शिक्षक निर्देशिका कक्षा ८

lbg M 7 rGbd| fn] b]vfpg] ljleGg ¿kx¿sf] k|ofu] åf/f kb| zg{ / rGbd| fsf] snfsf]
k|ofu] df kb| z{g tyf cjnfs] g

-s_ ljlzi6 p2Z] o
x rGb|dfn] b]vfpg] ljleGg ¿kx¿sf] ko| f]uåf/f kb| z{g tyf cjnfs] g ug{ .

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk : rGb|dfsf] snf ;DaGwL k|ofu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk

x ;jk{ |yd sIffsf]7fdf ;a} a]Grx¿lar efult/ / jl/kl/ vfnL 7fpF xg' ] u/L
Joj:yfkg ugx'{ f;] \ . ;Dej eP sg' } vfnL sf]7f jf xn ko| fu] ug{'xf;] \ .

x sIffsf] ;a} ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ lar efudf ufn] f] u/L a:g nufpgx' f;] \ /
ufn] fsf/ efunfO{ kY[ jLsf] ¿kdf sNkgf ug{ eGgx' f;] \ .

x To;kl5 Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ cln 6f9f a;L 6rn{ fO6 afNg nufO{ sf7] fsf]
s'g} efuaf6 ;o" s{ f] ks| fz cfO/x]sf] s/' f sNkgf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

x Pp6f ;]tf] /ªsf] elnan lnO{ To;nfO{ rGbd| f dfGg nufpg'xf];\ .
x ;]tf] /ªsf] elnannfO{ 6k] sf] ;xfotfn] otfptf ;fg{ ldNg] u/L cfwf efu

9fSg ldNg] u/L sfnf] /ªusf] Knfl:6s jf sk8fn] 9fSgx' f;] \ .
x ;"os{ f] k|sfz cfO/xs] f] lbzf / kY[ jLsf] ¿kdf dflgPsf] ljBfyL{sf] lardf

pleP/ sfnf] Knfl:6sn] 9flsPsf] efu kY[ jLlt/ kms{g] u/L pSt an k|bz{g
ug{xf;] \ / pSt sfnf] cj:yf cf}+F;L (new moon ) ePsf] s'/f ki| 6
kfl/lbgx' f;] \ .
x tTkZrft kf7o\ k:' tssf] lrq g+= 21.2 df h:t} u/L ljBfyLx{ ¿ a;]sf]
;d"xnfO{ ufn] fsf/ kydf 3'Dg yfNgx' f;] \ / pgLx¿nfO{ Wofgkj" {s cjnf]sg
ug{ nufpgx' f];\ .
x 3'Dg] j|mddf sfnf] Knfl:6s la:tf/} ;fb{} xFl;ofh:tf] cfsf/sf] ;]tf] efu
kbz{g u/L ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ bv] fpg'xf];\ .
x Pjd\ /Ltn] rGb|dfsf] cfwf efu, cfwfeGbf a9L efu b]lvPsf elnansf]
;]tf] efu k|bz{g ub{} csf{] 5p] df k'Ubf sfnf] Knfl:6s x/fP/ k"/} ;t] f] efu
bv] fpgx' f;] \ / pSt cj:yf k"l0f{df (full moon) ePsf] s/' f :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\
.
x k"l0fd{ fkl5 kml] / 3'Db} hfg'xf;] \ . of] j|mddf sfnf] Knfl:6ssf] se/ nufpbF }
km]l/ cfwfeGbf a9L, ;t] f] efu, cfwf ;t] f] efu, / x+Fl;of cfsf/sf] efu
kb| z{g ug'{xf;] \ / kg' M klxns] f] 7fFpdf cfOkU' bf ;]tf] annfO{ k/" } sfnf]
Knfl:6sn] 9fs/] cf}+;F Lsf] cj:yf cfPsf] s/' f JofVof ul/lbg'xf;] \ .
x rGb|dfsf] of] lj|mof lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mof ePsf] atfpbF } k'gM rGbd| fsf]
snf, cf}+;F L / k"l0fd{ fsf] af/d] f ki| 6 kfb}{ lgisif{ atfOlbgx' f;] \ .

249

x b«i6Jo M o; k|ofu] df elnansf] ;t] f] efunfO{ rGb|dfsf] pHofnf] efu /
sfnf] Knfl:6sn] 9fs]sf] efunfO{ rGb|dfsf] cWof/f] efu;Fu t'ngf ul/Psf] 5
. ;fy} ;]tf] /ªsf] elnan gePdf ;t] f] Knfl:6s jf sk8fsf] cGo /ªnfO{
9fs/] klg ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

-u_ d"Nofªs\ g
x rGbd| fsf] snf eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <
x k[YjLaf6 rGbd| fsf] ;Fw} Pp6} efu dfq bl] vG5, lsg <
x cf+;}F L / k"l0fd{ fnfO{ kl/eflift u/ .
x Pp6f cf+};F Lb]lv csf{] cf}+F;L;Dd cfOkU' g slt lbg nfU5 < of] ;donfO{ s]
elgG5 <
x rGb|df; egs] f] s] xf] <

-5_ yk cWoog ;fduL|

250

-h_ ;Gbe{ ;fduL|

251

PsfO M 22 jftfj/0f / o;sf] ;Gtn' g
cg'dflgt 3G6L M 12 -;}¢flGts 10 ± ko| fu] fTds 2_

1= l;sfO pknlAw

x vfBfGo, af;:yfg, h8La'6L / cGo k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] x¿df dflg;sf] lge/{ tf j0fg{
ug{

x gk] fnsf] ljleGg /fli6«o lgs~' h, cf/If / ;/+ If0f Ifq] sf] ;r" L tof/ kf/L ;ª\lIfKt
kl/ro lbg

x jghªu\ nsf] jt{dfg l:ylt atfO{ To;sf] dxTTTj / cfjZostf j0f{g ug{

x ks| fi7 tyf ljz]if dxTTjsf h8La6' L h:tf jg k}bfjf/sf] ljj/0f tof/ u/L

;/+ lIft jgkb} fj/sf] kl/ro lbg

x kzk' G5Lx¿sf] dxTTj / cfjZostf atfpg tyf nfk] x'g nfus] f kz'kG5Lx¿sf]

;r" L tof/ ug{

x gk] fnsf sx] L ;+/lIft kzk' G5Lx¿sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg
2= ljifoj:t' ljefhg / l;sfO ;fdu|L

lbg ljifoj:t' l;sfO ;fduL|

1= k|fsl[ ts ;Dkbf / o;df dflg; lge/{ x'g] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿ lrq
dflg;sf] lge/{ tf /flvPsf] rf6{ k]k/

2= /fli6«o lgs~' h, cf/If / kl/efiff n]lvPsf] rf6{ / lrq
;+/If0f Ifq]

3= /fli6«o lgs'~h g]kfnsf ljleGg /fli6o« lgs"~' hx¿sf] gS;f /
ToxfF kfOg] dV' o hLjhGt'sf] lrq

4= jGohGt' cf/If gk] fnsf ljleGg jGohGt' cf/Ifx¿sf] gS;f /
ToxfF kfOg] dV' o hLjhGt'sf] lrq

5= ;/+ If0f Ifq] gk] fnsf ljleGg ;+/If0f If]qsf] gS;f / o;sf]
dxTTj emNsg] lrq

6= jghªu\ nsf] jtd{ fg l:ylt jghªu\ n km8fgL ePsf] lrq, tYofªs\ rf6{

7= jghªu\ nsf] dxTTj / ljleGg jghªu\ n / ltgsf] dxTTj ;DaGwL
cfjZostf Plgd];g jf lel8of] jf lrq rf6{

8= ks| fi7 tyf ljz]if dxTTjsf h8La6' Lsf gfdx¿sf] tflnsf

hl8a6' L

9= ;+/lIft jg k}bfj/ s]xL ;+/lIft jgkb} fj/sf] lrqx¿

10= kz'kG5Lx¿sf] dxTTj / Kfz'kG5Lx¿sf] lrq rf6{
cfjZostf

11/ ko| f]ufTds÷kl/ofh] gf÷Ifq] Ifq] e|d0f
12= e|d0f

0

3= ljlzi6 p2]Zo, l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg
lbg 1 kf| s[lts ;|ft] x¿df dflg;sf] lge/{ tf
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x vfBfGg, jf;:yfg, h8La'6L / cGo k|fs[lts ;f| ]tx¿df dflg;sf] lge/{ tfsf] j0fg{
ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1=M dflg;sf] lge{/tf

x ;j{ky| d dflg;n] cfˆgf] hLjgofkg ug{ s] s] s'/f rflxG5 < oL sxfaF f6 kf| Kt
xG' 5g\ < o;sf nflu s:tf s:tf kf| s[lts ;f| ]tsf] ko| fu] x'G5 < dflg; sg' sg'
s/' fdf lge/{ xG' 5g\ < egL kZ| g ug'x{ f;] \ .

x ljBfyLa{ f6 cfPsf pTt/nfO{ l6kf6] ub{} tn plNnlvt ljleGg 5 cf]6f kIfdf
;xdt u/fpgx' f;] \ / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ dflg; lge{/ /xg] log} kf| sl[ ts ;|ft] sf 6
;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . o;/L k|To]s ;dx" nfO{ Ps k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]t lbO{ 5nkmn
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . h:t} M

;d"x A o vfBfGgdf dflg;sf] lge/{ tf
;dx" B o jf;:yfgdf dflg;sf] lge/{ tf
;d"x C o h8La'6Ldf dflg;sf] lge{/tf
;d"x D o xfjfdf dflg;sf] lge{/tf
;d"x E o kfgLdf dflg;sf] lge/{ tf
;d"x F ohldgdf dflg;sf] lge/{ tf

x k|To]s ;d"xdf 5nkmn rnfO;sk] l5 lgrf8] n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / pSt ;d"xsf]
;d"x gt] fnfO{ sIffsf]7f cufl8 cfO{ ;dx" af6 cfPsf] s'/fx¿nfO{ k:| tt' ug{
nufpgx' f;] .

x Pp6f ;d"xn] k|:tt' Ls/0f ul/;sk] l5, cGo ;dx" sf ljBfyL{af6 k|Zg ug{ nufO{
ljBfyL{ / lzIfs b'j}n] 5nkmndf ;xefuL eO{ d"Nofª\sg ugx{' f;] \ .

ljm| ofsnfk 2= k|fsl[ ts ;Dkbf / o;df dflg;sf] lge{/tfsf] ;fduL| k|bz{g .
x lzIfsn] dflg;sf] kf| s[lts ;f| t] x¿df s:tf] lge/{ tf x'G5 eGg] s'/f lrq / rf6{
jf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ugx{' f;] \ / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .

1

;dx" ut ¿kdf k|:tt' ul/Psf] kIfdf 5'6]sf] s/' fx¿ l6kf6] ug{ nufO{ k:| t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / cGtdf ljBfyL{x¿n] k|:t't u/]sf kIfx¿ tyf lrq, lel8ofs] f]
dfWodaf6 kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbf / o;df dflg;sf] lge{/tf ljz]if u/L vfBfGg,
jf;:yfg, h8La'6L, xfjf, kfgL, hldg cflbsf] cfwf/df lgisif{ lbgx' f];\ .
-u_ d"Nofªs\ g
x dflg;x¿ cfˆgf] hLjgofkgsf nflu s'g sg' kf| sl[ ts ;|f]tx¿df lge/{ x'G5g\ <
x s;/L dflg;x¿ ks| l[ tsf ;f| ]tx¿df lge/{ x'G5g\ <
x dflg;sf] hLjg vfBfGg / hldgdf s;/L lge{/ xG' 5 <
x hLjsf nflu xfjf, kfgL / df6f] lsg cfjZos k5{ < k|i6 kf/ .
-3_ kl/ofh] gf sfo{
-c_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO cfˆgf] jl/kl/ kfOg] k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] x¿sf] cWoog u/L tnsf] tflnsfdf
eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
jm| =;= kf| s[lts ;f| ]t ss] f nflu ko| fu] xG' 5 < Jfftfj/0fdf To;n] kfg]{ c;/

1=
2=
3=

-cf_ cfˆgf] jl/kl/ kfOg] k|fs[lts ;f| t] x¿ cWoog u/L To;sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu s] s:tf
sfd ug{ ;lsG5 egL ljBfYfL{sf] /fo nV] g nufO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .

lbg 2 /fli6«o lgs~' h, jGohGt' cf/If / ;/+ If0f If]q
-s_ ljlzi6 p2Z] o

x ljBfyL{x¿ /fli6o« lgs~' h, jGohGt' cf/If / ;+/If0f If]qsf] kl/ro lbg / dxTTj
atfpg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk 1=M hgfj/ kfOg] :yfg / lgs~' h tyf cf/If

x ;j{k|yd ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ u}8F f, af3, cgf{ sxfF kfOG5g\ eGg] k|Zg ug'{xf];\ /
pgLx¿sf] k|ltljm| of cfO;sk] l5 oL hgfj/ kfOg] :yfg / lgs~' h tyf cf/Ifsf]

2

gfdsf] ;r" L tof/ kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ / ;xhLs/0f ug{x' f];\ / o:tf hgfj/ kfOg]
:yfg, lgs'~h tyf cf/Ifsf lrq, tl:j/ jf rf6s{ f] klg k|bzg{ ug'x{ f;] \ .
ljm| ofsnfk 2= /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If / ;+/If0f If]qsf] kl/ro
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If / ;+/If0f Ifq] sf] bt|" nv] g ljlwaf6
n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / kfn}kfnf] eGg nufpgx' f;] \ . ljBfyL{x¿n] k|:t't u/]sf
kl/efiffsf ldNg] s/' fnfO{ ;d6] L ltg cf6] }sf] kl/efiff atfpgx' f];\ .
ljm| ofsnfk 3= /fli6o« lgs~' h, jGohGt' cf/If / ;+/If0f Ifq] sf] dxTTj
x ljBfyLn{ fO{ 6 ;dx" df ljefhg u/L k|To]s 2÷2 ;d"xdf /fli6o« lgs'~h, jGohGt'
cf/If / ;+/If0f Ifq] sf dxTTjsf af/d] f 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ . o;/L 5nkmn
ug{ nufpbF f olb ljBfyLs{ f 3/ glhs sg' } /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If0f jf
;+/If0f If]q ePdf pgLx¿sf] pSt Ifq] sf] ;/+ If0fdf s:tf] e"ldsf /xs] f] 5 eGg]
s/' f klg 5nkmndf ;dfjz] u/fpg'xf;] \ .
;d"x A / F o /fli6o« lgs~' hsf] dxTTj
;dx" B / E o jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] dxTTj
;d"x C / D o ;/+ If0f Ifq] sf] dxTTj
ljBfyL{x¿n] ;d"xdf sfo{ ul/;s] kZrft\ kT| o]s ;dx" sf] lgisif{ atfpg nufpgx' f];\ /
lgs~' h, cf/If / ;/+ If0f If]qsf] lrq jf lel8of] ;lxt dxTTj atfpg'xf;] \ .

-u_ dN" ofªs\ g
x /fli6o« lgs'~h egs] f] s] xf] <
x jGohGt' cf/If eg]sf] s] xf] <
x ;/+ If0f Ifq] egs] f] s] xf] <
x /fli6o« lgs~' hsf] dxTTj j0fg{ u/ .
x jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] dxTTj j0f{g u/ .
x ;/+ If0f If]qsf] dxTTj j0fg{ u/ .

-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{
rf6{ k]k/df gk] fnsf /fli6o« lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If / ;+/If0f Ifq] sf] ;r" L agfpg nufO{
k|To]ssf] dxTj / cfjZostfsf af/]df k|:tt' ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .

3

lbg 3 /fli6o« lgs~' h
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x g]kfnsf /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] ;"rL tof/ kf/L tL lgs~' hx¿sf ljzi] ftfx¿ j0f{g
ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1=M g]kfnsf /fli6«o lgs~' hx¿

x ;jk{ y| d ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ 10 ;d"xdf ljefhg ugx'{ f;] \ . k|Tos] ;d"xnfO{ g]kfnsf
10 dWo] Ps Ps cf6] f /fli6«o lgs'~hsf af/d] f 5nkmn ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ /
k|To]s lgs'~h sxfF cjl:yt 5, dV' o ljzi] ftf s] xf], ToxfF kfOg] d'Vo dV' o
jGohGt' / kz'kG5L s] s] xg' \ tyf /fli6o« lgs'~hsf] If]qkmn slt 5 cflb
af/]df rf6{kk] /df nV] g nufpgx' f;] \ .

x k|To]s ;d"xsf] g]tfnfO{ kfn}kfnf] sIffsf7] f cufl8 cfO{ /fli6o« lgs'~hsf] ljj/0f
k:| tt' ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .

ljm| ofsnfk 2=
x k|To]s ;dx" n] k:| t'tLs/0f ul/;s]kl5 g]kfnsf /fli6«o lgs'~hsf af/]df cfkmn" ]
tof/ u/s] f] rf6{ tyf lel8of] k|:t't ugx{' f;] \ . o; ;DaGwdf ljBfyLs{ f
lh1f;fnfO{ :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf;] \ .

-u_ dN" ofªs\ g
x g]kfnsf /fli6o« lgs'~hx¿sf] gfd eg .
x u8} fsf] nflu kV| oft /fli6o« lgs'~h sg' xf] <
x lrtjg /fli6«o lgs~' hsf ljzi] ftfx¿ j0f{g u/ .
x alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~hsf ljz]iftfx¿ j0fg{ u/ .

-3_ kl/ofh] gf sfo{
x Pp6f rf6{k]k/df g]kfnsf 11 /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] gfd / ljzi] ftf nV] g
nufpg'xf;] \ . jf cfˆgf] 3/ glhs /fli6o« lgs~' h ePdf pSt 7fpsF f h]i7
dflg;x¿;Fu /fli6o« lgs'~hsf ljzi] ftfsf af/]df cGtjft{ f{ lnO{ l/kf]6{ tof/ ug{
nufO{ k:| tt' ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .
x cfˆgf] 3/ glhs} /fli6«o lgs'~h ePdf ed| 0f u/L ToxfsF f] ljz]iftfsf ;r" L;lxt
k|ltjb] g tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

4

lbg 4 jGohGt' cf/If
-s_ ljlzi6 p2Z] o

x g]kfnsf jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] ;r" L tof/ u/L pSt jGohGt' cf/Ifsf ljz]iftf
j0fg{ ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk

lj|mofsnfk 1= jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] kl/ro

x /fli6o lgs'~h / jGohGt' cf/Ifdf s] leGgtf xf]nf < ;fR] g nufO{ ljBfyLn{ fO{
cgej' k:| tt' ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ . leGgtfsf] rf6{ pbfx/0f;lxt ki| 6\ofOlbg'xf;] \ .

x jGo hGt' cf/If sg' p2Z] osf] nflu :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf]nf < k|Zg ;f]Wgx' f];\ /
jGohGt' cf/If hGt' ;/+ If0fsf nflu agfOg] s'/f ki| 6 kfl/lbgx' f;] \ .

ljm| ofsnfk 2 jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] ks| f/

x ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ ljleGg ltg ;dx" df ljefhg ug{'xf];\ . kT| os] ;dx" nfO{ z'Snfkmf6F
jGohGt' cf/If, sf];L6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If / k;f{ jGohGt' cf/If gfdfs/0f u/L
tL jGohGts' f] ljzi] ftf emlNsg] lsl;dsf lrq, kf:] 6/ klg ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ /
5nkmn ug{ nufO{ Gol' Hk|G6kk] /df n]Vg nufpgx' f];\ / ;d"xut ¿kdf k|:tt' ug{
nufpgx' f;] \ .

x ltg cf6] } jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] lel8of] k|bzg{ ugx'{ f;] \ / ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ cjnfs] g ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"ut ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf ljzi] ftfx¿df s'g} 56' ePsf] eP
abF' fx¿ l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ . l6kf6] ul/Psf abF' fx¿ eGg nufpg'xf];\ / ;f/f+z
k:| tt' ug'x{ f];\ .

ljm| ofsnfk 3= l;sfO cf/If

x l;sf/ cf/Ifsf] :yfkgf lsg ul/Psf] xf]nf < g]kfndf o:tf cf/If sxfF sxfF 5g\
< xfd|f] a;f]af; glhs} /x]sf] l;sf/ cf/If sg' xf] < ToxfF s'g sg' hgfj/ kfOG5
< eGg] kZ| g ub{} 5nkmn u/fpg'xf;] \ / ljBfyL{sf pTt/ lnO{ cfjZos
k[i7kfi] f0f;lxt :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf;] \ .

-u_ dN" ofªs\ g

x gk] fndf jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] gfd eg .
x sf;] L 6Kk' jGohGt' cf/Ifsf ljz]iftf j0fg{ u/ .
x 9f]/kf6g l;sf/ cf/Ifsf ljzi] ftf j0fg{ u/ .
-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{

Pp6f rf6{k]k/df gk] fnsf ;a} jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] gfd / ljzi] ftf n]Vg nufpgx' f;] \ .

5

lbg 5 ;+/If0f Ifq]
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x g]kfnsf ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;r" L tof/ kf/L pSt ;+/If0f Ifq] sf ljzi] ftf j0f{g ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk 1=;/+ If0f Ifq] sf] cjwf/0ff

x ;jk{ y| d ljBfyLx{ ¿sf 3/ glhs} olb sg' } ;/+ If0f If]q 5 eg] jf pSt Ifq] sf]
af/]df cWoog u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;f] ;/+ If0f Ifq] sf ljzi] ftf s] s] 5g\ egL ;f]Wg'xf];,\
To:t} ;/+ If0f If]q lsg :yfkgf ul/Psf] xfn] f eGg] kZ| gdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

x 5nkmnsf kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\b} kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]t, jGohLj tyf logLx¿sf] jf;:yfg
;+/If0f ug{], :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿sf] cfly{s, ;f+:sl[ ts tyf wflds{ ;Dkbfsf]
;+/If0f ug{] / pgLx¿nfO{ k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] sf] lbuf] pkof]u tyf ;/+ If0f u/fpg]
clek|fon] ;+/If0f If]q :yfkgf ul/Psf] s'/f :ki6 kfl/lbgx' f;] \ .

ljm| ofsnfk 2= ;/+ If0f If]qsf] kl/ro
x ljBfyLn{ fO{ tkl;nsf] 6 ;dx" df ljefhg u/L kT| os] ;/+ If0f Ifq] sf] cjl:ylt,
If]qkmn, :yfkgf, jGo hGt' tyf jg:klt, dxTTTjsf] If]qsf] cfwf/df 5nkmn ug{
nufO{ k:| t't ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .
;d"x -s_ cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f Ifq]
;d"x -v_ sGrghª3\ f ;/+ If0f Ifq]
;dx" -u_ dgf:n' ;/+ If0f If]q
;dx" -3_ clkgfDkf ;+/If0f If]q
;d"x -ª_ uf/} Lzªs\ / ;/+ If0f If]q
;d"x -r_ si[ 0f;f/ ;/+ If0f Ifq]
x 5cf]6} ;/+ If0f If]qsf] lel8of] k|bzg{ ugx'{ f];\ / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / ;d"xut ¿kdf k|:tt' ul/Psf] ljz]iftfx¿df s'g} 5'6s] f] eP l6kf6]
ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ / eGg nufpgx' f;] \ . cGtdf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;dx" ut ¿kdf k|:t't
u/s] f] / lel8of]sf] cfwf/df ;a} ;+/If0f If]qsf] ljzi] ftf ki| 6 kfg'x{ f];\ .

-u_ d"Nofªs\ g
x ;+/If0f Ifq] sf] :yfkgf lsg ul/Psf] xf] <
x gk] fnsf ;+/If0f If]qsf gfd eg .

6

x clkgfDkf ;/+ If0f If]qsf ljz]iftf j0f{g u/ .
-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{

x rf6{ k]k/df gk] fndf /x]sf ;+/If0f Ifq] sf ljzi] ftfsf] ;r" L tof/ kfg{ nufpgx' f];\ .

lbg 6 jghª\unsf] jt{dfg l:ylt
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x g]kfnsf jghª\unsf] jt{dfg l:ylt j0f{g ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1= jghªu\ nsf] cjwf/0ff

x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDg k|Zg ;f]wL tL kZ| gsf] hjfkm lbg nufpgx' f;] \ .
¾ jghªu\ n eg]sf] s] xf] <
¾ jghª\unaf6 s] s] k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 <
¾ jghª\un ljgfz eP s] s] 36gfx¿ 365\ g\ xfn] f <

x ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] pTt/ cfO;s]kl5 cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ugx'{ f];\ .
ljm| ofsnfk 2= jghª\unsf] jtd{ fg l:ylt

x jghª\unsf] jtd{ fg l:ylt eGg] zLifs{ df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ jSt[Tjsnf k|ltofl] utf
u/fpg'xf;] \ / cGo ljifo -g]kfnL, ;fdflhs jf :jf:Yo,hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f_
sf lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;dt] cfdGq0f u/]/ d"Nofª\sg ug{ nufpgx' f]; .

x jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf ;lsPkl5 jghªu\ nsf] jtd{ fg l:yltsf af/d] f cGo
lzIfsnfO{ klg afN] g lbg'xf;] \ / pSt kl| tof]lutfdf k|yd, låtLo / tt[ Lo xg' ]nfO{
k|wfgfWofkssf] xftaf6 k/' :sf/ ljt/0f ugx{' f];\ .

x jghªu\ nsf] jtd{ fg l:ylt ;DaGwdf jgdGqfno, lhNnf jg sfofn{ oaf6
cBfjlws tYofª\s lnO{ ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ cledv' Ls/0f ;dt] ug'{xf;] \ .

-u_ d"Nofªs\ g
x g]kfndf xfn jghªu\ nn] slt ee" fu cf]u6s] f] 5 <
x jghªu\ naf6 s] s] kmfObfx¿ lng ;lsG5 <
x jghª\un ljgf;sf sf/0fx¿sf] j0f{g u/ .
x jgjª\unsf] jt{dfg l:yltdf af/d] f JofVof u/ .

-3_ kl/ofh] gf sfo{
x jghª\unsf] jt{dfg l:ylt emNsfpg] t:jL/x¿ hDdf u/L rf6{kk] /df 6fF:g
nufpg'xf];\ .

7

lbg 7 jghª\unsf] dxTTj / cfjZostf
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x jghªu\ nsf] dxTTj / cfjZostf j0fg{ ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1=M hªu\ nsf] dxTTj / cfjZostf

x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ugx'{ f];\ / jghª\unsf] dxTTTj /
cfjZostf ;DaGwL cfjZos yk cWoog ;fduL| , kf]:6/, rf6{ ;dx" ut ¿kdf
ljt/0f ugx{' f];\ / dxTTj / cfjZostf tyf kmfObf ;DaGwL aF'bfx¿sf] ;r" L tof/
kfg{ nufpgx' f;] \ .

x ;d"xut ¿kdf tof/ kf/s] f abF' fx¿ k:| tt' ug{ nufpgx' f];\ . Pp6f ;dx" n]
k:| t't u/]kZrft\ cGo ;dx" nfO{ yk dxTTj tyf kmfObfsf a'Fbfx¿ eP k:| t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

x cGtdf jghª\unsf] dxTTj / cfjZostfsf] ;f/nfO{ hª\unL hgfj/sf]
jf:f:yfg, df6fnfO{ ;+/If0f, pTkfbg, clS;hg / sfag{ rjm| , ko6{ g, pBfu] cflb
kIfsf] cfwf/df k:| tt' ug{'xf;] \ .

-u_ d"Nofª\sg
x jghª\unsf] s] dxTTj 5 <
x hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf jg hª\unsf] s] el" dsf x'G5 <

-3_ kl/ofh] gf sfo{
Pp6f rf6{ kk] /df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿ sd ug{ jg hª\unn] s:tf] e"ldsf v]Ng
;S5 eGg] s/' f :ki6 bl;{g] u/L lrq sf]g{ nufpg'xf;] \ .

lbg 8 ks| fi7 / ljz]if dxTTjsf h8La'6L
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x k|sfi7 / hl8a'6Lsf] kl/ro lbg
x ks| fi7 / ljz]if dxTTjsf hl8a6' Lsf ;"rL tof/ kfg{
x ks| fi7 / hl8a'6Lsf] dxTTj j0f{g ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk

8

ljm| ofsnfk 1= ks| fi7 la?jfx¿
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|sfi7 la?jfx¿ eg]sf s] x'g\ < xfd|f jl/kl/ s:tf s:tf k|sfi7
la?jfx¿ kfOG5g\ < egL ;f]Wgx' f];\ / tL la?jfx¿sf] zI} fl0fs kf6Ldf gfd l6kf]6
u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .
x s]xL k|sfi7 la?jfx¿ -;fn, l;;f+,} hfd'g, ;fh, x/f,]{ a/f],{ afFem, kmnf6F , s6';,
rfFk, cfv] /, lrnfpg, l7uF /' ] ;Nnf], efh] kq cflb_ sf] lrq rf6{ jf lel8of] kb| zg{
ugx'{ f;] \ / ltgLx¿sf] dxTTjsf] af/d] f 5nkmn u/fpg'xf;] \ .
x dfly plNnlvt ks| fi7 la?jfx¿ gk] fnsf] sg' s'g :yfg -lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{_
kfOG5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] ;d]t klxrfg ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ / cfjZos k[i7kfi] f0f
lbgx' f];\ .

ljm| ofsnfk 2= hl8a6' Lx¿
x s:tf la?jfx¿nfO{ h8La6' L elgG5 eg/] kZ| g ug{x' f;] \ . gk] fndf kfOg] h8La'6L
/ ltgsf] dxTTjsf af/d] f sfkLdf nv] L k:| tt' ug{ nufpgx' f];\ / ;f] ;DaGwdf
sIffdf 5nkmn u/L gk] fndf t/fO,{ kxf8, lxdfndf kfOg] k|sfi7 la?jfx¿ /
h8La6' Lx¿sf] dxTTj af/d] f 5nkmn u/fpg'xf;] \ .
x s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ hl8a'6Lx¿ M x/f]{, a/f]{, ;k{uGwf, kbdrfn, h6fd;L, of;f{uD' a,'
kfrF cf}n,] Eofs/' cflbsf] lel8of] jf lrq bv] fpg'xf;] \ / ltgLx¿ kfOg] :yfg /
dxTTj k|i6o\ fOlbg'xf;] \ .

-u_ dN" ofª\sg
x gk] fndf kfOg] s'g} kfFr k|sfi7 la?jfsf] gfd eg .
x g]kfnsf] t/fO,{ kxf8 / lxdfndf kfOg] h8La'6Lsf] ;r" L tof/ kf/ .

-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{
x ljBfyLx{ ¿ a;s] f] 7fpFdf j/k/ s:tf af6] la?jf 5g\ < tL af]6la?jfx¿ s] s]
sfddf nflu ko| f]u eO/x]sf 5g\ < eGg] s/' fsf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ pSt
la?jfsf] gfd / k|of]usf] ;r" L tof/ kfg{ nufpgx' f;] \ .
x ltdL a;s] f] 7fpFdf s:tf h8La'6Lx¿ kfOG5, tL h8La'6Lx¿ s] s:tf cfi} fwLsf
¿kdf ko| f]u ul/G5 < eGg] s'/f cfk"meGbf 7n' f dfG5;] Fu ;fW] g nufO{ ;r" L tof/
kfg{ nufO{ lrq;lxt dxTTj k|:t't ug{ nufpgx' f];\ .

9

lbg 9 ;+/lIft jg kb} fj/
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x jg k}bfj/sf] ljj/0f tof/ u/L ;+/lIft jg k}bfj/sf] kl/ro lbg
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1= jg k}bfjf/x¿

x ;j{k|yd ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ jg kb} fjf/sf] ljj/0f tof/ kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n]
agfPsf ;"rLdf bn' e{ hLj / jg:klt sg' s'g 5g\ < bn' e{ hLj / jg:klt
eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < o; If]qdf kfOg] b'ne{ hLj / jg:klt s] s] xg' \ < h:tf
k|Zg ug{'xf;] \ / 5nkmn u/fpb} cfjZos ki[ 7kf]if0f lbgx' f];\ .

x jg:kltsf] ;ª\Vof s:tf] cj:yfdf bn' {e ePsf] dflgG5 < k|Zgdf 5nkmn
u/fpg'xf;] \ . hfFk, h6fd;L, of;fu{ D' a,' kfFrcf}n], s'6s\ L, ;k{uGwf cflb
jg:kltnfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lnP/ bn' {e jg:kltsf] cjwf/0ff ki| 6 kfgx{' f];\ .

lj|mofsnfk 2= kzk' G5Lx¿
x gk] fndf ljleGg kzk' G5Lx¿ bn' e{ x'gsf sf/0f s] s] x'g ;S5g\ < o;sf]
;/+ If0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ .
x b'ne{ kzk' G5Lx¿sf] lrq jf lel8of] kb| zg{ ug'x{ f;] \ / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cjnf]sg
u/fpg'xf];\ .
x lel8of] jf lrqsf] cjnfs] g kZrft\ ljBfyL{x¿n] l6kf6] u/]sf kIfx¿ k|:t't ug{
nufpgx' f;] \ / cfjZos yk k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf;] \ .

-u_ d"Nofªs\ g
x b'ne{ hLj / jg:klt eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
x g]kfndf sg' } 3÷3 b'ne{ hLj / jg:kltsf] gfd eg .
x ;+/lIft jg kb} fj/df s:tf jg:kltx¿ kb{5g\ <

-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{
x rf6k{ ]k/df g]kfndf ;+/lIft jg kb} fj/sf] ;r" L tof/ u/L sIffsf]7fdf 6f:F g
nufpgx' f;] \ .

x cfˆgf] 3/ glhssf] jg;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{nodf uP/ ToxfF kfOg] jg
kb} fj/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kf/L tLdWo] s'g rflx nf]kfG] d'v 5 klxrfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

10

lbg 10 kz'kG5Lx¿sf] dxTTj / cfjZostf, nf]k xg' nfus] f kz'kG5Lx¿
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x kzk' G5Lx¿sf] jt{dfg l:ylt, dxTTj / cfjZotf atfpg
x nfk] x'g nfus] f kzk' G5Lx¿sf] kl/ro lbg / dxTTj atfpg
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1= kzk' G5Lsf] jtd{ fg l:ylt, dxTTj / cfjZotf atfpg .

x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kzk' G5Lx¿sf] jtd{ fg l:ylt, dxTTj / cfjZostf ;DaGwdf
;f]Rg,] hf8] L agfpg] / cge' j cfbfgkb| fg ug]{ tl/sf k|ofu] ug'x{ f];\ .

x JolStut ¿kdf ;fl] rPsf] s'/fnfO{ hf8] Ldf cge' j cfbfgk|bfg kZrft\ kT| o]s
hf]8Laf6 kzk' G5Lsf] jtd{ fg l:ylt, dxTj / cfjZostf ;DaGwdf abF' fut ¿kdf
k:| t't ug{ nufpgx' f];\ . hf8] Laf6 k:| t't ePsf a'Fbfx¿nfO{ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf l6Kb}
hfgx' f;] \ .

x Ps hf]8Laf6 k|:t't ePsf] s/' f cGo hf8] LnfO{ gbf]l/g] u/L cGo ab'F fx¿ eGg
nufpg'xf;] \ .

x cGtdf ;a} hf]8Laf6 k:| tt' ePsf abF' fx¿sf] cfwf/df kzk' G5Lsf] jtd{ fg
l:ylt, dxTTTj tyf cfjZostf ;DaGwdf jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng, bz] sf] cflys{
ljsf;, ko6{ g ljsf; tyf /f]huf/Ldf kzk' G5Lx¿sf] dxTTTj af/] yk k[i7kf]if0f
lbgx' f;] \ .

x ;j{kyd ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ gk] fndf nfk] xg' nfu]sf kz'kG5Lx¿sf] gfd eGg
nufpgx' f];\ .

ljm| ofsnfk 2= nfk] xg' nfus] f kzG' 5Lx¿sf] kl/ro / dxTTj

x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tkl;nsf] 6 ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L k|To]s ;dx" nfO{ Ps Ps kz' jf
kG5Lsf ljz]iftf / nfk] x'gs' f sf/0f 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

;dx" A o Ps l;ª\u] u}+F8f ;dx" B o kf6] af3

;dx" C o xfQL ;d"x D o xfa|] -kfG8f_

;dx" E o clhªu\ / ;d"x F o 7n' f] wg];

x kT| o]s ;d"xnfO{ cfcfkm\gf] ;dx" sf] k|:t'lt ug{ nufpgx' f];\ / lzIfsn] cfjZos
ki[ 7kf]if0f lbgx' f;] \ .

11

x ljZj / g]kfndf bn' e{ / nf]k x'g nfu]sf hLjsf] lrq b]vfO{ ltgLx¿sf] dxTTj
bzfO{ lbgx' f];\ . nfk] x'g nfUgfsf sf/0f s] s] xG' 5g\ eGg nufO{ :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf;] \
.

x nfk] fG] d'v kz'kGIfLsf] ;+/If0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] ;DaGwdf ;dx" ut
5nkmn u/fO{ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ . ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿
;DaGwdf tof/ ul/Psf] rf6{ k|:t't u/L :ki6 kfl/lbgx' f]; .

-u_ dN" ofªs\ g

x gk] fndf kzk' G5Lx¿sf] jt{dfg l:ylt s:tf] 5 <

x kzk' G5Lx¿sf] cfjZostf / dxTTj s] 5 <

x ko{6g ljsf;df kz'kG5Lx¿sf] s] el" dsf x'G5 <

-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{

x g]kfndf kfOg] s]xL kzk' G5Lx¿sf] tl:j/ ;ª\sng u/L rf6{k]k/df 6fF:g
nufpgx' f;] \ / pSt kzkG5Lx¿sf] tl:j/dl' g ltgLx¿sf] gfd, af;:yfg / dxTTj
n]Vg nufpg'xf;] .

lbg 11 / 12 If]q ed| 0f

-s_ ljlzi6 p2Z] o

x ljBfno glhs}sf] jghªu\ n, lgs'~h jf ;/If0f If]q jf lrl8ofvfgfsf] ed| 0f
u/L jGohGt', kzk' G5L, jgkb} fjf/sf] cjnf]sg ug{ / jtd{ fg l:ylt, kmfObf /

;/+ If0fsf pkfox¿ Kf|:tt' ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk 1=M :ynut cWoog ed| 0f

x k|ofu] fTds sfos{ f nflu cfkm\gf] a;f]af; Ifq] sf kz'kG5Lx¿sf] cj:yf cWoogsf

nflu ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIfsn] If]q e|d0f u/fpg'xf;] \ / ;f] sf] k|ltjb] g kz] ug{
nufpgx' f;] \ .

gf]6 M If]q ed| 0f u/fpFbf lzIfsn] If]q klxrfg, pSt If]qdf kfOg] jGohGt,'
kz'kG5L, jgk}bfjf/, h8La6' Lsf] kj" { hfgsf/L, ljBfyL{x¿n] ug'k{ g{] sfo{x¿ -;d"x
ljefhg, l6kf]6 ug{] s'/fx¿, cjnf]sg ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fx¿_, k|ltjb] gdf
;dl] 6gk' g{] kIfx¿, cjnfs] g ug]{ ;do, kmls{g] ;do, sIffdf k:| tt' ug]{

s/' fx¿sf] af/d] f hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
-u_ dN" ofªs\ g

x s] s] s'/fx¿sf] cjnf]sg ul/of] <

x cjnfs] g ul/Psf j:t'x¿sf] l:ylt s] s] /x]5 <

12

x cjnf]sg ul/Psf j:t'x¿sf] dxTTTj s] 5 <
x cjnf]sg ul/Psf j:t'sf] ;/+ If0f ug{ s] ug{'knf{ <
x If]q e|d0faf6 s] s] s/' fx¿ l;lsof] <
-3_ kl/ofh] gf sfo{
rf6k{ ]k/] df g]kfndf nf]k xg' nfus] f kzk' G5Lx¿sf] lrq agfO{ sIffsf]7fsf leTtfdf 6fF:g
nufpgx' f;] \ .
-ª_ k|fljlws zAbfjnL

x Timber Plant: Trees that are grown in order to produce wood.
x Rare plants and animals: Those species whose number or frequently is

less or in under threat of danger in comparision of others.
x Endangered species: A species at risk of extinction because of human

activity, changes in climate, changes in predator-prey rations, etc,
especially when officially designed as such by a governmental
agency(www.dictionary.com)

-r_ yk cWoog ;fduL|
x dflg; xfjf, kfgL, jf;:yfg / vfBfGgsf nflu k|fs[lts ;f| ]tdf lge/{ /xG5g\ .
x k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;fy} hLjhGt', jg:kltsf] ;/+ If0f ugs{ f nflu /fli6«o
lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If, l;sf/ cf/If tyf ;+/If0f If]qx¿ agfOPsf 5g\ .
x g]kfndf xfn;Dd 10 cf6] f /fli6o« lgs'~h, ltg cf]6f jGohGt' cf/If, Ps l;sf/
cf/If / 6 cf6] f ;+/If0f Ifq] :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ .
x jghª\unaf6 3f“;kft, sf7, bfp/f, h8La'6L cflb kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .
x gk] fnsf] t/fOd{ f ;fn, l;;f,} vo/, l;dn tyf kxf8df rf“k, s6;' , lrnfpg,]
cfv] / / lxdfnL efudf /fO{ ;Nnf], l7ª\u'/] ;Nnf], ef]hkq cflb kfOG5 .
x g]kfnsf] lxdfnL efudf kf“rcfn}+ ], kbd\ rfn, h6fd;L, of;fu{ D' af cflb hl8a'6L
kfOG5 .
x jf;:yfg ljgfzn] ubf{ af3, u+}8F f, xfTtL, lxp“ lrt'jf, clhªu\ /, wg];, lu4 cflb
kzk' GIfL nfk] fG] dv' ags] f 5g\ .
x gk] fndf 27 :tgwf/L, 9 kG5L / 3 hfltsf 3;|g] hGtn' fO{ ;/+ lIft ;"rLdf
/flvPsf] 5 .
x g]kfndf zS' nfkmfF6f jGohGt' cf/IfnfO{ z'SnfkmfF6f /fli6o« lgs~' hdf kl/jtg{
u/]kl5 /fli6o« lgs~' h 11 / jGohGt' cf/If 2 cf6] f ePsf 5g\ .

13

Causes of Rareness of Species :

a. llegal collection of plants along with poaching and hunting of the
animals for trading the medicinal herbs, furs, horns, hyde , etc.

b. Overuse and maximum utilization of the rare species without any
consideration for the future.

c. Loss of favorable habitats for both the plants andanimals due to
continual deforestation by humans.

d. Lack of effective formulation of strategies, plans and policies.

e. Illiteracy among the local people leading to lack of public
participation regarding the conservation ofthe rare species of animals
and plants.

f. Destruction of the habitat of various species by forest fire or natural
disasters such as flood,landslide, slumps, etc.

Rare Plants of Nepal

The plants considered rare in Nepal are Golden Michelia or Champ, Spike
Nard or Jatamasi, Serpentina or Sarpagandha, Himalayan Yew or Lautha Salla,
Panch Aunle and Yarsagumba (a type of caterpillar fungus which is one of the
most expensive insect-herbs that is used for medical field).

x Endagered mammals in Nepal

S.N. Common name Nepali Name Scientific Name

1 Red Panda Habre Ailurus fulgens

2 Snow Leopard Hiu Chituwa Panthera uncial
Panthera Tigris Tigris
3 Bengal Tiger Bhagh

4 One horned Gaida Rhinoceros unicornis
Rhinoceros

5 Himalayan Musk Kasturi Mriga Moschus
Deer chrysogaster
leucogaster

6 Dolphin Sons Delphinus Delphis

14

7 Swamp Deer Barahsigae Rucervus duvaucelii

8 Asiatic Elephant Jangali Hatti Elephas maximus

9 Four horned Chauka Tetracerus
Antelope quadricornis

10 Black Buck Krishna Shar Antilope cervicapra

11 Indian Pangolin Salak Manis crassicaudata

12 Chinese Pangolin Salak Manis pentadactyla

13 Assamese Asami Rato Bandar Macaca assamensis
Monkey

14 Grey Wolf Bwaso Canis lupus

15 Brown Bear Himali Rato Bhallu Ursus arctos

16 Spotted Linsang Lingsang Prionodon pardicolor
Hodgson

17 Striped Hyaena Hudar Hyaena hyaena

18 Leopard Cat Chari Bagh Prionailurus
bengalensis

19 Clouded Leopard Bwaso Chituwa Neofelis nebulosa

20 Lynx Lings Felis lynx

21 Gaur Bison Gauri Gai Bos Gaurus

22 Wild Yalk Jangali Chauri Bos
grunniens and Bos
mutus

23 Wild Water Arna Bubalus arnee (B.
Buffalo bubalis)

24 Tibetan Antelope Chiru Pantholops hodgsonii

15

25 Great Tibetan Nayan Tibetan argali sheep
Sheep Caprolagus hispidus
Porcula salvania
26 Hispid Hare Sespod Kharayo

27 Pigmy Hog Pudke Bandel

;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM study.com/.../conservationists-vs-preservati...

www.imnepal.com/list-of-endangered-anim

16

PsfO M 23 jftfj/0fLo x|f; tyf o;sf] ;+/If0f

cg'dflgt 3G6L M 15 -;¢} flGts 12 ± k|of]ufTds 3 _

1= l;sfO pknlAw

x jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f -jfo', hn, hldg, Wjlg_ / o;sf c;/x¿ JofVof ug{

x xl/tu[x k|efjsf] JofVof ug{ / o;n] ubf{ xg' ] tfkjm| d jl[ 4 / jftfj/0fdf kg{]
c;/sf] j0f{g ug{

x hnjfo' kl/jt{g, o;sf c;/x¿ / ke| fj Go"gLs/0fsf nflu :yfgLo :t/df ug{
;Sg] ko| f;x¿ klxrfg ug{

x cDnLo jiff{ xg' ] sf/0f / o;sf c;/af/] JofVof ug{

x jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f ug]{ pkfox¿ JofVof ug{

x k|sfk] sf lsl;dsf ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg / sf/0fx¿ atfpg

x hfl] vd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox¿ atfpg / k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ JofVof
ug{

x /fli6«o k|s[lt ;/+ If0f sf]if (NTNC), cfO=o"=l;=Pg (IUCN), ljZj jGohGt' sfi] f
(WWF), ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ Lo jftfj/0f sfo{jm| d (UNEP) / Ol;df8] (ICIMOD) sf]
;fdfGo kl/ro / e"ldsf atfpg

2= ljifoj:t' ljefhg / l;sfO ;fduL|

lbg ljifoj:t' l;sfO ;fduL|

1 jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0f ljleGg kb| "if0fsf lrqx¿, lel8of]

2 jfo' kb| i" f0f tyf o;sf] sf/0f / jfo' kb| i" f0f / o;sf] c;/ b]vfOPsf] lrq,
c;/ lel8of]

3 hn k|b"if0f tyf o;sf] sf/0f / k|b'lift gbL, gfnfsf] lrq, lel8of]

c;/

4 hldg kb| i" f0f tyf o;sf] sf/0f ;x/df uf8L u'l8/x]sf,] pBfu] , snsf/vfgf
/ c;/ cflbsf] lrq, jf hldg k|b"if0fsf] lel8of]

5= Wjlg kb| "if0f tyf o;sf] sf/0f / Wjlg k|b'if0f bv] fpg] lrq, lel8of]
c;/

6 xl/tux[ k|efj xl/tu[x, g;/{ Lsf lrq, xl/tu[x ;DaGwL lel8of]

7 hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf o;sf] rf6,{ lrq, lel8ofx] ¿
sf/0f / c;/

8 cDnLo jiff{ cDnLo jiff{sf] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof nv] s] f] rf6{

0

k]k/

9 jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f emNsfpg] lrqx¿

10 ks| f]k tyf o;sf] sf/0f / c;/ k|sf]k emNsfpg] lrqx¿, lel8of]

11 ks| fk] sf] hfl] dv Go"gLs/0f jI[ f/f]k0f ul//xs] f] lrq

Joj:yfkg pkfox¿

12 /fli6«o ks| l[ t ;+/If0f sf]if ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf af| l] ;o/
(NTNC), cfO{=o=" ;L=Pg= (IUCN)

13 ljZjjGohGt' sf]if (WWF), ;+oS' t ;DalGwt ;:+ yfsf a|fl] ;o/
;ª3\ jftfj/0fLo sfo{qmd
(UNEP) / Ol;df]8 (ICIMOD)

14 Jfftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f Kfo| fu] fTds sfo{, kl/ofh] gf sfo{, Ifq] e|d0f

15 xl/tu[x k|efj, hnjfo' kl/jt{g Kf|ofu] fTds sfo,{ kl/of]hgf sfo{, If]q ed| 0f
cDnLo jiff{ / ks| fk] Joj:yfkg

3= ljlzi6 p2]Zo, l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofªs\ g
lbg M 1 jftfj/0fLo kb| "if0f

-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0fsf] kl/efiff lbg / sf/0f atfpg

x dfgjLo ljm| ofsnfkaf6 jftfj/0fdf kg{] c;/ atfpg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk

ljm| ofsnfk 1=M jftfj/0f kb| i" f0fsf] kl/ro / sf/0fx¿

x jftfj/0f eg]sf] s] xf] < k|Zgsf] b|t' nv] g ljlwsf] ko| f]u u/L k|ltlj|mof lbg
nufpgx' f;] \ . j/k/sf /xs] f ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'x¿sf] cGt/;DaGwsf] cfwf/df
jftfj/0fsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

x ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f ;DaGwL ljleGg cj:yfx¿sf] lrq k:| tt' ub}{
5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ .

x ljBfyL{sf pTt/df 5nkmn u/fO{ cfˆgf 3/, l5ds] df s] s:tf sf/0fn]
jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0f xG' 5 eGg] s/' f sfkLdf l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .

x jftfj/0f kb| i" f0fsf ks| f/ klxrfg ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ . h'g ljBfyL{x¿n] jftfj/0f
k|bi" f0fsf ks| f/ ;a}eGbf a9L atfpg ;S5 p;nfO{ wGojfb lbgx' f];\ / jftfj/0f
k|bi" f0fsf ks| f/df ;fdfGotof jfo,' hn, Wjlg, hldg k5g{ \ egL lgisif{ lbgx' f;] \ .

ljm| ofsnfk 2= jftfj/0f k|bi" f0f /fs] yfddf ljBfyL{sf] e"ldsf

1

x ljm| ofsnfk 1 df ul/Psf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0fsf] kl/efiff
tof/ kfg{ nufpg'xf;] \ .

x tTkZrft cfkmn" ] tof/ kf/]sf] rf6{ 6f;F L 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ . ;lrq kb| "if0fsf
sf/0fx¿ n]lvPsf] rf6{ 6f;F L s] eO/xs] f] 5, JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ . ;fy} o:tf
k|bi" f0f /fs] yfdsf nflu ljBfyL{sf] e"ldsf jf lhDd]jf/L s] x'g ;S5g\ To; af/]df
klg 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

x dflg;sf] ljm| ofsnfkaf6 jftfj/0fdf kg]{ c;/nfO{ a]Gr jf 6]anut ¿kdf
5nkmn u/fO{ kT| o]s aG] r jf 6a] naf6 Ps Ps c;/ atfpg nufpg'xf;] \ /
ljBfyLn{ ] egs] f abF' fx¿nfO{ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf nV] b} hfgx' f;] \ / cGtdf yk
ki[ 7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

-u_ dN" ofªs\ g
x jftfj/0f kb| i" f0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
x jftfj/0f kb| "if0fsf sg' } kfrF sf/0fx¿ eg .
x jftfj/0f kb| i" f0fdf /f]Sg cfkm"n] vN] g ;Sg] el' dsf s] xg' ;S5, atfpm .
x dflg;sf] lj|mofsnfkaf6 jftfj/0fdf s:tf] c;/ k5{ <

-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l5ds] Lx¿sf] ljm| ofsnfkn] s;/L jftfj/0fLo kb| "if0fnfO{ ;3fp k¥' ofPsf] 5
cWoog u/L nV] g nufpgx' f;] \ / To;sf] ;/+ If0f ug{] pkfo / cfkmg\ f] el" dsf klg ;dfj]z
u/L kl| tj]bg tof/ kfg{ nufpg'xf;] \ .
-ª_ k|fljlws zAb
Biomass :A source of fuel made from living and recently-dead plant materials

such as wood, leaves and the biodegradable part of industrial and municipal waste
(http://www.epa.ie)

2

lbg M 2 jfo' kb| i" f0f
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x jfo' k|b"if0fsf] kl/ro lbg
x jfo' kb| "if0fsf sf/0f / c;/x¿ JofVof ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk 1= jfo' kb| i" f0fsf] kl/ro
x jfo' kb| i" f0f emlNsg] t:jL/ jf lrqx¿ bv] fpbF } ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ jfo' kb| "if0f egs] f]

s] xf] egL k|Zg ug{'xf;] \ / pgLx¿sf] pTt/ cfPkl5 cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f
ul/lbg'xf;] \ . ;Dej ePsf] cj:yfdf jfo' kb| 'z0f ;DaGwL pkoS' t lel8of] klg
kb| zg{ ug'xf;] \ .
ljm| ofsnfk 2= jfo' k|bi" f0fsf sf/0fx¿
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;dx" df ljefhg u/L lrq jf lel8of] cjnfs] g ug{ nufO{ jfo'
kb| "if0fsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ < 5nkmn ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ / ;"rL tof/ kfg{
nufpg'xf];\ .
x lrqsf] cWoog ug]{ j|mddf To;sf cfwf/df ljleGg kZ| g ub{} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ jfo'
k|bi" f0fsf sf/0f eGg nufpgx' f;] \ ;fy} lzIfsn] klg jfo' k|bi" f0fsf sf/0f :ki6
kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk 3= jfo' k|b"if0fsf c;/x¿
x ufpF / ;x/df s;/L dflg;x¿nfO{ jfo' kb| "if0fn] c;/ kf/s] f] xG' 5 ;f]Rg
nufpg'xf;] \ .
x jfo' kb| "if0fsf c;/x¿sf] rf6{ k|:t't u/L ljBfyLs{ f] ;xofu] df k|Tos] aF'bfsf]
JofVof ug{ nufpgx' f];\ .
-u_ dN" ofªs\ g
x jfo' kb| "if0f eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <
x jfo' k|bi" f0fsf s'g} kfrF sf/0fx¿ atfpm .
x jfo' kb| i" f0faf6 xg' ] ltg c;/x¿ atfpm .
-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{
cfˆgf] 3/ j/k/ s] s:tf ljm| ofsnfkn] jfo' k|bi" f0f u/fO/{ x]sf 5g\ egL n]Vg
nufpgx' f];\ / To;sf nflu cfkmg\ f] e"ldsf;lxt ;dfwfgsf pkfo klg klxNofpg
nufpgx' f];\ .

0

-ª_ kf| ljlws zAbfjnL

Acid Rain
Percipitation, as rain, snow, or sleet, containing relatively high concentration of
acid-forming chemicals,as the pollutants from coalsmoke,chemical
manufacturing,and smelting,that have been released into the atmosphere and
combined with water vapor:harmful to the environment
(www.dictionary.com).

lbg M 3 hn k|b"if0f

-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo
x hn kb| "if0fsf] kl/efiff lbg
x hn kb| "if0fsf sf/0f / c;/x¿ af/] JofVof ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk 1 hn k|b"if0fsf] kl/efiff

x k|b"lift gbL, kfv] /L, tfn ePsf ljleGg lrqx¿ 6fF:g'xf]; . ljBfyLn{ fO{ o:tf lrq
x]g{ nufO{ hn k|bi" f0fsf] kl/ro lbg nufpgx' f;] \ .

x xflgsf/sf j:t'x¿ kfgLsf] ;|ft] df ldl;Fbf kfgLsf] jf:tljs u'0fdf k|lts"n c;/
k/L To;sf] ljBdfg l:yltdf kl/jt{g x'G5, To;nfO{ g} hn k|bi" f0f elgG5 egL
hn k|bi" f0fsf] cjwf/0ff k|i6\ofpg'xf;] \ .

lj|mofsnfk 2= hn kb| i" f0fsf sf/0fx¿
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO 4 ;d"xdf ljefhg ugx' f];\ / cfkm"n] yfxf kfPsf] / cl3Nnf]
5nkmnaf6 hfgsf/L eP cg';f/ hn k|bi" f0fsf ljleGg sf/0fx¿sf ;r" L tof/
kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ / kT| o]s ;d"xaf6 k:| t't u/fpgx' f];\ .
x hn k|b"if0fsf] lrq rf6{ jf lel8of] kb| z{g ug{x' f;] \ / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{
nufpgx' f;] \ . ;dx" ut ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] hn kb| i" f0fsf sf/0fx¿sf] ;r" Ldf
pNnv] ul/Psf afxs] yk sf/0fx¿ atfpg nufpgx' f];\ /

lj|mofsnfk 3M hn kb| "if0faf6 kf| 0fLnfO{ kf/]sf] c;/

1

x hn k|b"if0fn] af6] la?jf, hnLo k|f0fLnfO{ s;/L c;/ k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 dl:tis
dGyg u/fpgx' f];\ / ljBfyL{n] k:| tt' u/s] f s'/fx¿ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf nV] b} hfgx' f];\
.

x hn kb| "if0fsf] c;/ dflg;df, af]6la?jfdf / hnLo k|f0fLdf s:tf] x'G5 eGg]
;Gbe{df tof/ kfl/Psf] lrq, rf6{ jf lel8of] k|bzg{ ub}{ hn kb| i" f0fs]f c;/sf
af/]df lgisif{df kU' g'xf;] \ .

-u_ dN" ofª\sg
x hn k|b"if0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
x hn k|bi" f0fsf s'g} kfFr sf/0fx¿ n]v .
x hn k|bi" f0faf6 dflg;df x'g] c;/x¿ atfpm .

-3_ kl/ofh] gf sfo{
cfˆgf] 3/ glhs /xs] f gbL, gfnf, vf]nf cflb s] sf/0fn] kb| l' ift ePsf 5g\ o; af/d] f
kl/jf/sf] ;xof]udf cjnf]sg tyf vfh] u/L ;'wf/sf nflu cfkmg\ f] / kl/jf/sf] e"ldsfsf]
af/]df k:| t't ug{ nufpgx' f]; .

lbg M 4 hldg kb| i" f0f -e-" kb| "if0f_
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x hldg kb| "if0fsf] kl/ro lbg
x hldg k|bi" f0fsf sf/0f / c;/x¿sf] klxrfg tyf JofVof ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1=M e"-k|bi" f0f jf hldg k|bi" f0fsf] kl/ro
x e-" k|b"if0f jf hldg kb| "if0fsf lrq, kf:] 6/ tyf lel8of] k|bz{g ugx"{ f];\ .
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ JolStut ¿kdf lrq, kf]:6/ / lel8of] cjnf]sg u/L hldg

k|bi" f0fsf] kl/ro / sf/0fx¿nfO{ aF'bfut ¿kdf nV] g nufpg'xf];\ .
x k|To]s ljBfyLn{ fO{ l6kf]6 ul/Psf] a'bF fx¿ k|:tt' ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
x ab'F fx¿ k:| tt' ubf{ Pshgf ljBfyLn{ ] k:| t't u/s] f] abF' f gbfl] /g] u/L eGg

nufpg'xf];\ / zI} fl0fs kf6Ldf nV] b} hfg'xf;] \ / cGtdf ljBfyL{x¿n] pNn]v u/s] f]
hldg k|b"if0fsf] kl/ro / sf/0fx¿nfO{ ;d]6L lgisif{ lbgx' f;] \ .

2

ljm| ofsnfk 2=M e"-kb| i" f0f jf hldg kb| "if0fsf c;/x¿

x lrqdf bv] fO{P cg';f/ e"-kb| i" f0fsf c;/x¿ s] s] xG' 5g\ < ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{
;dx" ut 5nkmn ug{ nufO{ cfjZos ki[ 7kfi] f0f lbgx' f;] \ .

x hldg cyft{ \ e" k|bi" f0fn] kf/s] f c;/x¿ ;DaGwL >JobZ[ o ;fduL| k|:t't ugx{' f];\
/ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbgx' f];\ .

-u_ dN" ofª\sg
x hldg kb| i" f0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
x hldg k|bi" f0fsf sg' } kfrF sf/0fx¿ eg .
x hldg k|bi" f0fsf s'g} tLg c;/x¿ atfpm .

-3_ kl/ofh] gf sfo{
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljBfno jf 3/ glhs}sf] sg' } Ifq] df ePsf] hldg kb| i" f0f / To;n] kf/]sf]
c;/sf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ sf/0f / c;/x¿ ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:tt'
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lbg M 5 Wjlg k|bi" f0f
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x Wjlg k|bi" f0fsf] kl/ro lbg
x Wjlg kb| i" f0fsf sf/0f / c;/x¿sf] JofVof ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1 Wjlg kb| "if0fsf] kl/ro
x pBf]u, snsf/vfgf, ;x/df uf8L ul' 8/x]sf] ;8ssf] lrqx¿ k|bz{g ugx{' f];\ /

To:t} l:ks/, ;fpG8 aS; cflb k|ofu] ePsf] lrq bv] fpbF } Wjlg k|b"if0f eg]sf] s]
xf] egL k|Zg ugx'{ f];\ / ljBfyL{sf pTt/ l6kf6] u/L cfjZos ki[ 7kfi] f0f lbgx' f;] \ .
Wjlg k|b"if0fsf] kl/efiff n]lvPsf] rf6{ k|:t't u/L 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ .
ljm| ofsnfk 2= M Wjlg k|bi" f0fsf] sf/0f
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lj|mofsnfk Psdf lbOPsf] zI} fl0fs ;fdu|L / pgLx¿sf]
cg'ejx¿sf] Wjlg kb| "if0fsf sf/0fx¿ af/d] f ;d"x sfo{ u/fpgx' f];\ / ;d"xut
k|:t'ltkl5 o;af/]df n]lvPsf] rf6{ k|:t't u/L lgisif{ atfOlbgx' f;] \ .
lj|mofsnfk 3= Wjlg k|bi" f0fsf c;x¿
x sIffdf OG6/g]6af6 8fpgnf]8 ul/Psf] Wjlg k|bi" f0faf6 xg' ] c;/ ;DaGwL lel8of]
kb| z{g ug'xf;] \ . jf df]afOn jf Sof;6] o:t} l8efO;sf] k|ofu] af6 ljleGg
lsl;dsf Wjlgx¿ ;'gfpgx' f];\ . h:t} rsf,]{ 7'nf] lbSs nfUg] lsl;dsf Wjlgx¿ .
h;sf dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{ :jodn\ ] Wjlg kb| "if0fn] k'¥ofpg] xflgsf] dx;;' ug{
;sg' \ .

3

x tTkZrft Wjlg kb| i" f0faf6 dflg;nfO{ xg' ] c;/x¿sf] rf6{ sIffdf 6f;F L kT| o]s
a]~rnfO{ cnu cnu a'Fbf JofVof ug{ nufpgx' f];\ / ;w' f/sf pkfo klg k:| tt'
ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .

-u_ dN" ofª\sg
x Wjlg k|b"if0fsf] kl/efiff bp] m .
x Wjlg kb| i" f0faf6 xg' ] sf/0fx¿ n]v .
x Wjlg kb| i" f0faf6 dflg;df x'g] c;/x¿ atfpm .

-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO cfkmg\ f] 3/ glhssf] Jo:t ;8s 5 eg] s]lx ;do cleefjssf]
;xofu] / lgu/flgdf To:tf] ;8sdf df]6/af6 lg:sg] Wjlg k|bi" f0fsf] cjnfs] g
ug{ eGg'xf];\ . o:tf] ;Dej geP kqklqsf jf cGo ;Gbe{ ;fduL| sf] cfwf/df
Wjlg k|bi' f0fn] jftfj/0f / dflg;df ug{] c;/x¿ emNsg] lrq rf6{k]k/df agfpg
nufO sIffdf k:| t't ug{ nufpg'xf] ;\ .

lbg M 6 xl/tux[ k|efj
-s_ ljlzi6 p2Z] o

x xl/tu[x ke| fjsf] JofVof ug{ / o;af6 x'g] tfkjm| d j[l4 / jftfj/0fdf kg]{
c;/x¿ j0f{g ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1 xl/tux[ UofF;x¿

x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfjZos ;ª\Vofdf ljefhg ug{x' f;] \ / tnsf kZ| gdf 5nkmn ug{
nufO{ k:| t't ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .
¾ udL{ u/fpg] Uof;F x¿ sg' s'g xfn] fg\ <
¾ xl/t ux[ eg]sf] s] xf]nf <
¾ xl/tu[x Uof;F x¿ sg' sg' xg' \ <
¾ xl/t ux[ ke| fj egs] f] s] xf] <
¾ kY[ jLdf xl/tu[x k|efj gePsf] eP hLjx¿sf] cl:tTTTj x'GYof] ls
xbF' g} Yof] xfn] f < lsg <

x k|To]s ;d"xaf6 PshgfnfO{ k:| tt' ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ / dV' o a'Fbfx¿ zI} fl0fs
kf6Ldf nV] b} hfg'xf;] \ / cGtdf cfjZos k[i7kfi] f0f;lxt :ki6 ul/lbgx' f;] \ .

lj|mofsnfk 2=M sl[ qd xl/t u[x k|efjsf] cjnfs] g ed| 0f
x glhs}sf] g;{/Ldf nh} fg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'xf;] \ / cjnfs] g ug{ nufpgx' f];\ jf
g;/{ Ldf s;/L xl/t ux[ k|efjsf] ko| f]u ul/Psf] xG' 5 eGg] s'/f g;/{ L dflnsnfO{

4

;f]Wg nufO{ dV' o ab' fx¿sf] l6kf]6 ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ / lrq agfpg nufO{ sIffdf
k:| tt' ug{ nufpgx' f];\ / cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk 3=M xl/t u[x agfOgs' f sf/0f
x hf8f] ;dodf t/sf/L v]tL ubf{ Knfl:6sn] 9fs]/ xl/t ux[ agfOg'sf sf/0faf/]
5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ / k[i7kf]if0f lbgx' f];\ .
lj|mofsnfk 4=M xl/t u[x ke| fjsf] c;/x¿
x jftfj/0fdf xl/tu[x k|efjsf c;/x¿ ;DaGwdf tof/ kfl/Psf] >JobZ[ o ;fdu|L
k|bzg{ ug'{xf;] \ / cjnfs] g ug{ nufO{ o;n] kf/]sf] c;/x¿ klxrfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
x lrq rf6{ tyf >JobZ[ o ;fduL| sf] ;xfotfaf6 tfkj|md j[l4, xfjfkfgLsf] l:yltdf
kl/jt{g, rnrjm| df c;/, lxp kUng' cflbsf] cfwf/df xl/tux[ ke| fjsf] c;/x¿
k|i6\ofOlbgx' f;] \ .
-u_ dN" ofªs\ g
x xl/t ux[ ke| fjsf] kl/efiff b]pm .
x s'g} ltg xl/tu[x UofF;x¿sf] gfd eg .
-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{
x cfˆgf] j/k/ /xs] f g;/{ L jf t/sf/L kmfdd{ f uO{ xl/tu[x ke| fjsf] ko| fu] s;/L
ul/Psf] 5, cjnfs] g u/L 5f]6f] kl| tj]bg tof/ ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .
-ª_ yk cWoog ;fdu|L
-c_ k[YjLdf xl/tu[x ke| fjsf] lrq

5

-cf_ Knfl:6s 6g]ndf xl/tu[x ke| fj

6

Causes of the Greenhouse Effect
1. Burning of Fossil Fuels
2. Deforestation
3. Increase in Population
4. Farming
5. Industrial Waste and Landfills

lbg M 7 hnjfo' kl/jtg{
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] kl/ro lbg
x hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] o;sf c;/x¿ atfpg
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1M hnjfo' / hnjfo' kl/jt{g
x hnjfo' / hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ bt"| nv] g ljlwsf] ko| f]u

ugx'{ f];\ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kfnk} fnf] gbf]xf]l/g] u/L n]vg ul/Psf] s/' f eGg
nufpg'xf;] \ / zI} fl0fs kf6Ldf n]Vb} hfg'xf;] \ .
x hnjfo' / hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ;DaGwdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cge' j k:| tt' ug{
nufpg'xf;] \ .
x hnjfo' / hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL kf:] 6/, lrq jf lel8of] kb| z{g ug{x' f];\ /
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cjnfs] g ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .
x cjnf]sg ul/Psf] cfwf/df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hnjfo' / hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ;DaGwdf
yk s/' fx¿ eGg nufpgx' f];\ .
x ljBfyL{x¿n] b|'tn]vgaf6 k:| t't u/s] f] / lrq jf rf6{ jf lel8ofs] f] cfwf/df
dfgjLo lj|mofsnfk tyf k|fs[lts cl:y/tfsf sf/0f nfdf] ;dofjlwdf x'g]
kl/jt{gnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g elgG5 egL lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk 2M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/
x hnjfo' kl/jtg{ af6 s] s] c;/ k5{ xf]nf < ;f]Rg nufpgx' f;] \ / hnjfo'
kl/jt{gaf6 ePsf c;/x¿ ;DaGwdf tof/ kfl/Psf] lrq jf lel8of] kb| zg{
ug'{xf;] \ / cjnfs] g ug{ nufO{ c;/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{ nufpgx' f;] \ .
x lxdfnL Ifq] sf] lxpF kUng,] ;db' | ;txsf] kfgL tLj| ¿kdf dfly p7\g,] cltjl[ i6
tyf cgfj[li6 x'g], sl[ if pTkfbgdf lu/fj6, tftf] xfjf, zLtnx/, dxfdf/L, hl} js
ljljwtfdf xf| ; cflbsf] cfwf/df hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] c;/x¿ ki| 6\ofpg'xf;] \ .
-u_ dN" ofªs\ g
x hnjfo' kl/jtg{ egs] f] s] xf] <
x hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sg' } kfrF sf/0fx¿ n]v .

7

x hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] c;/x¿ s] s] xfn] fg\ <
-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{

x hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug{sf nflu xfd|f] 6fn] l5ds] df s:tf sfo{
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf k|ltjb] g tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .

-ª_ yk cWoog ;fdu|L

Causes of Climate Change
a. Man-made Factors: the Greenhouse Effect i.e. gases that play a part
in climate change: water vapor, Carbon dioxide, methane
gas, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, etc.

b. Natural Factors: Volcanic Eruptions, Ocean Currents, Solar
Radiations, Earth Orbital Changes, etc.

Effects of Climate Change 1.
12.. L: oss of Wildlife Species
5. Change in Rainfall Patterns 2. Rise in Sea Level
6. Depletion of Arctic Ice 3. Shifting Habitat
7. Wildfires 4. High Temperatures
8. Heat Waves

Top 10 ways you can stop climate change
1. Get involved
2. Be energy efficient
3. Choose renewable power
4. Eat wisely
5. Trim your waste
6. Let polluters pay
7. Fly less
8. Get informed
9. Green your commute
10. Support and Donate
The best way to reduce climate change is to help improve the environment and
help to slow down the process of climate change. If we can do that, then the
world will be able to be sustainable for much longer. That doesn’t mean that
climate change is completely avoidable though.

8

lbg M 8 cDnLo jiff{
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x cDnLo jiff{sf] kl/ro lbg
x cDnLo jiff{ xg' sf sf/0f atfpg
x cDn jiffs{ f] c;/ atfpg / cDn jiff{ lgoGq0fsf k|of;x¿ klxrfg ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1 M cDnLo jiffs{ f] kl/ro / clDno jiff{sf] aGg] k|lj|mof
x clDnLo jiff{ ;DaGwdf ;f]Rg] hf8] L agfpg] / cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ljlw ko| f]u

ugx'{ f];\ . ljBfyL{x¿n] k|:tt' u/]sf cge' jsf] cfwf/df jfod' 08ndf /x]sf]
hnjfik /f;folgs / efl} ts kljm| of4f/f cDnLo kbfy{x¿;uF ldn]/ kY[ jLsf]
;txdf emg]{ k|lj|mof g} cDnLo jiff{ xf] eGg] lgisif{ lbg'xf;] \ .
x cDnLo jiff{ s;/L aG5 xf]nf < ;fR] g nufO{ /f;folgs ;dLs/0f ;lxt n]Vg
nufpgx' f];\ / tkl;nsf] k|lj|mof ki| 6o\ fpgx' f;] \ .
cfsfzdf lahn' L rlDsbF f jfo'd08ndf ePsf] gfO6f« h] g / clS;hg UofF; ldn]/
gfOl6«s cS;fO8{ aGb5 .

N2 + O2 o 2NO

of] cS;fO8 t?' Gt} clS;hg;Fu ldnL NO2 aG5 . kml] / of] NO2 n] xfjfdf /x]sf]
kfgLnfO{ ;f];L gfOl6«s cDn aGb5 .
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2o 4HNO3 -gfOl6s« cDn_ . jiff{ts\ f] kfgLdf o; ks| f/sf]
Pl;l8s cDn x'G5 o;nfO{ cDnLo jiff{ eG5g\ . To:t} SO2 n] clS;hg lnO{ SO3
aG5 / of] SO3 n] xfjfdf ePsf] kfgL ;f];L ;Nˆo"l/s cDn aGb5 .
2SO2 + O2 o 2SO3
SO3 + H2O o H2SO4 -;Nˆo'l/s cDn_
ljm| ofsnfk 2=M cDnLo jiff{sf] c;/ / lgoGq0fsf] pkfo
x dfly pNnv] ul/Psf] cDnLo jif{f x'g] kl| j|mofaf6 x'g] c;/x¿ kT| o]s ljBfyL{nfO{
nV] g nufpgx' f];\ .
x cDnLo jiffs{ f] sf/0faf6 ePsf] c;/x¿ ;DaGwL tof/ ul/Psf] kf:] 6/ jf lrq jf
lel8of] k|bzg{ ugx'{ f;] \ / ljBfyL{x¿n] n]vs] f c;/x¿;uF t'ngf ug{ nufO{ k|:tt'
ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .

9

x cDnLo jiff{sf sf/0f dflg;, jftfj/0f, kz'kG5L, la?jf, dfgj lgldt{ ejg, d"lt{
cflbdf s:tf] c;/ kb5{ egL ki| 6\ofpg'xf];\ .

-u_ d"Nofª\sg
x cDnLo jiffs{ f] kl/efiff b]pm .
x cDnLo jiff{ x'gsf sf/0fx¿ s] x'g ;S5g\ <
x cDnLo jiff{n] s] s] c;/ k'¥ofpF5 <

3_ kl/ofh] gf sfo{
ljBfno jf 3/ jf j/k/sf ;f+:sl[ ts ;Dkbfdf cDnLo jiff{sf] sf/0fn] ePsf] c;/sf]
cjnfs] g ug{ nufO{ k|ltjb] g tof/ kfg{ nufpgx' f;] \ .
-ª_ yk cWoog ;fduL|

Causes of Acid Rain

1. Natural Sources : volcanic emissions, decaying vegetation, wildfires

and biological processes, lighting strikes, etc.

2. Man-made sources: factories, power generations facilities,

automobiles. use of coal for electrical power generation, etc.

Effects of Acid Rain
1. Effect on Aquatic Environment
2. Effect on Forests
3. Effect on Soil
4. Effect on Vegetation Cover and Plantations
5. Effect on Architecture and Buildings
6. Effect on Public Health
7. Others like weathering of buildings, corrosion of metals, peeling of
paints on surfaces, etc.

10

lbg M 9 jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f ug]{ ljleGg pkfox¿sf] j0f{g ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk 1M jftfj/0f ;+/If0f

x jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwL kf]:6/ jf lrq jf lel8of] cjnfs] g u/fpgx' f;] \ / pSt
zI} fl0fs ;fdu|Lsf] s] bv] fOPsf] 5 < ;f]Rg nufO{ k:| t't ug{ nufpgx' f];\ .

x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ufpF, 3/, ljBfno, glhssf ;x/ cflbdf jftfj/0f
;/+ If0f ug{ s] s:tf ljm| ofsnfk ckgfOPsf] 5 eGg] s/' f sfkLdf l6kf6] ug{
nufO{ k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpgx' f];\ .

lj|mofsnfk 2: jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fsf pkfox¿
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cf7 ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{x' f;] \ / k|To]s ;dx" nfO{ 5'66\ f5'6\6}
ljlifoj:t'jm| dzM hgr]tgf clej[l4, jI[ f/fk] 0f, hn;|ft] ;+/If0f, e;" +/If0f, kb| i" f0f
lgoGq0f, ;f:+ s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;/+ If0f, jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO / hg;xeflutfdf
ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
x ;dx" ut ¿kdf ;dx" sf] k:| t't u/fpgx' f;] \ / cGo ;dx" nfO{ cfjZos ;e' mfj lbg
nufpg'xf;] \ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;fduL| 4f/f yk k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg lbgx' f;] \ .

-u_ d"Nofªs\ g
x jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
x jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf ljleGg pkfox¿ atfpm .
x hg;xeflutfaf6 jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f s;/L x'G5 <
x jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf ljBfyL{sf] e"ldsf s] x'G5 <
x jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf 3/kl/jf/sf] el" dsf s] x'G5 <

-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] ;db' fodf jftfj/0fsf ;/+ If0fsf nflu s] s:tf pkfo cjnDjg
ul/Psf 5g\ < afn Sna, oj' f Sna,6fn] ;w' f/ ;ldlt cflb ;uF ;fw] k5' u/L To:tf
pkfox¿ sIffdf k:| t't ug{ nufpgx' f];\ . ;as} f] k|:t'ltkl5 dV' o d'Vo pkfox¿
Rff6{k]k/df tof/ ug{ nufO{ sIffsf7] fdf 6f;F ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

11

lbg 10 ks| fk]

-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo
x ks| f]ksf] kl/ro lbg
x ks| f]ksf lsl;dsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg / sf/0fx¿ atfpg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1= ks| f]ksf] kl/ro

x kf| s[lts / dfgj l;lht{ k|sf]ksf] lrq, kf]:6/ k|bzg{ ugx'{ f;] \ / lrqdf s]
eO/xs] f] 5 < atfpg nufpgx' f;] \ .

x lrqsf] cfwf/df ks| fk] sf] kl/ro lbg nufpgx' f];\ / af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, es" Dk
cflbn] w/] } hgwgsf] gfz ug{] k|ljm| of g} k|sf]k xf] egL lgisif{ lbgx' f;] \ .

x lrqdf bv] fOP h:t} ljBfyL{x¿n] ;g' ]sf, efu] ]sf / b]vs] f ljleGg ks| f]ksf af/d] f
5nkmn u/fpg'xf;] \ / cg'ejx¿ ;'gfpg nufpg'xf;] \ .

lj|mofsnfk 2= k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] ks| f/
x ljm| ofsnfk Psdf b]vfOPsf] lrqcg';f/ k|sfk] slt ks| f/sf xG' 5g\ < k|Zg
;f]Wg'xf;] \ / k|fsl[ ts ks| f]k / dfgj l;lh{t u/L b'O{ ks| f/sf k|sf]k xG' 5g\ egL
lg:sif{ lbg'xf;] \ .
x g]kfndf s:tf s:tf k|fsl[ ts ks| f]kx¿sf 36gf 365\ g\ egL kZ| g ;f]Wgx' f];\ /
cfjZos ki[ 7kfi] f0f lbO{ ki| 6 kfl/lbg'xf;] \ .
x 2072 ;fn jz} fv 12 df uf/] vfsf] af/kfsdf s]Gb|laGb' agfP/ uPsf] es" Dk;Fu
;DalGwt >Job[Zo ;fduL| k|bzg{ ugx{' f];\ .

ljm| ofsnfk 3= k|sf]ksf sf/0fx¿
x ljm| ofsnfk Ps / b'Od{ f kb| z{g ul/Psf] zI} fl0fs ;fdu|Lsf] cfwf/df
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 5nkmn ug{ nufO{ k|sfk] sf sf/0fx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{
nufpg'xf];\ / k:| tt' ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .
x ljBfyLx{ ¿n] k|:t't u/s] f ks| fk] sf sf/0fx¿nfO{ ;d]6b\ } g]kfnsf] sdhf]/ tyf
le/fnf] e"agf]6, jghªu\ n ljgfz, cj1} flgs 9ªu\ af6 vfgLsf] pTvgg\, s'nf] gx/
lgdf{0f, snsf/vfgfsf] lgdf0{ f, hg;ª\Vofsf] jl[ 4 cflb ks| fk] sf sf/0fx¿ x'g\
egL lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .

--u_ dN" ofª\sg
x k|fs[lts k|sfk] eg]sf] s] xf] <
x g]kfndf hfg] sg' } ltg kf| s[lts ks| f]ksf] gfd atfpm .
x kf| sl[ ts ks| f]k x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
x g]kfn ks| fk] sf] pRr hfl] vddf k5{ elgG5, lsg <

12

-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{
ljleGg k|fsl[ ts ks| fk] h:t} es" Dk, af9L klx/f], cfunfuL / dxfdf/L h:tf ks| f]k
emNsfpg] lrq ;ªs\ ng ug{ nufO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ yk cWoog ;fdu|L

Causes of disasters

x avalanches x limnic eruptions
x storms (non-cyclones)
x blizzards x tornadoes
x tsunamis
x tropical cyclones x volcanic eruptions
x wildfires / bushfires
x earthquakes

x famines

x floods / landslides

x heat waves

List of disasters
1. Natural disaster
2. Accidents
a.Transport
b. Industrial
c. Health
3. Manmade
4. By location
5. Others

Manmade disasters (caused by deliberate human action)

1. Wars and anthropogenic 5. military disasters

disasters by death toll 6. fires

2. wars 7. terrorist incidents

3. battles and other violent 8. massacres

events 9. Amusement park

4. riots accidents

13

lbg M 11–12 ks| fk] sf] hfl] vd Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿ / Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x ks| f]k Joj:yfkg ug{] pkfox¿ Aftfpg
x Kfs| f]ksf] hfl] vd Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ j0f{g ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk 1 M ks| fk] Joj:yfkg ug{] pkfox¿
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|sfk] Joj:yfkg ug{] pkfox¿ zLifs{ df dlitis dGyg

u/fpgx' f];\ .
x ljBfyL{n] k:| tt' u/]sf cge' jnfO{ ;d]6\b} k"j{tof/L ug,{] k|efljtsf] p4f/ ug{,]

kLl8tnfO{ /fxt, k'g:yf{kgf / ;xof]u ug{], ;xofu] sf] kl/rfng ;xL 9u+ n] ug]{ /
hgr]tgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ pkfox¿ Gf} ks| fk] Joj:yfkg ug{] pkfox¿ x'g egL
lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk 2=M es" Dk Joj:yfkg / hfl] vd Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿
x 2072 jz} fv 12 ut] g]kfndf uPsf] es" Dk ;DaGwL >JobZ[ o ;fdu|L kb| z{g
ug'x{ f;] \ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cjnfs] g ug{ nufO{ dV' o d'Vo ab'F fx¿ l6kf]6 ug{
nufpg'xf;] \ . ;Dej eP xfO6Lsf] e"sDksf] lel8of] ;d]t k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ltg ;d"xdf ljefhg ugx'{ f];\ . kT| o]s ;d"xnfO{ Go'HlGkG| 6kk] / /
dfs{/ k]g jf ;fOgkg] ljt/0f ug{x' f];\ .
x tkl;nsf] ljifoj:t'df ;d"xut ¿kdf 5nkmn ug{ nufO{ cfcfkm\gf] ;dx" sf]
k5fl8sf] leTtfdf 6f;F ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
;d"x -s_ es" Dk cfpge' Gbf klxn] ckgfpgk' g{] pkfox¿
;d"x -v_ es" Dk uO/xs] f] cj:yfdf ckgfpgk' g{] pkfox¿
;d"x -u_ es" Dk uO;sk] l5sf] cj:yfdf ckgfpg'kg]{ pkfox¿
lj|mofsnfk 2=M af9Lklx/f,] cfuf]nfuL / dxfdf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg / hfl] vd Go"gLs/0f
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ af9L, klx/f], cfuf]nfuL / dxfdf/L ;DaGwdf cfkm"n] yfxf kfPsf /
cge' j u/]sf s'/fx¿ k:| t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
x af9L, klx/f,] cfunfuL / dxfdf/L;Fu ;DalGwt bZ[ o, >JobZ[ o ;fduL| kfnk} fnf]
kb| zg{ ugx'{ f;] \ / ljBfyLx¿nfO{ ;fdu|L cjnf]sgsf] cfwf/df kl/ro, sf/0f /

286

hfl] vd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿sf] l6kf]6 ug{ nufpgx' f];\ . cjnfs] g ug{ cl3
lgDg k|ZgnfO{ Wofg lbg eGg'xf];\ M
9 af9L / klx/f] egs] f] s] xf] <
9 sg' cj:yfdf af9L klx/f] hfg] u5{ <
9 af9L, klx/f] hfg] kd| 'v sf/0fx¿ s] s] xfn] fg\ <
9 af9L, klx/f]sf] hfl] vd Go"gLs/0f ug{ s] s] pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 <
9 af9L klx/fs] f] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
9 cfunfuL egs] f] s] xf] <
9 cfunfuL s] s] sf/0fn] ubf{ xG' 5 <
9 cfunfuLaf6 aRg sg' sg' pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 <
9 dxfdf/L egs] f] s] xf] <
9 dxfdf/Lsf] c;/af6 aRg ;lsg] pkfox¿ s] s] x'g\ <
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ltg cf]6} zLifs{ df l6kf]6 u/s] f abF' fx¿ k|:tt' ug{ nufpgx' f];\ /
zI} fl0fs kf6Ldf nV] b} hfg'xf;] \ / cGtdf ljBfyL{x¿n] k:| tt' u/]sf cge' jx¿nfO{
;d6] b\ } lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
-u_ d"Nofª\sg
x es" Dk uO/{ xs] f] an] fdf s:tf] ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ <
x cfunfuL h:tf] hf]lvdaf6 s;/L aRg ;lsG5 <
x dxfdf/Lsf] c;/af6 s;/L aRg ;lsG5 <
x af9Lklx/f]sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{
cfkmn" ] yfxf kfPsf] jl/kl/ 36s] f s'g} Ps ks| f]ksf] af/]df n]vL To;sf sf/0fx¿;lxt
Pp6f kl| tjb] g tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

287

lbg M 13 jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f ug{] ljleGg ;ª\3 ;:+ yfsf ofu] bfgx¿
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x gk] fndf jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf d'Vo e"ldsf vN] g] ljleGg ;ª\3 ;:+ yfsf sfo{ /
of]ubfgsf] JofVof ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1 jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf ;n+ Ug dV' o ;ª\3 ;:+ yf

x kT| o]s ljBfyLn{ fO{ jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf ;+nUg /x]sf Ps Ps cf]6f ;+:yfsf] gfd
n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / kfnk} fnf] eGg nufpg'xf;] \ .

x ljBfyL{x¿n] eg]sf ;:+ yfsf] gfd zI} fl0fs kf6Ldf n]Vb} hfg'xf;] \ .
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 5 ;dx" df ljefhg ugx{' f;] \ / tkl;nsf] zLifsd{ f ;dx" ut ¿kdf

5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ / Go'HlkG| 6kk] /df ;:+ yfsf] gfd, :yfkgf, p2Z] o, sfo{
tyf ofu] bfg ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ nufO{ d'Vo d'Vo a'bF fx¿ ljt/0f ul/Psf]
k]k/df n]Vg nufpgx' f;] \ .
;dx" -s_ /fli6o ks| l[ t ;/+ If0f sf]if (NTNC)
;d"x -v_ ljZj ;/+ If0f ;3+ (IUCN)
;d"x -u_ ljZj ks| [lt sfi] f (WWF)
;dx" -3_ ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\ Lo jftfj/0f sfoj{ m| d (UNEP)
;d"x -ª_ cGt/fl{ i6o« PsLst[ kjt{ Lo ljsf; sG] b| (ICIMOD)
x ;d"xut sfo{ ;sk] Zrft\ u|flkm6L ljlwsf] k|ofu] u/L cGo ;dx" nfO{ yk ki[ 7kf]if0f
eP n]Vg nufpgx' f];\ .
x cGtdf ;dx" ut ¿kdf k:| t'lt ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cfjZos ki[ 7kfi] f0f lbgx' f;] \ .
-u_ dN" ofª\sg
x ljZj ;+/If0f ;ª3\ (IUCN) n] gk] fnsf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf s:tf] e"ldsf vn] s] f]
5<
x /fli6o« k|sl[ t ;+/If0f sfi] f (NTNC) sf] k|dv' p2]Zo s] xf] <
x ljZj k|s[lt sfi] f (WWF) sf d'Vo p2]Zo s] s] x'g\ <
x jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf ;n+ Ug ;3+ ;:+ yfx¿sf] dV' o ljm| ofsnfkx¿ s] s] xg' \ <

288

-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{
cfˆgf] ufpF jf :yfgLo lgsfo h:t} j8f, ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf, lhNnf ;dGjo
;ldltn] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf s:tf s:tf lj|mofsnfk rnfPsf 5g\ / jftf/0f ;/+ If0fdf
ljBfyL{ :jods\ f] s:tf] e"ldsf x'G5 eGg] ljifodf cWoog u/L kl| tjb] g nV] g nufpg'xf;] \ .
-ª_ k|fljlws zAbfjnL

IUCN : The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international
organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural
resources. IUCN was established in 1948. It was previously called the International
Union for Protection of Nature (1948–1956) and the World Conservation
Union (1990–2008). It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field
projects, advocacy, lobbying and education.

ICIMOD: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) is a
regional intergovernmental learning and knowledge sharing centre serving the eight
regional member countries of the Hindu Kush Himalayas [2].

NTNC : The National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) was established in 1982
by a Legislative Act as an autonomous and not-for-profit organization, mandated to
work in the field of nature conservation in Nepal. The Central Zoo is the only project
of the Trust in Kathmandu Valley. As a new initiative, the Trust has established an
Energy and Climate Change Unit to address the emerging issues of climate change
through mitigation and adaptation approach and renewable energy technologies. The
Trust has also started work on urban environment conservation with the Bagmati
River Conservation Project.

UNEP: The United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) is an agency
of United Nations and coordinates its environmental activities, assisting developing
countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices. UN
Environment has overall responsibility for environmental problems among United
Nations agencies but international talks on specialised issues, such as addressing
global warming or combating desertification, are overseen by other UN organisations,
like the Bonn-based Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.
WWF: The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-
governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and
restoration of the environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which
remains its official name in Canada and the United States.

289

lbg M 14-15 jftfj/0f k|bi" f0f ljifodf ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] Practical k|:tt' Ls/0f
-s_ ljlzi6 p2]Zo

x jftfj/0f kb| i" f0fsf] sf/0f, c;/ / Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿ ;DaGwL kl| tj]bg tof/
u/L k:| t't ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
ljm| ofsnfk 1=

x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ldl>t Ifdtf ;dx" sf] cfwf/df 9 ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L k|To]s
;dx" nfO{ Ps Ps zLifs{ df ljBfno glh}sf] :yfg 5gf6] u/L tkl;nsf s/' fx¿
;d]l6g] u/L cjnfs] g, ;fw] vf]h u/L kl| tj]bg tof/ u/L k:| t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\
.

;d"x A ohn kb| "if0f M kl/ro, sf/0f, c;/ / Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿
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;dx" C o hldg k|bi" f0f M kl/ro, sf/0f, c;/ / Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿
;dx" D o Wjlg k|b"if0f M kl/ro, sf/0f, c;/ / Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿
;d"x E o s[lqd xl/tux[ M kl/ro, agf]6 kl| jm| of, sfo{ kl| jm| of, pTkfbg jf pknAwL
;dx" F o cDnLo jiff{ M cDnLo jiffs{ f] c;/ -glhs} sf] ;f+:sl[ ts ;Dkbf_
;d"x G,H / I o k|sfk] Joj:yfkg -af9L, klx/f,] dxfdf/L_ M kl/ro, sf/0f, c;/ /
k|efj tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿
Kf|Tos] ;dx" nfO{ ;d"xut ¿kdf k|ltjb] g k:| tt' ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cGo ;d"x tyf
lzIfsn] cfjZos k[i7kfi] f0f lbg nufpgx' f;] \ / lbgx' f;] \ .
-v_ yk cWoog ;fduL|

290

x jftfj/0fsf] dfl} ns u'0fdf kl/jtg{ NofO{ To;df xflg gfS] ;fgL ug]{ jf Iflt
k'¥ofpg] ljm| ofsnfknfO{ jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f elgG5 . o;nfO{ jfo' k|bi" f0f, hn
k|bi" f0f, e"–kb| "if0f / Wjlg kb| "if0f u/L rf/ ks| f/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

x jfo'd08ndf /xs] f ljleGg Uof;F x¿n] ;o" s{ f] tfk / k|sfz ;f];/] k[YjLsf]
tfkj|md a9fpg] k|ljm| ofnfO{ xl/t u[x ke| fj elgG5 .

x hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] tfkjm| d jl[ 4, cltjl[ i6, cgfjl[ i6, ad] f};dL jiff,{ zLtnx/,
h}ljs ljljwtfdf x|f;, s[lif pTkfbgdf lu/fj6 h:tf c;/ k¥' ofp5“ .

x snsf/vfgfaf6 lg:s]sf UofF;x¿ cfsf;df ku' ]kl5 kfgL;“u kl| tlj|mof u/L cDn
aG5 / cDn jiff{ xG' 5 .

x hgrt] gf, jI[ f/f]k0f, e"–;/+ If0f, hn;f| ]t ;+/If0f, k|b"if0f lgoGq0f, ;f+:s[lts
;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f, jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO{ tyf hgrt] gf ljsf; cflbåf/f
jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

x /fli6«o ks| l[ t ;+/If0f sfi] f, ljZj ;/+ If0f ;ª\3, ljZj ks| l[ t sf]if, ;+oS' t /fli6«o
jftfj/0f sfoj{ |md, Ol;df]8 cflb ;+:yfx¿n] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ultljlw ub{}
cfPsf 5g\ .

Source: www.uccee.org/Environmental_Pollution.h.

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain
www.nepjol.info › ... › Vol 3 (2009) › Karki

291

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lj|mofsnfk 1=M h}ljs ljljwtf / :yfg

x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm" a;]sf] 7fpF j/k/ / cGo 7fpdF f bv] s] f hgfj/ tyf
jg:kltsf] gfd eGg nufpgx' f;] \ / zI} fl0fs kf6Ldf l6Kb} hfgx' f];\ .

285

x :yfgcg';f/ hgfj/ / jg:kltx¿ leGg÷leGg xg' ] s'/f 5nkmn u/fpb} lsg
km/s km/s 7fpdF f km/s km/s jg:klt / hgfjx¿ kfOPsf] xf]nf ;f]Rg
nufpg'xf;] \ .

x 5nkmn ul/Psf] cfwf/df h}ljs ljljwtfsf] kl/efiff lbg nufpgx' f];\ /
ljBfyL{x¿n] k|:tt' u/]sf cge' jx¿nfO{ ;d6] b\ } hl} js j:t'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, lsl;d,
jz+ f0f' / kfl/l:yltsLo k0| ffnLsf] ;dli6 ¿k g} h}ljs ljljwtf xf] egL lgisif{
lbgx' f];\ .

x ljBfyLn{ fO{ 3 ;dx" df ljefhg u/L g]kfnsf] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fOd{ f kfOg]
hgfj/ tyf jg:kltx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{ nufO{ ;dx" g]tfdfkm{t k:| tt' ug{
nufpgx' f];\ / lzIfsn] k[i7kf]if0f lbgx' f;] \ .

ljm| ofsnfk 2. h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ks| f/
x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 6 ;dx" df ljefhg ug{'xf];\ / kTo]s ;dx" nfO{ tkl;nsf]
ljifoj:t'df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ . ;dx" sfos{ f] nflu cfjZos kg{] lrq,
kf:] 6/, dfs/{ k]g, ;fOgk]g, Go'HlkG| 6kk] / ljt/0f ug'{xf;] \ .
x ;dx" ut ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] ;fduL| k|:t't ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ / Pp6f ;d"xn]
k:| tl' t ubf{ cGo ;dx" nfO{ cfjZos lh1f;f /fVg nufpgx' f];\ / ;f] ;d"xnfO{
lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\
x Hf}ljs ljljwtfsf] k|sf/ ;DaGwL tof/ kfl/Psf] >JobZ[ o ;fdu|L kb| z{g ugx'{ f];\ /
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cjnfs] g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cjnfs] gsf] j|mddf ljBfyL{x¿sf]
lh1f;f eP cfjZos ki[ 7kf]if0f ;lxt k|i6 kfg'{xf];\ .

-u_ d"Nofªs\ g
x h}ljs ljljwtf egs] f] s] xf] <
x h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ slt efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 <
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x h}ljs ljljwtf lsg x'G5 <

-3_ kl/ofh] gf sfo{
cfkm\gf] jf;:yfg j/k/ kfOg] jg:klt tyf hgfj/x¿sf] gfdfjnL ;ª\sng u/L ltgaf6
kfOg] kmfObf tyf ltgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ tl/sf pNn]v u/L k|ltjb] g tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

286

-ª_ yk cWoog ;fdu|L

Four Types of Biodiversity

a. Species Diversity: Every ecosystem contains a unique collection of

species, all interacting with each other. Some ecosystems may have
many more species than another.

b. Genetic Diversity: Genetic diversity describes how closely related the

members of one species are in a given ecosystem.

c. Ecosystem Diversity: A region may have several ecosystems, or it may

have one. Wide expanses of oceans or deserts would be examples of
regions with low ecological diversity.

d. Functional Diversity: The way species behave, obtain food and use

the natural resources of an ecosystem is known as functional
diversity.

Biodiversity in Nepal:
Nepal is rich in term of biodiversity.
1. There are high mountains, high hills and plain land of Terai regions

where different species of plants and animals are found.
2. It is rich in physical diversity also. Physical diversity has created

diversity in ecosystem and climatic situation. Each region has its
typical topography, climate and vegetation. This diversity has helped in
wholesome biodiversity.
3. Nepal has separated18% of the total area for natural parks,
conservation areas, wildlife reserve and hunting areas.
4. Most of the ecosystem, besides desert and ocean, are found in Nepal.
It is recorded that Nepal has a total of 118 types of ecosystem, 75
types of vegetation and 35 types of forests.
5. There are different animals and plants found only in Nepal. And
different animals and plants are found according to ecological region.
So, Nepal is rich in biodiversity.
According to bird conservation Nepal (BCN), the number of some birds
like sparrow and crow is increasing. Among the 832 species of birds of
Nepal, 31 species have been disappearing from the world. According
to the IUCN (international union for the conservation of nature and
natural resources). Report, among 1, 253 species of vertebrates.78
species are in red list. (Source: AW Surveys)

287

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x lbuf] ljsf;sf] l;4fGtx¿ Jf0f{g ug{
-v_ l;sfO{ ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk
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x jm| dzM cGo ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;dt] gbfx] fl] /g] u/L pgLx¿n] nv] ]sf s'/fx¿
atfpg nufpg'xf;] \ .

x ljBfyL{x¿n] k|:t't u/]sf cg'ejx¿nfO{ ;d6] b\ } ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g tyf s'g}
If]qdf ;w' f/ Nofpg' ljsf; xf] / k|fs[lts jftfj/0fnfO{ hf]ufpFb} ljsf; lgdf0{ f
ug{' xf] cyf{t\ lbuf] ljsf; eg]sf] To::tf] ljsf; xf], h;df eljiosf k':tfx¿sf]
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xf] eGg] s/' fsf] lg:sif{ lbg'xf];\ .

ljm| ofsnfk 2 lbuf] ljsf;sf] l;4fGtx¿

x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;f]Rg] hf8] L agfpg] / cge' j cfbfgk|bfg ug{] ljlw ko| fu] u/L
lbuf] ljsf;sf l;4fGtx¿ Kflxrfg ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .

x ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|To]s hf]8Laf6 lbuf] ljsf;sf l;4fGtx¿ Kf:| tt' ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ /
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x ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tkl;nsf] ;d"x, ;ª\Vofdf ljefhg ugx{' f;] \ / ;d"xut ¿kdf
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285

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;dx" -P_ k[YjLsf] jxg Ifdtf leq /xL sfo{ ;Dkfbg
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x lbuf] ljsf;sf l;4fGt tyf lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0f;uF sf] ;DaGw ;DaGwL tof/
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nufpgx' f;] \ . dfly plNnlvt ;dx" ut ¿kdf ljBfyLx{ ¿n] k:| t't u/s] f
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-ª_ yk cWoog ;fdu|L

What is Sustainable development ?

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept
of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which
overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the
state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet
present and future needs." (The Brundtland Report):

The polluter pays principle. Prices must reflect the real costs paid by
society for activities involved in consumption and production as well as for
their impacts, including the costs of using natural resources. Those engaged
in activities damaging/polluting the environment must pay for damage
caused to human health or the environment.

286

Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human
development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural
systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which
the economy and society depends. The desirable end result is a state of society
where living conditions and resource use continue to meet human needs
without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural systems.

While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from
the 1987 Brundtland Report, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable
forest management and twentieth century environmental concerns. As the
concept developed, it has shifted to focus more on economic
development, social development and environmental protection for future
generations. It has been suggested that "the term 'sustainability' should be
viewed as humanity's target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium
(homeostasis), while 'sustainable development' refers to the holistic approach
and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability."

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Other principles of sustainable development

1. The principle of holistic approach: Things must be viewed as a system of inter-
related elements, the elements themselves also being systems interacting with
one another. Any intervention may trigger ripple effects even in remote systems.
So local challenges can be adequately addressed relying on the knowledge of the
wider environment and global trends alike.

2. Principle of intra-generational and inter-generational solidarity: The interests of
sustainable development are focused on people. The development and
environmental needs of present generations must be addressed without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

3. The principle of social justice: The right to adequate conditions for living must be
recognised and fundamental human rights must be guaranteed for all. All people

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should have equal opportunities for acquiring knowledge and skills required to
become worthy members of society.
4. The principle of sustainable management of resources: Sustainable management
of resources with a view to the limitations of the carrying capacity of the
environment; by using natural resources in a prudent and thrifty way it preserves
resources required for future development. Biodiversity is also a natural resource
and we attach high priority to its conservation.
5. The principle of integration: In the course of elaborating, evaluating, and
implementing sectoral policies, plans, and programmes, economic, social, and
environmental considerations and their relationships must also be taken into
account to ensure that they can mutually reinforce each other. Local, regional, and
national activities must be coordinated.
6. The principle of utilising local resources: Efforts should be made to supply the
needs of communities on a local level, from local resources. Local features and
diversity should be preserved. Preservation and sustainable utilisation of the man-
made environment and cultural heritage are also very important tasks.
7. The principle of public participation: Adequate access to information affecting
social/economic life and the environment, to information on decision making
processes must be provided for all. People’s knowledge about sustainable
development, its social/economic and environmental implications, and about
sustainable solutions and approaches must be clarified and enhanced. Public
participation in decision making should be strengthened.
8. The principle of social responsibility. To enable sustainable development and to
make a higher quality of life possible, unsustainable patterns of production and
consumption must be changed. Businesses’ social responsibility must be
strengthened, along with cooperation between the private and the public sector.
9. The principle of precaution and prevention. The precautionary approach means
that wherever the possibility of severe or irreversible damage is perceived, a lack
of complete scientific certainty may not be used as an excuse for delaying
effective action to prevent damage to the environment or endangering human
health; i.e. action must be taken in view of the gravity of the perceived threat.
Human activities must be planned and carried out in line with this precautionary
principle and activities damaging or polluting the environment endangering
natural systems and human health must be prevented and - where it is not possible
– reduced, and finally, damages must be restored to their original state as far as
possible.

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