(DK) The Dog Encyclopedia

THE DEFINITIVE VISUAL GUIDE



DOG
THE

















ENC Y CL OPEDIA



DOG
THE























ENC Y CL OPEDIA

CONTENTS

LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE,
MUNICH, AND DELHI
DORLING KINDERSLEY
Senior Editor Kathryn Hennessy
Project Art Editor Amy Orsborne
Editorial Assistant Alexandra Beeden
US Senior Editor Rebecca Warren
US Editors Kate Johnsen, Margaret Parrish
Jacket Designer Laura Brim
Jacket Editor Manisha Majithia
Jacket Design Development Manager Sophia Tampakopoulos
Producer, Pre-Production Adam Stoneham
Producer Gemma Sharpe
Photographer Tracy Morgan
Managing Art Editor Karen Self INTRODUCTION
Managing Editor Esther Ripley
Publisher Sarah Larter
Art Director Phil Ormerod 1 TO DOGS
Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler
Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf
Consultant Editor Kim Dennis-Bryan
Contributors Ann Baggaley, Katie John
Evolution of the dog 8
DK INDIA
Senior Editor Monica Saigal Skeleton and muscle 10
Senior Art Editors Chhaya Sajwan, Ranjita Bhattacharji
Editors Antara Moitra, Suparna Sengupta
Art Editors Devan Das, Supriya Mahajan, Pooja Pawwar, Pooja Pipil, Neha Senses 12
Sharma, Priyanka Singh, Amit Varma
Assistant Editor Archana Ramachandran Circulatory and digestive systems 14
Assistant Art Editors Payal Rosalind Malik, Ankita Mukherjee,
Astha Singh, Dhirendra Singh
Managing Editor Pakshalika Jayaprakash Urinary, reproductive, and hormonal systems 16
Managing Art Editor Arunesh Talapatra
Senior DTP Designer Jagtar Singh
DTP Designers Arvind Kumar, Sachin Singh, Mohammad Usman, Tanveer Skin and coat 18
Abbas Zaidi
Pre-production Manager Balwant Singh Dogs in religion, myth, and culture 20
Picture Research Surya Sankash Sarangi
First American Edition, 2013 Dogs in art and advertising 22
Published in the United States by DK Publishing, 375 Hudson Street,
New York, New York 10014
Dogs in sports and service 24
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001 – 185332 – Jul/13
Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley Limited
All rights reserved
Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, GUIDE TO
recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright
owner and the above publisher of this book.
2 BREEDS
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 978-1-4654-0844-0
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales,
promotion, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK
Publishing Special Markets, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or
[email protected]. Primitive dogs 28
Printed and bound in China by South China printing company.
Working dogs 38
Discover more at
www.dk.com
Spitz-type dogs 98
Disclaimer
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this book is accurate.
Neither the publishers or the authors accept any legal responsibility for any personal Sight hounds 124
injury or injuries to dogs or other damage or loss arising from the undertaking of any
of the activities or exercises presented in this book, or from the reliance on any
advice in this book. If your dog is ill or has behavioral problems, please seek the Scent hounds 138
advice of a qualified professional, such as a vet or behavioral expert.
Terriers 184
Gundogs 220
Companion dogs 264

Crossbreeds 288

CARE AND

3 TRAINING





Becoming a dog owner 304
Bringing your dog home 306
At home and away 308

A balanced diet 310

Changing diets 312
Monitoring feeding levels 314
Exercise 316

Grooming 318

Grooming checks 320
Being in charge 322
Basic training 324

Behavioral problems 330

Visiting the vet 332
Signs of health 334
Inherited disorders 336

Parasites 338

Nursing a sick dog 340
First aid 342
Breeding 346




GLOSSARY 348
INDEX 350

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 360



CHAPTER 1 TO DOGS


INTRODUCTION

ALL ABOUT DOGS | EVOLUTION OF THE DOG


Evolution of the dog




There are an estimated 500 million domestic dogs worldwide, and all of them are related. At the
base of their evolutionary tree stands the gray wolf, from which every type and breed of dog has
descended. As geneticists have discovered, in terms of DNA, the difference between wolf and
dog is infinitesimal. While natural selection has produced some of the changes that make one
type of dog different from another, the effect of human influence has been far greater.
It could be said that of the hundreds of modern dogs known today, all of them are man-made.



DAWN OF THE DOG
The history of the dog, and its transformation
from wolf to domestic companion, goes back
deep in prehistory, to the settlements of early
hunter-gatherer peoples. In these primitive
communities, wolves would scavenge among
the litter around the camp site and were a
useful source of hides and meat. The wolves
might also, inadvertently, raise the alarm
should an intruder or outsider approach the
camp. Just why people first brought wolves
into the domestic circle can perhaps be partly
explained by the fact that humans in general
seem programmed to adopt animals, either as
playmates or status symbols. Possibly
a small furry wolf cub appealed to our
ancestors as much as it would to anyone
today. Being social animals, wolves that
became campside hangers-on may have
readily made the transition between bonding that a tame wolf with a sharp nose and a Working together
Wolves live in packs cooperating with one another to hunt
with their pack and bonding with humans, strong killing instinct would be an asset as a and rear their young. This pack lifestyle made it relatively
particularly if there were advantages in terms hunting companion, the human easy for early humans to domesticate them. Instead of
bonding with other wolves, selected wolf cubs happily
of food and shelter. and dog partnership was born. If, as adapted to living with a group of people.
As hunters themselves, early people would seems likely, the most promising animals were
have been familiar with the behavior of picked out for such use, this would recently the earliest of these remains was
wolves and appreciative of their persistence also have been the very beginning of a dated at approximately 14,000 years old,
and skill when working as a team to track and selection process for desirable traits that but the results of research into a fossilized
bring down prey. Once tribespeople realized still continues among dog breeders today. canine skull found in Siberia, published
The domestication of wolves is not likely to in 2011, suggest that dogs were already
have occurred as an isolated incident, but domesticated as long as 30,000 years ago.
repeatedly at different times and in widely Whenever and wherever it happened,
separated regions. Archeological evidence of as wolves were domesticated, both their
dogs buried alongside humans has turned up appearance and temperament began to
in areas as far apart as the Middle East change. New types of canid emerged,
(thought to be possibly one of the original and their diversity was increased by
sites of domestication), China, Germany, crossbreeding between different dog
Scandinavia, and North America. Until populations. Depending on availability
of food and climatic conditions, some
hunter-gatherer tribes were isolated for
Archeological evidence
Evidence, such as these 12,000-year-old skeletal generations, but others were migratory,
remains of a human and a dog (top right) found which meant that the dogs following at their
in Israel, suggests that dogs may have been among
the first animals to be domesticated. heels met and mated with others outside


8

EVOLUTION OF THE DOG




RELATIONSHIPS OF THE DOG FAMILY (CANIDS)










FOX ETHIOPIAN WOLF GOLDEN JACKAL COYOTE GRAY WOLF DOG




This diagram shows the dog’s relationship to other canids based on
genetic evidence. The dog and the gray wolf are the most closely
related ancestrally because their DNA is most similar and they share
many characteristics. The further away from the dog and the wolf
each canid is reflects the fewer similarities in their shared DNA.



their “clan.” These early exchanges of every imaginable point, from the set of the breed and another have produced a range of
traits and characters laid the foundation ears on a spaniel to the distribution of spots novelty dogs that mix and match inherited
for the development of many different types on a Dalmatian (see p.286). characteristics, such as the curly coat of
of dog, but thousands of years were still The explosion in the variety of domestic one parent and the biddable temperament
to pass before anything like true breeds dogs has taken place over a relatively short of the other.
were established. time, especially from the 20th century Dogs have come a long way in appearance
onward. Modern dogs may sometimes seem and character since they were wolves, and
MODERN BREEDS in danger of becoming fashion accessories, but while people continue to desire the company
Initially people began to develop distinct human interference has caused other, greater of canines, they are also likely to want to go
types of dog for particular jobs—hounds concerns. Creating the “right” look has in on changing them. In some breeds, most
to hunt game, mastiffs to guard property, some breeds been to the detriment of the dog’s obviously in dogs such as the husky types
and shepherd dogs to herd livestock. They health. Flattened noses that cause breathing and the German Shepherd (see p.42),
selectively bred these dogs to be physically problems, too-large heads in puppies leading wolflike characteristics still linger, in others
and temperamentally suited for their role— to whelping difficulties, and over-long backs the original template has been altered out of
keen noses for hunting, long legs for racing, combined with spinal disorders are just some all recognition. An early hunter confronted
strength and stamina for hard outdoor of the built-in faults that responsible breeders with, say, a Pekingese (see p.270), would
work, and a strong protective instinct in now seek to mitigate. In the most recent probably not realize at first that he was
dogs needed for guard duties. Later came experiments, planned crosses between one looking at a dog.
the terriers and companion dogs. When
humans better understood the laws of
inheritance, and were able to manipulate
them, the process of change was greatly
accelerated. Then once dogs started to be
kept more for companionship and as pets
than for practical purposes, their appearance
began to take precedence over function.
Since the founding of the first breed societies
in the late 19th century, rigorous standards
have been compiled for pedigree dogs.
These set out the ideal type, color, and
conformation for each breed, and cover


Varying looks
Many types of dog were established by the 1800s,
including the Saint Bernard and English Toy Spaniel seen
in this illustration. Until breed standards were established,
however, types continued to change.


9

INTRODUCTION TO DOGS | SKELETON AND MUSCLE


Skeleton and muscle




All mammals have a skeleton that is stabilized and given mobility by ligaments, tendons, and
muscles. In dogs, this system evolved to serve their ancestral needs as fast-running carnivores.
However, once domesticated, humans created different dogs for different tasks and in doing so
altered their skeletons, too. Although some changes, such as dwarfism, result naturally from
mutations, deliberate selection has created most of the variety seen in modern breeds today.



SPECIALIZED SKELETON As a quadruped, a dog has four weight- small bones in the dog’s wrist joint are fused
Speed and agility are of prime importance bearing legs. The forelegs have no bony together, restricting rotation of the foot and
for a predator. The prey sets the pace and attachment, like the human collarbone minimizing the likelihood of injury. For a
direction of the chase and, for a successful (clavicle), and are connected to the body only hunter, this is important, since injury will
outcome, a hunting dog has to be ready to by muscles. This allows them to slide back reduce hunting success and in serious cases
move fast and turn within a split second. and forth over the rib cage, increasing stride would lead to starvation.
Much of a dog’s speed relies on an length. The long bones of the forelegs—the Dogs have a characteristic “tiptoe” gait.
extremely flexible spine, which bends and radius and ulna—fit tightly together, unlike There are four weight-bearing toes on each
stretches easily with every stride. The the equivalent bones in the human forearm. foot and a vestigial dewclaw on the inside of
powerful hindquarters provide forward This is an essential adaptation in an animal
propulsion, while adaptations to the forelegs that may need to change direction rapidly
increase stride length. Traction is created by in pursuit of prey. The tight fit prevents
the nonretractile claws, which act like the rotation of the bones and reduces the risk
running spikes on an athlete’s shoes. of fracture. For extra stability, some of the



Lumbar vertebrae with Orbit (eye socket)
forward-projecting lateral Thoracic vertebrae opens posteriorly
spines that aid flexibility articulate with ribs to allow for powerful
jaw muscles
Jaw articulation with
restricted sideways
Pelvis articulated to the movement
sacrum (three fused
vertebrae) of the spine

Neck (cervical)
vertebrae have wide
range of movement

Flexible tail
(coccygeal) Scapula lacks bony
vertebrae attachment to body



Rib cage protects
Hock (heel) raised heart and lungs
off the ground
Patella
Ulna same length
as radius



Scaphoid and Skeleton
lunar bones of
Nonretractile claws prevent A dog’s shape is determined
slipping when running wrist are fused by its skeleton, which can be
altered by selective breeding,
creating dogs of many shapes
and sizes. This dog skeleton is
typical of a medium-sized dog
with a mesaticephalic skull.


10

SKELETON AND MUSCLE




SKULL SHAPES

The canine skull has three basic variations:
dolichocephalic (long and narrow); mesaticephalic
(wolflike, being equally proportioned in terms of
cranium width and length of nasal cavity); and
brachycephalic (short and broad). The diversity
of skull shapes in the domestic dog is the result
of changes made to the original canine template
DOLICHOCEPHALIC HEAD MESATICEPHALIC HEAD BRACHYCEPHALIC HEAD
by selective breeding. (SALUKI) (GERMAN SHORTHAIRED POINTER) (BULLDOG)

each front leg, equivalent to the human for lifting and carrying the kill.
thumb. However, in a few dogs, such as the The dog also makes use of more subtle
Tibetan Mastiff (see p.80) there are dewclaws muscle power than humans do. Relying
on the hind feet, too, while in others, such as a good deal on body language to Muscles that open jaw
the Great Pyrenees (see p.78), there are double communicate with each other, a dog
dewclaws. The occurrence of extra toes is constantly twitches with muscle activity:
known as polydactyly. curling a lip in a snarl, pricking up ears
Bone size can be manipulated relatively to show attention, or wagging a tail as Muscular sling
supports and
easily by selective breeding, so humans have a sign of welcome or conciliation. stabilizes foreleg
from below
been able to alter the proportions of the
canine skeleton to create miniature or
outsize versions of dogs, from Chihuahuas
(see p.282) to Great Danes (see p.96). Neck muscles control head
movements, which are important
Significant changes have also been made to
in visual and auditory orientation,
the shape of the canine skull (see box above). and for grooming and predation
Powerful upper foreleg
MUSCLE POWER muscles extend and
retract leg
A dog’s limbs are controlled mainly by
muscles in their upper parts. The lower legs
have more tendons than muscles, which Muscles in the tail
saves weight and reduces energy allow movement of the
tip or of the entire
expenditure. Very fast dogs, such as length—for example,
when it is wagged
Greyhounds (see p.126), have a high
proportion of what are known as “fast”
twitch muscle fibers, which, because of the
way they obtain their energy, allow brief
bursts of great speed; in dogs built for Forearm muscles
stabilize, protect,
endurance, like huskies and retrievers, support, and control
the paws and toes
“slow” twitch fibers that keep them going
longer are more numerous.
Thin muscle
A hunting dog not only needs to outrun Achilles tendon is layer covers
most prominent abdomen
prey, but to seize and hold it. As in all tendon on
dog’s body
carnivores, the canine skull is modified for
the attachment of massive muscles that
operate the jaw and help to prevent it from
moving sideways, possibly even dislocating,
in the effort to grip a struggling victim. Lower limbs have little
muscle mass, only tendons
Large neck muscles provide the strength and ligaments


Muscles
All dogs have the same muscles. They allow a dog to move
and also play an important part in communication. Some
of the limb muscles act in antagonistic pairs, one
extending the leg and the other retracting it.


11

INTRODUCTION TO DOGS | SENSES


Senses




Dogs are very alert to their surroundings and highly responsive to sensory information. They
look and listen to interpret their surroundings, just as we do. Although we see things with
greater clarity—except at night, when canine vision is an advantage—dogs hear much more
and possess a superbly developed sense of smell. A dog’s nose is his best asset and he relies on
it to provide him with a detailed account of the world.



SIGHT distance vision. They are particularly quick
Although dogs cannot see the range of color to pick up movement and can even detect
that humans can, they do see some colors. lameness, a useful adaptation in a predatory
This limited range is because a dog only animal seeking an easy kill. Canines see best
has two types of color-responsive cells in the low light of dawn and dusk—prime
(dichromatic vision) in the retina—the times for hunting in the wild. With less acute
light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye— close vision, a dog relies more on scent,
instead of three (trichromatic vision) as or touch through his sensitive whiskers,
humans have. The canine world is viewed to investigate nearby objects.
in shades of gray, blue, and yellow, without
red, orange, or green—in much the same way
as a person with red-green color-blindness.
Cerebrum deals with
Dogs do, however, have excellent long- sensory information

Thalamus deals with
alertness and sleep, in
EAR SHAPES addition to conveying
information on touch,
pain, sight, and hearing


Pineal gland is situated
at the base of the brain and
coordinates the dog’s body clock


ERECT CANDLE-FLAME Pituitary gland produces
(ALASKAN MALAMUTE) (ENGLISH TOY TERRIER) several hormones and also
serves as a link between the
nervous system and other
endocrine glands

Hypothalamus
regulates eating
and drinking
and controls
ROSE BUTTON pituitary gland
(GREYHOUND) (PUG)
Cerebellum
controls
movement
Some areas of the
brain stem control
salivation, others
relay information
DROP PENDANT about hearing, taste,
(BROHOLMER) (BLOODHOUND) and balance
Ear types
There are three main types of ear—erect (top row), Spinal cord connects
semierect (middle row), and drop (bottom row)—but with the peripheral
each includes a variety of different forms. Ears strongly nervous system
influence a dog’s overall appearance and so in many network that carries
sensory information
breeds the correct set, shape, and carriage of the ears over the entire body
is carefully detailed in their respective breed standards.


12

SENSES



HEARING Even more remarkable, dogs can detect and Choroid membrane Lachrymal gland
Puppies are born deaf, but as dogs mature interpret who or what has crossed their path prevents reflection of produces tears
light within the eye and
they develop a sense of hearing that is about before, which is why they are so good at carries nutrients and
oxygen to retina Pupil controls
four times as acute as ours. They can hear tracking. With training, dogs can be taught amount of light
sounds too low or too high in pitch to be to sniff out drugs and even detect disease. entering eye
audible to humans and are also good at The area of a dog’s brain that interprets
detecting the direction the sounds come from. scent messages is estimated to be about 40
Breeds with erect ears—the best design for times larger than ours. Although scenting
Transparent
funneling sound—usually have sharper ability depends to some extent on the size cornea
covers iris
hearing than those with drop or pendant of the dog and the shape of his muzzle, and pupil
ears. A dog’s ears are also highly mobile and the average canine nose has somewhere in
frequently used to communicate with others: the region of 200 million scent receptors, Optic nerve Iris (colored
slightly pulled back to signal friendship; compared to about 5 million in humans. carries part of eye)
information
dropped or flattened in fear or submission; to brain Lens
or raised in aggression. TASTE Light-sensitive Third eyelid protects front
of eye and spreads tears
In mammals, the senses of taste and smell are retina contains two over surface
types of color-
SMELL closely linked. But although a dog’s nose tells responsive cells
The eye
Dogs take in most information through him a great deal about what he is eating, his Being flatter in shape than a human
their noses, receiving complex messages sense of taste is less well developed. A human eye, a dog’s eye is less efficient at
adjusting the focal length of the lens.
from odors that are undetectable to has an estimated 10,000 taste buds receptive But while a dog’s vision may lack fine
humans. Sampling a smell can tell a to the basic tastes of bitter, sour, salty, and detail, it is much more sensitive to
light and movement.
dog about the readiness of a bitch sweet, but canines have probably fewer than
for mating, the age, sex, and 2,000. Unlike us, dogs do not have a strong
condition of a prey animal, response to the taste of salt; this is probably
Middle ear bones
and possibly the mood because their wild ancestors evolved to eat amplify sounds
of his owner. meat, which has a high salt content, and so
Semicircular
there was no need to discriminate between canals aid
foods. Possibly to provide a balance to this balance
salty diet, dogs have taste receptors on
Cochlea
the tips of their tongues that changes
sound into
are highly receptive chemical
signals
to water.





Ear canal
Eardrum Auditory nerve
carries chemical
signals to brain
The ear
The mobile external part of the ear scans for and
funnels sound waves toward the middle and inner
ear, where they are amplified and transformed into
chemical signals that can be interpreted by the brain.
Brain
Position of Nasal
vomeronasal membranes
Tongue rather organ have around
insensitive to salt 200 million
scent receptors



The brain Nose and tongue
All the sensory information that a dog receives Scent and taste are chemical
is carried along nerves to the brain, where senses located in the dog’s
it is interpreted and then acted upon in an muzzle. Additional scent receptors
appropriate way. The speed at which this happens in the vomeronasal organ at the Thin, convoluted
can be extremely rapid: for example, the source base of the nasal cavity are turbinal bones covered Water receptors
of a sound can be pinpointed about six-hundredths important for gathering with nasal membranes concentrated
of a second after it is heard. information about other dogs. capture scent molecules on tip of tongue


13

INTRODUCTION TO DOGS | CARDIOVASCULAR AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS


Cardiovascular and



digestive systems




The major body systems that keep a dog, and all other mammals, up and running can
function only by working together. Oxygen drawn in by the lungs and nutrients
contributed by the digestive system are the essential fuels of life and must be
transported to every part of the body. Circulating blood, driven through a network of
arteries and veins by the steady beating of the heart, provides the vital supply line.



CIRCULATION AND RESPIRATION dioxide, produced by cell activity. Blood warm air that causes saliva in its mouth to
A dog’s heart functions in the same way as flows in a continuous circuit, picking up evaporate—latent heat is lost, and the dog’s
our own, pumping with a regular rhythm to oxygen from inhaled air in the lungs, and body temperature decreases as a result.
keep blood moving around the body. Inside then carrying it, together with nutrients Also invaluable for dogs, especially
the muscular walls of the heart there are absorbed through the intestinal walls, cold-climate spitz breeds, is an adaptation
four chambers that contract and relax in a around the entire body. At the same time to the cardiovascular system that prevents
sequence with each heartbeat. This forces that oxygen is collected in the lungs, carbon excessive loss of body heat through the
blood out of the heart through the arteries dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream and paws when in contact with cold ground.
and into circulation and allows the heart to is expelled from the body in exhaled breath.
refill with blood returning via the veins. The respiratory system also has a vital role
This circulatory, or cardiovascular, system in preventing a dog’s body from overheating.
operates in conjunction with the respiratory Because a dog has only a few sweat glands,
system to bring oxygen to every cell in the mostly in its paws, it cannot keep cool by
body and to remove waste, such as carbon perspiring. Instead, a dog pants, exhaling




Trachea carries inhaled air
from the nostrils or mouth
to the lungs and exhaled
air back out

Jugular vein

Carotid artery carries up to
20 percent of the heart’s
blood to the brain

Pulmonary vein, in contrast to all
other veins, carries oxygenated
blood (from the lungs to the heart)
Lungs have a large surface
Femoral artery and
vein are the main area and rich blood supply to Aorta has thick, elastic walls to
blood vessels of the maximize gaseous exchange carry blood under pressure as
hind legs it leaves the heart

Pulmonary artery, in contrast to all
other arteries, carries Subclavian artery and vein
deoxygenated blood (to the lungs are the main blood
from the heart) vessels of the forelegs

Rib cage protects
heart and lungs
Circulatory system
Oxygenated blood is carried from
the heart to all parts of the body in a
Heart contracts and relaxes regularly to
pump blood around the body; its size and branching network of arteries (red),
shape vary with the breed and returns in a similar network of
veins (blue) carrying carbon dioxide.

14

CARDIOVASCULAR AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS



Where the blood flows in and out of the
paws, the arteries and veins are in very close TEETH
proximity. As warm arterial blood passes
By the age of 7 to 8 months, most dogs Carnassial
into the paws, it transfers its heat to the
have a full set of 42 adult teeth, all teeth
cooler returning venous blood, so the heat
adapted for eating meat. At the front, Hidden
is retained in the body rather than lost to the upper and lower jaws have six canine root
the environment. Known as counter-current incisors flanked at either side by a Incisor
heat exchange, the same mechanism single large canine tooth that was tooth
once used for grasping, holding, and
operates in the skin of walruses and in
piercing prey. Along the sides of the
penguins’ feet, allowing them to survive
jaws are the premolars and molars.
in freezing polar environments. The fourth upper premolar and lower
first molar on each side of the jaw are
DIGESTING FOOD called carnassial teeth and are a feature
A healthy dog wastes no time in clearing its of all mammals belonging to the Canine
Carnivora order. These teeth act like a tooth
food bowl, gulping down one mouthful
pair of scissors and are used for cutting
after another without stopping to chew Premolars Molars
and shearing through hide and bone.
anything. Canids are programmed to eat fast,
not out of greed but out of necessity—in the
wild the slowest feeder risks losing its meal to process of digestion even before swallowing. much more quickly and easily digested than
ravenous pack mates. Humans tend to savor Dogs, which have relatively few taste buds plant material. A dog’s stomach contains
the food in their mouths, chewing it and compared to humans, simply grab large high levels of digestive acids that break
mixing it well with saliva, which starts the chunks of food and swallow them whole. To down meat, bone, and fat rapidly, reducing
mitigate this, they also have an excellent gag food to a liquid that then passes into the
reflex. If they eat something unpleasant they small intestine. Once there, digestive
Sharp teeth bite off lumps can simply throw it up. enzymes produced by the liver and pancreas
of meat, which are mixed
with saliva and swallowed The canine digestive tract is aid the breakdown of food into nutrients
whole without chewing
short and designed specifically that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
for processing meat, which is through the intestinal walls. Any undigested
material moves through the large intestine
to be eliminated as feces. In dogs, the transit
Pancreas produces more
enzymes and substances that time of food through the digestive tract,
neutralize the stomach acid on
entering the duodenum from eating to elimination, takes around
8 to 9 hours, compared with an average
of 36 to 48 hours in humans.
Muscular contractions of
the esophagus move the
lumps of food down into
the stomach



Stomach has rings of muscle at its
entrance (cardiac sphincter) and exit Large intestine absorbs
(pyloric sphincter) and produces enzymes, excess liquid. Feces are
formed and are passed
and mucus that coats its walls, protecting from the body
them from the acid it produces to break
down the fibrous tissue in meat
Liver produces bile to help break
down fat into molecules that can
then be absorbed by the blood
Nutrients are absorbed
through the walls of the
small intestine into the
bloodstream





Digestive system
Structurally simple—essentially the gut is a long
tube—but functionally complex, the digestive
system processes food, releasing its nutrients so
they can be absorbed into the blood stream.


15

INTRODUCTION TO DOGS | URINARY, REPRODUCTIVE, AND HORMONAL SYSTEMS


Urinary, reproductive,



and hormonal systems




In dogs, as in mammals generally, the urinary and reproductive systems share much of the same area
in the hind part of the abdominal cavity. Their tracts become linked together in the male, where
urine and sperm have a combined exit point through the penis. Like all body functions, both these
systems are fine-tuned by hormonal action. Hormones control the production and volume of
urine, and they ensure that a female dog’s reproductive periods occur at optimum times.



URINARY SYSTEM through which urine is excreted. The passer-by is male or female. The smell fades
The function of the urinary system is process is regulated by hormones acting on quickly in the open air, which is why male
to remove waste from the blood and the kidneys to maintain the correct balance dogs constantly mark spots with small
expel it from the body, along with excess of salts and other chemicals in the body. amounts of urine, often returning to the
water, as urine. The urinary organs Dogs urinate not just to relieve their same place to refresh the message. Bitches
comprise the kidneys, which work as bladders but also to mark territory and tend to empty their bladders completely in
filtering units and make urine; the communicate with other dogs. Hormones just one place. Urine of either sex contains
ureters, tubes that carry urine away from and chemicals carried in the urine have an nitrogen and it is this that is responsible
the kidneys; the bladder, which acts as odor that provides a sniffing dog with for the brown patches that appear on lawns
a reservoir; and the urethra, the tube information, including whether a recent where dogs have been.


Brain controls
most hypothalamic
activity
Hypothalamic region
controls pituitary activity

Ureters carry
urine to bladder Kidneys filter
from kidneys waste from blood


Spermatic cords
transport sperm to Pituitary gland
prostate gland stimulates and
controls other glands

Thyroid gland is
controlled by
pituitary gland

Uretha carries
urine and semen






Testes produce sperm Penis rests in Adrenal glands,
and testosterone, which protective adjacent to kidneys,
plays a key role in sheath produce adrenaline
the development of and cortisone
male sex organs
Baculum
(penis bone) Male systems
The urinary system is similar to that of the female,
Bladder stores except that it merges with the reproductive
urine system in the urethra. Except for the different
sex hormones produced, the hormone systems
are also alike. The reproductive system differs both
in structure and in the fact that a male dog is
potentially sexually active all year round.


16

URINARY, REPRODUCTIVE, AND HORMONAL SYSTEMS



REPRODUCTION Anything from one to fourteen or more
Dogs usually reach sexual maturity puppies may be born, but a litter of six HORMONES IN
somewhere between 6 and 12 months of age. to eight is the average. PREGNANCY
In wild canines such as the wolf, females
During pregnancy, rising levels of hormones
normally have one period of estrus a year HORMONES
such as estrogen help to prepare a bitch
(known as “coming into season,” or being Produced by specialized glands and tissues
for giving birth and also, by stimulating
“in heat”), during which they ovulate and and released into the bloodstream, hormones development of the milk glands, for feeding
are ready to breed. With a few exceptions, are chemicals that affect specific cells. her puppies. In a lactating (nursing) bitch, milk
the Basenji being one, domestic dogs usually Hormonal activity controls many body production is maintained by an increase in the
have two seasons a year. The onset of estrus functions, including growth, metabolism, hormone prolactin, which also influences
maternal behavior, arousing strong protective
is marked by a small discharge of blood, sexual development, and reproduction.
instincts and ensuring that the mother will not
which lasts for around nine days, after Neutering dogs removes the production desert her puppies while they are still totally
which the bitch will be willing to mate. sites of the sex hormones—testosterone in dependent on her for survival.
Male dogs have a bone within the penis males, and estrogen in females—and
called the baculum. During mating, the prevents unwanted pregnancies. As a result
area around the bone enlarges, locking of the loss of testosterone, male dogs lose the
the penis inside the female and creating urge to wander in search of females and are
what is known as the “tie,” which can last less likely to show aggression. Neutering also
for some minutes. If mating leads to affects coat shedding in bitches, which usually
fertilization of the female ova (eggs), the have their heaviest coat loss twice a year,
pregnancy that follows will last between triggered by the hormone that brings them
60 to 68 days. The size of the litter into season. Spayed (neutered) females tend
depends on the type of dog, with larger to shed all year round. Neutering may also
breeds tending to have larger litters. increase the probability of obesity in later life.
Hypothalamus gland stimulates pituitary
gland and produces oxytocin that triggers
uterine contractions
Sensory input into
brain affects
hypothalamus



Adrenal medulla
Uterus has two hormones affect
distinct horns stress and emotions
Cervix separates
uterus from vagina Kidney
Pituitary gland controls other
hormone-producing glands
and secretes prolactin, which
aids milk production


Vagina opens
at vulva
Thyroid and
parathyroid glands
produce hormones
that control the body’s
metabolic rate
Adrenal cortex secretes
hormones that control
carbohydrates and
Ovaries are
seasonally active sex hormones
and produce sex
hormones
Bladder temporarily
stores urine produced Female systems
by kidneys The female has more complex reproductive
and hormonal systems than the male, since she
is sexually active only once or twice a year. After
mating, the young develop within the uterus
and, after birth, are nurtured by the female for
about six to eight weeks. All of the reproductive
stages are controlled by different hormones.


17

INTRODUCTION TO DOGS | SKIN AND COAT


Skin and coat




Dogs are thin-skinned, but for the majority their covering of hair provides sufficient warmth
and protection. Canine coats come in many types: some dogs have “big hair,” others are short,
wiry, curly, or corded. A handful of breeds have bare skins, with perhaps a sprinkling of hairs
on their extremities. While natural selection is responsible for some variation in dogs’ coats,
humans have introduced most changes, partly for utility but more often for fashion.



SKIN STRUCTURE epidermis. Dogs also have sensitive facial example, when he is afraid or angry. Unlike
In common with all mammals, dogs have hairs, called tactile hairs, which are deeply humans, dogs do not perspire through their
three layers of skin: the epidermis, or outer rooted and well supplied with blood and skin and have functional sweat glands
layer; the dermis, or middle layer; and the nerves. These include whiskers, eyebrows, mainly in the pads of their feet.
subcutaneous layer, consisting largely of fat and hairs on the ears.
cells. Compared with humans, dogs have Oil glands (known as sebaceous glands) COAT TYPES
only a thin epidermis as, with the exception are linked to the hair follicles, into which Some of the main coat types are shown below.
of the few hairless breeds, they have fur they secrete a substance called sebum. This Most breeds of dog have only one coat type,
coats to provide protection and insulation. acts as a skin lubricant and helps to keep the but some, such as the Pyrenean Sheepdog (see
Dogs’ hair grows from complex follicles, coat glossy and waterproof. Most follicles p.50), have several. Many types of dog have a
consisting of a central guard hair and also have an attached muscle that can raise double coat, consisting of a top coat of guard
several, finer undercoat hairs, which all the hair to trap warm air or, more noticeably, hairs, which provides waterproofing, and a
project through the same skin pore in the lift the hackles along a dog’s back: for shorter, softer undercoat. In Spitz dogs, such






















HAIRLESS SHORT, SINGLE COAT CURLY COAT WIRE-HAIRED COAT
























FULL, DOUBLE COAT SEMI–LONG COAT LONG-HAIRED, CORDED COAT
SILKY COAT

18

SKIN AND COAT



as the Chow Chow (see p.112), this dual layer attractive dogs, such as the Cocker Spaniel the dog’s entire body. Natural genetic
can be immensely thick. With such insulation, (see p.222) and English Setter (see p.241), have mutations have resulted in several hairless
traditional sled dogs of the northern semi-long coats combining silky-textured breeds. Dogs like the Xoloitzcuintli (see p.37)
hemisphere, such as the Greenland Dog (see body hair of moderate length with longer and the Chinese Crested (see p.280) have
p.100) remain impervious to the most bitter feathering on the tail, underside, and legs. been around for centuries, but it is only in
cold. Even the feet of these dogs are protected Some short-haired dogs have sleek, modern times that hairlessness has been
by long hairs between the toes, which also firm-textured coats that often consist of deliberately perpetuated by selective
give them excellent traction on snow and guard hairs only. The Dalmatian (see p.286) breeding. Some hairless dogs have
ice—and adaptations of the blood vessels in and some pointers and hounds are typical. a few wisps of hair on the head and feet, and
the feet (see p.14) help to prevent heat loss, too. In wire-haired dogs, largely the terrier group, sometimes a plume on the tail.
Dogs with extravagantly long hair are bred the guard hairs are kinked, giving a coarse, As any owner can testify, all dogs shed
today for appearance alone, although some springy texture. These coats are serviceable a certain amount of hair. Shedding is a
originally needed their heavy coats for an in cold weather and stand up well to an natural seasonal response to the hours of
outdoor life. For example, the Afghan Hound energetic terrier lifestyle of digging or delving daylight, and reaches a peak in the spring
(see p.136) is a sight hound from the cold, through undergrowth. Breeds with curly as the coat thins in readiness for warmer
high mountains of Afghanistan, and the coats are uncommon, the best known being weather. In double-coated dogs, whether
Bearded Collie (see p.57) has a working the Poodle (see p.229, 276), sometimes seen long- or short-haired, hair loss can be
background as a herding dog. On the other clipped in fantastic style for the show ring. considerable as the thick undercoat falls
hand, the silky, flowing coat of the diminutive In a few rare breeds, including the Komondor out. When dogs live largely indoors in
Yorkshire Terrier (see p.190) has probably (see p.66) and Puli (see p.65), curls are taken well-heated houses, the shedding pattern
always been more decorative than functional, to extremes, developing into long cords may change, with the dog losing a little hair
despite the breed’s long history. Some very resembling dreadlocks that virtually obscure throughout the year.



COAT COLORS

Some dogs have just one color or one color Red; red merle; ruby; stag-red; deep red Gold and white (either color may
combination, but many have two or three ginger; sandy-red; red-fawn; red-brown; predominate); white and chestnut; yellow
chestnut-brown; lion; orange; orange roan and white; white with orange; sable and
color variations, or more. Where applicable,
white; orange belton; lemon belton
the breed descriptions in this book include color
swatches that match as closely as possible the Liver; bronze Chestnut, red, and white; red and white;
coat colors recognized in a breed. These are in red and white spotted
addition to the colors that can be seen
in the photographs of the dog.
A swatch may represent a range of colors. Blue; blue merle (blue-gray); ash Liver and white; liver belton; brown and
The swatches listed in the key are as specified white (either color may predominate);
in the various breed standards but different red roan; roan; white with liver spots
names may be given for the same color: for
example, while red is used to describe many Dark brown; bos (brown); chocolate; Tan and white (either color may
breeds, ruby is used for English Toy Spaniels dead leaf; havana predominate)
and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. A final
generic swatch is used to represent breeds
that have a limited variety of colors, or those Black; nearly black; dark gray Black and white (either color may
that can have any color. predominate); piebald; black and white
spotted; sesame; black sesame; black
and silver

Cream; white; white-beige; blonde; yellow Black and tan; vieräugl; karamis; King Black, tan, and white; gray, black, and tan;
Charles; black grizzle and tan; black white, chocolate, and tan; Prince Charles;
and brown (all also known as tricolor)

Gray; ashen-gray; slate-gray; steel-gray; Blue mottled with tan; blue and tan Brindle; black brindle; dark brindle;
gray brindle; wolf-gray; silver fawn brindle; pepper and salt; range
of red brindles

Gold; russet-gold; apricot; biscuit; wheaten; Liver and tan Variety of colors or any color
sandy; light sand; mustard; straw; straw-
bracken; Isabella; all shades of fawn; pale
brown; yellow-red; sable



19

INTRODUCTION TO DOGS | DOGS IN RELIGION, MYTH, AND CULTURE


Dogs in religion,



myth, and culture A SACRED

FU DOG

With a relationship that began before the dawn of civilization, it is not surprising that, over
millennia, dogs and humans have developed strong cultural links. From being servants of
man in the material world, dogs crossed the spiritual divide to become servants of heaven
and hell. And as the bond between humans and canines strengthened into one of love and
loyalty, dogs were finally seen as characters—which has made them indispensable
role-players in popular literature and entertainment for adults and children alike.



DOGS IN RELIGION spirits in the Underworld. Similar evidence of is more monstrous than the three-headed
With dogs seen as traditional protectors, it the religious significance of dogs has been hound Cerberus, keeper of the entrance
was natural that they should be given found at burial sites of the Mayan Classic to Hades, whose capture was the 12th
symbolic duties as guardians in many belief era (c.300–900CE), where sculptures and and most dangerous Labor of Hercules.
systems. In ancient Egypt, as tomb paintings mummies suggest that dogs were buried The concept of the phantom dog occurs
and hieroglyphs reveal, dogs were associated with their owners to lead their souls in the time and again in stories of the supernatural.
with the jackal-headed god Anubis, guide of afterlife. The Aztecs (14th–16th century) Malevolent dogs are part of the folklore
buried pottery figures of dogs with their of peoples across the world, from North
dead and probably used dogs as sacrifices and South America to Asia. Many legends
in religious ceremonies. In China statues originate in Britain and Ireland, where
of Fu dogs, also known as guardian lions, ghostly dogs, usually large and black,
are seen at the entrances of many Buddhist frightened people by haunting graveyards
temples—their lionlike appearance giving or lonely crossroads. Phantom dogs were
them sacred significance. given various regional names, such as the
Most major religions practiced today Barghest and the Grim. On a dark and
are largely dismissive of dogs, and some deserted road, Charlotte Bronte’s usually
shun them as unclean. But to Hindus in strong-minded heroine Jane Eyre is briefly
parts of present-day India and Nepal, dogs spooked into thinking she has seen the
are regarded as guardians of the gates to Gytrash, the spirit-hound of northern
heaven and are associated with the god England. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle picked
Vishnu, whose four dogs are said to up on the black dog legend in The Hound
represent the four Vedas, the ancient holy of the Baskervilles (1901), his eerie tale
texts of the Hindus. At an annual religious of a fiery-eyed hound visiting terror on
festival dogs are decorated with flower Dartmoor in Britain.
garlands and marked with the sacred red
dot (tika) on their foreheads. DOGS IN LITERATURE
People have been writing about dogs for
CANINE MYTHS AND LEGENDS around 2,000 years, but the earliest books
Dogs both faithful and frightening have were practical guides for people who
featured in classical myths, legends, and kept dogs for working, primarily hunting.
folk tales throughout the ages and in all Fictional dogs certainly appear in dozens
countries. None is more loyal than Argos, of Aesop’s Fables, written around 500 years
Odysseus’s hunting dog, who waits 20 years BCE, but here the Greek moralizer was
to welcome his master home and then dies using dogs as a way of illustrating human
with a final wag of his tail. And possibly none characteristics and failings, such as greed
or gullibility. It was only in much later
Argos, the great dog centuries, when dogs became pets and
In Homer’s The Odyssey, Argos is Odysseus’s faithful dog. companions, that they began to be treated
When Odysseus arrives back to his homeland, Ithaca, in
disguise after 20 years, Argos is the first to recognize him. as personalities in their own right.


20

DOGS IN RELIGION, MYTH, AND CULTURE



White Fang fifth member of the Famous Five in a stream
The 1906 novel White Fang by Jack London tells the story of of stories written by Enid Blyton between
a dog-wolf crossbreed. After successfully fighting several other
dogs, he is matched with a bulldog that nearly kills him. the 1940s and 1960s. Timmy helps to save the
day in all kinds of improbable adventures,
An early fictional dog with enduring but he is nonetheless a more believable dog
appeal is “Crab,” from Shakespeare’s The than Nana, and one that children can readily
Two Gentlemen of Verona (c.1592), whose imagine as a companion. Other old faithfuls
owner, the servant Launce, mournfully include Snowy the white terrier, sidekick to
describes him as “the sourest-natured dog the boy detective Tintin (see p.209), and
that lives.” This heartless hound, usually Dorothy’s dog Toto in The Wizard of Oz.
played on stage for laughs by a real dog,
may have been less than a “best friend,” DOGS ON SCREEN
but in most dog stories devotion has always Since the 20th century dog stories have
been the keynote. been a huge success in movies. Walt
Typical of a genre more popular a century Disney’s cartoon dogs have delighted
ago than today are the books of Jack moviegoers for decades—hapless Pluto;
London, such as The Call of the Wild (1903) well-bred Lady and street-wise Tramp; the
and White Fang (1906)—tales told partly 101 Dalmatians (see p.286). Real-life dogs
from the dog’s point of view, combined with have appeared in other popular films, such
rip-roaring action. Despite their undeniable as Lassie (see p.52), Old Yeller, Big Red,
elements of brutality, these books survive and The Incredible Journey. In the tradition
as classics. of Shakespeare’s “Crab,” dogs make good
Among cozier storybook canines that have film comedians and many leading actors
stayed the course, one of the best loved is have allowed themselves to be upstaged
Nana, a sad-eyed Newfoundland (see p.78) by a canine costar; such memorable screen
dog, nurse to the Darling children in Peter dogs include the lugubrious mastiff helping
The Incredible Journey Pan, who marches her charges to school and with police investigations in Turner and
One of the biggest tearjerkers of the 1960s, The Incredible
Journey was based on a book of the same name and told the nags them into the bathtub. Also familiar Hooch (1989), the delinquent Labrador
story of Luath, the Labrador, Bodger, the Bull Terrier, and Tao, to millions of children is Timmy, the in Marley and Me (2008), and the scene-
an indomitable Siamese cat, as they journey across hundreds
of miles of dangerous wilderness to reach home. rough-coated mongrel who features as the stealing Jack Russell in The Artist (2011).


































The Artist
Uggie is a Jack Russell Terrier famous for his roles in Mr. Fix
It, Water for Elephants, and The Artist. Uggie’s role in The
Artist (a still from the movie above) drew great acclaim
worldwide and the film went on to win multiple awards.


21

INTRODUCTION TO DOGS | DOGS IN ART AND ADVERTISING


Dogs in art and advertising


HOGARTH
WITH HIS PET
PUG, TRUMP
Drawn and painted, sculpted, woven into tapestries, photographed, used as company logos:
dogs have had visual appeal for the entire span of their association with humans. In almost
every type of medium, they tell stories without words, say something about their owners
or the people who portray them, and reflect the lifestyles and tastes of different ages. Most
people like dogs and enjoy them as subjects in art. Commercial organizations have long
relied on this unfailing attraction by using dog images to promote goods and services.



PORTRAYING DOGS Saharan Africa, believed by some authorities unicorns across medieval tapestries; an
A history of the domestic dog can be traced to be more than 5,000 years old. Dogs, estimated 35 dogs appear in the famous
through the development of art. Probably similar in appearance to today’s greyhounds, Bayeux Tapestry illustrating the Norman
some of the earliest depictions of dogs, in hunted on through the Classical ages of Conquest of Britain, albeit largely confined
their original role as hunting companions, Greece and Rome in superbly rendered to the fringes of the main action. The hunting
are prehistoric rock paintings discovered in sculptures, especially associated with the dog theme continued into the sporting prints
Greek goddess Artemis (Roman Diana). of the 18th century, with their packs of
The best-known Classical dogs are not foxhounds in full cry, and the portraits
hunters, though, but the fierce, chained of gundogs, dead game hanging limply
guard dogs in lifelike mosaics retrieved from their jaws, favored by the 19th-century
from the ashes of Pompeii. In later ages landed shooting fraternity.
slender sight hounds pursued deer and Before dogs became accepted as the norm
in ordinary homes during the 19th century,
they were usually painted as pets only in
Rock carving
From the Neolithic period to the 21st century, dogs have portraits commissioned by the wealthy—
been enjoyed as art subjects. This petroglyph in Youf as companions of aristocrats or in the arms
Ahakit Tassili Ahaggar, Sahara Desert, Algeria, is one of
the earliest depictions. of small beribboned children. But dogs



























Ringwood, a Brocklesby Foxhound
This anatomically accurate portrait of a Foxhound painted
by English painter George Stubbs in 1792 reveals how
Foxhounds looked at the time.




Bayeux Tapestry
This section of the Bayeux Tapestry from the 11th century
depicts three large dogs and two smaller ones running
ahead of a huntsman.


22

DOGS IN ART AND ADVERTISING



A king’s companion Equally long survivors are the black Scottie
This portrait of Emperor Charles V by Tiziano (see p.189) and the West Highland White
Vecelli (Titian) subtly suggests the emperor’s
power as he is depicted restraining one of his Terrier (see p.188), famous since the 1890s as
large dogs. the trademark for a brand of Scotch whisky.
Original bar figurines, jugs, and ashtrays
painted dogs innumerable times, featuring the “Black and White” pair are now
sitting on laps, going for walks, and collectors’ items.
at picnics. Amid the crowded scene With the arrival of commercial television,
of one of his most famous works, dogs started appearing on screen in
The Boating Party (1880–81), a small advertisements promoting almost anything
dog shares the limelight in the from cans of paint to credit cards. Since
foreground. Another artist who the 1970s, hundreds of huggable Labrador
enjoyed painting dogs was Pierre Retriever (see pp.260) puppies have taken
Bonnard (1867–1947); from street on the role as mascot for a best-selling toilet
mutts to family pets, he showed them tissue, gamboling amid unraveling toilet-
bursting with real character. paper rolls. Naturally, dogs are used to
More disturbing are the dogs used advertise their own products, too. Bright-
as obscure symbols in the surreal eyed and bouncing, they testify to the
paintings of Salvador Dali. The excellence of various canned and packaged
starving hound chewing a carcass in pet foods—although the biggest hit, Henry
Dali’s Metamorphosis of Narcissis the bloodhound in a much-loved television
(1937) possibly reflects death and advertisement of the 1960s and 70s, simply
decay. Just as enigmatic is fellow sat and looked doleful.
surrealist Joan Miro’s cartoonish In the world of fashion, dogs are also
little dog baying at an uncaring often used on the principle that “cute sells.”
Moon in a largely barren canvas Alongside leggy models in haute couture
(Dog Barking at the Moon, 1926). clothes or advertising luxury goods, dogs
Dog-lover Picasso’s simple sketch of work particularly well as accessories. Today’s
his dog, Lump, captures the essence upmarket fashion magazines are full of
of the Dachshund (see p.170) in a photoshoots featuring Pugs (see p.268)
few graceful lines and has become and Chihuahuas (see p.282) wearing a
one of his most popular prints. small fortune in designer jewelry around
Lucien Freud included his beloved their necks or poking their heads out of
portrayed as a fact of life, desirable or whippets, Eli and Pluto, in several of his expensive handbags.
otherwise, have been common in art for powerful human portraits—in his Girl with
centuries. William Hogarth (1697–1764), a White Dog (1950–51) the bull terrier is as
who posed with his pet pug, Trump, in a much a focal point of the picture as the
self-portrait, included dogs as part of the female model, Freud’s first wife.
social commentary implicit in his work.
Hogarth’s dogs go about their canine affairs COMMERCIAL ICONS
largely unregarded, stealing food scraps or Dog appeal has proved immensely valuable
lifting a leg to urinate. Dogs began to be in the field of commercial advertising. In
painted as a subject in their own right in the much the same way as artists sometimes
late 18th century by painters such as George portray dogs symbolically, so marketing
Stubbs. A more sentimental attitude to dogs managers find dogs useful for putting their
crept in with the Victorian artists, famously messages across: bulldogs, strong and
Sir Edwin Landseer (1802–73), whose reliable, sell insurance; large, shaggy dogs
portraits of self-sacrificing Newfoundlands suggest a family-friendly product; small,
(see p.79), pert terriers, and noble deerhounds fluffy breeds have the right image for
embody the virtues and emotions of his era. beauty aids.
Some of the greatest pictures in the world One of the best-known advertising icons of
His Master’s Voice
include a dog or two—variously interpreted all time is the painting of the terrier Used as a logo since 1899 by the music company HMV,
by impressionists, post-impressionists, “Nipper,” used as a logo since 1899 by the Nipper, the terrier gazing transfixed into the trumpet of a
windup gramophone, has survived into the 21st century
surrealists, modernists, and others. Renoir music company HMV (His Master’s Voice). despite the advent of new technology.


23

INTRODUCTION TO DOGS | DOGS IN SPORTS AND SERVICE


Dogs in sports and service




From the dawn of their relationship, dogs and humans have worked and played
together successfully. Most dogs are natural enthusiasts for chasing and running, and
people the world over learned early on how to exploit these inclinations for hunting
and sports. Canine intelligence has also proved more than equal to the numerous
demands made on dogs as work partners. Most are eager to please and have readily
taken on duties as guardians, herders, guides, trackers, and even home helpers.



HUNTING FOR PLEASURE In later centuries, pack-hunting dogs shooting of waterfowl and game birds such as
Primitive peoples used dogs to help them developed into distinctly recognizable pheasant and grouse. Among the breeds still
catch game for food, but with the rise of breeds, such as foxhounds, staghounds, bred and trained today are pointers and setters
civilizations, hunting with dogs developed and otterhounds. Hunting of live game with that direct the guns to their targets, spaniels
into a sport as well, although usually only hounds is now illegal in some countries, but for working in undergrowth to flush out
for the wealthier members of society. As the excitement of the chase lives on in drag- game, and retrievers to bring back fallen birds.
paintings dating back nearly 3,000 years hunting, in which the pack follows a trail of
depict, the Ancient Egyptians hunted with artificial scent. Hunting dogs with highly SPORTING DOGS
dogs very similar to some of today’s big-eared specialized roles were developed when the Hunting is by no means the only way
sight hounds, such as the Pharaoh Hound (see invention of guns led to the growth of sports humans have used dogs for their own
p.32) and Ibizan Hound (see p.33) In China amusement. One of the earliest, and most
the tombs of the Han dynasty (206BCE– brutal, “entertainments” was pit fighting,
220CE), have yielded realistic figurines of in which powerful dogs, such as the mastiffs
heftily built mastiff-type hunting dogs that once seen in the arenas of Ancient Rome,
appear to be “pointing” at game. were set against bears, bulls, and sometimes
By medieval times in Europe, hunting each other. The battles were bloody, and
with dogs of various types was the passion of victory for one combatant meant death or
kings and landowning nobility. Swift-running mutilation for the other. On a smaller scale,
hounds, resembling modern greyhounds and pit fights between terriers and rats once had
harriers, were sent after smaller game; but a widespread following.
dangerous quarry such as bear and wild boar People have come up with many other
required larger hounds, hunting in varied ways of using dogs in sports, among which
Tracking and chasing
packs that included the now-extinct types Early hunters appreciated the ability of hounds to follow trials of speed have been the most enduring.
known as alaunts and lymers, which were a scent as well as their speed when chasing quarry so Coursing, in which competing pairs of fast
worked with them to increase their hunting success, as
broadly similar to mastiffs and bloodhounds. seen in this Roman relief of Hercules hunting. sight hounds such as Greyhounds, Whippets,
or Salukis are sent in pursuit of hares, was
popular for nearly 2,000 years before being
made illegal in most European countries.
Greyhound racing has attracted big crowds
for hundreds of years; and since the 20th
century some of the most challenging races
in terms of speed and endurance have
been for teams of sled dogs—tough,
cold-weather breeds such as Greenland
Dogs (see p.100) and Siberian Huskies
(see p.101)—competing over hundreds
of miles in harsh northern territories.


Afghan Hounds racing
Dog racing has been a popular means of entertainment
for centuries. Several breeds, including Afghan Hounds,
race as they chase an artificial lure around a track until
they cross the finish line.


24

DOGS IN SPORTS AND SERVICE



























































Gathering the flock the thick-coated shepherd dogs still seen in bloodhounds pursue fleeing suspects, and
Sheepdogs are trained to round up and herd flocks and are eastern Europe, were developed to deal with specially trained dogs are also invaluable
hardy enough to work in severe climate conditions. Here a
Border Collie herds sheep in Twizel, New Zealand. dangerous predators. in such work as detecting drugs or locating
Harnessing canine strength has sometimes survivors in areas of devastation.
Among the gentler sports are trials in which been taken literally, with larger dogs used as Dogs have often made life in the home
dogs display their agility, intelligence, and draft animals, whether for hauling sleds over easier, too. The Ancient Aztecs used hairless
obedience by negotiating tricky obstacle polar ice, drawing milk carts, or taking small dogs as hot-water bottles on cold nights,
courses. Agility trials are often highly children for rides in traps. In the past even but in the modern world canine partners
competitive affairs; but many are no more small dogs were sometimes used for sometimes have to be more active. Guide
than low-key local events, in which anyone’s providing motive power: unfortunate terriers dogs help people with impaired sight to
pet with a zest for leaping over jumps or could be found in the sweltering kitchens of safely negotiate hazards such as traffic and
wriggling through pipes can take part. large houses and inns, running endlessly in stairs. Many people with other disabilities
treadwheels to turn roasting spits. or illnesses also rely on dogs trained to
DOGS IN SERVICE Dogs have gone to war for centuries, and perform such tasks as warning of impending
Another of the early occupations for dogs in World Wars I and II were employed to epileptic seizures or even loading the
in the service of humans was as guardians carry messages, first aid, and ammunition washing machine. In hospitals, hospices,
and herders of livestock, and the tradition across no-go zones. Today dogs trained to and nursing homes dogs chosen carefully for
continues in many parts of the world. Pastoral sniff out explosive devices are important their amenable temperaments are brought in
work is not always peaceful where bears and members of the armed forces. A dog’s ability to provide comfort and distraction, and
wolves live, and so large, powerful breeds to scent trouble has also proved helpful to their services as a very real form of therapy
with fiercely protective instincts, such as police and security forces. Baying are widely acknowledged.


25



CHAPTER 2 BREEDS


GUIDE TO

A primitive dog of many talents
Today the Peruvian Hairless is kept mainly
as a pet, but for hundreds of years this
athletic breed was used for hunting
and guarding as well as for therapeutic
purposes and companionship.

PRIMITIVE DOGS

























PRIMITIVE





DOGS








Many modern dog breeds are the result of hundreds of years of breeding for particular
characteristics, but a few, commonly regarded as primitive dogs, have remained close to the

original “blueprint” of their wolf ancestors. As a group, primitive dogs are not clearly defined,
and not all authorities agree that such a category should be recognized.




As variously listed, primitive dogs include the Carolina Dog (see p.35) Other examples are hairless dogs
are a diverse group, but many of of North America and the rare New from Mexico and South America,
them share typically wolflike Guinea Singing Dog (see p.32), which genetic mutations of coated breeds
characteristics. These include erect is genetically very close to the dingo that resemble dogs depicted in the art
ears, a wedge-shaped head with a of Australia. Such dogs have evolved and artifacts of ancient civilizations.
pointed muzzle, and a tendency to naturally rather than through breeding Recent genetic investigations suggest
howl rather than bark. Their coats for temperament or appearance and that two dogs included in this section—
are usually short but vary in color and cannot be considered completely the Pharaoh Hound (see p.32) and the
density according to the region from domesticated. The New Guinea Ibizan Hound (see p.33)—should no
which the dog originates. Most Singing Dog, which is on the verge longer be considered primitive. These
primitive dogs come into season only of extinction, is more likely to be breeds are popularly supposed to be
once a year, unlike other domestic seen in zoos than in homes. the direct descendants of big-eared
dogs, which have two cycles of Several dogs are included in Egyptian hounds pictured in drawings
estrus a year. the primitive group because they dating back 3,000 years. However,
Canine specialists are now taking are believed to be uninfluenced there is genetic evidence that the line
an interest in dogs that have had little by any other types over thousands of descent may not have remained
to do with humans and nothing to do of years. Among them is the Basenji unbroken down the centuries. It is
with breed development programs. (see p.30) from Africa, long used probable that the Pharaoh and Ibizan
These primitive dogs, which come for hunting in its native country Hounds are in fact modern re-creations
from various parts of the world, before becoming a popular pet. of ancient breeds.




29

CATALOG OF BREEDS | PRIMITIVE DOGS
































































































30

PRIMITIVE DOGS


Basenji DEDICATED BREEDER


Veronica Tudor-Williams (below) was one of the
HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors first people to import the Basenji to the UK from
16–17in 22–24lb Over 10 years White markings may appear on Africa in the late 1930s. She continued breeding
(40–43cm) (10–11kg) chest, feet, and tail tip. her dogs during the food shortages of World
War II and exported puppies to North America,
helping to establish the breed there. In 1959 she
This neat and graceful dog is always on the alert and ready traveled to southern Sudan in search of native
to protect, but instead of barking it yodels Basenji dogs that could be used to improve
the breed. She returned with two. One of them,
a red and white female named Fula, was never
One of the most primitive breeds, the most other dogs. Instead, the dogs howl
presented at shows but was still extremely
Basenji is a hunting dog from Central Africa. or yodel; some of the African tribespeople influential and appears in the pedigrees of
Like the Canaan Dog (see p.32), it belongs who use them refer to them as “talking nearly all registered Basenjis.
to a group known as Schensi dogs—breeds dogs.” Another notable feature is that
that have not been completely domesticated. the females come into season only once
Basenjis are traditionally used by pygmy a year, like wolves, rather than twice,
hunters; they live semi-independently in a as with domestic dogs.
pack alongside the tribe, but are employed The Basenji is affectionate and fun-
for driving big game into nets. The dogs loving, and is a popular house dog. Although
are fitted with bells around their necks to loyal to its family, it is rather independent-
scare their prey. Western explorers originally minded, so may need careful training to
encountered these dogs in the 17th century follow orders. These dogs are fast, agile,
and used names such as “Congo Terrier” and intelligent; they locate their prey by
or “Bush Dog” to describe them. In the both sight and scent, and enjoy chasing
1930s the first dogs were imported into and tracking activities. They need plenty
the UK, and the breed was named basenji of mental and physical exercise if they are
(meaning “little things from the bush” not to become bored.
or “villagers’ dogs” in one of the languages
of the Congo region of Africa).
An unusual feature of the Basenji is Forehead wrinkles Flat-topped
that it does not bark—the larynx (voice when alert skull
box) is shaped differently from that of

Tail carried in tight Smooth,
curl over back short coat



Finely
chiseled
features Long,
elegant
neck





Very long
forearms

Red











PUPPY


31

CATALOG OF BREEDS | PRIMITIVE DOGS



New Guinea Singing Dog Canaan Dog


HEIGHT 16–18in (40–45cm) Sable Black and tan HEIGHT 20–24in (50–60cm) White Black
WEIGHT 18–31lb (8–14kg) White markings are common with all color WEIGHT 40–55lb (18–25kg) Red and Black and
LIFE SPAN 15–20 years types. LIFE SPAN Over 10 years white spotted white spotted

This rare dingolike breed is a native of New Guinea, where Bred in Israel as a watchdog and herder, the Canaan Dog has
it lives feral or in semidomestication. The Singing Dog strong protective instincts that do not usually turn into aggression.
Wedge-
is kept as a curiosity in zoos worldwide but has become shaped It is highly intelligent, and with steady training makes a reliable
head
a challenging pet for a few dedicated owners. It has and affectionate companion. Not a common breed,
the extraordinary ability to vary the notes of it has yet to achieve widespread popularity.
its howl, hence the name.
Red Dark, slightly
Brushlike, slanting eyes
thick tail, carried
high and curled
Short, thick,
plush coat
Dense,
harsh coat
Low-set,
Small, broad ears
erect ears
Moderately
tucked-up White
belly Tucked-up chest
belly markings
Sandy








Pharaoh Hound


HEIGHT 21–25in (53–63cm)
WEIGHT 44–55lb (20–25kg)
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years

Although the modern Pharaoh Hound was developed in Malta,
Arched,
this graceful breed bears a strong resemblance to the prick-eared long neck
hunting dogs illustrated in the art and artifacts of Ancient Egypt. Slender, Dark tan
The Pharaoh Hound is calm-tempered but needs a lot of exercise elegant body
and unless restrained outdoors
will fly off in pursuit of small Large,
erect ears
animals, including other pets.
Whipped tail, White markings
carried in a on chest
high curve common
when active


Amber-colored eyes
Short, glossy,
slightly harsh coat




Toes often
marked white






32

PRIMITIVE DOGS



Canarian Warren Hound Cirneco dell’Etna


HEIGHT 21-25in (53–64cm) HEIGHT 17–20in (42–52cm) Isabella, light sand
WEIGHT 35-49lb (16–22kg) WEIGHT 18–26lb (8–12kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–13 years LIFE SPAN 12–14 years

Also known as the Podenco Canario, this hound— This Sicilian breed, which may have originated in Narrow,
found on all the Canary Islands—has Egyptian roots the area immediately around Mount Etna, is rare almost
flat skull
dating back thousands of years. The breed is used as outside its native country. Lithe and strong, the
a rabbit-hunter and is highly valued for its speed, Cirneco dell’Etna is built to run and hunt. Although
keen sight, and excellent nose. Sensitive and restless, good-natured, this dog is not an ideal option
Strong,
it is unlikely to adapt well to a quiet life indoors. for owners who want a placid house pet. arched neck
Red Flesh-
Low-set, slightly colored
tapered tail nose Short,
glossy coat
Erect, rigid
ears set high
on head
Small, amber-
colored Slender, White
eyes athletic body White Fawn markings
markings on chest
on chest
Sleek,
smooth coat









Ibizan Hound


HEIGHT 22–29in (56–74cm) Lion
WEIGHT 44–51lb (20–23kg)
Flat skull
LIFE SPAN 10–12 years
Used in Spain as a pack dog for hunting rabbits, the Ibizan Hound can
cover the roughest ground at a “raking trot” characteristic of the breed. Large, tan,
pointed ears
This dog also has an enormous jump and can easily leap over a garden
Lean,
fence. As long as an owner bears security in mind, the Ibizan Hound muscular body
Long,
is not difficult to keep, but it is an all-action dog that needs relentless slender
muzzle
exercise. The breed has a charming temperament and fits in well
with family life. There are two coat types—smooth and
rough—both of which are easy to maintain.

White
Clear, Narrow
amber eyes head
Chestnut
Long forearms
SMOOTH-COATED ROUGH-COATED
White chest
and collar Slender,
strong toes







33

CATALOG OF BREEDS | PRIMITIVE DOGS


Portuguese Podengo WIREHAIRED

PEQUENO
HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN White, yellow
Pequeno: 8–12in (20–30cm) Pequeno: 9–11lb (4–5kg) Over 12 years Black
Medio: 16–21in (40–54cm) Medio: 35–44lb (16–20kg) White dogs have patches of yellow, black,
Grande: 22–28in (55–70cm) Grande: 44–66lb (20–30kg) or fawn. Pequeno dogs may be brown.


An all-purpose hunter that makes an entertaining companion
SUITABLY SIZED
given sufficient mental and physical activity
Bred primarily to hunt hare and rabbit, the
Portuguese Podengo is a primitive sight hound.
The national dog of Portugal, the to control vermin during the voyages. On
It was bred in three sizes so it could work in any
Portuguese Podengo is said to have originated reaching new lands, the dogs were put back type of terrain. The Grande dog was developed
from dogs brought to the Iberian Peninsula to their usual work. However, as podengo in south central Portugal to hunt in open areas
by the Phoenicians over 2,000 years ago. is a general Portuguese term that refers to where speed is important. The Medio, being a
Today there are three different varieties: any prick-eared hound, these early exports smaller and more maneuverable dog, was found
farther north where there is more cover for game.
small (Pequeno), medium (Medio), and large were probably very different from the breed
The smallest, the Pequeno, hunts in very dense
(Grande). Smooth-haired Podengos are more recognized today. undergrowth that would be too difficult for
commonly found in the north of the country The modern Portuguese Podengo, and larger dogs to work in effectively.
where the climate is damp, since their in particular the Pequeno variety, is rapidly
quick-drying coat is suited to wet weather. growing in popularity as a companion dog,
Wirehaired types are more commonly found having been imported to both the UK and
in the drier south. All varieties were the US. In contrast, the Podengo Grande has
traditionally bred for hunting, and in become increasingly rare since the 1970s,
Portugal some are still used for that purpose. although efforts are being made to increase
The Portuguese, being seafaring people, its numbers again. Regardless of size, the
were among the first Europeans to Podengo’s intelligence and alertness make
explore and colonize the it an excellent watchdog.
Americas in the 15th and 16th
centuries, laying claim to parts
of Canada and Brazil. It is said White blaze
on face
that the ships used for these
explorations carried Podengos, Large, triangular,
erect ears
a useful asset because they helped











Fawn with Short
white markings coat

Fawn

Strong
hindquarters


SMOOTH-HAIRED MEDIO SMOOTH-HAIRED PEQUENO





Rounded feet with
well arched toes

PRIMITIVE DOGS



Carolina Dog


HEIGHT 18–20in (45–50cm) Deep red-ginger
WEIGHT 33–44lb (15–20kg) Black and tan
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years

Also known as the “American Dingo,”
this dog’s ancestors are thought to have been Triangular,
erect ears
domesticated and brought into North America
by early settlers from Asia. In America’s
southeastern states, some still live Wheaten
semi-wild. Naturally wary, this dog
needs early socializing to make it
Longer
an acceptable pet. hairs on
neck



Short,
dense coat
Lighter-colored
chest
Tail carried in
distinctive hook
when alert








Peruvian Inca Orchid


HEIGHT 20–26in (50–65cm) Any color
WEIGHT 26–51lb (12–23kg) Hairless dogs always have pink skin
LIFE SPAN 11–12 years but the color of mottling can vary.

The true origins of the Peruvian
Ears become Crest of hair
Inca Orchid are lost in time, but semierect on head
dogs of this type are known to have when alert
been important in Inca civilizations.
There are two varieties of this
breed: hairless and coated. The
Straight back
hairless Inca Orchid is better
suited to indoor rather than
outdoor life because of
its delicate skin.


Pink with
darker
mottling
HAIRLESS INCA
ORCHID
Tail sometimes
carried tucked
under belly
Front feet longer
than hind feet






35

CATALOG OF BREEDS | PRIMITIVE DOGS


Peruvian Hairless



HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Blonde
Miniature: 10–16in (25–40cm) Miniature: 9–18lb (4–8kg) 11–12 years Dark brown
Medio: 16–20in (40–50cm) Medio: 18–26lb (8–12kg) Black
Grande: 20–26in (50–65cm) Grande: 26–55lb (12–25kg) GRANDE


This gentle, bright, and agile dog is affectionate with
LOST IN TIME
owners but may be shy when around strangers
The pre-Inca Nazca civilization of coastal Peru
is famous for producing the massive geoglyphs,
Records of hairless dogs in South America National Patrimony of Peru. In 2008
known collectively as the Nazca Lines. Among
date back to pre-Inca times; images of a Peruvian Hairless was offered to the various designs and shapes, there are over
them are found on pottery dating from President Obama as a family pet. 70 different animals, including a dog. Created
750BCE. These lively and graceful dogs were Peruvian Hairless dogs come in three between 100–800CE and measuring 167ft (51m)
often seen in the homes of Incan nobility. sizes—miniature, medio, and grande. in length, the dog’s outline was produced by
removing surface gravel to expose the lighter rocks
The Andean peoples believed these Hairlessness—often accompanied by the
below. It is possible that the dog depicted (below)
companion dogs brought good luck and absence of some molar and premolar represents an ancestor of the Peruvian Hairless.
promoted health, and would hug them to teeth—is produced by a particular recessive
relieve aches and pains. The dogs’ urine and gene, but occasionally dogs with coats do
feces may have been used in medicines. occur in litters. The fine skin needs some
When a person died, artifacts of hairless protection since these dogs are susceptible
dogs were sometimes buried with them to to the cold and easily sunburned.
keep the person company in the afterlife.
After the Spanish Conquest of Peru in the Crest of hairs
16th century, hairless dogs were persecuted
almost to extinction. However, some did
Rose ears
survive and since 2001 the Peruvian Hairless
has been a protected breed—part of the



Elephant-gray
Eyes match
skin color






Fine, elastic skin







Tucked-up belly





MEDIO MINIATURE
Pink patches
on legs
Long feet








36

Xoloitzcuintli



HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Red
Miniature: 10–14in (25–35cm) Miniature: 5–15lb (2–7kg) Over 10 years Liver or Bronze (right)
Intermediate: 14–18in (36–45cm) Intermediate: 15–31lb (7–14kg)
Standard: 18–24in (46–60cm) Standard: 24–40lb (11–18kg) MINIATURE (PUPPY)


This calm-natured, alert dog is easy to care for and
USEFUL COMPANION
makes a delightful and entertaining companion
Mexican Hairless dogs feel warm to the touch
because, lacking fur, they radiate their body heat.
Also known as the Mexican Hairless or Three sizes are now recognized: miniature,
In the past this attribute was appreciated by
Xolo (pronounced sholo), hairless dogs have intermediate, and standard. Like all hairless farmers who used the dogs as bed-warmers.
featured in ceramic paintings and figurines dogs, this breed has limited general appeal The practice supposedly gave rise to the phrase
dating from over 3,000 years ago and been and remains a rarity. Nonetheless, the “three dog nights” for very cold
found in the tombs of Aztec, Mayan, and Mexican Hairless is good-tempered, evenings. The dog’s body heat
was also thought to have healing
other Central American peoples. affectionate, and highly intelligent. The
properties and it would be held
In pre-Conquest Mexico hairless dogs dogs are good companions and watchdogs, against painful areas of the body
were valued companions and bed-warmers. and are starting to be used as service dogs to provide a warm compress.
In addition, the dogs had sacred significance. to provide relief for chronic pain—an echo
The animals were used as guard dogs to of their traditional role. In addition,
protect the home from evil spirits as well being hairless makes them good pets
as intruders, and they were thought to for allergy sufferers.
guide the soul through the underworld. MEXICAN
EARTHENWARE DOG
Some dogs were sacrificed or ritually eaten 100BCE–300CE
Tufts of
in religious ceremonies; because of these hair on
practices, hairless dogs barely escaped forehead
Large, long ears,
extinction. It was not until the mid-20th erect when alert
century that breeders began to work
toward the dog’s recovery.




Dark gray Head has slight stop
and tapering muzzle
Traces of dark
hair on tail

Firm, slender neck








Black






INTERMEDIATE STANDARD












37

Rescue work
Baerli, a German Shepherd Dog,
explores a hole in the snow as part of
his training for avalanche search and
rescue work.

WORKING DOGS























WORKING






DOGS







The list of jobs that humans ask dogs to perform is almost endless. In the thousands of years since
dogs were domesticated, canine helpers have guarded homes, rescued people in danger, gone to

war, and looked after the sick and disabled—to give just a few examples. In this book the working
group is represented by breeds traditionally developed for pastoral work and guard duties.





In general, the dogs in this highly Australian Cattle Dog (see p.62) security forces and for guarding
diverse group tend to be large, though nip at heels, and some herders bark property. Typically, these dogs are
there are a few small but nonetheless as they work. Guardian sheepdogs, massively built and powerful, with
robust exceptions. Working dogs are which include mountain breeds such small ears (often cropped in countries
bred for strength and stamina, and as the Maremma (see p.69) and the where the practice is still legal) and
many of them are capable of living Great Pyrenees (see p.78), are pendulous flews (lips).
outdoors in all weathers. designed to protect their flocks from Many working breeds are excellent
A collie rounding up its flock is for predators such as wolves. Usually very as companion dogs. Pastoral herders
most people the archetypal shepherd large, many of these dogs are white, are extremely intelligent and generally
dog, but many other types of dog heavy-coated, and scarcely easy to train, and often enjoy using
are used to work with livestock. distinguishable from the sheep they their skills in agility trials and other
These pastoral breeds, as they are live with and protect all their lives. canine competitions. Livestock
known, are used for both herding Guard duties of another kind are guardian dogs, because of their size
and guarding. Herding dogs have often carried out by dogs of the mastiff and protective nature, are less likely
a natural instinct for driving stock, type, recognizable as descendants of to be suited to family life. In recent
though not all of them work in the the enormous molossus dogs seen in decades a number of the mastiff-type
same way. Border Collies (see p.51), friezes and artifacts from the ancient breeds have achieved great popularity
for example, keep their sheep in world. Such breeds as the Bullmastiff as companions. Although some were
order by stalking and staring, while (see p.94), the Dogue de Bordeaux (see produced originally for fighting, if
the traditional cattle herders such as p.89), and the Neapolitan Mastiff reared in the home and socialized
Welsh Corgis (see pp.58, 60) and the (see p.92) are used worldwide by early they adapt to life as a pet.




39

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS


Wedge-shaped,
Saarloos Wolfdog wolflike head


HEIGHT 24–30in (60–75cm) Cream
WEIGHT 77–88lb (35–40kg) Bos (brown)
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years

The Saarloos Wolfdog is the result of selective crossbreeding to
produce a German Shepherd-type dog with natural traits closer Triangular ears with
to those of its wolf ancestors. Although it was suggested that rounded tips
this new breed could be useful as a guide dog,
the Saarloos Wolfdog Almond-
has proved better shaped
eyes
suited to life as a
pet and companion.
However, it needs
sensitive handling. Wolf-gray




Body longer than
leg length

Long,
arched feet
Heavy-coated,
broad tail







Czechoslovakian King Shepherd


Wolfdog HEIGHT 25–29in (64–74cm) Black Black dogs may
have red, gold, or
WEIGHT 90–145lb (41–66kg)
Sable with
LIFE SPAN 10–11 years black markings cream markings.
HEIGHT 24–26in (60–65cm)
WEIGHT 44–57lb (20–26kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–16 years Developed in the US and recognized since the late 1990s, this
large and handsome dog clearly shows the German Shepherd
Created through breeding programs that initially crossed Dog (see p.42) in its breeding history. King Shepherds love to
German Shepherd Dogs with wolves, the Czechoslovakian work as herders or guard dogs, but have a placid and tolerant
Wolfdog has inherited many of the traits of its wild ancestors. nature that allows them to fit in well with a family. There are
This breed is quick, fearless, resilient, and wary of two coat types: smooth and rough.
strangers. It is also faithful and obedient with
Ruff of longer hair
familiar handlers, qualities that make Black saddle around neck
with tan
it an excellent house dog.
Predominately
black muzzle
Yellowish gray
Distinctive lighter
area on face



Straight
coat
Plumed tail
Dark nails White
Weather-resistant, marking
thick coat on chest
ROUGH-COATED


40

WORKING DOGS



Laekenois Belgian Sheepdog


HEIGHT 22–26in (56–66cm) HEIGHT 22–26in (56–66cm)
WEIGHT 55–65lb (25–29kg) WEIGHT 51–75lb (23–34kg)
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years LIFE SPAN Over 10 years

Of the four breeds of Belgian Shepherd Dog, this From 1893 black-coated Belgian Sheepdogs were selectively
wiry-coated variety was the first to be developed, bred at a kennel in the village of Groenendael, near Brussels.
Head carried
in the 1880s. The Laekenois is named after the high with alert This handsome variety is now extremely popular. Like
Château de Laeken, near Antwerp, and was once expression most herding dogs, the Belgian Sheepdog needs an Finely shaped
muzzle
much favored by the Belgian royal family. Rarely owner who understands the importance of early
seen, this delightful dog deserves to be more socializing and firm but kindly control.
widely appreciated.
Wiry coat Long, straight
coat
Area of darker
High-set, shading Slightly
erect ears Ruff of sloping rump
longer hair
around neck




Reddish
fawn Black
Long
Body powerful feathering
but not heavy on legs
Round feet







Belgian Malinois Belgian Tervuren


HEIGHT 22–26in (56–66cm) Gray HEIGHT 22–26in (56–66cm) Gray
WEIGHT 60–65lb (27–29kg) Red WEIGHT 40–65lb (18–29kg)
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years All colors have black overlay. LIFE SPAN Over 10 years All colors have black overlay.

Believed to have originated in Malines, in Belgium, the The most popular of the Belgian Shepherd Dogs worldwide,
Malinois is a short-haired variety of the Belgian Shepherd Dog. this variety was named after the village where it was developed
Like its fellow breeds, it is a natural guard dog. Although its by a local breeder. The Belgian Tervuren has strong protective
behavior may be unpredictable, with responsible instincts and is frequently used for guarding and police
training the Malinois socializes well and makes work. Its beautiful, black-tipped coat sheds regularly
a loyal companion. and needs plenty of grooming.
Short, straight coat Triangular ears, Strongly muscled back
with black tips mostly black
to the hairs
Fawn with
black overlay
Almond- Black ears
shaped, and mask
brown
eyes
Abundant
breeches on
Distinctive hindquarters
black mask
Fawn
Rich, long
coat


Darker tip
on bushy tail


41



WORKING DOGS


German Shepherd Dog CANINE SUPERSTAR


Rescued from a WWI battlefield by US Marine
HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Sable Lee Duncan, Rin Tin Tin (below) was taken to
23–25in 49–88lb Over 10 years Black California where Duncan trained him for film
(58–63cm) (22–40kg) work. He starred in 28 Hollywood films and
became so popular that in 1929 he received the
most votes for the Best Actor Oscar. However,
One of the most popular breeds worldwide, this intelligent the Academy, fearing that giving the award to
and versatile herding dog makes a faithful companion an animal would undermine their credibility,
instead gave it to the runner-up. Rin Tin Tin
died in 1932, but some of his descendants,
This breed was developed by a German dog and tracker, and is used by police and
trained by Duncan, also appeared in movies.
cavalry captain, Max von Stephanitz, from armed forces worldwide. It is also employed
dogs used to guard and herd livestock. The as a search and rescue dog and as a guide dog
first examples appeared in the 1880s, and for blind people.
the breed was registered in Germany as the The modern breed has a coat that can
Deutsche Schäferhund (German Shepherd vary from long to short. The German
Dog) in 1899; the first registered individual Shepherd Dog has a reputation for being
dog was a male named Horand von Grafrath. fierce, but dogs produced by reputable
During World War I the dog’s name was breeders usually have a steady temperament.
changed in the UK to Alsatian. This new These dogs need to be handled in a calm,
name was chosen because the first dogs authoritative way so that they will not
were brought back from Alsace-Lorraine become overly dominant, but they are brave
by soldiers that had served there, and also and willing to learn. They need plenty of
because the name avoided reference to exercise and do well at jobs such as protecting
Germany; for the same reason, in the US the home. If responsibly handled, they will
its name was changed to Shepherd Dog. become loyal, faithful members
Soldiers from both countries were impressed of the family.
by the breed’s abilities.
Highly adaptable and obedient,
Head has clean-cut
the German Shepherd Dog has appearance
proved valuable as a guard




Large, firm,
erect ears
PUPPY


Bicolor
Croup Black and tan
slopes slightly
downward to tail

Dense coat with
thick undercoat



Strong
hindquarters

Long forelegs
Black blanket
straight to
elbow
LONG-
SHORT-HAIRED HAIRED
Bushy tail





43

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS



Finely shaped head
Picardy Sheepdog hidden by long hair

HEIGHT 22–26in (55–65cm) Dark gray
WEIGHT 51–71lb (23–32kg) Fawn-brindle
LIFE SPAN 13–14 years May have white markings.

The history of the Picardy
High-set,
Sheepdog is uncertain, but erect ears
Fawn
this tough-looking breed may
have originated over a century Long eyebrows do
not obscure eyes
ago in the Picardy region of
northeastern France. With
quiet and patient training,
this dog makes a sociable
companion and a good Hair on
muzzle forms
playmate for children. mustache and
The rugged coat beard
is relatively easy
to groom.
Lighter hair
Thick coat, on chest
coarse and
rough to touch
Long tail curves
slightly at tip








Dutch Shepherd Dog


Coarse eyebrows
HEIGHT 22–24in (55–62cm) Fawn-brindle
WEIGHT 66–68lb (30–31kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years SHORT-HAIRED

Not often seen outside the Netherlands, and relatively uncommon
even there, in the last 200 years this breed has become far more
than an all-purpose farm dog. The breed has been used for Silver-brindle
security and police work, as a guide dog, and in obedience trials.
Reliable and affectionate with family members, it has a natural
wariness of strangers. There are three varieties
of the Dutch Shepherd Dog: long-haired,
short-haired, and rough-haired. Erect ears


Feathering on
underside of tail Coarse, wavy coat


Light feathering
on back of legs

Shorter hair below
hock on hind legs





LONG-HAIRED ROUGH-HAIRED

44

WORKING DOGS



Mudi


HEIGHT 15–19in (38–47cm) Fawn Brown
WEIGHT 18–29lb (8–13kg) Blue merle, ash
LIFE SPAN 13–14 years May have white markings.

Originally used as a working dog by Hungarian
sheep- and cattle-herders, this rare breed is tough,
bold, and energetic. With its
friendly and adaptable nature, Erect ears
covered with
the Mudi makes a good house thick hair
dog. It needs plenty of exercise to Wedge-shaped
stay fit and healthy, and responds head
well to sympathetic training.
Black
Feathered
backs to legs



Shorter hair
below hock




Dense, shiny,
wavy coat





Bushy
Standard Schnauzer eyebrows

HEIGHT 18–20in (45–50cm) Black
WEIGHT 31–44lb (14–20kg)
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years

The medium-sized Standard Schnauzer was established
Straight back
as a breed in the 1880s in southern Germany. Alert and
agile, the Standard Schnauzer was used primarily as a
versatile farm dog with a formidable
reputation for rat hunting.
High-set,
Placid and affectionate, but drop ears Salt and
with a lively sense of fun, pepper
the breed is now popular
as a family dog.


Lighter-colored Short, wiry
beard coat


Longer hair extends
over feet

Lighter-
colored hair
on lower legs





45

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS


Giant Schnauzer



HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Pepper and salt
24–28in 65–90lb Over 10 years
(60–70cm) (29–41kg)


Even-tempered, intelligent, and easy to train, this SAFE AND SOUND
powerful dog has strong guarding instincts
This stamp, issued in East Germany in the late
Robust and powerfully built, the Giant US in the 1930s and to the UK in the 1960s. 1970s, shows a typical working Giant Schnauzer
with clipped ears and a docked tail. In the years
Schnauzer from southern Germany was The breed has become more popular in the
leading up to World War I, the Giant Schnauzer
developed from the standard Schnauzer (see US and Europe since the 1970s.
was found to be well suited to police work—
p.45) by crossing with larger local dogs and, The Giant Schnauzer is now widely used its large size and impressive bark proving an
it is thought, with breeds such as the Great by security forces in Europe as a police dog excellent deterrent to trouble. Despite the
Dane (see p.96) and the Bouvier des and for tracking and search and rescue breed’s popularity in Germany, the preferred
choice for this type of work in other countries
Flandres (opposite). duties. An equable temperament also makes
tended to be
The Giant Schnauzer, with its powerful it suitable as a home watchdog and family
the German
frame and weather-resistant coat, was pet. Despite its size, the Giant Schnauzer Shepherd.
originally used for farm work and for is easy to manage if given plenty of exercise.
herding and driving cattle. By the early 20th A quick learner, it excels at obedience and
century the breed’s intelligence, trainability, agility activities. Its dense, wiry, double-
EAST GERMAN
and impressive appearance had been layered coat needs regular maintenance, STAMP ISSUED
recognized as ideal qualities for a guard dog. with daily grooming and trimming LATE 1970S
Giant Schnauzers were first brought to the (shaping) every few months.


Dark eyes
Bushy eyebrows
overhang eyes

Drop ears with
rounded tips

Tail carried
high Dense,
Black wiry coat



Bearded
muzzle Strong,
graceful neck



Deep chest









Slight feathering
on back of forelegs











46

Bouvier des Flandres



HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors
23–27in 60–88lb Over 10 years
(59–68cm) (27–40kg) May have small, white star on chest.


Loyal and fearless, this independent dog does well in town or
PRESIDENTIAL DOGS
country but needs plenty of space and an experienced owner
One of the largest dogs to live at the White
House was Lucky, a Bouvier des Flandres puppy
The Bouvier breeds were developed in at the Olympic Show in Antwerp, Belgium,
given to Nancy Reagan in December 1984. Belgium and northern France for herding, in 1920, he was recognized as the ideal type
As Lucky matured, she also became stronger
guarding, and driving cattle; the French of Bouvier. During the 1920s breeders
and more boisterous. She started to drag the
president around during press photo shoots word bouvier means cowherd. Of the worked to resurrect the Bouvier des Flandres.
(below), which did not give the impression of a various Bouviers, the Bouvier des Flandres Today the breed is valued as a guard dog
leader in control. In November 1985 Lucky was is the most commonly encountered. and a family pet. Calm and easy to train, it
sent to live at the Reagans’ California ranch and
During World War I they were used nevertheless has strong protective instincts
was replaced by a smaller, more manageable as messenger dogs and ambulance dogs and is still used for military and police
English Toy Spaniel named Rex.
(guiding medical helpers to wounded men), work, and as a search and rescue dog. Despite
but Flanders was devastated by the fighting, originally being an outdoor dog, the Bouvier
and the breed itself was almost destroyed. des Flandres can adjust to an urban home,
One dog that survived was a male named as long as it has plenty of exercise every day.
Nic, which became a founding sire of the The coat needs to be groomed several times a
modern breed. When Nic was presented week and trimmed every three months.



High-set,
drop ears




Heavily
feathered tail Silver-brindle









Long,
coarse beard










Very thick coat, Dense coat
coarse to touch extends
over feet













47

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS



Bouvier des Ardennes
Ears slightly
darker than body
HEIGHT 20–24in (52–62cm) Variety of colors
WEIGHT 49–77lb (22–35kg)
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years

This hardy, active, former cattle herder from the Belgian
Body length equals
Ardennes is now rarely seen, either as a working dog or a house dog. leg length
A handful of enthusiasts have kept the breed in existence, and with
its adaptable temperament and zest for life the Bouvier des
Ardennes has the potential Black-
for future popularity. edged
Erect, lips
pointed
ears
Coarse mustache
Black and beard


Tousled coat,
Fawn dry to touch








Rounded
feet




Croatian Sarplaninac


Shepherd Dog HEIGHT Over 23in (58cm) Any solid color
WEIGHT 66–99lb (30–45kg)
LIFE SPAN 11–13 years
HEIGHT 16–20in (40–50cm)
WEIGHT 29–44lb (13–20kg)
LIFE SPAN 13–14 years Formerly known as the Illyrian Shepherd Dog, this impressive
breed is now named after the Sarplanina Mountains of Macedonia
Relatively small and lightly built for a shepherd where it originated. The Sarplaninac is very much an outdoor,
dog, this breed is active and alert. Easy to train for Narrow working dog. Although it has a sociable though protective
muzzle
work, the Croatian Shepherd Dog may be harder temperament, its size and energy levels make it impractical
to handle as a house dog because of its natural as a family pet. Drop ears
Longer hair
herding and guarding instincts. Its unusually
forms ruff
wavy or curly coat is a distinctive feature. Heavily around neck
feathered,
bushy tail Brown
Black
Erect, triangular ears, Broad, slightly
lined with long hair rounded top
to head
Short hair Wavy coat
on face



Shorter Backs of Lighter
hair on legs slightly lower legs
lower legs feathered Long,
dense coat





48