Humerus
1. greater and lesser tubercles
2. intertubercular groove
3. deltoid tuberosity
4. lateral epicondyle
5. coronoid fossa
6. medial epicondyle
7. surgical neck
8. radial groove
Most humeral fractures occur at the surgical neck during falls,
resulting in an impacted fracture: One bone fragment is driven
into another. A fall on the acromion may result in an avulsion
fracture, in which the greater tubercle is pulled away from the
humerus. A direct blow to the arm may result in a transverse
or spiral fracture of the shaft, while an intercondylar fracture
may be caused by a fall on a flexed elbow.
© 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Upper Limb 6.4
Radius and Ulna
1 2
3 4
5
6
7 8
Radius and Ulna
1. head of the radius
2. coronoid process
3. tuberosity of the radius
4. tuberosity of the ulna
5. pronator tuberosity
6. pronator crest
7. styloid process of the radius
8. styloid process of the ulna
A Colles fracture is a transverse fracture of the distal radius,
often accompanied by an avulsed styloid process of the ulna.
It is a result of attempting to break a fall with the outstretched
limb. The result is posterior angulation of the forearm just
proximal to the wrist—a dinner fork deformity.
© 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Upper Limb 6.5
Carpal Bones
1 3
2 4
5 8
6
7
Carpal Bones
1. hook of the hamate
2. capitate
3. trapezoid
4. trapezium
5. pisiform
6. triquetrum
7. lunate
8. scaphoid
The scaphoid is the most frequently fractured carpal bone.
Such fractures result from a fall on the palm with the wrist
abducted. Healing is slow because of the poor blood supply to
the proximal scaphoid.
Fracture of the hamate may result in disunion of the fractured
parts because of the traction of the attached musculature and
may involve the ulnar nerve and artery.
© 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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