शिक्षक निर्देशिका कक्षा ८

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-3_ yk cWoog ;fduL|
Trees are the best technology to suck carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

and reverse global warming:
1. Forests balance the Earth’s water-cycle essential for cooling our climate.

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2. In addition, forests play another vital role in stabilising the climate by
sucking carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the atmosphere and fixing it into soils
and biomass.

3. 50% of a tree’s biomass is carbon which remains stored, acting as a
‘carbon sink’, unless the tree decays or is burned.

4. Global forests are estimated to hold more CO2 than the atmosphere.

5. "Forests represent one of the largest, most cost-effective climate solutions
available today." [New York Declaration on Forests, 2014]

We know we must halt the loss of natural forests and accelerate forest
landscape restoration.

lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo (Sustainable Development Goals- SDGs)

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dxf;efaf6 cg'dfl] bt lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo (SDGs) n] ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] / lj:t[t agfpg cfjZos
If]qx¿ ;a} ;d]6]sf] 5, h;n] cfwf/e"t dfgjLo cfjZostf kl" t{af6 sf]xL 5'6g\ ' x'bF }g eGg]
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;a} ;d]6]sf] 5 h;n] cfwf/et" dfgjLo cfjZostf kl" t{af6 sf]xL 5'6\g' x'bF }g eGg] dfGotf
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nIo ! M ;a} k|sf/sf ul/aL cGTo -;a} :yfgsf ;a} lsl;dsf ul/aLsf] cGTo ug{_] (End

poverty in all its forms everywhere)

286

x/s] :yfgdf ;a} ks| f/sf ul/aLsf] cGTo ug{] ;DaGwdf tn plNnlvt ;r" sx¿ ;g\
@)#) ;Dd k/" f
ug{] u/L g]kfnn] lgwf{/0f u/s] f] 5 .

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x ;g\ @)!$ df /x]sf] %=^ k|ltzt ul/aL ;3gtf @=* k|ltztdf emfg]{
x kl| tJolSt /fli6o« cfo &&@ af6 @%)) cd]l/sL 8n/ k¥' ofpg]
x sn" ah6] sf] !% k|ltzt ;fdflhs ;/' Iff If]qdf ljlgof]hg ug]{
x hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfwf/df /fh] uf/L cgk' ft &% kl| tzt k'¥ofpg]
x ;g\ @)!$ df /xs] f] @^=* cflys{ hf]lvd ;r" saf6 !*=( df emfg{] pknlAw

;r" s /fv]sf] 5 .
nIo @ M vfB ;/' Iff - ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo ug{], vfB ;'/Iff xfl;n ug{] tyf kfi] f0fdf ;w' f/ Nofpg]

/ lbuf] sl[ if ljsf; ug{]_ (End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and

promote sustainable agriculture)

x s'kfi] f0f k/" } x6fpg]
x vfB kof{Kttf Jojl:yt ug]{
x bf]xf]/f] sl[ if pTkfbg
x lbuf] vfB pTkfbg k|0ffnL ;'lglZrt u/L Jojxfl/stfdf hf]8
x lapm, la?jf, 3/kfnj' f hLjhGt' tyf ;DalGwt hªu\ nL hGt' cflbsf] jz+ f0f'

ljljwtf ;g\ @)@) ;Dd k|aGw ldnfpg]
x ckof{Kt vfB pkef]u sd ug]{
x k|hggof]Uo dlxnf / afnaflnsfdf b]lvg] Plgldof ! k|ltzt eGbf sd ug]{
x vfB pTkfbg %) kl| tzt eGbf a9Ln] jl[ 4 ug]{
x kfrF jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] lgwfl{ /t tf}n eGbf sd xg' glbg]
nIo # M :j:y hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttf - :j:y hLjgsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ / ;a} pd/] sf ;a}nfO{

tGb'?:t agfpg_] (Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages)

x ;g\ @)#) ;Dd ljZjJofkL dft[ d[Tob' / !,)),))) lhljt hGddf &) eGbf sd
ug{]

x ;?jf/fu] , AIDS, TB, dn/] Lof tyf kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]u /fs] yfd ug{]
x g;g{] /f]u af6 x'g] dT[ on' fO{ Ps ltxfO sd ug]{
x cNsfx] nhGo tyf nfu'cfi} fwsf] k|efjnfO{ /f]syfd ug{]
x of}g tyf kh| gg :jf:Yo / kl/jf/ lgof]hg lzIffsf] ljZjJofkL kxr'F k¥' ofpg]
x % jif{ d'lgsf] dT[ ob' / ! eGbf sd ug]{
x HIV, TB, dn]l/of / cGo kfgLhGo ;?jf /f]u lgd"{n kfg]{
x lzz' dT[ o'b/ ;g\ @)!$ df @# af6 ! df k'¥ofpg]
x !% bl] v @$ pd]/ ;d"xsf oj' fo'jtLdf HIV ;ª\jm| d0f z"Godf k¥' ofpg]

287

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nIo $ M ;as} f nflu :t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/ -;dfj]zL tyf ;dtfd"ns u'0f:t/o'St lzIffsf]

;'lglZrt ug]{ Pjd\ ;a}df cfhLjg l;Sg] efjgfsf] clejl[ 4 ug{]_ (Ensure inclusive and equitable

quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all)

x ;g\ @)!$ df kf| ylds lzIffsf] NER (^=@ kl| tztaf6 !)) k|ltzt k¥' ofpg]
x sIff ! df egf{b/ (% k|ltzt k'¥ofpg]
x kj" {k|fylds lzIffdf %) k|ltzt pkl:ytL sfod ug{]
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x oj' f dlxnf tyf k?' ifdf u/L (% kl| tzt eGbf a9L ;fIf/tf / ;flªV\ os 1fg lbg]

hg' ;g\ @)!$ df **=^ k|ltzt lyof]
x lzIffdf n}lªu\ s c;dfgtf x6fpg]
x Human Assets Index ^^=^ af6 ;g\ @)#) ;Dd &^ k¥' ofpg]

nIo % M nl} ªu\ s ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zStLs/0f -n}+lus ;dfgtf ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;a} dlxnf

tyf aflnsfsf] ;zStLs/0f ug_{] (Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls)

x lzIffsf] ;a} txdf n}lªu\ s c;dfgtf lgd{n" kfg{]
x Pp6} sfdsf] nflu Hofnfdf lje]b x6fpg]
x ef}lts ofg} ck/fw x6fpg]
x xflgsf/s Jojxf/ x6fpg] h:t} afnljjfx, hj/h:tL ljjfx cflb
x /fli6«o ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] :yfg $) kl| tzt;Dd :yflkt ug]{
x lg0fo{ tx / ;fjh{ lgs ;]jfdf sDtLdf @* kl| tzt dlxnf ;xeflutf u/fpg]
x pd]/sf] nl} Ës cg'kft )=(^ af6 ! k¥' ofpg]

nIo ^ M ;as} f nflu vfgk] fgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf] lbuf] pknAwtf -;as} f nflu

vfgk] fgLsf] pknAwtf / ;/;kmfOsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug]_{ (Ensure availability and

sustainable management of water and sanitation for all)

x cfwf/e"t kfgLsf] Joj:yf (( kl| tzt 3/w'/Ldf k'¥ofpg]
x kfOkaf6 kfgLsf] Joj:yf (% k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/;Dd k¥' ofpg]
x vn' f zfr} fno lgd{"n kfg]{
x ahf/ If]qsf ;a} 3/df 9n h8fg ul/;Sg]
x ;/;kmfO Joj:yfkg (( k|ltzt k¥' ofpg]
nIo & M ;as} f nflu cfw'lgs pmhfs{ f] kx'Fr -;as} f nflu wfGg ;Sg], e/kbf{], lbuf] /

cfwl' gs phfd{ f kx'rF ;l' glZrt ug]_{ (Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable

and modern energy for all)

x (( kl| tzt 3/w/' Ldf ljB'ts\ f] kxrF' k'¥ofpg]
x vfgf ksfpg sf7 ko| fu] ug{ 3/kl/jf/ !) kl| tzt;Dd 36fpg]
x ljB't pTkfbg *!* du] fjf6af6 a9fP/ sDtLdf !),))) du] faf6 ug]{
x zlSt tLjt| fsf] GDP )=* k|ltzt k|ltjif{ sfod ug{]

288

x ;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] dfq k|ofu] ug]{
nIo * M e/kbf,]{ ;dfjz] L / lbuf] cfly{s jl[ 4 Pj+ /fh] uf/L -hLjGt (Sustained),

;dfjz] L / lbuf] cflys{ j[lbw\ , k0" f{ / pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L / ;as} f nflu dof{bfoS' t >d
ug{] cj;/ xfl;n ug]{ _ (Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic

growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all)

o # k|ltzteGbf sdL /xs] f] k|ltJolSt GDP & kl| tzt;Dd jl[ 4 ug]{
o ;g\ @)!$ df @* k|ltztsf] a]/fh] uf/LnfO{ ;g\ @)@) ;Dd !)

kl| tzt;Dd sd ug]{
o afn>d lgd{n" kfg]{
o lgdf0{ f If]qsf] j[l4 &=! k|ltztaf6 !) k|ltzt;Dd k¥' ofpg]
o s[lif If]qsf] j[l4 @=( k|ltztaf6 % k|ltzt k'¥ofpg]
o cj}wflgs sfdbf/sf] ;ªV\ of lgd{n" kfg]{
nIo ( M ;an kj" fw{ f/ -;b' 9[ (Resilient) k"jfw{ f/ lgdf{0f ug],{ ;dfjz] L / lbuf]

cf}b\of}lusLs/0f ug]{ / gjk|aw{g clej[l4 ug]_{ (Build resilient infrastructure, promote

inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation)

o s]xL ;8s Ifq] df rf/ n]g af6f] / kn' lgdf{0f ug{]
o /fhdfu{ lj:tf/ ug]{
o clxns] f] ;8s Ifdtf / k|efjdf ;w' f/ ug{]
o gbL Ifq] df ;8sv08 pRr / w/] } agfpg]
o clxns] f] )=$$ km\km2 Road Density af6 5 km\km2 k¥' ofpg]
nIo !) M c;dfgtf Gog" Ls/0f - b]zleq / b]zx¿aLrsf] c;dfgtf 36fpg_] (Reduce

inequality within and among countries)

o pkefu] c;dfgtf (Gini coefficient) )=#@ af6 )=!^ df 36fpg]
tyf cfDbfgL c;dfgtf )=$^ af6 )=@# df k'¥ofpg]

o ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgl} ts ;zlQms/0f ;r" s )=& ;Dd k'¥ofpg]
o Hofnfb/ ;r" s !=^ af6 @ ;Dd k¥' ofpg]
o dfOj|mf] kmfOgfG;;uF sf] kxr"F si[ fs kl/jf/df @$ k|ltztaf6 $)

kl| tzt;Dd k'¥ofpg]
nIo !! M :j:y Pj+ ;'/lIft dfgj a;f]af; - ;x/ / dfgj j:tLnfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;'/lIft,

;b' 9[ / lbuf] agfpg_] (Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient

and sustainable)

o axc' foflds ul/aL $$ k|ltztaf6 ;g\ @)#) ;Dd !! k|ltztdf
36fpg]

o ;'/lIft 3/df a:gs] f] cgk' ft bfA] a/ ug]{
o jfo' k|b"if0f sd ug{]

289

o k|sf]kaf6 x'g] dT[ o' / b3' {6gf sd ug{]
o ;x/L hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ @=% k|ltzteGbf a9L xg' glbg]
nIo !@ M lbuf] pTkfbg / pkefu] - lbuf] pkef]u / pTkfbg k4lt ;'lglZrt ug]{_

(Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns)

o OGwg pkofu] !% kl| tztdf ;Lldt ug{]
o OGwg cgb' fg lgd"n{ ug{]
o vfB gfS] ;fgL sd ug]{
o hl} js r6\6fgsf] pTkfbgdf ;w' f/
nIo !# M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ Go"gLs/0f -hnjfo' kl/jtg{ / o;sf] ke| fj lj?b\w

tTsfn sfo{ ug_{] (Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts)

o sfag{ cS;fO8sf] pT;h{g cfwf ug{'
o cf]hf]g txsf] ko| fu] df cfwf ug'{
o pBfu] , oftfoft tyf 3/af6 pTkflbt xl/t u[x Uof; cfwf sd ug'{
nIo !$ ;db' | / ;d'bL| lsgf/sf] ;+/If0f / lbuf] pkofu] -lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;fu/,

;db' | / ;fdl' bs| ;|f]tx¿sf] lbuf] ko| f]u / ;/+ If0f ug{_] (Conserve and sustainably use the

oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development)

x g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{;Fu ;DalGwt 5g} tyflk kf| sl[ ts >f]t, kfgL, sl[ if, ko6{ s,
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f cflb;uF ;DalGwt ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

nIo !%hl} js ljljwtf ;/+ If0f -If]qLo kfl/l:ylso k0| ffnL (Territorial Ecosstem) sf] lbuf] ko| fu] ,

k'g:yfkgf / ;+/If0f ug{,] jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug],{ d?el" ds/0f lgoGq0f ug,{] eI" fo lgoGq0f ug{] /
h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ gfS] ;fg x'gaf6 arfpg] (Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of

terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and
reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss)

x ;fdb' flos jgsf] Ifq] kmn jl[ 4 u/L #( af6 $% k'¥ofpg]
x ;/+ lIft Ifq] @# k|ltzt af6 @% k|ltzt k'¥ofpg]
x ;/+ lIft tfn, tno} f, kf]v/L, l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;ªV\ of %))) ;Dd k¥' ofpg]
x cgfjZos jg s6fgL lgdn"{ ug{]
nIo !^ zfGt / ;dfjz] L ;dfh k|jw{g, Gofodf kxFr' / hjfkmbx] L -lbuf] ljsf;sf

nflu zflGtk0" f{ Pjd\ ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] clejl[ 4 ug,]{ ;as} f nflu Gofodf kxF'r k¥' ofpg] / ;a}
txsf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L, pTt/bfoL / ;dfjz] L agfpg]_ (Promote peaceful and

inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and
build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels)

o dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf lj?4sf] lx+;f, åGåaf6 xg' ] d[To' cGTo ug]{
o kf/blzt{ f / hjfkmb]lxtf ;r" s # af6 % k¥' ofpg]
o ;z' f;gsf] ;"rsfªs\ )=*# af6 @ df k¥' ofpg]
o hGd btf{ !)) kl| tzt ug]{

290

o *) kl| tzt;Dd dtbfg clwsf/ Joj:yfkg ug{] .
o ;ad} f Gofosf] kx'Frsf] kT| ofel" t lbnfpg] .
o /fHosf] u'0ffTds z';f;g cÍ #=! df j[l4 ug{] .
o % b]lv !& jif{ pd]/sf] afn>d #&=$ k|ltztaf6 z"Godf k¥' ofpg] .

nIo !& lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu sfofG{ jog ;o+ Gqsf] ;jnLs/0f / ljZj ;femb] f/Lsf] k'gjfw{] ug{]
-Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable

development)

o;cGtut{ !( cf6] f ;"rsx¿ 5g\ . tyflk gk] fndf s'g} nIo lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5}g . To:t}
:jf:Yo, lzIff, /f]huf/L, cfly{s j[l4, vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO, pmhf,{ ;'zf;g / oL ;a} nIo k"/f
ug{ ljZj ;fem]bf/L sfod ug{] nIo g+= !& sf pknlAw ;"rs :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;y{ kY[ jL,
dflg; / ;dl[ 4sf nflu lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;Gbed{ f /fi6;« ª\3sf] lj1 ;dx" n]
s]xL cfwf/et" kIfdf cgd' fg u/]sf] lyof], hf] !& nIo / !^( ;r" s :yfkgf tyf k"/f ug{] cfwf/
xg' \ . tL cgd' fgcg;' f/ nIosf] uGtJo jif;{ Dd ljZjsf] cfly{s pTkfbg bfA] a/ x'g5] . cfk} rfl/s
¿kaf6 kj| fx x'g] ljsf; ;xfotf Gog" cfo ju{sf dn' s' df s]GbL| t xg' 5] .

lbg 6/7/8 kl/ofh] gf sfo{ -Ifq] ed| 0f_
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo
x If]q e|d0f tyf kl/ofh] gf sfo{ ;r+ fng u/L k|ltjb] g k|:t't ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1. Ifq] ed| 0f

x ljBfyL{x¿nfO cfkm';lxt cfkmg\ } ljBfno tyf ljBfno /x]sf] glhssf] ;db' fodf
:ynut e|d0f u/fpgx' f;] \ / pSt e|d0f ul/Psf] Ifq] df Knfli6s hGo j:t'x¿sf]
k|ofu] sf] cj:yf, ltgsf] Joj:yfkgsf af/]df cjnf]sg tyf ;d'bfosf
JolStx¿;uF klg ;f]wk'5 u//] kl| tjb] g tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ . k|ltj]bgdf,
:ynut e|d0fsf] cfwf/df Knfli6shGo j:t'x¿sf] ko| f]u / ltgsf] ;xL Jo:yfkg
ug{ g;Sbf jftfj/0fdf kg{ uPsf] gsf/fTds ke| fjsf] ;d]t cfFsng ug{
nufpgx' f];\ .

ljm| ofsnfk 2. kl/ofh] gf sfo{
x k|To]s ljBfyLn{ fO{ a;f]af; ul//x]sf] :yfg j/k/ ePsf ljsf; lgdf{0f sfox{ ¿
lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cg'sn' ePsf 5g\ 5}gg\ < cjnfs] g u/L o:tf sfon{ fO{
s;/L jftfj/0f d}qL agfpg ;lsG5 < eGg] k|Zg ljBfyLn{ fO{ u/L ;'emfj;lxtsf]
l6kf]6 tof/ u//] sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

291

x cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf lbuf] ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff cg?' k vf]nfgfnf tyf jghªn\ sf]
;/+ If0f, kmfxf/] dn} fsf] ;xL Joj:yfkgsf nflu ePsf ko| f; tyf cfkm' / cfkmg\ f]
kl/jf/n] lgjfx{ u/s] f jf eljZodf lgjf{x ug{'kg{] el' dsf ;lxtsf] ultljlw
cjnf]sg u/L kl| tj]bg tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .

kl| tjb] g nv] g 9frF f -gd"gfsf] nflu_
1. kl/ro
2. p2Z] o
3. sfo{ljlw, kl| jm| of
4. k|flKt
5. ;e' mfj
6. l;sfO
7. lgisif{

292

ckfªu\ tf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f u/fpFbf Wofg lbgk' g]{
s/' fx¿

-s_ b[li6ljxLg (Blind) ckfª\utf
x Kff7\ok':tssf] ljm| ofsnfkcg';f/sf] ko| f]u cjnfs] g u/fpbF f bl[ i6ljxLg
ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ JofVofTds ljlw ckgfpgx' f;] \ .
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ x/]s lrqdf lbg vf]h]sf] ;Gbz] JofVof ugx'{ f;] \ .
x ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] nflu k|of]ufTds ljm| ofsnfkx¿ Ufbf{ x'g ;Sg] hfl] vd ;d]t
atfpg'xf];\ / k|ofu] fTds sfo{ ;d"x hf]8Ldf u/fpg'xf;] \ .
x d6] fsf8d{ f nV] g nufpbF f b[li6ljxLg ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] nflu pkoS' t cgs' n" tf
;xkf7Laf6 sf8d{ f n]Vg nufpg'xf;] \ jf a]|nlnlkdf nV] g nufP/ k9g\
nufpgx' f];\ .
x b[li6ljxLg jf cGo ckfª\utf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cg'sn" kl| jlw 5 eg]
To;sf] ko| f]u ug{ nufpg'xf];\ h:t} M afN] g] ydf]l{ d6/ h'g ;fdfGotof
ljBfnox¿df kfObF g} .
x ljBfyLn{ fO{ sGe]S; / sGs]e nG] ; tyf P]g 5f]P/ cg'ej ug{] cj;/
lbg'xf];\ .
x sg' } klg sfl] /Psf] lrqdfly udn] /ªu\ Lg wfuf] 6fF;/] nG] ;af6 xg' ] cfjt{g
ljm| ofsf] kb| z{g u/fpg ;lsg] 5 / o; lj|mofsnfk hf8] L ;d"xdf
u/fpgx' f;] \ .
x ;Dej eP;Dd b[li6ljxLg ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ ;d]t cfjfho'St ;km\6jo] /dfkm{t
sDKo6' / jf PG8f« ]O8 dfa] fOn jf 6\ofan]6sf] ko| f]uaf6 OG6/g]6af6 vf]hL
ug]{ lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpgx' f];\ .

-v_ Gog" b[li6o'St ckfªu\ tf (Partial sighted)
x Vf'Nnf cfvF fn] cf}ifwLsf] k|ofu] , zNolrlsT;f jf r:df k|of]u h:tf
pkrf/af6 klg !) bl] v @) lkm6 ;Ddsf] b/' Laf6 xftsf] cfn}F f 56' o\ fpg
afwf xg' ] cj:yf Gog" bl[ i6ljxLg ckfª\utf xf] .
x o:tf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;se/ pHofnf] a9L ePsf] / nV] g] af8] {sf] glhss} f]
l;6df a:g nufpgx' f;] \ .
x af]8d{ f n]Vbf cfjfh al' emg] u/L sx] L 7'nf] cIf/df n]Vg] ug'x{ f];\ .

293

x cfjfh/lxt lel8of] kb| z{g ubf{ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf JofVofTds ljlw ;d]t
ckgfpg'xf];\ .

-u_ alx/f ckfªu\ tf (Deaf)
x ;g' fOsf cª\ux¿sf] agfj6 Pjd\ :j/sf] klxrfg, :yfg, ptf/r9fj tyf
:j/sf] dfqf / u0' f 56' \ofpg] 1fgG] bL| o sfo{df ljrngaf6 Wjlgsf] tLi0ftf
*) 8]l;aneGbf dflysf] Wjlg ;'Gg g;Sg] cj:yf alx/f ckfª\utf xf] .
x ;~rf/sf nflu ;fª\sl] ts efiff k|of]u ug{'xf];\ .
x Aflx/f ljBfyL{x¿sf] nflu bfe] f;s] f] dbt lnO{ ;fª\sl] ts efiffdf ;xh
zAbfjnL ko| f]u u//] cGt/ljm| ofTds ljlw ckgfpg'xf;] \ .
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sDkg / t/ª\u k;| f/0fsf] af/d] f hfgsf/L lbg sDkgsf] :kz{
u/fpg' /fdf| ] xG' 5 .

-3_ ;:' t >j0f ckfª\utf (Hard of hearing)
x sd dfq ;'Gg] t/ sd ;g' ]/ :ki6 af]Ng ;Sg], ;'GgnfO{ sfgdf >j0f oGq
/fVg'kg]{ cj:yf ;:' t >j0f xf] .
x ;:' t >j0f ePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fª\s]lts efiff geO{ >j0f oGqsf] k|of]u
u/fpg' k5{ .
x ;':t >j0f ePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIfsn] cfkm" glhs} /fVg] / cln 7'nf]
:j/df afn] ]/ cWofkg u/fpg'k5{ .

-ª_ >j0f b[li6ljxLg ckfªu\ tf (Deaf blindness)
x >j0f ;DaGwL / bl[ i6ljxLg ;DaGwL 1fg]lGb|osf] ljrngaf6 JolStsf]
;~rf/, rfn / ljsf;f]Gdv' sfo{ ug{ afwf x'g] cj:yf >j0f bl[ i6ljlxg
ckfª\utf xf] .
x o:tf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgoldt sIffsf7] fdf /fv/] cWofkg u/fpg Tolt
Jojxfl/s x'Fbg} .
x ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ :kz{ ;~rf/sf] ljlw ckgfpg'k5{ .

-r_ :j/ jf afn] fO ;DaGwL ckfª\utf (Speech disability)
x df}lvs cfjfh pTkfbg / cleJoSt ug{] cª\ux¿df pTkGg sfo{ut
ljrngsf sf/0f tyf afN] bf :j/sf] ptf/ r9fjdf sl7gfO{, c:ki6 af]nL,
afN] bf zAb jf cIf/ bf]xfl] /g' jf c8s\ g] cj:yf :Jf/ afn] fO ;DaGwL
ckfª\utf xf] .

294

x o:tf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ dfl} vs ljm| ofsnfkx¿ u/fpbF f kofK{ t ;do lbP/
pgLx¿nfO{ lzIfsn] wo} {tfk"js{ ;G' g'k5{ .

-5_ afl} 4s ckfª\utf
x sg' } JolStdf pd/] sf] j[l4;Fu} afl} 4s ;rt] gfsf] ljsf;df afwf pTkGg eO{
pd]/ ;fk]If afl} 4s ljsf; gePsf jf l9nf ePsf sf/0fn] pd]/ jf
jftfj/0f ;fk]If lj|mofsnfk ug{ afwf xg' ] cj:yfnfO{ afl} 4s ckfª\utf
elgG5 / o;df j|mfd] f]hf]d @! Df ePsf] ljrngaf6 xg' ] 8fpg l;G8f« ]d ;dt]
kb{5g\ .
x o:tf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ ;d"xdf rf6{ tyf df]8]n ljt/0f u/L cWofkg u/fpg]
ljlw ckgfpg ;lsG5 hg' ;fdfGo cj:yfsf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ dfq ;Dej
xG' 5 .
x clt czSt cj:yfsf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ 5'66\ } kf7\ojm| d tyf dN" ofªs\ g
k2ltsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

-h_ cl6Hd ckfªu\ tf (Autism spectrum conditions)
x of] JolStdf hGd]sf] klxnf] ltg jif{ leq b]vfkg{] :gfo'ut ljrng xf,]
h;sf] sf/0faf6 JolStsf] ;~rf/ ug]{, c¿;Fusf] ;DaGwsf] afw] ug]{ sfo{df
ljrng cfPsf] xG' 5 .
x o:tf ljBfyL{x¿n] lg/Gt/ Ps} k|sf/sf] c;fGbles{ Jojxf/ bfx] f¥] ofO{ /xg]
ub5{ g\ .
x o:f ckfª\utfnfO{ l;sfO ;DaGwL ckfª\utf elgG5 / o:tf ljBfyL{x¿sf]
nflu uDeL/ OlGbo| ut ;'/If0f, rfnsf] ;dGjodf ;Lldttf / Jojxf/sf]
cg;' /0fdf afwf x'G5 .
x o:tf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu pgLx¿sf] kl/jz] a'em]/ lzIfsn] Jojxf/ /
k|ZgfT] t/ ug{'xf;] \ .
x d"nwf/sf] zl} Ifs k|0ffnLdf o:tf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;dfjz] ug{ sl7g
dflgG5 t/ cGo ;fyLx¿;Fu hf8] Ldf sfo{ ug{ nufpbF f Tof] ke| fjsf/L x'G5
.

-em_ dfgl;s jf dgf;] fdflhs ckfªu\ tf (Mental/Psychosocial disability)

295

x dl:tis / dl:tisdf ePsf] rf6] k6s, j+zfgu' t u0' f jf dgfu] t ljrngsf
sf/0f dfgl;s cª\ux¿sf] sfod{ f cfPsf cGtlj|mof tyf ;rt] g,
cled'vLs/0f, :km"lt,{ :d/0f zlSt, efiff, u0fgf h:tf dfgl;s sfo{
;Dkfbgsf j|mddf /xg] afwfsf sf/0fn] pd]/ / kl/l:yltcg';f/ Jojxf/
ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g] cj:yf dfgl;s jf dgf;] fdflhs ckfªu\ tf xf] .

x s'g} 7'nf] 36gfdf k/s] f / cfkmGt ud' fPsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ c:yfoL¿kdf
;d]t o:tf] ljlIfKttfsf] cj:yf x'g ;S5 .

x lzIfsn] dfofn' Jojxf/ u/]/ l;sfpFbf o:tf afnaflnsfx¿n] c¿ ;/x
l;Sg ;S5g\ / pgLx¿sf] ljlIfKttf ;d]t lj:tf/} sd xF'b} hfG5 .

-`_ x]df]lkmlnof (Hemophilia) ckfªu\ tf
x cg'jz+ Lo c;/sf sf/0f JolStsf] /Stsl0fsfdf x'g] kmo\ fS6/sf] dfqfdf
ePsf] sdLaf6 /Stsl0fsfdf ljrng cfO{ /ut hDg] sfo{df ;d:of pTkGg
x'g] zf/Ll/s cj:yf g} x]dfl] kmlnof ckfª\utf xf] .
x o:tf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ sg' } ks| f/sf] rf6] k6s nfUg jf zf/Ll/s tgfa lbg'
xF'b}g .
x u'unaf6 vfh] L u/L o'6\o'a / /St s0f ;DaGwL ;fdu|L 8fpgnf]8 ug]{
jm| ddf xd] fl] kmlnofsf] af/d] f hfgsf/L lng nufO{ hg' Kn6] n]6;\ sf] ljrngdf
xG' 5 eGg] yfxf lbg'xf;] \ .

-6_ zf/Ll/s ckfªu\ tf (Physical disability)
x :gfo' df+zk]zL / hf]gLx{ ¿ tyf x88\ Lsf] agfj6 Pjd\ ;~rfng sfox{ ¿df
ePsf] ljrngsf] ke| fjaf6 JolStdf zf/L/s cª\ux¿sf] ;~rfng, k|ofu] /
lx8F \8n' df pTkGg ePsf] cj/f]wsf] cGtljm{ of zf/Ll/s ckfªu\ tf xf] . o:tf]
ckfªu\ tfsf] cj:yf ljljw k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ .
x xftsf] ckfªu\ tf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿ 5g\ eg] ;xkf7Lsf] ;fydf lj|mofsnfk
ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .
x d]6fsf8d{ f n]Vg nufpFbf o:tf ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] nflu ;xkf7Laf6 sf8d{ f nV] g
nufP/ k9g\ nufpg'xf];\ .

-7_ afn kIf3ft -kfl] nof_ (Poliomyelitis)

296

x afNofj:yfdf kfl] nof] /f]unflu To;sf] bi' kl/0ffdaf6 z/L/sf] Ps jf w]/}
cª\ux¿df bL3{sfnLg kIf3ftsf] c;/ /lx/xg] cj:yf afn kIf3ft xf] .

x lzIfsn] pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf cfpg ;Sg] jfwfnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/
;sf/fTds Jojxf/ ug'k{ 5{ .

-8_ zf/Ll/s cª\uljxLg ckfª\utf (Amputation)
x rf]6k6sdf pkrf/ x'g g;ls, ca'{b /fu] sf sf/0f jf b'36{ gf jf k|sf]kdf
k/L JolStsf] xft, v'6\6f jf xftv'6\6f bj' } jf xftv'66\ fsf s]xL cz+
z/L/af6 5'l6\6P/ kg' M ;f] kT| ofofh] g x'g g;ls cªu\ ljxLg ePsf] cj:yf
zf/Ll/s cªu\ ljlxg ckfª\utf xf]
x sl[ qd cª\usf] ko| fu] af6 ;fdfGo bl} gs hLjgsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;Dkfbg
;xh¿kdf ug{ ;lsP klg sl[ qd cªu\ sf] u0' f:t/df cfly{s ;fdflhs
ljm| ofsnfkdf x'g] ;ljm| otf lge{/ /xG5 .
x o:tf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ ;dfj]zL ;d"x agfP/ hf]8Ldf sfo{ ug{ nufpbf
pko'St x'G5 .
x zf/Ll/s ckfªu\ tf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ c;fjwfgLkj" {s ko| f]ufTds
ljm| ofsnfkx¿ u/]df x'g] ;Sg] hfl] vd ;d]t agfpgx' f];\ .

-9_ df+zk]zL ljrng ckfªu\ tf (Muscular dystrophy)
x z/L/sf] rfnnfO{ lgoldt ug]{ df+zk]zLdf jz+ fg'ut jf cgj' +zLo sf/0fn]
zLlyntf cfO{ cg'j+zLo sl0fsf (genes) df :j:y dfz+ k]zL lgdf0{ f ug{
cfjZos kg]{ hLjs0f -k|fl] 6g_ tof/ ug]{ ;"rgf ;Dk|]zg xg' ;Sbg} . o;af6
hLjs0fsf] cefj eO{ df+zkz] L / tGts' f] ;d'lrt ljsf; gx'g] xbF' f JolStsf]
rfn, afn] LrfnL / bl} gs sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf afwf cfpg] cj:yf dfz+ kz] L
ljrng ckfªu\ tf xf] .
x o:tf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pko'St cg'sn" tf lbg'k5{ t/ zf/Ll/s kl/>d kg{]
sfd lbg' xF'b}g . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ ;dfjz] L ¿kdf ;dx" jf hf]8Ldf u/fpFbf
/fdf| ] x'G5 .

-0f_ d]¿b08 kIf3ft ckfª\utf (Paraplegia)
x b3' {6gf jf sg' } sf/0fn] d?] b08sf] sg' } klg efudf rf6] k6s nflu z/L/sf]
cGo cªu\ x¿sf] ;~rf/ dl:tis;uF afwf pTkGg eO{ z/L/sf] rfn,

297

dfz+ kz] Lsf] ;dGjo / lgisf;g k|0ffnLdf ePsf] clgoGq0fsf] cj:yf
d]¿b08 kIf3ft ckfªu\ tf xf] .
x d?] b08sf] s'g efudf rf6] k6s nfu]sf] xf] To;sf] cfwf/df z/L/sf] rfn,
dfz+ kz] L / lgisf;g k0| ffnLsf] lgoGq0fsf] uflDeo{tf lge/{ ub{5 .
x o:tf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ cj/f]wd'St, ;lhnf] 8]:s aG] r tyf zfr} fno kfos kg]{
u/L sIffsf7] fsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg'xf];\ .
x o:tf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lbOPsf] lrqx¿ cyjf co sfo{ ePsf] / gePsf]
cjnfs] g ubf{ hf8] L agfP/ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
-t_ afn dl:tis3ft ckfª\utf (Cerebral palsy)
x dl:tissf] lglZrt jf w/] } Ifq] df e0| fsf] ljsf; bl] v jf lzz' cj:yfdf jf
hGdg] j|mddf rf6] k6s nfu]/ To;sf] bL3{sfnLg c;/sf sf/0f JolStsf]
zf/Ll/s rfn / df+zk]zL ;dGjodf afwf x'g] cj:yf afn dl:tis3ft
ckfª\utf xf] .
x o:tf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cGo ;fyLx¿;Fu hf8] Ldf sfo{ ug{ nufpFbf pkoS' t
x'G5 .
x k|foh;f] pxL ;fyLnfO{ hf]8L agfOlbg' /fd|f] xG' 5 lsgsL lg/Gt/ ;Dksd{ f
/xg] ;fyLn] afn] ]/ efiff a'emg\ ;S5g\ / ;~rf/ ;xh xg' ;S5 .
-y_ xf]rf k'8s\ f ckfªu\ tf (Little people)
x JolStsf] z/L/sf] prfOdf ePsf] c;/oS' t Go"gtf ePsf] cj:yf zf/Ll/s
ckfª\utf xf] h;df JolStsf] pd]/ / prfOsf] ;dfg'kflts ljsf; xFb' g} .
x o:tf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ xf]rf] 8]:s, a]~r / n]Vg] af]8{sf] glhs} a:g lbg'k5{ .
x k|ofu] fTds sIffdf ;d]t cuf8L /fVg'k5{ .
-b_ lglZrt l;sfO ckfª\utf (Specific learning disability)
x o:tf] ldl>t cj:yf xf,] h;df JolStx¿nfO{ efiffsf] kz| f]wg lnlvt jf
df}lvs ug{ sl7gfO x'G5 eg] n]vfO, jfrg, u0fgf, lxHh] jf JofVof ug{]
l;ksf] :d[ltdf afwf xG' 5 . sIffdf o:tf l;sfO l9nfO ePsf ljBfyLx{ ¿
ePdf kZ| g k6s k6s bfx] f]¥ofP/ a'emfO lbgx' f];\ .
-w_ bL3{sfnLg :gfou' t ljrng ckfª\utf -5f//] fu] _ (Chronic neurological

conditions)

298

x JolStsf] :gfo'ut k|0ffnLdf cfPsf] bL3s{ fnLg ljrngsf sf/0f k6s k6s
jf nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fndf :gfo' k0| ffnLsf] lgoldt sfo{df afwf pTkGg
eO{ JolSt crt] g l:yltdf /xg] cj:yf bL3{sfnLg :gfo'ut ljrng
ckfª\utf xf] . o:tf ljBfyL{x¿ c¿ ;dodf ;dfGo b]lvPtf klg sg' } an] f
cf3ftsf] cj:yfdf x'g ;S5g\ . t;y{ lzIfsn] o:tf] ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{
klxrfg u/L hfl] vdd'St cj:yfsf] l;hg{ f ul/lbgx' f];\ .

299