13. Since when flUl oSu dc ls
14. From when ÝkWe oSu dc ls
15. For how long QkWj gko yk¡x dc ls
16. With whom fon gwe fdlds lkFk
17. For whom QkWj gew fdlds fy,
18. About whom vckmV gwe fdlds ckjs eas
19. Towards whom VqoMZ~l gwe fdldh rjQ+
20. By whom ck; gwe fdlds }kjk
21. From where ÝkWe os;j dgk¡ ls] tgk¡ ls
22. For what QkWj oV fdlfy,] ftlfy,
23. What for oV QkWj fdlfy, ] ftlfy,
24. How beautiful gko C;wfVQqy fdruh lqUnj
25. How far gko Qkj fdruk njw
26. How good gko xqM fdruk vPNk
27. How long gko yk¡x fdruk yEck
28. How old gko vkYs M fdruk iqjkuk ;k fdruk cM+k ¼mez esa½
29. How soon gko lwu fdruh tYnh
30. In what way bu oV os fdl rjg ls
31. At what way ,V oV os fdl rjg ls
32. What else oV ,Ys l vkSj D;k
33. Whatever oVSoj tks dqN Hkh
34. Whatsoever oVlk,s soj tks dqN Hkh
35. What then oV nSu rks D;k] rc D;k] fQj D;k
36. What type of oV Vkbi vkWQ fdl rjg dk
37. Whenever oSuSoj tc dHkh
38. When so ever oSuSlk,s os j tc dHkh
39. Whence oSUl dgk¡ ls] tgk¡ ls
40. Whereas o;s j,ts tcfd
41. Where in o;s j bu ftlesa
42. Whichever fop,soj tks dqN Hkh
43. Which so ever foplks,soj tks dqN Hkh
44. Which type fop Vkbi fdl rjg dk] fdl izdkj dk
45. Whoever g,w os j tks dqN Hkh
46. Whosoever glw k,s soj tks dqN Hkh
47. Why so ok; lks ,ls k D;ksa
48. From which office ÝkWe fop vkWfQl fdl vkWfQl ls
49. From whose office ÝkWe gwt+ vkWfQl fdlds vkWfQl ls
50. With which boy fon fop ckW; fdl yM+ds ds lkFk
51. Towards which city VqoMZ~l fop flVh fdl 'kgj dh rjQ+
52. From which street ÝkWe fop LVªhV fdl xyh ls
53. For which company ÝkWe fop dEiuh fdl dEiuh ds fy,
54. By which gun ck; fop xu fdl cUndw ls
55. In which glass bu fop Xykl fdl fxykl esa
56. With who people fon gw ihiy fdu ykxsa kas ds lkFk
57. For whose son QkWj gtw + lu fdlds cVs s ds fy,
51
58. Which brother of mine fop cznj vkWQ ekbu esjk dkSu lk HkkbZ
59. Which sister of yours fop flLVj vkWQ ;kSlZ rqEgkjh dkSu lh cgu
60. How many brothers gko eSuh cznlZ fdrus HkkbZ
61. How many hairs gko eSuh gvs lZ fdrus cky
62. How many stars gko eSuh LVklZ fdrus rkjs
63. How much money gko ep euh fdruk ikuh
64. How many such people gko eSuh lp ihiy ,ls s fdrus yksx
65. How much sugar gko ep ‚kqxj fdruh phuh
66. What kind of people oV dkbZUM vkWQ ihiy fdl rjg ds yksx
fdl rjg / dSls
67. How come gko de
68. At what time ,sV oV Vkbe fdl le;
69. What kind of book oV dkbUM vkWQ cqd fdl rjg dh fdrkc
70. Which girl’s brother fop xYlZ cznj fdl yM+dh dk HkkbZ
71. Which school’s student fop LdwYl LVMw SaV fdl Ldwy dk fo/kkFkhZ
72. How many Kilograms of sugar gko eSuh fdyksxSzEl vkWQ ‚kqxj fdrus fdyksxzke phuh
73. How many glasses of milk gko eSuh Xyklst+ vkWQ feYd n/w k ds fdrus fxykl
74. How many brothers of mine gko eSuh cznlZ vkWQ ekbu esjs fdrus HkkbZ
75. How many brothers of yours gko eSuh cznlZ vkWQ ;kSlZ rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ
EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gaSA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” eas tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nfs [k,A
eauS s vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gAS Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls egs ur dfj,xk D;kfsa d egs ur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ge‛s kk vkids lkFk jgxsa hA –
Aditya Sir
52
Lesson – 6
Parts of Speech- “kCn Hksn
fdlh Hkh okD; dks fy[kus o ckys us ds fy, ‚kCnksa ds lewg dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA okD; esa iz;ksx bu lHkh ‚kCnksa dks
dkbs Z u dksbZ uke fn;k tkrk gSA tSls & laKk] loZuke] fØ;k vkfnA
‚kCnkas ds lgh iz;kxs dks le÷kus ds fy, gh bUgas 8 oxkZsa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS ftUgsa ‚kCn Hkns dgrs gSaA
Group of words are used together in a specific manner to write or speak a sentence. Every single
word in a sentence is given a name i.e. Noun, Pronoun, Verb etc.
To understand the sequence of words so that the sentence delivers the correct message, these
words are categorized in 8 categories, which are called the “Parts of Speech”.
8 Parts of speech; with their one-liner definitions are:
1. Noun (laKk) fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq ds uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA
2. Pronoun (loZuke) loZuke dk iz;ksx laKk dh txg ij fd;k tkrk gSA
3. Verb (fØ;k) fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh
tkudkjh feyrh gSA
4. Adjective (fo‛k’s k.k) tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke dh fo‛ks’krk crkrs gSa ;k muds ckjs esa dqN
vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
5. Adverb (fØ;k fo‛k’s k.k) tks fdlh fØ;k dh] fdlh fo‛k’s k.k dh ;k fdlh nwljs fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k dh
fo‛ks’krk crkrs gSa ;k muds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
6. Preposition (lEcU/k lwpd vOo; ;k iwoZlxZ) Prepositions oks ‚kCn gksrs gSa tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke vkSj
okD; ds nwljs Hkkx ds chp ds lac/a k dks n‛kkZrs gSaA
7. Conjunction (la;kstd) ;g nks ‚kCnksa ;k okD;ksa dks tksM+ nsrs gSaA blls okD; NksVk gks tkrk gS
fcuk vFkZ cnysA
8. Interjection (foLe;kfnck/s kd) Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr djus okys ‚kCn o ‚kCnksa ds lewgA
vki buds ckjs esa vkus okys ikBksa eas foLrkj ls le÷kus okys gSaA
egRoi.w kZ rF; (Important Facts):
1. dgha dgha Articles (A/An vkSj The) dks Hkh vyx ‚kCn Hkns ekuk tkrk gS ysfdu vf/kdka‛kr% ;s Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k)
gh dgs tkrs gSa D;kasfd ;s fdlh laKk ds ckjs eas dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nrs s gSaA
tSls & ,d iSu (A Pen)A ;gk¡ ij “iSu” ,d laKk gS vkSj “A” dk iz;ksx djus ls ;s irk pyrk gS fd iSu
fdrus gSa vFkkZr “A” dk iz;kxs djus ls “iSu” ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk feyrh gSA ;g ckr vki rc cgs rj le÷k ik;saxs
tc vki vkus okys pSIVjksa esa lHkh ‚kCn Hksnksa dks vPNh rjg le÷k yxsa sA
Generally, Articles are not considered a separate part of speech; rather classified as adjectives because
they modify nouns by mentioning their quantity i.e. as a number (A pen means one pen).
2. tc ge fdlh laKk dh ek«kk ds ckjs eas crk;sa tSls 1 vkneh] 2 iSu] 3 yksx] 50 dcwrj vkfnA rks bl rjg ls laKk dh
ek«kk ds ckjs eas crkus okyh ;s la[;k,¡ Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ dgykrh gSaA ;g Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ Hkh
Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k) gh ekus tkrs gSa D;ksfa d buds dkj.k fdlh laKk ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk feyrh gSA ;g dkWUlsIV Hkh
vki vkxs vkus okys Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ pSIVj esa i<s+axsA
Determiners are also classified as adjectives because they modify a noun.
53
Lesson – 7
Noun ¼laKk½
ge cpiu ls ;gh i<+rs g,q vk jgs gSa fd lKa k fdlh O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq dk uke gksrk gSA ;s ifjHkk"kk xyr
ugha gS ij FkksM+k vf/kd tkuus dh t+:jr gSA vxj ;s ifjHkk’kk lgh eku yh tk,] fQj rks fdlh tkuoj dk
uke tSls fdlh dqRrs dk uke „ VQh ‟ Hkh lKa k ugha gSA ij ,slk fcYdqy ugha gSA uke pkgs fdlh O;fDr dk gks
;k fQj fdlh tkuoj dk] mls laKk gh ekuk tkrk gSA
,d ckr vkSj & ,d ‚kCn gS „I;kj ‟A ;g ,d Hkkookpd laKk gSA gekjk iz‛u ;g gS fd ;s rks fdlh O;fDr]
LFkku ;k oLrq dk uke ugha gS fQj bls laKk D;ksa ekurs gSa ! ;s lc ckrsa vkidks bl pSIVj dks i<+us dk ckn o
vkWfM;ks ySDpj dks lquus ds ckn le÷k vk tk;asxhA bl pSIVj dks /;ku ls if<+;As
Since childhood, we have been taught that a noun is the name of a person,
place or thing. This definition is not incorrect but we need to know a little
more. Even if, for an instance we assume, this definition is correct, then
why is the name of a dog or any animal for that matter considered a noun
! The fact is, name of any creature is a noun; be it a human or an animal.
Similarly, „love‟ is an example of abstract noun. It‟s not a name of a
person, place or thing , then why do we take it as a noun ! There are lot
many examples as such. Let‟s understand.
1) Proper Noun ¼O;fDrokpd laKk ½
O;fDrokpd laKk fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dk uke gksrk gSA
Proper Noun is the name of a Creature, place or thing.
Ram ¼fdlh izk.kh dk uke gS½ (Name of a Creature)
Tuffy ¼fdlh izk.kh dk uke gS½ (Name of a Creature)
Dehradun ¼fdlh txg dk uke gS½ (Name of a Place)
Parker pen ¼fdlh oLrq dk uke gS½ (Name of a Thing)
Usha Fan ¼fdlh oLrq dk uke gS½ (Name of a Thing)
2) Common Noun ¼tkfrokpd lKa k ½
tkfrokpd laKk fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dh tkfr ds ckjs eas crkrk gSA
Common Noun denotes the class of a Creature, Place or thing.
1- pfy, le>sAa ekuk vkids lkeus nks eksckby j[ks gq, gSaA ,d gS uksfd;k eksckbZy vkSj nlw jk gS lSelax eksckbZyA
nksukas esa D;k lekurk gS \ nksukas ekcs kby gSaA blfy, Þekcs kbyÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu nksuksa dh tkfr
Þekcs kbyÞ gSA
Suppose, there are two mobiles. One is nokia‟s and another one is Samsung‟s. What is
common in both? They both are mobile. So „mobile‟ is a common noun.
2- ekuk vkids lkeus nks yM+ds [kMs+ gSaA ,d gS jke vkSj nlw jk gS jktwA nksuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ nkus ksa yM+ds gSaA
blfy, ÞyM+dkÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu nkus kas dh tkfr ÞyM+dkÞ gSA
Suppose there are two boys; Ram and Raju. What is common in both? They both are
boys. So „boy‟ is a common noun.
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3- ekuk vkids lkeus rhu QSu j[ks gq, gSaA ,d gS m"kk QSu] nlw jk gS [krs ku QSu vkSj rhljk gS gSoYl QSuA rhuksa esa
D;k lekurk gS \ rhuksa QSu gSaA blfy, ÞQSuÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu rhuksa dh tkfr ÞQSuÞ gSA
There are three fans; one is Usha‟s, second one is Khaitan‟s and the third one is
Havel‟s. What is common in them? They all are fans. So „fan‟ is a common noun.
4- rhu jkT; gSaA ,d gS fnYyh] nlw jk gS gfj;k.kk vkSj rhljk gS fcgkjA rhuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ rhukas jkT; gSaA
blfy, ÞjkT;Þ ,d Common Noun gSA bu rhuksa dh tkfr ÞjkT;Þ gSA
Let‟s think about three states; Delhi, Hariyana and Bihar. What is common in these?
These all are states. So „State‟ is a common noun.
3) Collective Noun ¼lewgokpd lKa k½
lewgokpd laKk izkf.k;ksa ds] txgksa ds ;k oLrqvksa ds lewg dks n‛kkZrk gSA
Collective Noun denotes the group of creatures, places or things.
People(yksx) - dbZ yksxkas dk lewg (group of persons)
Crowd(HkhM+)
Batch(cSp) - dbZ yksxkas dk lewg (group of persons)
Team(Vhe)
Bunch(xqPNk) - dbZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lewg (group of students)
Family(QSfeyh)
- dbZ f[kykfM+;kas dk lewg(group of players)
- vxa wj dk (group of grapes)
- ifjokj (group of members)
Few other examples are: Army, Class, Committee, Council, Department,
Society, Majority, Minority, Audience, Jury, Company, Corporation etc.
4) Material Noun ¼inkFkZokpd laKk ½
inkFkZokpd laKk fdlh Hkh inkFkZ dk uke gkrs k gSA
Material Noun denotes the Name of a material.
lkus k (Gold), pk¡nh (Silver), rk¡ck (Copper), Xykl (Glass), ydM+h (Wood), iRFkj (Stone) etc.
5) Abstract Noun ¼Hkkookpd laKk ½
Hkkookpd laKk oks gksrh gS ftls ge Nw ;k n[s k ugha ldr]s flQZ eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Abstract Noun is something that we can‟t touch or see; we can only feel it. In other
words, A person can‟t physically interact such things. We can‟t see, touch, hear, smell
or taste these nouns.
bZekunkjh (Honesty), I;kj (Love), pkjs h (Theft), ?k`.kk (Hate), oDr (Time), lksp (Thinking),
Hkkouk,¡ (Feelings), xf.kr (Mathematics), mEehn (Expectation) etc.
vkids eu esa ‚kk;n ,d loky vk;s fd „Love‟ rks ,d fØ;k gS fQj ;s Hkkookpd laKk dSls gS ! dqN ,sls ‚kCn
gksrs gSa tks fØ;k o laKk nksuksa dh rjg iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA Love ds nks eryc gSaA ,d gS *I;kj* vkSj nwljk gS
*I;kj djuk*A igyk okyk Abstract Noun gS rks nwljk okyk fØ;k gSA D;kasfd nlw js okys esa *djuk* dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gS ftlls ;s irk yxrk gS fd fdlh dke dks djus dh ckr gks jgh gSA *I;kj djuk* ,d dke ;kfu
fØ;k gSA
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You must be thinking that „Love‟ is a verb then how come it‟s an abstract Noun.
Let me tell you. There are a few words, which can function as nouns in some cases and
verbs in other cases, „Love‟ is one of them.
Love is life. I;kj ft+Unxh gSA ¼;gk¡ ij love ,d Hkkookpd laKk gSALove as an „Abstract Noun‟½
I love you. eSa rqEgas I;kj djrk g¡Aw ¼;gk¡ ij love ,d fØ;k gSA Love as a „Verb‟½
cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ ckr (Very Important point)–
fdlh Hkh okD; esa Subject ;k rks laKk gksxh ;k fQj loZukeA uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa ls lef÷k,A
In a sentence, Subject is either a noun or a pronoun.
1- lQyrk cgqr t+#jh gSA Success is very important.
;gk¡ ij Subject gS & „Success‟. ;s dkbs Z loZuke rks gS ugha] blfy, laKk gh gks ldrh gSA vc eqn~nk ;s gS
fd ;s dkSu lh laKk gSA ;s u fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k txg dk uke gS] u dksbZ tkfr gS] u dkbs Z lewg gS] u gh dksbZ
inkFkZ gS rks fQj D;k cpkA vjs gk¡ „Success‟ dks u Nw ldrs gaS u n[s k ldrs gSa] fcYdqy lkQ gS fd ;s
Hkkookpd laKk gSA
In above example, Subject is „Success‟. As per the rule, subject can either be a noun or a
pronoun. Since it‟s not a pronoun, it‟s a noun then. Now the question is, which noun it
is! It‟s not a name of any person, place or thing; it‟s neither a class; neither a group; nor
a material, then what it is? Oh yes!, „Success‟ can‟t be touched or seen, it is abstract
noun.
2- jke esjk nkLs r gSA Ram is my friend.
;gk¡ ij Subject gS & „Ram‟. ;s dkbs Z loZuke rks gS ugha] blfy, laKk gh gks ldrh gSA vc eqn~nk ;s gS fd ;s
dkSu lh laKk gSA ;s ,d O;fDr dk uke gS] blfy, ;s ,d O;fDrokpd laKk gSA
In above example, Subject is „Ram‟. As per the rule, subject can either be a noun or a
pronoun. Since it‟s not a pronoun, it‟s a noun then. Now the question is, which noun it
is! It‟s a name of a person, so it is a proper noun.
3- oks esjk HkkbZ gSA He is my brother.
;gk¡ ij Subject gS & „He‟. ;s ,d loZuke gSA
In above example, Subject is „He‟. As per the rule, subject can either be a noun or a
pronoun. It‟s a pronoun.
4- bZekunkjh ejs s [kuw esa gSA Honesty is in my blood.
Subject gS & „Honesty‟. igys mnkgj.k dh rjg „Honesty‟ dks u Nw ldrs gSa u n[s k ldrs gSa] ;s ,d
Hkkookpd laKk gSA
Subject is „Honesty‟. Just like the first example, it can‟t be experienced by any of our 5
senses, hence it‟s clear, it‟s an abstract noun.
5- i<u+ k vPNh vknr gSA Reading is a good habit.
Subject gS & „Reading‟. vkb, lkspsa fd ;g Subject laKk gS ;k fQj loZukeA ;s u gh loZuke gS vkSj u
gh Åij nh xbZ dksbZ Hkh laKkA vkidks FkksM+k dU¶;wt+u gks jgk gksxk fd Read dk eryc rks gksrk gS i<+ukA ;s rks
fØ;k gSA
yfs du /;ku nhft, fd Read ds lkFk ing yxkdj bls Subject dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA geus vkidks
crk;k Fkk fd fdlh Hkh okD; esa Subject ;k rks laKk gksxh ;k fQj loZukeA rdZ ;g gS fd vxj fdlh fØ;k ds
vkxs ing yxk dj mls laKk dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tk;s rks ml ‚kCn dks tSjUM ;kfu fØ;kokpd laKk dgrs gSaA
tks fd bl pSIVj esa vkidk vxyk VkWfid gSA
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Subject is „Reading‟. It‟s neither a pronoun nor a noun that we have discussed above.
You might be getting little confused because „Read‟ is a verb. But you must notice that
„read‟ is attached with „ing‟ and used as a subject. We had told you that the subject
can either be a noun or a pronoun. It can‟t be a verb. The fact is; If a verb is added
with „ing‟ and used as a noun in a sentence, that verb is called „Gerund‟. It‟s your next
topic in this chapter.
Gerund¼tSjUM½ fØ;kokpd lKa k
vxj fdlh fØ;k ds vkxs ing yxk dj mls laKk dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tk;s rks mls tSjUM ;kfu fØ;kokpd laKk dgrs
gSaA
If a verb is added with „ing‟ and used as a noun in a sentence, that verb is called „Gerund‟.
Verb ¼fØ;k½ Verb is used as a Noun.
Gerund ¼fØ;kokpd laKk ;kfu tSjUM½
I love you. Loving you is a part of my life.
I think about them.
Thinking so much is not good for
I read books. health.
I run 5 kilometers a day. Reading is a good habit.
Rahul smokes.
Running daily is good for health.
Smoking is injurious to health.
Noun: Two types (in another classification)
Countable Noun ftUgas fxuk tk ldrk gSA Example: Pen, Boy, Book, Hair,
x.kuh; laKk That can be counted.
Star, Girl, Man, Cow, City, Paper
Uncountable Noun ftUgas fxuk ugha tk ldrkA etc.
vx.kuh; laKk That can‟t be counted Example: Milk, Sugar, Honesty,
Delhi, Money, Love, Hate etc.
vki lksp jgs gksaxs fd „Hair‟ vkSj „Star‟ rks vufxur gksrs gSa fQj bUgsa Countable Noun D;ksa dgk x;kA nfs [k,]
vufxur blfy, dgrs gSa D;kasfd cgqr vf/kd gksrs gSa] fxuuk eqf‛dy gS ij vlEHko rks ugha gS ukA fxu rks ldrs gh gSaA
nlw jh ckr geus „Money‟ dks Uncountable Noun dgk gS tcfd iSls dks ge fxu ldrs gSaA ij /;ku nhft, fd
vxa zts +h ds bl ‚kCn „Money‟ dks ge 1 money, 2 money, 3 money vkfn ugha dg ldrs blfy, bls
Uncountable ekuk tkrk gSA
You must be thinking that „Hair‟ and „Star‟ are not possible to count. In fact, counting them is
difficult because they are huge in numbers but it‟s not impossible to count them; we can count
them like 1 star, 2 stars, 3 stars, 1 hair, 2 hairs, 3 hairs etc. That‟s why they are called
countable nouns. Secondly, „Money‟ is an English word which is considered to be an
uncountable noun because we can‟t say “I have 1 money, 2 money, 3 money etc” so can‟t count
it in numbers.
57
The Noun: Gender (fyax)
Masculine Gender Feminine Gender Neuter Gender
¼iqfYyax½ ¼L«khfyax½ ¼uiqaldfyax½
It denotes a male. It denotes a Female. It denotes neither male
¼;g iq#"k tkfr dk cks/k djkrk gS½ ¼;g L«kh tkfr dk cks/k djkrk gS½ nor female but non living.
¼u iq#"k tkfr u L«kh tkfr] cfYd
Example: Example: ;g futhZo phtksa dk cks/k djkrk gSA½
Boy, Uncle, Brother Woman, Girl, Aunt, Example:
Gents, Actor etc. Sister, Ladies, Actress, Book, Pen, Mobile,
Cat, Cow etc. Laptop, Chair etc.
The Noun: Number ¼opu½
Singular ¼,dopu½ Plural ¼cgqopu½
tc laKk fdlh ,d izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dk cks/k djk;sA tc laKk ,d ls vf/kd izkf.k;kas] txgksa ;k oLrqvkas dk cks/k
It denotes one Creature, Place or Thing. djk;sA
It denotes more than one Creature, Place
or Thing.
Rat ¼pwgk½ Rats ¼,d ls T+;knk pwgs½
Mouse ¼pwfg;k½ Mice ¼,d ls T+;knk pqfg;k½
Tooth ¼,d nk¡r½ Teeth ¼,d ls T+;knk nk¡r½
Man ¼,d vkneh½ Men ¼,d ls T+;knk vkneh½
Woman ¼,d vkSjr½ Women ¼,d ls T+;knk vkSjra½s
Girl ¼,d yM+dh½ Girls ¼,d ls T+;knk yM+fd;k¡½
The Noun: Always ending with „s‟
dqN ,sls Noun Hkh gksrs gSa ftuds vUr esa ge‛s kk „s‟ yxrk gSA ij ;s cgqopu ugha gksrsA
There are a few nouns, which always end with „s‟, but they are always plurals.
Scissors ¼lht+lZ½ dSaph
Trousers ¼VªkÅt+lZ½ iSaV
Binoculars ¼ckbuksdqylZ½ njw chu
Spectacles ¼LiSDVds Yl½ p‛ek
Mathematics ¼eSFkes SfVDl½ xf.kr
News ¼U;wt+½ lekpkj
EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” eas tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nfs [k,A
eauS s vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls egs ur dfj,xk D;kfsa d egs ur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ge‛s kk vkids lkFk jgsxa hA –
Aditya Sir
58
Lesson – 8
Pronoun ¼loZuke½
“loZuke dk iz;kxs lKa k dh txg ij fd;k tkrk gSA”
“Pronoun is usually a substitute for a noun.”
uhps fn;s x;s nks mnkgj.kksa dh enn ls le÷kus dk iz;Ru dfj, &
1- Þjke vPNk yM+dk gSA jke esjk nkLs r gSA jke ds ikik esjs ikik ds lkFk dke djrs gSaAÞ
Ram is a good boy. Ram is my friend. Ram‟s father works with my father.
2- Þjke vPNk yM+dk gSA oks esjk nksLr gSA mlds ikik esjs ikik ds lkFk dke djrs gSaAÞ
Ram is a good boy. He is my friend. His father works with my father.
ckj&2 „jke‟ dgus ds ctk;] nlw js mnkgj.k esa „ok‟s o „mlds‟ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] ftlls okD; ds vFkZ esa dkbs Z
cnyko ugha vk;k gS] cfYd okD; T+;knk cgs rj gks x;k gSA pw¡fd jke ,d laKk gS blfy, okD; esa jke dh txg ij
iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys ‚kCn „ok‟s o „mlds‟ loZuke gSaA
„He‟ & „His‟ are being used as substitutes of „Ram‟ in example no.2, which doesn‟t
change the meaning of the sentence. These such words, replacing noun; „He‟ & „His‟ are
called pronouns.
bl pSIVj dh vkWfM;ks ySDpj t+#j lqfu, rkfd lHkh dkWUlsUV o mnkgj.k csgrj rjhds ls le÷k ik;sAa
Types ¼izdkj½
uhps nh x;h rkfydk ij xkSj dfj;sA (Look at the table below)
Subjective Objective Possessive Reflexive
Pronoun
Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun
bl Pronoun dk
;g Subject esa iz;ksx ;g Object esa iz;ksx bl rjg ds Pronoun dk iz;ksx ;s iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk
fd;s tkrs gSaA fd;s tkrs gSaA crkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g
fdldk gS & esjk] rqEgkjk] mldk] mudk gS tc Subject
[kqn ds ckjs eas crkrk
;k fQj fdlh vkSj dkA
gksA
I Me My Mine
eSa eq÷ks ;k esjs esjk esjk Myself
eSa [kqn
He Him His His
og] oks mls] mldks] mudks mldk mldk Himself
¼,d iq:"k½ ¼,d iq:"k dk½ ¼,d iq:"k dk½ oks [kqn
¼,d iq:"k dks½
She Her Hers ¼,d iq:"k½
og] oks Her mldk mldk
¼,d L=h½ mls] mldks] mudks ¼,d L=h dk½ ¼,d L=h dk½ Herself
oks [kqn
You ¼,d L=h dks½ Your Yours ¼,d L=h½
rqe] vki rqEgkjk@vkidk rqEgkjk@vkidk
¼rqe@vki ,d O;fDr You ¼rqe@vki ,d gks ¼rqe@vki ,d gks Yourself/
gks ldrs gks ;k ,d ls rqEgas] rqEgkjs@vkidks] ldrs gks ;k ,d ldrs gks ;k ,d ls Yourselves
T+;knk O;fDr gks ldrs T+;knk O;fDr gks rqe@vki [kqn
vkids ls T;+ knk gks ¼rqe@vki ,d O;fDr
gks½ ¼rqe@vki ,d gks ldrs ldrs gks½ ldrs gks½ gks ldrs gks ;k ,d
gks ;k ,d ls T+;knk gks ls T;+ knk O;fDr gks
ldrs gks½ ldrs gks½
59
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
o]s oks muds mudk mudk Okks [kqn@os [kqn
¼,d ls T;+ knk O;fDr½
¼,d ls T;+ knk O;fDr;kas ¼,d ls T;+ knk ¼,d ls T;+ knk ¼,d ls T;+ knk O;fDr½
We ds½ O;fDr;kas dk½ O;fDr;kas dk½
ge Ourselves
¼,d ls T;+ knk O;fDr½ Us Our Ours ge [kqn
gekjs gekjk gekjk
¼,d ls T;+ knk O;fDr;kas ¼,d ls T;+ knk ¼,d ls T;+ knk ¼,d ls T;+ knk O;fDr½
ds½ O;fDr;kas dk½ O;fDr;kas dk½
Difference between possessive cases
My, Mine esjk Your, Yours rqEgkjk
His mldk ¼,d iq:"k dk½
Our, Ours gekjk Their, Theirs mudk ¼,d ls T+;knk yksxksa dk½
Her, Hers mldk ¼,d L=h dk½
„My‟ vkSj „Mine‟ nksuksa dk eryc *esjk* gS ij vxj okD; esa ÞesjkÞ vdsys vk;s rks Mine dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj vxj
*esjk* ds lkFk dqN vkSj tqM+k gqvk gks tSls% esjk HkkbZ] esjs nksLr vkfn rks *esjk* ds fy, „My‟ dk iz;kxs djrs gSaA fcYdqy blh
rjg] „Your‟ vkSj „Yours‟ nksuksa dk eryc *rqEgkjk* gS ij vxj okD; esa ÞrqEgkjkÞ vdsys vk;s rks Yours dk iz;ksx
djrs gSa vkSj vxj *rqEgkjk* ds lkFk dqN vkSj tqM+k gqvk gks tSls% rqEgkjk HkkbZ] rqEgkjk nksLr vkfn rks *rqEgkjk* ds fy,
„Your‟ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Example:
rqe esjs HkkbZ gkAs You are my brother. ¼;gk¡ ij esjs ds lkFk HkkbZ yxk gqvk gS blfy, My dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
rqe esjs gksA You are mine. ¼;gk¡ ij esjs ds lkFk dqN ugha yxk gS blfy, Mine dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
;s esjh fdrkc gSA This is my book. ¼;gk¡ ij esjh ds lkFk fdrkc gS blfy, My dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
;s fdrkc esjh gSA This book is mine.¼;gk¡ ij esjh ds lkFk dqN ugha yxk gS] fdrkc rks Subject dk fgLlk gS
blfy, Mine dk iz;ksx fd;kA½
1- oks ikxy gSA Subjective Pronoun Example
2- ge ngs jknwu esa FksA He is mad.
We were in Dehradun.
Objective Pronoun Example
1- jke esjs lkFk FkkA Ram was with me.
2- ikik us eq÷ks Mk¡VkA Dad scolded me.
3- cPpk rqEgas n[s k jgk gSA Baby is watching you.
4- ikik us muds fy, cgqr dqN fd;kA Papa did a lot for them.
Possessive Pronoun Example
1- jke esjk lcls NksVk csVk gSA Ram is my youngest son.
2- fny rqEgkjk gS] esjk ughaA Heart is yours, not mine.
3- esjk fny jks jgk FkkA My heart was crying.
4- HkkbZ mldk gS] jke dk ugha gSA Brother is his/hers, not Ram‟s.
5- rqe esjs ugha FksA You were not mine.
1- eSa ;s [kqn d:¡xkA Reflexive Pronoun Example
2- oks ogk¡ vius vki tk;sxkA I will do it myself.
3- ;s vki [kqn dfj,A He will go there himself.
Do it yourself.
60
Lesson – 9
Adjective ¼fo‛ks’k.k½
fo‛k"s k.k oks ‚kCn ;k 'kCnkas dk lewg ¼miokD;½ gksrs gSa tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke dh fo‛ks"krk crkrs gSa ;k
fQj ml laKk ;k loZuke ds ckjs eas dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA ;s Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd fo‛k’s k.k fdlh
laKk ;k loZuke dk o.kZu djrs gSaA
Adjectives are the words or the group of words that show the quality of
noun/pronoun or provide some additional information about them. In
other words, Adjectives describe a noun or pronoun.
vkb, dqN mnkgj.k n[s ksAa
Let‟s see some examples.
1) Ram is brave. ( jke cgknqj gS)
„cgknqj‟ gksuk jke dh fo‛ks"krk gSA pw¡fd jke ,d laKk gS blfy, „Brave‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
To be „Brave‟ is the quality of Ram. Since Ram is a noun, hence Brave is an adjective.
2) He was brave. ( og cgknqj gS)
„cgknqj‟ gksuk mldh ;kfu „He‟ dh fo‛ks"krk gSA pw¡fd ÞogÞ ;kfu „He‟ ,d loZuke gS blfy, „Brave‟ ,d
fo‛ks"k.k gSA
To be „Brave‟ is the quality of „He‟. Since „He‟ is a pronoun, hence Brave is an adjective.
3) I have some/much water. ( esjs ikl FkksMk+ @cgqr ikuh gS)
ikuh ,d laKk gS blds lkFk „FkksMk+ ‟ ;k „T+;knk‟ yxkus ls ikuh dh ek=k ds ckjs esa irk py jgk gSA ;kfu ;g ‚kCn
ikuh ds ckjs eas dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk n+s jgk gS blfy, „some/much‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
Here, we have used „some/much‟ with water. It gives an idea about the amount of
water. So using „some‟ or „much‟ gives some additional information about water. „Water‟
is a noun so „some/much‟ is an adjective.
4) Aman is my brother who plays with you. (veu esjk HkkbZ gS tks rqEgkjs lkFk [kys rk gS)
bl okD; esa tSls gh dgk x;k fd “tks rqEgkjs lkFk [kys rk gS” ] blls veu ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk
yxrh gS fd oks rqEgkjs lkFk [kys rk gS] p¡wfd veu ,d O;fDr dk uke ;kfu laKk gS blfy, laKk ds ckjs esa dqN
vfrfjDr lwpuk nsus okyk ;g okD; “tks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS” ,d fo‛ks"k.k miokD; gSA
In this sentence, when said “who plays with you”, it provides additional information
about Aman that he plays with you. Since Aman is the name of a person, means a
noun, hence, the clause „who plays with you‟, which provides additional information
about a noun is an adjective clause.
5) He is Ram who is older than I. (oks jke gS tks eq>ls cM+k gS)
tc ge ;s dgrs gSa fd “tks eq>ls cM+k gS” ] rks geas jke ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk yxrh gS blfy, ;g
okD; “tks eq>ls cMk+ gS” ,d fo‛ks"k.k miokD; gSA
When We say “who is older than I”, it gives us some additional information about Ram,
who is a noun. Hence, this clause „who is older than I‟ is an adjective clause.
61
izk;% fo'ks"k.kksa dh rhu degrees gksrh gSa&
Generally, There are three degrees of adjectives-
1. Positive
2. Comparative
3. Superlative
Use of „er‟ / „est‟ Comparative Superlative
Positive Taller¼T+;knk yEck½ Tallest¼lcls T;+ knk yEck½
1. Tall ¼dn esa yEck½ Shorter¼T+;knk NkVs k½ Shortest ¼lcls T+;knk NksVk½
2. Short ¼dn esa NkVs k½
3. Big ¼cM+k½ Bigger¼T+;knk cM+k½ Biggest ¼lcls T+;knk cM+k½
4. Small ¼NkVs k½
5. Great ¼egku½ Smaller¼T+;knk NkVs k½ Smallest ¼lcls T+;knk NksVk½
6. Lengthy¼yEck½
7. Long ¼yEck½ Greater¼T+;knk egku½ Greatest ¼lcls T+;knk egku½
8. Wide ¼pkSM+k½
9. High ¼Å¡pk½ Lengthier¼T+;knk yEck½ Lengthiest ¼lcls T+;knk yEck½
10. Deep ¼xgjk½
11. Black ¼dkyk½ Longer¼T+;knk yEck½ Longest ¼lcls T+;knk yEck½
12. White ¼lQ+ns ½
13. Bitter ¼dM+ok½ Wider¼T+;knk pkSM+k½ Widest ¼lcls T+;knk pkSM+k½
14. Sweet ¼ehBk½
15. Sour ¼[kV~Vk½ Higher¼T+;knk Å¡pk½ Highest ¼lcls T+;knk Å¡pk½
16. Clean ¼lkQ½
17. Dirty ¼xank½ Deeper¼T+;knk xgjk½ Deepest ¼lcls T+;knk xgjk½
18. Cold ¼BaMk½
19. Hot ¼xeZ½ Blacker¼T+;knk dkyk½ Blackest ¼lcls T+;knk dkyk½
20. Fast ¼rts +½
21. Slow ¼gYdk½ Whiter¼T+;knk lQn+s ½ Whitest ¼lcls T+;knk lQ+sn½
22. Hard ¼dBksj½
23. Tough ¼dBkjs ½ Bitterer¼T+;knk dM+ok½ Bitterest ¼lcls T+;knk dM+ok½
24. Soft ¼eqyk;e@dkes y½
25. Rich ¼vehj½ Sweeter ¼T+;knk ehBk½ Sweetest ¼lcls T+;knk ehBk½
26. Poor ¼xjhc½
27. Strong ¼etcwr½ Sourer¼T+;knk [kV~Vk½ Sourest ¼lcls T+;knk [kV~Vk½
28. Weak ¼detksj½
29. Heavy¼Hkkjh½ Cleaner¼T+;knk lkQ½ Cleanest ¼lcls T;+ knk lkQ½
30. Light ¼gYdk½
31. Young¼mez esa NkVs k] toku½ Dirtier¼T+;knk xank½ Dirtiest ¼lcls T+;knk xank½
32. Old ¼mez esa cM+k] iqjkuk½
33. Bright¼pedhyk½ Colder¼T+;knk BMa k½ Coldest ¼lcls T+;knk BMa k½
34. Clever¼pkykd½
35. Dear¼I;kjk½ Hotter¼T+;knk xeZ½ Hottest ¼lcls T+;knk xeZ½
Faster¼T+;knk rst½+ Fastest ¼lcls T+;knk rts +½
Slower¼T+;knk gYdk½ Slowest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
Harder¼T+;knk dBksj½ Hardest ¼lcls T+;knk dBksj½
Tougher ¼T+;knk dBkjs ½ Toughest ¼lcls T+;knk dBksj½
Softer¼T+;knk eqyk;e@dkes y½ Softest ¼lcls T+;knk eqyk;e½
Richer¼T+;knk vehj½ Richest ¼lcls T+;knk vehj½
Poorer¼T+;knk xjhc½ Poorest ¼lcls T+;knk xjhc½
Stronger¼T+;knk etcwr½ Strongest ¼lcls T+;knk etcwr½
Weaker¼T+;knk detkjs ½ Weakest ¼lcls T+;knk detksj½
Heavier¼T+;knk Hkkjh½ Heaviest ¼lcls T+;knk Hkkjh½
Lighter¼T+;knk gYdk½ Lightest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
Younger ¼mez esa T+;knk NksVk½ Youngest ¼mez esa lcls NkVs k ½
Older/Elder¼T+;knk cM+k@iqjkuk½ Oldest/Eldest¼lcls cMk+ @iqjkuk½
Brighter ¼T+;knk pedhyk½ Brightest ¼lcls T+;knk pedhyk½
Cleverer ¼T+;knk pkykd½ Cleverest ¼lcls T;+ knk pkykd½
Dearer ¼T+;knk I;kjk½ Dearest ¼lcls T+;knk I;kjk½
62
36. Loud ¼Å¡ph vkokt½ Louder¼T+;knk Å¡ph vkokt½ Loudest ¼lcls Å¡ph vkokt½
37. Near ¼djhc½ Nearer¼T+;knk djhc½ Nearest ¼lcls T+;knk djhc½
38. Soon ¼tYnh½ Sooner¼T+;knk tYnh½ Soonest ¼lcls T+;knk tYnh½
39. Wise ¼cqf)eku½ Wiser¼T+;knk cqf)eku½ Wisest ¼lcls T+;knk cqf)eku½
40. Pure ¼ifo=] lkQ½ Purer¼T+;knk ifo=] lkQ½ Purest ¼lcls T+;knk ifo=] lkQ½
41. Brave ¼cgknqj½ Braver¼T+;knk cgknqj½ Bravest ¼lcls T+;knk cgknqj½
Use of more/most
1. Active¼rts rjkZj½ More Active ¼T+;knk rstrjkZj½ Most Active ¼lcls T+;knk rts rjkZj½
Most Beautiful ¼lcls T+;knk lqUnj½
2. Beautiful ¼lqUnj½ More Beautiful¼T+;knk lqUnj½ Most Careful ¼lcls T+;knk lko/kku½
Most Cheerful ¼lcls T+;knk [kq‛k½
3. Careful¼lko/kku½ More Careful ¼T+;knk lko/kku½ Most Dangerous ¼lcls T+;knk [krjukd½
Most Difficult ¼lcls T+;knk eqf‛dy½
4. Cheerful ¼[kq‛k½ More Cheerful ¼T+;knk [kq‛k½ Most Diligent ¼lcls T+;knk esgurh½
Most Famous ¼lcls T+;knk izfl)½
5. Dangerous ¼[krjukd½ More Dangerous ¼T+;knk [krjukd½ Most Foolish ¼lcls T+;knk e[w kZ½
Most Harmful ¼lcls T+;knk gkfudkjd½
6. Difficult¼eqf‛dy½ More Difficult ¼T+;knk eqf‛dy½ Most Honest ¼lcls T+;knk bZekunkj½
Most Important ¼lcls T+;knk egRoiw.kZ½
7. Diligent ¼esgurh½ More Diligent ¼T+;knk esgurh½ Most Industrious ¼lcls T+;knk esgurh½
Most Intelligent ¼lcls T+;knk cqf)eku½
8. Famous¼izfl)½ More Famous ¼T+;knk izfl)½ Most interesting ¼lcls T+;knk jkspd½
Most Popular ¼lcls T+;knk izfl)½
9. Foolish¼ew[kZ½ More Foolish ¼T+;knk ew[kZ½ Most Powerful ¼lcls T+;knk ‚kfDr‛kkyh½
Most Patient ¼lcls T+;knk /k;Zoku½
10. Harmful¼gkfudkjd½ More Harmful ¼T+;knk gkfudkjd½ Most urgent ¼lcls T+;knk t+#jh½
Most Useful ¼lcls T+;knk mi;ksxh½
11. Honest¼bZekunkj½ More Honest ¼T+;knk bZekunkj½
12. Important¼egRoiw.kZ½ More Important ¼T+;knk egRoiw.kZ½
13. Industrious¼esgurh½ More Industrious ¼T+;knk esgurh½
14. Intelligent¼cqf)eku½ More Intelligent ¼T+;knk cqf)eku½
15. Interesting¼jkspd½ More Interesting ¼T+;knk jkspd½
16. Popular¼izfl)½ More Popular ¼T+;knk izfl)½
17. Powerful¼‛kfDr‛kkyh½ More Powerful ¼T+;knk ‚kfDr‛kkyh½
18. Patient¼/kS;Zoku½ More Patient ¼ T+;knk /k;Zoku½
19. Urgent¼t+#jh½ More Urgent ¼ T+;knk t+#jh½
20. Useful¼mi;ksxh½ More useful ¼ T+;knk mi;ksxh½
Some adjectives have their comparative and Superlative degrees in an irregular pattern:
1. Good, Well ¼vPNk] Bhd½ Better ¼csgrj½ Best¼lcls T+;knk vPNk½
2. Bad, ill ¼cqjk½ Worse¼T+;knk cqjk½ Worst¼lcls T+;knk cqjk½
3. Much, Many¼T+;knk] dbZ½ More ¼vkSj T+;knk½ Most¼lcls T+;knk½
4. Little ¼FkksMk+ ] de½ Less, Lesser¼vkSj FkksMk+ de½ Least¼lcls T+;knk de½
uhps fn;s x;s okD;kas esa fo‛ks"k.k ‚kCnksa ;k fo‛ks"k.k miokD;kas dks xgjs dkys v{kjksa esa fy[kk gqvk gSA
Following are the sentences, where adjectives are written in bold letters.
1. It is a bright day.
2. Dehradun is a huge city.
3. She is a very nice girl.
4. They are cute.
5. They both are in a difficult situation.
6. I am taller than you.
63
Lesson – 10
Verbs ¼fØ;k,¡½
eku yhft, vki fcLrj ij ysVs gq, fdlh dks ;kn dj jgs gSaA vki lkspsxa s fd eSa dksbZ dke rks dj ugha jgk]
eSa rks flQZ fcLrj ij ysVk g¡wA ;w¡ rks fdlh dks ;kn djrs le; vkids gkFk iSj fLFkj gks ldrs gSa ysfdu
fnekx rks py jgk gS uA blfy, „;kn djuk‟ Hkh ,d fØ;k gS ftls vaxzst+h eas dgrs gSa „miss‟. Miss
eryc ;kn djukA
blfy, ;s er lksfp, fd fØ;k dk eryc flQZ oks dke gS ftleas vkids gkFk&iSj iz;ksx eas yk;s tk jgs gkAsa
lgh ek;us esa fØ;k dk vFkZ gS dkbs Z Hkh dkeA fQj pkgs oks dsoy fnekx ls gh D;ksa u fd;k tk jgk gksA
Suppose, you are lying on the bed and missing someone. You might think of doing no
physical work but still you must remember that your brain is functioning, hence such a
work „miss‟, even if being performed by your brain, is also considered as a verb.
fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
Verb is the one, which describes the action or the state of the subject.
vkb, le÷ksa (Let‟s understand) &
ekuk eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA” bl okD; esa gS Subject gS & v;k¡‛k vkSj Verb gS & lkus kA bl okD; esa Subject ds
dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA ;gk¡ ij Subject lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA
blh rjg] eku yhft, eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA” Subject gS & v;k¡‛kA ;gk¡ ij v;k¡‛k dkbs Z dk;Z ugha dj jgk
cfYd mlds ckjs esa rks flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd og 8 eghus dk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd voLFkk
dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA voLFkk dk lh/kk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Subject fdl le; esa & orZeku esa] chrs gq, dy esa ;k fQj
vkus okys dy esa fdl voLFkk esa gSA
xkSj dfj, &
Ayansh is sleeping. ¼v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA½
¼v;k¡‛k lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
Ayansh is 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA½
¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd orZeku voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
Ayansh was 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk FkkA½
¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd chrs gqbZ le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
Ayansh will be 8 months old.
¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd vkus okys le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
ftu okD;kas esa Subject fdlh dk;Z dks dj jgk gks ,sls okD; “Tenses(dky)” esa vkrs gSa vkSj ftu okD;ksa esa Subject
dkbs Z dk;Z u dj jgk gS] dsoy Subject dh voLFkk@fLFkfr ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gks] ,ls s okD; “Simple
Sentences(ljy okD;)” esa vkrs gSaA nkus kas rjg ds okD;ksa dks vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVlZ esa foLrkj ls i<xs+a sA
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fØ;k,¡ nks izdkj dh gkrs h gSa (Verbs are of two types):
a½ eq[; fØ;k (Main Verb)
;g fØ;k subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh nsrh gSA eq[; fØ;k dk lh/kk lk eryc gS dksbZ Hkh dke tSls ukpuk] xkuk]
lkps uk] i<u+ k] fy[kuk] n[s kuk] fgyuk] ;kn djuk] ihVuk vkfnA
Main verb describes the action of the subject such as to dance, to sing, to think, to read, to write, to
see, to move, to miss, to beat etc.
t+#jh ugha fd dke ogh gks tks gkFk iSjkas ls ;kfu physical gkAs vxj vki dqN lkps Hkh jgs gSa rks Hkh fnekx dke dj jgk
gS ;kfu Mental work gks jgk gS blfy, lkps uk Hkh ,d dk;Z gh gSA
Action doesn‟t only mean the physical work. When you think, your brain works, so „to think‟ is also
an action ; hence it is a verb.
b½ lgk;d fØ;k (Helping Verb/Auxiliary Verb)
;g fØ;k subject dh voLFkk ds ckjs esa crkrh gSA subject ds vuqlkj Helping verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples: is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will etc.
Main verbs dh rhu forms gksrh gSa] dqN egRoi.w kZ mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa –
1st form 2nd form 3rd form
Go (tkuk) went gone
Meet (feyuk) met met
Come (vkuk) came come
Leave (NkMs +uk) left left
Find (ikuk) found found
Live (jguk) lived lived
Get (ikuk) got got, gotten
Stay (Bgjuk) stayed stayed
Dance (Makl djuk) danced danced
Play ([kys uk) played played
Sit (cSBuk) sat sat
Tear (QkMu+ k) tore torn
Stand ([kM+s gksuk) stood stood
Start (‚kq# djuk) started started
Laugh (g¡luk) laughed laughed
Fill (Hkjuk) filled filled
Smile (eqLdqjkuk) smiled smiled
Send (Hkstuk) sent sent
Write (fy[kuk) wrote written
Prepare (rS;kj djuk) prepared prepared
Read (i<+uk) read (jSM) read (jSM)
Weep (jksuk) wept wept
Eat ([kkuk) ate eaten
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Shout (fpYykuk) shouted shouted
Drink (ihuk) drank drunk
Run (nkSM+uk) ran run
Wear (iguuk) wore worn
Get up (mBuk) got up got up
Cost (ewY; gksuk) cost cost
Thank (/kU;okn nsuk) thanked thanked
Move (fgyuk] fgykuk) moved moved
Sound (lquus esa yxuk) sounded sounded
See (n[s kuk) saw seen
Touch (Nwuk) touched touched
Look (n[s kuk) looked looked
Learn (lh[kuk) learned learned/learnt
Watch (n[s kuk) watched watched
Cook ([kkuk idkuk) cooked cooked
Catch (idM+uk) caught caught
Teach (i<+kuk) taught taught
Hang (yVduk] yVdkuk) hung hung
Bring (ykuk) brought brought
Comb (cky cukukk) combed combed
Take (ysuk) took taken
Ride (2 wheeler pykuk) rode ridden (fjMu)
Give (nsuk) gave given
Drive (4 wheeler pykuk) drove driven (fMªou)
Break (rksMu+ k) broke broken
Open ([kksyuk) opened opened
Hold (idM+uk) held held
Close (cUn djuk) closed closed
Shiver (dk¡iuk) shivered shivered
Sleep (lkus k) slept slept
Bother (ij‛s kku djuk) bothered bothered
Sing (xkuk) sang sung
Know (tkuuk) knew known
Cut (dkVuk) cut cut
Think (lkspuk) thought thought
Put (j[kuk) put put
Speak (ckr djuk) spoke spoken
Walk (pyuk] ?kweuk) walked walked
Seem (yxuk) seemed seemed
Talk (ckr djuk) talked talked
Feel (eglwl djuk) felt felt
Say (dguk) said said
Work (djuk) worked worked
Tell (crkuk) told told
Want (pkguk) wanted wanted
Ask (iwNuk) asked asked
Feed (f[kykuk) fed (QSM) fed (QSM)
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Complain(f‛kdk;r djuk) complained complained
Creep(jsaxuk) crept crept
Seek (<¡+<w uk) sought (lkWV) sought (lkWV)
Dig([kksnuk) dug dug
Dip(Mqckus k) dipped dipped
Flee(Hkkx tkuk) fled fled
Bite (nk¡r ls dkVuk) bit bitten
Hide (fNiuk) hid (fgM) hidden
Begin (‚kq# djuk) began (fcxSu) begun (fcxu)
Dream (liuk n[s kuk) dreamed, dreamt (MªSEV) dreamed, dreamt (MªSEV)
Show (fn[kkuk) showed showed
Hit (ekjuk) hit hit
Beat (ihVuk) beat (chV) beaten (chVu)
Marry(‚kknh djuk) married married
Peep (÷kk¡duk) peeped peeped
Plough(gy yxkuk) ploughed ploughed
Rest(vkjke djuk) rested rested
Rise (mxuk ;k c<+uk) rose(jkst+) risen (fjt+u)
Spit(Fkwduk) spat spat
Hurt (pkVs igq¡pkuk) hurt hurt
Throw (Qdsa uk) threw thrown
Fly (mM+uk) flew flown
Abuse(xkyh nus k) abused abused
Add(tksM+uk) added added
Tie(ck¡/kuk) tied tied
Weave(cquuk) wove(okso) woven(oqou)
Bathe(ugkuk) bathed(csn~M) bathed(csn~M)
Bid(cksyh yxkuk) bade (cMs ) bidden (fcMu)
Wring(fupksMu+ k ;k ejksMu+ k) wrung(jax) wrung(jax)
Fall (fxjuk) fell fallen
Bear (tUe nus k) bore born
Very Important: laid(ysM) laid(ysM)
Lay(j[kuk) lied(ykbM) lied(ykbM)
Lie (>wB cksyuk) lay(ys) lain(yus )
Lie (yVs uk)
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Lesson – 11
Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k½
fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k oks ‚kCn ;k ‚kCnkas dk legw ¼miokD;½ gksrs gSa tks fØ;k dh ;k fQj fo‛k"s k.k dh ;k fQj fdlh
nwljs fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k dh fo‛k"s krk crkrs gSa ;k fQj muds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSAa nwljs ‚kCnksa esa ge
dg ldrs gSa fd fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k fdlh fØ;k dks ;k fdlh fo‛k"s k.k dks ;k fdlh nwljs fØ;k fo‛k"s k.k dks rjk‛krk
gS ;k fQj mldk o.kZu djrk gSA
Adverbs are the words or a clause (group of words) that show the quality of
verb/adjective/another adverb or provide some additional information about them. In
other words, An Adverb polishes/describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Let‟s understand with the help of a few examples.
vkb, dqN mnkgj.kkas dh enn ls le÷kas &
1) Ram runs fast. ( jke rts nkSM+rk gS)
„rts ‟ ‚kCn dk iz;ksx djus ls nkSM+us ds ckjs dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk pyrh gSA pw¡fd nkSM+uk(run) ,d fØ;k gS
blfy, bl fØ;k ds ckjs eas vfrfjDr lwpuk nsus okyk ;g ‚kCn „rts ‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
When we add the word „fast‟, it modifies/describes the verb „Run‟. Hence the word „fast‟
is an adverb.
2) I study till late. ( eSa njs rd i<r+ k g¡)w
„njs rd‟ dk iz;ksx djus ls Þi<u+ Þs ds ckjs dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk pyrh gSA pw¡fd i<u+ k (study) ,d fØ;k gS
blfy, bl fØ;k ds ckjs eas vfrfjDr lwpuk nsus okyk ;g ‚kCn lewg „nsj rd‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
When we add the word „till late‟, it modifies/describes the verb „Study‟. Hence „till late‟
is an adverb.
3) He is a very good boy. ( oks cgqr vPNk yM+dk gSA)
;s dguk fd Þoks cgqr vPNk yM+dk gSAÞ ;gk¡ ÞvPNk gkus kÞ mldh¼He½ fo‛k"s krk gSA p¡wfd ÞogÞ ;kfu He ,d
loZuke gS blfy, „good (vPNk)‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA vc tc ge dgrs gSa „very good (cgqr vPNk)‟ rks „very‟
dguk „good‟ dh Hkh fo‛k"s krk crkrk gSA pw¡fd „good‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gS blfy, „very‟ ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k gSA
Here, being „good‟ is the quality of „He‟, so „good‟ is an adjective because „He‟ is a
pronoun. But when we use „very‟, then basically „very‟ is showing even the quality of
„good‟. Since „good‟ is an adjective so „very‟ is an adverb because it is polishing an
adjective(good).
4) Ram runs very fast. (jke cgqr rst+ nkSM+rk gSA)
„fast‟ ,d fØ;k fo‛k"s k.k gS D;kasfd ;g ,d fØ;k (run) dks rjk‛k jgk gS ;kfu mldk xq.k crk jgk gSA „very‟
yxkus ls „fast‟ dks Hkh rjk‛kk tk jgk gS „very‟ Hkh ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k gSA
Here „fast‟ is an adverb because it polishes a verb „run‟ and using „very‟ polishes „fast‟ so
„very‟ is basically polishing another adverb(fast), hence „very‟ is also an adverb.
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5) Ram runs fast, which is good for us. (jke rts + nkSM+rk gS tks gekjs fy, vPNk gSA)
;gk¡ ij ;s dguk fd Þtks gekjs fy, vPNk gSÞ mlds rst nkSM+us ds xq.k ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk ns jgk gS
blfy, Þtks gekjs fy, vPNk gSÞ ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k miokD; gSA
Saying that „which is good for us‟ is basically giving extra information about his quality
of running fast. Hence “which is good for us” is an adverb clause.
izk;% fØ;k fo'ks"k.kksa dh rhu degrees gksrh gSa & Positive, Comparative and Superlative. ij dqN fØ;k
fo'ks"k.kksa dh degrees ugha gksrh gSaA tSls & “very”, “quite” vkfnA
Generally, an adverb has three degrees: Positive, Comparative and Superlative. But
few adverbs don‟t have degrees e.g. “very”, “quite” etc.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Faster¼T+;knk rst+ ½ Fastest¼lcls T+;knk rts + ½
1. Fast ¼rts +½ Slower¼T+;knk gYdk½ Slowest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
2. Slow ¼gYdk] /khj½s More often(T+;knk vDlj½ Most often (lcls T+;knk vDlj½
3. Often(vDlj½ Later ¼T+;knk nsj ls½ Last ¼lcls T+;knk njs ls½
Inner ¼T+;knk vUnj½ Innermost ¼lcls T+;knk vUnj½
4. Late ¼ckn es]a njs ls½ Upper ¼T+;knk Åij½ Uppermost ¼lcls T+;knk Åij½
5. In ¼vUnj½
6. Up ¼Åij½ Farther¼T;knk nwj½ Farthest ¼lcls T;knk nwj½
7. Far ¼nwj½
Few Examples of Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛k"s k.kkas ds dqN mnkgj.k½
uhps lHkh mnkgj.kksa esa ml fØ;k dks xgjk dkyk o frjNk fd;k x;k gS ftldh fo‛k’s krk crkus ds fy, uhps fn;s x;s fØ;k
fo‛ks’k.k iz;ksx fd;s x;s gSaA (The verbs, which are being modified by the use of following
adverbs are written bold & italic.)
Afterwards ¼ckn eas½@Soon afterwards ¼rqjUr ckn½ eSa ckn esa vkÅ¡xk vxj vki vHkh O;Lr gSaA
1) I will come afterwards if you are busy now. vki 4 cts fudys vkSj mlds rqjUr ckn ge
2) You left at 4 pm and soon afterwards, we left.
fudysA
Again ¼nksckjk½@Once again ¼,d ckj fQj½@Again & again ¼ckj ckj½
1) That girl will go again. oks yM+dh nksckjk tk;sxhA
2) I will think once again. eSa ,d ckj fQj lkspw¡xkA
3) You are doing the same mistake again and again. rqe ckj&ckj ,d gh xyrh dj jgs gksA
Ago ¼igy½s s os ,d ?kaVs igys fudysA
2) They left one hour ago. oks ;gk¡ yxHkx nks lky igys vk;k FkkA
3) He had come here about two years ago.
Already ¼igys ls gh½ eSa rqEgsa igys gh bl ckjs esa crk pqdk g¡Aw
1) I have already told you about this. eSa igys ls gh ;s xkuk lqu pqdk gw¡A
2) I have already listened to the this song.
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Away ¼nwj½ rqe eq÷kls njw ugha tk ldrsA
1) You can‟t go away from me. ml yM+dh ls njw jgksA
2) Stay away from that girl.
Early ¼tYnh½ eSa lqcg tYnh mBrk gw¡A
1) I get up early in the morning. og vkWfQl cgqr tYnh igq¡pkA
2) He reached office pretty early.
Else ¼dqN@dgha@dkbs Z vkSj½
1) He went somewhere else. / He went elsewhere. og dgha vkSj x;kA
2) I don‟t want anything else. / I want nothing else.eSa dqN vkSj ugha pkgrkA
3) I am wearing someone else‟s shirt. eSaus fdlh vkSj dh ‚kVZ iguh gSA
Enough ¼dkQh½ os ijh{kk ds fy, dkQh rS;kjh dj jgs gSaA
1) They are preparing enough for the exams. mlus eq÷ks dkQh dqN dgkA
2) He said enough to me .
Ever ¼dHkh½ D;k rqeus dHkh bl ckjs eas lkps k \
1) Did you ever think about this? D;k rqe dHkh ogk¡ tkrs gks \
2) Do you ever go there? ;s lcls vPNh fdrkc gS tks eSaus dHkh i<h+ gSA
3) This is the best book that I have ever read.
Far ¼nwj] cgqr½ mls rqels dgha@cgqr T+;knk vuqHko gSA
1) He is far more experienced than you. oks rqels cgqr vPNk rSjrk gSA
2) He swims far better than you. oks cgqr njw jgrk gSA
3) He lives far away. rqe fdruh njw rd ns[k ldrs gks \
4) How far can you see?
Hardly/Rarely/Seldom ¼eqf‛dy ls gh] ‚kk;n gh dHkh] ‚kk;n gh dqN½
1) He hardly/rarely/seldom comes here. oks eqf‛dy ls gh dHkh ;gk¡ vkrk gSA
2) I could hardly hear you. eSa eqf‛dy ls gh rqEgkjh ckr lqu ldkA
3) I hardly ate anything yesterday. eSaus dy ‚kk;n gh dqN [kk;k A
4) We seldom meet each other these days. ge bu fnuksa eqf‛dy ls dHkh ,d nwljs ls
feyrs gSaA
Just ¼cl vHkh½ eSa cl vHkh vk jgk g¡wA
1) I am just coming. cl vHkh&2 fudyh gSA
2) The bus has just left. oks cl vHkh fudyk gSA
3) He has left just now. mlus ;s iz‛u cl vHkh dSls dj fn;k \
4) How did he just solve this question?
Never ¼dHkh ugh½a eSua s rqEgsa dHkh dqN ugha dgkA
1) I never said anything to you. eSaus rqEgas nq[k igq¡pkus dh dHkh ugha lkps hA
2) I never thought to hurt you. oks esjh fpUrk dHkh ugha djrhA
3) She never cares for me.
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Often/ Pretty often/Quite often/Very often ¼vDlj½/ How often ¼vDlj fdruh ckj½
1) I visit his home pretty often. eSa vDlj mlds ?kj tkrk gw¡A
2) How often do you go office? vki vDlj fdruh ckj vkWfQl tkrs gks \
Once ¼,d ckj½@At once ¼,d lkFk½@Once again ¼,d ckj fQj½@Once more ¼,d ckj vkSj½
1) I had gone there once. eSa ,d ckj ogk¡ x;k FkkA
2) They all shouted at once. os lkjs ,d lkFk fpYyk,sA
3) I thought once again. eSaus ,d ckj fQj lkspkA
4) You must read this book once more. rqEgas ;g fdrkc ,d ckj vkSj i<u+ h pkfg,A
Only ¼dsoy] bdykSrk½ oks dsoy ogk¡ tk jgk gSA
1) He is only going there. os dsoy ikuh ih jgs FksA
2) They were only drinking the water. veu us dos y ik¡p vaxwj [kk;sA
3) Aman only ate 5 grapes.
Quite ¼cgqr] dkQh½ oks dkQh fgEer okyh yM+dh FkhA
1) She was quite a daring girl. ikik bls cgqr vkjke ls dj jgas gSaA
2) Dad is doing it quite easily. oks cgqr gh fny Nwus okyk iy FkkA
3) That was quite a touching moment.
So ¼cgqr] ,ls k½ rqe ,slk D;ksa dg jgs gks \
1) Why are you saying so? D;k rqe ,slk lksprs gks \
2) Do you think so?
Together ¼lkFk es½a os ges‛kk lkFk dke djrs gSaA
1) They always work together. ge Dykl lkFk esa tkrs gSaA
2) We go to class together. lkFk eas dke djuk lEHko ugha gSA
3) It is not possible to work together.
Very ¼cgqr½ oks cgqr rts + nkSM+rk gSA
1) He runs very fast. vkt eSa cgqr tYnh igq¡pkA
2) I reached very early today.
,d ckr /;ku jgs fd vf/kdrj ftu ‚kCnksa ds vUr esa LY dk iz;ksx gksrk gSa os fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k gksrs gSaA
Kindly note that mostly the words ending with LY are Adverbs.
Examples - Quickly, nicely, firstly, clearly, sincerely etc.
,d ckr vkSj /;ku nhft,xk] ftrus Hkh ‚kCn Åij mnkgj.k eas fn;s x;s gSa tSls Quick, nice, first, clear,
sincere vkfn] ;s lHkh adjective gSa tks fdlh noun dh fo‛ks’krk crkus ds fy, yxk, tkrs gSa ij tc ;gh ‚kCn
fdlh fØ;k dh fo‛ks’krk crkus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkus gksa rks buds vUr esa LY yxkrs gh ;s ‚kCn adverb cu tkrs gSaA
Ram is nice. jke vPNk gSA jke ,d noun gS blfy, vPNk (nice) ,d adjective gSA
He danced nicely. oks vPNh rjg ukpkA ukpuk ,d verb gS blfy, vPNh rjg (nicely) ,d adverb gSA
Åij fn;s okD;ksa eas vPNk gksuk (nice) fdldh fo‛ks’krk gS & jke dh vkSj vPNh rjg (nicely) fdldh fo‛ks’krk gS &
ukpus dhA
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Lesson – 12
Interjection ¼foLe;kfncks/kd½
Interjections dk iz;ksx viuh Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA vpkud gqbZ fdlh ?kVuk
ls eu dh Hkkoukvksa dk O;Dr gksuk tSls [kq‛kh ;k nq[k izdV djuk] gSjku gksuk] ‚kkck‛kh nsuk vkfnA Hkkoukvkas
dks O;Dr djus ds fy, i;z ksx fd;s x;s ,sls ‚kCn ;k okD;ka‛kkas ds vUr esa ,DlDyses‛ku ekdZ ¼ ! ½yxk;k tkrk
gSA
Interjections are used to express sudden feelings or emotions that
originate due to sudden joy, grief, surprise, approval etc. Such words or
phrases are followed by an exclamation mark (!).
Interjections may express:
Joy: ¼[kq‛kh O;Dr djus gsrq½
Hurrah!, Great!, Wow!, Thanks! etc.
Grief: ¼nq[k O;Dr djus gsrq½
Alas!, Oh my God!, So sorry!, What a tragedy!, How tragic!, Oh no!, How sad! etc.
Surprise: ¼pkSadrs gq, Hkkoukvkas dks O;Dr djus grs q½
What! , Ha!, Oh my God!, My Goodness!, Amazing!, Fantastic!, Wow! , Is it! etc.
On Consent: ¼viuh lgefr O;Dr djus grs q½
Bravo! , Please! , Certainly! , True! , Well done!, Sure! etc.
On Mistake: ¼viuh xyrh dks O;Dr djus gsrq½
Oh! , Oops!, My God!, No! etc.
,DlDyes s‛ku ekdZ iz;kxs ds dqN mnkgj.k– Few Examples of exclamation mark usage-
Hkxoku vkidks vk‛khZokn ns! God bless you! xkWM CySl ;w!
okg! ] xtc! ] cgqr cf<+;k! Wow! , Wonderful! oko! oUMjQ+qy!
Hkxoku dh n;k ls! ] izHkq dh —ik ls! By God‟s grace ! ck; xkWM~l xzsl!
fdrus nq[k dh ckr gS! ] fdruk nq[kn! How sad! , How tragic! gko lSM! gko VªSftd!
mldh bruh fgEer! How dare he! gko Msvj gh!
vksg I;kjs! ¼tc fny esa I;kj meM+s½ Oh honey! , Oh dear! vksg guh! ] vksg fM;j!
cgqr cM+h xyrh! Terrible mistake! VSfjcy feLVsd!
fo‛okl ugha gks jgk! ] cgqr gh tcjnLr! Incredible! , Amazing! Awesome! bUØSfMcy! vesft+ax! vkWle!
cdokl! Absurd! , Nonsense ! Aweful! ,Cs t+MZ! ukulSUl! vkWQ+y!
Hkxoku dk ‚kqØ gS! Thank God! FkSad xkWM!
;s gqbZ u ckr! ¼thr dh [kq‛kh½ Hurry! , That‟s it! gqjsZ! ] nSV~l bV!
ut+j u yxs! Touch wood! , Finger crossed! Vp oqM! ] fQ+Uxj ØkWLM!
t+#j! ] D;kas ugha! ] iDdk! Sure! , Why not!, of course! ‚;ksj! ] ok; ukWV! ] vQ+ dkst+!
‚kkckl! Well done! oSy Mu!
D;k [kcj gS! ¼[kq‛kh ls dguk½ What a news! oV v U;tw +!
lp esa! ¼pkSadrs gq,½ Really! , Is it! fj;yh! ] bt+ bV!
cgqr&2 /kU;okn! Thanks a lot! FkSaDl v ykWV!
c/kkbZ gks! Congratulations! dkWUxzSpqys‛kUl!
D;k vkbfM;k gS! What an idea! oV ,us vkbfM;k!
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Lesson – 13
Articles (A{,}/An{,su}, The{n ;k nh})
A, An vkSj The - ;s rhukas Articles dgykrs gSaA ;s Hkh Adjective (fo‛k’s k.k) gksrs gSa D;kasfd ;s fdlh laKk
ds ckjs eas vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA ysfdu bUgas vyx ikB eas foLrkj ls le÷kk;k tk jgk gS rkfd vki buds
iz;kxs dks T;knk csgrj le÷k ldsAa
A, An and The – These three are called Articles. They are also classified as adjectives
because they modify nouns or provide additional information about them.
Before we start, Pay attention to:
Point 1 vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj dh /ofu ls gksA
if the next word starts with a vowel sound.
The dks *nh* cksysaxs
The will be pronounced as „thee‟¼*nh*½
The dks *n* cksysaxs vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu dh /ofu ls gkAs
The will be pronounced as „the‟ ¼*n*½ if the next word starts with a consonant sound.
The university – n ;wfuoflZVh] The umbrella – nh vEczSyk] The year – n ;h;j] The ear – nh bvj
Point 2
geus vDlj i<k+ gS fd „an‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj (a, e, i, o, u) ls gks
vkSj „a‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;ta u (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q,
r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z) ls gksA vxj ;s lp gS rks fQj „hour‟ ds lkFk „an‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS tcfd
„hour‟ ,d ,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr O;ta u (h) ls gksrh gSA vkSj „University‟ ds lkFk „a‟ dk iz;ksx D;kas
fd;k tkrk gS tcfd „University‟ ,d ,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr Loj (u) ls gksrh gSA lp rks ;s gS fd ckr
Loj ;k O;ta u ls ‚kq# gksus dh ugha cfYd Loj ;k O;ta u dh /ofu ls ‚kq# gksus dh gSA
We have often been taught that „an‟ is used when the next word starts with a vowel and „a‟ is
used when the next word starts with a consonant. If it is true, then why do we say „An hour‟ or
„A university‟; „h‟ is a consonant, why don‟t we use „a‟ before it & „u‟ is a vowel, why don‟t we
use „an‟. The fact is; it‟s not about starting of next word with a vowel or a consonant, rather it‟s
all about the starting of next word with a vowel sound or a consonant sound.
Articles nks rjg ds gksrs gSa &
There are two types of Articles –
1) Definite Article [The]-
Definite Article „The‟ generally points out a particular person, place or thing.
eq[;r% “THE” dk iz;ksx fdlh fo‛ks’k O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq ds lkFk gksrk gS] ftlds ckjs esa igys ls gh tkudkjh gkAs
2) Indefinite Article [A/An]-
Indefinite Article „A/An‟ does not point out any particular person or thing.
eq[;r% “A/An” dk iz;ksx fdlh ,ls s O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq ds lkFk gksrk gS ftlds ckjs esa igys ls tkudkjh u gksA
73
Read the following. ¼uhps fn;s x;s rF; dks lef>,½
Ekku yhft,] vki ?kj ij gSaA vpkud ,d yM+dk njoktk [kV[kVkrk gSA vki njokts ij x;s vkSj ns[kk fd oks yM+dk
vkids ikik ls ckr djuk pkgrk gSA vki ikik ds ikl tkdj dqN ;w¡ dgsaxs Þikikth] njokts ij ,d@dksbZ yM+dk gS]
tks vki ls ckr djuk pkgrk gSAÞ bl okD; ls ;s irk pyrk gS fd vkids ikik us vkidks ml yM+ds ds ckjs esa igys
ls dqN ugha crk;k Fkk blhfy, vkius dgk Þ ,d@dkbs Z yM+dk ÞA vPNk lksfp,] vxj vkids ikik us vkidks igys gh
crk;k gqvk gksrk fd dkbs Z yM+dk muls ckr djus vkus okyk gS rks vki Þ,d@dkbs ZÞ dk iz;ksx ugha djrs cfYd vki rks
fQj dqN bl rjg dgrs u fd Þikik] njokts ij oks yM+dk vk x;k gS tks vki ls ckr djus vkus okyk FkkAÞ
,d@dksbZ yM+dk & A boy
oks yM+dk & The boy
tc fdlh vutku O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq ds ckjs esa igyh ckj ckr gks jgh gks] rks Þ,d@dksbZÞ ds fy, A/An dk
iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj tc fdlh ,ls s O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq dh ckr gks ftlds ckjs esa igys Hkh ckr gks pqdh gk]s rks ,sls esa
The dk iz;kxs gkrs k gSA
Assume that You are at home. Suddenly, a boy knocks at the door and wants to talk to your dad.
You go to your dad and say „Dad, a boy is at the door, who wants to talk to you.‟ Since your
father hadn‟t told you beforehand that there was some boy about to come, that‟s why you used
„a‟. Just imagine, if your father had already told you about that boy then you would have instead
said „Dad, the boy is at the door, who had to come to talk to you.‟
If the person, place or thing is unknown or being talked about for the first time,
then we need to use indefinite article i.e. “a” or “an”, however if the person, place
or thing is known and already been talked about, then we need to use definite
article i.e. “the”.
dqN mnkgj.k nsf[k, &
1) This is the book I was talking about. ;gh rks fdrkc gS ftlds ckjs esa eSa ckr dj jgk FkkA
2) This is a book. ;g ,d fdrkc gSA
igys okys okD; esa ml fdrkc ds ckjs esa igys Hkh ckr gks pqdh gS] blhfy, fdrkc ls igys „The‟ dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gSA
3) A Mr. Rahul is at the door. dksbZ fe0 jkgqy njokt+s ij gSaA
4) Mr. Rahul is at the door. fe0 jkgqy njokt+s ij gSaA
nwljs okD; esa fe0 jkgqy ls igys „The‟ blfy, ugha yxk;k D;kafs d O;fDrokpd laKk ds lkFk „The‟ ugha
yxrkA
egRoi.w kZ rF; (An important fact)
geus vDlj i<k+ gS fd „an‟ dk iz;kxs rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj (a, e, i, o, u) ls gks vkSj
„a‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t,
v, w, x, y, z) ls gkAs vxj ;s lp gS rks fQj „hour‟ ds lkFk „an‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS tcfd „hour‟ ,d
,ls k ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr O;ta u (h) ls gkrs h gSA vkSj „University‟ ds lkFk „a‟ dk iz;ksx D;kas fd;k tkrk gS
tcfd „University‟ ,d ,ls k ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr Loj (u) ls gksrh gSA lp rks ;s gS fd ckr Loj ;k O;atu ls
‚kq# gksus dh ugha cfYd Loj ;k O;atu dh /ofu ls ‚kq# gksus dh gSA
We have often been taught that „an‟ is used when the next word starts with a vowel and „a‟ is used
when the next word starts with a consonant. If it is true, then why do we say „An hour‟ or „A
university‟; „h‟ is a consonant, why don‟t we use „a‟ before it & „u‟ is a vowel, why don‟t we use
„an‟. The fact is; it‟s not about starting of next word with a vowel or a consonant, rather it‟s all
about the starting of next word with a vowel sound or a consonant sound.
74
Loj dh /ofu (vowel sound) - v vk b à m Š, ,s vks vkS va v%A
O;atukas dh /ofu (consonant sound) - d [k x ………………….{k = KA
dgk¡ ij “A” vkSj dgk¡ ij “An”
(When to use “A” and when to use “An”)
An dk iz;ksx vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj dh /ofu ls gksA
An will be used if the next word starts with a vowel sound.
A dk iz;ksx vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu dh /ofu ls gkAs
A will be used if the next word starts with a consonant sound.
Examples: ckW; O;ta u ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼c½ so used „a‟
A boy iSu O;ta u ¼i½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼i½ so used „a‟
A pen ;wfuoflZVh O;ta u ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½ so used „a‟
A university ;h;j O;ta u ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½ so used „a‟
A year bvj Loj ¼b½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼b½ so used „an‟
An ear cdSV O;ta u ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼c½ so used „a‟
A bucket vkWuSLV Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½ so used „an‟
An honest vkoj Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½ so used „an‟
An hour ,e ,y , Loj ¼,½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼,½ so used „an‟
An MLA ;wfu;u O;ta u ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½ so used „a‟
A union vkWjsUt Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½ so used „an‟
An orange
“the” dks dgk¡ ij ÞnÞ vkSj dgk¡ ij ÞnhÞ cksysa
(When to pronounce “the” and when to pronounce “thee”)
The dks *nh* ckys saxs vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj dh /ofu ls gksA
The will be pronounced as „thee‟¼*nh*½ if the next word starts with a vowel sound.
The dks *n* cksysaxs vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu dh /ofu ls gkAs
The will be pronounced as „the‟¼*n*½ if the next word starts with a consonant sound.
Examples:
the boy ckW; O;ta u ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgxsa sA Consonant sound ¼c½ so pronounce as „the‟
the pen iSu O;ta u ¼i½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsxa sA Consonant sound ¼i½ so pronounce as „the‟
the university ;wfuoflZVh O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsaA Consonant sound ¼;½ so pronounce as „the‟
the year ;h;j O;ta u ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgxsa sA Consonant sound ¼;½ so pronounce as „the‟
the ear bvj Loj ¼b½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsxa sA Vowel sound ¼b½ so pronounce as „thee‟
the bucket cdSV O;ta u ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsxa sA Consonant sound ¼c½ so pronounce as „the‟
the hour vkoj Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsxa sA Vowel sound ¼v½ so pronounce as „thee‟
the MLA ,se ,sy , Loj ¼,s½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsxa sA Vowel sound ¼,½ so pronounce as „thee‟
the orange vkWjUs t Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgxsa sA Vowel sound ¼v½ so pronounce as „thee‟
the end ,UM Loj ¼,½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsxa sA Vowel sound ¼,½ so pronounce as „thee‟
75
„The‟ dk iz;kxs dgk¡ ij (Where to use „The‟):
Few Cases:
With unique People/objects. ¼;wuhd ykxs ksa ;k oLrqvksa ds lkFk tks ,d gh gSa½
The Sun, The Earth, The Moon, The president, The CEO, The world, The sky etc.
With adjectives referring to a whole group of people.
¼tks fo‛k’s k.k iwjs ,d xzqi ;k tkfr dk ck/s k djk;½sa
The old, The young, The rich, The poor, etc.
With famous buildings, museums and monuments.
¼izfl) Hkou] laxzgky;kas o Lekjdkas ds lkFk½
The Taj Mahal, The Qutub Minar, The Lal Quila, The Eiffel Tower, The Globe etc.
With superlative degrees of an adjective.
¼fdlh fo‛k’s k.k dh superlative degrees ds lkFk½
The highest, The most, The lowest, The youngest, The oldest, The poorest etc.
With ordinal numbers. ¼Øeokpd la[;kvksa ls igys½
The last chapter, The first time, The second occasion, The third member etc.
With countries whose names include words like kingdom, states or republic.
¼ftu n‛s kksa ds uke esa fdaxMe] LVVs ~l ;k fQj fjifCyd vk;sA ½
The United States, The United Kingdom, The Republic of Ireland etc.
With rivers, canals & oceans. ¼unh] ugj o lkxjkas ds lkFk½
The Gangas, The Nile, The Atlantic, The pecific etc.
With countries that have plural names.
¼mu n‛s kksa ds lkFk ftuds uke cgqopu gksa ;kfu vUr esa s yxk gk½s
The Netherlands, The Philippines etc.
With the names of families. ¼ifjokjkas ds ukeksa ds lkFk½
The Ranas, The Khans, The Rawats, The Guptas, The Jacksons etc.
Before the word „only‟ if in the sentence the meaning of „only‟ is „only one‟.
¼the dk iz;kxs only ls igys dsoy rc fd;k tkrk gS tc okD; esa only dk eryc „bdykSrk‟ gks ½
The only son, The only friend, The only batsman etc.
„The‟ dk iz;kxs „whole‟ ls igys o „all‟ ds ckn gksrk gSA
„The‟ is used before the word „whole‟ and after the word „all‟.
I am reading whole book. (Incorrect)
I am reading the whole book. (Correct)
All books are kept on the table. (Incorrect)
All the books are kept on the table. (Correct)
76
„The‟ dk iz;kxs dgk¡ ij ugha (Where not to use „The‟):
Few Cases:
„The‟ dk iz;kxs fdlh chekjh ds uke ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA
„The‟ is not used before the name of any disease.
He is suffering from the fever. (Incorrect)
He is suffering from fever. (Correct)
„The‟ dk iz;kxs fdlh n‛s k ds uke ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA
„The‟ is not used before the name of any country.
I live in the India. (Incorrect)
I live in India. (Correct)
„The‟ dk iz;kxs fdlh Hkk’kk ds uke ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA
„The‟ is not used before the name of any language.
I speak the Hindi. (Incorrect)
I speak Hindi. (Correct)
„The‟ dk iz;kxs Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA
„The‟ is not used before Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner.
I had the breakfast at 7 o‟clock. (Incorrect)
I had breakfast at 7 o‟clock. (Correct)
„The‟ dk iz;kxs O;fDrokpd laKk ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA
„The‟ is not used before proper noun.
The Ram, The Delhi, The India, The Rahul (Incorrect)
vaxzsth+ flQZ ,d fo"k; ugh]a ,d Hkk"kk Hkh gS vkSj dsoy fu;e lh[k ysuk gh dkQh ugha cfYd izSfDVl djus ls gh
vkidh le> vkSj csgrj gkrs h tk;sxhA /kS;Z jf[k, vkSj vius lHkh pSIVj ,d ds ckn ,d iwjh rjg le>rs gq, i<r+ s
tkb;sA
English is not only a subject, but also a language, hence you can‟t learn everything just
using certain rules. There is a saying, practice makes a man perfect. We request you to
practice as much as possible. Read newspapers, learn new words, try to use learned
sentences in day to day life.
77
Lesson – 14
Prepositions – lEcU/k lpw d vO;;@iwoZlxZ
“Preposition oks ‚kCn ;k ‚kCnkas dk lewg gS tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke vkSj okD; ds nwljs Hkkx ds chp ds
lEcU/k dks n‛kkZrk gSA vkerkjS ij bls fdlh laKk ;k loZuke ls igys fLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d ckr vkSj] ftl laKk
;k loZuke ds lkFk Preposition dk iz;kxs fd;k tkrk gS] og laKk ;k loZuke bldk Object dgykrk gSA”
“Preposition is the word or group of words that is generally placed before a noun or a
pronoun to express its relation with other part of the sentence. The noun or pronoun used
with the preposition is called its object.”
Examples:
1. I am coming from Delhi. ¼eSa fnYyh ls vk jgk g¡Aw ½
;gk¡ ij Preposition gS & “from”. Noun gS & “Delhi”, tks fd “from” dk “object” dgykrk gSA
2. Ram depends on you. ¼jke rqe ij fuHkZj gSA½
;gk¡ ij Preposition gS & “on”. Pronoun gS & “You”, tks fd “on” dk “object” dgykrk gSA
vkb, lHkh Prepositions dks ,d ,d djds i<+as o le÷ksA
bl pSIVj esa ‚kkfey fd;s x;s okD; vkxs vkus okys pSIVj tSls Simple Sentences, Tenses, Modals,
There, It vkfn ls fy;s x;s gSaA gekjh lykg gS fd vki tc vkus okys bu pSIVjksa dks i<+ ysaxs rks bl pSIVj dks
,d ckj fQj if<;+ sxkA blls okD;ksa dks vki vkSj csgrj le÷k ik;saxsA
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fdlh txg ls (From some place) 1. I am coming from Dehradun.
¼eSa ngs jknwu ls vk jgk g¡wA½
From fdlh le; ls (Point of time)
¼l½s 2. They came from park.
¼os ikdZ ls vk;sA½
1. I will work from tomorrow.
¼eSa dy ls dke d#¡xkA½
2. Ram will work from 10 o‟clock.
¼jke nl cts ls dke djsxkA½
fdlh lzkrs ls (From any source) 1. I heard it from Ram.
¼eSaus jke ls ;s lqukA½
2. I wrote it from the book.
¼eSaus ;s fdrkc ls fy[kkA½
78
Off ¼l½s fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fdlh lrg ls vyx gkus kA
vxj eSa dg¡w fd iSu dks Vscy ls mBk yks rks tc iSu 1. I picked the mobile off the
mBk;k tk;sxk rks oks Vcs y dh lrg ls vyx gksxkA bed.
blh rjg] ekuk eSa dgw¡ fd cUnj iMs + ls dwnk rks cUnj ¼eSaus eksckby dks fcLrj ls
iMs + dh lrg dks NksMs+xkA okgu ls mrjus dks “Get mBk;kA½
off” dgrs gSaA dHkh lkspk gS fd off D;kas yxk;k\
D;kfsa d mrjrs oDr ge okgu dh lrg dks NkMs +rs gSaA 2. I am wiping the dust off
blh rjg] fdlh gokbZtgkt ds ,;jiksVZ ls mM+us dks the screen.
“Take off” dgrs gSaA blfy, D;kfsa d ,;jiksVZ ls ¼eSa LØhu ls /kyw gVk jgk g¡wA½
mM+ku Hkjrs oDr gokbZtgkt ,;jiksVZ dh lrg dks
NkMs +rk gSA 3. Monkey jumped off the
tree.
Leaving a surface. ¼cUnj iMs + ls dwnkA½
It may be a pen leaving the surface of
table while being picked up, a monkey 4. Move the cup off the
leaving the surface of tree while table.
jumping from there, we leaving the ¼Vcs y ls di gVk nksA½
surface of a vehicle while getting off or
a plane leaving the surface of airport
while taking off.
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
„since‟ dk iz;ksx fuf'pr le; ds lkFk gksrk gS
tc Hkh dHkh okD; esa jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx Hkh gksA
(„since‟ is used for point of time when
the sentence is in continuous form) 1. I have been working since
morning.
mnkgj.k & ¼eSa lqcg ls i<+ jgk g¡wA½
1. Since 2 AM/ 2 PM/ 2 o‟clock/ 3 2. He has been trying since
Monday.
Since o‟clock ¼oks lkes okj ls dksf‛k‛k dj jgk gSA½
2. Since 1998/ 2005/ 2009/ 2012
¼l½s 3. Since Monday, Tuesday,…….,
Sunday
4. Since morning/
evening/afternoon/night
5. Since yesterday(dy)/day before
yesterday(ijlks)a
6. Since childhood(cpiu ls)/ Since
birth (tUe ls)
79
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
For ¼ls½ 1. I have been studying for
„For‟ dk iz;ksx vfuf'pr le; ;kfu le; dh vof/k ds lkFk 2 hours.
gksrk gS tc Hkh dHkh okD; esa jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx Hkh gksA ¼eSa 2 ?kVa s ls i<+ jgk g¡wA½
(„For‟ is used for duration of time when the
sentence is in continuous form) 2. He has been trying for
many days.
1. For 2 seconds/ 2 minutes/ 2 hours / 2 days/ ¼oks dbZ fnuksa ls dksf‛k‛k dj jgk
2 weeks/ 2 months/ 2 years / 2 centuries gSA½
2. For a long (dkQh nsj ls) 1. I did it for you.
3. For a while (dqN nsj ls) ¼eSaus ;s rqEgkjs fy, fd;kAa½
4. For many days/hours/months/years
ds fy, (For any purpose) 2. He came to me for
money.
mnkgj.k & ¼oks esjs ikl iSls ds fy, vk;kA½
i<u+ s ds fy,] n[s kus ds fy,] iSls ds fy,] fdrkc ds fy,A
1. I gave a mobile for Rs.
fdlh pht+ ds cnys dqN vkSj (For exchange) 500.
vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSaus 20 # dh fdrkc [kjhnh rks bldk eryc ;g ¼eSaus 500 # esa eksckbZy fn;kAa½
gS fd eSaus 20 # ds cnys esa fdrkc yhA lkps ks vxj fdlh us eq>s
esjs nks ekcs kbZykas ds cnys esa eq>s ,d dEI;wVj ns fn;k rks ;g Hkh 2. He bought a pen for Rs.
rks fdlh pht+ ds cnys dqN vkSj ysuk gh gSA 5.
¼mlus 5 # esa ,d iSu [kjhnkA½
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
¼ea½s le; ds lkFk (With time)
1. I was born in January.
mnkgj.k & ¼eSa tuojh esa iSnk gqvk Fkka½
nks lky esa (in 2 years) ] ,d fnu esa (in one day)
2006 esa (in 2006)] 2012 esa (in 2012) 2. He will come home in 2015.
xfeZ;kas esa (in summers)] lfnZ;ksa esa (in winters) ¼oks 2015 esa ?kj vk;sxkA½
lqcg eas (in the morning)] 'kke eas (in the evening)
fdlh eghus esa (in any month) 3. I left the company in June
tSls & tuojh esa (in January)] ekpZ esa (in March) 2009.
¼eSaus twu 2009 esa dEiuh NksM+hA½
4. I will leave in half an hour.
¼eSa vk/ks ?kaVs esa fudyw¡xkA½
In ¼ea½s cMh txg ds lkFk ¼fdlh n‛s k es]a fdlh 'kgj eas vkfn½
¼e½as With large places (Country, city, town etc) 1. I live in Delhi.
mnkgj.k & ¼eSa fnYyh esa jgrk g¡Aw a½
yUnu eas ] 'kkgnjk eas] ckt+kj es]a ngs jknwu esa] fnYyh esaA 2. He will study in America.
(in London, in Shahdara, in Dehradun, in ¼oks vesfjdk eas i<+kbZ djsxkA½
Delhi)
¼ea½s fdlh oLrq ds vUnj 1. I found no songs in this
¼e½as In some object mobile.
mnkgj.k & ¼eq>s bl eksckbZy esa xkus ugha feysA½
tx eas ] fdrkc es]a eksckby esaA
(in Jug, in book, in mobile) 2. We have read it in book.
¼geus ;s fdrkc esa i<k+ gSA½
80
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
¼ea½s xfr‛khy voLFkk (motion) 1. Pour the coffee into the cup.
Into ¼dkWQh dks di esa Mkyks½
vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa dejs esa tk jgk g¡w rks vUnj ?kqlrs 2. He is going into the room.
oDr dh fLFkfr dks „into‟ dgsaxs D;ksfa d ml oDr eSa
¼oks dejs eas tk jgk gSA½
xfr‛khy voLFkk esa gkÅs ¡xkA
Before fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
igys
1. This train will reach before
2 cts ls igys] ‚kke ls igys] eq>ls igys] esjs time.
dgus ls igys ¼;g Vªus le; ls igys igq¡psxhA½
(before 2 o‟clock, before evening,
before me, before I say) 2. I will come before you leave.
¼eSa rqEgkjs fudyus ls igys vkÅ¡axkA½
lkeus
vkidks rkTtqc gqvk gksxk D;kasfd lkeus dks rks “in 1. Now I am standing before
front of” dgrs gSaA ij vc tku yhft, fd you.
before Hkh dgrs gSaA ¼vc eSa vkids lkeus [kM+k g¡wA½
2. He was sitting before his
dad.
¼ oks vius ikik ds lkeus cSBk FkkA½
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
ckn esa
1. I will meet you after 10.
¼eSa rqels 10 cts ds ckn fey¡xw kA½
2. I reached after them.
¼eSa muds ckn igq¡pkA½
After fdlh ds ihNs iM+uk 1. I was after my professor for
getting some help.
tSls & ¼eSa enn ikus ds fy, vius izkQs slj ds
iqfyl dk pkjs ds ihNs iM+uk] fdlh dks ikus ds fy,
ihNs iM+ukA ihNs iM+ x;k FkkA½
Example – 2. He was unnecessarily after
Police chasing thief, chase someone/ that girl.
something to acquire. ¼oks csotg ml yM+dh ds ihNs iMk+ gqvk
FkkA ½
3. My father has denied thrice
but I am still after him.
¼esjs ikik us rhu ckj euk dj fn;k gS
ij eSa vHkh Hkh muds ihNs iM+k gqvk g¡wA½
81
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
}kjk (In passive voice) 1. I was stopped by someone.
¼eq>s fdlh ds }kjk jksdk x;kAa½
mnkgj.k &
jke ds }kjk ] fdlh ds }kjkA 2. He can be sent by his
(by Ram, by someone) father.
¼mls vius ikik }kjk Hkstk tk ldrk
gSA½
ls
¼fdlh okgu ls lQj djuk½ 1. I travelled by bus.
¼eSaus cl ls ;k=k dhAa½
(travel by some vehicle)
mnkgj.k & 2. He is coming by noon flight.
¼oks nksigj dh ¶ykbV ls vk jgk gSA
By cl ls] dkj ls] Iysu lsA
(by bus, by car, by plane) 1. I will leave by 4 o‟clock.
¼eSa 4 cts rd fudy tkÅ¡xkA½
rd
2. We will finish it by
¼le; ds lkFk&dsoy future indefinite tense esa½ morning.
(With time – only in future indefinite tense) ¼ge lqcg rd ;s [kRe dj nsaxsA½
mnkgj.k &
2 cts rd] lqcg rdA 1. I was standing by him.
¼eSa mlds cxy esa [kM+k FkkA½
(by 2 o‟clock, by morning)
cxy esa
Þcxy esÞa ds fy, by ds vykok beside, next to,
adjacent Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSa tks vki vkxs i<+us okys
gSaA
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
ls 1. I cut the cake with a knife.
¼eSaus pkdw ls dds dkVkA½
¼fdlh pht dk iz;ksx djds dqN djuk½
2. He wrote the letter with a
(Perform a task with the help of blue pen.
something) ¼ mlus uhys iSu ls i= fy[kkA½
With mnkgj.k & 3. He killed the bird with a
pkdw ls] iSu ls] ryokj lsA stone.
¼mlus iRFkj ls fpfM+;k ekjhA½
(with a knife, with a pen, with a sword)
1. I am with Ram in this
lkFk matter.
¼bl ekeys esa eSa jke ds lkFk g¡wA½
¼fdlh ds lkFk½
(accompany someone or something) 2. We will be with you.
¼ge vkids lkFk jgasxsA½
mnkgj.k &
jke ds lkFk] rqEgkjs lkFk] fdlh oLrq ds lkFk vkfnA 3. My dad went to his office
(with Ram, with you, with a thing etc.) with the laptop.
¼esjs ikik vius vkWfQl ySiVkWi ys ds
x;sA½
82
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fuf'pr le; ds lkFk (With point of time)
1. I was born at 2.
mnkgj.k & ¼eSa 2 cts iSnk gqvk Fkka½
nks cts (at 2 o‟clock) ] 'kke 4 cts (at 4 PM)
2. He will come home at
¼ea@s ij½ NksVh txg ds lkFk (with small places) 10 AM.
¼oks lqcg 10 cts ?kj vk;sxkA½
mnkgj.k & 1. I stayed at a hotel.
cl LVki esa@ij ] dqlhZ esa@ijA ¼eSa ,d gksVy esa #dkAa½
(at bus stop, at the chair)
2. He was standing at the
vxj NksVh vkSj cM+h nksuksa txgksa ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS rks bus stop.
igys NkVs h txg at ds lkFk vkSj fQj cM+h txg in ds lkFk ¼oks cl LVki ij [kMk+ FkkA½
fy[kasxsA vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa jksfg.kh esa jgrk g¡w tks fnYyh esa gS]
rks /;ku nhft, fd igys NksVh txg Rohini “at” ds lkFk 3. Rahul works at a
vkSj fQj cM+h txg Delhi “in” ds lkFk fy[kasxsA dqN bl store.
rjg & I live at Rohini in Delhi. ij vxj eSa ;s dg¡w ¼jkgqy ,d LVkjs esa@ij dke
fd eSa jkfs guh esa jgrk g¡w rks jksfguh vius vki esa ,d cM+h
txg gh gS blfy, eSa dg¡wxk & I live in Rohini. djrk gSA½
At jkr vkSj nksigj ds lkFk (With night/noon) 1. I was there at noon.
¼eSa nksigj esa ogk¡ FkkA½
ewY; crkus esa (to tell the cost of something)
2. We study at night.
fdlh R;kgs kj ;k [kkl volj ij ¼ge jkr es i<r+ s gSaA½
( in any festival / event)
mnkgj.k & 1. This fruit is selling at
gksyh ij] nhokyh ij] tUefnu ij] ikVhZ esa Rs. 10 per kg.
(at holi, at diwali, at birthday, at the party) ¼;g Qy 10 # fdyks fcd jgk
gSA½
2. I am buying onion at
Rs 20 per kg.
¼eSa I;kt+ 10 # fdyks [kjhn jgk
g¡Aw ½
1. I will come home at
Holi.
¼eSa gksyh ij ?kj vkÅ¡xkA½
2. I will come home at
Diwali.
¼eSa nhokyh ij ?kj vkÅ¡xkA½
3. He will go there at his
birthday.
¼oks mlds tUefnu ij ogk¡
tk;sxkA½
83
Through fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
ls ¼fdlh pht+ ds vkj ikj ns[kuk½
(to see through some object) 1. I can see through the
glass as it is
vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa f[kMd+ h ls rqEgas n[s k jgk g¡w] rks okLro esa transparent.
eSa f[kM+dh ds ikj gh rks n[s k jgk g¡w D;kasfd eSa bl rjQ g¡w ¼eSa Xykl ls ns[k ldrk g¡w
vkSj rqe ml rjQA D;ksfa d ;s ikjn‛khZ gSA½
If I am in a room and you are outside. I 2. I can see inside
am able to watch you through a window. I through this hole.
am this side and you are the other side of ¼eSa bl Nsn ds tfj;s vUnj
the window so it is basically a see n[s k ldrk g¡Aw ½
through.
1. I was passing through
fdlh ,slh pht ls xqtjuk tks Åij] uhps vkSj fdukjksa ls a street.
cUn gks ¼eSa ,d xyh ls xqtj jgk FkkA½
To move through a structure with limits
on top, bottom and both sides
tSls& 2. We went through the
fdlh xyh ls xqtjuk & through a street underground way.
fdlh ikbi ls xqtjuk & through a pipe ¼ge Hkfw exr jkLrs ls x;sA½
fdlh ladjs jkLrs ls xqtjuk & through a narrow
passage 3. Water is passing
through this pipe.
¼ikuh bl ikbi ls xqtj jgk gSA½
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
ds ikj ¼tks fn[k u jgk gks½ (very far; not 1. There is a temple
visible) beyond this mountain.
¼bl igkM+ ds ml ikj ,d efUnj
vxj eSa vkils dgw¡ fd bl igkM+ ds ml ikj ,d efUnj gSA½
gSA efUnj gesa fn[k ugha jgkA
;k fQj eSa iwNw¡ fd uhy unh ds ikj dkSu lk n‛s k gS \ ;gk¡ 2. What is there beyond
ij Hkh n‛s k gesa fn[k ugha jgkA ,ls h txgksa ij beyond that river?
dk iz;ksx gkrs k gSA ¼ml unh ds ikj D;k gS \½
Beyond ,slh pht+ ds ikj ftls Nw ;k n[s k ugha ldrs (beyond 1. There is something
something that is abstract; neither beyond this universe.
touch nor see) ¼bl czgek.M ds ikj dqN gSA½
vxj eSa vkils iwNw¡ fd bl thou ds ikj D;k gS \ thou 2. There is nothing beyond
dks Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrsA ;k fQj eSa dgw¡ fd mEehnksa ds love.
ikj Hkh ,d nqfu;k gSA mEehn dks Hkh ge Nw ;k ns[k ugha ¼I;kj ds ikj dqN ugha gS ;k I;kj
ldrsA
ds cjkcj dqN ugha gSA½
84
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fo;k @ok;k ¼ds jkLrs] ls½ 1. This train will go to Delhi via
CywVFw k ds jkLrs ;k CywVwFk ls] dkuiqj ds jkLrs ;k Kanpur.
dkuiqj ls gksrs gq,A ¼;g Vªus dkuiqj ls gkrs s gq, fnYyh tk;sxhA½
Via (via Bluetooth, via Kanpur) 2. I sent him my picture via
bluetooth.
¼ eSaus mls viuh QksVks CywVFw k ls Hkts hA½
3. He came to Delhi via Bijnor.
¼oks fctukSj ds jkLrs fnYyh vk;kA½
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
Bhd Lkkeus nwljh rjQ
vxj eSa dgw¡ ÞlkeusÞ] rks Opposite, in 1. My home is opposite your
front of ;k before; bu rhuksa esa ls fdlh shop.
dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼esjk ?kj rqEgkjh nqdku ds Bhd lkeus
eSa rqEgkjs lkeus gw¡A gSA½
I am in front of you. 2. He was standing opposite
I am before you. you.
I am opposite you. ¼oks rqEgkjs lkeus [kM+k Fkk½
Opposite foijhr ¼mYVk½ 1. Ram does opposite what you
say.
vxj eSa dg¡w fd vki vPNs gks ij jke dgs fd ¼tks rqe dgrs gks jke mldk mYVk djrk
vki vPNs ugha gks] rks bldk eryc gS fd
vkids izfr jke dh lksp esjh lkps ds foijhr gSA½
gSA
If I say “You are good” but Ram 2. His thinking is opposite
says “You are not good”, that yours.
means Ram thinks opposite to ¼mldh lksp rqEgkjh lkps ls Bhd mYVh
what I think about you.
gSA½
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
1. fyLV esa ÅijA (up in a list) 1. My name is above
2. ,ls h pht ls Åij ftls Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs tSls your name in the list.
I;kj] bZekunkjh vkfnA (above the abstract ¼esjk uke fyLV esa rqEgkjs uke
noun; such as love, honesty, cruelty ds Åij gSA½
Above etc) 2. Money is above love.
¼Åij½ ¼iSlk I;kj ls Åij gSA ;kfu
3. fdlh lrg ds Lrj ls ÅijA (above the level iSlk igys] I;kj ckn esa½
of some surface) 3. Only his eyes were
above water.
¼ dsoy mldh vk¡[ks ikuh ds
Åij FkhA½
85
Under fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
¼uhps½
fdlh ds uhps ij fcuk iwjh rjg Nq, 1. Ram is hidden under
Beneath/ the bed.
Underneath (Subject & object not fully touched) ¼jke fcLrj ¼[kkV½ ds uhps fNik
gqvk gSA½
¼uhps½ vxj eSa iMs + ds uhps cSBk g¡w rks iMs + dh lk[k eq>s Nw
ugha jgh gSaA blh rjg vxj eSa Vcs y ds uhps fNik 2. Ram lives under the
gqvk gw¡ rks Vcs y eq>s iwjh rjg Nw ugha jgkA gk¡ vxj roof but Shyam
eSa dgw¡ fd i= rfd;s ds uhps gS rks blesa i= rfd;s doesn‟t even have a
dks iwjh rjg Nw jgk gSA ;gk¡ under ugha cfYd house.
beneath/underneath vk;sxkA ¼jke Nr ds uhps jgrk gS ij
';ke ds ikl rks ?kj gh ugha
If I say I am sitting under the tree, then gSA½
the branches of the tree are not touching
me. Similarly, I am hidden under the 3. Mom is sitting under
table, again the table is not touching me the tree.
fully. But, if I say “A letter is under the ¼eEeh th iMs + ds uhps cSBh gSaA½
pillow.” It would be correct because
letter and pillow are being fully touched 1. My house is underneath
so the correct sentence would be “A your house.
letter is beneath/underneath the pillow.” ¼esjk ?kj vkids ?kj ds uhps gSA½
fdlh ds uhps ij ijw h rjg Nwrs gq,
(Subject & object fully touched) 2. Her photograph is
beneath my book.
¼mldh rLohj esjh fdrkc ds
uhps gSA½
Below 1. fyLV esa uhpsA (below in a list) 1. My name is below your
¼uhps½ 2. ,ls h pht ls uhps ftls Nw ;k n[s k ugha ldrs name in the list.
¼esjk uke fyLV esa rqEgkjs uke
tSls I;kj] bZekunkjh vkfnA
ds uhps gSA½
(below the abstract noun; such as
love, honesty, cruelty etc) 2. Money is below love.
3. fdlh lrg ds Lrj ls uhpsA ¼iSlk I;kj ds uhps gSA ;kfu
(below the level of some surface) I;kj igys] iSlk ckn esa½
3. His mouth was below
water but nose was
above.
¼mldk eq¡g ikuh ds uhps Fkk ij
ukd ÅijA½
Down uhps dh fn‛kk dks n‛kkZuk 1. Prices are going
¼uhps½ down.
(indicate the downwards ¼dhersa uhps tk jgh gaSA½
movement)
2. Water level is going
down.
¼ikuh dk Lrj uhps tk jgk
gSA ½
86
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
nks ds chp esa 1. She is sitting
(between two objects) between Yash &
Vaibhav.
Between ¼oks ;‛k vkSj oSHko ds chp esa
¼chp es½a
cSBh gSA½
Among
¼chp es½a 2. Pen is lying between
two computers.
Amongst ¼iSu nks dEI;wVjksa ds chp esa
¼chp es½a
iM+k gqvk gSA ½
nks ls vf/kd ds chp esa] ij rc tc ;s crk;k x;k 1. I was among 50
gks fd fdruksa ds chp esa people.
(more than two objects but given; ¼eSa 50 yksxksa ds chp esa FkkA½
how many)
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd jke 20 ykxs kas ds chp cSBk gS rks 2. Her photograph was
;gk¡ ij crk;k x;k gS fd ykxs fdrus gSaA blfy, eSa kept among 3 other
among dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA ij ;fn eSa dgw¡ fd jke items.
dqN ykxs ksa ds chp cSBk gS rks ;gk¡ ij crk;k ugha ¼mldh rLohj rhu vkSj phtkas
x;k gS fd yksx fdrus gSaA blfy, eSa among dk ds chp j[kh gqbZ FkhA½
ugha cfYd amongst dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA
1. I was amongst the
nks ls vf/kd ds chp esa] ij rc tc ;s crk;k ugha crowd.
x;k gks fd fdruksa ds chp esa ¼eSa HkhM+ ds chp FkkA@eSa HkhM+ esa
(more than two objects but not Fkk½
given; how many)
;s dguk fd eSa HkhM+ ds chp esa gw¡] ;g ugha crkrk 2. My dad was amongst
fd yksx fdrus gSa blfy, gesa amongst dk iz;ksx many people.
djuk gksxkA ¼esjs ikik dbZ yksxkas ds chp FksA½
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
ckgj fudyuk] fdlh txg dks NksMu+ k 1. I am getting out of my
(to go out/leave some place)
home.
Out of bruh la[;k esa ls ¼eSa ?kj ls ckgj fudy jgk g¡wA½
(out of certain numbers)
2. He has gone out of Delhi.
¼og fnYyh ls ckgj tk pqdk gSA½
1. Rahul scored 90 out of
100.
¼jkgqy us 100 esa ls 90 uEcj izkIr
fd;As ½
2. There are only 2
students out of 15.
¼ 15 esa ls dsoy 2 gh fo/kkFkhZ gSaA½
87
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
Åij ;k ij] j[kk gqvk gkus k
,d cM+s object ds Åij ,d NkVs s object dk j[kk gksuk 1. Pen is kept on the table.
(a smaller object on a bigger one) ¼iSu Vcs y ij j[kk gqvk gSA½
tSls & 2. Rohit is sitting on the
Elephant.
ekcs kby dk Vcs y ds Åij j[kk gksukA ekcs kby Vcs y dh rqyuk ¼jkfs gr gkFkh ds Åij cSBk gqvk gSA ½
esa ,d NksVk object gSA
iSu dk fdrkc ds Åij gksukA iSu fdrkc dh rqyuk esa ,d
On NkVs k object gSA 1. I went on Sunday.
Day vkSj Date ds lkFk
On Monday, Tuesday,……., Sunday etc ¼eSa laMs dks x;kA½
On 25th Aug, on 15th, on 20th etc. 2. He came on 20th Dec‟12.
¼oks 20 fnlEcj 2012 dks vk;k½
fdlh rjQ ( certain side) 1. I was standing on the
tSls & nk¡;h rjQ (on the right) right.
¼eSa nk¡;h vkjs [kM+k FkkA½
ck¡;h rjQ (on the left)
2. I was standing on the left.
¼eSa ck¡;h vkjs [kM+k FkkA½
fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
Åij
,d NkVs s object dk Åij dh fn‛kk esa xfr‛khy 1. I jumped onto the horse.
¼eSa dwn dj ?kkMs +s ij cSB x;kA½
gkds j ds ,d cMs object ds Åij vkuk
Upon/
Onto (a smaller object showing upwards
movement to come on a bigger object)
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd ,d fcYyh Vscy ds Åij dwnh rks 2. Broom came upon the
fcYyh us Åij dh rjQ Nyk¡x yxkbZ fQj oks Vcs y ds
table by itself.
Åij vk x;hA
¼>kMw+ vius vki Vscy ij vk x;kA ½
,d vkSj ckrA ekuk fd ,d cUnj t+ehu ij cSBk Fkk
vkSj mlus Åij dh vkjs Nyk¡x yxkbZ vkSj iMs + ds Åij
vk x;kA
88
Against fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
About fo#)] fojk/s k esa (opposite)
Why is Ram against you?
Of ckjs eas ¼jke rqEgkjs fo#) D;ksa gS\½
He is talking about me.
To dk (show the relation) ¼oks esjs ckjs esa ckr dj jgk gSA½
He is the brother of Ram.
dks ¼fdlh txg dks½ ¼oks jke dk HkkbZ gSA½
1. I am going to school.
,d txg ls nlw jh txg dks
From one place to another ¼eSa Ldwy tk jgk gw¡A½
2. Seeta is coming to our
home.
¼lhrk gekjs ?kj vk jgh gSA½
dh rjQ 1. I am going towards
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd eSa Ldwy dh rjQ tk jgk gw¡ rks school.
;s t+#jh ugha fd eSa Ldwy tkšA gks ldrk gS
fd Ldwy ds jkLrs esa gh vkxs esjs nksLr dk ?kj ¼eSa Ldwy dh rjQ tk jgk g¡wA½
Towards Hkh gks vkSj eSa ogha tk jgk g¡wA blfy, „to 2. He was coming towards
Over school‟ eryc Ldwy tkuk vkSj „towards you.
school‟ eryc Ldwy dh rjQ tkuk ij irk ¼oks rqEgkjh rjQ vk jgk FkkA½
ugha dgk¡A
Åij fcuk Nq, (Above without 1. I jumped over the rope.
touch) ¼eSa jLlh ds Åij ls dwnkA½
2. There is a roof over our
heads.
¼gekjs flj ds Åij Nr gSA½
3. There is a bridge over
the river.
¼unh ds Åij ,d iqy gSA½
le;kof/k ds vUnj 1. I will come within 5
Within a time period minutes.
¼eSa 5 feuV esa vk tkÅ¡xkA½
Within
2. He has come back
Than rqyuk ds fy, iz;kxs gkrs k gSA within just 2 days.
(used for comparison) ¼ oks 2 fnu esa gh okil vk x;k
gSA½
1. I am better than you.
¼eSa rqels cgs rj g¡wA½
2. We are taller than he.
¼ge mlls yEcs gSaA½
lkjk] iwjk 1. I loved him/ her
throughout my life.
tSls & lkjs fnu Hkj] iwjh ft+Unxh Hkj ¼eSaus ft+Unxh Hkj mls I;kj fd;kA½
Throughout Throughout the day, throughout 2. We worked throughout
the life the night.¼ geus jkr Hkj dke
fd;kA½
89
fcuk 1. I am nothing without
you.
Without ¼eSa rqEgkjs fcuk dqN ugha gw¡A½
Åij 1. Prices are rising up.
Up ¼dhersa c<+ jgha gSaA½
Åij dh rjQ 2. Baloon is going up.
Upwards ¼xqCckjk Åij tk jgk gSA½
1. He threw the stone
upwards.
mlus iRFkj Åij dh rjQ Qdsa kA
uhps dh rjQ 1. He threw the stone
Downwards
downwards.
mlus iRFkj uhps dh rjQ QsadkA
igys ¼le; ds lkFk½ 1. He came 2 years ago.
¼oks 2 lky igys vk;kA½
Ago
2. Ram had done B. Tech 6
years ago.
¼jke us ch Vds 6 lky igys fd;k
FkkA½
vUnj dh rjQ] fdlh cUn vk—fr ds vUnjA 1. What is inside the
(be in an enclosed structure) computer?
vxj eSa dg¡w fd vki ?kj ds vUnj gSa rks Hkh vki ¼dEI;wVj ds vUnj D;k gS \½
Inside “inside” gh gSa D;kasfd ?kj Hkh ,d cUn vk—fr gSA 2. He was inside and I was
Home is also a kind of enclosed outside.
structure so if you are in, means you ¼ oks vUnj Fkk vkSj eSa ckgj FkkA½
are actually inside.
ckgj dh rjQ] fdlh cUn vk—fr ls ckgjA 1. He was standing outside
(be out of an enclosed structure) the home.
¼oks ?kj ds ckgj [kMk+ FkkA½
Outside
2. He was outside the school
premises.
¼ oks Ldwy ifjlj ds ckgj FkkA½
Next to, cxy esa oks esjs cxy esa [kMk FkkA
Adjacent, ihNs He was standing next to me.
He was standing adjacent me.
Beside, He was standing beside/by me.
By
1. I was behind Ram in the
Behind queue.
¼eSa ykbu esa jke ds ihNs FkkA½
2. There is nobody standing
behind him.
¼mlds ihNs dkbs Z ugha [kM+k gSA½
90
Ahead vkxs( 1. I was ahead of Ram in the
of ykxs vDlj confuse jgrs gSa fd in front of vkSj queue.
ahead dk iz;kxs dgk¡ ij djuk gSA lkps ks vki ,d ¼eSa ykbu esa jke ds vkxs FkkA½
Except ykbu esa [kM+s gS vkSj vkids vkxs ,d vkneh [kM+k gS]
mldh ihB vkidh rjQ gS blfy, oks vkids vkxs gS] 2. There is no one standing
bls ahead dgsaxs vkSj vki mlds ihNs ;kfu ahead of him.
BehindA ij vxj vki fdlh ls ckr dj jgs gSa ¼mlds vkxs dkbs Z ugha [kM+k gSA½
mldks n[s krs gq, rks vki mlds in front of ;kfu
lkeus gSaA 1. This shop opens every day
except Sunday.
dks NksMd+ j] ds vYkkok ¼;g nqdku jfookj dks NksM+dj lHkh
fnu [kqyrh gSA½
2. I can scold anyone except
you.
¼rqEgkjs vykok eSa fdlh dks Hkh Mk¡V
ldrk gw¡A½
ds vfrfjDr (Extra) 1. Do you eat anything else
besides this?
Besides ¼blds vfrfjDr dqN vkSj [kkrs gks
D;k \½
ds nkSjku ( in a particular duration of 1. I was in Delhi during
time) vacations.
¼NqV~fV;kas ds nkSjku eSa fnYyh esa FkkA½
During
2. We can meet Sachin during
the break.
¼ge czsd ds nkSjku lfpu ls fey
ldrs gSaA½
Till/ rd 1. I will work till 9.
Until ¼eSa 9 cts rd dke d#¡xkA½
le; ds lkFk] fnu ds lkFk vkfnA
with time, with a day etc. 2. We stayed till Monday.
¼ge lkes okj rd BgjAs ½
3. I was there until Saturday.
¼eSa 'kfuokj rd ogk¡ FkkA½
Up to rd 1. I just went up to Dehradun.
¼eSa cl ngs jknwu rd x;kA½
fdlh njw h rd (up to certain distance) ;k
fdlh txg rd (up to certain place) ;k 2. Seeta ran up to 5 kms.
fdlh mez rd (up to certain age) ¼lhrk 5 fdykes hVj rd nkSM+hA½
3. You shouldn‟t keep mobile
up to 18.
¼rqEgsa 18 dh mez rd ekcs kbZy ugha
j[kuk pkfg,A½
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Around pkjksa vkjs 1. People were around me, yet I was
lonely.
(covered in all the ¼ykxs esjs pkjksa vkjs Fks] fQj Hkh eSa rUgk FkkA½
directions)
2. The Earth is revolving around
lkFk esa the Sun.
(with a person/thing) ¼i`Foh lw;Z ds pkjkas vksj ?kew jgh gSA½
Along 1. Will you come along?
¼D;k rqe lkFk vkvksxs \½
2. You will get this pen along the
mobile.
¼rqEgas ;s iSu eksckby ds lkFk feysxkA½
fdukjs lkFk eas 1. There is a road alongside the
river.
Alongside tSls & ¼unh ds lkFk lkFk ,d jkMs gSA½
unh ds lkFk esa yxh gqbZ ,d jksM
(A road alongside the river) 2. A truck is parked alongside the
road.
lM+d ds fdukjs lkFk esa yxh gqbZ ,d ¼jkMs ds fdukjs ,d Vªd [kM+k gSA½
dkj
(A car parked alongside the 1. Can you swim across the river?
road) ¼D;k rqe unh rSj dj ikj dj ldrs gks \½
ds ikj ¼fdlh pht+ ds ikj½
(across something)
Across 2. There was a man standing across
the road.
¼,d vkneh lM+d ds ikj [kM+k FkkA½
3. My shop is across the road.
¼esjh nqdku lM+d ds ml ikj gSA½
EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gaSA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” eas tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nfs [k,A
eaSus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls egs ur dfj,xk D;ksfa d egs ur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kHq kdkeuk,a ge‛s kk vkids lkFk jgxsa hA –
Aditya Sir
92
Lesson – 15
Determiners ¼fMVjfeulZ½ & fu/kkZjd
Determiners ,ls s ‚kCn gkrs s gSa tks fdlh okD; eas laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj bl ckr
dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSa fd fdldh ckr gks jgh gS ;k fQj fdruh ckr gks jgh gSA pw¡fd ;g Hkh laKk ds ckjs eas
dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSa blhfy, ;s Hkh fo‛ks’k.k dgykrs gSaA
A Determiner is a word that is placed just before a noun to give additional
information about that noun and that‟s why they are also classified as
Adjectives.
eku yhft, vki dguk pkgrs gSa „;g yM+dk jke gSA‟ ;gk¡ ij „yM+dk‟ ,d lKa k gSA „yM+dk‟ ls rqjar igys
„;g‟ dk iz;kxs fd;k x;k gSA „;g‟ ,d Determiner gS D;kasfd ;s bl ckr dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd fdl
yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gS & bl yM+ds dh ;k ml yM+ds dhA
bl yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gS blfy, vki „;g yM+dk‟ dgrs gSa ojuk vxj ml yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gksrh
rks vki „og yM+dk‟ dgrsA
blh rjg] A boy v ckW;
vxj ,d yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs & The boy n ckW;
vxj fdlh fo‛ks’k yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gkrs h rks vki dgrs & All the boys vkWy n ckWbt+
vxj lHkh yM+dkas dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs & 5 boys Qkbo ckWbt+
vxj 5 yM+dkas dh ckr gks jgh gkrs h rks vki dgrs &
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa eas Determiners gSa & A, The, All, 5
Determiners ds pkj izdkj gSa (Determiners are of four types):
1. Articles (A, An, The)
A/An - v@,su
The - n ;k nh
vki „Articles‟ pSIVj eas buds ckjs esa i<+ pqds gSa fd fdlh Hkh laKk ls rqjra igys fdl rjg vkSj dc iz;ksx fd;s tkrs
gSa] ;s Hkh Determiners gSaA
You‟ve already read about Articles & its usage just before a noun, these are also
known as Determiners.
2. Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)
vxa zst+h eas This, That, These vkSj Those dks Demonstratives dgrs gSaA
This, That, These and Those are called Demonstratives.
This - fnl & ;g] ;s ¼,d O;fDr ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
That - nSV & og] os] oks ¼,d O;fDr ds fy, iz;ksx gkrs k gSA½
These- nht+ & ;g] ;s ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;kas ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
Those- nkst+ & og] os] oks ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;kas ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
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;s demonstratives nks rjg ls iz;ksx esa vkrs gSa & loZuke dh rjg ;k fQj determiners dh rjgA
These demonstratives are used as - either Pronoun or Determiners.
tc fdlh laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd;s x;s gksa rks ;s Determiners dgykrs gSaA vkSj tc Hkh fcuk laKk ds iz;ksx
fd;s tk;sa rks ;s Pronouns dgykrs gSaA
If a demonstrative is followed by a noun it modifies, it‟s called a determiner;
however, if it‟s not followed by a noun, it‟s called a pronoun.
le÷kus dk iz;kl dfj, &
Try to understand –
This is a book. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun)
bl okD; esa this ds rqjar ckn dksbZ laKk ugha gSA blfy, this ,d demonstrative pronoun gSA
In this sentence, „this‟ is not followed by any noun, hence it‟s a demonstrative
pronoun here.
This book is mine. Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner)
bl okD; esa this ds rqjar ckn book dk iz;ksx gqvk gS tks fd ,d laKk gSA blfy, this ,d demonstrative
determiner gSA
Here, „this‟ is followed by „book‟, which is a noun, hence it‟s a demonstrative
determiner here.
dqN mnkgj.k (Few Examples)
I love this. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun) (not followed by a noun)
This is a cute baby. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun) (not followed by a noun)
These are my books. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun) (not followed by a noun)
That man is my dad. Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner) (followed by a noun: MAN)
Those people are mad. Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner)(followed by a noun: PEOPLE)
3. Possessives (His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, its)
His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its dks determiners dgrs gSaA bu ‚kCnkas ds rqjar ckn ges‛kk ,d laKk
gksrh gSA
His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its are known as determiners. These words are always
followed by a noun.
mnkgj.k (Example):
His friend is a teacher.
My brother will not go.
Our books are kept on the table.
Their parents were not present.
94
4. Quantifiers
Quantifiers ,sls ‚kCn ;k ‛kCnkas dk lewg gksrs gSa tks fdlh laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa o laKk dh ek=k
(amount) ds ckjs esa crkrs gSaA
Quantifiers are Such words or group of words, which are used before a noun to
indicate the amount or quantity of that noun.
1. Few FkkMs +k] dqN ¼ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS½ tSls dqN yM+d]s dqN cPps vkfnA Few boys
2. Less, Little FkkMs +k] dqN ¼ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ tSls FkkMs +k ikuh] dqN iSVªkys vkfnA Little water
3. Some FkksM+k] dqN ¼nkus ksa ds lkFk & ftUgas fxuk tk ldrk gS vkSj ftUgas fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ Some boys/
water
4. Any dksbZ] dqN ¼nkus kas ds lkFk & ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS vkSj ftUgas fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ Any boys/water
uksV & „some‟ dk iz;ksx izk;% ldkjkRed okD;kas esa tcfd „any‟ dk iz;ksx izk;% udkjkRed okD;kas esa gkrs k gSA
Note: „some‟ is mostly used in positive sentences while „any‟ is often used in negative sentences.
5. Every gj dkbs Z Every person/Every book/Every boy
6. All lHkh] lc All the friends/All the people/All the books
7. Each izR;ds ] gj ,d Each friend/Each book/Each boy
8. Both nksukas Both the friends/Both the books
9. Enough dkQh Enough money/Enough people
10. Full iwjk Full glass
11. Half (1/2) vk/kk Half the glass
12. Quarter(1/4) ,d pkSFkkbZ Quarter the glass
13. Whole iwjk Whole world/Whole the day
14. More T+;knk ¼nksuksa ds lkFk & ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS o ftUgas fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ More boys/water
15. Less de ¼ftUgas fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ Less water
16. Many dbZ ¼ftUgas fxuk tk ldrk gS½ Many boys
17. Much T+;knk ¼ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk gS½ Much water
18. 1,2,3,4,5 etc ,d] nks] rhu] pkj] ik¡p vkfnA 2 friends/ 2 laptops/ 50 people etc
EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” eas tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nfs [k,A
eaSus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls egs ur dfj,xk D;ksfa d egs ur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ge‛s kk vkids lkFk jgxsa hA –
Aditya Sir
95
Lesson – 16
Simple Sentences ¼ljy okD;½
“ljy okD; mUgsa dgrs gSa ftueas ;k rks fØ;k gksrh gh ugha vkSj vxj gksrh Hkh gS rks Subject ml fØ;k
dks ugha djrkA”
“Simple Sentences are those in which either there is no action (verb) at all or even if there
is an action, Subject doesn‟t perform that action.”
vxj ge dgas fd “jke vPNk yM+dk gSA” Subject gS jkeA D;k jke dkbs Z dke dj jgk gS? ughaA jke ds
ckjs eas rks flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd oks vPNk yM+dk gS blfy, ;s ,d Simple Sentence gSA blesa dksbZ
fØ;k ugha gSA vkb,] vc nwljk okD; ns[krs gSa Þfdrkc Vscy ij j[kh gqbZ gSÞA bl okD; eas Subject gS
fdrkc vkjS Þj[kukÞ ,d fØ;k gSA Hkys gh bl okD; eas fØ;k gS ij D;k Subject bl fØ;k dks dj jgk gS?
ugha D;kasfd fdrkc rks [kqn j[kh gqbZ gS] oks dksbZ dke ugha dj ldrh blfy, ;s Hkh ,d Simple
Sentence gSA ,d vkSj okD; nsf[k,& Þjke fdrkc i<+ jgk gSAÞ bl okD; eas Subject gS jke vkSj Þi<+ukÞ
,d fØ;k gSA D;k Subject bl fØ;k dks dj jgk gS? gk¡] i<+us dk dke jke gh rks dj jgk gS tks fd bl
okD; dk Subject gSA ;kfu ;s Simple Sentence ugha gSA ;s rks ,d Tense Sentence gS tks fd
vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVj eas i<+axs sA
If we say „Ram is a good boy‟. Subject is Ram. Is Ram doing something? No, subject is
performing no action, means there is no verb, hence it‟s a simple sentence. Let‟s see
another example „Book is kept on the table‟. Subject is „book‟ & verb is to „keep‟. Is
subject doing something? No. Book itself is kept, hence it can‟t perform an action. So this
is also a simple sentence. Let‟s see one more sentence – „Ram is reading the book‟. In
this sentence, Subject is „Ram‟ & verb is to „read‟. Since Ram is performing the action of
„reading‟, hence it‟s not a simple sentence. It‟s actually a tense, which you will be taught
in later respective lesson.
vkWfM;ks ySDpj Hkh /;kuiwoZd lqfu, rkfd csgrj le÷k ldAsa
dqN mnkgj.k (Few examples):
okD; Subject D;k okD; esa Li"Vhdj.k
Sentence dkbs Z fØ;k gS\ Explanation
Is there a
lanhi esjk HkkbZ gSA lanhi lanhi ds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gSA lanhi dkbs Z fØ;k ugha dj
verb? jgkA
rqe esjs dkSu gks \ rqe
mlds ikl iSu gSA oks fØ;k ugha gSA Only been told about Sandeep, he is
No verb performing no task (verb).
fØ;k ugha gSA Subject gS ÞrqeÞ ij Subject dksbZ dke ugha dj jgkA
No verb
fØ;k ugha gSA mlds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd mlds ikl iSu gSA oks dksbZ
No verb dke ugha dj jgk gSA
96
cPps vPNs FkAs cPps fØ;k ugha gSA cPpksa ds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k gSA cPps dksbZ dke ugha dj jgAs
jke lks;k gqvk gSA
jke fØ;k gS & lkus k fØ;k rks gS ij D;k Subject fØ;k dks dj jgk gS \ ugha
esjs nks HkkbZ FkAs Verb is there D;ksfa d oks rks [kqn gh lks;k gqvk gS] oks dke ugha dj jgkA
- Sleep
fØ;k ugha gSA esjs ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gSA eSa dkbs Z dke ugha dj jgkA
No verb
eSa Only been told about me, I am performing
no task(verb).
veu ?kj ij gksxkA veu fØ;k ugha gSA veu ds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gSA veu dkbs Z dke ugha dj
No verb jgkA
Simple Sentences rhu rjg ds gksrs gSa& (Simple Sentences are of three types):
1. Simple Present – bu okD;kas ds vUr esa gS] gSa] gks] g¡w dk iz;ksx gkrs k gSA
2. Simple Past – bu okD;kas ds vUr esa Fkk] Fks] Fkh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
3. Simple Future – bu okD;kas ds vUr esa gksxk dk iz;ksx gkrs k gSA
Simple Present
Category I : Helping Verb – Is/Am/Are
igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa gS] gSa] gk]s gw¡ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Third Person Singular Subject ds lkFk & Is
I (First Person Singular Subject) ds lkFk & Am
ckdh lHkh Subjects ds lkFk & Are
¼vxj First Person, Second Person ;k Third Person ds Singular-Plural dkWUlsIV esa dkbs Z fnDdr gks rks
Lesson-2 nksckjk if<+,A½
Hindi English Sentence Comment
Sentence
jke ,d vPNk Ram is a good boy. Subject (Ram) „Third Person Singular‟ gS blfy, is
dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
yM+dk gSA People are mad.
We people are Subject (People) „Third Person Plural‟ gS blfy,
Ykksx ikxy gSaA are dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
with you.
ge yksx rqEgkjs All are my dear. Subject (We People) „First Person Plural‟ gS blfy,
lkFk gSaA are dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
I am good for you.
lHkh esjs fiz; gSaA Subject (All) „Third Person Plural‟ gS blfy, are dk
iz;ksx gqvk gSA
eSa rqEgkjs fy,
vPNk gw¡A “I” First Person Singular subject gS blfy, blds lkFk
“am” dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
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pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)
Sentence ds izdkj mnkgj.k 1 mnkgj.k 2 mnkgj.k 3
(Sentence Type) Example-1 Example-2 Example-3
Affirmative jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gSA eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk g¡w A ykxs ikxy gSaA
¼ldkjkRed½ Ram is a good boy. I am good for you. People are
Negative jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha gSA eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk ugha gw¡ A mad.
¼udkjkRed½ I am not good for you. ykxs ikxy ugha gSaA
Ram is not a good
Interrogative boy. People are not
¼iz‛uokpd½ mad.
D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gS\ D;k eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk gw¡Wa\
Negative Is Ram a good boy? Am I good for you ? D;k yksx ikxy gSa \
Interrogative
¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½ D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk D;k eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk ugha Are People
mad?
ugha gS\ gw¡\
D;k yksx ikxy ugha
Is Ram not a good boy? Am I not good for you ? gSa \
Are People not
mad?
vxj okD; esa dksbZ WH family gS tSls & dSls (How), D;ksa (Why), dc (When) dgk¡ (Where) vkfn rks oks
Interrogative Sentences ds ‚kq#vkr esa yxsxh vkSj mlds rqjar ckn helping verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Hindi Sentence English Sentence
eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk D;kas gw¡ \ Why am I good for You?
Ykksx ,ls s D;ksa gSa \ Why are people so?
cPps fdlds lkFk gSa \ With whom are children?
Category II : Helping Verb – Has/Have
igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa ikl gS ;k fQj HkkbZ@cgu@nkLs r vkfn gSa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Third Person Singular Subject ds lkFk & Has
ckdh Subjects ds lkFk & Have
Hindi English Explanation
Sentence Sentence
Subject (Pooja) „Third Person Singular Subject‟
iwtk ds ikl ,d Pooja has a book. gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
fdrkc gSA
Subject (I) „First Person Singular Subject‟ gS
esjs nks HkkbZ gSaA I have two brothers. blfy, have dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
dqYnhi dk ,d HkkbZ gSA Kuldeep has one Subject (Kuldeep) „Third Person Singular
brother. Subject‟ gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
esjh lkl ds nks HkkbZ
gSaA My mother in law Subject (My mother in law) „Third Person
has two brothers. Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
esjs ikik ds 5 HkkbZ gSaA Subject (My father) „Third Person Singular
My father has five
brothers. Subject‟gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
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Negative Sentences : Doesn‟t have/Don‟t have ¼ikl ugha gS½
„Third Person Singular Subject‟ ds lkFk - Doesn‟t have dk iz;ksx
ckdh Subjects ds lkFk - Don‟t have dk iz;ksx
Hindi Sentence English Sentence Explanation
jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha gSA Ram doesn‟t have a book.
Subject (Ram) „Third Person
esjs nks HkkbZ ugha gSaA I don‟t have two brothers. Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, doesn‟t
mldh rhu cgusa ugha gSaA have dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
He/She doesn‟t have three
sisters. Subject (I) „First Person Singular
Subject‟ gS blfy, don‟t have dk iz;ksx
gqvk gSA
Subject (He/She) „Third Person
Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, doesn‟t
have dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)
Sentence ds izdkj mnkgj.k 1 mnkgj.k 2
(Sentence Type) Example-1 Example-2
Affirmative ¼ldkjkRed½
jke ds ikl fdrkc gSA esjs nks HkkbZ gSaA
Negative ¼udkjkRed½ Ram has a book. I have two brothers.
jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha gSA
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½ Ram doesn‟t have a book. esjs nks HkkbZ ugha gaSA
Negative Interrogative D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc gS \ I don‟t have two brothers.
Does Ram have a book ?
¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½ D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha gS \ D;k esjs nks HkkbZ gSa \
Does Ram not have a book ? Do I have two brothers?
With „Wh‟ family jke ds ikl fdrkc D;ksa ugha gS \
Why does Ram not have a D;k esjs nks HkkbZ ugha gSa \
Do I not have two brothers?
book ?
esjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \
How many brothers do I
have?
Simple Past
Category I : Helping Verb – Was/Were
igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa Fkk] Fks] Fkh dk iz;ksx gkrs k gSA
Singular Subject ds lkFk & Was Plural Subject ds lkFk & Were
Hindi Sentence English Sentence Explanation
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk Ram was a good boy.
FkkA Subject (Ram) „Singular Subject‟ gS blfy,
All were mad. was dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
lc ikxy Fks A
Subject (All) „Plural Subject‟ gS blfy,
were dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
99
eSa ge‛s kk rqEgkjs lkFk Fkk A I was always with „I‟s ,d „Singular subject‟ gS blfy, was dk
lHkh ejs s nq‛eu FkAs you. iz;ksx gqvk gSA
All were my Subject (All) „Plural Subject‟ gS blfy,
enemies. were dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)
Sentence ds izdkj mnkgj.k 1 mnkgj.k 2
(Sentence Type) Example-1 Example-2
Affirmative ¼ldkjkRed½
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk FkkA eSa rqEgkjk nkLs r FkkA
Negative ¼udkjkRed½ Ram was a good boy. I was your friend.
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha FkkA eSa rqEgkjk nkLs r ugha FkkA
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½ Ram was not a good boy. I was not your friend.
Negative Interrogative D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk Fkk \ D;k eSa rqEgkjk nksLr Fkk \
Was Ram a good boy ? Was I your friend ?
¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½ D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha Fkk \ D;k eSa rqEgkjk nksLr ugha Fkk \
Was Ram not a good boy ? Was I not your friend.
dqN egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh & vxj okD; esa dkbs Z WH family tSls & dSls (How), D;kas (Why), dc (When)
dgk¡ (Where) vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks Interrogative Sentence ds ‚kq#vkr esa yxrk gSA vkSj mlds rqjra
ckn helping verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Hindi Sentence English Sentence
eSa rqEgkjs lkFk D;ksa ugha Fkk \ Why was I not with You ?
From when were people there?
Ykksx ogk¡ dc ls Fks \ Why was Ram not at home?
jke ?kj ij D;kas ugha Fkk \ Where were you that time?
rqe ml le; dgk¡ Fks \
Category II : Helping Verb – Had
igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa ikl Fkk ;k fQj HkkbZ@cgu@nkLs r vkfn Fks dk iz;ksx gkrs k gSA
Subject pkgs ‟Singular‟ gks ;k ‟Plural‟, ldkjkRed okD;ksa (Affirmative Sentences) esa „Had‟ dk gh iz;ksx
gksrk gS vkSj udkjkRed okD;kas (Negative Sentences) eas „didn‟t have‟ dkA
Hindi Sentence English Sentence
iq"dj vda y ds ikl ,d fdrkc FkhsA Pushkar uncle had a book.
Pankaj didn‟t have two brothers.
iadt ds nks HkkbZ ugha Fks A I had nothing. / I didn‟t have anything.
esjs ikl dqN ugha FkkA All the people didn‟t have laptops.
lHkh yksxkas ds ikl ySiVkWi ugha FkAs
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