg cf]6f pkfox¿ (3R principle) /xs] f 5g\ . h;sf] 5f6] f]
kl/ro tn lbOPsf] 5 M

36fpg] (Reduce) M kmfx] f]/ Joj:yfkgsf] ;a}eGbf ke| fjzfnL tl/sfx¿dWo] o;sf] pTkfbg g} gug{'

xf] . ahf/df kfOg] ljleGg j:t'x¿nfO{ cfsifs{ cfj/0fx¿n] 9flsPsf xG' 5g\ . w]/h} ;f] oL cfj/0fx¿
Knfl:6shGo xG' 5g\ . xfdLn] sg' } j:t' lsGbf yf]/} cfj/0f k|of]u ul/Psf] j:t' vl/b ug'{k5{ . cfjZos
gePsf] j:t' vl/b gugf{n] klg xfdLn] pTkfbg ug]{ kmfx] f/] sd ug{ ;S5fF} . h;n] ;f| t] df g} kmfx] f/]
pTkfbgdf sdL Nofp5F .

84 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

kg' M k|of]u (Reuse) M s'g} j:ts' f] kg' M ko| fu] ugfn{ ] klg xfdLn] pTkfbg ug{] kmf]xf]/ sd ug{ ;S5f}F .

pbfx/0fsf nflu hfd vfO;sk] l5 To;sf] aft] ndf c¿ vfB ;fduL| ;l~rt ug{ tyf ko| f]u eO;ss] f
k'/fgf kmlgr{ /, nu' fkmf6f, 6fo/, ef8F fs8' f cflbnfO{ cGo ko| fh] gdf sfddf Nofpg ;lsG5 .

k'gM rjm| 0f (Recycle) M s'g} j:ts' f] k|of]ukZrft\ ;ª\sng u/L k|zf]wgåf/f gofF j:t'sf] ¿kdf

ko| f]u ul/g] kl| jm| ofnfO{ k'gMrjm| 0f elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu kqklqsfsf] ko| f]ukZrft\ k|zf]wg u/L
sfuhsf] emf]nf, cG8f /fVg] ef8F f] jf sf8{af8] { agfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . l;;f / cfNd'lgodsf ko]
kbfy{sf efF8f]nfO{ k|zf]wg u/L km]l/ gofF efF8f] agfpg ;lsG5 . ko| f]u eO;s]sf] vfgf agfpg ko| f]u
ul/g] t]nnfO{ hl} js OGwgsf] ¿kdf / Knfl:6ssf aft] nx¿nfO{ kfgLsf] kfOksf] ¿kdf k'gMrj|m0f
ug{ ;lsG5 .

dfly lbOPsf 3R afxs] s'g} klg j:t' cfkmn" fO{ cfjZos eP gePsf] olsg u/L cfjZos eP dfq
k|of]u ug'k{ 5{ . olb ko| fu] ug{ cufl8 To;sf] ko| fu] kl5 slt kmfx] f]/ pTkfbg x'G5, To;nfO{ s;/L,
sxfF Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/d] f ;fr] ]/ dfq k|ofu] ubf{ kmf]xf/] Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'U5 .
cGTodf xfdf| ] kx'Frn] gEofpg] kmf]xf]/x¿nfO{ dfq NofG8lkmn ;fO6df k7fpg'kb5{ .

lj|mofsnfk $=# Mkmfx] f/] ofqf

cfjZos ;fdu|L

!= sk8f jf h'6sf] af]/f÷emf]nf kfrF ;ft cf]6f

@= Pp6f 7n' f] lqkfn, Tffn} gfKg] dl] ;g

#= k~hf / dfS; -kT| os] ljBfyLs{ f nflu Ps Ps hf]/_

ljlw

• sIffsf7] fdf ePsf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;d"x agfpgx' f;] \ . ;d"xdf ljBfyLs{ f] ;ª\Vof kfrF bl] v !)
hgf;Dd pkoS' t x'g] 5 . ;a} ljBfyL{x¿n] xftdf k~hf / dv' df dfS; nufpg'xf;] \ / kT| os]
;d"xn] Pp6f Pp6f emf]nf lng'xf;] \ .

• ca kT| os] ;d"xn] leGg leGg lb;fdf cfkm\gf] ljBfno j/k/sf 7fpFaf6 emf]nfdf kmfx] f]/ ;ªs\ ng
u//] Nofpg'xf;] \ . kT| o]s ;d"xn] kmf]xf/] ;ª\sng sg' } lglZrt ;dofjlwdf ul/;Sg'xf;] \ .

• pSt ;dofjlwdf sg' ;dx" n] a9L dfqfdf kmfx] f/] ;ª\sng u/]/ NofOk¥' ofof,] tf}n dl] ;gsf]
;xfotfaf6 gfk lngx' f;] \ .

• kT| os] ;d"xn] NofPsf] kmf]xf/] nfO{ cnu cnu lqkfndf lkmFhfP/ /fVg'xf];\ . ca kT| o]s ;dx" n]
s] s:tf kmfx] f/] ;ª\sng u//] NofPsf] 5, ;d"xut ¿kdf cjnfs] g ug'xf];\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 85

• kT| o]s ;d"xn] cfkm" n] NofPsf] kmfx] f/] af6 sl' xg] / kmnkmn" / t/sf/L M @–% xKtf
gsl' xg] kmf]xf/] nfO{ 56' 6\ ofO{ ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . hgfj/sf] lb;f M !–@ dlxgf
sfuh M #–!@ dlxgf
• s'lxg] tyf gsl' xg] kmf]xf/] jftfj/0fdf kg' Mrjm| 0f ?vla?jfsf] xfuF flauF f M ! jif{
xg' slt ;do nfUnf cfkmg\ f] ;d"xsf ;fyL;Fu r'/f]6sf] 76' f / k'/fgf sk8f M$–% jif{
5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ . rO' ud M % jif{
/ª nufPsf] sf7 M !)–!% jif{
• cGTodf, s:tf ks| f/sf kmf]xf/] x¿sf] pT;h{g sd d/s] f] ?v M !$ jif{
ug{ ;lsG5, jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg dbt k'U5, kmfx] f/] ?vsf] d9' f M !)) jif{
x¿nfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/d] f Knfl:6s M !)–%)) jif{
;d]t 5nkmn u/L lgisifd{ f k'Ug'xf];\ . xn'ªu\ fs] f] efF8f M %)) jif{
Aof6L« / df]afOn kmfg] M !))) jif{
;f/fz+ (Summary) Unf; M $)))–! ldlnog jif{

• sg' } j:ts' f] pkl:yltn] xfdf| ] jl/kl/sf] xfjf, kfgL,
df6fsf] ef}lts, h}ljs / /;folgs u'0fdf kl/jtg{
NofO{ dfgj, hLjhGt' tyf ;Dkbfdf kU' g] hfl] vdnfO{
k|bi" f0f (pollution) elgG5 .

• jftfj/0fdf kb| i" f0f u/fpg ;xofu] ug]{ j:tx' ¿nfO{ k|bi" fs (pollutant) elgG5 .

• jftfj/0fdf k|bi" fsnfO{ logLx¿ uNg nfUg] ;do / ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

• k|bi" f0fsf ;f| t] x¿ kf| s[lts / s[lqd bj' } x'g ;S5g\ .

• jfo' k|b"if0fnfO{ o;sf] pkl:ylt xg' ] Ifq] sf cfwf/df bO' { k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M afxo\ jfo'
kb| "if0f / cfGtl/s jfo' k|bi" f0f .

• kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ sj' f, Ogf/, vfn] f, gbL, wf/f cflb kb| l" ift x'gn' fO{ hn kb| "if0f elgG5 .

• hn kb| "if0f ug]{ ;|f]tsf] ks| f/sf cfwf/df hn k|b"if0fsf ;f| t] nfO{ l:y/ ;f| ]t / ultzLn ;|ft] df
juL{s/0f ul/G5 .

• df6fdf cgfjZos tŒjx¿ ldl;g uO{ df6fsf] dfl} ns u'0fdf x|f; cfpgn' fO{ hldg kb| i" f0f
elgG5 .

• cfkm" nfO{ cgfjZos nfu]sf] / s0f{lko| gx'g] cfjfhnfO{ g} ;fdfGotof Wjlg kb| i" f0f elgG5 .

• jftfj/0fdf k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] af6 pT;lht{ tyf dflg;n] kmfns] f sfd gnfUg] j:t' / ;fdu|LnfO{
kmf]xf]/ elgG5 .

• kmfx] f]/nfO{ logLx¿sf] :j¿k jf cj:yfsf cfwf/df dV' o u/L b'O{ efudf juLs{ /0f ug{

86 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

;lsG5 M t/n kmf]xf]/ / 7f;] kmf]xf]/ . To:t} jftfj/0fdf kg' M rj|m0f xg' ] kl| j|mofsf cfwf/df
kmf]xf]/nfO{ bO' { ks| f/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M sl' xg] kmf]xf]/ / gsl' xg] kmfx] f]/ .

• 7f;] kmf]xf/] Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿df d'Vo u/L # cf]6f pkfox¿ (3R principle) /x]sf 5g\ M
Gog" Ls/0f, kg' M k|of]u, k'gMrj|m .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ k|b"ifs eg]sf] s] xf] < pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-v_ jfo' k|b"if0fsf] bf;] f| ] txsf] kb| "ifs eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ gfO6«f]hg lkmS;];g (nitrogen fixation) egs] f] s] xf] <
-3_ Wjlg kb| "if0fnfO{ s'g PsfOdf gflkG5 <
-ª_ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}ªs\ sf] kl| tjb] gcg;' f/ g]kfndf h}ljs kmf]xf]/sf] pT;hg{ slt k|ltzt

/x]sf] 5 <
-5_ kmf]xf/] Joj:yfkgsf d'Vo tLg cjwf/0ff s] s] x'g\ <

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ k|b"if0fsf k|sf/nfO{ 5f6] s/Ldf j0fg{ ug{'xf];\ .
-v_ k|bi" f0fsf l:y/ / cl:y/ ;|f]tnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt j0fg{ ug{'xf];\ .
-u_ afxo\ jfo' k|bi" f0fsf kf| ylds / bf];|f] txsf sl[ qd ;|ft] lar leGgtf 5'6o\ fpg'xf;] \ .
-3_ t'jfFnf] s;/L nfU5 < o;sf c;/x¿ nV] gx' f];\ .
-ª_ cDn jiff{ s;/L x'G5 < o;af6 x'g] c;/x¿ nV] gx' f];\ .
-r_ jfo' kb| i" f0f /f]syfdsf pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{x' f];\ .
-5_ JolStut txdf jfo' k|b"if0faf6 aRg] pkfox¿ nV] gx' f];\ .
-h_ e"ldut hn k|b"if0fnfO{ /f]syfd ug{ s] ug{k' nf{ < pkfox¿ n]Vgx' f];\ .
-em_ kfgL z¢' Ls/0f ug{] pkfox¿ j0f{g ugx'{ f;] \ .
-`_ hldg kb| i" f0fsf ;|f]tx¿sf] j0f{g ugx'{ f;] \ .
-6_ Wjlg kb| i" f0fsf ;|ft] x¿nfO{ 5f6] s/Ldf j0fg{ ugx{' f;] \ .
-7_ Wjlg k|bi" f0fnfO{ /fs] yfd / lgoGq0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
-8_ kmf]xf/] sf] juL{s/0f rf6{ tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ .
-9_ kmfx] f/] af6 xg' ] c;/x¿sf af/]df 5f6] s/Ldf j0fg{ ug'{xf;] \ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 87

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ ‘‘k|b"if0f pT;h{s / lgoGq0fsf] d'Vo sf/s dflg;nfO{ dflgG5 .’’ o; egfO{nfO{ ts{;lxt
k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .

-v_ hn kb| i" f0f, jfo' kb| i" f0f, hldg kb| i" f0f / Wjlg k|bi" f0fsf ;|f]t / c;/x¿ klxrfg u/L
lgoGq0fsf nflu ke| fjsf/L pkfox¿ ;'emfpg'xf;] \ .

-u_ kmfx] f]/d}nfsf] ;dl' rt ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sg' gk] fnsf] d'Vo ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /xs] f]
5 . o; ;d:ofaf6 aRg 3/kl/jf/, :yfgLo tx / /fHon] vN] gk' g{] e"ldsf k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Project work)

!= ljleGg ;f| ]tx¿ h:t} M kqklqsf, /]l8of], l6eLnufotsf dfWodaf6 lbOPsf] bl} gs jfo' k|b"if0f
tYofªs\ sf] dlxgf lbgel/ cWoog u/L k|bi" f0fsf] kj| [lQsf] af/d] f kl| tj]bg tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

@= tkfOFs{ f] ljBfno glhs} /x]sf] sg' } hn;|ft] sf] e|d0f ug'{xf];\ . ToxfFsf] cj:yfsf] af/]df cjnf]sg
u/L kf| s[lts tyf sl[ qd kb| i" f0fsf ;f| ]tx¿sf] juLs{ /0f rf6{ tof/ kf/L sIffsf]7fdf k:| tt'
ugx{' f;] \ .

#= tkfOF{ k9g\ ] ljBfno jl/kl/ /x]sf Wjlg kb| i" f0fsf ;|ft] x¿ s] s] /x]sf 5g,\ klxrfg ugx' f];\ / tL
Wjlg k|b"if0fsf ;|f]tnfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5, ;f]wvfh] u/L k|ltjb] g tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \ .

$= tkfOF{ k9g\ ] ljBfnodf Ps xKtfel/ pT;lht{ x'g] 7f]; kmf]xf]/sf] k|To]s lbgsf] tf}n / s] s:tf
kmfx] f/] x¿ /x]sf 5g\, ltgLx¿sf] ;r" L agfO{ o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf s] s:tf sfo{x¿ ePsf 5g\ /
yk s] ug{ ;lsG5 ;d"xut ¿kdf kl| tjb] g tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)

P/fl] js k|lj|mof M clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf xg' ] /f;folgs k|ltljm| of
Pg/] f]ljs kl| jm| of M clS;hgsf] cg'kl:yltdf x'g] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof
Po/f];fn] M xfjfdf tl} //x]sf 7f;] jf t/nsf dl;gf s0fx¿, h:t}M wn' fsf s0f, g'gsf s0f
P;j:] 6; M tfk cj/f]wssf] ¿kdf k|ofu] xg' ] Ps ks| f/sf] vlgh kbfy{
afof]DoflUglkms;] g M vfB>[ª\vnfdf /xs] f hLjx¿df xflgsf/s /;fogx¿ tNnfa] f6 dflyNnf] vfB
:t/df hfg] kl| jm| of
;f]s lk6 M ;txsf] kfgLnfO{ hldgdl' g ;f:] g agfOPsf] vfN8f]

88 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

PsfO hnjfo' kl/jtg{ / o;sf] c;/

% (Climate Change and its Impact)

%=!= kl/ro (Introduction)

r}qdf dfq kmN' gk' g{] nfnLu/' fF; kmfug' dlxgfsf] ;'?jftd} km'Ng yfns] f], c;f/d} g]kfn k|j]z ugk' g{]
dg;'g ;fpg dlxgfdf dfq b]vf k/]sf] s/' f xfdLn] ;G' g] u/]sf 5f}F . oL b'j} ljm| ofsnfkx¿ dfgjLo
ljm| ofsnfksf sf/0f ljZjdf bv] fk/s] f] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0f xf] . o; PsfOdf xfdL hnjfo'sf]
kl/jt{gsf] kl/ro, o;sf] sf/0f tyf c;/x¿, ljZj pmi0fLs/0fsf] kl/ro, o;sf sf/0f tyf
c;/x¿sf af/]df cWoog ug]{ 5f}F .

%=@= hnjfo' tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g (Climate and Climate change)

x/]s If0f k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf km]/abn eO{ /xG5, h:t}M tfkjm| d, jiff{, cfbt|{ f, cl;gf kfgL, x/' Latf;,
xfjfsf] j]u cflb . o; lsl;dsf] l5gl5gdf kl/jt{g x'g] cj:yfnfO{ df};d elgG5 . k|fsl[ ts jf
dfgjLo sf/0faf6 cf;} t jiff{ / tfkjm| ddf nfdf] ;dosf] cjlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g hnjfo' kl/jt{g
xf] . t;y{ df;} d / hnjfo' km/s s'/f xg' \ . df;} d jfod' 08nsf] 5f6] f] ;dofjlwsf] cj:yf xf] eg]
hnjfo'n] nfdf] ;do cjlw;Dddf jfo'd08nn] lng] ¿knfO{ hgfp5F . ;fdfGotof df};dnfO{ tfkjm| d,
cfl] ;nf]kgf / xfjfsf] axfasf] bl} gs :t/sf] cfwf/df cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . of] jfod0' 8nsf] kf| sl[ ts
cJoj:yfaf6 pTkGg xG5' . jfod0' 8ndf cfpg] ;fdfGo km/] abnn] klg xfdf| ] b}lgs df};ddf kl/jtg{
Nofpg ;S5 . hnjfo' j1} flgs cjwf/0ff xf], ;fdfGotof hnjfo'nfO{ ;du| df};dsf] cf;} t ¿kdf
kl/eflift ul/G5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd -sl/a @%.#) jif{_ sf] cjlwdf df};ddf cfPsf] kl/jtg{ sf]
tYofª\s lx;fa u//] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] kl/0ffd lgsflnG5 .

hnjfo' ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] xG' 5 . To;sf] Pp6f sf/0f kY[ jLsf] cfsf/ klg xf] .
k[YjLsf] cfsf/ k0" f{ ¿kdf uf]nfsf/ 5}g . o; sf/0fn] k[YjLdf ;"o{af6 cfpg] tfk / k|sfz ;dfg
¿kdf ;a} :yfgdf kb{g} . To;n} ] kY[ jLsf ljleGg :yfgx¿sf] tfkj|md km/s km/s xG' 5 . To:t}
kfgLsf] ljlzi6 tfkwf/0f Ifdtf -specific heat capacity_ df6fsf] eGbf w/] } xG' 5 . To;n} ] klg kfgL
df6f]eGbf l9nf] tfT5 / l9nf] lrl;G5 . o;sf] l7s pN6f] df6f] l56f] tfT5 / l56f] lrl;G5 . To;n} ]
ubf{ hldg / dxf;fu/sf] tfkjm| ddf km/s kg{ uO{ jfo' axg] ult / lbzfdf klg km/s kg{ hfG5 .
o;/L k|fs[lts ¿kdf jfo'd08nLo efl} ts tŒjx¿df cfPsf] kl/jt{gx¿n] ubf{ hnjfo' kl/jtg{
xG' 5 . o:t} k|lj|mof k[YjLdf lg/Gt/ ;~rflnt /xg' clt cfjZos 5 . o;n] kY[ jLdf a;fa] f; ug]{
;Dk0" f{ hLjx¿sf] cl:tTj hfu] fO /fV5 eg] hl} js ljljwtf klg sfod /fVb5 .

89 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

%=#= xl/tux[ Uof;F pT;hg{ / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f (Greenhouse gas emission

and causes of climate change)

jfo'd08ndf xl/tux[ UofF;x¿ ljleGg k|fs[lts / lrq %=! xl/tu[x Uof;F pT;h{g xg' ] ;|ft] x¿
dfgj l;lht{ bj' } ;f| t] af6 pT;lh{t x'G5g\ -lrq
%=!_ . k|fs[lts ¿kdf x'g] jg 89n] f,] Hjfnfdv' L
ljikmf6] g, ?v tyf kftkltªu\ / s'lxg] cflb
kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]tx¿ x'g\ . Dffgj l;lh{t ;|f]tx¿df
3/, oftfoftsf ;fwg, pBfu] tyf snsf/vfgfdf
vlgh OGwgsf] Jofks k|of]u xg' ,' Jfgljgfz tyf
hldgsf] pkofu] df cfpg] kl/jtg{ , kzk' fng,
kmfx] f/] d}nfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg gx'g' cflb kb5{ g\ .

%=#=! xl/tu[x k|efj (Greenhouse effect)

ha ;o" {sf] tfk kY[ jLsf] ;txdf cfOk'U5, o;n]

jfod' 08n / kY[ jLsf] ;txnfO{ Gofgf] kf5{ ;fy}

k[YjLn] of] tfksf] s]xL lx:;f lkmtf{ klg k7fp5F .

xl/t u[x UofF;n] ;"o{sf] tfk / ks| fznfO{ kY[ jLdf

cfpg lbG5 t/ kY[ jLaf6 k/fjt{g (reflection) eP/

hfg] tfk / ks| fznfO{ sx] L dfqfdf jfo'd08naf6

aflxl/g /f]S5 . o;n] ubf{ k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf

;o" {sf] tfk ylkFb} hfG5 / udL{ a9\5 . o;/L k[YjLsf] lrq %=@M xl/tux[ ke| fj
jfod' 08ndf xl/tux[ Uof;n] tfksf] ke| fjnfO{

;~ro ug]{ k|lj|mofnfO{ xl/tux[ ke| fj elgG5 -lrq

%=@_ . ljleGg dfgjLo lj|mofsnfkx¿af6 pT;h{g xg' ] sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 (CO2), kfgLsf] afkm
(H2O), Snf]/f]kmn\ f]/f] sfa{g (CFC), gfO6«; cS;fO8 (N2O), ldyg] (CH4), lgDg d08nsf] cfh] fg]
(O3) xl/tux[ Uof;F x¿ x'g\ . xl/tu[x k|efjn] ckf| s[lts ¿kdf kY[ jLsf] ;txsf] tfkjm| dnfO{ a9fO
lbG5, h;n] ubf{ hnjfo'df kl/jt{g cfpg] ub5{ . jfo'd08ndf xl/tux[ Uof;x¿ ljleGg kf| s[lts /

dfgj l;lht{ bj' } ;f| ]taf6 pT;lht{ x'G5g\ .

xl/tux[ ke| fjsf] kd| v' sf/0fdf xl/tux[ Uof;F sf] cTolws pT;hg{ nfO{ lnOG5 . To;n] bL3{ ¿kdf hnjfo'
kl/jtg{ xg' dbt ub5{ . xl/tux[ Uof;sf] pT;hg{ sf ;f| t] x¿nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 90

-s_ ;x/Ls/0f / cf}Bfl] usLs/0f (Urbanization and industrialization)

cfB} f]lus ultljlw tyf cTolws ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] j[l4n] ubf{ jfod' 08ndf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8,
gfO6«;cS;fO8 h:tf UofF;x¿sf] jl[ 4 eO/x]sf] 5 . o:t} cfB} f]lusLs/0fn] klg sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8,
Snf]/fk] mn\ f/] f] sfag{ tyf gfO6;« cS;fO8 h:tf xl/tu[x UofF;x¿sf] pT;h{gdf tLj|tf cfPsf] 5 .
pBfu] snsf/vfgf tyf ;jf/L ;fwgn] jftfj/0fdf lgisf;g ug{] o:tf Uof;x¿n] xl/tu[x k|efjnfO{
a9fpg ;xof]u ub{5g\ . kmn:j¿k o;n] ljZj pmi0fLs/0f (global warming) nfO{ ;dt] a9fPsf]
5 . ;+o'St /fi6«;ª3\ sf] cfsF 8fcg;' f/ cfufdL @) jif{df ;x/L hg;ªV\ ofdf cTolws jl[ 4 x'g] 5 /
o;sf] dV' o c;/ ljsf;zLn /fi6x« ¿df w/] } dfqfdf kg{] 5 . o;/L al9/xs] f] ;x/Ls/0fnfO{ lgoGq0fdf
/fVg ;lsPg eg] ;x/L jftfj/0fdf kb| "if0fsf] dfqf a9g\ uO{ xl/tu[x k|efjdf j[l4 xg' k'U5 /
hnjfo'df ck|fs[lts kl/jt{g cfpg] b]lvG5 .

-v_ jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0f (Environmental pollution)

;x/L If]qdf a9b} uPsf] hg;ªV\ ofn] ubf{ jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fdf klg jl[ 4 eO/x]sf] 5 . hg;ª\Vofsf]
cTolws jl[ 4n] Psftkm{ ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] rfk a9g\ ku' s] f] 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ 7f]; kmf]xf/] dn} fsf]
kl/0ffddf klg jl[ 4 ePsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ljZjsf 7'nf 7'nf ;x/x¿df jfo' k|b"if0f, hn k|b"if0f,
e"kb| "if0f h:tf ;d:ofx¿ b]vf kl//xs] f 5g\ .

-3_ s[lif Ifq] (Agriculture)

hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] sf/0fx¿ dWo] s[lif Ifq] klg Ps xf] . xfdLn] ug]{ vt] L k|0ffnL tyf To;df k|of]u
x'g] ljleGg /;fog kbfy{x¿af6 klg xl/tux[ Uof; pT;hg{ xG' 5 . h:t} M wfgsf] h/fnfO{ nfdf]
;do;Dd hldgdf /fVbf To;af6 ldyg] Uof;sf] pT;hg{ x'G5 . To:t} ufO{j:t'sf] dnd"qaf6 klg
ldyg] Uof;sf] pT;hg{ xG' 5 . cTolws ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] /f;folgs dn, sl[ ifdf k|ofu] xg' ] cfw'lgs
oGqx¿af6 sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, gfO6;« cS;fO8 cflb Uof;x¿sf] pT;hg{ xG' 5 .

-ª_ jg ljgfz (Deforestation)

w/] } dfqfdf jg kmF8fgL xg' ' klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] Ps k|d'v sf/0f xf] . jghªu\ ndf x'g] ?v
tyf cGo jg:kltn] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 Uof;F nfO{ k|sfz ;Z+ n]if0f kl| jm| ofsf] dfWodaf6 ;Gtn' gdf
/fVg] ub{5 . ha w/] } dfqfdf jghª\un km8F fgL xG' 5, jfod' 08naf6 sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] cjzfi] f0f
-carbon sequestration_ df sdL cfpF5 / o;n] ubf{ xl/tu[x ke| fjnfO{ cem 6j] f ldNb5 . xl/tux[
k|efj jl[ 4 ePkl5 ljZjJofkL ¿kdf tfkjm| d j[l4 eO{ hnjfod' f kl/jtg{ cfpg] ub5{ .

91 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

%=$= ljZj pmi0fLs/0f (Global warming)

xl/tu[x k|efj jl[ 4 eO{ k[YjLsf] cf};t tfkj|md a9g\ n' fO{ ljZj pmi0fLs/0f elgG5 . ljzi] ftM cfB} f]lus
j|mflGtkl5 jfod' 08ndf xl/tux[ Uof;sf] dfqf dfgjLo sf/0fn] a9b\ } hfbF f xl/tu[x ke| fj a9g\
uO{ kY[ jLsf] cf};t tfkj|mddf j[l4 eO/xs] f] 5 . ljZj pmi0fLs/0fsf sf/0f sg' } klg 7fpdF f nfdf]
;do;Dd cf};t jiff{ / tfkj|mddf cfPsf] kl/jtg{ nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ elgG5 . o:tf] kl/jt{g b;sfF}
jf ;o jif{eGbf a9Lsf] cjlwdf ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . ljZj pmi0fLs/0f xg' s' f] kd| v' sf/0fx¿df vlgh
OGwgsf] clws k|of]u, jgljgfz tyf sl[ ifsf ljleGg If]qx¿ kb{5g\ . cf;} t tfkj|mddf j[l4, cTolws
¿kdf lxpF klUng', ;fd'lbs| ;txdf j[l4 tyf df};dL jiffd{ f cfpg] c;fdfGo km]/abn cflb ljZj
pmi0fLs/0fsf] sx] L k|efjx¿ xg' \ .

%=%= hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf ljZj pmi0fLs/0fsf c;/x¿ (Impacts of climate change

and global warming)

hnjfod' f cfPsf] kl/jtg{ n] af9L, klx/f], v8/] L, cl;gf kfgLh:tf ck|Toflzt 36gfdf jl[ 4 eO/xs] f]
5 . o;n] ubf{ s[lif tyf vfBfGg, hn;f| t] , jg hª\un tyf hl} js ljljwtf, :jf:Yo, ko{6g tyf
kj" fw{ f/df kl| tsn" k|efj k/]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0f k[YjLsf ljleGg If]qdf k/]sf s]xL
c;/x¿ o;k|sf/ /xs] f 5g\ M

-s_ hn;f| ]t (Water resources)

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] hn;|f]tdf ;ae} Gbf a9L ke| fj kfb5{ . ljz]iful/ lxpF / a/kmnfO{ kfgLsf] kd| 'v
;|ft] x¿sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . To;} u/L ;'Vvf ofddf xfd|f gbLgfnfsf] k|jfx klg lxdfnsf] lxpFd} lge/{
5 . t/ ljZj pmi0fLs/0fsf sf/0f tLj| ¿kdf kfgLsf] d'xfg ;S' g] tyf lxpF klUngfn] eljiodf kfgLsf]
cefj xg' ] bl] vG5 . g]kfndf jiffo{ fdsf] ;?' h]7÷c;f/df x'G5 / ;;+ f/sf cGo efudf klg vf; dlxgf
/ ;dodf jiffs{ f] ;'?jft x'G5 . t/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ jiffs{ f] k4ltdf kl/jt{g xg' ] -cgfj[li6,
cltjl[ i6, cNkjl[ i6 / v08j[li6_ tyf kfgL rflxg] ;dodf kfgL gkg{] / cgfjZos ;dodf kfgL kg]{
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h;sf] kmn:j¿k To;sf] c;/ hn;|ft] df cfl>t ljleGg Ifq] df kb{5 .

-v_ sl[ if tyf vfB ;/' Iff (Agriculture and food security)

sl[ if Ifq] k"0ft{ of kfgLdf lge{/ 5 . kfgLsf] cfjZostf k/" f ug{ df};dL jif{f, vf]nf, gbL cflbdf lge/{
xg' 'kb5{ . t/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] lx;fjn] s[lif If]q Psbd} ;ª\s6sf] If]qdf kb5{ . tfkj|mddf jl[ 4,
cl:y/ jiff{ / cGo hnjfo'hGo 36gfsf] tLjt| fn] ljZjsf] s[lif pTkfbg / Joj;fodf g/fdf| ] ke| fj
kg{ hfG5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 92

g]kfnsf] clwsf+z hg;ªV\ of s[lifd} lge/{ 5g\ . t/ s[lif k|0ffnLdf cfjZos ;|ft] ;fwgsf] sdL /
;Lldt l;~rfOsf] ;l' jwfn] g]kfnsf] sl[ if w/] } xb;Dd cfsfz] kfgLd} cfwfl/t 5 . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf
sf/0f kfgL kg{] ;dodf cfPsf] kl/jtg{ sf sf/0f gk] fnsf] s[lif k|0ffnL g/fd|f];Fu k|efljt eO/x]sf]
5 . tfkjm| ddf cfPsf] 36a9, df6fs] f] cf]l;nfk] gfsf] Ifo, x/' Latf;, cl;gfkfgL, a9\bf] af9L, v8/] L /
gofF kh| fltsf /fu] , ls/fx¿sf] ;ªj\ m| d0f h:tf 36gfx¿n] k/Dk/fut sl[ if k0| ffnLnfO{ g/fd|/L k|efj
kf/s] f] 5 . kmn:j¿k sl[ if of]Uo hldgx¿ lj:tf/} a~h/ xbF' } uO/xs] f 5g\ eg] vfB ;ªs\ 6 klg
lbg k|ltlbg a9\bf] 5 . csf]{ tkm{ vfB ;ªs\ 6 kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu cGo bz] af6 vfBfGg cfoft ubf{
b]znfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf c;/ kg{ hfG5 .

-v_ dfgj :jf:Yo (Human health)

hnjfo' kl/jt{g hg:jf:Yosf lglDt gofF / uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf bv] fk/]sf] 5 . xfjfsf] cfb|{tf,
tfkj|md, jiff{;Fu dflg;sf] :jf:Yo kT| oIf ¿kdf ;DalGwt 5 . To;n} ] hnjfod' f cfpg] ;fdfGo
kl/jt{gn] klg xfdLn] vfg] vfgf, lkpg] kfgL tyf Zjf; kmg] ]{ xfjfdf gsf/fTds c;/ kfb{5 . a9\bf]
tftf]kgfsf] sf/0f ljzi] f u/]/ emf8fkvfnf / nfdv6' 6\ ] hfltaf6 ;g{] dn]l/of, sfnfhf/, hfkflgh
OG;k] mnfOl6;\ h:tf /f]udf jl[ 4 x'g uO{ o;af6 x'g] d[To'b/ a9\b} uO/xs] f] 5 . g]kfnsf t/fO{ If]qx¿
of] ;d:ofaf6 a9L kLl8t 5g\ t/ of] ;d:of kxf8 / lxdfnL eu] lt/ klg bv] f kl//fvs] f] 5 . af9L
klx/fs] f 36gfx¿sf] an] f z'4 lkpg] kfgLsf] cefjn] w]/} dflg;x¿ kfgLhGo /f]uaf6 kLl8t xg' ;Sg]
5g\ . a9b\ f] tfkjm| dsf sf/0f x/s] jif{ g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf ;ofF} JolStsf] d[To' eO/x]sf] tYofª\s
5 . To:t} ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7gsf cg';f/ ;g\ @)#) / @)%) sf] lardf sl/a @,%),)))
dflg;x¿sf] d[To' hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;lht{ ljleGg /fu] x¿sf sf/0f x'g] cg'dfg /fv]sf] 5 .

-u_ jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf (Forest and biodiversity)

hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0fn] hl} js ljljwtfdf gsf/fTds c;/ k'u]sf] 5 . ljZjdf /x]sf x/]s jg:klt
tyf hLjx¿sf] jftfj/0f / hnjfo';uF 3lgi7 ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . af]6la?jf / hgfj/nfO{ pko'St
tfkjm| d, xfjfkfgL, vfgf / kfi] f0f;lxtsf] /fd|f] jftfj/0f rflxG5 . To;n} ] ablnbF f] hnjfod' f logLx¿
cgs' "ng (adapt) xg' c;Ifd x'G5g\ . h;n] logLx¿sf] cl:tTjnfO{ g} ;ª\s6df kfl/lbG5 . kl5Nnf]
;dodf ljzi] f u/L r/fx¿sf] a;fOF;/fO, aRrf sf]/Ng] ;do, rf/f vf]Hg hfg] b/' L cflbdf hnjfo'
kl/jtg{ n] gsf/fTds c;/ k¥' ofPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf klg c;/
k'¥ofPsf] 5, h;sf] kmn:j¿k 3fF;] d}bfgx¿ la:tf/} d?el" dsf kl/jtg{ eO/xs] f 5g\ eg] kfv] /L tyf
7n' f 7n' f tfnx¿ kfgLsf] cefjn] ;'Vvf db} fgdf kl/0ft xbF' } 5g\ . IUCN (International Union
for Conservationof Nature and Natural Resources, 2010) sf] tYofªs\ cg';f/ g]kfnsf emG8}

93 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(

%( :tgwf/L, @&( kG5Lx¿, #% k|hfltsf ;/L;[k / #$ kh| fltsf df5fx¿ ljZjJofkL pmi0ftfsf
sf/0f ;ªs\ 6fkGg cj:yfdf kl' u;ss] f 5g\ / h;dWo] rf/ k|hfltsf :tgwf/L / ;ft k|hfltsf
kG5Lx¿ nf]k eO;s]sf 5g\ .

-3_ hnjfo'hGo ks| f]kx¿ (Climate-induced disasters)

kf| sl[ ts k|sf]kx¿n] ubf{ x/s] ;fn gk] fnLx¿ kLl8t eO/xs] f 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0f
hnjfoh' Go ks| f]kx¿sf] 36gfqmd / c;/df jl[ 4 eO/xs] f] 5 . pRr lxdfnL e]udf lxdgbL vD' rg],
lxdtfnsf] ;Vof / cfsf/df j[l4 xbF' } hfg] / lxdtfn ljikmf6] g, af9L, klx/f] cflb hnjfoh' Go
ks| fk] x¿ xg' \ . hnjfo'df cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] af9L, klx/f], v8]/L, cl;gf kfgLh:tf ck|Toflzt 36gfdf
j[l4 ePsf] 5 . h;sf] sf/0f dWo kxf8L Ifq] df e]n klx/f,] gbL t6df af9L cfpg], e"Ifo / c;fdfGo
v8/] L h:tf k|sfk] x¿ a9\b} 5g\ . o;} u/L vt] a:tL 8'afg, gbLsf] wf/ ablnP/ xg' ] af9L, gbL t6Lo
Ifq] df s6fg / v8]/Ln] t/fO{nfO{ cfjm| fGt agfO/fvs] f] 5 . u[x dGqfnosf cg;' f/ ljut b; jifd{ f
-@)^% kl5_ sl/a $))) eGbf a9L gk] fnLx¿sf] dT[ o' hnjfo' pTkGg ks| f]ksf sf/0fn] eO;s]sf]
5 eg] %# ca{ a/fa/sf] wghgsf] Iflt ePsf] cfsF 8f 5 . To:t} x/s] ;fn sl/a !) nfveGbf
a9L dflg;x¿ hnjfo'åf/f pTkGg k|sf]kx¿ af9L, klx/f,] lxdtfn ljikmf]6g / v8]/Lsf] rk6] fdf kb{}
cfO/xs] f 5g\ .

-ª_ klUnFbf] lxdfn tyf lxdtfn ljikmf]6g (Melting of Mountain and Glacial lake

outburst)

gk] fndf sl/a #,@%@ lxdgbL / @,#@# lxdtfn
5g\ . hg' blIf0f Pl;ofsf !=# ca{eGbf a9L
hg;ªV\ ofsf nflu :jR5 kfgLsf] ;|ft] xf] . To;n} ]
lxdfnL If]qnfO{ Pl;ofsf] hn:tDe elgG5 . tLj|
pmi0fLs/0fn] lxdfnosf] cl:tTj g} ;ª\s6df
5 .kmfx] f/] sf k|fsl[ ts / sl[ qd ;|ft] x¿ x'G5g\ .

ljZj pmi0fLs/0fsf] sf/0f g]kfnsf lxdfnL
efux¿df /x]sf sltko lxdgbLx¿ kUnbF f]
cj:yfdf 5g\ . ;g\ !(@! bl] v @))& ;Dddf lrq %=#M lj:kmf]6gsf] cj:yfdf /xs] f] ODhf lxdtfn
;u/dfyf Ifq] sf] /ªa's lxdgbLsf] dflyNnf] ##)
lkm6 a/kmsf] kq klUn;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;/L 7n' f 7'nf lxdgbLx¿ klUnPkl5 To;af6 lxdtfn
aGb5g\ . To:tf tfnx¿n] kfgLsf] a9b\ f] rfknfO{ yU] g ;Sb}gg\ / cGTodf lj:kmf6] gsf] cj:yfdf

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–( 94

k'U5g\ . lxdtfn lj:kmf]6gaf6 pTkGg af9LnfO{ GLOF elgG5 -lrq %=#_ . o;n] tNnf] If]qsf,
ljBfno, :jf:Yrf}sL / cGo ef}lts ;/+ rgfsf] Iflt ugs{' f ;fy} :jR5 kfgLsf ;f| t] x¿df klg k|efj
kfb{5 . o;sf] sf/0fn] s'g} 7fpsF f] a:tL ;fg{'kg]{ x'g ;S5 .

-r_ ;fdflhs cfly{s c;/ (Socio-economic effects)

ljZjJofkL pmi0ftfsf sf/0f kfgLsf ;|ft] x¿ ;'Sb} hfFbf u|fdL0f If]qdf Ps ufuL| kfgLsf nflu klg
3G6fF} lxF8g\ 'kg{] cj:yf 5 . To:t} lxdfnL Ifq] x¿af6 lxpF klUnb} hfbF f kf| s[lts ;fG} bod{ f sdL cfO{
ko{6g If]qdf ;dt] c;/ ku' s] f] 5, h;sf] sf/0f /fi6n« ] s/f]8f}sF f] cflys{ 3f6f a]xf]g{'k/]sf] 5 . ljZj
pmi0fLs/0fsf sf/0f sl[ if If]qx¿ a~h/ xb'F } hfFbf v]tLkftLdf ;+nUg /x]sf dflg;x¿sf] /fh] uf/L x/0f
ePsf] 5 eg] /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]l;g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . To:t} af9Lklx/f]af6 k|Tos] jif{ w]/} wghgsf]
Iflt ePsf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ ;fdflhs kl/l:yltdf c;xh jftfj/0fsf] l;hg{ f ePsf] 5 .

-5_ ;x/L a;f]af; tyf efl} ts kj" f{wf/ (Urban settlement and physical

infrastructure)

ef}lts kj" fw{ f/x¿ ;dfh ljsf;sf nflu alnof] cfwf/ xf] . ef}lts kj" fw{ f/x¿cGtut{ oftfoft,
;/;kmfOsf] Joj:yf, pmhf{ k0| ffnL, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/, ;f:F sl[ ts ;Dkbf, ejg, c:ktfn tyf z}lIfs
Ifq] cflb kb{5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu} tfkjm| ddf ePsf] jl[ 4 / jiff{df ePsf] km]/abn -cltj[li6
/ cgfj[li6_ n] o:tf ef}lts k"jfw{ f/ tyf ;x/L a;f]af;df kT| oIf c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . . hnjfo'
kl/jt{gn] kj" f{wf/x¿sf] agfj6 tyf To;df ko| f]u ePsf lgdf0{ f ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cfo' 36fOlbG5 .
h;sf] kmn:j¿k k"jfw{ f/x¿ l566\ } lau|g], eTsg] tyf sfd gnfUg] x'G5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f
b]vfk/]sf ljleGg k|fsl[ ts ks| f]kx¿ af9L, klx/f], cfwF L, 8'afgn] w]/} hg3gTj ePsf] Ifq] df cem 7n' f]
hgwgsf] Iflt k¥' ofpg] bl] vG5 .

-h_ df6fsf] u'0f:t/df xf| ; (Decrease in soil quality)

hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] df6fsf] u0' f:t/df 7n' f] c;/ kfb{5 . a9\bf] ;'Vvf kgfn] ubf{ eI" fo, d?e"dLs/0f
tyf df6f]df cDnLokgf a9]sf] 5 . To:t} hnjfo' kl/jts{ f sf/0f cltjl[ i6 xF'bf df6fsf l5b|x¿ aGb
eO{ sl[ ifIf]qdf nfdf] ;do;Dd kfgL hDg] kl| jm| of -water logging_ x'g] ;Defjgf a95\ , h;n] ubf{
df6fsf] pj/{ fzlStdf x«f; cfO{ pTkfbsTjdf ;dt] sdL cfpbF 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ke| fj 36fpg xfdL s] ug{ ;S5f}F <

• hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] af/d] f ;';l" rt x'g] / cfkm"n] hfgs] f s'/f c¿nfO{ l;sfpg]
• ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf], ufa] / UofF;, ;f}o{ pmhf{ h:tf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;f| t] x¿sf] ko| f]u ug]{

95 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–(