THE CHEMIST & DRUGGIST - 31 JANUARY 1914

January 31, 1914 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 111

WEED KILLER. HORTICULTURAL

THE FAVOURITE BRAND. PREPARATIONS.
SAFELY PACKED.
" EUREKATINE," the most successful
SATISFACTORY RESULTS.
Tobacco Fumigant. Destroys all Insect Pests
POWDER. In attractive enp,raelled tins without injury to Flowers, Leaves or Plants.

Highly concentrated. Perfectly soiuble. Fifty 1/. .... For 2,000 feet space.
gallons solution dresses 200 sq. yards of paths. • „ 5,000
2/ „ 10,000
^|• tins for 12 gallons FEEE TINS 4/- 20,000
& CASES. 7/6
1/9 „ ,. 25 „
6/- „ „ 100 „

Larger sizes, Lower rates. "eureka" quassia insecticide,
i, lawn sand.
i gallon ... 2/- .. drum free. LIBERAL TERMS.
„ h^l:.e50re powder.
LIQUID 1 „ 3/6... .. ,, 9d. extra. ATTRACTIVE „ bordeaux mixture,

1-60. 2 „ 6/6... .. „ 1/6 Advertising matter. hayward's "summer shade."

5 ... 14/- „ 2/6 „

10 „ .-25/6. . cask 5/- „

&c., &c.

&Write for full LTD., LINCOLN.
HAYWARD,TOMLINSONlist &C.

TO USERS and DFEOARLERQSUOiTnATMEITOHN.'SSPaIbRuIxTxlyantod- SPIRIT OF WINE.

PRESTON^ UVERPOOL DISTILLERY Gf; L?.

The Largest Makers in the Kingdom.

iANKHALL DISTILLERY, SANDHILLS, LIVERPOOL. Office ; 4 India B'ngs, Water St, Liverpool.

EFFICIENCY is the one absolutely necessary
requirement. Nothing counts
but that. No fancy names or
attractive style takes its place.

Battle's Vermin Killer Is PAYS
efflcient. It has stood the
test of time. It gives a good 80^ PROFIT
profit, and as the sale is
registered it gives an opportunity
of making your customers'
better acquaintance. It Is on
the P.A.T.A. List at 3d., 6d., & 1/- ea.
If you have not tried It write
now for a supply.

Battle's

Vermin

Killer

of all Wholesalers.

REGISTERED TRADE MARK.

Battle, Son & Maltby, Lincoln.

THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST January 31, 1914

Briteun's only
Hygienic Hair

Brush.

Encased throughout with untarnishable Aluminium. Will

absolutely prevent dandruff. Materials dressed in London under

approved sanitary conditions. To be obtained from whalesale

houses, or particulars from the manufacturers :

"SILWYR," 11 FORE ST., LONDON, E.C

Best Quality On RANDALL&SON

Limited.

Wholesale and

Export Druggists,

SOUTHAMPTON

WILLIAM LASSON'S

Hair Elixir

u30has a
MASON'S'IT'Sy^-»^-* »»»»»» years' reputation as

The Drink for the Masses Unique Hair Producer.

Millions of glasses useirf iialty AU wholesale liousts supply it
by workers all over the Empire
Chemists & Druggists
—Please allow us to Sample and Quoie
sliould apijl.v for
Citrate Magnesia
COLOURED ART PRINT,
Health Salt
Salines a yreat help in pushiny its eale.
Liver Salt Post free. Write to-day to
Blood Salt
Sulph. & Sarsap« Sail Sole Consignee :

Lemonade M. LINDNER,

Crystals, &c. FARRINGDON AVENUE, LONDON, E.C

If you should desire to SUMMER
address the trade by means NUMBER
of Circulars, send them for
OF
—distribution with the

EWBALL& MAS **The Chemist and Druggist,"^

MOTTINGHAM To be published on July 25, 1914.

Terms and full information can be
obtained from

THE PUBLISHER, 42 CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C.

iiifiWi ' lhMBBK!ilMMafcMBWMMMMii«««iW(i
I

^ASPIRIN'

(Registered Trade Mark).

TABLETS.

P. T» •

Bots. of 25 X 5 grn. tabs. 6/6 per Dozen.
„ „ 100 X 5 „
20/- „ „

Other BAYER Products:—

trin, Adalin, Afridol-Soap, Alypin, Aristol, Aspirin Co. Tabs., Aspirin-Soluble,

inn, Coryfin, Ung. Cycloform Co., Cymarin, Elarson, Ferro-Sajodin, Guycose,

Hmitol 6c Helmitol Co. Tabs., Heroin Hcl., Hydrastinine Hcl., lodothyrine, Irocose,

&Islli, Jothion, Ung. Jothion Co., Luminal Luminal-Sodium, Mesotan, Novaspirin,

Plsphocose, Polylactol, Phenacetine- Bayer, Protargol, Sabromin, Sajodin, Salophen,

Scjiatose, Spirosal, Sulfonal- Bayer, Tannigen, Tenosin, Theocin-Sod. Acet., Veronal

& Veronal-Sodium.

TIE BAYER CO., LTD., 19 St. Dunstan's Hill, LONDON, E.C.

THE che:mist and deuggist Jaxuasy 31. I

THERE JUST ONE

IS and the >AIN

MORE is GONE!

PROFIT The best prescrip-

FOR tion for Nervous

YOU Headache or

Neuralg ia is 'Daisy.'
Take a Daisy' and

sit down quietly

Por a few minutes
The pairi will

quickly disappear

You canjrely on

'Daisy' rfillions of

doses are sold
every year Medical
Scienceknows no

bett er cure
.

OF ALL tSHE MISTS

PACKETS OF 20'DAISIES' 151°

5!\:-LE-Ci-!5Y'l

CURES

HEADACHE & NEURALGIA

iN A FEW MINUTES

in pushing "DAISY" than

in dispensing "Insurance"

prescriptions for headache

powders.

FIGURE IT OUT !

WE ARE PUSHING, TOO!

DAISY, Ltd., MAMMOTH LEEDS.

Established 1893. WORKS,

Telegrams: "DAISY LEEDS.'

ANl-ARV 31, 191-1 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGTST 115

BURGOYNPS

accor^lbijj to

nvi m'^mAwri act, i9i4.

open Wove, Grey Open Wove,
;

White Crepe Calico Bleached
;; ;

Calico Unbleached; Domette;

Flannel.

Unmedicated, Boric, Carbolic,
Cyanide, Sal Alembroth, Sublimate,
Iodoform, Picric Acid.

o o Unmedicated, Boric, Sal Alembroth.

Cotton, Interleaved ; Boric ; Sal

Alembroth.

0 I < } <^ V^^ Adhesive, Belladonna, Picis, Plumbi,
Saponis Alb., cfcc.

COMPLETE PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION.

Telegrams: " CYRIAX, AVi:, LONDON." Telephone 3254 LONDON WALL (4 lines).
:

THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Tanxary 31, li(

a

'

PRODUCTS IN DEMAND.

"Capsotherm" More than

a wool."

This is an ideal means of thermal application with ingenious
improvements upon products issued for a similar purpose.

It is a carefully padded, absorbent wool, saturated with

Capsicum and possessing an impermeable backing.

Does not fray, tear, or become displaced, and bears a secure
profit of 33i %. The medical profession are acquainted with

—this product have you a stock?

PRICE. 'Wholesale. PROFIT.

Retail. Per Dozen. 33J%

16 13,6

"Roboleine" A" tonic food

beyond reproach."

When inquiries arise, suggest "Roboleine" as a seasonable

reconstructive. It is a superior rival to and «of a substitute for

Cod Liver Oil and its numerous combinations. ."Roboleine"'

is palatable, profitable, prescribed by the medical profession,

and does not displace your own preparations.

Remember "Roboleine" interests the particular class of
client who
should interest you.

P.A.T.A. PRICES.
Minimum

Size. Retail. Wholesale per Do2:en.

13 1/- 10 -

3/- 2/9 265

5/6 5/. 48/.

OPPENHEIMER, SON & Co., Ltd.

179 QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, E.Q

NUAP.y 31, 1914 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 117

' PANOPEPTON

PANOPEPTON * is the entire edible substance of prime lean beef and best wheat flour,

loroughly cooked, properly digested, sterilized, and concentrated in vacuo, and preserved

1 a sound sherry.

is necessary for Chemists to hold a Wine Licence in order to sell * PANOPEPTON.*

|:

Supplied in 6-oz. and 12'OZ. bottles at 27/- and 46/- per dozen.

Humanised Milk

PREPARED WITH

Peptogenic Milk Powder

POWDERlumanised Milk prepared with PEPTOGENIC MILK is remarkably like

lother's milk in all particulars : in physical properties, in colour and taste, and in the per*

;ntage of nutritive constituent ; in its digestibility, its behaviour with acid, with rennet, and

the infant's stomach,

POWDERumanised Milk prepared with PEPTOGENIC has simply the normal

gestibility of mother's milk : it is not too easily or unnaturally digestible, and contains no

d to digestion. It affords a complete substitute for mother's milk during the entire nursing

ifiod.

PEPTOGENIC MILK POWDER— the original preparation

—offered for humanising cows' milk in the home has been on

the market for 25 years.

Supplied in two sizes at 22/- and 44/" per dozen.

LYCERINUM PEPSINI

(FAIRCHILD)

^, '^fsi^-e to call the attention of Pharmacists to the advantages of Glycerinum Pepsini

airchild); its convenience for preparing solutions extemporaneously in prescriptions, and

l^harmaceutical preparations in general. It is of a guaranteed, standardised strength ; a

ble glycerole which gives a clear solution, is readily filtrable and yields a permanent,

ght filtrate.

54Supplied in 4 fL-oz. and 16 fl.-oz. bottles at 18/- and - per dozen,

and Winchester Quarts at 21/- each.

& TPrices subject to B. W.
CO.'s erm£.

Originated and Manufactured by Agents for
Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia:
&irchild Bros* Foster*
Burroughs Wellcome &Co.,
NEW YORK,
LONDON, SYDNEY, CAPE TOWN.
1-65 Holborn Viaduct, London, E.C.

113 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST January 31, 19'

The 'WELLCOMIV The 'WELLCOME'

PnOTOGRAPIHC KxrOSl, RL RK< i Kl- Photo Exposure

AND Diary Record and Diary

. How to Sell More

The Et)cydnpa>di.,( Free CalctiSB Display it in the window and on the
telis the Corrctr counter, using the show cards. Introduce
>vhol(; it to every customer. Demonstrate the
A, I of Exposure Calculator.

The first week's results will please you.

Terms :— 1210 per doz. less 30%

Thirteen copies to tlie dozen

Have you show cards? If not, send a

post card for the P. E. R. show card
illustrated in the C. 6^ £>., Jan. 31

^Sa, Burroughs Wellcome & Co.
37^. Snow Hill Buildings, London, E.G.



THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST Jaxlap.y 31. 1914

It is a Pleasure

to Dispense

'WELLCOME'--

Granular Extracts

The granules are fine, uniform, and
poiu: on and off the scale-pan without

mess or waste.
They all conform to the stringent

' WeUcome ' Standards and, wherever

practicable, are prepared from plants
cultivated on the '^^'ellcome' Materia

Medica Farm.
BuRRorcHS Wellcome & Co.

LCNTIOX

1^- -=;-w=ixca!.!E-— COPVSIGHT

BEL L AS O N N A

G.

THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST

122 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST Jaxlary 31, 19

lllllllllll'Hillllllllll i

The Par Excellence

is known and appreciated

"FROM CHINA TO PERU."

It is a palatable, perfect Cream, inseparable and permanent

it is packed Ready for Retail in many different styles, with and without cartons,
and is also sold in bulk.

—Quotations for Season's supply, with specimen cartons, etc., on application to

22 tl '30! (IjRAHAM street, CITY ROAD, LONDON, N.

l l|iP i ll| llil!|inil|
l !|

JIM Chemist and Dhogqist. 139

wiNTeR issue

JTANUARY ai, 1914,

Published at the Head Office : 42 Cannon Street, London, E.G.

Branch Offices : Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney, Australia.

Subscription, lOS. per annum, including " The Chemist and Druggist 'Diary." Price of this issue, Is. post free.

CONTENTS. SUMMARY

Of an Interesting and Profitable Number.

PAGE PAGE

outh. Afrkan Business 168 Grasee in Winter 163

Sinaldaij in Whoo-ping- Gripe-water 152

_li 170 Hdsipano- Moorish. Phar- English and other news begins on p. 185.
187
viglit Pharmacy im macy-pots 176

Tiean Vetei-aai Inisuranice Act Diepeosiiig ... 201 In front of this are more than forty pages of illustrated

fldon . 172 Informjatioin Department ... 178 articles.
'ioations H-heii-
for Irish News 186 First comes " Students" Corner," with awards of prizes
159
iifcifim 189 Japanese Mint Industry ... 213 to Mr. A. Q. Barton and Mr. W. J. Ogden (p. 140), this
154 being followed by the Minor Botany article on Savin (p. 141).
New Japanese Ph.9,rTntw!.oipoei.a ... 167

P." Fallacy Legal Reports 190

192 London Insurance Com-
ish ftoodis on AmericajL
m-itteie 204 Sir James Dewar, F.R.S., delivered a most interesting
lecture at the Royal Institution last week on vacuum-fJasks,
il 143 lion.don Wholesale Houses 155 incidentally mentioning that man exhales hydrogen (p. 142).
Maekew's CoHection of
ni^sa C'hanges 192 An Anglo-American business man writes in an informative
162 Dirug-p'Ots 147 way about how business people can and cannot do business
uess Side 196 141
& D. Diary " Minor Botany in the United States (pp. 143-144).

llian Nev\'Q 189 Notes on No-velties 199 A series of illustrated articles on old mortars, pharmacy
N'UtmegB and Mace 160
of the Hair 174 pots, and the like begins with one by Mr. C. Rowed on

,^tera a.iwi Bougies 150 (Ibservations and Reflections 179 p. 145.
Old Mortars and Memen-
licadi Society 1S4

lists end SaksTOO-nship 209 toes 145
176
liars a'ad Price-liete ... 195 Our Town TraveiUier 194

ge Notes 191 P.A.T.A

ir Photogmphy 206 Personalities 192 Mr. J. D. Marshall communicates an instructive article
Soc iety on "Catheters and Bougies" (p. 150).
>an.i«'5 191 P h arm acemticoj
The origin, history^ and present and prospective publicity
er foi- Studonits 140 (G.B.) 186 in regard to Woodward's Gripe-water are on p. 152.

;»pond-eai.c€ Pharmiacisbs' Uniform 193

tteri' Poisonings 198

iuraiiieo Diepejising Prescription Problem 178

Jneries 215 Preisentation Pharmacy-pot 148 Historic proprietary and sundries houses in London are
215 described in an article beginning on p. 155.
!»pensi!n|g Notes 216 Problems for 1914 158
'al Queries The botany and commerce of nutmegs and mace are th?
Reiorganiisation 205 subject of an article on p. 160.

icellaneouia Inquiries! ... 216 Retrospect 216
jsoribere' Symiposium 215 Reviews 208

192 Royal Institution Magic ... 142
RusBiian and British Phar-
>rial Arfcioiies Three Pharmacopoeias are the subject of articles beginning
180 miacopooias Oomipared ... 164 on p. 164. The Russian and British Pharmacopoeias are
; Menthol Market ... 181 187 compared, an epitome is given of the Argentine Pharma-
Sale or E*fctim 182 Scots News 146 copoeia, and some corrections on Japanese Pharmacopoeia
184 Some Ceramic Notes monographs.
y of Price-protection 183 South Africjan News 189
St. Germain Drug -pots ... 148
*oric<il Pliaraacy ... .
rttan's Chroai'dles ... .SvindicaMstic Chocolates ... 171
National Drug Tariff 184
185 The Average Chemist 149 A service of gold plate has been presented to Mr. and Mrs.
sh News 185
acopea Argentime 166 Trade-marks 193 John Morgan Richards on the occasion of their golden
209 wedding (p. 172).
vitiee 187 Trade Report 210
191
!h News Trinidad Botanic Gardens ... 198
,
?te Window-dressiing 174 Mr. A. Mortimer describes and illustrates some good
business-bringing shop windows (p. 175).
Winter Session 209

BUILDING FOREIGN BUSINESS. The law of sale and return and of price-protection are

3re is no sign of slackening in the boom on British dealt with editorially, consequent on recent actions. Half-
•ts, but are you getting your share? That is the ques-
the maker of and wholesale dealer in chemists' goods a-dozen other subjects are commented unon, winning
id afik himself seriously. The overseas business is we'l
p. 180.
—1 haying, and it is easy to handle thanks to the mer-
A pharmacy play is on the Paris stage, and is described
shdpper. The great thing is to interest the shipper
ur goods, and to do that is the special purpose of the by our correspondent there (p. 187).

:XPORT MERCHANT SHIPPERS* ISSUE The legal reports deal with several trade cases, the black-
dye patent case, and the Stolz electrophone (p. 190).
of IE Chemist and Druogist, which is to be published
We award seventeen prizes in the C. <£ B. Diarv comneti-
On March 14, 1914. '

r particulars of the scope and character of that Issue, tion (p. 196).
the advertising space at disoosal, together with the
The Insurance Act dispensing section, beginning on p. 201,
are obtainable from The Publisher, The Chemist and includes a digest of the new medical regulations in their
GIST, 42 Cannon Street, London, E.G. final form, an account of the London Insurance Committee's
organisation and premises, and impressions by delegates of
the Reorganisation Conference.

140 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January .31, Vjl:

CORNER FOR STUDENTS. phosphate would not occasion the formation of a prec

Conducted by Leonard Dobbin, Ph.D. tate of ammonium magnesium phosphate in a sohn.
which from the beginning contained much dissolved ph.

phate. Still another such failure was illustrated

All communications for this section should be addressed thus : numerous instances, in the preparation of solutions to
" Corner for Students, ' The Chemist and Druggist,' 42 Cannon tested for acid radicals, by the boiling up of the pow
Street, London, E.C." with sodium-carbonate solution although there were

metallic radicals which this operation could precipi;,,

Report on January Analytical Exercise. and in the filtration of the resulting solution althc;

THE powder dfstriButecI to students on January 5 con- there was no precipitate to separate. It is in connec.
tained five parts by weight of potassium oxalate, four with points of this description that the thinking stU(i-
and one part ' has great advantages over mere
parts of di-potassium hydrogen phosphate, the mechanical wo!
;

of potassium nitrate. The calculated composition of such I who follows a fixed procedure, quite irrespective
whether the prescribed operations are necessary or nu;
a mixture is :

K 43.1 I allures in detecting the nitric-acid radical were a_.
23.9 too numerous. Several were due to omission to apply .:
ao. 21.8 test, some to too hasty or incautious work, and one

PO.

NO3 6.1 two to inappropriate procedure. It was not satisfait
0.2 to mix, as some did, the original aqueous solution \vi
H

H,0 ... 4.9 concentrated sulphuric acid, and then, after cooling,

100.0 run in a saturated solution of ferrous sulphate. A nr;

Samples of the powder were distributed to eighty-one more delicate reaction is ensured by maintaining the '
students, and thirty-two reports were sent in for examina- centration of the sulphuric acid as high as possible, ,.
this is best done by first mixing the solution to be t*>'

tion. with the solution of ferrous sulphate and then caretu

Only one correspondent failed to detect the potassium. running the sulphuric acid down the side of the uv
The failures in the detection of the acidic radicals were : avoiding mixture as much as possible, and thus secui

Oxalic, 14; phosphoric, 8; nitric, 10. a sharp interface at the junction of the lighter aqiic
layer with the heavier acid layer.
The pow.der submitted for analysis this month was
noteworthy for its deliquescent character. It proved to The many failures to detect the oxalic-acid radical, b
be more conspicuous in this respect than had been amtici-
pated, since admixture with the relatively larger pro- in the preliminary examination and in the system::'
testing, with calcium chloride in acetic-acid solnt.

portion of the non-deliquescent oxalate and nitrate did clearly point to insufficient care in regard to the test:

not prevent the deliquescent nature of the di-potassium for this important radical.
phosphate from making itself more apparent than had
been expected. Only in the hands of very few corre- A few mistakes arose thi'ough confusion as to the sigi
spondents, however, did the moist condition of the mix-
ture occasion considerable inconvenience, and in fewer cance of the formation of a yellow precipitate on the ao
cases still was it put forward' as in any sense a grievance. tion of silver nitrate to the original aqueous solution. :
In regard to a matter of this kind, it is not without yellow silver phosphate being taken for silver arseiir.
iDut if an arsenite had been present, hydrogen sulpl.:

would have given a yellow precipitate of arsenioiis j

interest to study the different points of character revealed phide in the routine testing for metallic radicals.
Prizes.
in the reports of students who have had to deal with it
The First Prize for the best analysis has been awan:
under practically identical conditions ; but in the present
instance it was gratifying to observe the cheerful manner

in which almost all approached the difiiculty, and the re- to Mv
sourcefulness shown by some students in whose hands it
had evidently become somewihat acute. Deliquescence A. Q. Barton, 23 High Street, Ryde, I.W.
often introduces difficulties into analytical practice, and The Second Prize has been awarded to

Wm. J. Ogden, 426 Liverpool Street. Sudley,

the student must learn to handle these difficultia'; as Chester.
part of the usual routine.
—First Prize. Any scientific book that is published ul
Apart from its deliquescence, the powder presented little
price not greatly exceeding half-a-guinea may be taken 0-

real difficulty from the analytical point of view. It dis- —first prize.
Second Prize. Any scientific book which is sold for al«
solved easily and completely in water, and the solution five shillings may be taken as a second prize.

gave no positive reaction with any of the usual group The students to whom prizes are awarded are recjucsteo

Areagents. few students who tested for the phosphoric- write at once to the Publisher naming the book or be .

acid radical at an early stage in the analysis and found they select.

it present concluded that a powder which was wholly Marks Awarded for Analyses.

soluble in water, which yielded an alkaline solution, and 1. Correspondents wlw are unqualified
which contained a phosphate, only required to be tested
for metallic radicals of the alkali group. Others, how- A. Q. Barton (1st prize) 98 Student
ever, did not consider the relation of these facts to one
another, and, as the result of their analyses, reported the W. J. Ogden (2nd prize) 95 Nomen
presence of iron, aluminium, calcium, or magnesium, the F. V. B
Myron 94 Newrad f\

Ozone 94 M. J. Pickering 'f.
^;
Aspirin ... 91

explanation probaibly being that the precipitates which Rare Chemical 89 Victorv :
were taken to indicate the presence of these various metals 88 A. C, S
were due to impurities introduced in tap-water or in SufFy 83 Sprennens ;
78 D. Gregory
reagents. One or two students who detected the phos- Onyx ... 73 X. ... ••
73 A. H. Bridges
phoric-acid radical proceeded, quite unnecessarily, to re- Anion 72 F. Bressington .• j
70 ;
move it by means o*the ferric-acetate separation, either Kepier ... ... Capsici ;
not having observed, or ignoring the fact, that ammonium Kino
•'
Ricinus

Siniili

chloride and excess of ammonia, as group reagents, did 2. Correspondents ivho are qualified, or who Jwve n-
not produce any precipitate, and that thus the condition Indicated that tliey are unqualified :
which necessitates this separation was absent. Another • -^
failure to connect facts with one another was illustrated Ajax 70 Verb. Sap. -
in the cases of several students who, although they knew Gluepot
Curious 25 Virus ... •• -
that the original solution contained the phosphoric-acid
43 Xylem ...
radical but gave no precipitate with ammonium chloride
and excess of ammonia or with ammonium carbonate, as To COREESPONDENTS.
group reagents, nevertheless added sodium phosphate to W. J. Ogden.—The addition of a nearly neutral solulion

the same solution as a test for magnesium, without regard of ferric chloride to a neutral solution of the powder should
to the circumstance that the further addition of a soluble
—have given a precipitate of ferric phosphate.

MyeOX. A fuller preliminary examination_ would na\'

pti-engthened your report considerably, and this might Inii'

ANUAEY 31, 1914 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 1-1

—I made despite the deliquescent cluuacter of the Minor Botany.

je^._[jy evaporating part of the 6riginul solution to Being the fifth of a series of articles for PliariiKicij
less carefully, and operating upon the residue. Students which commenced on January 3, 1914.

;ONE.—Road the reply immediately preceding. SAVIN, J unrpenis Sabina, Linne is an evergreen
m;PIBIN.—Dilute nitric acid, when used
sufficient shrub, from three to fifteen feet high, indi-
genous to the mountainous regions of Southern Europe. It
liitity, completely dissolved the precipitate produced by [a, erect, with pliant branches and glossy evergreen foliage.
The younger branches, which constitute the savin tops of
r nitrate in the original aqueous solution of the X-l0^vdcr. pharmacy, are covered with light-green bark, which,
portion which remained undissolved in your case, and however, is not visible until the leaves which completely
invest them are removed. The minute thick scale-like
iiaiiy other instances, simply consisted of silver oxalate, leaves are dark green and without stalks (sessile). They
are arranged opposite one another in four overlapping
h IS only dissolved when a sufficient concentration of rows (imbricated)_, and ar-e flattened to the stem
....0 acid IS present.
—WeRE Chemical. failed to obtain any indication of

presence of a sulphate. The supposed silver chloride

really silver oxalate.

—jf.y_ The facts that the original powder dissolved coni-

ly in water, and tliat it yielded a slightly alkaline
.on in which the phosphoric-acid radical was present,

sufficient to prove the absence of barium-group metals

of magnesium. You omitted to state the evidence

1 led you to conclude that a trace of a nitrate was

—iJy.X. Since boiling the original powdt'r with solution

dium carbonate did not produce any precipitate, it was
fiuous to filter the mixture.

—ION. The special test for a nitrate cannot have been

carefully applied, since there was no difficulty in

obfning quite a distinct positive result with this month's

iMi.er.

—PIER. Distinct evolution of gas bubbles, due to the

nposition of the oxialate, should have been observed
the powder was heated with concentrated sulphuric

—AiiNUS. single drop of silver-nitrate solution added

solution of a grain or so of the powder produced a

precipitate of silver oxalate, while further addition

le reagent gradually produced a yellow precipitati^

I consisted, in part, of silver phosphate. Probably it

the former effect which led you to conclude that a
ihosphate and not an orthophosphate was present.

—ILL In several careful tests for the presence of an

mium salt w© failed to obtain any traces of liberated

jnia.

—'DENT. You report the presence of a carbonate, but

ut furnishing any evidence in support of this. The
s awarded for your last report amounted to 76 per

—V. B. and Sphennens. The precipitate which you

on,;i6d adding magnesium sulphafe to the aqueous
;0a of the powder and boiling, and which you sup-

to indicate the presence of a bicarbonate, simply con-
of magnesium phosphate and oxalate.

—VRAD. Read the replies to " Suffy " (first sentence)

' Onyx."

TORY.— We do not understand your query regarding

oductioii of the precipitate of calcium oxalate. Please

your difficulty fully and clearly, and we shall endea-

xi solve it.

Geegoby.—You should find it profitable to repeat

a mixture prepared by yourself) the examination of
ble powder containing an oxalate, a phosphate, and
ate, and to note the points concerning which you

fuil in this analysis.

-Note that the non-formation of a sublimate on heat-

111? powder in a dry tube does not necessarily prove the JuNiPEBUs Sabixa.

of ammonium or of arsenic compounds. The
pow did not contain a borate. Read the general
(appressed), to which they frequently adhere for nearly

AIt'Ol <s regarding the s-pecial test for nitrates, half their length (adnata). In shape the erect, bluntly-
a ici.— very simple outfit of apparatus
and even pointed leaves are roughly four-sided (rhomboidal), and

piin lye accommodation should enable you to help your- have a conspicuous depressed oil-gland at the
back
s.lf, •ith perseverance and the aid of a good text-lsook, of all the leaves. The " Arbor Vitse "

to a iir knowledge regarding the rudiments of analytical (Thuja occiclentalis), another cultivated foliage
pioc ure.

Gi •POT.—You obtained a blue coloration on adding plant, closely resembles savin in habit, but only

fe: chloride, hydrochloric acid, and potassium ferri- two rows of leaves have oil-glands. The tops
cyan e to the aqueous solution of
emp '6d an old solution of the the powder because you of /. phosnicea, which have been used as a substitute
you
used ferricyanide. Had for savin tops, have y-arranged leaves. On
-
fresh solution prepared from a washed crystal of rubbing savin tops the volatile oil escapes, giving them

the i t only a brown coloration would have been observed, a strong and somewhat disagreeable terebinthinate
Re; uso the reply to " Onyx."
Ct 0^^-~Although you suspected the presence of an odour. The compactness of the foliage is an adaptation

acet, the failure to obtain anv reaction with ferric to an environment where drought and cold may prevail.
',

chlo e should have aroused doubt regarding it. You will Like the common juniper, savin is dioecious and the

find ime of the failures and omissions in your analysis so-called female plant may be found (like our illustra-
refoi d to in the general
othe orrespondents. remarks and in the replies to tion) bearing flowers with two or three whorls of carpels,

Vf . Sap.—A more exhaustive preliminary examination and purple, almost black, fruits a little smaller than
wou
have nave increased the value of yrmr analysis and might juniper berries. The fruits usually contain three seeds,
your detecting the oxalate.
and are marked with tubercles corresponding to the

-1Vi of ''o" which vou detected must have fertile carpels, but have not the tri-radiate marking of
^' dfu*r"^i^n^g the analysis fi some of the reagents
om juniper berries. At the apex are the remains of upper-
been' squired

oriip most sterile whorl of sporophylls.

Janlahy 31, l;i

Royal Institution Magic. the invention has achieved nu other object, it can
to have advanced considerably the art of glass-bk^-

There is also, said the lecturer, a trick in the silveri

FOR many years the opening night of the series of The Molecular Air-pump.
I
Friday evening discourses at the Royal Institu-
tion, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W., has been Referring to methods of producing the vacuu:
looked forward to as sure to provide some scientific
sensation. The meeting held on January 23 was no ex- j
ception, as Sir James Dewar, the veteran Fullerian Pro-
fessor of Chemistry, was able to announce for the first the mercury-pump and charcoal, attention was di:
time in public that the atomic specific heat of metals
is not a constant as it has hitherto been regarded, but ,

to a newly invented "molecular" air-pump of ast

ing properties, which was on the table. This

motor-driven pump which does not involve the c:,

ment of mercury. It depends upon the velocit\

which a spindle i.3 revolved. The normal speed
.

unthinkable velocity of 8,000 revolutions a second,

that the specific heat of metals exhibits periodicity. j

this pump large vessels can be exhausted in a ii
Another announcement, the importance of which can or two which hitherto have taken hours or days,
hardly as yet be realised, is that the respired gases from rapidity of the exhaustion was shown in a few e
the lungs contain a quantity of hydrogen, which varies ments. The mast striking was shown with a s -
with different individuals. The title of the lecture was Lube, connected with a high-tension current. A
" The Coming of Age of the Vacuum Flask," that vessel lights in the theatre were switched off, and soi
having been invented by Sir James Dewar in the course tube became luminous and passed through the \
of his researches as to the best manner of storing liquid stages until the highest vacuum was reachec
air. Out of curiosity we turned up our report of the " hard '' stage of the radiographer. The pump
corresponding meeting in 1893, which happened to be the effective as the charcoal method hitherto employe
historic occasion when the results were announced of is comparatively easy with the pump to solidify o.\
Sir James Dewar's research on low temperatures, and Before the eyes of the audience oxygen was 'soli'
when liquid oxygen was shown to the public for the firsi a feat which was undreamt of a few years ago.
time. Many of the scientific men who formed part of
The Hydrogen- Calorimeter.
the audience on that night twenty-one years ago are no
The next part of the lecture dealt with the
longer with us. Lord Playfair, Sir F. Bramwell, Sir
F. Abel, Sir George Stokes, and Sir Joseph (afterwards liquid air, hydrogen and nitrogen, for the measui
ALord) liquid hydrogen calorimeter has bee
Lister are no more but Sir Henry Roscoe and Sir of heat.
;

Thomas Thorpe are still among us. Referring to the vised in which the material to be tested is first
in liquid nitrogen, and then dropped into liquid 1
insulated vessels which had then just been devised for gen, the amount of hydrogen that is evaporated
storing liquid gases, we said at the time : measured. The investigations of Dulong and Pc'
atomic specific heat resulted in the finding that t
The difficulties of heat conduction and convection had a constant. Sir James Dewar has invystiigat^i
been solved by the very simple expedient of enclosing the

" containers " in a vacuous jacket. No other expedient

simply a bulb or tube sealed within another of the same specific heat question a^ain, using the temperati

shape, and the space between exhausted. . . . This region 50° absolute, in the hydrogen calorimeter. The

of nothingness conserves the energy of the liquid in the is that metals are found to exhibit in their specifii
tube. a periodicity and not constancy. Hitherto the

Since then the vacuum flask has beeir employed univer- named property was the only exception to the ]k

Asally for storing liquid gases, and has become even properties of the elements. huge diagram e

better known in daily life as "Thermos" flasks for ing the length of the wall exhibited the results

storing hot or cold liquids. Sir James began his dis- have been obtained within the last few monti

course somewhat apologetically. It suggests vanity, he showed also that the periodicity had an intimate-,

said, to deal with a subject with which he had had so tion to the atomic volumes as determined by L '

much to do. But there are precedents for the celebra- Meyer. Physicists are now, said the lecturer, 1'

tion, he urged, citing the case of Huxley in 1880, who towards Sir Jnsepli Thomson, not exactly fightiii;:

in that same lecture theatre discoursed on the coming problems involved in the properties of radium

of age of the doctrine of the origin of species. This was " interpreting Nature in different ways." It i^.

further backed up by a quotation from Ruskin. Then ever remarkable that some of the mathematical
j

on the screen was shown the appearance of the lectuie ists have predicted that the specific heats of ili-

table at the meeting in 1893, referred to above, and this ments at low temperatures must be determined •

was followed by slides showing the Aby the atomic volume. few specific heats wei-,

EvoLuriox OF THE Vacuum Flask taken in the apparatus behind the lecturer. Ea
these only occupied a matter of fifteen seconds, sli
to its present form. The employment of internal silver- the perfeotion to which the apparatus has been bi'
ing for increasing the insulation resulted from the observa-
tion that wheii one residual mercury in the vacuum was LTncondeksable Gases.

deposited on the glass by the intense cold of liquid air Another subject which has been under invest)
at the Royal Institution is the amount of uncond-
Aplaced in the vessel better insulation followed. few gas at 20° absolute. Gas has beerr employed from ^

experiments were shown with " half -silvered " vessels,

which, by thermo-electric measurements, disclosed far sources, such as from rain-water, deep-well water,
better insulation in that half of the vessel which had brine, and the King's well at Bath, and the am -

been silvered. Glass is not the only material that can uncondensable gas was found to vary. In the <

be used for vacuum vessels quartz can be employed with air from which oxygen had been removed by di'
; methods some curious results were obtained, due i

advantage, on account of low expansion. Quartz is, how- various chemicals employed. Among the gases em|iV
ever, expensive and difficult to work, but some vessels
in that material were shown on the table. There should, in the experiments mentioned above was respireca

the lecturer said, be a standard for vacuum flasks. The startling fact was discovered that this gas cc
Unless the vacuum is very high one may have an ex- hydrogen. The amount is not large, and it vai

pensive flask not so good as one that can be bought for different individuals. Sir James respires about IC

2s. In large vessels less heat is lost than with small of hydrogen during twenty-four hours, but jMr. '

ones. They are, therefore, more economical, a point his laboratory assistant, produces 250 c.c. in^ tht
which we suggest chemists might bear in mind when a
customer wavers between the purchase of a large and a time. This opens up many new problem*. What
small vacuum flask. Sir James said he did not think
physiological significance of the production of hyu-

and what becomes of the hydrogen ? Hydrogen mi|

the present form of the flask could be improved, but he re- escaping continuou.sry from the atmosphere. Is i*'"

gretted that not one is made in this country, and he added, dised higher up and returned as water?

J cannot get them made in this country." The flasks Sir James Crichton-Browne was in the ciiair. 1

and cups are beautiful examples of glass-blowing, and if library were many interesting exhibits.
I

jU-ABY 31, 1914 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 143

Bitish Goods on American Soil. the poor Irishman used to have abcjut Jjondon, so fitly

By an Anglo-American Business Man. described by Percy French :

'E new Tariff Act of 1913, with its lessened duties and " Oh, Mary, this London's a wonderful sight,

T ?xpand.eid free list, has naturally turned the eyes of Wid the people all workin' by day and by night.

h« British market across the Atlantic Ocean to these Sure, they don't sow potatoes, or barley, or wheat,
But there's gangs of them diggin' for gold in the street.
si 10 , and already there has been quite an influx of At least, when I axed them, that's what I was told;
So I just took a hand at this diggin' for gold.
less men into the United States on a journey of
—But for all that I found then I might as well be
ection and investigation. Correspondence has been
inged relative to the possibilities of opening up new Where the mountains o' Mourno roll down to the sea."
So many think of the United States as an Eldorado,
ess here.
with untold wealth and green-backs sticking up all over
;e Tariff Act is not the only influence upon which
pening of the market here depends. The improve- the place, ready to be picked up, with buried treasures
facilities for crossing the ocean by means of cheaper only waiting the finding of some fortunate seeker. They

at) and frequent service has done a great deal to culti- forget it is a land of hard work, tremendous competition,
the tastes of the people living on this side * towards
and high prices. So blinded they rush in here, then sadly
lodities that are sold in the old country ; in fact, sit back and add up their losses. ihey will tell you

'ivord " imported " is almoist a fetish. To wear an that the market is rotten, the business people dishonest,
rted suit or gown is the hall-mark of prosperity, and and they condemn their business policies ; but on investiga-
eat many of our American cousins make yearly tion we will find that down at the bottom they have either

been misled or have miscalculated, tlio fault being either

errors of omission or commission. It is my purpose to

show clearly some of the pitfalls.

The United States is not an English Colony,

pi images aci-oss the ocean to the land of their fathers as some of my countrymen seem to think history will
;

explain why. Conditions are not the same and business

bring back with them new ideas and things which methods are not the same. This is a foreign country ; it
is every bit as foreign as France or Germany. The people
appealed to their fancy. Not only this, but the
are foreign they have their own ideas of methods,
ing qualities and the "made-to-last characteristics ;
0 many articles which are standard in Great Britain
customs, and living, which are entirely and absolutely

also be considered a cause. In Boston particularly, different from Great Britain. The only thing that is at

especially in the drug-trade, one finds a great number all similar is the language, and even that is changed.

veil-known English products enjoying constant sale A tailor will ask you if you want cuffs put on your
demand, and it is only necessary to note a few of
trousers ; serviette is not a table napkin ; the final letter of
products that are household words in England to
se what an influence they are producing upon the alpliabet is zee not zed funnels on a steamboat are
;

smoke-stacks ; the postman is a lett er-carrier cunning is a
;

erican life. Craveuette is the standard for men's superlative adjective for appreciation you get your shoes
;

mer wear, and we know that Bradley, Yorkshire, is shined, not blacked ; a tram car is a surface car ; a .rail-

home. In restaurants English mutton chop is the way is a railroad the station is a depot luggage is
; ;

idard of what a mutton chop should be, and even the baggage we don't speak of scented goods, we say per-
;

om of afternoon tea, so hnig an object of ridicule and fumed ; a chemist's shop is a drug-store, and the assistants

almost unfailing source of amusement for the comic clerks. So I might go on ; but enough is said to show

ers, is now an accomplished fact, and it is almost that at the start you must recognise the U.S.A. as a

tjmpossibility to get a table at any of the large New foreign country, and if you do that, it immediately puts

Vk hotels during the afternoon-tea hour. In the line an entirely new- complexion on a lot of things.

lelicacies for the table we note L. & P.'s sauce, C. & B. As a rule the British manufacturer has absolutely no

jd'es, Colman's mustard, Eidgeway's and Lipton's teas, idea of the size of this enormous country : five days from

tch and Irish whiskies, Dublin stout, Bass's ale, and coast to coast, and 1,000 miles from New York to

We& C.'s ginger ale. have H. & P. bis-cuits, Hartley's Chicago. Take the State of Texas alone ; if it were a

I, and Keiller's marmalades. Then we have the Crown lake, and France were in the middle, it could not be

iumery Co.'s smelling-salts, perfumes, and bath-salts. seen from the shore. The New England States are larger

0 Morny Freres' bath-salts and perfumes, Pears' soap than Great Britain and Ireland put together, with just

1 Lifebuoy soap, Benger's food and Robinson's barley, about half their population, yet the meet densely

man's embrocation, Eno's fruit salt, Beecham's pills crowded of any section of the country. The foreign

ans s pastilles, and " Tabloid " products, all enjoying a population is enormous, and the number of foreign news-
d and increasing demand.
papers which are published is almost incredible.

There is one golden axiom that is to be applied in

Failures as well as Successes. contemplating this market,

Vhile mentioning some of the successes that have been Festixa Lente.
True, some businesses have sprung up almost like mush-
de here, it is educational to look at some of the failures, rooms, but they are few ; even American houses that
have grown enormously have begun from very small
failures there have been, this having proved the grave businesses. Scott's Emidsion was started in a cellar.
many a British enterprise which has reached this shore
Even in England things are done differently in one city
1 of expectation and primed with the feeling that from another ; business methods in- Manchester are
cess :s assured, different from those in London.
too often, alas because the introducers
! Let me give a example of how the average English
concern does business over here : He appoints a selling-
re Ignorant of conditions or blinded to them. Even
day we have examples of British houses striving to do agent in one of the big cities, and he sets aside an adver-
siness here along lines which they would never con- tising appropriation, which he places in the hand of an

fer or tolerate for a moment in "their own country, advertising agent ; then he forgets about it, until one

ley never consider that there i.s no royal ,road to success morning he finds that his appropriation has been
any hne of
life they never think that the splendid swallowed up, and he has nothing to show for it. He
; will then either expend more money along the same

ccess which they have made at home has been built up channels or he will close out his proposition and charge
hard work, by constant effort, by dogged determina- his losses up to experience, and so will be added another

m, and by tireless energy. How true it is that "The English failure on the American market. A few failures
ights which great men reached and kept were not
which may prove object-lessons are worth while noting :
tamed by sudden flight, but thev, while their coni-
An English confectioner started business here some years
tnions slept, were toiling upward ' in the night." So
ifiny of them have the same idea about this country that ago, and lost something like 10,000?. simply because he did

*raTmhitshearatuitchloer'wsarsefwerrietntceens.i—nEdtihteoeU,niCt.ed& ^States, and we
T>.

THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 31, 1914

not study climatic effects upon his goods, and he took the country and expand from that. The hardest territi-
advice of an unscrupulous advertising agent, instead oi to work, but
acting upon his own good judgment.
The Best Market,
A disinfectant concern were under the impression thax
is the Eastern Coast or the New England States. 1
because they had a well-known article, and well-established
in England, their name was sufficient for this market. ground of least resistance is along the Pacific Co;;
Should he have a preparation that would appeal to
Had they proceeded along right lines there is no question medical man, then his scheme of campaign might be c
lined as follows : In a town, say, Philadelphia or Bost-
but they would have had a splendid business here, for at
the time they tried the experiment household disinfectants which are good towns to start in, place a stock pack
were in their infancy. or two in every drug-store in the citv. then sample <;,

A tooth-powder concern " lost out," simply because they physician whose practice would afford him the opportin
of recommending the product; send him at the same t:
did not consider the American taste. Their article was un- a good circular letter, with descriptive literature. T
should be repeated at intervals of not less than
suitable. month for twelve months, sampling, say, every tl:
months; at the same time, see that all the wholesale hoi;
Case after case might be fhown, and the causes of have a stock on hand to meet immediate demand. T
should be kept up for about two years before he c
failure are perfectly apparent to anyone familiar with
considers going to the public with his article. 11 max
the conditions here. If these concerns had only shown
the same common sense and business acumen that has laid down as an axiom that should an inquiry be rnade
characterised their progress at home they need never a physician with regard to any produci, and if ll
have written " Ichabod " over their American project.
physician is not familiar with it, he is sure to condemn
One of the first questions that British manufacturers
as he does not know about it ; but if one has the si
will ask is :
port of the physicians, then the inquiry from a patii
"What is this going to Cost Me? "
will almost invariably result in a favourable opini-
That, at the outset, is an unfortunate question. Sums
Local advertising may be done then through the lo
may vary in the same way that they do at home. We
mnewspapers, and this way the business can expand fr
don't say, "What will it cost me to open a shop, or
start a newspaper, or exploit a company?" The ques- city to city and from State to State. It has largely hi
tion should be, " How far can I expect to get with,
by this method that Kolynos dentifrice have built up
say, five, ten, or twenty thousand pounds ? "
Having satisfied himself as to the amount of money enormous business. Philadelphia and Boston are C0Ii^

that he would like to spend on this market, the first step vative cities; they are slow to take a new proposition,
for him to do is to come over here or send a trusted
employe across to this side to investigate the conditions. once it is established it is just as hard for it ti
Let him live among the people and see how business is
handled ; watch how the people live, learn how businesses Aeradicated. consultation with a resident in New 'Y '
are conducted, for it would be a profitable expenditure
for him to use 1,OOOZ. for investigation than for him or one of the other cities, who is thoroughly conver.-

to use 10,OOOL on exploitation without investigation. with the conditions here, and who also knows the Enc:
Let him beware of the wily advertising agent, who,
with honeyed tongue, will spin him cleverly an Arabian market, would be of incalculable value to anyone '
Nights story of what his concern will do. Beware, too,
templating this market.
of the commission house, who will tell you of their tre-
mendous staff, and their' army of " detail " men, who will The Keynote of Success.
explain to you very carefully their splendid method of
to my mind, is that the advertiser must work jusl
distribution yet, should you be foolish enough to place
; hard himself here as he would do at home, and that
success must depend upon his own effort and no one eL'
your article in their hands, you may find that you are
lost among the hundred and one articles which they are He must remember, too, that the retailer is a distribui

exploiting; in other words, you will only be a fraction not an exploiter. The average retail drug-store will iv-
of their work. The British manufacturer, should he recommend any product; the druggist w-ill simply 1.
contemplate this market, must do all the work all the over the counter what is asked for should he have .-.
while himself. His advertising agent and his sales agent
stock, 60 it is important to see that distributici!:
will only be but spokes in the wheel ; he must be the thorough. One must not depend upon the English poi*
real motive power, and he must be responsible for tion here to use an article or to recommend it. Eii;:;
results. It would be better for him to establish his own people in the United States are not good supporter^
office, with his own staff, responsible to the home office,
and it would be advisable for him to have a man in home manufactures, so all theories in that direction n
charge of the office who is familiar with conditions here. be put on one side. All suggestions of help from, ad'
This would save him a great deal of uriuecessary trouble tisers or agents here must be discounted, and the pros;
and expense, and would be the surest means of building five exploiter has got to come down to the point alii
up a successful business. mentioned : that he is the one who has to do the \\>
and he is the one who ultimately will be respoceibie
A Very Impoetant Consideration
the credit of his undertaking.
is that he should know absolutely that the product which
he intends to exploit on this market is suitable for it The different standards of price indicate how a Br:;
manufacturer may price his article; in England the >'
that it will stand the climate, and that it is one that dard is the shilling, while here it i^ the dollar (4s.). '1

there is reasonable demand for. He must know how his must be the basis of his price, so if he has the qualiii
tions, capital, and a good article, determination, tii<-
goods should appear on the store shelf and the price that patience, and a dogged resolve to get there, he will '
the public must pay for it, the discounts that he must that his American experiment will be the beginning i
allow the jobber (or wholesaler) and the retailer. The business that will expand into one worth while havi'
words "in general usage," as to the labels, containers, ^^ lould it, however, be determined after investigai
the market here thoroughly, that he has come to
etc. ; should the article contain alcohol, the percentage conclusion that it is not worth the game, then I :
must be stated on the label in certain type. If it should sure that even the experience which he has gainetl
contain any drugs of a habit-forming nature, there is no this side through his investigation will benefit his hi;
use in attempting this market, as he would not be allowfxl
ness in the old country. He will get another view-pui
to sell it. The package must tell the net weight, stated
on the label. He will have to inqirire iiilo the Inler-State of market conditions, and he will see that even the bii:
Laws, and how the Pure Food and Drugs Act will afi'ect ness he has already established at hinne is capable
his commodity. It must be guaranteed by his agent
under that law, and so stated on the container. He will bigger things.
have to consider as to whether he should attack the whole
country, and have what is known as " a nation wide Golf-ball Cokes.—In the United States several cases;
campaign," or else he must confine it to a section cf the
injury to the eyes have been caused bv careless perforatiij
of the liquid core of golf-balls. Dr. R. L. EmersO:
Boston, U.S.A., states ("Journal of the American Metlic|
Association "') that the liquid consists of either a mixtul
of barium sulphate, soap, and a free alkali, or a solutu

in which there is zinc chloride.

01 Mortars and Mementoes. antiquities in a shop. I bought it on Easter Monday,
and am still wondering how old it really is, and how
By Charles Rowed. many centuries the antiquary was out in his reckoning.
Its appearance in every way indicates great age.

N rticle in The Chemist and Druggist some time No. III. is 7 in. diameter by A-4 in. high. After
my,ck is responsible for interest in old mortars, acquiring this I ascertained that the diifereuce between
alabaster and marble is that the former is of a softer
lien four of my specimens were shown and ex- nature, which accounts for the head of the old pestle
being worn to I5 in. One of the four lugs is grooved
iil upon in the last Winter Issue, no doubt all the
—for convenience when pouring out fluid mixtures no
'jf chemists wondered from whose collection these
doubt the innovation of an up-to-date cash chemist of
Aen garnered. timely inquiry from the editor that go-ahead period.

what extent my interest has flagged emboldens No. IV. is a bronze mortar 6 in. diameter, 45 in.

narrate what I have succeeded in doing in this

m during 1913.
myi readers may remember
first find, reported in high, weighs 65 lb., bears the letters -vy^g^ also 1735,

HEMIST AND Dhuggist, of a Spanish mortar which and is the only dated mortar I possess. It belonged to
W and S
redged up from the Mersey at Liverpool, and an old Lancashire family named Hartley.
1

Fio. 1. Some Ajjcieni Moetars.

1 bears a profile strongly resembling that of Mr. " rang off " some time since, and their Christian names

ith. Since then I have been constantly on the look- were not ascertained.
No. V. is the largest and heaviest bronze mortar I
and am satisfied that uncommon mortars are very
have. It is 7 in. diameter, 5^ in. high, and weighs
to discover. The above reproduction of a photo- 13 lb. The decoration is very crude, and I was puzzled
as to the meaning until I turned it upside down, when
includes the best of my " finds." a ram's head and a shell were evident. In this position
the shape takes the form of a bell, and indicates that
I. is made of bright yellow metal. It is 5 in. the makers would use the same mould for bells as for
mortars at the period about 1650. I found this just
:ter, 4 in. high, weighs 3 lb., and has been well across the Welsh border in Flintshire, and had a hard

ed. Its decoration consists of " C.R." repeated

times, crowned Tudor-rose, thistle, trefoil, and

led heart, each divided by a small fleur-de-lis. It

QO doubt made by a loyal workman at the restora-

of Charles II., and is, I hope, unique. I had time.

lie when negotiating the purchase, as through a Looking through my collection of over a thousand
pieces of pewter, brass, copper, china, and pottery, I am
lip I divulged that the initials of Charles Eex
the same as my own. Further, the holder was surprised to find only four small articles which can be

inced that this mortar had belonged to " the Eoyal regarded as being equal in pharmaceutical interest to

lary^ Department, and was almost worth its weight mortars. In figure 2 I show th© first of these p.

old." In the end he was converted and evidently pewter spoon. Who remembers taking or giving a dose

fied, for he foraged around and gave me an old of castor oil with a spoon of this design? I have

e nftcT^ I had paid the money. appealed to the oldest chemist of my acquaintance, and

)• II. is bronze, 5^ in. diameter at the top, 4 in. he has not seen one before. The manipulation of such

, and weighs 4J lb. When roaming about Kendal a spoon was a tricky matter, for, after getting it into the
-aster Sunday I found this standing among " Roman "
mouth, a twist would bring the lid well on to the tongue,

E

146 January 31, 191

the lid would partly drop open, and the castor oil would Some Ceramic Notes.

—then flow gently down the patient's throat provided

there was no resistance, of course. This forcible feeding

THE history of pharmaceutical pottery, writes a

enthusiast, has been studied more closely and

sively of recent years, but a. complete and autb'!.

tive work on the subject does not exist. Dr. D. _

librarian of the Paris School of Pharmacy, prefa

pamphlet on pharmacy pot inscriptions (Paris, 1-

come interesting notes on the origins of art, si

France is concerned. His footnotes bear wit:

Fig. 2. the fact that the articles appearing from time

was of everyday occurrence, hence was not reported. in the G. <£• D. had not escaped him. Before tL<

James Dixon & Sons were the makers about 1840. gia&ed pottery became general apothecaries Us

AThree pieces are shown in figure 3. is a piece of unglazed or glazed clay and pewter receptaclet.

old pewter, 4^ in. long, which I found at Lytham. It. first artistic pharmaceutical pottery was of Italian

was introduced to me as a pig-feeder, while really it in fact, the French term for pottery (" Faienct-

is a pap boat, and a very rare relic of the good ol3 days. corruption of Faenza, where the earliest spec:::

B is an article that I expect would be sold by an this kind were made. Two drug-pots, dated Ij:
preserved in the Cluny Museum at Paris, bear li
apothecary 150 years ago, after brimstone and treacle

of Faenza. Tliat they did not come into geiii
till some time later is attested by the fact t,
inventory of Geoffroy, the Paris pharmacist, -
"pewter pots for ointmants " and 110 " Bt
bottles. The famous drug-pots of the pharmaiv

convent of Loretto (Italy) were made at Ui
1540-60. They were so "highly thought of th-
decoration was ascribed to Eaphael himself. It -
ever, pretty certain that they were made by

Fontana, and it is said that one of the Grand 1'

Florence, the art metro[iolis of mediaeval Italy,

for them a sum repre.senting their weight :
Seventy-five pots of the same celebrated make

served in the Messina Museum, and, extraordili.i
may seem, sixrvived the gieat earthquake. Tli^

of the French manufactory of artistic dru^v

—generally associated with the advent of an Italia:,

Slarie de Medicis the family, as is well know:

connected with the healing art. This was,

Fig. 3. speaking, the epoch of Bernard de Palissy,

had been discovered. It is a medicine-spoon, and will Potteries sprang up at Beauvais, Nevers,
stand level on a table, being decorated blue in early
Oriental style by hand, and salt glazed. I reckon it is Moustiers, Strasburg. St. Cloud, Lille, Tournai, ai
worth a guinea an ounce.
and it was from these centres that apothecaii:
—C is the last of its kind, I expect a measure for
Ausually furnished. document, dated 1545, by
either one or two tablespoonfuls.. It bears an imprint
"Eegistered Deer. 1847 Piatt & Son, Chester." This local "clay enameller " (i.e. poster) accepts a
family name is not now to be found in the Directory
of Chemists and Druggists. Perhaps the British Phar- to supply a Rouen apothecary with the drug-p"l-

maceutical Conference meeting in Chester this year may sary to his business, is the earliest record of the

be the means of bringing out something about them. Rouen ware. In this blue and yellow predomiii i'
white ground. J. de Renou (1608), the Royal

at Paris, assures us that the mediieval conven

macies boasted "oapruncula" (syrup jars), "
i'

A" arculae," and "pyxidie." later translatioi,

works (1624) mentions syru|) ewers and pill jars,
following year (1609) the " canon " or albarell:

on the inventory of Rene Baunez, apothci

Chatellerault. In 1613-40 the Augsburg Pharni
alludes to " Testacea ac figulina vasa vitreasa et

vasa vitrea ci'usta obducta. " Strasburg ware ("i

usually bears red, pink, and green fioral decoratKiui:.>

name of the potter Hanung is frequently met with At

Tournai (Belgium) a ))ottery existed as early as 167()>ui

the earliest dru<;w;irt' Ivuown is eighteenth-century, llie

Lille pottery was iuunded in 1695, and appears^ tojive
turned out more artistic ware. The decoration «'M

European company o{ 1st Batlaliou Calcutta Volunteer usually designed, ^l. Clainpanin states, by Bouss€|rt.
Rifles, in camp at the Maidan, Calcutta, during Christmas
wcck._ Col. W. Grice, V.D., A.D.C., F.C.S., is the Com- The old drug-pots found in Belgium (says M. Deirc,

niandina: Officer. of Brussels) are usually from one of these two FlijiS"

towns (Lille or Tournai). They are usually of n),est

—size syrup ewers or pill jars; he has never seen a)j ot

the great electuary vases from these Northern pottjM-
The huge but artistic receptacles for Thcriaca, Man-
date, Hyacinthe, etc., were once among the pn'I'w
ornaments of a high-class pharmacy. It was not tipe
end of the eighteenth century that porcelain camep
general use, and the apothecaries replaced their eaip-

ware drug-pots by china made at Paris, Sevres, 'I'f"

seilles, Lille, and Tournai.

A Chemist's Collection of Drug-pots.

I

i

lKe ago we ipublislied an engraving of tlie ooUection of mortars " U. Apostol." refers to an ointment of twelve ingredients. No€. 12
I' nging to Mr. W. Mafekew, I'h.C, Claeton-on-^Sea. As a com- to 16 are polychrome, 14 being very valua.ble, probably fifteenth
|i ion. to that we give here a number of pharmacy pot«, which century. The inecription <m this pot is " Sir de Pomis." Nos. 17,
18, 20, and 21 are Leeds- wiare ; 19 is foreign Delft. Nos. 17 and 21
i °^ collection, which has been formed are brown on cream ground, 20 is cream with rose-coloured scroll,
NcG. 2i2 to 26 are blue ajid white, three of them exhibiting the
•u lue jast nve years. Tlie poti, numbered 1 and 2 are Delft, original metal toips. No. 27 is Bristol ware, and No. 28, dated 1659
ajid labelled " Aregon," ie Lambeth ware. The latter is valuable
• on account of the date and initials of the first owner. No. 29
ie Eouen. Nos. 30 to 35 are foreign DeUt. No. 36 h.as black
t <lecoration9 being in blue; No. 1 has the conventional i>eacock and blue decorations. No. 37 is Spanish, with a landscape design.

S"; both were purchased in Dordrecht. Ncs. 3 to 7 are un-

^

1 'lied and were acquired, in Pari.s. No. 5 is Ncvers ware,

' nd 6 Mouetiere, while 7 is probably Leeds w-are The last

iitioned is yellow decoration on cream and is unglazed. Nos. 8
11 arc English DeUt made at Bristol and Lambetli. The la.bel

148 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Jaxuarv 31,

St. Germain Drug-Pots. flowers. Jalap, myrrh, camphor, and rhubarb are soa^
the labels. The curious orthography in certain ea-
WITH the possible exception of Versailles, no short " Mirne et Aloes," " Campre et Cas-tor," etc.—
trip out of Paris' is more popular than that to St
Germain. The Briton is drawn there by many historical proof of their antiquity; while the general style
associations, the Parisian by the famous Terrace, and the
antiquarian by a remarkable Gallo-Romn Museum. But ment suggests they were made at the time the'" CI.,
few casual visitors suspect that in the St. Ciermain Hos- craze invaded the court of Louiv; XIV.

pital other relics of the past are to be found, of special The artist, and possibly the pharmacist, will be esi
interest to the pharmacist and collectors of ceramics.
attracted by the glassware. It is curious, as a '
Though the present buildings of the hospital are but archaeologist remarked, to notice how the form of ti
thirty years old, the ancient pharmacy and its contents monest article of daily use, a drinking-glass or ;
are scheduled as a " public monument" to be preserved vial, varies when two centuries or so have passe(i
in statu quo^ and are regularly visited by archaeological
societi&s. The old wainscot, painted a delicate light grey vi'als, with their long bodies slightly reduced in il:
in the centre and their wide short necks, irresisi.
with floral decoration, still exists behind the shelves of minded one of the albarelli already examined. Th-
drug-pots. These latter are both numerous and hand-
inscribed with the names of old-fashioned drugs—:
some. There are over forty albarelli, four dozen syrup
vitriol (green, Roman, and Cyprus), corail, zedoarv
jaris, and about half as many water-bottles. No record
der, sajo, and crabs' eyes. Two carafes are for as
of their origin has so far been traced, although the de vie de lavande " and distilled melissa water. V
papers of the hospices have been carefully examined.
amateur of glassware will be particularly attracted
The theory that they were a gift from Madame de Montes-
decoration of the glassware itself. It is kn^.
pan, during the Teign of Louis XIV., appears to rest on " goudronne ou jaspe dans la masse,"' and soni'
" jaspe dans la pate," implying that the decorat;
— —the quaint emblems a cock and a peacock found on the
made inside the glass when it was blown, and is „^
older pieces, for tlie pots are evidently of various epochs.
Local tradition classes this handsome old white ware with indelible. The labels are also elegant specLmenB oild

blue bands of cursive floral decoration as Rouen ware, Aengraving. Louis XVI. knot figures above thepalnod
taut this theory is hardly admissible. The albarelli, bear-
ing the arms of France, presumably came from St. Cloud, serpent medallion, graceful wreaths of roses surrourog

which agreeable suburb in Louis XIV. 's day boasted a Athe space reserved for the name. huge pot-bellied I'Jc
royal pottery factory which tunied out some remarkably
handsome pieces of dragware. The " canons," or albairelli, for " Eau de Vulneraire Rouge " and various other
which are without inscription were probably made at
Paris during the eighteenth century. The finest jars are included in this curious collection.
are two superb specimens of seventeenth-century Nevers
ware, -with twisted handles. The hospital was trans- The ancient pharmacy, though now preserved exclu^ l_v

formed in 1670 (the iron entrance gate bears the date as a historical curiosity, gives one an impression whi' is
1700), and the chances are that between these dates the
Nevers vases were presented and the St. Cloud pottery sadly wanting in the average museum. There ie no W-
mamifactuired. Of the " chevrettes,'' or syrup jars,
twenty bear a huge fleur-de-lys on the front, and are fling and half-bored crowd or indifferent or wholly l*<i
evidently of the same origin as the albarelli first men-
attendant. The sombre-robed Sisters take an evident jde
tioned. Twenty-four others are labelled with the serpent
and palm-tree, the well-known arms of the Paris College in their charge, and keep it swept and garnished— jen

of Pharmacy ; while twelve have no permanent inscrip- the water-bottles are capped as if they still retained 'ir
tion. Some of these jars have been re-labelled. The
original burnt-on titles remind us of the more harmless aromatic contents. Among the nuns gliding silei
and odoriferous pharmacy of our great-grandmothers' days.
One notices " S. Violar," " Guimauve," "Rose d'CEillet," and fro, their hasteless steps and lowered voices, 1
" Coquerioo " (a curious mistake, which makes one think
the poppy-artist was dreaming of the farmyard), " Capil- it hard to realise, writes our correspondent, that If.
laire," " Capilere," and " Fleur de Peche." The
albarelli inscriptions should also be cited : "V. Rosa," not actually stepped back two centuries, and that Jame]!.,
" Opiat," " Diapi-um," " Diaphenix," " Dext. de Genieb,"
" Dext. Dopium," " Diacordium." These old potters the exiled heir of the Stuarts, is not still living ajw
were evidently more expert in artistic decoration than in
hundred yards away in his " Palace of St. Germain.')It
Latin orthography. When they descend to the vulgar
was almost with a shock of surprise that I found mtl*
tongue at a later epoch they are on surer ground, and
in the spick-and-span, up-to-date pharmacy next doorpit
digitalis powder, bicarbonate of soda, tartaric acid, etc.,
the Sister had still relics to show me. Here are more (fg-
appear in faultless French. Among the larger pots are
pots of more ordinary shape, but still of ancient datias
those devoted to the famous standard electuaries
the characteristic Louis XVI. knot on the green «nd \let
—Theriaca, Lenitif fin, Catholicon, D. Hyacinthe with a
ornament attests. The inscriptions indicate that ,«y
jar for tamarinds and three for manna. The water-
bottles are adorned with the fleur-de-lys already men- were used for ointments and electuaries or extracts]
tioned, while some bear an emblematical label on which
the serpent and palm-tree are accompanied by the Escu- A Presentation Pharmacy Jar.

—lapian cock and various chemical instruments alembics, Some time ago Monsieur P. Cousty, pharmacien, lis,

etc. These were anostly used for orange-flower water, France, wrote to our Information Departmeut on a mier
though lavender, mint, hyssop, blessed thistle, etc., were
relating to his son's educa- —
also stocked, and complete the collection so far as actual
Wetion. placed him in com- .
earthenware is concerned.
munication with Mr. Thos.
But every object in the room is worthy of notice. On
Postlethwaite, Ph.C, Central
the top shelves, above the drug- jars, are a collection of
curious old wooden boxes, bearing a simple decoration of Pharmacy, Southsea, and as
a floral nature. The square ones were in days gone by
known as " boites a ptisane," and bear inscriptions indi- a result of services rendered

cating that they were used for sassafras, coria-nder, by the latter gentleman,

almonds, fennel, santonica, gum elemi, etc. These alter- M. Cousty has written us a
nate with the drum-shaped receptacles known as " tam-
very cordial letter of appre-
bours," which also served for powdered drugs and dried
ciation. He has also pre-

sented Mr. Postlethwaite with

the jar illustrated here.

Antique and delicately de-

sig-ned. it formed part of the

collection of pharmacy pots of

the Pharmacie de Leurs

Altesses Royales les Princes

d'Espagne at the time that

Ferdinand VII. and his

children were interned at
Valengay. The letters A. F. C.

are the initials of the titular

pi'oprietor of the officine then

enjoying the Royal patronage,

M. Cousty eventually becom-
Weing a successor.
are in-

formed that, although M.

Cousty was induced to dispose
of one of these pots to a foreign visitor for lOOf., hf'M

no more to sell at that figure.

ANUAEY 31, 1914 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 149

The Average Chemist. Quite a different type is that of the 'cute young chemist
who starts out determined to succeed by hook or by crook.
By A Nomad Chemitt.
He may be just a keen, straightforward business man at
EE first ill the divisions of the
the start, but competition and the zest of acquiring some-
Average Chemist genus is, in times convert him into
these days of State Insurance, the
chemist who, after ten years' The Money-grubbing Chemist.
struggle, is just able to make both
After ten years in business, he has a fine circle of custo-
ends meet. He has probably mers, has a good name with the doctors, and has brought

grown into the belief that the out a paying proprietary ; he might now take up some
four walls of his premises outside interest that would widen his outlook and make
his life of increased use to the community. But no ; o'ur
contain all of the universe that money-grubbing chemist slaves on as of yore, greedily
is worth taking cognisance of, he watching his balance at the bank, keeping strict watch
has developed one or more idio- over his wife's housekeeping account and his assistants'
syncrasies, and his life runs in a appetites, sneaking round at night to see what his fellow-
rut. Indeed, nothing but a cata- chemists have in their windows (and going a halfpenny
strophe of the first magnitude cheaper in his window the following day), and withdraw-
ing himself from the church which he did attend at first,
will alter the habits of except for a fortnightly visit to retain the custom of his
church-going patrons; indeed, descending to any meanness
The Chemist in a Rut. tliat may add a few coppers' to his balance at the

3 a locum, I have met such curious developments of —bank. There he stands, a lean little man with ferrety

tl class that I hesitate to chronicle their cranks lest eyes. You've met one of his type, so have I he made a
mistake of one shilling when he wrote the cheque for
lliould be accused of drawing on my imagination. But my locum services; the mistake was not in my favour!
Poor lean little man with the lean little soul ; like Duncan
11 commonest form is that developed by too close per- Parrenness, in Kipling's "Life's Handicap," he gives up
,1 attention to the shop, too great a fear of what corn- all for "a little piece of dry bread."
tors may do, and not sufficient relaxation from the
In direct contrast to this type is
r and tear of money-making. I remember coming to

s charge of the business of such a chemist ; almost

ore I crossed the threshold I was asked whether I

nded to run an opposition shop in the neighbourhood, The Benevolent Chemist.

mg assured the nervous man with the iron-grey hair I do not know on what principle he started out in busi-

the twitching features that I had no such intention, ness perhaps he resolved to give a tenth of his income
;
pulled me by the lappels of my coat into the darkest
to charity. In any case, I found it very difficult to take
aer of the dispensary, where he proceeded to inform his place when he went on holiday. The routine of the
that I must on no account be seen, nor must his de-
day's work would progress something like this : A shabby
parture be noticed, nor
woman of the later middle years would slip in to the
must I mention the fact
pharmacy and furtively glance round for the Guv'nor,
of his departure, nor who " always gave her a belladonna plaster when her

must the errand-boy know back pained." It was useless my informing her that I

of his whereabouts, nor must charge her sixpence. She was deeply offended, and

must the charwoman be would report my impertinence to the Guv'nor on his

let into the secret, nor

must I even think of return.

the spot where he was Having given change for a shilling and obliged with

taking his holiday. I a stamp, I was next bothered with a German bandsman

managed to keep this =with a request for " seexpence for ze bandt ; Misther

appalling secret, probably Gutheart he gif

because he never told me each veek

me his destination, and seexpence al-

because all his letters ways." Utterly

were enclosed to a aggrieved at my

brother in a neighbour- refusal, he re-

ing town, where the tires vowing I

blank envelopes' were ad- am " ver' hardt

dressed by the brother. m an." The

The Chemist in a Rut. It was not because he Italian organ-
grinding miss
wished to escape the was the next

ry of business queries, but simply because he had

|wn into the belief that the whole neighbourhood, for visitor ; after

adiue of a mile around, was linked in one huge con- ten minutes'

racy to spy upon him. The slit in the door through operation on her

'ich the postman thrust the letters was covered by a instrument of

liging square of cardboard; the upper lights of the torture at the

p-window were covered by showcards that the folks shop-door, she

2 386 the road might not look in ; the blinds were ordered smilingly de-

be lowered the moment the lights were turned down mands a dona-
.

nght, lest anyone should spy upon his windows indeed, tion. I refuse
;
emphatically. The Benevolent Chemist.
re could not have been more secrecy observed in that
A month's end
p had we been engaged in the manufacturing of bombs

^^^I'chists. I know from information received at first at Mr. Goodheart's philanthropic institution was a revela-

,

1 id that the chemist had made a brave struggle against —tion. Parish and chapel magazines poured in at the rate

rerse circumstances, but even when he came in for a of I could not stop to count. The " Unsocial World,"
the "Rag-picker's Monthly,'' the " Chockjaw Mission
e sum of money a little later on he did not alter. He
Bits," " Our Dumb Chums," the " Organ for the Sup-
make one startling change ; after working the place

gle-handed for twenty years, he ventured to have an pression of the Unseemly in ^Masculine Attire," etc.-
the supply of literature was enormous, and you marvelled
istant, on my suggestion. But my advice, though well

ant, nearly drove both himself and the assistant into at the multitudinous interests of the benevolent chemist,

unatic asylum. So possible is it for a chemist to manu- wondering whether he had a balance at the bank or not.

^ture trouble needlessly. Still, you leave him with very kindly thoughts, for he

150 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Jaxuaey 31. 1914

write.s you a cheque five shillings in excess of what you Catheters and Bougies.
bargained for, and refuses to listen to your demur : it is
By John D. Marshall.
an intentional mistake,
MODER.X catheters are manufactured from cottor.
'Mr. Goodheart may have a small balance at the local
bank, but maybe has a nice little sum accumulating in silk foundations, woven on metal mandrils, bent

the Bank of Heaven, the required shape and made to gauge ; this f oundatini

The Chemist with a Hohby.

is a familiar type, ranging from the specialist in dogs immersed in a solution of white copal, kauri gum.
to the authorit^y on Diatomacece. There are some who
other water-resisting materials, in varying pioportio!,-
ride their hobbies carefully through the opening years of
make the instrument more or less pliable. The founda-
business life, and even-

tually devote their whole having received its first coat, is removed to a dn-ing

attention to a pursuit board, and when dry the process is repeated untii •
required gauge is obtained. By this means the whole '
in which they have
grown expert. I know

such a chemist who is, of the catheter becomes a homogeneous mass, and wi!'

I believe, the greatest easily crack oxi being bent; indeed, a good cat)

living authority on botany will admit of being tied into a loose knot. The pr

in the British Isles. An- takes about fourteen days.
other chemist I know is,
The instruments made of cotton foundation are ri'
perhaps, the keenest Agood or lasting as those made of silk.

judge of old china in or number c:

out of Wales. These out- mandrils are placed in a whisking machine containin,

standing chemists with a solutions of gums and resins, and are very quickly n

hobby are probably known A most important point is the eye. In the best instnin

to most in the craft. There this is woven on a mandril ; in cheaper kinds the eye i.-

z^-^/ /i '4'' "^^Stkie^av however, the chemist

fjj^ ill) I who rides his hobby at the CcLtfLeters 'Jzcunics
^^^ij//^
.•- expense of his business. 0

Instead of finding the

The Specialist i?? Dogs. proprietor in the phar-

macy, his customers are

—exasperated at finding only his assistant there not once,

but many times. And so the client who came to inquire

whether it was advisable to take a 9.s. Sanatogen or a

6?. Yitafer asks the assistant, instead, for a pennyworth
of Epsom salts, and takes his query and his 6.?. or 9s.
elsewhere. Bowls or golf should not make skittles of a

man's business.

For a final type, let us take what we will term

The Independent Chemist

He doesn't care a gi-ain of sulphur what his customer
not himself. He
thinks : it's the customer who is favoured, _

charges top prices for his dispensing, and if there is a

protest at his

X- fee he points to

two shop-rounds

containing speci-

mens of rad.
rhei. " That

—pointing to the 0

one " costs me

eightpence per

ounce. That —

—pointing to the
—second "costs

me eight shil-

lings an ounce.

I only use eight-
shilling - an

ounce Cjuality in —A Buickston Browne's bicoude catheter, B—Silk cylindrl
— —catheter, c Black coiwie. D SUk-wovcji coude catheter with fuel
this pharmacy. —end, E G. Buckston Brovrne'e aboule catheter. F—Dour

<\^You can get an — —channelled catheter. G Lett'is catheter. H Urethral pV

^ eightpenny — —J Shadowgra.ph (Marshall's) catheter. E Half-light and halMt
— —bougie. L Silk aboule bougie. ii Tentra aboule bou||i
quality at the —X ^^Shadowgnaph (Marehall''?) bougie.

The Insubanoe Chemist. drug - store on

the corner."

One more type we should like to picture, but descrip- Awith bent saissors. correct eye should be level wi

tion is baffling, for 'he is buried in an avalanche of blue the shaft bevelled on both sides, not, as is frequenf
the case, sunk with one side sharp. The size of the (?
and pink papers. He is the Insurance chemist of a
should equal the diameter of the instrument: if larg-
populous manufacturing centre, striving to capture "the

floating sixpence." there is a tendency for it to get clogged with blood a
other matter, and occasionally injuring the mucous me

Liquid Pahaffin has been extensively employed in the brane of the urethra by sucking it in.

Balkan War in the treatment of wounds. It is stated that The ideal catheter is one that is not too hard,

the wounds healed over in a remarkably short time, with a should be pliable and have no whalebone feel, but
few rare exceptions. The results were even better when
about 2 per cent, of iodoform was added to the paraffin. doughy to the touch, and there should be little or

Zentralblatt fiir Chirurr/ic. Anglaze on the surface. import^ant point is the absoli

AXUABY 31, 1914 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 1..V1

luthness of the surface both externally and internally, Silver bougies are sometimes used by patients, but
generally by the surgeon, the danger to patients being
latter 'being most frequently forgotten. It will the ease with which a false passage may be made. The

diiy. occur to the reader how necessary smoothness is

it is remembered that the object is to empty the bougies are principally for distending the urethra before

elder easily with an instrument of small bore, and that and after the radical operation for stricture, it being often

losita and clots from the bladder have to pass. The necessary to commence with a fine gut of No. 1 size. After

)othnes« is only obtained by polishing. Cheaper forms the stricture has been cut from behind forward with a

;atheters, highly glazed on the surface only, are quickly Teevan's or other knife, bougies of constantly increasing

ctad by the urine and lubricant, and become rough size are quickly inserted and removed until No. 18-20

painful in use. Innnediately there are signs of rough- has been passed, then a catheter is tied in and left for

I

s or cracking the instrument should be discarded, it several days. Afterwards bougies of various sizes are

liig liable to cause bleeding of the uretlu'a, and there is used by the patient to keep the full diameter of the

ossibility of a detached portion getting into the bladder, urethra intact. Loaded bougies filled with small shot are

iuiother form of catheter is made entirely of rubber, and intended to dilate by gravitation.

ast in glass 2uoulds. These instruments are, of course, The most important condition connected with catheters

te soft; the walls, however, should be sufficiently and their use is " asepsis." Unless the instrument is sur-

k so as not to be compressible and thus constrict the gically clean, the life of the patient may be endangered
;
!e. The eye in this type is of even greater impor-
in any case cystitis and other troubles are caused and

ce than in the cotton or silk variety, for unless the aggravated by non-compliance with this rule. The

is equally bevelled bleeding is very frequently caused simplest aseptic method is to wash the instrument in

ng to the mucous membrane being cut ; if the eye is plentj' of soap and water, rinse in clean water, and place

iperly made this cannot occur. Rubber catheters are in a glass tube containing boiled or distilled water in

lally cylindrical, but can be made in other shapes. In which is dissolved a pellet of bicyanide or perchloride

—varieties the point shoidd be " aseptic " that is, the of mercury, making a solution of 1-1,003. John Bell

,ce between the eye and the end should be completely & Croydeu, Ltd., make suitable pellets and tubes with

ed, making it impossible for any matter to lodge in it. case and stand, and also a metal japanned or silver-

[n ordinary catheters the distaff end is completed with plated box that will hold a supply of catheters, tubes,

aone mount. This is a mistake ; the end should be cut pellets, and lubricant. These cases are most con-

iquely and finished off in the same smooth manner as venient for travelling, and encourage the patient ta

3 rest of the shaft. This should be done for three regularly sterilise his instrument. Another method of

jsons sterilising is boiling, which is, of course, excellent,

(1) If properly cut, it shows when the coude is lying but ruins the catheter after a very few times. The

operly on the base of the bladder-walls with the eye instrument should be allowed to cool before being used,

jpermost. Aotherwise all shape is lost. method of boiling in oil has

(2) The urine passes away in a semicircular stream. been long in use, but it is troublesome, although very
(3) The bone end cannot be kept aseptic.
effectual. " Experience proves that bicyanide of mercury

Ithough aseptic ends are th© ideal, surgeons are pellets are the best antiseptic for catheters ; the salt is
equently obliged to order a Jaques with non-aseptic
.ds, it being in some cases impossible to pass the instru- non-caustic and does not roughen the instrument so rapidly
ent without a stilette, which in the case of rubber
theters must pass quite to the apex, or curling up would as other substances', such as mercuric chloride.
suit. This does not apply, to silk catheters, although
Various lubricants ai'e used, such as carbolic oil, atolol,
stilette is often used to alter the shape and make theiii and pure sterilised vaseline (with 5 per cent, of oil of
eucalyptus). The last is by far the best, the petroleum
mer. In this instance the stilette should be cut of such jireparations adhering to the surface of the catheter for a
length that it does not come within a quarter of ?.a inch
greater distance down the urethra than anything else.
the eye. To store catheters in the pharmacy shallow drawers

Shadowgraph ureteric catheters and bougies i.e., instVu- having several divisions are best, keeping each shajae and
size together. In hot climates and during the summer it
—ents which are impervious to a;-ray.s are now used very is well to powder them with lycopodium; there is then
no chance of their sticking together. Care must be
rgely. They were invented by the writer at the sugges-
exercised in handling.
m of Mr. Hun-y Fenwick, F.R.C.S., and have proVed

great importance in the precise determination of stone English catheters and bougies are marked in sizes from

the ureter and kidney. They are used by being 1 to 20 the French system is more accurate, being in milli-
;

tached to a Nitze cystoscope, which is passed into the metres. Approximately the French is half the size of

Whenliitl'der. illuminated the orifice of' the ureter is English, thus 7E is about equal to 14F. Silver bougies

ainly visible ; the bougie or catheter is then gently are conical in shape and marked thus : 12--14, 14-16, etc.,

ished up through the ureter into the kidney. The shaft indicating the apex is 12, the distaff 14, etc.

the instrument is marked in divisions of 1 inch, and

rery 6 inches has two marks, thus determining the

ngth of th© ureter. The patient is then placed on an
ray couch and a plate exposed in the usual way. By

lis it is absolutely proved if a stone is impacted in the

;nal or kidney. There are, of course, imitations of the

arshall shadowgraph, none of which gives the intense

U'k line under the a:-rays that is produced by the original

;revious to the invention of this instrument it was nece.s-
-.ry to sever the ureter near the kidney and paes a

eteric bougie down towards the bladder.

Bougies are instruments for use principally in dilating

1© urethra, and are made of the same materials as

Aitheters; usually they are conical, with an olive end.

irm that is almost obsolete was made of wax, hence

le name bougie or candle. .Silver catheters and bougi»s

re rarely used by patients, silver catheters being mostly
sed for washing out the bladder after stone-crushing,
he larger sizes, 12 to 18, are used, the aspirating
ott e bemg attached to the distaff end. Water is injected

) nil the bladder ; then it is sucked back when the debri.i

' passes and falls into the glass receptacle. This Copijriijht'l [Historical Medical Museum.

'roce«6 empties the sac and leaves the urine clear and Ax F.GIPTI.VN Stoxe Mortak, gib. 2500 B.C.

ree from sediment. .

152 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Jaxuaey 31, 1914

Gripe-water. ! self out to cultivate it in any special way he had a wi]

reputation for skill in alleviating the simpler ailmeol

Gripe Water was one of his earliest successes. '

In

How this preparation was introduced hy a Lincolnshire earlier days the prreparation was what the Germans
a "counter-sale" article, which customers got bv
pharmacist, who sold it and bought it had: again, so ounce, and !Mr. Woodward also sold it extensiveiv
that it has become one of the leading medicinal speci-
the gallon to medical practitioners, hospitals, and who
alities of the British Empire. sale houses, its reputation having grown steadily ai

IT has been remarked that Lincolnshire is the pharrha- without any effort on Mr. Woodward's part to adverti

ceutical training-ground of England. In the past, as it. The name Gripe Water was used from the first, i<.

well as in the present, men of note in pharmacy have been there appears to be no question of the fact that til

trained there. Mr. W. A. H. Naylor, a past President of name originated with Mr. Woodward. Without any pan

the British Pharmaceutical Conference. Sir Richard cular design on his part, it became his leading speciklii

Winfrey, M.P., and Mr. John D. Marshall, President of growing in reputation and sales, although Mr. Woodwa'
the Western was meanwhile devoting more of his attention to t
Chemists' Asso- technical side of his business, which he had a greai
ciation of Lon- liking for. Every chemist knows how some preparati

don, to mention that he has turns out to be better than some other tl
three only of the hp fancies more. Mr. Woodward's experience did !
living, are typi- differ from this, but when in 1877 he made up his mi

cal examples of to retire from business and sold it, he did not include t
what Lincoln- Gripe Water in the sale, but asked his friend, Mr. Richa

shire gives to Fitzhugh, J. P., Ph.C, to take it over, which Mr. Fi

jDharrnacy. Going hugh did : yet five years later, when Mr. Woodward j

further back, tired of doing nothing, he bought it back from 5

some of the Fitzhugh at something more than he sold it for, and bt

founders of the premises at Chaucer Street, Nottingham, for it« mai

Pharmaceutical factuie and distribution. There the preparation is 8'

Society hailed made, part of the factory being fitted up as steam a;

from the county. compounding laboratories, other parts for bottle-washij

These reflections and bottle-filling, and the whole of one floor for packii

arise naturally the usual administrative offices being also attached. ^

when Gripe may say in passing that it is the intention of the i

Water comes prietors to establish a warehouse in London as a d:

into the mind, bating centre.

for its origin- One of the last things that Mr. Woodward did li

ator, the late he disposed of the preparation w-as to register as a ti.
Mir. William mark in 1876 the description " Gripe Water." This

Woodward, was done as having been in use twenty-five years prior I"

The late William Woodwaed. born in Stam- date of application. At the same time the engravir..
ford in the year
Sir Joshua Reynolds' infant Hercules was also )•

1828, and was educated at the Stamford G-rammar School. Wetered as a trade-maa-k. reproduce a photograp;.

In accordance with the custom of the period, he was, the original, and it will be seen by reference to the lai
fourteen years later, apprenticed to tliat capable pharma- on the preparation that the engraving is good. The jf^
cist and apprentice master, John Holliday Thomas, of paration is essentially a carminative water containing '

Boston, whose business was afterwards carried on as than 4 per cent, of alcohol, which fact was testifir'
J. H. Thomas & Son. Mr. Woodward had a thoroughly by the Principal Government Chemist before the

sound training in the business and practice of phar- Committee on Patent Medicines. It will be recalled t>

macy as cairied on in a typical leading county town Mr. John C. Umney, in the course of his evidence bef-

druggist's shop. the Committee, stated emphatically that "S<

At the end of seven years' apprenticeship lie came to Remedies " is

London in order to improve himself in dispensing practice wrong in its
and obtained a situation in Fetter Lane. The name of analysis of the
his employer is not known, and we have been unable to
trace it; but in the course of our investigation we have p r e p a r ation,
having missed

ascertained that at the time of Mr. Woodward's residence the most im-

in Fetter Lane (1850-51) Robert Shaw, the proprietor of portant ingre-
Gowland's Lotion, was in business there. Mr. Woodward dient and de-

stayed in London for over a year, then went to Notting- tected things in

ham, wihere he purchased an old-established business which it that were

was carried on in the Market Place. He found this to be never put in.

of a character distinct from anything that he had hitherto As the result of

been accustomed to, in so far as it was a very mixed this statement

business adapted to the industrial pursuits of the lace the preparation

city. The connection was wholesale and retail, the former was sent to the

Governconsisting in the supply of technical chemicals, gums, ment

resins, drugs, dyes, and other adjuncts to cotton bleach- Laboratory, and

ing, spinning, and weaving, as well as the dyeing thereof. the chemists

Mr. Woodward was gifted with a scientific mind, and there also

soon established for himself a reputation as a technic'al missed the most

adviser in respect to all matters dealing with local important in-

industries. gredient. This

It was in the year (1851) of his commencing business in by the way,
Nottingham that Mr. Woodward introduced his Gripe however.

Water. At that time counter-prescribing was an esta- Returning to Mb. W. H. Woodwabd, M.A.
blished practice in English pharmacy, and there was a
the history of
good prescribing connection in the Mai'ket Place pharmacy. the preparation, we find that in May 1903 a Jimu

Mr. Woodward was one of those men whose appearance companv was registered to take over from -:•
creates confidence and who are born prescribers whether Woodward the business, with
they will or no. The result was that without laying him- the recipes for we

Water and other preparations, and to carry on ;

i.TAN'UARY 31, 1914 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGEST 153

remarkable letter written, obviously In all sincerity, b> r
—her over the iieas: j

y

WOODWARD'S GRIRiWATER

A C'LUIltNT Adveetisement.

"The Infant HEKcntEs," bx Sik. Joshua Retnolds, P.R.A. Mr. Woodward now resides at Crooksbury Hurst, Farn-
ham, but he spends part of the year in Italy or elsewhere
.isiness of chemists, druggists, drysalters, infants'
in pursuit of his literary I'esearches.
)od manufacturers, etc. Substantially the company con-
nes its trading to the production and sale of Gripe Water, During his professional career Mr. Harrison Woodward
[r, Woodward became the permajient governing director was so isolated from the Gripe-water business that when
f the company, with power to appoint his son, Mr. his father asked him to relieve him of the management
'illiam Harrison Woodward, in his stead. By this time Mr. Woodward approached the matter as one would expect
Ir. Woodward had come to reside in London, and nere he a professional man to do. He inquired well into the busi-
ied at 67 Avenue Road, Regent's Park, N.W., on Sep- ness and assured himself of its genuineness before he took
mber 1, 1912, in his eighty-fifth year. His son, Mr. on the duties of a director. He made no direct reference
/. H. Woodward, had nearly ten years before his father's to this when he gave evidence to the Select Committee
eath been cognisant of the management of the business, on Patent Medicines 'last session, but the remarks which
he then made were those of a man who has been honestly
Hethough his chief interests lay in literary pursuits. convinced of the merits of the preparation and the reputa-
las educated at the Grammar School at Nottingham, and tion which it enjoys.

lere distinguished himself in such a manner that he went The Gripe Water is one of those popular proprietaries
p to Clirist Church, Oxford, well endowed with scholar- which have been modestly advertised indeed, the growth
lips—a student who did not rely upon his father to see
;
im through. He made his mark at Oxford, specialising
in its sale has resulted as much from recommendation by
articularly in classics and history and graduating with one person to another as from wide advertising. For
istinction in Arts. Subsequently the University of Liver-
ool invited him to found the Training College affiliated example, there is quite a respectable sale for the Gripe
ith it, and Mr. Woodward also lectured there as Pro- Water in China, where a penny has not been spent on
advertising it ; in fact, the popularity is chiefly due to
essOT of Education. He became noted as a writer, his the ladies of the American and European Legations using
it for their children and recommending it to their friends.
lost important works being " Vittorino da Feltre."
Thea?e is quite a large sale for it in India; in fact, the
Desiderius Erasmus Concerning the Aim and Method rapidity of the growth there is strong evidence of the
merits of the article, because, beyond an agency and dis-
f Education" (1904), and one on Cesare Borgia (1913).
tribution to ordinary wholesale channels, the company
has not exploited it in India. The same remarks might
almost be made in regard to every part of the British

Empire where W^oodward's Gripe Water is known. We

were curious to learn if the preparation is stable in
tropical climates, and wei-e informed that not a single

Fashions Chaa<

ff'-

1880

WOODWARD'S SH3FOORLIER S jF oua

Gripe Water I9n CHILDREN

A Hafpi Paie of Couing Adveeiisemexis.

154 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Jaxuary 31, 1914

complaint has- ever been received ; in fact, the manner The "B.P." Fallacy.
ill which the Gripe Water is manufactured and put up
A Talk on Quality in Drugs.
rigidly excludes fermentative processes. (By a Drug Tbaveller.J
These remarks are not intended to imply that the pro-
Pharmacist : What is your lowest price for a Winche>,
prietors have not given adequate publicity to their pro-
of Tinct. So-and-so ?
duct. In Mr. W. Woodward's time, especially aft-er he
Traveller : Three and sixpence per lb. net.
re-acquiTsd the speciality, it was consistently yet quietly Pharmacist : You're out of it. I can buy it at tl ^
advertised, and when his son became associated with the
business the announcements more conspicuously reflected shillings !
public opinion regarding the merits of Gripe Water. As
an example, we reproduce an advertisement from a Traveller : Do you get a satisfactory article?
women's paper, for it is eucli which are the best media
for advertisements of an article that appeals specially to Pharmacist : Guaranteed " B.P."

mothers. Babies who have benefited by the water come Traveller : Quit-e so, but what about the physiologi

to the manufacturers as the camera has caught them, and tests? What's the aroma like Does it deposit? D
the little chap in the engraving has many companions
in other advertisements. Three months ago, on the invi- it keep bright to the last drop, as the brewers say?
tation of Mr. Harrison Woodward, Mr. John C. Umnej'
Pharmacist : I don't know but if I find a preparat
A Fine Showcaed. ;
became joint managing director of the company with him,
and the first thing that was done was to place the Gripe unsatisfactory, I' don't have anj' more of it from t:
Water on the P.A.T.A. list, a step which has met with
firm.
the universal appreciation of the retail drug-trade, as
resolutions of thanks from Pharmaceutical Associations Traveller : Do you agree that there may be ae\,
different qualities of the same drug, all "B.P."?
well testify. The amplified directorate is backing up
this action in co-operation with the trade by an extended Pharmacist : Certainly.

advertising propaganda. We have had the opportunity Traveller : Do you agree that a preparation may

of inspecting a series of advertising designs and drafts "B.P.," and yet inferior in quality?
which will appear in the world's Press, or elsewhere, this
year. Every one of them is free from that flamboyant Pharmacist : I suppose so.
character which is too often seen in the advertisements of
proprietary medicines. In this case the proprietors are Traveller : Have you ever found it so in y
content to rely upon the proved experience of users of
the preparation, and this experience is reflected in the experience ?
advertisements. J\lr. Umney, coming to the matter with
the consciousness that he has a new world to conquer, Pharmacist : Sometimes.
has linked the history of the Gripe Water with the topic
of the day, Britain's Battleships, and a recent popular Traveller : Then you don't regard the words "B.P.'
play, the result being the effective sketch advertisements
a guarantee that the article is of liigh quality ?
Awhich we reproduce from the artist's first drawings.
Pharmacist : Not necessarily but. apart from
fine ishowcard, measuring 15 in. by 11 in., and litho- ;

gTaphed in as many colours as are necessary for natural guarantee, what means have I of finding out whether :
facsimile, shows how a popular military character is called
in to strike home the fact that Woodward's Gripe Water quality is high ?

stands for cradle comfort. Traveller : Well, take that bottle of Inf. Gentian, i

Cone, which I see behind you. What makes it so dark

colour ? Should it not be called Decoct. Gentian C

Cone. ? Is the preservative alcohol, chloroform, or forma

dehyde? If you make a mixture v.-iih it, how long will

keep clear ?

Pharmacist : It smells of chloroform certainly, but

chloroform will preserve it, why use the more expeiis:

alcohol? There's no alcohol in the "B.P." preparati":

Traveller : But how can you keep the oils of lemon .:

orange in solution without alcohol, when the concentrat.'

is 1-7 ? Now, suppose a rival chemist makes his mixtun

with an I'nf. Gentian. Co. Cone, containing enough alcoh

to keep the oils in solution and to ensure brightness, isn

it possible that the patient might notice the differenc

and prefer to go to him for liis medicines ?

Pharmacist : I suppose it is.

MyTraveller : point is this : you want the best arii

you can get for dispensing .vour prescriptions, and. t.

cei'tain extent, you are in the hands of your wholf-

house. But if you don't take the trouble to apply y
pharmaceutical knowledge in examining a thing l-

Inf. Gentian. Co. Cone, you might as well not have i

knowledge. And if you don't 1-cnow whether it is :

]

served with alcohol or chloroform, how do .von know t;

you are not paying the good quality price for the p-

qualit.y article ?

Pharmacist': That's all right, but it's impossible for i

to examine every galenical I buy.
Traveller : Quite so; but a house that gives you sow

value in a thing like Inf. Gent. Co. Cone, is the m
likely to give you sound value in other prepai-ations wlv
the quality is not so easily gauged. On the other h;i:
if a firm supplies you with an inferior, cloudy l-
Gentian. Co. Cone, you would be justified in doubtn

say, their Ext. Case. Sag. Liq.
Pharmacist : But surely I'm safe in dealing with fir:

class firms ?

Traveller: The words "first class" have lost tin,
significance. First-class fii-ans sometimes make second
class stuff for the man who insists on paying second-cl.T

prices. Just as there are three classes of eggs—" fr?

—eggs," "new-laid eggs," and "eggs," so there are oft

three classes of drugs "elect," "opt.," and "B.P.

—Phesekving Cdt-flowehs. Paragraphs have been go'

the round recently describing the advantages of sugar so
tion for preserving cut-flowers. Some chemist with a ta
for horticultural research might test the method, a

report.

Januaey 31, 1914 THE CHEMIST AND DKUGGIST 100

MORE HISTORIC LONDON WHOLESALE HOUSES.

"N the Summer Number of The Chemist and Druggist, acquired by the Corporation for 25,000/. and demolished.
1913 we gave the histories in a condensed form of This site was afterwards sold iii 1864 to the London.
Chatham and Dover Eailway Co. for 60,00OZ., and the
lose oldest London wholesale druggists and chemical
street frontage used for the erection of business houses.
lanufacturers whose businesses had been established In regard to the proprietary medicines owned by Messrs.

lore than fifty years. In this issue we deal Barclay, many are of great antiquity, but perhaps the
. most important are " Mrs. Johnson's American Soothing
Syrup," Dredge's " Heal-all," and Sweeting's Elixir.
\ alphabetical order with proprietary-medicine The first-mentioned was acquired in 1831 from Mrs.
Abuses and druggists' sundriesmen.
difference Jane Johnson, the circumstances being brought out

hich we have noticed, in collecting the informa- in evidence before the Select Committee on Patent

,on is that the process of amalgamation which in Medicines in connection with a ludicrously incor-

18 'past lias been such a feature of the wholesale drug- rect analysis published by the British Medical
^
'ouses, is not carried on to anything like the same extent
Association. 'Sweeting's Toothache Elixir was ac-
n the case of such businesses as those now dealt with.
quired ill 1889. It is interesting to note also that
ill be seen also that most of the proprietary-medicine Barclays were for twenty-five years sole agents for

buses are makers of several well-known patent Cockle's pills. ^Ir. G. E. Barclay took a prominent part

ledicines, and there is reason to believe that general in the formation of the Proprietary Articles Trade Associa-

iisinesses in packed medicines resulted from the associa- tion. He and his brother have developed considerably

on in the first place of a firm with one or more special the trade in iiliotographic goods and druggists' sundries,
now an important part of the business.
ledicines.

Barclay & Sons, Ltd.,

Druggists' Sundriesmen and Patent-medicine Dealers,
95 Farriiigdon Street, E.G.

Founded in 1770 at 95 Fleet Market by. James Barclay Bourne, Johnson & Latimer,
IS a "medical warehouse," this and "medicinal ware-
louse" being at that time the conventional terms for Druggists' Sundriesmen,
iealer? in proprietary medicines. The firm-name
34 and 35 Furnival Street, Holborn, E.C
became Barclay
Established in 1850 as Bourne & Taylor. Mr. William
& Son in 1801, Eathboiie Taylor died in 1870 and i\Ir. Bourne two years
and Barclay & afterwards. Mr. Edward Johnson, the present senior part-
ner, joined the firm in 1854, and has three sons associated
Sons in iSlO, with him in the business. Mr. Johnson has travelled in
Kent for his firm for many years, and knows the ground
the two sons better than any other traveller. The business was for-
merly at 35 Castle Street, but the name of the street was
being James
changed to Furnival Street, and the adjoining premises
and Eobert.
were taken in.
They, too, had

sons named

James and Butler & Crispe,

Eobert, and

after these Druggists' Sundriesmen and Patent Medicine Warehouse,
80 and 82 ClerkeiiweU Eoad, E.C.
cousins bei.anie

partners they In 1796 John Ching, a chemist and apothecary, of

issociated with Launceston, Cornwall, obtained a patent for worm-

themselves their lozenges which attained considerable fame in their day.

.sons Lindsay In consequence Ching moved to London, and set up in

and Eobert. business at 4 Cheaps ide, E.G. He took Eichard Butler

Lindsay and into partnership, the firm becoming Ching & Butler.

Eobert after- John Ching died, and his widow, Eebecca, continued

wards held IMS- her late husband's interest in the firm. That Eebecca

session by themselves. Lindsay died and Eobert for n time Ching took an active interest in it is shown by the

was the sole partner. Subsequently he was joined by hi* fact that she obtained a patent in 1808 for improve-

brother, George Barclay, who retired in 1888, when the ments in " Cliing's worm-destroying lozenges." She
business was converted into a limited liability company,
retired shortly afterwards, and Eichard Butler took his

with a capital of lOO.OOOZ. Mi-. George Eobert Barclay, sons into partnership. The firm afterwards became

the present managing director, is the son of George Barclay T. Butler & Co., Charles Butler & Co., and Butler &

referred to above. His brother, Mr. A. E. Barclay, F.C.S., Harding successively, and a wholesale drug-business

another director, is a chemist and druggist. He passed the was carried on in addition at 37 Queen Street. At one

Minor in 1870. The chairman of the directors is Mr. time there was a branch in Eegent Street. Thomas

Horace Davenport, Ph.C, well known in connection with Butler, who was the proprietor in 1841, was a founder

Dr. CoUis Browne's chlorodyne. The other directors are of the Pharmaceutical Society, and he had a sgn

-\lr. R. H. Groves and Mr. Lindsay Barclay, the latter the Thomas. Within the next few vears .James Crispe

son of Mr. G. E. Barclay. It will be noticed that the busi- acquired the business, his son, Mr. John Herbert Crispe,

ness was founded at 95 Fleet Market and is now at being now the proprietor. In 1889 the lease of the

95 Farringdon Street. It should be explained that Farring- retail shop was sold to Nicholsons, the drapers, and
don Street is constructed over the celebrated Fleet Ditch.
Tn 1737, when the site of the " Stocks Market " was taken when the lease expired the owners of the freehold, the

Bridge House Estates Committee, concluded negotiations

ior the Mansion House, Fleet Ditch was arched over and for widening the street at this spot. The wholesale

the market transferred io the ground above the ditch. It business of Butler & Crispe had been carried on for
was opened for the sal© of meat, fish, and vegetables on
September 30, 1737. In 1829 it was found necessary to some time at 14 Charterhouse Buildings, and was moved
widen the thoroughfare, so Fleet Market was removed
subsequently to the present premises in Clerkenwell

Eoad.

farther north, and is now known as Farringdon Market. W. Edwards & Son.

Barclay's premises now became known as 95 Farringdon Wholesale Dealers in Proprietary Articles and Druggists'
Sundries,
otreet. Street improvements necessitated a mov^
157 Queen Victoria Street and 239 and 240 Upper Thames
to the opposite side of the street in 1870, but
Street, E.C.
the number 95 was retained for the new premise.s.
The numbering of the street is still erratic. The This business was founded in 1799 by Benjamin Shaw
at 74 Borough High Street. About the year 1805 Shaw
present premises occupy part of the site of the

notorious Fleet Prison for debtors, which in 1845 was

156 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST Jaxi ary 31, 1914

took into partnership Evan Edwards, the business was Issue Plaster, samples of which are still in possession o-
the firm. " Pewterer," it should be explained, was th'
removed to 66 St. Paul's Churchyard, and carried on style of surgical-instrument makers at that time, whei
pewter was universally employed for syringes, bleeding
under the name of Shaw & Edwards. Evan Edwards
dishes, infusion-pots, and the like. George Maw wa
became the sole partner in 1814, and in 1824 the business
described as a "pewterer," but later on this descriptioi
was moved next door to 57. Evan Edwards died in 1840,
and on his son William Evans, at that time a young man wa6 improved into "surgical-syringe, surgical-instrument

of twenty-one, devolved the direction of the business.

Another move was made to 38 Old 'Change in 1864, and and plaster manufacturer." Lai'ger premises at 55 Aldei

then came the final manbury were acquired in 1820. George flaw's eldee

removal to the present son, John Hornby Maw (1800-1885), became a partner

fine premises in Queen Maw1826, the firm being styled George & Son. He hiu'

Victoria Street. been educated for the position by apprenticeship with

William Edwards re- Croydon chemist and a course of study at St. BarthoW

tired in. 19C0, and mew's Hospital. George ]\Iaw retired in 1828, and hi'

died in 1907 at the Mawyounger son, Solomon (1805-1861), joined the firn*

age of eighty-seven. the name then being J. & S. Maw. The two brotheri

His son, Mr. William married sisters, daughters of John Johnson, aseayer tl

Edwards, is now the the Mint and Bank of England. One brother of thes'

principal of William ladies was Percival N. Johnson, founder of Johnsot

Edwards & Son. The IMatthey & Co., Hatton Garden, and another brother wa!
firm own several pro-
G. R. Johnson, who succeeded to the business establishei*

prietary medicines of by his father, now Johnson & Sons, manufactnrini

great historic interest. chemists, Ltd., Cross Street, Finsbury. !Maw's busines

Burchell's Anodyne was moved to 11 Aldersgate Street in 1834, the premise!

Necklaces, for being on the same ground now, but they have since beei:
added to. These premises were burnt down in 1856, aii(!
example, date back to

the middle of the during the rebuilding the business was carried on ii|

eighteenth century, Little Britain, which is just opposite. In 187

there being a the Aldersgate Street frontage was acquired, ani

pamphlet extant in the handsome extension, which now forms the front o

which Dr. Chamber- the premises, was built and opened in 1879. We an

lain is referred to in however, proceeding a little too fast. !Mr. J. H. Ma'

connection with ano- retired in 1835 owing to ill-health ; he lived, howevei

dyne necklaces. It until 1885, and became the owner of a ])rosperous factor

is stated in Smith's "Book for a Rainy Day" for encaustic tiles at Broseley, Shropshire, which k

(1767), that " Burchell's Anodyne Necklaces " were Mawsons still carry on. Solomon took a Mr. Stevenw

—" strongly recommended by two eminent physicians Dr. into partnership in 1844, but the latter died within

Tanner, the inventor, and Dr. Chamberlain, to whom he few months. In 1860 the finn became S. Maw & So
by the admission into partnersliip of Charles Maw (1831
had communicated the prescription." "Roche's Embro- 1905), the son of Solomon Maw. Mr. Charles Maw ws

cation," another proprietary medicine belonging to Messrs. born at 11 Aldersgate Street, and married in 1860 th

Edwards, was invented by James Roche in 1803, and daughter of the Rev. W. H. Trentham, of Retfort
"Ford's Balsam of Horehound " was invented by Robert
Another son, Mowbray Percival John Maw, was t.
Ford, a wholesale druggist, of St. Martin's-le-Grand, in have joined the firm, but he died in 1869. before M:

1816, and improved bv his successor, Thomas Ford, in took place. Solomon !Maw died in 1861, leaving Charlef

1830. Maw in sole charge of the business. John Thompsor

S. Maw, Son & Sons, who had been with the firm since 1851. was taken int,
partnership in 1870. and the firm-name became S. Maw
Druggists' Sundriesmen and Surgical-instrument Makers,

7 to 12 Aldersgate Street, E.C. Son & Thompson. Mr. Thompson withdrew at the en'

The founder of the business was George Maw, who in of 1900, and is still living in retirement (he is eightjj
1807 (gave up farming in Lincolnshire, came to London, nine years of age). Mr. Charles Maw's sous had in thj

and entered into meantime been qualifving for positions in the bufiines?

partnership with The eldest, Mr. Charles Trentham i\law and :\Ir. ^klowbra^

his cousin, Wil- T. Maw, were already partners, and in 1900 ilr. Henri

liam Hornby, T. jNIaw, M.D., was" admitted, the firm-name S. Ma»-^

who had been Son & Sons being adopted. Mr. Charles Maw died i

established as a. 1905, and shortly afterwards Mr. Arthur T. :Maw, Ph.C.
was taken into 'partnership. The fact that each of thj
wholesale drug-
partners has been specially trained for participation l!j
gist at 20 Fen-
the business is notable. The extent of the businesij
church Street
can hardlv be realised, but the imagination can b|
for a few years.
stimulated' by the fact that the firm have special fac'
Thf firm Horn-
tiories for pill-boxes, tooth-brushes, microscopes, shop
by Maw con-
fittings, turnery, etc., in addition to the Aldersgate Stree
vinued until
premises. The first catalogue was issued in 1830, an<
1814, w hen
the present-day catalogue is the most complete of it
George Maw kind." The firm were the introducers to the trade of th
first feeding-bottle with indiarubber tube. These wer
withdrew and
Edward O'Connell's. and were patented in 1853 and 18591
1)U' chased the
O'Connell's feeding bottles sold at 2s. 6(f. to 7^. 6rf. eact
1-u jiness of John
Maws took them up in 1863. and for some years paK,
Lowe, pewterer
the inventor a Toya"lty of 200/. a year. Solomon Mavi
and plnster- patented a different feeder in 1858 : and Robert Tiernan

m i k e r, 4 9 feeders, one of which secured provisional mprotection j

Whitecross St. 1860 and the other was patented in 1861, were also s°lj
largelv until the modern and much cheaper feedingj
Lowe's business, bottles became the fashion. " Maw's Page," an interest'
ing development of modern advertising, which *PP^"j
which had been
every week in The Chemist and Druggist, keeps th/|
established in chemists of the British Empire au courant. with the pre

1807, was bought

from his widow,

and was the only plaster-factory in the country. sent-dav movements of the firm.

Among the plasters which Lowe made was Sandwell's

sTABV 31, 1914 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 157

Francis Newbery & Sons, Ltd., ill 1857 married two sisters, daughters of Mr. White,.
Aylesbury. The expansion of the business necessitated
Dealers in Proprietary Medicines and Druggists'
Sundries, another removal in 1859 to premises double the size at-
No. 44. Subsequent removals were in 1871 to 37 New-
Charterhouse Square, E.G.
gate Street, in 1882 to King Edward Street, and in 1899
founder of this business was John Newbery, wJio
to the present palatial corner premises at 27 and 28 Char-
born at Beading in 1713. He was engaged in book- terhouse Square and 44 Charterhouse Street. The busi-
ness was in 1904 registered as a limited-liability company,
selig and pa.tent-medicine dealing at Eeading, and con- with a capital of 25,000?. Mr. Lionel Newbery died in
ed with John Hooper, of Eeading, whose female 1910. The present directors are A. L. Newbery, Francis
R. Le Blanc Newbery (chairman and managing director),
. Percy Le Blanc Newberj-, Miss L. G. Newbery, and
Edward Pickering (secretary). Mr. F. R. L. Newbery,
III were patented in 1743, to act as his agent. In 1745 s-on of Mr. Lionel Newbery, joined the business in 1888,
and Mr. P. L. Newbery, son of Mr. A. L. Newbery,
to! Newbery came to London, and started a business entered in 1899. ]Mr. Pickering has been connected with
lit le corner of Ludgate Hill and St. Paul's Churchyard
s publisher and patent-medicine vendor, the Reading the business since 1865. The first catalogue was issued in
diiess being continued simultaneously for some years, 1750, and is still published annually.

'njie capacity of publisher he was the first to specialise Sangers,
ill lildren's books, many of which were written by him-
spl He also poiblished, in 1759, the first number of Dealers in Patent Medicines, Proprietary Articles, and
th" Public Ledger." John Newbery's literary tastes Druggists' Sundries,
liro-ht him in contact with Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-
258 Euston Road and 42a Hampstead Road. N.W.
I?' the famous lexicographer, who introduced him to
Olev Goldsmith and also to Dr. Robert James (1705- Established in 1803 as Bacon & Co., medical warehouse,
ni. Dr. Johnson and Dr. James were schoolfellows 150 Oxford Street. W. There is some reason for believ-
toiher at Lichfield, and the latter became a physician
uiiondon with a large and fashionable practice. He ing that the business is even older, as an undated price-
list refers to it as the " Royal Patent Medicinal Ware-
wrote a " Dic-
house," and among
tionary of ?i;edi-

cine," in three

volumes, to

which Dr. John- the early patents for

son contributed, medicine was one to

but lie is' chiofly John Bacon, a Covent

m mr e e b e r ed Garden chemist. This

from the frim.on'; patent, dated 1779,

ant'monial fever- was for fever-pills.

powder which John Sanger came into

he invented in the business in 1810,
1744 and patent-
and was succeeded by

ed in 1746. Dr. his son John, who an
James entered
1862 admitted into

into a contract partnership his two

with John New- sons, Charles Sanger

bery in 1745 for (who died in 1912) and
a half-share in
the profits on William Albert

Sanger. W^. A. Sanger

The sale of the was the first Pereira

fever - powder. medallist (1861), and

It was tV'.is was one of the earliest

agreement w hich advocates of percola-

jessitated the opening of the London business. tion as-s^ method of

? secret of the preparation of tlie powder r^e- preparing tinctures.

ned with Dr. .James and his descendants until The business became

first half of the nineteenth century, wlien the known as John Sanger

prietorship passed to Messrs. Newbery. Dr. James & Sons. It had been

invented (1774) an analeptic pill, which, however, carried on at 150 Ox- A C'ExiuKT Ago.
er became so famous as the fever-powder. This is a ford Street till 1874.

venient place to mention that in 1761 John Newbery when additional premises were acquired at 252 Oxford

led an agreement with Robert Raikes for a half-share Street, the old premises being eventually given up. John
Sanger died in 1877. Renumbering made 252 Oxford Street
cBateman's Pectoi-al Drops, which 'had been patented into 489, from which premises in 1892 another move was
made to Winsley Street, Oxford Street, a factory having
i|1725 by Benjamin Okell and came into possession of

li Raikes family. Robert Raikes it was who founded

tjiday schools. John Newbery died in 1767, and was been in the meantime established at Shepherd's Bush. In

speeded by his son Francis (1743-1818), who in 1770 1906 the business was consolidated in the present extensive

rjTied Mary, sister of Robert Raikes. The business premises in Euston Road, and on June 1, 1907, when
Charles Sanger retired, the style of the firm was changed
n moved in 1779 to 45 St. Paul's Churchyard, the pre-
—to Sangers. Two sons of the late Charles Sanger Messrs.
Anes being specially built for the purpose. branch —Henry and Ernest Sanger are associated in the busi-

tjiness was established in Dame Street, Dublin, before

ti end of the century, and entrusted to his son Thomas ness Avith Messrs. A. Pulford, D. F. Smith, C. S. Presant,

'^[^''^^'y) but it was early abandoned. Francis and S. H. Carr. The late Mr. Charles Sanger was

^ .vbery was High Sheriff of Sussex in 1795. "When he generally considered to be the Father of the Proprietary

(li;l. in 1818, he was succeeded by his sons. Colonel John Articles Trade Association, which he supported from the

Ji.vbery and William Newbery, the firm-name becoming first, and moreover took the bold step of placing on the

Iinds Newbery & Sons. The book business had been protected list Dr. Scott's Bilious and Liver Pills, prac-
'n up before this. Colonel Newbery was twice
tically the first important proprietary article to come

ried, first to a INIiss Mary Cleaver, and secondly (1830) under the scheme. Three historic proprietary medicines

a daughter of Lieut. -Colonel Le Blanc. He had two owned by Sangers are Harrison's Pile Lozenges, Oxley's

s. Arthur Le Blanc Newbery (born 1834) and Lionel Essence of Ginger, and Lowrie's Eye Water, which are
wbery (1837-1910). These two sons entered the busi-
mentioned in the schedule of the Medicine Stamp Act,

eWer, however, being in Australia from 1853 1812.
l18a5c8Q.^^ Colonel Newbery died in 1854, and Lionel con-
ned the business, in which he was assisted bv his We reserve our remarks on Messrs. W''. Sutton & Co.,
ther on his return from IMelbourne. The two brothers-
wliosc business was founded in the seventeenth century.

15S THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST Jaxuaey 31, 19i4^

Problems for 1914. (/) Umney President of Conference. Revision cf p'

part of his speech.

By Jay Mack. Time has become so valuable that I must say the v

FOR the last two months of 1913 I amused myself by in short form, like the Diary daily apiiorisms. Th.
leisurely days have gone, and the real reason for niu
going over my scrap-books and noting the various the frantic hurry of to-day is that the modernisi;..
methods and ways of working have not kept pace
prophecies I liad made since 1904. The question often the changes in the habits and customs of the public,
arose in my mind as to why chemists have such a frantic

struggle against long odds, although they serve the public rise in the standard of living has enormously iniV'

diligently and well. I wrote down all the troubles and the turnover; yet many men try to do the new work

trials I could remember, and I called them Problems for the old tools. Here are the iiupcdiiuentu. What a

1914. Here they are. word

.Before I begin my tale, it is very necessary to get (a) Old fittings hamper us.
(b) Window-dressing wastes time because> window-
readers to look at a short list of the problems which
have been tackled and settled, or partly settled, during too big.

the last twenty years. The twenty years' war in the (c) The traveller system is antiquated: wastes our i

drug-trade began with the formation of the P.A.T.A. should have gone with the stage coach.

in 1896 -by Glyn-Jones, wlio was then a druggist in (d) Wholesale houses slow to move. Invoices coi:
business in Poplar, and it is safe to say that the forma- three days after the goods.
tion was preceded by at least one year's hard work before
it finally took shape. The P.A.T.A. saved the retail (c) Dusting still forms too big a part cf the dii
drug-trade from extinction at the hands of the big was all right for apprentices when they didu"t break li
but is not economic at 50s. weekly wages. Proper
should do away with 50 per cent, of it.

cutters. Of that there is no possible doubt. Patents (/) Dispensing scales take up too much ^space. A L'

had come to be 50 per cent, of our sales, although that manufacturer is helping to solve this problem.

fact was not universally admitted until a year or two ago. [g] Advertising wastefully done, badly done; i

So the P.A.T.A. and the CD. A. then were the big evcids thrown away. Yet we are up against keen advcn -
of the years 1896 to 1900. Let me run over the smaller
events, which may help us to form our opinions with and the Co-op. will soon be in the field to add i
number against us.
regard to the problems for 1914 :
(/() Shop fronts liidcous; a poor imitation of con
—KJiri- Modern business methods articles started in shops. Yet we ought to liave therein a lasting adv.

ment, and be absolutely distinct in style from compan

C. D.(L- The discussions which followed showed they were (i) Education of apprentices non est ; a curriculum uk
Local scholarships.
much needed.
{k) Assistants a poor lot mostly our own fault,
—1WJ5. Stoke Association refused membership to one cf ;

Boots' managers, yet in less than three years after they big company has scholarships of its own ; we have mi'

—were all members. (/) Local Associations obsessed by Insurance and

J906. C. & D. articles on Buying a Business. Honesty and Business and Education Committees much needed,

—balance-sheets suggested. Valuations on wrong lines. talk, more work smoking prohibited.
;

1907. Buying of goods all wrong. Five-i)ound limit of (;») Food and Drugs Acts a costly imposition. P 1'

IJatents too high. Travellers waste your time. Little help vision more urgent than whist at local meetings, but ;

from wholesalers until the Standard Tablet Co.'s advertise- ever mentioned.

ment gave us goods to compete with Boots and a profit. in) Methods of shop woi'k antiquated: we need shop
—i

1908. The Fairchild and Boots' Scholarships, started lists as well as lists for the public. Duplicate order ^

some years before, set the trade talking on examinations on which to order goods ; one part to return to v/

(o) Our educational system wrong. (6) Examinations all the goods. Petty ledgers in duplicate to decrease wori

Wrong; should be three instead of two. Intermediate at piffling accounts. Book-keeping which really shows qii

eighteen Final, twenty-one. More practical ; less pro- how we stand (for those who want to know how they
;
We(o) Profitless patents to be dealt with.
fessional. Books allowed in examinations, (c) Modified mipi

examination to get in the best of the unqualified men. a start introduce the proprietor of each of them t'

((?) Local examinations for apprentices, (c) Pharmaceuti- J. C. Umney.

cal Society School and Journal both hideous losses. ip] Insurance pricing simplified by adoiJting stock
—1909. Businesses won't sell. tures, pills, and ointments, which would cut the wo;
Past history of selling is half. Cranks a.nd lop-eared, long-haired professors,
want to play with the job, can easily work their own
—very shady pig in poke, no books. Yet the profits are
there, and you can actually borrow all the cash to buy a

business and repay it in three or four years. I gave figures without desiring to inflict their ideas on the rest of

to prove it. ig) Fallacies to be removed, say one at a time,

—1910. Scarcity of money in England for home investment —taking teeth from the human jaw:
First. Take a. whole day's work down on paper; •
—(a) Rothschild said : " Too lavish fitting up of businesses
item sold. Dissect it into:
Used up too much cash " was one reason. (6) Stock-taking
£...
'too intricate. Easier way explained. Saves time, there- Items a girl or youth can sell d.

Nolore money, (c) cost and retail price-list. The public Dispensing s. d.

•suspect a man who has not a list, (d) Book-keeping almost Poisons d.
—Second. Take the same day"s work and dissect if i
non est any existing mainly intended to conceal the
; Patents.

"truth, (e) Chemists' price-lists for public use very waste-

ful and badly done. Boots put out one million done in Drugs.

colour. (/) Co-ops. are the real enemy of private traders. Packed drugs.
Packed goods.
Founded on a fallacy simple people crowd there ; a
; Sundries.

scramble for "divvy," as they said themselves at Preston.

{</) Too much competition among private tradei-s. Too Dispensing.

many of us. (h) Ucal formed as a Chemists' Supply Co-op. Argue it out from your own figures of your own '-i-

Australia now following suit. ness whether: (1) Qualified lalxiur really nays your
Anot? (2)
—1911. Rexall came to England. junior grade of assistant is really needepr
—1911. National Insurance surprise.
—191$. More Insurance. not? (3) Your gross profits are quite so big as im
—19T2. Sale of Food and Drugs Acts again take the field.
—thought, in view of the big patent sales?
Third Fallacy. If the eulogies being passed at Af.<;a-
tion meetings are correct about : " The high educati_al
Revision of B.P. needed: it is a series of traps for the

wary and unwary alike. Magistrates getting sick of it policy of the Society in the past having enabled us tilo

many cases non-suited. this tremendously difficult and profitable NationalD-
1913.—N.l.^ in full blast, (a) Patents Inquiry by Com-
surance work?"^ How comes it that our pducatial

mons Committee. Doctors not over-pleased with results. entanglements, which have had such wonderful orts

The publication of recipes of patents has increased the on the masters, have not given us better men?

self-drugging. (6) Drug-stores Inquiry by Government into comes it that there is such a big percentage of r( n

their grievances. They got one admission from the Phar- assistants about ?

maceutical Society: "Education is a bit above the actual Early in this article I asked the query why cherts

needs." (c) New Secretary of Pharmaceutical Society. had such a frantic struede against long odds, althcn
they are serving the public well and faithfully? HijS
Things are to move forward we are told, [d] Latin deleted the" answer in the sixteen problems for 1914. NoU.v

from Preliminary examination as a compulsory, and put

forward to the next examination., (e) Apprentices scarce.

AEY•,'U 31, 1914 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST

Ik? doing a trade at all, nobody who is pestered -with 5. Chlorofo,rm, 12. Tincture of capsicum
Extract of iDolladonna,
1)00 issistants, will deny that there seems to be a struggle Tincture of opium, (1 :3) 52.5
through our work and leave us any time to spare, Cajmphor of each 3
Medieinal soap
1 Ca,mphor 50

lo' could any trade be done without difficulty where .J met' of htnljane 50 B.osiemairy oil,
Tyayender oil,
he oblenis are sn many and varied ? But I am quite 6 Salicylic acid 3
ed to hear that what I call "Problems" other Thyme oil.
Methyl salicylate 5...
hink are a real advantage to their businesses. How- Clove oil of each
Nutmeg oil (e.xi?ire.ssedi) 5 ... 10
Caasiiia oil 2
Spirit of jimipeir ...120

I have lived to see many problems solved ; some of E'uc.ilyptus oil 5 Solution of .'wnmoinda ...ICO
3
1, el even before the trade admitted they existed, Sage oil 5 13. Tineture of opium ... 10
T druggist as a rule is a real decent sort; worried Winterorecn oil ... 3
it" crowds of petty customers to such an extent tiiat .MountiaaE, pine oil 30 Chlorofon-m 10
Ci'mphiorated oil
InfusCfd oil of henbane 80

5 little time to sit down and think over problems 7. Salicylic acid 20 14. Tincture of opium ... 10
f I can only get him to admit that the problems 7.5
Camphor C'hlorofoi-m 10
exist, then the solution is easy. Quite recent'v at 80
11 Dunty Association I got up a discussion on scarcity Dilute spirit 600 Baume de Faora-venti

irentices, scholarships, and all the rest of it. I was Methyl ealicTlate ... 50 l^. _T.inct^ ure of opium ... 10
g on famously and making an impression, and for Eucalyptus oil 25 Chloroform 10
the majority were with me. Suddenly up g<)t an Balsamic opodeldoc
man from a neighbouring town to stop me; he was .Juniper oil 12 5 ... 80

San-e oil 15

Nutmeg oil lexpfcssed) 25 ig. Methyl salicylate ... 25

Camphorated oil 75 Infused' oil of henbane... 75

Olive oil 75

lough to be my father, so I gladly made way for 8. Solution of ammioni-a 17. .Alethyl .s-alicylate ... 25
... 25
—He said I was a visionary he had no difficulties (17-per-c.ent.), OH of turpentine

tting apprentices, nor had his neighbours, and he Oleobalsamiic mixture, Inifiised oil of henbane 50
Oamphorated spirit,
ht we ought to return to a san© conversation on mAmmonium chiilori-di e ... 10
Compounicli ca.mphor li.ii-
? Insurance ! Half a dozen men tackled him &iiraphcr o
mcnt of eaoll 150
d to get him to export one dozen apprentices right \\ nite eoa.p
Tinctune of capisdcra», 5

Spirit of each 200 Spirit (56°) ..140

and finally convinced him that his town is quite 9. Powdered capsicum ... 1 19. Ojl of turpentine 20

ally exceptional. So there's a case in point of men Spirit (90°) 5 Hydrochloric acid 10

don't always believe that a problem really exists. h SfJlaeerate for eight days, ex- „n .m.in^^f^™ 15
pre^ and make 25
to !.525 Sicvlate 30

w.ith the following tincture : Camphonated' oil

Carnphor 30 Baume tramquMJe 60

E/Osemary oil, m ^Laudjamim,

Aplicafions for Rheumatism. Lavender oil. ^1.
Thyme oil,
DSEFUL collection of recipes for external appli- Chloroform,

mcation cases of rheumatism is given in the " Revue Clove oil of each 10 Eixpreseed oil of henbane,

nationale de Pharmacie." These have been com- Cafieia oil 2 Baume tranquille equal parl-s
from various sources, chiefly Continental formu-
iSoIution of ammonia ...lOO Ointments
and although among them are many which will
Medicinal soap 3 j Vera.trine ... 0.5
tless be familiar to our readers, there are others Laixl ... 25
10. Capsicum 500
1 present new points. The quantities are in grams
Ether 125
by.rts' weight, unless otherwise stated.
Spirit ... . ' 125 ^' -^mnionium cihloriide
iVsco Camphor
Camphor
Eixtract of hemlock
Solution of amm-onda (25- Benzoated lard ... 2
30
per-eent.) 625
10 3. Extract of opium ... 0.5
Thyme oil 10
Lavender oil E.xti-aet of belladonna 0.5

AXALQESIC B'ALM. Bilfincek's Balm. Eixhaust the capsicum, in Evtract of cinchcnia. ... 5

ahoi ... 10 Soft soap ... 25 coarse povrder, with the mix- Solution of ammonia (20-
Jiyl salicylate ... 10 Wa.t.er ... 40 ture of ether and spirit and
... 12 ... 10 then with en-ouigh .spirit to pro- per cent.) 5
.oline Spirit ... 10
Spiirit of camplior ... 20 Lard 20
Solution of aiTinionna ... 5
Tiniotiire of capeicum daice l,2S«Lof liquid. In this » tar.rj'l;i^n^e ^xn
^
(tiliol ... 2.5 di^ohe the camphor and eas-en- ^S^"a'li^elyl'i^c ;acid'
... 10
liyl salicylate ... 30 tial oils and. a>dd' the ammonia. Eitraet of hemdock
oline (anihydrous) ... 7,5
COT Schap.ef's Salicylate Balm. 11. Capsicum ^ 100 ^- Lanolir.c 30
Blaek pepper 100 Stodium salie.vlate 3...
hrl salicylate ... 50 Sialicylic acid ... 10 Soft soap 25.'. Xodofoi-ni
... 10 Camphor 25.'. E.xtract of hemlock 2
tM ... 2.5 Oil of turpentine ... 10 2...
... 2.5
alyptoll' ... 17.5 Precipitated, suilpli-ur ... 00 Spirit .'!.800
,.. 17.5
fiiput oil Turpentine (semi-fluid) 40 Macerate for eight daye, pi-Hjse. 5. Methyl .salievlate ... 50
LanoKne ..." 25
te wax Embeocatioxs. and add'— " Vaseline 25
loliine (hydrated)
Soft soia.n ... 6 Eiugenol 5 7. gallic vlic acid 10
Menthol Balm. 10.5 ... 36 5 Lsinoiin,^ 10
oline (aniydrous) Water ' ... 3 Eosemai-y .oil ... 1... oil of turpentine ... 10
3.75 Oaimphor ... 45 ...20O Laixl 80
, 4 Ciassoa. oil
Oil of turpentine
itliol ^
Cuustic pota.S'11
hyl salicylate Wliite siQiap Solution of ammonia
tilled' water ...
Oil of tiirpenitin.e ... rMev.

JMPOTIOT Me.\-THOL BaISI. Oil of thyme ... 1 The following are formuL-e for those galenicals orderp-'l
Oil of amber ... 13 in the liniments, the recipes for which may not be
low wax ... 10 ... 24
... 27.5 Watei- to miake ... ... 18 readily accessible :
... 27.5 ... 6
Ij oline ... 15 ...768 OlEOISALSAMIO MlXTUKE. Baume ee Fioeaventi.
... 15
I'^line . '" 5... White of egg ... 25 Peiru balsiam, Bruised cinnamon, cloves,
P.^Tolig-neone acid ... 50
^'tbol ... Oil of turpentine ... 50 Eugenoii, mitimeg, and ginger, of

liyl snlicvlatc Nutmeg oil (eBsiemitiaJ') each 31-

J Tollf of egg Lavender oil of each ... 5 Myn-h, galban-um. and

Ijendcir ofj

... No. 1 Oassia oil 2.5 storax, .of each sij
2.5 . siii
l| oline (anliT<lrou6) 45 Tragacantlx ... 10 Lemon oil Laurel berries
jiv.
Mtc wax . Glacial aoefcic acid: ... 30 ...

\lor 10 Spirit 9V5 Soft ..gum thiio
, 15
Oil of turpentine .. 100 Infused Oil or Henbane. Rectified' 'spirit jxv.
15 '^"^^^
-iitliol " 45 Dietillcd water to malie 500 5.XLT.T.

Hyl salicylate Liniments. Macerate 4 parts of dried Macerate for a day and distil
henbane, cut up in email

POTTTO METHn. Camphior 5... piece®, lin 3 pairbs (by weight) o^-
B.UM. Cajuput oil 5...
- ,, SaeicTLATE Glycenin 6Tiirit then add Balsamic OrODELnoc.
... 5 ...100 4n0 p^a^rit's'*^(^by weight) of olive
rthol oil and heat on a wat<?r-bath, c„<.j.
with eonistant stirring, until the
ilr?, »=''l^«ylate" 7.,5 2. Ohlorinatfd ethyl chloride 3 spirit is dissipated. P,ress and f^T T'^P „^
tilled water ... 7.5 Almond oil (expressed) 25 nrinvt ™--4. ^4
filter.
lolijie reppermint oil 0.5 Diissolve and add—
Baume Tr.inquiile.
lt>w wax

Solntiop of ammonia .. :-.no Bosemary .oil 1
...200
If. Sahctlate and Menthol Spirit (90°) Absinthe oil, Soluti'On of ammonia ... 3
Petrol .. 25 La.vender oil
Balm. pater. The soft soap used in
Camqihor ... 30 preparation i. made with
"tllOl ... r„ Chlornform .. 30 S.^'Hir "''
25 Baik'amie opodeldoc s<^sa,me oil (65). potash solution
thyl salicylate ...140 ep. gr. 1.344 (35), and water

TJll,viTM>u,?e„,-o.,iTl off e.ae1h 20d7Tops (100).

Iiifn,se<l oil of henbane 3 oz.

160 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST Jan-uart 31, 19:

NUTMEGS AND MACE:

Their History, Botany, and Cultivation, illustrated with Plantation Photographs.

THE history of nutmegs and mace dates back many a hundred species which comprises this order.
centuries, although they do not appear to have been I'ig
known in Europe until the twelfth century. The
Arabians imported these spices from India, .^tius, an however, the only species of Myristica worth cultivalj,
ancient writer resident at the Court of Constantinople
about A.D. 540, mentions Xuces Indicce among other the seeds of other species having little- or no ant
aromatics. Masudi, circa 920, pointed out that the The true nutmeg-plant is a somewhat bushy, medi.
nutmeg was a product of the Eastern Islands and the sized tree of pyramidal habit, attaining a height of lin
Malay Archipelago, and Kazwini, an Arabian writer, 60 feet. In Penang the trees are somewhat more i-
expressly named the Moluccas as the source of the spice. pact, and not more than 20 or 25 feet high. The sptj.
One of the earliest references to the use of nutmegs
in Europe occurs in the poem by Petrus D'Ebulo, about ing branches are usually produced nearly to the basof
1195, describing the fumigation of the streets with the trunk. The lanceloate leaves, which have a rjjst

aromatics in connection with the entry into Rome of long, pointed tip, are arranged alternately. Thevr«
the Emperor Henry VI. prior to his coronation in
1191. By the end of the twelfth century both mace and about 4 in. long and 2\ in. wide, some,it
nutmegs were found in Northern Europe. Maoe seems
to have been much more in request at that period than leathery in texture, and with a dark-green shiny r«
surface. The trees are usually unisexual, but occa«-
nutmegs, and it was very costly, its value being about
4s. Id. per lb., the average price of a sheep at that time ally they bear both staminate and pistillate flowers, iht
being Is. 5c?., and of a cow 9.s. od. The Portuguese pendulous, shortly stalked male flowers are prodDCi.in
discovered the home of the plant in the Banda Islands
in 1512, and made a monopoly of the trade until it small cymes, arising a little above the leaf. The ftile
was wrested from them by the Dutch a century later.
The latter continued the same restrictive policy. They flowers are borne in similar positions, but usualljiot
endeavoured their utmost to limit the trees to Banda and more than one to three occur in a single inflorescr*.
Amboyna, destroying the plants sown by the agency of
birds on the neighbouring islands. In the effort to The light-yellow perianth of the flower is bell-sb.-d,
keep prices up an immense quantity of nutmegs and
cloves, said to be the accumulated crops of sixteen years, with three lobes, and encloses either a column of ;mt
were burnt at Amsterdam in 1760. The Spice Islands
were occupied by the English in 1796 to 1816, when they twelve united stamens or a conical green ovary tni-
were restored to Holland. During this period the
nutmeg-plant was introduced into Bencoolen and Penang. nating in a pair of white stigmas. The beautiful ait
In the six years which ended 1802 Christopher Smith,
who was deputed by the East India Company to collect is a fleshy drupe, somewhat variable in form, resen ng
spice-plants in the Moluccas, sent 71,000 nutmeg-plants
to Penang. Owing to carelessness, however, in handling, an apricot. The smooth husk is about half-an-inch ick
and ignorance as to methods of cultivation, only about
a third of these survived. The first nutmeg-tree fruited and of a pale orange-yellow colour. It bears a 5 )ve
in Penang in 1802. The Company's gardens at Penang
contained in 1805 (when they were sold for 9,656 dollars) down one side, along which it splits open when the uii
5,100 nutmeg-trees, 1,625 clove-trees, and 1,050 seedlings.
In 1810 there were 13,000 nutmeg-trees on the islands, Whenis quite ripe. the pericarp splits open it diosfi
but only a few hundreds were bearing crops, and the
cultivation showed signs of speedy extinction. Owing a bright crimson arillus, closely enwrapping the «d.
to the perseverance of David Brown and his son George
This, which on drying yields the mace of commei , 11
the cultivation of the spice was, after thirty years'
trial, placed on a sound basis, and in 1836 there were somewhat leathery in texture, cut into narrow fing likf
more than thirtj'- spice plantations, containing some
portions of irregular size. The seed-coat is deep Iwn,
80,000 trees, in Penang and the Wellesley Province.
The gross annual produce was estimated at 130,000 lb. polished, and marked vnXh. shallow grooves correspt in?
The trees were also introduced into Singapore about 1820.
In 1860 blight becjan to attack the plants, and by 1867 to the flaps of the mace. Inside this woody and ttle
the plants in Penang and Singapore were almost
exterminated. In Penang the cultivation ultimately shell is the kernel, or nutmeg itself, which is ab( an
revived, but the plantations passed from European hands
into those of the Chinese and Malayese. Wheninch in length. fresh the nutmeg practicall filli

The nutmeg-tree during the monopoly was introduced NUTMEfi-FKUITS.
into other countries : by the French into ^Mauritius.
Bourbon. Madagascar and the Seychelles, Zanzibar, and its testa, but shrinks on drying and then rattles. C; first
West Africa : by the English into St. Vincent. Trinidad, photograph gives an excellent idea of the stnicfe ol
Jamaica, and Grenada. With the exception of Grenada, the fruits and the shape of the leaves.
the nutmeg-trees did not gain any considerable ground.
At the present time the cultivation of the nutmeg is Cultivation.
principally confined to its original home in the Moluccas,
where, as regards quality and quantity, it is still Nutmegs are cultivated in plantations from fre
supreme. Since about 1900 the low prices ruling for sown in the shell, as they soon lose their gerirating
the spices have led to the planters in the Banda and power. Seeds that rattle are rejected. The plas are
the neighbouring islands being in difficulties, and the generally cultivated near the sea, below the 1« •
1,500 foot level. Nutmegs have been grown on"" "
industry is at present in a depressed condition. widelv different tvpes with remarkable success i
Moluccas the rich volcanic soil is a sandy f"aD-^° j"
Botany.
with a large proportion of vegetable matter, vie
The plant i\Iyr{stica jraqrans, Houttuyn (N.O. Myris- Penang and Wellesley Province the trees sr"'
ticacen), is a member of the single genus containing over vellow loamv clav on the steep slopes of the

,1nuaby 31, J 914 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 1 Gl

hi sodden or excessively dry ground is, however, caught between the forked prongs, and as it is pulled off
fat to nutmegs. The temperature of Banda ranges
frc 76° to 92° F., that of Trinidad being somewhat it falls into the basket. In the Straits Settlements,

! Asin but in the Straits Settlements it is rather less where the tree is low, a hooked stick is used to knock
rej lar'. rainfall of 90 to 100 in. per annum, well off the fruits. The operation of collecting nutmegs is
shown in our second photograph. The trees blossom and
spi ,d over the different months, with dry spells of not
mc than four or five days' duration, is the ideal for fruit throughout the year, but it is customary to gather
yif ing heavy crops. Drought has a marked effect in
iesidng the yield, while excessive spells of wet weather two crops a year, usually in May and June, and again in
August and September. The spring crop is said to yield
re. ier the plants liable to attacks of parasitic fungi,
In he Banda Islands the trees are shaded by canary- Athe best nuts. Only quite ripe fruits are collected.

111: trees (Canarium edule), but in the Straits Settle- labourer in a full season can gather 1,000 to 1,500 nuts

os no shade-trees are planted. a day, and in the Banda Islands two or three trees keep
a man employed all day, while in Malaya he may pluck
16 seeds are usually planted in nursery beds of well- from forty to fifty trees a day. In Grenada the fruit
is allowed to drop from the trees as it ripens. Good
dx and manured soil in rows from 12 to 18 in. apart, trees should average from 1,500 to 2,000 nuts a year.
at depth of about 2^ in., with some form of shading,
Dming and Liming.
frequent watering. The seeds germinate in about
The husk is usually stripped off on the spot by the
onth or six weeks. They are planted out some six
collectors, and the nuts forwarded to the drying-sheds.
iniths later, when about 6 in. high, at a distance of There the mace is carefully removed either by hand or with
the aid of a knife. It is dried in one piece (" double-
?£3 33 feet apart, in holes which have been dug some blade ") or after separating into two halves (" single-
blade "), the former being preferred owing to its better
6 feet wide and 3 feet deep. Some planters prefer appearance. The mace after removal is flattened by hand
or sometimes between boards. In Banda coolies tread
upon it to flatten it, and it is then dried in the sun in
flat baskets or on mats or trays of bamboo, this process
taking from two to four days. The brilliant red colour
changes to a duller orange and finally to golden-yellow,
while at the same time it becomes horny and brittle. At
nightfall the mace is placed in a drying-shed to avoid
wetting by dew. In rainy weather the drying is done by

artificial heat, usually over a smokeless fire of charcoal.

The practice of sprinkling the mace with sea-water before

putting it to dry seems to have been discontinued only
;

in cases of mildew is it occasionally washed with sea-

water. It was claimed that this process kept the mace

in a more pliant condition.

The nutmegs, after removal of the husk and mace, are

dried in their shells, as otherwise they run great risk of

being attacked by beetles. In the Banda Islands, where

nutmegs are handled in large quantities, it is usual to dry

them over a charcoal fire in a drying-house. The stands

have four or five shelves arranged about 8 feet from a

slow cKarcoal fire. The layers of seed spread on these are

constantly turned and eventually shaken on to the next

lower shelf. Too much heat results in shrivelled seed of

less value. The drying takes from three to six weeks,

when the nutmeg rattles in its shell. In Malaya the seeds

are often merely dried by exposure to the sun in trays of

Collecting- Nutmegs. basketwork. Sometimes the seed is exported in the shell
I'-.g., from Minahassa and Amboyna), but it is customary
rminating the seed in bamboo pots, as this facilitates to remove the testa, which amounts to about one-quarter
eir transport when they are big enough for planting of the weight of the seed, before packing for export. The
it. The sex of the plant is not known until it flowers, cracking of the shell is done with a wooden truncheon or
me seven or eight years later. Male trees are usually hammer, or by striking several seeds spread on a kind of
drumhead with a flat board. The seeds must be struck
cterminated with the exception of one male to ten or on end, otherwise oil-cells are ruptured and a black bruise
formed. The seeds are then sorted, the broken nuts being
velve female trees, which is sufficient for pollination first removed, then thin nuts, and finally the large sizes are
.irposes. Manuring is practised on the poor clay soils separated from the medium. In Grenada the shelling is
'i the Malay Peninsula, but in the rich ground of the done by a machine. This consists of a high narrow box in
anda Islands this does not appear to be necessary, which revolves a wooden wheel whose rim forms a series
he trees become productive when about eight years old, of deep sockets. The nutmegs are fed into the sockets, and
ut it may be earlier in the Straits Settlements, where the force with which they strike the bottom cracks the
he whole life-history is shorter than in the Moluccas, shell. The shelled seed is liable to attack by beetles, and
^hey are at their best when about thirty years old, and in the Moluccas it is still usual to dip nutmegs in milk-of-
ontinue to fruit well for twenty years more ; but trees lime or sprinkle them with powdered lime to protect them.
ver seventy years have been known to give good crops. In the Banda Islands the nutmegs are packed for about
Che fruits ripen in about six months from flowering. three months in wooden bins filled with lime and water of
The fruit may be allowed to fall, but it is more usual
0 gather it by hand. For this purpose a long rod the consistency of mortar. Tradition states that this opera-
rearing a small basket, open at one side near its apex,
3n which are two downward pointing prongs, is used tion was intended by the Dutch to prevent the seed (which
to collect the fruit in the Banda group. The nutmeg is is killed uy, the drying alone) from germinating. Mace is
usually packed in teak chests, containing about 280 lb., the
mace tseing trodden in. The graded nutmegs are packed in
casks or in chests which have been slightly smoked inside
and coated with lime and water.

Commerce.

Some particulars of the early commerce in nutmegs
and mace are given in the work on "Spices," by

162 THE CHEMIST AND DPJJGGIST •Jaxcaey 31, iv

Mr. Henry N. Eidley, F.L.S., wtio gives the following qualities by the Port of London Authority,

fgures of the production from the Moluccas (in Amster- sold by public auction the sizes are stated in .
catalogues. Occasionally nutmegs as large as 55 or
dam lb.) :
,
Nutmegs, Shelled Mace
42 to the lb. have been known, and at the other e;:
1820 200,000 75,000
1830 58,357 the scale they may run to 200 to the lb., with.v,,
1840 ... • ... 195,348 119,260
1850 128,345 intermediate sizes.
1860 275,586
1871 511.001 232.000
1880 260,000
1890 557,434 272,000
1894 278,000
1,072,765 The Business Side.

9+6,000 Some Seasonable Sugj^cstions.

937,000

1,028,000

1,329,000 TO most chemists the winter season means the puslg
of cod-liver oil, emulsions, malt extracts, co i
The Penang and Singapore cultivations commenced to remedies, etc., and the public are probably tired of t
show results in the European markets about 1830. The
exports (kilos.) were as follows : — mmention of such well-known remedies. Something r

From Nutmegs Mace is wanted the advertising of chemists' lines with

1830-39 . . Penang ... 26,000 . 7,000 originality. Subjoined are suggestions :
86,000 26,000
1840-49 . 15,000 —C.\TAEEHS. Recently in the medical journals much s
... 263,C00 4,000
. Singapore ... 120,000 70,000 been written of the inhalation method of treating phth
... 391,000 30,000 i,
1850-59 '. Penaug ... 131 000
. and this method is well adapted to the troatinont of chte
catarrhs. Some cheap form of inhaler can be dcvi.?e<l >v h
. Singapore rnay be worn for hours at a time, and so d. packed h

1860 Penang'. ...
.

Subsequently the collapse of the nutmeg plantations took a bottle of the inhalant and directions for treatment, t

place in Penang and Singapore, from which the latter island Is. or Is. M. The inhaler should be directed to be vn

practicallv never recovered. Penang, however, produced in for long periods, and is not to be confused with the ordii y

inhalers that are merely used for a few moments a'

1875 to 1885 14,000 kilos, nutmegs and 37,000 kilos, mace, Atimes during the day. fancy name and description

and in 1885 to 1894 Malaya produced 200,000 kilos, nut- be given to the inhaler, such as

megs and 50,000 kilos, mace. The West Indian cultiva- " The C'ontimious Cafarrh Cvrc."
" The most modern method of treating catarrh i
tion first appeared to influence the market from 1865 continuous medication of the air-passages."'

to 1874, when 10,000 kilos, nutmegs and 3,000 kilos, mace

were exported 1875 to 1885, 10,000 kilos, nutmegs and The necessary explanatory leaflet, or, better, a small
;

3,000 kilos, mace; 1885 to 1894, 100,000 kilos, nutmegs let, offers a great opportunity of the pharmaceutical aut-

and 25,000 kilos, mace. Subsequently the West Indian tisement writer. Much depends on the advertising, Id

output steadily increased, and it has gradually taken the chemists who do not feel themselves capable of writir ;i

first place on the London market in preference to the —pithy pamphlet should get it done for them.
Hot- WATER Bottles. The public use these large!;.,
East Indian, as regards quantity. In fact, it may be
even now there are comparatively few houses wliere
said that the outpu": of West Indian has trebled during
—are to be found in regular use. What an opportunity ir
the last ten years, and the price has fallen to about
a convincing pithj' advertisement I widely distribul,
one-third of its previous value. In 1900 prices ranged
written with "night comfort" for a text, the dsDgem
between lO^d. and l.s. 5c?. per lb., and since then there
damp sheets or cold feet, the loss of sleep thereby oocasioki

has been a steady decline, the present values in the Ijointed out, and all the many discomforts which the regijr

open market being between 5d. and 8d. per lb. Accord- use of a hot-water bottle docs away with. It shouldje

ing to Warburg, in the year 1310 a pound of nutmegs remembered that a campaign to sell such articles as tl^

cost 3.S. and mace as much as 7.s., and these prices were should be fierce while it lasts, and si>eedily abandoned w|i
maintained until about 1623. When the Dutch mono-
the cream of the business has been obtained. Thus a go

polised the spice trade nutmegs cost in England stock of earthenware and rubber bottles should be
TJ-

from 9s. to 19.s'. (in 1805), and mace from 30s. to 90.?. in chased, and early in thr winter a nice display made of tiji
1806. With the overthrow of the Dutch monopoly they
in the window. Nor merely one or two tucked away in)il

fell from 5.s. per lb. for nutmegs and 8.s. for mace odd corner of the window, but a taking, convincing displ,

with pithy showcards and price-tickets properly placi.

in 1805 to from 9-?. to 1.?. 3|f/. for nutmegs and !?. 4rf. Very few chemists advertise hot-water bottles, except*

for mace in 1865. In 1374 and 1875 nutmegs fetched one article among a dozen or more in a prico-list or circul;;

2s. 8d. to 2s. 6(7. per lb., but, as already mentioned, prices but it is just these things that the public know that re.¥

have been steadily declining ever since except for a few —advertising beet you have no initial difficulties to 0'|-
Acome. handbill of four pages devoted entirely to 1|-
large fluctuations. The United States is the largest con-
water bottles, the inside jjages giving a description of 'e
sumer of nutmegs, as sliown by the following figures which
many uses and the varieties of the bottles sold, the last ti
represent the imports for the fiscal years ending June 30 :
list of prices, done on nice paper of a red or red-brci

tint; on the first page should be your name and addr!,

SMttmeg.f. and in the bottom left-hand corner tho representation o\

lb. cheery fire, and in the top right-hand corner a steaming ket

1908 ,., 2,043.470 237,142 with a phrase or two such as '"Do not leave a cheerful ft
190^ ... 2,644.791 219,329
1910 ... 2,164,878 166,622 —when you go to bed take it with you.'' or "Leave
1911 ... 2,392,251 210,409 kettle, but take the hot water to warm you while j^ou sleef
1912 ... 2,097,422 304,757
Distribute these circulars broadcast, at the same time makf

the display, and introduce the line to customers. Doubts

Mace. an inspection of samples will show that there are nol

lb. patterns on the market which may bo your leading li.

]908 425,183 Develop your selling talk, so that to the masses the cheap,
1909 653,610
19 10 510,499 96,736 and CLuite as effective, earthenware variety may be SC|.
1911 662.62^ 153,851
1912 403,355 123.557 while to the better-class the more expensive rubber go^'
193.879
168,086 may be successfully introduced. Side by side with h-

water bottles, bed-socks and bed-stockings may bo sold. >

not get a variety of desiens: go carefully over samples, el

As regards the United Kingdom, our imports and select the pattern you think you can sell; buy your sto

exports are not considered sufficiently worthy to be and sell them right out, and bo finished with the idea

separately classified in the Board of Trade Returns, —the season, reserving only a few for any possible laf
they being included under " Unenumerated spices." As
imported to the London market, West Indian nutmegs demand. Give them a name "The Hygienic Night-Fof

usually reach us in barrels of 1^ to 2 cwt., but occa- —let." for instance and attach to them. They should !;
sionally cases of from 70 lb. to 90 lb. are used, and very Afor l.t. a pair.
hundred will sell for Is., whereas oi;
fine are sent in bags of 55 to the lb. Although nutmegs
are sometimes sorted and sized abroad, they are on fifty will ^o for Is. 6(7.
arrival in London invariably graded into sizes and
|

Small tin funnels for filling the bottles, indiarubbi

washers for the stoppers, and cards of wool to mei

the " Fiootlets " are profitable additions to the sale

these lines.

lUABY 31, ion THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST

Grasse in Winter. " pommade " as produced by the various enfleurage pro-
cesses, but nowadays very little is exported as such. The

By W. Gilbert Saunders, Ph.C, A.I.C. pomades are washed with alcohol until the odour is
extracted, and the washings either sold or evatporated
n is SO accustomed to visualise Grasse and its neigh- in vacuo to obtain the " concrete " perfume. The first
ourhood as a huge flower-garden, that one is apt washings are naturally the best, and command a higher
price than subsequent ones. The exhausted jDomade is
wet that such a gorgeous condition is not perpetual,
approached Grasse from Cannes a few weeks ago disposed of at a good price to toilet-soap manufacturers,

as it still retains a certain minimum of smell. This

pomade washing is also a winter occupation to some

extent ; and I watched the working of a neat machine

designed to exhaust thoroughly the fat without excessive

expenditure of alcohol. The aromas of the various wash-

ings were extremely powerful, as indeed they ought to

be, considering how many blooms they represent, but after

sampling a few of these delightful odours the nose

becomes too blase to do them justice.

The flowers, after enfleurage treatment, are further

extracted with petroleum ether, which, on evaporation,
gives a " concrete." Thus with unique prodigality the

flower yields its perfiime twice over. An interesting point

is that even if the petroleum-ether exhaustion is carried

out on the fresh flower, untreated by enfleurage, -a larger

quantity of "concrete" is not obtained, nor is the

quality better. There seems to be something capricious

A TiEW or Geasse. about flowers.

A visit to the stock-room containing vast cjuantities of

valuable essences impressed me. An olive oil of fine

quality is prepared on the spot during the season. The

• a flower was visible. The quaint, irregular little old-fashioned hand-press is used, and the first pressing

nestled in a landscape of green and brown. Even obtained by this method furnishes a remarkably good table
hrreen was of that dull and restful shade supplied by
Aoil. number of women were packing this product in
h' ilive groves 60 inevitable in this part of the world.
Abottles and labelling them ready for retail. large quan-

I'll numberless little flower plantations with their neatly tity was being filled into tins for the AmeTiean consumer,

i(c bushes looked bleak; shorn of its summer splendour, who evidently knows "some," and does not restrict him-
ih /alley verged on the monotonous. But in the town
Aself to the native cottonseed. few more processes ter-

iti." there was no palpable cessation of industry; that is minated the visit, which demonstrated that winter is in

to y, one probably worked as hard as anyone ever works Grasse a congenial affair. But this so-called winter is a
very mild and benignant deputy for the season which we
inilrasse. For the strenuous life is not glorified on northerners know by that name. In fact, as I sat basking

M iterranean shores ; the art, or vice, or whatever it is, in the public gardens of Grasse with the little yellow or
"*
In any case, the man who
oi ustling has no votaries.

cc 1 hustle down these narrow, medireval streets, these "mimosa" Riviera edition (known in local pharmaceu-
q> r inconsequent steps and passages, would be a vandal
01 fl American. There is a spacious leisure about life tical eii'cles as " the mustard-leaf ") of a great English

daily organ in front of me I thought that if half our

tl fi. In the perfumery works which I visited the June days were

h heon interval was from 12 o'clock to 2.30 p.m., a truly as nice as this

0] ent allowance. January one we

16 rise of synthetic products has not affected Grasse should be lucky.

rsely. Perhaps, by spreading the taste for perfume,

GrassIS even increased the sale of genuine flower-extracts,
The town of

e

hat as it may, the perfume industry in this district stretches up the
growing one. By the courteous principals of a well- side of a hill,

vn essential-oil firm, I was initiated into one or two and the view

he winter occupations of the town. The business from the upper

lises were very successfully hidden in one of those portion is com-

Jous thoroughfares so typical of Grasse; but when prehensive and

;d they were well worth the finding. Various opera- charming, even

5 were proceeding. In one room a large quantity of in the winter

)f yetiver was being distilled from the .Tavan root, when the only

h is imported in the scraped and washed condition, splashes of

ther interesting process was the redistillation from an colour' are the

Olbath at high temperature of thyme oil, largely pro- luscious - looking

in the first place from thyme grown in the neigh- oranges just

bj-ing Maritime Alps. Peach-kernel oil pressing was approach ing

a in full swing. The kernels are imported through ripeiTess. Lus-
I

Jj-seilles from North Africa and elsewhere. After the cious-looking is

e:{ action of the fixed oil, the essential oil is obtained by written ad-

a'jsous distillation in the usual manner, and the residual visedly, as it is

c;.! makes stockfeeding. Owing to the intensive culti- a matter of

vjon of flowers there is no local pasturage, and the cattle looks only. The

a, dependent on such artificial foods as these. The Azure Coast

r-ilt, so I was informed, is a milk of deplorable quality. orange is bad

found a store of the glass trays on eating, although BOILEVAIID FHAGOXAUD, GbASSE.
c"lh!'^t'^hu'e' fat is spread in the enfleurage process, all clean
eminently suit-
ready for the fragrant summer work. The mysterious
able for all the less obvious pui-poses to which mankind
delicate business of cold enfleurage is ever 'fascinat-
puts this fruit. But in spite of the perfidious orange,
• It seems to defy logical explanation. It retains its
lance, and refuses to be modernised even in these days one feels that, after all, it would be preferable to coax the
sn convincing odours are produced by high pressures,
alysts, and all the other prosaic devices of the labora- perfume from its natural lair in this picturesque place,
y- Years ago a large trade was done in the simple
rather than manufacture infinitely greater quantities of

synthetics in the cruder environment of a smoky industrial

city.

164 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Jaxuaey 31,

The Russian and British Pharmacopoeias Compared.

(Russian Pharmacopoeia VI. Edition, 1910.)

THE increasing number of Eussians who visit Great Russian Pharmacopojia B.P.

Britain and other parts of the English-speaking Ctera alba Cera alba
world often places the pharmacist in the position of Cera flava
having to dispense a Eussian prescription, and the follow- Cera flava
ing tables are intended to supplement the comparisons Cetaceum Cetaceum
Chininumi hydrochloratum.
already published in The Chemist and Druggist Diary Chindmum sulfuricum QuiainsE hydrochloridnm
and in The Chemist and Druggist. Clhloralum hydxatum Qudnina; sulphas
Cthloroformiium
The British pharmacist will rarely meet with an Ohryearobinum I

original Russian prescription, as the latter is always CSooain.um hydrochloriciun Ohloral hy.dxae
retained by the pharmacy which first dispenses the OodeLnum I Ohloroformum
medicine. The prescription, however, must be copied on
the label attached to the container, and in the case of I
mixtures, this is done on the back of the old-fashioned
I OhryBarobimum
tie-on label stiU in general use throughout Russia. On
the front the name of the patierrt and that of the doctor, Cocaines hydrochloridum
Cbdeina
with the directions and the price charged, are written in
Russian, the prescription on the back is in Latin. Fol- Oodeiii.um phosphoricum Codeinie phosphas
lowing the usual Continental custom, all fluids are Coffeinum Caflejia
weighed ; this applies equally in cases where the pre-
Cortex aurantii fruotue Aurantii cortex dooatw
—scriber makes use of the old Russian measures grain and C/ortex cascarillje Oaecarilla
—ounce still employed by practitioners of the older school, Cortex cinohonxe
Cortex gnonati Cincihonie rubrse cortex
although the present generation makes use exclusively Cortex rhamni purehiansB G-ranati cortex
of the metric system. As the tie-on label represents the Oascara eagrada
sole valid copy of the original prescription, it is cus-
tomary to return it with the medicine. Note the use of Ci-ocus Ctocue
the word " magnium " in place of magnesium.
Cuprum sulfunicum ;
Identical Preparations.
E-s/tractum O'aiuiabis indicse Ciupri sulphas

Extractum filicis maris j
Extractum gentiianie
Extractum glycyrrhizse ! Extractum caninabis ir-i
Extractum hydraetis flnidum
Extractum opii Extract, filicis Hquidan:
Extractum ratanhise
Extractum rhamni pnrshianaa Eistract. gentianse

fluidum Extract, glyoyrrhdtoc
Ferrum snilfuricum oxydoilatum
Extract, hydrastie li<ixiiC
purum Extract, opii

Extract, kromeriae

Extract. oascarss ea
liquidum

Ferri sulphas

Ferrum eulfuricum oxjxiula'tum Ferrd sulphas exsiooatus
purum eiccum

F lores kusso Cusso

Floree roefe gallicse RosEe gallicse petala
Florets sambuci Sambuci flores

Folia digitialas 'Digitialiis folia

Folia seninEe I Senna (Alexandrian, and

velly)

Folia sitramonii Stramonii folia

Russian Pharmacopoeia B.P. Fructue a.aisi vulgaris Aniisi fructus

Fructus cardamomi micoris Cardamomi semina

Fructuia cubeba: Cubebfe fructus

Fructus foendculi Foeniculi fructus

Aoetandlidum Acetajiiilidum Gelatdua alba Gelatinum
Acidum arsendcosum Acid, lareeiniosum
Acidiun benzoicuni sublimatum Go'Sisypium depuratum Gcoisypium
Acidoim boricum Acid', bcnzoxum Acacite gumrai
Aoid'Um ohromicum Gummi arabdcum
Acidum citricum Acid, boriciim
Acid, ohi^omicimn Oumniii trncgQciantha? Tragacantha
Acid, citricum Ammonincum
Oum,mi-ree'inia ammoaiacum
Acid, lactic um
Gummi-resina aeafcetida AsQfetida
Acid. ealicyLiciun
Acidum. Jacticum Acid. sulph'Uricum Guiminii-r&sina galba'ttum G»alban,um

Acidum ealicylicum Acid, taanicum Gumnid-resina myrrha Myrrha
Acidum sulfuricum purum (94%- Acid, tairtanicum Herba cannabis indicse
Adeps lanse Hydrargj-rum amidato-bichlo- Oannabis indiica
98%) Adepis Hydrargyrum amimoiual'.
Acidum tanjiiicum Aether purificatui?
Aoidum tartaricum mt.iiTn
Ac<thier oxjciticus'
Adeps lanse anhydrjcus Hydrargynrau bichloratam Hydrargyri perohloridun
Alumen (potasMum alum) Hydirargyrum bijodatum Hydraxgyri iodidum ru''
Adeps BuiHue depuratus Akimett exsicoaitum Hydirargyrum cbloratum leviga- Hydrargyri eubchloridnii.
Ammoniii bcnzcas
Aether purus Ammcnii bromidum tuim
Ammonii carbonaa
Aeibher acetious Liquor aimm'oniae HydrargjTum depuratum Hydrargyrum

Alumctt AmmoOQiii chloiridum Hydrargyrum oxydatum leTiga- HydTargyri oxidum robr :

Alum^en nstnim Amyl Biitrirg tura via H'^xlrargyri oxidum fiavii;
Amimonium benzOiicum Amylumi (wheat)
Amimomium bromutum Hydrargyrum oxydatum lodoformmn
Pheaiaaonium humdda paratum lodum
Auiimoniuimi oailbon.icum Apomorphiiise hydTochloridum
Aqnia destillaita. Jodoformium Pottiissa cauetica
Aimimonium cauetioum eolutum Argenti mtiiae Jodimi Potas^ii acetas
Ammoaiunn cihloratum Argcati mitras mitigatua Potassdi bioarbonas
AmTlium nitrosum Kali causticum fusum Potaseii biehromas
Atropiose sailphus Kalium aceticum
Amvlum triticd Oopailba Kalium bicarbonicum
Kalium biichroimdcum
AjitipyiriiLum Baleamum peruvianum
Kalium hitartarioum, depuratum Potaissid tartros acidns
ApomoiTJbiinum hydjWiMoratum Bisimuthi suboitirae Kalium Ijitartaricum purum
Aqua dcstillarta Bismuthi salicylns Kalium bromatum Potass'id bromidum
Aiigen'tum' nitrioum fn&um Kalium chlorioum Potasisii chlorae
Argcnitium nitrioum, cum kalio Scilla, Kalium hypermangandcum
Potasisii permaniganai?
Diitrico Liquor caJcie KaliiUm jo'datum Potaseii iodidum
Oaioii carbonas prawajjjitatus Kalium nitricum Potassii aitras
Aitropiuum salfurioum Potassa S'ulphurata
liiiqtuor calciis chlorinate Kalium' sulfuratum
Bateamum oopaiTSB Oalx
Dale in pihosphas
Balsamium peruTiajium C amphora
Oamtharis
Bismivtuim nitricum basicum. Carbo ligtiii Kalium suWuricum Potaesii sul^jhas
Oai-yophyllum
Biemutum ealicylicum basicum Kalium taa-taricum Potassii tartras

Bulibuis scilliE s. squillse Kreosotum Cfreosotum
Ld'gnum guajaci Guaiaei lignum
Oalcaria co-uetica soluta

OaJcium carbcruicum prsecipita- Liigiuum quassias (includes Quassise lig'nium

tura quassia, aniara) Lithii carbonae
Calcium hyp'OoiMorosum eolutum Matgnesii carbonas levis
Calcium oxydiaAum Litili'ium oarboniicum Magnesia levis
Ma'gnii™n' carbondcum
Oalci'um pbosrohorieuim Miaignium oxvdatum

CSamphora Magindum sulfuricum Maignesii sulphas
Mel depuratum Mel depuratum
%Oanrbharides (0.8 centharidini) JleniUioium Menthol
Morphinse hTdroc'iloridnm
%Carbo li.enti pulveratus (2 ash) !^[oniDihium 'liTdrcil^ lor.it nrn

Oai-ycpliyilli

inv 31, B.P. 100
Hum Pharmacopoeia Preparations Differing in Strength.

;llU< Niaipiliithol Kussian Phainiacopaia B.P. opq

io-lium tartancum Soda taaitai-aita
Sodii ben'Z0!ii9
imDjHcarboniioiim o^
Sodii bicarboinas
iiiilboricum orystal-
iiniromatuim Boras
Sodii broimidium Aoidum aceticum glaciale Aeidum a<:cticum glaciale 9.7
in carbonionm
ii dopuratum Sodiil •carbonia-s 96 % 99 % 9.0
1 vh loratum Acidum acetieum 30 % %Aclduim aceticum 33 7.86
Sodiii oliloridum %Acid, hydrochloratum purum Ac.id. liydrochlorioum 31.79
1 7.93
Sod^ii iodidiuiai
II odatum 4.64
iibhosplioricaun S'odi.i p'hosiphas 9.31

iiilnilfuricum Sodii salicylas 25 % 3.77
11 jiygdaJaTOm
I !si (from anise only) Siodii suiphafi Acid. hyidrochJOTatum. purum Acid. liydTTOhlorioum dilut. 9.05

1 '';M> Oteum amygdalse %dil'Uitum 8.2 10.58 11.68
Oleum a^nisi
\ |lin,ujn Oleoim tlic-obrorcaitis % %Acid, mitricum purum 32.5 Acid, mitricum 70 18.75
Acid, niitrioum purum dilu- Acid, nitrioum dilut. 17.44
I uputi Olelini cadin-ini 28.5
iin ryophyllorum turn 16.25 °/, Acid. pbosptorioum c-onc
Oleum ciajuputi 6.31
|ri Oleum caryophyJlti %Aeid. ptoosphoricum 25
Okuni limionis' 9.9
>tonis Oleoim cratoni.3 66.3 '0 dilut
oris aselli Oleum imorrhuse 25.64
iinduliB Acid, pliosipilioriiomn dilutum Acid. piboophoricum 6.9
O'leU'in lavandulfe
i OJeuan lina %12.5 13.8 18.0
Oleum myrisiticEe
e idis Aeid. eulfuricum purum dilu- Acid. S'ulplraricum diilut. 66.6
utlias piperitfe Oleum men-tihsB piperiitse 9.0
Oleum oliTa; %tum 15.95 %13.65 7.3
va.i-um prOTimciale Ammonium acoticum eolutum Liiqucr ammonii acetatiis 8 °/, 8.5
Oleivm r.icini
15 % 13.0
Oleum res a; %Ferrum aceticum. solutum 5 LiiquoiT feirri acetatis 1.75 °/, 9.0
Oleum roamari-nd
Oleum eiantali Fe Fe 35.6
Oleum sinapis Tolatile 8.7
Oleum terebi)iithin>a; Ferrum seequieliloratum solu- Liquor ferri percWoridi fortis
Opium %15.84
I. u IsmarUM Paraffiuum liquidum tum 10 % Fo Fe
Paraldeliydum
I 111 liitali Plienacetinum Ferrum sulfuiricum oxydart;um Liquor ferri persulphatie
/.ciduni carbolioum liquefactujn %10.10
II lapis ^ethereum Aeidum carboJicum fohrtum 10 % Fe Fe
r<>biatliin*B rectificatum PbospboiFus
Pix liquida % %Kali cviusticum solutum 15 Liquor potaesas 5.85
%)II % %Sirupue fera-i jodati 5
III liquidum Pluniiljii aeeijas (a Syrupus ferri iodidi 7.25

. rduni Plumibi carboaa® % %Lirttle citric aeid i« added) 34. wateT 57
Plumbi oxidum Spiritus Tini 38 Alcohol 90
mum Podiopliylli resina
Tamariiidiis % % %Tinetura aconiti 10
I Pulvis glyc'jTTrhjizfe c-ompositus (0.05 Tinetura acundti 5.5
Pulvis ipeeocuanihEe compoeitus
in 1 liquefacituin Oakimibas radix % %alkaloids)
Gentiantc radix
GlycyrrhizEE inadix Tinictuna oantliaridum 10
Ipeeiaeuanliaj radix ... Tiniotura cajitliariddi 1.5
Kramerise radix
Soinega? radix % %Tinetu.ra ea&carillae 20
Tai!iax>aei radix Tinetura cascarillse 22.2
Bcnaoinum.
Resina % %T.iinictura digitalis 10
li'da Tinetura digitalis 13.6
Jttlaipn' resina
% %Tinictu.ra nwrrliaj 20
,1 I aofiticum depuratum Balsamum .toliuitanuim Tiniotura myrrlue 33.5
Filix mas
% %Tinetura opii (1
1 I carbonioum basicum Hydrastis rhizoma. moiT)liiJie) Tinetura cpii 0.77
1 Rbei radix i
% %Tiinetura iratajilii£e 20
ill I oxTdatum Vialea-ia.n-ce irhizoma Tinetura kramerite 22
Zingiber
..-j
Gil'usidum
Saccliarum purificatum %Tinetura etroipliaJithi 10
% %Tinum stibintum 0.4
litn.um Saocharum lactie .- Tinetura strophanitlii 2.8
Viinum ajitimcndale 0.46
'i SaJol
Siamitoninum
I raai-indoriim deiP'Urata
Sapo durus
lyoj.rrhizfB compositus
leoacuanJioe opiatue

lombo Preparations Differing Slightly in Strength or

i?iitian!e Mode of Preparation.

' yc>Trhizfe

i 'ooaouanlise

: itj.aliise

iiixaci Russian Russian
Pharmacopccia Requirements
II lejiz'oe (Sumatre)
>in 'Olophoninm Acidum boroglyceri- GlveerLnum acidi Solid, contaLuis 60% bor.'e

•in alapse natum boric i (30 %) aoid
-in[olii"iana Adepi I lUiv cum a'laa
2(' filicis %Adep; lanae by- i5 of water
itf hvdrastidiie
drosus %benzoatus 2
rhei
iz<: Tal^'jiia.nje Adeps S'uiilus bett- Adeipe of benzoin ajid 5 "^o
zoatus
ziivgibcris of dried eod. 6ulph.
oi iiiium
used in preparation.

-Ether iEther Sp. gr. 0.725
Aloe Oape aloes
<llum lactis hydroxy- Kaolin " If argilla alba is prt--
AlnimdndLun
;oi ! eeribed this should be
datum diuipensed "
mm'it<
%>' ispanions albus (15 Aqua amygdalarum Aqua laurocerasi Coutadns aleohoJ and
a.marum Aqua
Tiintum Ergota 0.1 % of HON
Amygxlala amara Aqua aurantii florum
Huygdali (umaTa Aimynrdala dulc-is aurantii Triplex and water aa.
"1 ninvgdali duJcia Aqua oin.nannomi sim-
LiniUTii florie part, ajqual.
111 linn plex 1 :10
Myirisitica Aqua cinniamomi From cassda bark
Aqua fejiiicald
li myrieticffi Sinaipis (black musit.ard Aqua menithse i.ipeai- 1:10
S+roplianthi semina
li siaa.pis nigrse only) tse Aqua foendculi 1 :10 1 :30
li strophamtM Nux vomica
11; etrycfcnd (2.5 .Aqua, rosse Aqua mentba? ,1 in 2.000 (oil in warm

% alka- piperita 1:1,000 water)

Aqua rosse ... Oil 1 in 4,000 of warm

simplex Syirupus water

1 Sfpiriitus rectificadniB Calcium hypochloro- Calx %ohlorinaita' 25 chlorine at les^&t
S'Um
%1 vind 90 Akobol, 70 % 33 % CI jt Blaok or Pegu oatechu
%' vini 70 Cartcchu
A n.t.im onium tao^iaraium (Oatechu)
aliam tartaricum Oihiarta einia.piaa
lura Sulpili'O-niaJ \ seedo

prsecipitatum. SruJphur prfeciipitatum Clharta sina.pie ... Blacki-mustard
CTblimatum Sulpliiur sublimatum
Thyniol Ohininum feri-o- uiaed
nm Aconjiti radix
Jalapa citi-icum %Ferri e^ quiuinfe iO of quinuie
%Moniti (0.8 alkaloids) O'oUodiuni
Zinei cMoridum citrae
I Zinci oxidum
Collodium Proportions differ
jnlapsB Zinici sulipihocarbolae
Zinci sulphae Colloddum elastdourii CWlodium flexile C'cllod. 98, ol. rioin. 2
i Zinci valer.ianas
Oortex einnamorai Chineise cinnamon
H oliloratum
1 oxTdtitnm ec&sda5 I

1 Piilfoplie.iolicum Ctortex citri fructue Limonds cortex ... Dried' peel

1 iulfuricuni umE.\ tract bol'adoiir.ie From dried leaves with

J valorianicum % %70 alcohol; 1.5

alkaloids

.

166 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST January 31

Russian B.P. Kussian Farmacopea Argentina
Pharmacopceia Eiiuivalent Eequirements
(The Argentina Pharmacopoeia
By H. J. Macmillan.

Eitraotum hyoscyami From dried leaves with

% %70 alcohol; 0.3 THE "first official edition of the Argentine
PharmacopcEia " was published ia Novein
alkaloids having been compiled by a committee of eig!.:
appointed by tlie Departameuto Xacional de H
Extractum rhei ... ExH,racted with water Xational Health Board. Prior to that date ;i.
Codex was the authorised guide. Many of t:.
Estractam strrchni E-xtmct. %Contains 16 total formulas were bodily transferred to the " F _
vomicae £ generally there is much similarity between
stnohnine alkoloids The text is in Spanish, the national language, .
the French Codes, titles are repeated in Latin, 1
:(1 gram of Ruse. are departures from the Gallic model. For
approx. =1.5 gram of
directions for the preparation of chemical c
B.P.)
are, with rare exceptions, omitted, though A
T-jiro-kalinm tartari- Ferrum tartaxatum Mode of preparation
tests, solubilities, etc., are very fully given,
cnui differs other hand, uses and doses are generally indi'

Fernun carbondcum %Fern earbonas sec- 9.8-10 Fe. B.P. ha6 wit, under Scdii Bicarbonas (Carbonato Mo'
eacohamtTiin
chaiatus about 15 % Fe get :
I'^xmni red'ii;tuni
%Ferru-u redaotuia 90 metallic iron —Alkaline. Diuretic. Doses. Internal use

Folia belladoimse Belladoanse folia Dried leaves ; to contain 0.50-1 gram. In twenty-four hours, 8-10-20 grams,
use : Baths, 500 grams in 250 litres of water.
Folia lyoscr.imi Hvoscvaml 0.35 °i alkaloids

folia Dried leaves ; to contain

%0.1 alkaloids
Capsici fructuB Cap&icum annuum and
Fruetus eapsici

longum

Fnictns >apaTeri» Papaveris capsu- Without seeds

inunaturi lit I
6jyceriii.um
Glycerinum Sp. gr. 1.225-1.235

Kaiiun; carijonicnni Pcta;;:! carbonas Contains 94.7 of

pumm 81.6 EXO,

LiiEiimcntum amnioni- L:nlj!ie'n'um am- I Ol. oliv. 3, ol. se^ain. 1,

Linimeii'tnm calcarium. monia? liq. ammon. 1
Liquor kalii arsenicosi
|

LiLimeniuiii caloie 01. lini used

Liquor ty^sonicalis Spirit, angelicas co. em- Under Aconitina :

Mucilago gnniTni ployed —Analgesic. Dose. Internal iise : Per dose, O.c(40||
Mucilago acacioE 1 and 2 of water
ajabici 1+2 gram. In twenty-four hours, 0.001-0.002 gram. |
1+1.5
Natrium earbonienm In the Introduction it is stated, among other thi •, Ht
Sodi--" carbonas ex- 74% of ya.CO, " the pharmacist shall dispense the dilute usolut iS
siecnai-
siscat:!^
Oleum camplioratum
• 1 and 9 ol. sesani.
Oleum piai foliorum From pinus srlvestris acids, the purest chemical products, the aqueous tnt^
and the weakest form of the galenical preparatiii irk
Oxymel simplex Acid. acet. glac. 1, mel

Paraffiii'Um solidum dep. 49 the medical prescription does not indicate the c .mjl
The Farmacopea is a volume a little more bu ' ttl
I Squire's "Companion," and comprises some 8C jMiji
It begins with Abstractos (Abstracta), of which i-rt i
lilelting-point 740-80° C.
fifteen, among them aconite, belladoima, henbaiii' )««|
Plumbum a«eticum Liquor plumbi;&p. gr. 1.235—1.242

basicum solutum snbacetatia fortis

Pulvis aerophorus Pulvis sodse tar- Proportions ciffer very

laxans taratse efferveseens sligitly

PuItis jalajja; com- Cave ! contains Jalap, i, acid potass.

positns ginger tart. 2 sagrada, ergot, digitalis, ipecac, and nux vomii^: TK

Radix sareaparillffi Sarsib radix Honduras and .Me.'Ciean are described as "pulverulent extracts, obtaineuy ^
concentration and desiccation of a nii.xture of pu^
roots

fSa-po kalinue S-xpo mollis Ifade with ol. lini
Sapo medicatus
Made from scd. hydrox- milk and a fluid extract they contain in 1 I
;
ide, lard, and olive oil
Spiritus sethereus fluid extract corresponding to 2 grams of the dn'^uej
Spiritus asthcris ... 1 ether and 2 alcohol by
weight —The dilute acids (.Ic(V/o.s Diluido.^) hydrochlori.'.'aiid
—and sulphuric are IC-per-cent. solutions by weii; of I
Spiritus setheris nit- I Spiritus aetheris &p. gr. 0.840—0.830

rosi niti-osi corresponding strong acids. Agua C'lor<ifomii'

Spiritus camphoratus Spiritas eamphoroe Camphor 1, alcohol 9, —requires no translating is 1 gram of chlnr^innj

water 3

Spiritus lavandulae. ! Spiritus lavandulse 01. lavand. 1, alcohol. 99 grams of aq. dest. shaken and decanted— a :iura

1:10 vol. % %90 25, alcohol. 70 solution. Agua Blanco is 2 grams of lead-ac2tatej)luy

74 and 98 grams of water : " To be shaken whi ud

I

Spiritas rosmgrini, 1% Stoiritus rosmarini 01. rosmar. 1. alcohol. Astringent. Eesolvent." Of distilled waters tlv? ail

'1 :10 vol. % %90 25, alcohol. 70

74 Alcaravea (caruii (103 of the fruit, 2,000 coi.waJi

Stibium eulfnratnm Antimonium snl- No method of prepara- twenty-four hours' maceration : "

anrantiaeum phuratum tion given distil in water-' '

Stjr-ax iiqnidus Styrax prseparatus Xot purified collect half the water employed) : and, with

Tinctura belladonnas Tinctura bella- From leaves and alcohol fications, Azahar (&or. aurant.), Bndiami i>

%0.035 alkaloids ... % %donnse 0.05
. . 70 C'anela (cinnamon), Eiicaliifo, lin.'n. Lnu

10 gmms Euss.= Menta, Mdisa, and I'omo.s de Pino (pine-tr>|'-

%Tinctura eapsici 10 Tinctura 7 grams of B.P. Fagedenica AmariUa (lotio hydrarg. flav.) i.-
%Tinetura chinse 20
%5.5 caps see Fruct. eapsici chloride 1 aqua dest. 20, and lime-water -
(anproximately 0.74% Aqua F. Xcgra is calomel 1 and lime-water 99.
Tin-otnra 10 grams Buss. =

18 grams of B.P. Alcanforado (spt. • camphor) is camphor
alcohol 9; and the Spirits [Alcoholes) of .-I'i
cinchona;' Not standardi.-^d
10 grams Eues.=

alkaloid) 7.4 grams B.P. approx.

Tinctura cinnamomi Tinctura cittna- Cassia cinnamom. azo.har (fl. aurant.), Union (lemon), mcli-'a,

20% momi 22.2 % 10 Grams Russ.= piperita are 1 of the essential oil with 9 of ale

9 era'ms B.P.

%Tinctura iodi 10 ... %lod. 1. alcohol. 95 9 always by weight rose, 1 to 49.
;
Tinctura opil ben- Tinotura eamphorse Morphine content same Elixir Paregorico, Gotas Negras Inglesas (bla

zoica e>3ij).posita as B.P. : other pro-

portions differ slightly Aceite Alcanforado (ol. camphoratum). Polvos 'il'

Tinctura strvclini Tinctura mncis Prepared from seeds (pulv. ipecac, co.), Solucion Arsenical de F<j>

0.25"' total alkaloids %vomicae 0.28 and alcohol 70 °r, arsenicalis), Solucion de Van Swieten, Eter A
(spt. petheris), are the same as their French
strvclm:ne 10 grams Ru&s. = -
but Solucion Arsenical de Peai'son is 1 in 500 ::
4.4 grams B.P.

Unguentum glycerini Glvcerin. amyli approx. differ 1 in 600.
Proportions

Teratrinum slightly There are six Epitemas (Epithems) : " Thes-topi

No mode of preparation applications are prepared with medicaments "

incorporated with a plastic mass, which is si™

Pharmacopceia comparisons similar to the foregoing have, impermeable material previously sterilised,
been given in the " C. tL- D. Diary," 1909 (U.S.A. and
French), 1911 {Italian, Belgian), and 1913 (.Japan), also not, which is covered with a white gauze, the lat
in the "C. <fc D.," January 21, 1912 [German), and Octo- removed at the moment of using. At times t • •

ber 18, 1913 (Xorwegian). the liquid form, and are converted into plaster.- \\ ^
evaporation of the solvent, upon being apphe'^'^

—

;

• 31, 1914 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 16/

The liquid form is exemplified in Epitcma There are 46 tinctures (Tiniiira-<) : 34 of them are 1 of
Trauiiiaticine, which is guttapercha 10, chloro-
drug to 5 (by weight) of alcohol of 60°, 70°, and 90";

]i. The spread form is illustrated in Epitema de 4 are 1 to 10 Opio (opium) among them. Iodine is

ncico (Epithema Zinci Oxidata.) : 1 to 12 of alcohol 90". Strophanthus (Estrofanfo) is

Gum damar 15 grams 1 to 20 (60°). fat previously removed with ether. Tintura
25 grams
Benzoated suet 15 grams de Opio Cornpucsta is Sydenham's laudanum with alcohol
... 5 grams
Lanolin 25 grams of 30° instead of the wine; and Tra. Jalapa camp, is
Caoutchouc, in thin sheets 20 grams
Petroleum benzine 20 grams —the same as the French form. There are nine wines

Glycerin (Vinos) V. Antimoniado, 4 (antim. tart.) per 1,000;
Zinc oxide
V. de Coca, 6 per cent, of ext. fluid ; V. de Escila (squill),
plf'ie resin, add the suet, strain; add the lanolin and 6 per cent. ; V. de Quina (cinchona) ; and V. de Quina

ion of caoutchouc in the benzine incorporate the Ferniginosa. The last is :
;

0 triturated with the glj-cerin. When the mass no Ferrous sulphate 2.5 grams
Boiled distilled water 10 grams
ives off air-bubbles, spread and dry in the air for Cinchona wine 990 grams

,-s. Thickness not to exceed 0.0005 metre,

thers are : Adhesive, Mercury, Iodoform, and The W'ine to be used is Vino lilanco of the country,
containing 12 to 18 per cent, of absolute alcohol by
ih
volume.
lentos (Decociions) are to be prepared with 5
lis : drug to 100 grams of water w hen not otherwise Then follow fifty pages of reagents and volumetic
LTjd, or when net mentioned in the Farmacopea.
I )i|)r twenty minutes in a covered ve.ssel, leave to cool solutions, and 150 more of tables of weights and measures
45'p., strain ' with expression,' and ma-ke np with ;

number of drops per gram of certain preparations ; ele-

mentary bodies : temperature conversionis and equivalents

T. 100." (C, R., and F.); s.g. formulfe ; solubilities in w-ater, in

—'lv]Extractos (Extracts) are fiuidoi (fluid) 1 = 1: glycerin, in hot water, in ether, chloroform, etc. and,
;
— —^irf' (soft) consistence of honey : diiros (hard) dried
finally, an index of 100 pages. The price of the Farma-
U C. should not lo'se more than 20 per cent. ; and
copea, is 30 paper dollars, which is about 21. 12?. 6d.
—iry) which at the same temperature should not

re than 4 per cent. Of the solid extracts some

'leous, as aconite, henbane, belladonna, opium,

a (3), rhatany, rhubarb ; some alcoholic , as aconite, The Japanese Pharmacopoeia.
ergot, nux vomica; and two etJiercal, male fern
PERIODICAL revisions are made of the text of the
,
Japanese Pharmacopoeia. The third edition was
zereon. There is an Extrncto Alroholico Disuelto published in 1907, since when two revisions of the mono-
graphs have been notified in the C. <£• D., March 2, 1912,
ciuelo de Ccnteno, for hypodermic injection (ex- and Api-il 5, 1913. On December 27 further alterations
were proclaimed by the Home :\Iinister in Ordinance
1 eecalis cornuti spirituosum solutum), viz. : No. 20, which came into force on the day of proclama-

Water 58 grams tion, -ilie following are some of the latest revisions :
Glycerin 29.5 grams
Ext. alcoholic, ergot 12.5 grams AciDtni AcETlS.'iLlCYLicuJi.—The m.p. is now given as

first two substances are heated to boiling-point
old the extract is mixed in. 1 gr. = l gr. of ergot."'

jf the solid extract = 8 gr. of ergot.)

e are 87 fluid extracts, prepared by percolation

iljlcohol of various strengths, and mixtures of alco- " about 135° C." Aqua.— The word.mg . t,he monograph
Adep.? Lan.e cum
l.;ycerin, and water. Generally 100 of drug is ex- of

u.'lJ, the first 90 of percolate being reserved, and to has been revised so as to make it more definite. During
the diwing of the wool-tat separated on heating stirring
idded the remainder after evaporation to a soft
is to be emp loved.
i: then q.s. alcohol to 100. Aqua Pkuki Macrophyll.e.—Instead of 36 parts of water

.e ar-e seven Infusiovr? : Digital (0.5 gram per to 12 parts of fresh bakuchi-leaves, 45 parts of water is

Oianis water); Ipecacuana, 2; Jahorandi, 4: Senega, to be used, and 12 parts of the distillate collected (formerly

[iharho (rhei), 5 and 1 of sod. bicarb. Inf. dc 5 parts) in a receiver containing 3 parts of alcohol.

mpue.^fo (inf. sennas co.) is : Oleum Santali [Santahim album, L.).—[As this monograph
we
6 grams was revised on a previous occasion, reprint the latest.
12 grams |
12 grams
Senna 2 grams A volatile oil obtained by distilling sandalwood witli
100 grams water. It contains more than 90 parts of santalol in
Manna A100 parts of the oil.
Magnesium sulphate pale yellowish or yellow, thick

Fennel liquid ; the optical rotation is 16''-20° to the left in a tube

Boiling water 100 mm. long. It boils at 275°-280° C. and more than

Infuse for twenty minutes. 70 parts per^lOO parts distils at 290°-300° C. SpeciUc

yrups (Jarabes) that of opium (opio) is 1 gram of gravity, 0.975-0.985. It shows a slightly acid reaction;

tin 1,000 grams of syrup; menthre pip. (/. de Menfa) clearly soluble in 5.5 parts of dilute alcohol. If 2 drops

a m. p. 100 and sugar 180; zarzae is 300 grams ext. of the oil be mixed with 7.5 c.c. of a mixture of 9_c.c. of
acid, the
md 700 grams syrup simp. The syrups of chloral, glacial acetic acid and 1 c.c. of hydrochloric _

ijine, codeine, ipecac., and a number of others are resulting mixture should not acquire a red or a violet

Meir counterparts in the French Codex. coloration. Put 5 grams of the oil into a glass bottle,
add 5 grams of acetic acid anhydride and 2 grams of
anhydrous sodium acetate, boil for an hour under a reflux
l\imento Amoniacal is 25 grams liq. anunon. s.g. 0.925

)'5 grams olive oil; and Li7i. AmoniaeaJ Alcanforado is condenser; after cooling, pour 20 c.c. of water into the
bottle, and warm on a water-bath for fifteen minutes, with
rae with the olive oil replaced by camphorated oil.
frequent shaking; pour the resulting liquid into a separat-
' Belhidona is ext. belladonna 5 grams and cam- ing funnel, and draw off the water layer; wash the

ted alcohol 95 grams. Linimenfo Olccalcareo (calcis) separated oily liquid several times with water until it does

le-water and olive oil in equal parte. There are not change the colour of blue litmus paper, add anhydrous
sodium sulphate to absorb the moisture, and filter by
others—Z/?iC(co (zinc oxide), Cantaridas, and Trc- means of a drietl filtrating paper: then put 1.5 gram

na (turpentine).

"A"\ro Artificial (artificial serum) is: "Sodium of the acetvlsantalol. obtained by filtrating into a glass

|de 2 grams, sodium phosphate 8, sodium sulphate bottle, add 3 c.c. of alcohol, 1 or 2 drops of phenolphthalein

'id aq. dest. 150. Reduce by boiling to 100 c.c, solution, and 20 c.c. of half-normal alcoholic potassium
hydroxide solution, and heat on a water-bath for an hour
—and add 0.5, gi-am phenol. Neurasthenic tonic. under a reflux condenser : then add 100 c.c. of water and
titrate the unsaturated potash solution with half-normal
: Internal use : Subcutaneous injections : 3-5 grams.
hydrochloric acid, after adding 1 c.c. of phenolphthalein
B' hours, 10-15 grams." Suero Artificial " " is :

Sodium sulphate 10 grams solution; to neutralise it should not require more than

So<lium chloride 5 grams 9.5 c.c. of the acid solution. Sandalwood oil has an amber-
Boiled dietilled water 1,050 grams
like odour, and not a sharp, but somewhat bitter, taste.
Keep in well-stoppered bottles, protected from light, in a
constituent. Dose.— Subcutaneous injections : 100-200
s. In twenty-four hours, 500-600 grams.
cool place.

168 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST

A SOUTH AFRICAN BUSINESS.

and good in manner, thoroiigh in his methods,

of the welfare of those whom he instructed or w

him ; in short, ]\Ir. Stranack traces his p
success to Sir John's preception. As

CHEMIST DRUaMST.TTAS now Opened as assistant, Mr. Stranack had ten years' e

H ohoMtoS»rCeof'aBof)nit?eoasnotedfhlreetechsPteTpefdebfoeletSJtftSoeoDaUcrTkruSeogooUfeoEnistAtltrBjtaiUaecltlraetesech,ntmteedirnoet(ncaoetipoIvpnetMdtlLetoeefnidoMoUEen..osMm™.8.|.Bla^ooa he took the shop in East End, with its co
roof and verandah, standing at the corner
aaiai,
Behind it was his private residence, and there

Morris William Stranack, was born. In this

AlUiuon'B InHut rrBairrmtlT* Stranack continued to trade for twelve years,

UchUQtlld'a ntrlit keeping pace with the growing population of
and when the best of the people, according t
OoUlaBrom'B OUArodTn* tradition, moved westwards, Mr. Stranack

tDslloboTp'vs'BCAOrwmhlJoiaatAlrv*omatlM """" oouh Uimatm them in 1884, when he built the premi
G«cklB'* B«ldllu, In bottlM
Si^WorsdcU'l pull curt "or 8* 6>ckM»
KMtKiyi'* On« Ooment Worton'i OMnomlle Pill*

LoGOok'i Pulmonlo
W«tei

Lelbflff*! SxtTftOt of West Street, which are the subject of

rslioD'* OfilAtlnk, picture. Four years later he took into partne lip ki
assistant and friend. Mr. William Williams, a
& Labln'B P«rAimM
Cowlk&d't Mmm«^' oil

Salydo

^OtTXDB BOOKS TO H03«CCE0PAT^ who ser\ ed his apprenticeship with him. TheJit wit

be observed, half the premises sufficed for the itioM

F. Wd.er B„oxes and ^1*f°fi"", Violet Powdor Batliliig Caps but it was not many years before the Insurance : w's
oiled SUk.
occupied the upper floor had to get another u:e
«^.-«.-U .^?^.^.w..„ ^'L'S.-Pow*^
daily expected per the floor was occupied by the pharmaceutii a: •
A Itorther a-»ortmen"t Syria."
This year by year got to be more and more .

so that two years ago it was decided to rebuild ai e:

W. STRANACK, the premises ; the alterations were completed lastiul

East Ead, Wast Street, Durban. and the third or 1913 picture shows what they |)k

now.

It should be noted that in the meantime Mr.

"The Natal Mercury" published at Durban on Satur- elder son, Morris W. Stranack, had grown up, aij

day, August 31, 1872, contained the above advertisement his pharmaceutical apprenticeship to Mr. S. K.l
in the most conspicuous position on the front page. At
past president to the Pharmaceutical Society N|

!

the bottom of this column is a picture of the premises and a Minor man of 1889, one of the provin;s

which were then "recently erected," and the pictures to competent pharmacists. After this Mr. Morris tri

the right of it show in a graphic manner, though not com- came home to London, studied at the Square, ai;
the Minor examination in October 1902. He
Wepletely, how the business has grown. should like to

tell as concisely as we can, for the pictures almost tell- turned to Durban and was employed in his fath

the story, the history of the business, and something ness, which by this time had developed a \vhol<

about its present position. nection right throughout South Africa. After 1^

Mr. William Stranack is an Englishman. W^hen he of this he returned to London in order to become d

reached his fifteenth year his uncle in South Africa became of Messrs. C. J. Hewlett & Son, Ltd., CharlotifStt

his guardian, so at the end of 1850 he set sail for Natal London, E.G. This position Mr. Stranack occ
two vears, returned to Durban once more, andwi
in the brig Leila, which was only 267 tons, and she took

exactly 111 days to do the trip. Very soon the boy was

apprenticed to a druggist in Pietermaritzburg, John

Ackerman by name. A notable man

—he was one of the pioneers of

Empire, respected and trusted -by

Natalians. He was returned to

the Colonial Legislature, became

Speaker of the House, and died a

few years ago as Sir John Ackerman.

Mr. Stranack looks back to the time

he was in the Pietermaritzburg shop

with gratitude to Sir John ; the best

of apprentice masters, he says, kind

1872. 1885. 1913.

N(Ry 31, 1914 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST

1

Mb. MoRais W. Btbanack. Me. AVILIIAM Stkan.\ce:. Mb. William Williams.

partner of Stranack & Williams in March 1913. rubber tiling bearing the name of the firm in black letters

,

after his father recognised that he now had an on a dove-grey background.

lity of getting some leisure and a rest ; so he and mThe interior of the pharmacy is fitted throughout

'anack, with their daughter, came home, and here mahogany, with an abundance of plate-glass and other re-

,1 remain for a year at least, if not longer. Mr. lieving touches. The floor is parquetrie, panelled in teak

Ai is often to be found in the Royal Colonial Insti- and oak. feature of the retail department is the ad-

orthumberland Avenue, that centre for the sons vantage of direct daylight over the dispensing-counter,

Empire beyond the Seas, and since he came here which is obtained by sacrificing an area of 16 ft. by 10 ft.

on our behalf faced the camera, with the result on each side of the upper floors.

n the triumvirate. Imme^ately at the back of the pharmacy the wholesale

irm's business premises is in the main position of and private offices are situated, including an office set

—st treet the principal street of Durban. They con- apart for Mr. S. T. Amos, F.R.C.V.S., who consults daily

' two portions, the front of three floors, and a on the premises. There is also a well-fitted dark-room

:

relise at the back of two floors, both being con- (photography and photographic supplies being a feature

I

ti|.,vith a bridge 12 feet long, thus affording a space of the business), as well as a well-equipped manufacturing-

n il the two buildings so that ample air and daylight laboratory, where galenicals are manufactured and other

aitted to both premises. It will be seen that the preparations compounded.

floor of the front building is devoted to the retail From the rear of the retail pharmacy a staircase ascends

cy. This measures 25 feet by 45 feet, and it is to wet and dry floors, views of which are given. Here

aedingly handsome retail shop, a special feature also are a Dutch medicine department and accommodation

Q|lh6 liberal amount of display for goods and the for the packing of preparations and articles for retail

!)1 floor space for customers. The verandah does not sale, the firm having recently inaugurated a system

it ) against window display. The handsome windows whereby they can supply retailers with preparations bear-

zed with plate glass supported by mahogany up- ing their own names and addresses upon them. The

j

and outlined with marble. Two smaller curved I second floor is utilised for the storage of bulk goods in

s at each end of the frontage allow the main original cases, as well as bottles, the open stocks being

s to be slightly recessed from the pavement edge kept in diagonal-shaped shelving.

I

lit two feet, and this recess is paved with india- The ground floor of the back warehouse communicates

Interiob of the Eexail Depabiment.

. J.WUAEr 31, ;U

THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST

with the wholesale offices, and is used as a store-room for soaps, all being arranged ill a systematic manner:
the open stocks of patent medicines and druggists' sun- to facilitate the handling of the goods. The phot
dries, the floor space being otherwise occupied by counters supplies also are ctored here.

The business arrangements through the two 1
reflect the matured experience of the seniors,
London experience of ^1t. ilorris Stranack.
the manufacturing and wholesale departments ha-,
recent years become of greater importance than .
branch, this does not mean that the latter is ir

in fact, it has steadily progressed so that it is ai
sent time one of the most noted retail pharmac.'
Natal Province, and in the season few busier >
to be found in the city than No. 320 West Sir.,
firm has also a branch pharmacy in Bethlehen;
Free State, which was established ten vears ago ,

The Shop FnoxT.

for the customary daily work of putting up orders and
packing them for despatch to customers. This floor is

CoitxEp, or Origin.u, Cases S-TOiir.iiooii.

charge of Mr. James Fernie, chemist and drug,

merly of Edinburgh. Mr. Fernie is a partuu

Betldehem business, and fills the position with ?
Speaking to jNIr. William Stranack as a man v.r.

century's experience of South Africa, and one
]

alive to its possibilities, he in the conversation

with undue modesty of his own accomplishniei| lu:
what has been done by Stranack & Wilhis .
the past is as nothing to what may still be donunuet
the energetic direction of those who are now at t' held

of it, partners and managers alike. In equipment, t !
.

and system, they are essentially modern and u

A OOENEB OF THE WHOLESALE OEEICE. and energy and enterprise are quite as i':

connected by lifts with the floor above, in which the characteristics
Bondroom, or King's Warehouse, is situated, while an-
Adrenalin in Whooping-couiti.

The "British Medical Journal" abstracts com-
|

munication by ^Mulas referring favourably lu*

f

experience with adrenalin in the treatment of wliipmg-

cough ("Epitome," 1913, II., 80). The ages th«
fifteen patients treated were from one nic h U

twenty-three years, but "with the one exceptii were

mostlv under five vears. The dose varied h' 2 to
4 minims everv three hours, and the solution u;l wm
that prepared by Parke, Da\ds & Co.—1 in 1,00 The

symptoms were markedly relieved, and cure was ( ained

on an average in two weeks. No bad effects were c erved

and no relapses occurred. The author suggests t t the
drug acts freely by causing diuresis and so fac atmg

the elimination of the poisons of the disease; and, lilyi"

a specific against the microbe of whooping-cough. A'na^

ever its modus operandi, he is convinced that it is greal

'

value in the treatment of this complaint.

Camphor in PNErMONiA is suggested by Leo ("Mii'liencr
Medizinische Wochenschrift "). Camphor is able, hv-tai**

Section of a Wholesale Floor. to kill the pneumococci in the blood stream, a°<:'^n'
action in increasing the ventilation of fhelun!- °
other portion of the floor is devoted to open etock of marked
toilet articles, such as hair preparations, perfumes and
administers eubcutaneouslv a saturated solution of "'P" ,
in Ringer's fluid, about 150 or 200 c.c. for a wd" <»

145 lb. '

";

RY 31, 19U THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 171

yndicalistic Chocolates. counter a nightmare. And when the storm had died away,
Maud said quietly, "Now, Mr. B., I'm going home."

•Has earned a night's repose," I quoted, turning half-

md's was really a two-man business, but as he was heartedly to educe order from the surrounding confusion.
financial hill with a rather heavy load
the " No ; don't touch anything. I shall be here early in

the morning, ancl w'ill see to it all. No, thanks; very good

111 he was, at some considerable risk to his health, of you to ofTer, but I don't live far off. To-morrow's our
it single-handed. " So you'll come on the 5th to
lie -for a fortnif,*t," said lie. "Well, I don't busy day."

replied. " What with the perpetual motion at ""Then I bitterly think of the morrow. What about to-
"
day ?
— —' Oh, it's been quite up to the average."
iiy Iront counter, your turgid stream of Insurance
d my half-knowledge of the place, I'm afraid^ I "Thanks, so much that's comforting," I said rather

•! biting off more than I could cnew comfortably." sourly, I'm afraid.
_
"That's all right," said she, gaily. "We'll win through,
—-ou've got to come, you can't help yourself there's
never fear. Do you know, you've done excellently well ?
the case. Fact is, although for reasons I haven't Your counter lies are just as numerous and much more

:i

before. I'm getting married, and she says there
a honeymoon, even if it's only for the sake of my
plausible than Ted's. He'd envy you, I'm sure. You've

had a deal of practice, I suppose."

at's the pickle you're in, old chap, I'll come and I bowed, and would have blushed an I could, but b'ew

iSt." my nose instead. "Well. Miss Maud, you've richly

Til ks ! My boy Charlie is smart, knows quite a lot, deserved those chocolates. I should have been sw-ainped
—n. is very little telling and no pushing what they
Myhe other sex, a' treasure.' sister Maud is as but for you."

"Thank you. I wish Ted would let me dispense. I can.

a three-year apprentice, and will help pull you But he's nervous." And. with a laughing "Good-night,"

Monday morning, as near nine as you can." she skipped out of the shop like a young girl tripping up

ith that he was gone. to her first dance for the evening.
\' morning found me introducing myself to sister
Tuesday w-as a "sneezer." Lights out at 10.30: Maud
ho was about twenty-six, and as prepossessing as as fresh as a May morning; I invertebrate and dishevelled,

diminutive. Maud knew her way about ; a glance and ashamed of it. However, I w-as informed that for the

that. The celerity and " snap " w-ith which she next two or three days we could "take it easy." "Taking
it easy" with Maud was distinctly pleasant; it more than
work had very plainly been born of a vis a tcrgo,

-is it and not to be denied. Silently I admired and —restored the equilibrium. Charlie was also taking it easy

ir( d. I was busy with the stock solutions, etc., so somewhere outdoors consuming his blackmail " fags," I

morning's consignment from the two neighbouring presume.

which was now nearly due, should not take me "What about those Syndicalist chocolates, Miss Maud?

red, when Maud said to me quite abruptly, " Time Have you eaten to-day's supply yet?"
"
Charlie for the chocolates, isn't it, Mr. B. ? "No, indeed; I shali have chocolates in stock for another

V it chocolates do you mean?" I said innocently, month yet. You don't think I'm a glutton?"
brother Ted always allows me half a pound of choco- "No; but why, in that case "

:lay— out of his own pocket, I mean; not from the " Oh, one has to do silly things now and again to keep
one sane. I have to find my own amusement, you know
, Ji know."
I get no time for theatres and all that." ,. • •
Ts he, indeed? Then I shall be pleased to do the ,

,,
,

" Shame " '
'

iiiei ! .
;,
Th| up spake the
" errand-boy Charlie: "If Maud " "'Not but W'hat I like being busy, well enough."
get ' Wood-
(jrlie ! ! Maud gets chocolates, I "I wish we could give Saturday a bye." I said.

Ijiean, if Miss —"Certainly not. Too much leisure is not good in many

ne;l-a packet a day." ways."

i itod at the boy in astonishment, and, turning to the "Now, that speech couldn't' have been a reproof, and

Uiid, "Rmlly, Miss Maud, this is too ridiculous. surely it wasn't needed as a Avarning. was it? "
"I leave that for you to decide--~but here comes Charlie
- lild is not permitted bv law to smoke. I can't
at last."
Hihat—

afraid^ Charlie must get what he demands, a'l the " Miss Maud. I thought Charlie was a smart lad. but,
"
broke in Maud, quite gravely. " It's the epidemic, between you and me, he's a fool

low—Syndicalism, sympathetic strike, sabotage, ca' —"But, Mr. B you see he's not "between you and me."
.

tainted goods, and all that kind of thing. We're "Yes he is I mean, that is

organised industrially, Cliarlie and I, but we can't "I'm going now, it's my early afternoon. Please remem-

chance to show it when Ted's here.' Ted would ber to-morrow's chocolates ! "

a lock-out immediately; and we can't stand that. —Am Historical Incident. How the pharmacist

! Charlie's got a widowed mother dependent upon internes of the Hotel Dieu saved Notre-Dame from de
"•i^", I—I—I shall be wanting a new dress soon." struction by fire during the Commune of 1871 was related

H|mi5chief-beaming eyes were beginning to belie her in the C. 1- D., January 11, 1911. The " Cri de Pans"

iifountenance while this little farce was proceeding, so gives some additional details of this historical incident.
The Communists, it is stated, had placed explosives
do•'•^il no less than save the situation nromptlv. "I under Notre-Danie to be fired by an electric current. Once
MyII ate-but under protest, mind the connection was made all would have been destroyed.
! turn will come The pharmacy internes at the Hotel Dieu cut the wii-es,
which passed close by their salic dc (jarda (common
I said in mock severity, room). M. Thiers' Government instituted an official
inquiry. It was reported that the "internes" had saved
you won't tell Ted—you wouldn't dare to." the old Gothic cathedral. The " internes " in official minds
naturally meant house-surgeons. So the Cross of Honour
shall see. Now^ for work—here thev come!" was awarded to House-surgeon Bronardel, absent from
ST niormn?. making mo
• im afraid—but fairly skip around—without much the hospital, while the pharmacy internes so simply did
easv because the stream was
their dirty. Shortly afterwards the "internes" received
t ly one, Maud exercised a fine, intelligent anticipa-
mortars, slabs— all ready a letter of thanks, signed by the Archpriest of the Metro-
au my wants. Measures,
politan Chapter, and an invitation to lunch. The students
tne need of asking, and cleared aw-av swiftly anc!
did not care to miss such a chance, and accordingly pre-
'uliJd'ibe''t^hVe"t?esta,n always clear counte}-. But fh^' even-
as I well knew. AVhon the children- sented themselves in their Sunday suits at the worthy
!m --would
swarm when the doctors would be turn- cler g\vnian s front door. He stood amazed, and explana-
;
tions which followed showed that the letter of invitation
m!„e!n^tf"'.tth!e public '^hen the puzzle and almanac was a practical joke. " But that doesn't matter," said
inquiry department, the hvreau dr the priest. "If you w-ill kindly come back next week,
and the gentlemen, I shall be most happy to receive you all."
postacre-stamp annexe would be all in full
mv back would have to go to the wall. I lied And it is said that the Archpriest did the thing liand-

<lly across the counter that Monday evening, and somely, and his guests returned enchanted with his
princely hospitality. The newly decorated Brouardel was
nnJ " Tuesday. Thus does environment not present at the lunch.

f '"""r n^",*^ "^^ mondacitv was justifiable,
fthn nll
*° ^elf-preservation.
mndnm /'TJ
'v hot ^l^esp (stock) pills will take some time

^^Zl^t'"^^-'"T -ihnn'Vr" abl"l!e"".t"o "The fresh a in 7)
vontt J^- .
'^'^ hour— say 8.30? Thank

compress these tablets in lec,

m.n'""*''^-'^-'" ^lo? Thank vou" "If

ottes TWnl ^,7^"^? l^O"!- to prepare these

^ ^in snitp
Tvoouui-r'?, ^"i"- 4"^ '-ind till 10 P.M.,

tthheo shop ''lorofked ^"'^ talented lieutenant's best

a wreck and the dispensing

—

172 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Jaxuaky 31 li

AN AMERICAN VETERAN IN LONDON.

Golden Wedding of Mr. and Mrs. Jolin Morgan Richards.

" While in Boston I had the liappines-s of meeting with Mass., and about a year later he made the a_
Laura Hort'Cnse Arnold, the third daughter of Captain of his wife. They remained in Boston for a

Seth Harris Arnold, of East Boston, who became my wife their marriage, then went south to New York

on December 31, 1863." entered the service of ^Messrs. Demas Barne.< ,
United States ^Medicine ^Yarehouse, 21 Park P,
In these words Mr. John Morgan Richards tells in his were agents for or proprietors of the principal
" Reminiscences " the beginning of the happy married
i
life who.se fiftieth anniversary was celebrated by a public
banquet given to them in the Hotel Cecil, London, on medicines of the day, also cari-j-ing stocks of

Thursday evening, January 22, when also a souvenir of sundries, perfumerv, and fancy goods. Mr. 1!

the occasion, and a tribute to the esteem in which they Good, of Carter's Little Liver Pills fame, was
are held, was presented to them in the shape of an album partners. Mr. Richards commenced with the

and service of gold plate. Mr. Richards has spent nearly traveller, his first journey being in Canada ; th h«|
a three-months' journey in Pennsylvania, Ohiollli|
fifty yea/rs of his business life in London, in close con-
Indiana, and IMissouri. For two years afteihei
nection with the drug-trade, as the agent and introducer
similar ourneys all over the United States, jot
here of nearly half a hundred popular specialities. He has |
formulated new methods of selling pharmaceutical goods, j

has been an advertising innovator, has welcomed heartily getting orders, but giving them to newspapers \i

to the British j

market dozens of advertising media, the character of his work'"
men who might be
with his experience, until he not only became
ranked as com-
enced sakiian
petitors, has closely
an excellit
identified himself
ness manitr.
with Britifih inter-
At six al t*
ests, especially in
:\[r. Riclfds^
social matters, and
ripe and \
remains the doyen
of the American conquer
colony in London,
world, at
honoured above all
the oppoilni
men in his class as
an upright man in returning tp
whom is no guile.
journey i
Let us glance
v.'hen he ^ i
briefly at his life. duced by le (

He comes of Eng- purtners lo

lish stock, one of his S. R. VaiDa
forebears having
wholesale plnir '
gone from Lichfield
Newin ''rk.
to fight the Frencli
desired
in Canada, after i

which he settled an adverinc
down in the State
sales ma'ter
of Connecticut.
his branc'ir -
His grandfather
and father were don, whi( it

Presbyterian minis- 1914. be recali,
and still IS 1
ters, the latter
quarters >r
(the Rev. Dr.
James Richards) being minister of the Presbyterian Allen's iir
church of Aurora, and John Morgan Richards was born
in that village on February 16, 1841. Dr. Richards had storer, Mex
several calls, and accepted them until he gave up the
ministrv and went to reside at Princeton, N.J., about Hair Rerfer, and

1852. Then he obtained a professorship in the Planters' other s:ialiti«
College, Port Gibson, Miss., where his two sons, James
and John, went in 1853 for the completion of their educa- Mr. Ricird?
tion; but soon after Dx. Richards accepted a call to a
tained th^api'
Presbyterian church in New Orleans, which was not un-
ment, aj
welcome, for yellow fever was rampant at Port Gibson.
for England along with ilr. Van Duzer on Nn\tib(
To New Orleans he went, therefore, John with him, until
1867. shortly after his first child. Pearl, was Ixi.
1855, when Dr. Richards's health broke down, and he child grew up to be the gifted woman who, '' -
came to England, John, a lad of thirteen then, going with
1
him as far as New York. There in the house of his uncle,
Edward Cowles Richards, his future career was discussed Oliver Hobbes," gave increasingly able conbriitioi.

and settled by himself deciding to go at once into business, English fiction and literature, until her too earbleath ci
instead of returning to school and college. Four months August 13, 1906.

after his an-ival in New York he entered an agricultural Mr. Van Duzer's warehouse was in Holirn, «A
there Mr. Richards on the first Monday mor i? aft«
and seed warehouse as office-boy and clerk at $2.50 a week,
and remained in the place for five years i.e., imtil 1860. reaching London, looked into the books and lairs oi
His progress was steady, so that when he reached his
seventeenth birthday he began to keep himself, and since the firm, and the provisional agreement was siied. A*
then he has never looked back. The firm appointed him
in 1860 manager of a branch of the business in Boston, the end of a month. Mr. Van Duzer left him iniargeof
the business, with full freedom of action to ciduct u

active advertising campaign. At the end of ro yM"

he acquired a partnership, with a third inter o in tbf

profits, the style of the firm becoming Van!)nzn'*'
Richards. The business continued to improve om ,v<'4r

to year, and about 1875, by mutual agreernt, Jli-

Richards decided to start for liimself, givir up

interest in the eoodwill and partnership, and taltS[offit«

in the Great Russell Buildings at the corner f Gr«'.
Russell Street and Charlotte Street, Bloomsbii wh?;'

he commenced business in his own name in hrA W''

It is int-eresting to note that it was in these buiLogs thst
the late Mr. S. M. Burroughs started his work i London.
The nucleus of ]\Ir. Richards' business was o of tct

I

—
;

I.A JABY 31, THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 173

Itsaryanadrttiocletshisfohremeardldyedowontheedrs,byLac\toapnepDtuinz©eran&d handed everything over in good shape, and that I can
Javis's Pain Killer being among these earliest lines, always send along to you for anything that is needed to
Hevertised them as well as sold them. became be known about your work." Mr. Russell has acted as
Secretary of the Celebration and Presentation Funds
.1 -chasing agent in London of all English goods for Committee, which organised the honour to Mr. and ]Mrs.
|h of John F. Henry & Co., of New York. In 1877
ulertook the sale and exclusive agency for Great Richards', whom we now follow to
and the British Colonies of J. F. Allen & Co., the
r'la manufacturers of American cigarettes and The Banquet at the Hotel Cecil.

,k'o- tobaccos. He had a tough fight to get these put Mr. Robert Donald, Editor of the "Daily Chronicle,"
and Mr. and Mrs. Morgan Richards received the guests
l^maTket, for in those days there was little cigarette from half-past seven to eight o'clock, amongst those
present being the American Ambassador (Dr. Page),
,,ko- here, and ready-made cigarettes were almost Sir Jesse and Lady Boot and Mr. John Boot, Mr. and
Mrs. F. C. Van Duzer, Mr. Fred M. Fisk, and Mr. A. E.
ic I of. In order to get them to go he conceived the
offering to purchase a tobacco-dealer's licence for Holden. When the time came to sit down. Sir George

ihemist in the United Kingdom who would place Allardice Riddell in the chair, these were sitting at his
night, Mrs. Richards between the Chairman and the
)nd Gem cigarettes on the counter and undertake
American Ambassador. On the left were Mr. Richards,
..ale. This proposition was highly successful, and Lord Curzon of Kedleston, the Hon. John Griffiths,
Consul-General, U.S.A., and Mrs. Griffiths, Mr. William
"(;ichards records that chemists themselves were P. Ward (who was associated with Mr. Richards

J pleased with the result. I't is to Mr.^ Eichards' when he was in' New York and continued the associa-
i acity and assiduity that cigarette smoking is now
tion from the start in London), Lady de Bathe. Amongst
iiDnal habit. Mr. Henry K. Terry, his brother-iii- others present were Mr. John Morgan Richards, junior,

w.jas associated with Mr. Richards in the tobacco busi-

-isifliich grew with the rest of the venture so well that

a[)W years Mr. Richards was obliged to remove from

,

ei;Russell Street to 46 Holborn Viaduct, where he still

interesting to note that both porti-aits which we
rere taken in Mr. Richards' room there. The first
cetch made by a, C. <L- D. artist in 1885, which was
g-j'ed and printed in an article respecting the intro-
luc'la of American medicines into England. That article
vasie result of an interview which a C. <t D. repre-
n'live had with Mr. Richards at that time. ]Mean-
lii Mt. Richards' family was growing, and of the sons
or to him in Upper Woburn Place, Tavistock Square,
lave long been associated with him in business
y, Mr. John Morgan Richards, jun., and Mr. Nelson

rds. In 1903, purely for the founder's personal con-
cniice, the business was converted into a limited liability

oniny, under the title John Morgan Richards & Sons,
,t< with a capital of 100,000?.. Mr. Richards and his
.'jrjbeing life directors. The interests of the business
iDiiiue to widen, as the list of their agency articles on

ofI. j5 The Chemist and Druggist Diary, 1914, suffi-

iely testifies.

'j Richards has always been an ideal employer, en-

H.ging the men and women associated with him, foster-

"their talent, and maintaining the happiest personal

i-lons with them. Apart from business, his interests

n ide. He was a close friend of the late Dr. Parker,

bi lastor of the City Temple, and for many years he

as treasurer of that church. He took an active

Hela in most of its organisations.. was a founder and

» past-President (1901-1902) of the American Society

n ndon. He was also the first President of the Sphinx

'h, and Sir F. C. Gould has perpetuated him in this MitS. MOUGAX RiCH.lKDS.

ff! by a clever cartoon showing Mr. Richards in Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Richards, Mr. P. C. Richards,
Mr. J. F. Broadhead (Colgates), and Mr. Thomas
tian dress, with the Key of Knowledge in one hand,
Mumm—iC of pills in the other, and a crown of Russell. During the dinner the toasts of "The King"
he is and " The President of the United States " were

|st abstemious man. For a few years he was the pro- honoured, and immediately after the Chairman pro-
posed the health of Mr. and Mrs. John Morgan Richards
'i;Or of "The Academy," but that ^s, we believe, his
in an appreciative, graceful, and witty speech. He
'I venture into journalism, and he did not get the same
began by reading a telegram from Queen Mary, then
•ts from it as he has done when he has confined liis recalled the work done by ilr. Richards as a peace-

t'jtion to the advertising pages. As an advertising maker. He spoke also of Mr. Richards as an advertiser,

X I't he pioneered the way for the proprietary-medicine saying incidentally that in this country there are two
periods of newspaper advertising, before and after,
< 1, and has generally been on good terms with those before being by Mr. T. J. Barratt of Pears, and after
Ure connected with the drug business. In advertising is by Mr. John Morgan Richards. Sir George Riddell

Bives the palm to Mr. Thomas J. Barratt, of Pears, was followed by Mr. F. C. Van Duzer, son of Mr.
Me himself would certainly be ranked not far behind S. R. Van Duzer, who succeeded Mr. Richards in
management of the London branch, having been asso-
Barratt. For many years Mr. Richards had on his ciated with him from 1873. Mr. Van Duzer spoke of
Mr. Richards in terms of the warmest affection and
\ a clever literary man in Mr. Thomas Russell, who
esteem, especially mentioning his connection with the
yed his employment as a junior clerk, became an American Society in London and his friendship towards
all young men, saying that he has been the embodiment
:,rt writer of advertisements, essays, and tales, and of the guide, philosopher, and friend to a generation
of American citizens in London. Sir George Riddell
; twenty-three years left to become advertisement

';Vger of "The Times," when that newspaper woke up

nd the world moving faster than itself. When Mr.

'

lards learnt of the appointment, his words to Mr.

pell were characteristic. He said : " You know very well

P^y anything anybody else would pay you
';a call like that is an honour, and you cannot afford to
j'Se it. 1 know that you will not 'leave until you have

i

»

174 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Jaxcart 31. 191

then asked Mr. and Mrs. Eicliards to accept the service Window Dressing.
01 gold plate, which consisted of a large centrepiece,
bearing a massive rose-bowl, with comfit dishes at each By A. Mortimer.
end, and two fruit dishes of the same design. The
album contained the good wishes of the contributors, WINDOWSone are the cheapest form of advertisiri" j
prefaced with the Queen's telegram addressed to Mr. of the best, but to give the best resuluu

—and Mrs. Richards: "Pray accept my best tvishes for windows must be dressed so as to enable the bu

your golden wechlinfj day. Mary public to see what they want, when they want it.*
The health of Mr. and Mrs. Eichards having been
other words, the goods shown must be seasonable or (
drunk Mr. Richards made a feeling reply, in the course
of which he mentioned some of the changes that have a little in advance of the season. How few window.'^
occurred in this country since he came here. During
really business-pullers ! As I passed through (the «t
this period he has seen three reigns in this country
Fig. 1.
and eleven Presidents of the United States. When he
of a strange town the week before Christmas I at
came here there were only twelve American firms doing astounded to see a chemist's window dressed with hth
business in the United Kingdom; now there are hun- saline and faded bathing-caps.

dreds. He spoke of his fifty years' friendship with What the public are really interested in is notihe
Mr. William Ward and the forty years' with Mr. F. C. name and address of the chemist, but the goods
Van Duzer. He stated that the honour done to Mrs.
to sell. It follows that these goods if shown toih»
Richards and him was wholly unexpected and they both
appreciated the interest taken in the event, and con- probable buyers will make them actual buyers. >io

—cluded with some remarks on advertising " the live article that is not of genuine merit will ever succetiin
—wire of business life" and a quotation from "Lead pleasing a buyer. If the buyer is not satisfied witljie
purchase then repeat orders can never be secured. ^,
kindly light," expressing his thanks to the company provid.jd th>3 goods are good, proper window shovfat
and his thoughts of the future. Mrs. Eichards, the right time will sell them. Window-displays ciiol
in response to call, also spoke. It is seldom that one be created by a few odds and ends of stock beingjut
sees a woman so transformed as Mrs. Richards vv'as when,
with natural eloquence and exquisite phrasing, she gave or thrown into a window ; their arrangement rcq^
the company a good heart talk, all being reminiscent thought and careful preparation. It is wise to haviihe
of the gifts which her daughter, the late Mrs. Craigie, new display prepared before the old one comes oiiiilt
made patent to the world in her conversation, speeches, is not a bad idea to leave the window empty for|ne
and writings. Amongst the most amusing passages ci day occasionally. It is certainly interesting to heaihe
this speech were Mrs. Richards' references to advertis- passers-by say, " I wondex what that chemist will !ve
ing, " The budding leaf is an advertisement of summer," in his window next?" It is another way of attrang
being a fair instance of her dicta. With the toast of
" The Chairman and Committee," proposed by Mr. attention to the shop.
William P. Ward, and acknowledged by Sir George
Riddell, the proceedings came to an end. Fig. 2.

Care of the Hair and its Diseases. One of the best-paying displays which I have
had was in between times. The new show wasiot
Under this title the "Journal of the American ^Medical quite ready and the old one had been taken out s"
rather than leave it empty over the week-end I
Association" publishes observations by Kromayar, a Ger-

man specialist, on the care of the hair. He points

out that any means of stimulating the functions of the hair
papillcB tends to prevent the dropping out of the hair and
promote the production of new hairs. For alopecia areata
the best local application seems to be a 1 to 4 per cent,
alcoholic solution of mercuric chloride, with which the
bald spots are dabbed morning and night. If redness
and pain are induced, the application is suspended until

this subsides. He regards radiotherapy, however, as far

superior to any medicinal applications. The quartz lamp

can be appliecl to induce with the white light an intense
inflammation over the bald spot; this is then healed with
salves, and the application is repeated once. Or the milder
blue light can be used daily to keep up a very mild
congestion and inflammation. In not a few cases the hairs
began to sprout in a few days after the white-light applica-
tion, and by the end of a few weeks there was a normal
growth of hair Alopecia pityroides is the result of chronic
inflammation of the scalp, causing itching and patches of
redness and dandruff. The hairs grow fast under this
stimulus, but gradually the papilla becomes destroyed,

and permanent baldness 'results. The baldness thus in-
duced is irreparable, but the cure of the causal inflam-
mation and prevention of the inflammation are important
and practicable. The scalp needs light and air to be
healthy ; the constant wearing of hats and caps and living
in close rooms reduce the resisting power of the region,
while the accumulation of dust, sweat, and sebum provides
food for micro-organisms. He insists that the scalp should
be cleansed much more xegularly than is generally done.
Men should shampoo their heads with a non-irritating soap
two or three times a week, and then apply a 5-per-cent.
petrolatum solution in ether, rubbing in fifteen or twenty
drops on a wad of cotton. He remarks, in conclusion,
that a convenient method has not yet been discovered for
removal of superfluous hairs. What about a shaving-
brush, soap and a razor?

J, l-AEY 31, 1911 — '

THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 175

na ring Avhat eo'uld be put in with the least expendi- impression made on the mind by a mixed window,
f tfme, when the weekly supply of aerated waters
d. Amongst them were four new cases on their whereas one line, insisted upon, makes a permanent
n trip. They were of a vivid yellow colour with
letters. That decided me, so with the giant syphon impression which means business. Another window-

advertising aphorism is equally important, " Never omit

price tickets." Many a probable purchaser will hesitate

I usually propped the door open) in the centre, whento cniiii' into ;i shiip <'Vcii lh;'V li;i\"c si'cii tlic very
• empty syphons, with a sprinkling of bottled

and fruit cordials, a display was quickly made,

i

d up with the new cases and two suitable sho'w-

the window doubled the aerated water business,

At reat difficulty in retail business is the disposal of

u'lts stock. In Fig. 2 is a suggestion which has been
Anse<!With great success for selling sponges.
original

isctvas placed in the centre, two smaller boxes inside
16 [ase, making it overflow with sponges. Other
|)oips were hung on strings and festooned about tho

vinfw. A showcard placed at eye-level sold the

poip. It read :

Great Increase in the Price of Sponges. EVERYTHING FOR A HAWDSOftlE MAM
ig to recent wars on the shores of the Mediterranean

We have been able to secure ONE case of medium
sponges at the OLD PRICE, to be sold at 2k. bd.

Only One Sponge Supplied at this Price thing in the window that they want if they are not sure
TO Each Customer.
of the price. When you have a chance of getting home
]is gave the right touch and made the window a
rea )usin3ss-bringing one. It is necessary when offering the point that your goods are the best and the pxice
is so much, do so by all means.
liOD hing at a special price to give a sound and probable
It is always understood that a pharmacy supplies
i'eai for so doing. Low prices do not iiecessarily make
medicine and sick-room requisites, also toilet articles for
this into bargains, nor do they always help to sell ladies and children. The fact that a pharmacist stocks

many things regularly used by men is often lost sight of.

A window-show especi'ally devoted to men and their re
ijiiirements is a way to bring both men and women into
the shop. Fig. 4 is a suggestion for such a window. A

photograph or a picture of a man (good-looking if possible)
should be hung about, the eye-level, and nicely draped with

curtains of art muslin or similar material. These words,
ill large block letters, should be fixed on the window, jusi

under the picture,

" EVERYTHING FOR A HANDSOME MAN.

s. To show a person that 7iow is the time to buy On the base of the window put a few of each of the
rtain article, and that they need that article, is a
way to make a purchaser, providing the price is —different articles a man uses, with price-tickets and
)nable. To advertise one's self as " The cheapest
list " may appeal to a certain section of the public, descriptive tickets where possible articles such as tooth-
brushes, paste, and powder, mouth-wash, bair-restorer,
^it is sounder business to be known as " The best jiomade, brilliantine, hair-brushes, combs, shaving-brushes,
soar), razors, safetv-razors, talcum powder, nail-brushes,
list."
and skin-cream. This style of display brings many new
nother window of the "newsy" variety was made people into a shop, especially men, and as a rule they are
a large barometer as a centre-piece. The drapery
ach side focussing the eye to the main point of the a welcome addition to one's list of customers.
ay. On each side of the barometer are pyramids
le skin cream or lotion. The man showcard read : A good winter show is one's own brand of cough-mixture.

When the North winds do blow. 1''1G. 5.
Then we shall have snow,
And the skin will become rough and red. In the centre of the window, and about 2 ft. 6 in. from

lie smaller cards contain a few references to the the glass, a large card is fixed containing some striking
ities of the preparation arranged thus : words e.g., "Are your lungs worth lO^rf. ? " or "Will
you stop your tickling cough?" Around this card is a
Good for roughness.
Good for redness.
Good for chaps.
Good for girls.
Good for ladies.
Good for shavers.
Good for everyone.
Good for Is. and 2s. per jar.

he idea can be used at any season of the year with

sonable lines.

he motto " One line at a time " cannot be emphasised
much or too often. Everyone knows the confused

176 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST Jaxuary 31, 19;

frame of cartons fixed on to thin latlis. Around this frame OUR TOWN TRAVELLER.
of cartons is another and another, each time getting nearer
to th« window until the glass is actually reached, and Our representative tells about some oj the things
the outer frame of cartons is made by actually sticking heard and seen during recent intervieics.
them on the glass. Photo-mountant does this quite well.
There is nothing more striking than the way in which the Eucryl.
eye must of necessity travel down the telescopic arrange- " It is difficult to tell you anything new or anvl'].
ment to the central card. If the card is illuminated the
result is even better. that you have not already said about Eucryl,"
^Mr. F. H. Lewis, the London manager, in'responno
A valuable tooth-brush display can be made for either the 0. dk D. man's query as to any recent developm «
" Our insetfi in
counter or window, as fig. 5. If for the counter the actual
your winter and
articles can be used. On a plain white or cream card
mount a pair of dental forceps, and on another similar for a number ct

card a tooth-brush, a. tube of tooth-paste, and a tin of years past have EUCRYl
tooth-powder. If for the window, something on a much
farger scale is required. The one word "Which?'' just also completely TOOTH POWDE
gives that work for the imagination that the public appre-
ciate, and in a very graphic way the truth of the display covered the
comes home to them.
ground, but you
Hispano-Moorish Pharmacy-pots.
may say that
—That European pharmacy as a distinct profession from
—medicine ^dates from the Moorish occupation of Spain is the '100 - per-

one of those facts that "every schoolboy knows "; but the cent, profit den-
relics of this ancient profession in the Peninsula in the tifrice ' is mak-
shape of drug-pots are sufficiently rare to deserve notice. M.
Paul Tachai'd's collection of eighteen Hispano-Moorish drug- ing very steady
jars, which was sold by auction at the famous Paris Hotel
des Ventes not long ago, contained some magnificent speci- progress, especi-
mens. All these rare pieces were of the form (known to the
Italians as albarelli, and to the French as cornets or canons) ally since we
shown in our illustration. The height varied from 10 in. to
13 in., and the decoration is in those metallic tones (lustre) made London

which are the special feature of this semi-Oriental ware, our h e a d-
with blue enamel. The two illustrated date from about
A.D. 1400, and are from Manisses, a little place in the quartere." In
Province of Valencia, where, as Fray Francisco Examines
tells us (" Regiment de la oosa publica," 1499), the pottery further conver-
was " treated with an art so perfect that the Pope, the
Cardinals, and the Princes themselves give orders " to these sation, it was

Moorish potters, to whom Don Jaime el Conquistador, first elicited that
Christian King of Valencia, extended his Royal protection
and special favour. A few of the pots come from Paterna, Mr. Lewis has
another village close by, where M. Tachard made, among
several window-
the vineyards and olive groves, a wonderful " find " of
ancient Arab pottery, and discovered even the oven itself, dressing

" very simple and small like all Arab ovens." He points schemes on

out that these samples possess a unique interest, as the first hand, in co-
potters of Paterna were inspired directly by Oriental and
possibly Byzantine traditions. operation with

retailers, and 'or:

we understand

that it will be
well worth their

while, in view

of the generous profits oii. Eucryl, to conunu.jat

Awith the company. thorough distribution ofj^

samples through chemists to the public is als'on

the tapis. The company have also brought
large quantity of new advertising material, imliU-
show cards, one of which we illustrate. This
beautiful gravure of a picture after Romney ii..hi

Wallace Collection, and should prove a useful sin^
help. Tile special Bonus offer is already well kno\| tc
the trade, and has met with a well deserved recepn.
but those who wish to participate in the newer dewf-

ments should write to 61-63 Lant Street, South«k.

London, S.E., asking for fuU particulars.

^

Packed Specialities.

j

If one wishes to see the acme of the packed-goodnnd

counter-specialities trade, a visit should be paid to'lie

new factory of Messrs. Lorimer-Marshall, Ltd., Britiiia
Works, Cold Blow, Hatcham, S.E., which is deced
solely to the purpose above mentioned. At the time o^"'

visit the transition process was not quite complete.
rmder the guidance of Mr. Harris, the manager, we 'i«

enabled to note s?veral interesting items. Rarely, if er.

were we shown so large and varied a stock of bookie of

powder-leaves for the ladies' toilet, the manufactu of
which (with the exception of the paper itself) is eiislv
carried out on the premises, even to the gold blocknion

the covers. Some of the booklets are exceedingly elabilij
and choice, being fitted with manicure sets and
mirrors, while at the same time they are elegant and "i-
pact. The best selling book is the Papier Veloute, rai ng
from 8s. to 30^. per gross; others in the form of a ki^t
wallet and motorette companion, with gilt-edge leM,

ai-e also provided with nail smoother and polisher, Ic-

Another toilet adjunct is " Down " chamoids, or a poier-

— W-puff fixed in the centre of an ornamental piece of cha is.

This is prepared in three tints white, rose, and

complete in single boxes at 4s. per doz. Pot-pourriir-'