The Routledge Intermediate Korean Reader ( PDFDrive )

The Routledge
Intermediate Korean Reader

The Routledge Intermediate Korean Reader is a comprehensive reader designed
to provide varied, stimulating and up-to-date reading material for learners
of Korean at the intermediate level.

The Korean Reader provides a bridge between basic literacy skills and the
ability to read full novels and newspapers in Korean. It consists of 18 readings,
graded on the basis of complexity of vocabulary, grammar and syntax. These
readings present a range of different text types representative of modern
Korean literary and popular writing which will inspire learners to continue
reading independently in Korean.

It is ideal for learners who already possess knowledge of essential grammar
and vocabulary and who wish to expand their knowledge of the language
through contextualised reading material.

Key features include:

• extracts of modern literature and newspaper/magazine articles
• vocabulary lists for quick reference
• short grammar explanations of any complicated structures
• comprehension and discussion questions
• full answer key at the back.

Suitable for both class use and independent study, The Routledge Intermedi-
ate Korean Reader is an essential tool for facilitating vocabulary learning and
increasing reading proficiency.

The Reader is ideal for learners at the Intermediate Mid or Intermediate
High levels who are aiming to achieve advanced proficiency according to
the ACTFL proficiency guidelines. In terms of the Common European
Framework this equates to a progression from A2 through to B1/B2.

Jaehoon Yeon is Professor of Korean Language and Linguistics in the School
of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, UK.

Jieun Kiaer is Lecturer in Korean Language and Linguistics at the University
of Oxford, UK.

Lucien Brown is Assistant Professor of Korean Linguistics at the University
of Oregon, USA.

ROUTLEDGE MODERN LANGUAGE READERS

Series Editor: Itesh Sachdev
School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

Routledge Modern Language Readers provide the intermediate language learner
with a selection of readings which give a broad representation of modern
writing in the target language.

Each reader contains approximately 20 readings graded in order of dif-
ficulty to allow the learner to grow with the book and to acquire the neces-
sary skills to continue reading independently.

Suitable for both class use and independent study, Routledge Modern
Language Readers are an essential tool for increasing language proficiency
and reading comprehension skills.

Titles in the series:

Turkish
Welsh

Forthcoming:

Arabic
Chinese
Dutch
Hindi
Japanese
Polish

The Routledge
Intermediate
Korean Reader

Jaehoon Yeon, Jieun Kiaer and Lucien Brown

First published 2014
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2014 Jaehoon Yeon, Jieun Kiaer and Lucien Brown

The right of Jaehoon Yeon, Jieun Kiaer and Lucien Brown to be identified as authors of this
work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form
or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN: 978-0-415-69519-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-415-69519-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-52314-8 (ebk)

Typeset in Scala
by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong

Contents

Acknowledgements vi
Introduction vii

Section 1 1

1 The Tangun myth 3
2 Several statistics about Ch’usak 10
3 The distance between Britain and Korea 15
4 Racial discrimination in the multicultural age 21
5 Dreaming of the globalisation of Korean food 28
6 Hbngbu and the swallows 34

Section 2 41

7 The wife awoken from a coma aged five years old 43
8 South-North Korean vocabulary 49
9 The American perspective on the Dokdo dispute 59
10 Hangul flourishes in the information technology era 65
11 Gangnam mothers’ ‘buddy’ education 77
12 A day in the life of a ‘soybean paste woman’ 84

Section 3 91

13 The tale of Shim Ch’ang 93
14 A modern view of loyalty and filial piety 101
15 Please Look After Mom 110
16 ‘Love does not give up on people’, Briquette Road 118
17 The Korean economy and the US economy 130
18 Our Twisted Hero 140

English translations 152
Key to exercises 177
Grammatical index 202

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all of the authors, publications and publishing companies
who generously allowed us to reproduce their materials:

Chapter 2: 㿪㍳ὒGὖ⩾♲G㡂⩂GṖ㰖G䐋Ἒ (Several Statistics about Ch’usak) – ⹎ῃ㦮G㏢Ⰲ
(Voice of America)

Chapter 4: ┺ⶎ䢪㔲╖G ⳾⯊⓪G 㧎䎆⎍G 㧎㫛㹾⼚ (Online Racial Discrimination, Ignorant
of the Multicultural Age) – 䞲Ỿ⩞ (Hangyoreh newspaper), ㏷㺚ἓ䢪 (Song Kyunghwa)

Chapter 5: 䆪Ⰲ㞞G 䛎✲G ㎎Ἒ䢪G ∞−┺ (Dreaming of the Globalisation of Korean Food)
– ㍲㤎㔶ⶎ (Seoul Shinmun), ⹫Ị䡫 (Pak Kan-hyang)

Chapter 7: 㔳ⶒ㧎Ṛ㍲G₾㠊⋲G㞚⌊㦮G⋮㧊⓪G┺㎅㌊ (The wife awoken from a coma aged
five years old) – TV Ⰲ䙂䔎 (TV report), ₖ㰚㑮 (Kim Chin-su)

Chapter 8: ⋾⿗䞲㦮G 㠊䥮 (South-North Korean Vocabulary) – ῃⰓῃ㠊㤦 (The National
Institute of The Korean Language), 㧊㭖䢮 (Yi Chun-hwan)

Chapter 9: ☛☚G⿚㨗㦚G⽊⓪G⹎ῃ㦮G㔲ṗ (The American Perspective on the Dokdo Dis-
pute) – ⹎ῃ㦮G㏢Ⰲ (Voice of America)

Chapter 10: 㩫⽊䢪G㔲╖㠦G▪Gケ⋮⓪G䞲⁖ (Hangul Flourishes in the Information Technology
Era) – ῃⰓῃ㠊㤦 (The National Institute of The Korean Language), ₖ㥺㔶 (Kim Yun-shin)

Chapter 11: ṫ⋾G㠚Ⱎ✺G㰳㰩₆Gᾦ㥷 (Gangnam Mothers’ ‘Buddy’ Education) – ῃ⹒㧒⽊
(Kukmin Ilbo), 㫆ῃ䡚 (Ch’o Kuk-hyan)

Chapter 12: ♲㧻⎖㦮G 䞮⬾ (A Day in the Life of a ‘Soybean Paste Woman’) – 䞲Ỿ⩞ 21
(Hangyoreh 21), ₖ⏎ἓ (Kim No-gyang)

Chapter 15: 㠚Ⱎ⯒G⿖䌗䟊 (Please Look After Mom) – 㺓゚ (Changbi), 㔶ἓ㑯 (Shin Kyung-sook)
Chapter 16: 㡆䌚₎ (Briquette Road) – 㧊㻶䢮 (Yi Chal-Hwan), ⧲►䞮㤆㓺䆪Ⰲ㞚 (Random

House Korea)
Chapter 17: ⹎ῃἓ㩲GↃG╄㦖G䞲ῃἓ㩲 (How the Korean Economy Exactly Resembles the

American Economy) – 㫆㍶㧒⽊ (Chosun Ilbo), 㧻䞮㭖 (Chang Ha-Joon)
Chapter 18: 㤆Ⰲ✺㦮G㧒⁎⩂㰚G㡗㤛 (Our Twisted Hero) – ⹒㦢㌂ (Minumsa), 㧊ⶎ㡊 (Yi Munyol)

The authors are also grateful to Routledge for giving us permission to reproduce materials
from Korean: A Comprehensive Grammar (Yeon & Brown, 2011).

This work was supported by a grant from the Academy of Korean Studies funded by the
Korean Government (MEST).

Finally, we would like to thank Sam Vale Noya and all of the team at Routledge for guid-
ing us through the long process of conceptualising, writing and publishing this book.

Introduction

This reader is designed for students of intermediate level or above who are looking to access
stimulating, up-to-date and authentic reading material to boost their proficiency in Korean
and to learn about Korean culture. The book may be used either as a core or supplementary
text, or otherwise for self-study. It aims to provide a bridge between basic literacy skills and
the ability to read full novels and newspapers in Korean. The book aims to provide a series
of readings that are representative of modern Korean literary and popular writings and
which will inspire students to continue reading in Korean.

In terms of ACTFL standards, the book is intended for learners at Intermediate Mid or
Intermediate High levels, who are aiming to achieve advanced proficiency. In terms of the
Common European Framework this equates to a progression from A2 through to B1/B2.
It should be noted however that since the texts we use are authentic (see below), they may
appear more advanced than the synthetic texts you will find in textbooks for these levels.
Through appropriate ‘scaffolding’, we hope to make these authentic readings accessible to
intermediate learners.

The readings

All of the readings in this book are authentic. By ‘authentic’, we mean that they are original
texts designed for the consumption of native speakers which have not been simplified or
altered for the purposes of language learners (note however that some texts have been
slightly modified for content and length). The use of authentic texts is motivated by the
authors’ belief that exposure to authentic Korean reading materials is essential for building
basic literacy skills.

Generally speaking, the readings come from two sources: (1) newspapers, magazines and
other journalistic writings and (2) literary works, including traditional folktales and contem-
porary Korean fiction. Apart from the traditional folktales (of which there are three), all of
the readings are contemporary works. The folktales too are modern rather than traditional
versions of these stories.

viii Introduction

Structure of the book

The book contains 18 chapters, which are divided into three sections. The division is made
on the basis of difficulty – chapters in section 1 are the least difficult, chapters in section 2
are of moderate difficulty and chapters in section 3 are the most difficult.

At the back of the book, readers can find (1) English translations of all the texts, (2) an
answer key for the exercises and (3) a grammatical index.

Structure of the chapters

The chapters contain six main elements, which are (in order):

– A short English introduction, which provides background to the text and some questions
to think about before reading

– The reading text itself
– A list of difficult vocabulary items appearing in the text.
– Explanations of difficult grammar points appearing in the text
– ‘Words and meanings’, exercises that test reader knowledge of vocabulary appearing in

the texts
– Comprehension questions, half of which are in English and half of which are in

Korean
– A box of further questions to discuss or write about, which is labeled ‘More to think

about’

The vocabulary lists contain Chinese characters (in parentheses) for all Sino-Korean
vocabulary items. These are included to assist learners who have already studied Chinese
characters as part of their Korean language learning and/or learners who have a background
in Chinese or Japanese. It is not essential for other users of the book to learn these
characters.

Treatment of grammar

Grammar explanations are included only for grammatical patterns that are deemed un-
familiar or potentially confusing to learners at intermediate level.

Each grammar point begins with a short explanation, which is typically followed by two
examples. The first of the examples is a repetition of the sentence from the text where the
grammar point first appeared. The second example is an additional illustration of the use
of the same grammatical pattern. Grammar points are numbered, with the first number
referring to the chapter number.

Introduction ix

Example grammar point from Chapter 1

Grammar point, 1.3 T㋕┍㋕ (‘as soon as’)
number, title
Explanation The T㧦Ⱎ㧦 pattern indicates that the event stated in the second
clause occurs instantaneously after the event in the first clause is
Example from text completed. It is essentially identical to the use of ‘as soon as’ in
English:
Additional example
䢮㤛㦖G☚㹿䞮㋕┍㋕G ⁎G 㭒㥚⯒G ˄㔶㔲˅⧒ἶG ⿖⯊₆⪲G 䟞┺U
As soon as Hwanung arrived he decided to call the surrounding

area Shinshi.

⑫㧦┍㋕G㧶㧊G ✺㠞㠊㣪U
I fell asleep as soon as I lay down.

When the same pattern occurs two or more times across different chapters, our basic policy
is to include explanations only for the first occurrence. For subsequent occurrences, the
grammar point will still be listed (and the example sentence from the text will appear), but
readers will be directed towards the previous chapter for the explanation.

Many of the explanations are simplified versions of what can be found in the book Korean:
A Comprehensive Grammar, also published by Routledge (2011) and written by two of the
authors of the present publication – Jaehoon Yeon and Lucien Brown. Readers are referred
to this book for more comprehensive treatment of these grammar points. The grammatical
index which can be found at the back of this book is cross-referenced with Korean: A Com-
prehensive Grammar and we also provide various references to this publication throughout
the text.

Points of basic, fundamental grammar are not explained. This includes nominalisers,
modifiers, causatives, passives and honorifics. Although all of these points are generally
covered in novice-level courses, they no doubt continue to be points of confusion for inter-
mediate-level learners. However, since providing sufficiently detailed explanations of these
points would require more space than was available, the decision was made not to cover
these points in the grammar. Learners who require explanation of these points are referred
to Korean: A Comprehensive Grammar.

Romanisation

When romanising Korean text, we use the McCune-Reischauer system. However, when a
given or commonly used spelling is available, we use this instead.

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Section 1

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The Tangun myth 3

Chapter 1: The Tangun myth

This chapter recounts the story of Tangun, which is considered the foundation myth
of the Korean people and nation. As you will see in the story, Tangun was a semi-
divine being who was born out of the union of a son of the King of Heaven, Hwanung,
and a bear-woman.

The earliest recorded version of the Tangun legend appears in the thirteenth century
㌒ῃ㥶㌂, Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms. Emperor Tangun’s rule is calculated to
have begun in 2333 bc. In South Korea, the story of Tangun is considered a myth,
although it is respected as an important part of Korean culture. In North Korea, how-
ever, the idea that the Korean people came from a divine source is taken more seriously
and is exploited for the purposes of propaganda. In 1994, the North Korean govern-
ment claimed that it had discovered the tomb of Tangun and built a lavish mausoleum
(┾ῆ⯟) near the site.

The modern version of the story contained in this chapter has been specially prepared
by the authors.

Questions to consider before reading the whole text:

1. Have you heard of the Tangun myth before? If so, what parts of the story do you remember?
2. Why do you think some countries such as Korea have foundation myths? What role do

such myths play?

ḭᢵ ⸥䆙

G㰖⁞㊁G ⎡⣅㱵G 㟓G \㻲G⎚G 㩚㦮G㧊㟒₆㧊┺UG
G䞮⓮G ⋮⧒㦮G 㢫G ˄䢮㧎˅㠦Ợ⓪G 㡂⩂G 㞚✺㧊G 㧞㠞⓪◆SG ⁎G 㭧G ˄䢮㤛˅㧊⧒⓪G 㞚✺㦖G
㧎Ṛ㎎㌗㠦G⌊⩺Ṗ㍲G ㌊ἶG 㕌㠊䟞┺UG
˄G㠎㩶ṖG䞲⻞G 㩖G 㞚⧮G 㧎Ṛ㎎㌗㠦G⌊⩺Ṗ㍲G 䟟⽋䞲G ⋮⧒⯒G Ⱒ✺㠊G ⽊ἶG 㕌┺U˅G
䢮G 㧎㧊G 㞚✺㦮G Ⱎ㦢㦚G 㞢ἶSG 䞮⓮G 㞚⧮G 㧎Ṛ㎎㌗㦚G ⌊⩺┺G ⽊㞮┺UG ⍩㦖G ╖⮯㦮G
☯㴓G⊳㠦G䘟䢪㓺⩓ἶG ἶ㣪䞲G ➛㧊G⽊㡖┺UG䢮㧎㦖G 㞚✺㦚G ⿞⩂㍲G Ⱖ䟞┺UG

4 The Tangun myth

˄G⌊ṖG⿖䞮G㌒㻲Gⳛ㦚GG㑉 㲑ḍGSG㩖G㞚⧮G㧎Ṛ㎎㌗㠦G⌊⩺Ṗ㍲G䟟⽋䞲G⋮⧒⯒GⰢ✺㠊G
⽊㞚⧒U˅G

G䢮㤛㧊G ⿖䞮G ㌒㻲G ⳛὒG 䞾℮G ☚㹿䞲G Ὁ㧊G 䌲⺇㌆㦮G 䞲G ⋮ⶊG ⹧㧊㠞┺UG 䢮㤛㦖G
☚㹿䞮G㋕┍㋕G ⁎G 㭒㥚⯒G ˄㔶㔲˅⧒ἶG ⿖⯊₆⪲G 䞮ἶG ⺇㎇㦚G ⳾㞚㍲G ┺㓺Ⰲ₆G 㔲㧧䟞┺UG

G⁎⩆◆G㠊ⓦG⋶SG὆G䞲GⰞⰂ㢖G䢎⧧㧊G䞲GⰞⰂ⯒GⰢ⋮ỢG♮㠞┺UG⁎✺㦖G㌂⧢㧊G♮ỢG
G䂹 ḱ⋁ᠥG⹺⌄㦒⪲G䞮ⓦ┮℮GアἶG㧞㠞┺UG䢮㤛㦖G㧊✺㠦ỢG㚻ὒGⰞ⓮㦚G㭒Ⳋ㍲GⰦ䟞┺UG

G˄⍞䧂✺㧊G☯Ὴ㠦㍲G㧊ộⰢGⲏἶG⺇G㧒G☯㞞GアⳊG㏢㤦㧊G㧊⬾㠊㰞Gộ㧊┞SG⁎⩝ỢG
䟊⧒U˅G

G὆ὒG 䢎⧧㧊⓪G ⍞ⶊG ₆ㄦ㍲SG ⁎ộ㦚G 㠒⯎G ⹱㞚G ✺ἶG Ἵ㧻G ῊG ㏣㦒⪲G ✺㠊Ṫ┺UG ⚦G
㰦㔏㧊G ῊG ㏣㦒⪲G ✺㠊ṚG 㰖G 㓺ⶊG 䞮⬾ṖG ♮⓪G ⋶㠦SG 䢎⧧㧊⓪G ⺆ἶ䝪㦚G 㺎㰖G ⴑ䞮ἶG
⁎ⰢG ⹬㦒⪲G ⋮Gㆅ ⟉⓱ᠥ ┕㞮G ┺UG ⁎⩂⋮G ὆㦖G ↃG ㌂⧢㧊G ♮Ỷ┺⓪G Ⱎ㦢㦒⪲G ⊳₢㰖G
ἂ❪㠞┺UGⰞ䂾⌊G⺇G㧒㧊G㰖⋮㍲SG὆㦖G㡞㊲G㡂㧦⪲G⼖䞮㡂GῊG⹬㦒⪲G⋮㢪┺UG㌂⧢✺㦖G
⁎⎖ṖG὆㧊G⼖䟊㍲G ♲G 㡂㧦⧒㍲G˄㤛⎖˅⧒ἶG ⿖⯊₆G 㔲㧧䟞┺UG

㡂G 㧦ṖG ♲G 㤛⎖⓪G 㧊㩲G 䞮ⓦ┮㠦ỢG 㞚✺㦚G ⌉ỢG 䟊G ╂⧒ἶG ┺㔲G ア₆G 㔲㧧䟞┺UG
⁎⧮㍲G 䢮㤛㦖G 㧶₦G ☯㞞G ㌂⧢㦒⪲G ⼖䞮㡂G 㤛⎖㢖G 䢒㧎㦚G 䟞┺UG ⁎ⰂἶG 䤚㠦G 㤛⎖ṖG
㞚✺㦚G⌉㞮⓪◆SG⁎ṖG ⹪⪲G㤆Ⰲ㦮G 㔲㫆G┾ῆ㧊┺UG

G┾ῆ㦖G㢫㧊G♲G㰖G\W⎚㧊G♮㠞㦚G➢SG䘟㟧G⿖⁒㧎G㞚㌂╂㠦G☚㦣㦚G㩫䞮ἶSG⋮⧒G
㧊⯚㦚G 㫆㍶㧊⧒ἶG 䟞┺UG ⁎ⰂἶG 䢣㧋㧎Ṛ㦚G Ịῃ㧊⎦㦒⪲G 㩫䞮ἶSG 㻲㡺⺇G ⎚G ☯㞞G
⋮⧒⯒G ┺㓺⪎┺UG

G㧊ộ㧊G 䞲⹮☚㠦G ㎎㤢㰚G 㼁G ⻞㱎G ⋮⧒㡖┺UG ₆㤦㩚G YZZZ⎚㦮G 㧒⪲㍲G 㤆Ⰲ⓪G 㧊G
⋮⧒⯒Gἶ㫆㍶SG⡦⓪G┾ῆ㫆㍶㧊⧒ἶG⿖⯎┺UG㧊G⋮⧒⓪G⁎G䤚GἚ㏣G⹲㩚䞮㡂G䞲⹮☚㦮G
㭧㕂G ῃṖṖG ♮㠞┺UG

Vocabulary

ỊG ῃ㧊⎦GO筸糑翓緒PG founding principle of a nation, the spirit of national
foundation
ἂG ❪┺G
ἚG ㏣G bear, endure, tolerate
Gἶ㣪䞮┺G continuously, unceasingly
ἽG 㧻G be quiet, be tranquil
GῊV☯ῊG O糠V纮糠PG straight, direct
₆G 㤦㩚GO絷蚕衔PG cave
⌉G ┺G bc
⌊G ⩺Ṗ┺G give birth to
⍩G ┺GO⍩㦖PG go down, descend
G┺㓺Ⰲ┺G wide, broad
╖G ⮯GO繗羲PG govern, dominate
continent

The Tangun myth 5

☚G 㦣GO纋蜲PG capital
G☚㹿䞮┺G arrive
GⰞ⓮G garlic
GⰞ䂾⌊G finally, eventually, at last
⳾G 㦒┺G gather, collect
⹲G 㩚䞮┺GO脊衚TPG develop
G⹺⌄㦒⪲G day and night
⼖G 䞮┺GO腯TPG change, transform
⽊G 㧊┺G be seen, come in sight
⿖G ⁒GO臣紭PG vicinity, neighbourhood
⿖G ⯊┺G call, say, call out
⿖G 䞮GO臠谨PG subordinate, henchman
Gア┺G pray
G㎎㤢㰖┺G get erected, get built
G㏢㤦G O荓蚮PG wish, hope
G㔲㫆G O萐裲PG ancestor, progenitor, father
G㚻G mugwort
G㠒⯎G quickly, promptly, immediately
G㧊⬾㠊㰖┺G come true, be realised
㧎G Ṛ㎎㌗GO蝸笋荃芟PG (human) world
㩫G 䞮┺GO袓TPG decide
G㭒㥚G surroundings
G㺎┺G endure, tolerate
G䘟䢪㓺⩓┺G O诐责TPG be peaceful
䟟G ⽋䞮┺GO貄膟TPG be happy
䢒G 㧎GO贏蝿PG marriage
䢣G 㧋㧎ṚGO贙蝳蝸笋PG humanitarianism, the humanitarian ideal

Grammar

1.1 T ㊁ ⎡⣅㱵 (‘from’)

O㦒P⪲⿖䎆 can be used in place of 㠦㍲ (with no change in meaning) when talking about
movement away from a non-human or non-animal entity. Although identical in meaning to
㠦㍲, the feeling is more formal.

G㰖⁞G㊁⎡⣅㱵G㟓G \㻲G⎚G 㩚㦮G㧊㟒₆㧊┺UG
This is a story from over 5,000 years ago ( from now).

G㌆㊁G ⎡⣅㱵G㔲㤦䞲G ⹪⧢㧊G ⿞㠊㢪┺UG
A cool breeze came from the mountains.

6 The Tangun myth

1.2 ㊁ ы 㲑ḍ ᦑ (intention)

This is a combination of TO㦒Pඥ䎆 (refer to 16.3) which expresses the speaker’s intention
and the sequential ending of copula T㧊┞O₢P.

TO㦒Pඥ䎢┞O₢P has two distinct usages. In the first usage (and the one that features in
our text) the speaker expresses his/her own volitional action in the first clause, which pro-
vides the condition for the hearer performing another action in the second. Put simply, the
speaker says ‘since I am going to do A, you can do B’:

⌊ṖG⿖䞮G㌒㻲G ⳛ㦚G 㑉 㲑ḍSG㩖G 㞚⧮G㧎Ṛ㎎㌗㠦G ⌊⩺Ṗ㍲G 䟟⽋䞲G ⋮⧒⯒G Ⱒ✺㠊G
⽊㞚⧒U

Since I will give you three thousand followers, go down to the human world there below and
try to make a happy country.

㑶㦖G⌊ṖG㌊G㲑ḍᦑG ⍞⓪G㞞㭒G 㫖G㌂G 㢖U
Since I am going to buy the alcohol, you can buy some appetisers.

In the second usage, the first clause provides a strong future prediction based on the
opinion of the speaker. The second clause then provides a suggestion or piece of advice
based on the preceding prediction. In other words, the speaker is saying ‘since A is going
to happen, you should do B’ or ‘since A is going to happen, let’s do B’, etc.:

⌊㧒G゚ṖG㢂G㲑ḍᦑG 㡺⓮G Ṗ㎎㣪U
Since it’s going to rain tomorrow, go today.

1.3 T㋕┍㋕ (‘as soon as’)

The T㧦Ⱎ㧦 pattern indicates that the event stated in the second clause occurs instantane-
ously after the event in the first clause is completed. It is essentially identical to the use of
‘as soon as’ in English:

䢮㤛㦖G☚㹿䞮㋕┍㋕G⁎G 㭒㥚⯒G˄㔶㔲˅⧒ἶG ⿖⯊₆⪲G 䟞┺U
As soon as Hwanung arrived he decided to call the surrounding area Shinshi.

⑫㧦┍㋕G 㧶㧊G ✺㠞㠊㣪U
I fell asleep as soon as I lay down.

1.4 T᥵⎡ 䂝ḩ (‘decide to do’)

In this pattern, the nominal form T₆ is marked with the instrumental particle O㦒P⪲ and
followed by the verb 䞮┺. The whole pattern T₆⪲G䞮┺ usually translates as ‘decides to’
or ‘chooses to’.

䢮㤛㦖G☚㹿䞮㧦Ⱎ㧦G⁎G 㭒㥚⯒G˄㔶㔲˅⧒ἶG ⣅Ⓓ᥵⎡ 䃍ḩU
As soon as Hwanung arrived he decided to call the surrounding area Shinshi.

䣢㌂⯒G ⁎Ⱒ⚦᥵⎡ 䃍ヹ㇙U
I made up my mind to quit my job at the company.

The Tangun myth 7

1.5 Tら ヹ ḱ⋁ᠥ (quoted benefactives)

In quoted commands, the verb 㭒┺ ‘give’ is typically replaced by ╂⧒ἶ. The benefactive
construction T㞚V㠊G 㭒┺ (used when talking about doing something for the benefit of
someone else) thus becomes T㞚V㠊G ╂⧒ἶ.

Actual words Reported in indirect quotations

˄㌂⧢㧊G♮ỢG䟊G 㭒㎎㣪U˅ ⁎✺㦖G㌂⧢㧊G ♮ỢG䂹 ḱ⋁ᠥG 䞮ⓦ┮℮G アἶG
‘Please make us become people.’ 㧞㠞┺U

They prayed to god to make them become people.

˄⌊㧒₢㰖G㩚䢪䟊G 㭒㎎㣪U˅ ⹒䢎⓪G⌊㧒₢㰖G 㩚䢪䟊Gḱ⋁ᠥ 䃍ヹ㇙U
‘Give me a call by tomorrow.’ Minho told me to give him a call by tomorrow.

However, note that in cases where the person to whom the command is being addressed
is a notable superior, etc. and would typically be addressed in honorifics, the special form
㭒㕃㌂ should be used instead. Also note that in cases where the person benefiting from
the action is a different person to the one making the command, 㭒┺ is maintained in the
form 㭒⧒ἶ.

1.6 Tら ヹ ⟉⓱ḩ (‘do completely for regret or relief ’)

The verb ⻚Ⰲ┺, as a main verb, means ‘throw away’. When used as an auxiliary verb in
the pattern T㞚V㠊G⻚Ⰲ┺, this meaning is maintained to some extent. This pattern is used
when talking about finishing a process through to the end so that it is, metaphorically,
‘disposed of ’. Although at times the completion of the process may come to the relief of
the speaker or person performing the action, often finishing the process is somehow seen
negatively or in a regrettable light.

䢎⧧㧊⓪G⺆ἶ䝪㦚G 㺎㰖G ⴑ䞮ἶG⁎ⰢG ⹬㦒⪲G ⋮㢖G⟉⓱ᠥ ┕ゝḩU
The tiger couldn’t endure the hunger so gave up and went outside.

㞚㧊㓺䋂Ⱂ㧊G┺G ⏏ら ⟉⍽㠊㣪U
All of the ice-cream melted.

1.7 Tᠥ ┕T (‘end up with’)

As a main verb, ⰦT means ‘ceases’, ‘leaves off ’, ‘stops’, although it only infrequently occurs
by itself. When used in an auxiliary construction, the meaning of ‘ceasing’ transitions to
a meaning similar to English expressions such as ‘ends up doing’ or ‘winds up doing’ or
simply ‘finally’, ‘at last’ or ‘in the end’.

䢎⧧㧊⓪G⺆ἶ䝪㦚G 㺎㰖G ⴑ䞮ἶG⁎ⰢG ⹬㦒⪲G ⋮㢖G⟉⓱ᠥ ┕ゝḩU
The tiger couldn’t endure the hunger so gave up and went outside.

㞞GṖἶG㕌㠞㰖ⰢSG 䂲ῂ✺㧊G┺G ṖỢG♮㠊㍲G ⋮☚G Ṗᠥ ┕ゝヹ㇙U
I didn’t want to go, but it turned out that all my friends were going and so I wound

up going too.

8 The Tangun myth

Words and meanings

1. Find the synonymous words in the texts for the words given below:
㑮G ☚V㍲㤎G
G㫆㣿䞲G
ἆG 䢒䞮┺G
G⻚䕆┺VG 㺎┺G
䐋G 䂮䞮┺G
G䟃㌗V㓂㰖G 㞠ἶG
G䧂ⰳV∞G

2. The following is a list of adverbs used in the main text. Please fill in the blanks in the
sentences with an appropriate adverb from the box.

⍞G ⶊG G 㠒⯎G G Ἵ㧻G G Ⱎ䂾⌊G G Ἒ㏣G G ┺㔲G

1) 㭖G ゚♦⋮㣪fG 㔲Ṛ㧊G㠜㦒┞₢G††††††††Gṧ㔲┺UG
2) ⁎G G㌂⧢㦖G㰖⋲G㧒⎚G☯㞞G㡊㕂䧞G㔲䠮G㭖゚⯒G䞮▪┞G††††††††G㔲䠮㠦G䞿ỿ䟞┺UG
3) Gᾦ䐋G㌂ἶṖG ⌂┺⓪G ㏢㔳㦚G✹㧦Ⱎ㧦G ††††††††G㌂ἶG䡚㧻㦒⪲G ╂⩺Ṫ┺UG
4) G㡂㧦G䂲ῂṖG 㕁㠊㪢⓪◆G††††††††GⰢ⋮㟒G 䞶㰖G ἶ⹒㧊┺UG
5) G††††††††G 䞲⻞G㩠㠊㰚┺ⳊG ⲡ㧞⓪G㡂㧦㢖G ㌂⧧㦚G 䞮ἶG 㕌㠊㣪UG
6) 㩦G 㕂㦚GⰤ㧊G ⲏ㠞▪┞G ⺆ṖG ††††††††G⿞⩂㣪UG

Answer the following questions in English

1. According to this text, what is the relationship between Tangun and the King of
Heaven?

2. How many followers accompanied Hwanung when he arrived at T’aebaek mountain?
3. How many days did the tiger endure the hunger?
4. What does ‘Ungnyo’ mean?
5. How long did Tangun govern the country called Old Chosan or Tangun Chosan for?

Answer the following questions about the text in your own words

1. G䢮㤛㧊G㧎Ṛ㎎㌗㠦G ⌊⩺㢖㍲G 㻮㦢G☚㹿䞲G Ὁ㦖G 㠊❪㡖㠊㣪fG
2. G㌂⧢㧊G♮ἶG㕌㠊䞮⓪G ὆ὒG䢎⧧㧊㠦ỢG 䢮㤛㧊G 㭖G ộ㦖G ⶊ㠝㧊㠦㣪fG
3. G䢎⧧㧊⓪G㢲G㌂⧢㧊G ♮㰖Gⴑ䞮ἶG ὆㦖G㢲G ㌂⧢㧊G ♮㠞⋮㣪fG
4. G┾ῆ㔶䢪㠦G ➆⯊ⳊSG 䞲⹮☚㠦G 㻮㦢㦒⪲G ⋮⧒ṖG ㎎㤢㰚G ộ㦖G 㠎㩲㡖⋮㣪fG ⁎ⰂἶG

⁎G⋮⧒㦮G㧊⯚㦖G ⶦ㠦㣪fG
5. G┾ῆG 㫆㍶㦮G Ịῃ㧊⎦㦖G ⶊ㠝㧊㠞⋮㣪fG ⁎G Ịῃ㧊⎦㦮G 㦮⹎㠦G ╖䟊㍲G ㍶㌳┮ὒG

䞾℮G 㟮₆䟊G ⽊㎎㣪UG

The Tangun myth 9

More to think about
1. Do you know of any other national foundation myths, either in your native coun-

try or another country you are familiar with? How do these myths compare with
the story of Tangun?
2. What do you think of North Korea’s claim that they located the remains of Tangun?
What did the North’s regime hope to achieve by such claims?

10 Several statistics about Ch’usEk

Chapter 2: Several statistics about
Ch’usEk

The extract in this chapter comes from a series called ‘㒁㧦⪲G⽊⓪G㎎Ἒ’ (‘the world seen
through numbers’) which first appeared on the website www.voanews.com (Voice of
America; ⹎ῃ㦮G㏢Ⰲ) and is reproduced with their permission. The series claims that
‘if you know numbers, then the world becomes visible’ (‘㒁㧦⯒G㞢ⳊG㎎ἚṖG⽊㧎┺’).

This particular reading presents statistics related to Ch’usak (㿪㍳; 諊苩), which
along with Sallal (㍺⋶ Lunar (‘Chinese’) New Year) is one of the two biggest holidays
in Korea. Ch’usak, also known as 䞲Ṗ㥚, originates from a celebration of the harvest.
Like many other harvest festivals, it is held around the autumn equinox on the fifteenth
day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar.

In modern Korea, Ch’usak is marked by a mass exodus from Seoul as Koreans return
to their hometowns in the provinces to spend the holiday with their relatives. Once there,
they typically perform ancestral worship rituals, eat traditional food and play folk games.

Questions to consider before reading the whole text:
1. What are the biggest holidays in your country? How do these compare to Ch’usak? Is

it common for people to travel at holiday time?
2. What statistics about Ch’usak do you think the article might mention?

㣙Ɫᡁ ᡅ⍭ὡ ㄱ⌱ ᝅ㔅 㳺᠉

˄G▪☚G ⰦἶG ▲☚G ⰦἶG 䞲Ṗ㥚ⰢG ṯ㞚⧒˅⧒⓪G Ⱖ㧊G 㧞㔋┞┺UG ⹪⪲G 㡺⓮㧊G 䞲Ṗ㥚SG
䞲ῃ㧎✺㦮G 㾲╖G ⹒㏣G ⳛ㩞㧊⧒G 䞶G 㑮G 㧞⓪G 㿪㍳G 㧛┞┺UG ἆ㔺㦮G Ἒ㩞㧎G Ṗ㦚㧊₆㠦SG
ἷ㔳ὒG ὒ㧒㧊G G㿒ⱶ䂡 㰘ㄕGSG X⎚G Z]\㧒G Ṗ㤊◆G 㡺⓮SG 㦢⩻G _㤪G X\㧒SG 㿪㍳㦚G ˄▪☚G
ⰦἶG ▲☚G ⰦἶG 䞲Ṗ㥚ⰢG ṯ㞚⧒˅⧒⓪G Ⱖ⪲G 䚲䡚㦚G 䞿┞┺UG 㡺⓮㦖G 㿪㍳㠦G ἶ䟻㦚G
㺔㞚G 㤖㰗㧊⓪G㧊☯G 㧎ῂ⓪G 㠒Ⱎ⋮G♮⓪㰖G 䐋Ἒ⯒G 䐋䟊G 㞢㞚⽊Ỷ㔋┞┺UG

G䞲⹒㫇㦮G╖㧊☯㧊⧒⓪GⰦ㧊Gⶊ㌟䞮㰖GわG ㊉ ┑㯁G䞲ῃ㧎✺㦖G㿪㍳㠦Gἶ䟻㦚G㺔⓪G
㌂⧢✺㧊G Ⱔ㔋┞┺UG 䔏䧞G 㧊⻞G 㿪㍳㦖G 㤪㣪㧒ὒG ⁞㣪㧒☚G 㿪㍳G 㡆䦊G 䞮⬾G 㩚G 䤭⋶㧊⧒G

Several statistics about Ch’usCk 11

㾲╖G`G㧒₢㰖G㓂⓪G㌂⧢✺㧊G┓G らGἶ䟻㦚G㺔⓪G‖㎇G䟟⪂㦮G⋶㰲ṖG⿚㌆♦㰖ⰢSG㩚㼊G
㧊☯㧎ῂ⓪G Ệ㦮G \G 㻲G ⰢG ⳛSG 䞮⬾G 䘟‶G \WWG ⰢG ⳛ㧊G 㤖㰗㧊ἶG 㧞㔋┞┺UG 䞲ῃ㦮G
ᾦ䐋⹿㏷ὒGⰞ䅖䕛G㫆㌂G₆㠛G㠶ぢ⩞㧎㠦G➆⯊ⳊG㿪㍳G㡆䦊㠦Gἶ䟻㦚G⹿ⶎ䞮⓪G㌂⧢✺㦮G
ᾦ䐋㑮┾GṖ㤊◆GṖ㧻GⰤ㦖Gộ㦖GṲ㧎G㧦Ṗ㣿㧊㠞ἶSG⁎G┺㦢㧊Gἶ㏣⻚㓺㢖G₆㹾㡖⓪◆㣪SG
䞲ῃG☚⪲GὋ㌂㠦G➆⯊ⳊGἶ㏣☚⪲⯒G䐋䟊Gἶ䟻㦚G㺔㦖G㹾⨟㧊G㿪㍳G㡆䦊G㭧G䞮⬾G䘟‶G
Z\WⰢ㡂G ╖SG 㡊㹾⓪G [WWG ⰢG ⳛG Ṗ⨟㧊G 㿪㍳G 㡆䦊ṖG ⊳⋮⓪G 㧊⻞G 㭒Ⱖ₢㰖G 㧊㣿䞶G
ộ㦒⪲G ⽊㧛┞┺UG

䞲G ⹒㫇㦮G ╖㧊☯G 㿪㍳G \G 㻲ⰢG ⳛG Ṗ⨟HG ┺⯎G ⋮⧒㦮G ⹒㏣G ⳛ㩞㦮G 㧎ῂG 㧊☯㑮☚G
㌊䘊⽊㬶UG 㭧ῃ㦮G 㿮㩞HG ㎎ἚG 㾲╖G ′⳾㦮G 㰧┾㩗G 㧎ῂG 㧊☯㧊⧒ἶG ⿞Ⱃ┞┺UG 䞲ῃ㦮G
㍺㧊⧒ἶG⽊㔲ⳊG♮⓪◆㣪SG YWG㠋㧊G⍮⓪G 㭧ῃ㧎✺㧊G ἶ䟻㦚G 㺔㞚G 㤖㰗㧛┞┺UG

G䞲ῃ㦮G㿪㍳ὒG゚㔍䞲G⹎ῃ㦮GThanksgiving DaySG㿪㑮GṦ㌂㩞SG⹎ῃ㧎✺㦖G[G㻲GⰢG
ⳛGṖ⨟㧊GṖ㫇㦚G Ⱒ⋮₆G 㥚䟊SG ⡦⓪G₊G 䦊Ṗ⯒G 㯦₆₆G 㥚䟊G 㡂䟟㦚G ⟶⋿┞┺UG

㧎G ῂG㧊☯㦒⪲G䂮ⳊGヒG⏩㦚G㑮G㠜⓪G䟟㌂SG㌂㤆❪㞚⧒゚㞚GⲪ䃊㠦㍲G㡊ⰂἶG㧞⓪G
㎇㰖G㑲⪖G䟟㌂SG䞮㰖HG㧊㔂⧢⩻㦒⪲GXYG㤪G_G㧒⿖䎆GXYG㧒₢㰖㧎◆㣪SGⶊ㔂Ⱂ㧊G䟟䟊㟒G
䞶G㦮ⶊGṖ㤊◆G䞮⋮⪲G㎎ἚGYWWG㡂GṲG⋮⧒㦮GZWWGⰢG㡂ⳛ㦮G㧊㔂⧢Gᾦ☚✺㧊G䂮⯊⓪G
䟟㌂㧛┞┺UG

Vocabulary

TG ὒV㢖Gὖ⩾GO籟缷PG ♲G in association with, about
㡂G ⩂GṖ㰖G several, many, various
䐋G ἚGO讇篯PG statistics
䞲G Ṗ㥚G Hangawi, alternative term for Ch’usck
G㾲╖G O諁繗PG the biggest, the largest
G⹒㏣GO胐荱PGⳛ㩞G O聐衾PG ‘folk’ (national) holiday
Gἆ㔺G O箦葒PG fruition
Gἷ㔳G O簟萶PG grain, cereal
ṖG 㤊◆G middle; from, among (several things,

㦢G ⩻GO蜭缪PG incidents, etc.)
G䚲䡚G O谉販PG lunar calendar
㤖G 㰗㧊┺G expression
G㧊☯G㧎ῂGO蝠纨G 蝸粣PG move
㦚G V⯒G䐋GO讈PG䟊G moving population
䞲G ⹒㫇GO豈胐褈PG 㦮G ╖㧊☯G O繗蝠纨PG through
Gⶊ㌟GO肚苅PG䞮㰖G 㞠┺G mass migration of the Korean people
G䔏G O讖P䧞G not be absurd
in particular, especially

12 Several statistics about Ch’usEk the next day, the future
homecoming
G䤭G O趒PG ⋶G parade
‖G ㎇GO糾茼PG be dispersed
G䟟⪂G O貇缽PG average
⿚G ㌆GO臧芅PG♮┺G according to
䘟G ‶GO诐紒PG visit
GT㠦G ➆⯊ⳊG means of transportation
G⹿ⶎG O脧肪PG 䞮┺G (private) car
Gᾦ䐋㑮┾G O粂讈莝縤PG Korea Expressway Corporation
G㧦Ṗ㣿G O蟀竖虑PG traffic, car, vehicle
G䞲ῃG☚⪲GὋ㌂G O豈糑G 纊罫G簰艧PG around, approximately
㹾G ⨟GO觬缕PG train
GT㡂G OT蔡PG around, approximately
G㡊㹾G O蕝觬PG (consecutive) public holidays, a long
GṖ⨟G O竎编PG
㡆G 䦊GO蕙趱PG weekend
look at, examine
㌊G 䘊⽊┺G Spring Festival (in China)
㿮G 㩞GO諥衾PG scale, size
′G ⳾GO納聩PG group, collective
㰧G ┾㩗GO觛縞蠿PG be called
⿞G Ⰲ┺G Lunar New Year’s Day
㍺G G consider sth to be sth, take sth as sth
䂮G ┺G leave out
ヒG G⏩┺G be held
G㡊Ⰲ┺G conduct, fulfill, carry out
G䟟G O貇PG 䞮┺G believer, follower
Gᾦ☚G O粊繲PG carry out
䂮G ⯊┺G

Grammar

2.1 Tᷙ_T ㊁ ц 㰘 (‘because’, ‘since’)

This construction combines a past or progressive modifier with the word 䌩 ‘reason’
(also meaning ‘fault’, ‘blame’). It expresses a reason in the first clause that leads to a con-
sequence in the second. The expression is rather bookish and is rarely heard in casual
speech.

ἷG 㔳ὒGὒ㧒㧊G䛣㎇G䂡 㰘ㄕG
since grains and fruit are abundant

Several statistics about Ch’usCk 13

GⶒṖṖG㡺⯊Gᷙ 㰘ㄕG ㌳䢲㧊G㠊⩺㤢㪢┺UG
Since the price of goods has been going up, life has become difficult.

2.2 T ㊁ ы_Tᷙ_T ㊁ ц┑㯁 (‘to the extent that’)

Ⱒ䋒 is used to express that two things are equal or have reached the same extent. Common
translations include ‘to the extent that’ or ‘as . . . as’:

G䞲⹒㫇㦮G╖㧊☯㧊⧒⓪G Ⱖ㧊Gⶊ㌟䞮㰖G 㞠G㊉ ┑㯁G 䞲ῃ㧎✺㦖G 㿪㍳㠦G ἶ䟻㦚G 㺔⓪G
㌂⧢✺㧊G Ⱔ㔋┞┺UG

Korean people visit their hometowns at Ch’usCk to the extent that it is not absurd to describe
it as ‘the mass migration of the Korean people’.

Gἶ⹒䞮ἶG⏎⩻G䂡 ┑㯁GἆὒṖG ⋮㊮㰖G㞠ỢG ⋮㡾G ộG ṯ㞚㣪UG
The result doesn’t seem too bad compared with the worry and effort.

2.3 ら ヹ (‘so’)

T㞚V㠊 is most frequently treated as an abbreviated and slightly more bookish version of
TO㞚V㠊P㍲ (refer to Yeon & Brown 2011)1. It marks a cause and a result; the cause is
expressed in the first clause; the result is expressed in the second.

G㾲╖G`G㧒₢㰖G 㓂⓪G ㌂⧢✺㧊G ⰤらG GUG
Since there will be many people who are off work for up to nine days . . .

G㡊㕂䧞GὋ⿖䞮GㄱG ⼖䢎G ㌂ṖG♦㠊㣪UG
I studied hard and became a lawyer.

Words and meanings

1. The text contains a lot of statistics, numbers and dates. Find the expression in the text
which correlates with these English translations:

3,500,000 ________________
twelfth day of the eighth month ________________
50 million ________________
5 million ________________
2 billion ________________

2. The text contains a word and a particle that mean ‘around’ or ‘approximately’. Can you
find them?

3. You may have learned the verb 㺔┺ as meaning ‘find’ or ‘look for’. But it occurs in
this text several times in a different meaning – and always with the same object noun
(marked by 㦚V⯒). What object noun does it occur with? What does 㺔┺ mean in this
context?

4. You may have learned before that the Korean words for ‘car’ and ‘train’ are 㹾 and
₆㹾. But in this article they are referred to by different words. What are they?

5. What does ‘▪☚GⰦἶG▲☚GⰦἶG䞲Ṗ㥚ⰢGṯ㞚⧒’ mean? Why do people say this at
Ch’usak?

14 Several statistics about Ch’usEk

Answer the following questions about the text in English
1. Why is the migration to hometowns ‘dispersed’ over this particular Ch’usak?
2. How many people will have used trains by the end of Ch’usak?
3. What other festivals and holidays does the article compare Ch’usak with?
4. According to the article, apart from meeting family why else do Americans travel at

Thanksgiving?
5. What and when is the Hajj (䞮㰖)?

Answer the following questions about the text in Korean
1. G㿪㍳㦖G㠎㩲㧛┞₢fG
2. G㧊⻞G㿪㍳G➢G㩚㼊G 㧊☯㧎ῂ⓪GⳝG ⳛ㧊⋮G ♿┞₢fG
3. Gἶ䟻㦚G⹿ⶎ䞮⓪G ㌂⧢✺㦖G 㠊⟺Gᾦ䐋㑮┾㦚G Ṗ㧻G Ⱔ㧊G 㧊㣿䞿┞₢fG
4. ˄G㎎ἚG㾲╖G′⳾㦮G 㰧┾㩗G 㧎ῂG㧊☯˅㦖G㠊ⓦG ⋮⧒㠦㍲G 㧊⬾㠊㰧┞₢fG

More to think about
(1) Do you think that returning to their hometowns at Ch’usak is something that

Korean people enjoy or do they find it burdensome?
(2) Do you think that the custom for Korean people to visit their hometowns at Ch’usak

will continue into the future? Why (not)?

Note

1 Section 6.1.1, page 260

The distance between Britain and Korea 15

Chapter 3: The distance between
Britain and Korea

The following piece was written by a Korean civil servant, Mr. Keonyoung Lee, who
worked for the Ministry of Construction. This version has been specially edited and
prepared by the authors.

Questions to consider before reading the whole text:
1. Do you think Korea is a distant or close country to the UK? In what ways do you think

it is distant or close?
2. In what ways do you think the UK may be familiar to Korean people?

ㅆᢲᡁ 䂡ᢲ㊝ ឵⓱

G㡗ῃ㦖G䞲ῃ㠦ỢGⲖGᠥἉGṖ₢㤊G⋮⧒㧊┺UG㰖Ⰲ㩗㦒⪲⓪G㰖ῂ㦮G⹮╖䘎㠦G㧞㦒⸖⪲G
㰖⁏䧞GⲖ┺UG⁒㎎㠦G 㧊⯊₆₢㰖G䞲ῃὒG 䔏⼚䞲G ὖἚ⯒G ⱐ㦚G ₆䣢☚G 㠜㠞┺UG

G㌂㔺㌗G㭧ῃὒG㧒⽎SG⁎ⰂἶG䟊⹿G䤚㦮G⹎ῃ㧊G䞲ῃ㠦ỢG㩞╖㩗㦒⪲G㡗䟻㦚G㭒㠞┺UG
⁎⩂⋮G㥶⩓㦖G䟃㌗G 䞲ῃ㠦Ợ㍲G ⲖⰂG⟾㠊㪎G 㧞㠞┺UG 㰖Ⰲ㩗G ỆⰂG 䌩㧊㠞┺UG

G㧊㻮⩒G㰖Ⰲ㩗GỆⰂṦ㦖GⲒGẵ ⦉䂹G㡗ῃ㦖G㡂⩂⳾⪲G䞲ῃ㠦ỢGṖ₳G᥵Ἁ 䂡G⋮⧒㡖┺UG
㍲ῂG ㍶㰚ῃG 㭧㠦⓪G ⹎ῃG ┺㦢㦒⪲G ⚦G ⻞㱎⪲G 䞲ῃὒG 㣎ᾦG ὖἚ⯒G ⱐ㦖G ⋮⧒㧊┺UG
X__Z⎚㠦G㫆㍶ὒG 㡗ῃG ㌂㧊㠦G 㤆䢎G䐋㌗G 㫆㟓㧊G 㼊ἆ♮㠞┺UG

㡗G ῃ㦖G ⹎ῃὒG 䞾℮G Ὃ㌆㭒㦮G ῃṖ㠦G ╖㦧䞮⓪G 㧦㥶G 㰚㡗㦮G ṫ⩻䞲G Ⰲ▪㡖┺UG
X`\W⎚G]㤪GY\㧒㠦G㧒㠊⋲G䞲ῃG㩚㨗G➢⓪G⹎ῃG┺㦢㦒⪲G䋆G′⳾㧎G䂶ⰢGⳛ㦮G⼧⩻㦚G
䕢ἂ䞮㡂G╖䞲⹒ῃ㦚G☚㢖G㭒㠞┺UG㧊G㭧G㌒㻲Gⳛ㧊G㩚㌂䞮㡂G㰖⁞G⋾䞲G➛㠦Gⶑ䡖G㧞┺UG
㡗ῃ㠦⓪G䞲ῃ㩚㨗G 㺎㩚㣿㌂✺㦮G ⳾㧚☚G㧞┺UG

⁎G ⩂⋮G ⶊ㠝⽊┺G 㤆Ⰲ㠦ỢG 䂲⁒䞲G ộ㦖G 㡗㠊G 䌩㧒G ộ㧊┺UG ㎎ἚG 㕃㠋G 㧎ῂṖG
㌂㣿䞮⓪G㡗㠊⯒G䞲ῃG㌂⧢✺☚G䞯㺓G㔲㩞㠦G⳾⚦G䞚㑮㩗㦒⪲G⺆㤶┺UG㡗㠊G➢ⶎ㠦G㡗ῃ㦖G
㤆Ⰲ㠦ỢGṖ₳ỢGⓦ⅊㰖ἶGↃGṖ⽊ἶG㕌㦖G䟻㑮㢖G䢎₆㕂㦮G⋮⧒ṖG♮㠊G㧞⓪Gộ㧊┺UG

16 The distance between Britain and Korea

㰖G ῂ㽢㦮G 㔲╖⯒G ⰴ㞚G 㡗ῃ☚G 㧊㩲G 㩦㩦G 㤆Ⰲ㠦ỢG Ṗ₢㤢㰖ἶG 㧞┺UG ᾦ⹒㧊⋮G
㥶䞯㌳SG㰖㌂⪲G䕢ἂ♮㠊G⋮㡾G㌂⧢G❇G㧊Ὁ㠦G㌂⓪G䞲ῃ㧎㦖G㌂ⰢG㡺㻲G㡂Gⳛ㠦G╂䞮ἶSG
Ⓤⴆ✶SG 㥪な▮G 㰖㡃㠦G 㩲⻫G 䞲ῃ㧎G 㽢㦚G 㧊⬾㠊G ⏩㞮┺UG Ⓤⴆ✶G 㰖㡃㦖G 㩚㼊G 㧎ῂ㦮G
㟓GXW䗒㎒䔎G㧊㌗㧊G䞲ῃG㌂⧢✺㧊┺UG䞲ῃ㦮Gᾦ㡃G䕢䔎⍞G⎡ⱡG㦮G㡗ῃ㦮G゚㭧☚GἚ㏣䟊㍲G
⓮㠊⋮ἶG 㧞┺UG ⳾✶G ộ㧊G 㹾䂆G ╂⧒㰖ἶG 㧞┺UG 䡚╖G 㧦☯㹾㢖G ₆㞚G 㧦☯㹾㦮G 㧎₆☚G
㩦㩦G⏨㞚㰖ἶG㧞┺UG㌒㎇ὒGsn㦮G㩚㧦㩲䛞ὒG䦊╖㩚䢪㦮G㧎₆⓪G╖┾䞮┺UG㌒㎇㦮G㧊G
ὉG㔲㧻G㩦㥶㥾㦖Gⶊ㔲䞮㰖Gⴑ䞶G㑮㭖㠦G☚╂䞮㡖┺UG䞲ῃG㡗䢪㢖G✲⧒Ⱎ⯒G㺔㞚G⽊ἶSG
䞲ῃGṖ㑮✺㠦G㡊ὧ䞮⓪G㡗ῃ㦮G 㩠㦖㧊✺㧊G㩗㰖G 㞠┺UG

⩆G ▮G ╖䞯ὒG ㏆䞚✲G ╖䞯SG ⁎ⰂἶG 㡻㓺䙂✲G ╖䞯㠦⓪G 䞲ῃ䞯G 䞯㥚G ὒ㩫㧊G 㧞ἶSG
䃶ぢⰂ㰖G ╖䞯㠦☚G 䞲ῃ䞯G ṫ㫢ṖG Ṳ㍺♮㠞┺UG ⩆▮G 㭧㕂Ṗ㠦⓪G 䞲ῃG ⶎ䢪㤦㧊G
㍺Ⱃ♮㠊G䞲ῃG㡗䢪G㌗㡗G⹥Gṗ㫛Gⶎ䢪G䟟㌂⯒G䐋䞲G㡗ῃὒG䞲ῃ㦮Gᾦ⮮ṖG䢲⹲䟊G㰖ἶG
㧞┺UG

G㡗ῃG ㌂⧢✺㠦ỢG 䞲ῃ㦖G 㧊㩲G 㧧㦖G ⋮⧒ṖG 㞚┞┺UG 䞲ῃ㦮G ╖䐋⪏✺☚G 㡗ῃ㦚G
┺⎖ṪἶSG 㠮Ⰲ㧦⻶㓺G 㡂㢫☚G 䞲ῃ㦚G ⹿ⶎ䞮㡖┺UG 㡂⯚㧊ⳊG ⩆▮G 㔲⌊㠦㍲G 䞲ῃ㧎G
ὖὧṳ㦚G㠒Ⱎ✶㰖G Ⱒ⋶G㑮G 㧞┺UG ⁎Ⱒ䋒G㡗ῃὒG 䞲ῃ㦮G ỆⰂ⓪G Ṗ₢㤢㰖ἶG 㧞┺UG

Vocabulary

㰖G Ⰲ㩗GO襽翓蠿PG geographical
G⁒㎎G O紭荃PG modern (recent) times (ages) cf. 㭧㎎O襦荃P

GὖἚG O籟篜PG ⯒G ⱐ┺G the Middle Ages
G㌂㔺㌗G O艃葒芟PG form/open/have a relationship
G䟊⹿G O豻脘PG in fact
G㩞╖㩗G O衿繘蠿PG liberation (from Japan)
㡗G 䟻GO薀貍PG absolute
䌩G G influence
㡂G ⩂⳾⪲G reason
㍶G 㰚ῃGO苺覿糑PG in various/many ways
㣎G ᾦGὖἚGO蘑粂籟篜PG developed countries
G㤆䢎G 䐋㌗㫆㟓G O號賨讈芣裨蓈PG diplomatic relations
GὋ㌆㭒㦮G O簱芈褨蝂PG friendly/cordial commercial treaty
╖G 㦧䞮┺GO繘蜴TPG communist
G⼧⩻G O腹缩PG meet a challenge/aggression, confront
䕢G ἂ䞮┺GO讠管TPG military force
G㩚㌂G O衝艠PG send forth/over
Gⶑ䧞┺G death in battle
be buried

G㺎㩚㣿㌂G O訊衝虅艐PG The distance between Britain and Korea 17
䂲G ⁒GO謤紭PG䞮┺G
䞯G 㺓G㔲㩞GO谷訤G 萚衾PG (war) veterans
G䟻㑮G O貌莛PG intimate, close
G㰖ῂ㽢G O襽粺課PG school days
Gᾦ⹒G O粃胐PG homesickness, nostalgia
G㥶䞯㌳G O蛰谷苇PG global village
Gᾦ㡃G O粂蔩PG G Koreans residing overseas
G゚㭧G O舔襩PG overseas/international students
㹾G 䂆G trade, commerce (cf. synonym: ⶊ㡃)
㩦G 㥶㥾GO袀蛞蜛PG relative importance
G☚╂G O繩縲PG 䞮┺G gradually
G㡊ὧ䞮┺G O蕣籭TPG share of the market
㍺G Ⱃ♮┺G reach
go crazy, go wild over
be established

Grammar

3.1 TᠥἉ (‘as well as’)

The connective ending Tἶ☚ is an amalgamation of the additional connective Tἶ and the
particle T☚. Here, Tἶ takes on an additional meaning of ‘and’ and T☚ has the meaning
of ‘as well as’ or ‘at the same time’. Thus, as a whole, the construction means ‘and at the
same time’.

㡗G ῃ㦖G䞲ῃ㠦ỢG ⲖGᠥἉGṖ₢㤊G ⋮⧒㧊┺UG
The UK is both a close and distant country to Korea.

G㡞㊮ᠥG ἉG‖㡂㤊G 㠒ῊUG
Pretty and cute face.

3.2 Tц ㊅ ẵ ⦉䂹 ⱡ (‘compared with, . . . on the other hand’)

This pattern combines a modifying form with the dependent noun ◆, literally meaning
‘thing, place’, followed by the verb ゚䟊O㍲P, meaning ‘compared’. The construction takes
on the meaning ‘compared with (it)’ or ‘but on the other hand’ and is used to compare or
juxtapose two contrasting states of affairs. The expression is most commonly encountered
in writing or formal speech.

G㰖Ⰲ㩗GỆⰂṦ㦖G ⲒGẵ ⦉䂹G㡗ῃ㦖G 㡂⩂⳾⪲G 䞲ῃ㠦ỢG Ṗ₳₆☚G 䞲G ⋮⧒㡖┺UG
While geographically far, the UK has also been a country very close to Korea in many ways.

G㑮㿲㦖G㯳Ṗ䞮Gᷙ ẵ ⦉䂹 G㑮㧛㦖GṦ㏢䞮ἶG 㧞┺UG
Exports are increasing; but on the other hand, imports are decreasing.

18 The distance between Britain and Korea

3.3 T᥵Ἁ 䂝ḩ (‘also . . . ’)

The pattern T₆☚G 䞮┺ combines the nominal form T₆ with the particle ☚ ‘also, even’.
It is used like ‘also’ in English to add an additional activity or attribute to one mentioned
before. Although both activities or attributes may be of equal status, often the one mentioned
second (and marked with T₆☚G 䞮┺) is less common or more unexpected.

㰖G Ⰲ㩗GỆⰂṦ㦖G Ⲓ◆G ゚䟊G㡗ῃ㦖G 㡂⩂⳾⪲G 䞲ῃ㠦ỢG Ṗ₳᥵G Ἁ 䂡G ⋮⧒㡖┺UG
While geographically far, the UK has also been a country very close to Korea in many ways.

G‖ṖGṚ㰖⩂㤢㣪UG Ṗ⊪G㞚䝚᥵G Ἁ 䂹G㣪G
My ear is itchy. And it hurts a bit too.

3.4 㦒⪲㍲ (‘as’)

(㦒P⪲㍲ is a variant form of the more common instrumental particle O㦒P⪲. It is used
when referring to the capacity in which someone (or something) is performing a certain
function. Although simple O㦒P⪲ can be used for the same purpose, the addition of ㍲ adds
a sense of emphasis or weight.

䞲G ῃ㦮Gᾦ㡃G䕢䔎⍞G⎡ⱡ㊝G㡗ῃ㦮G ゚㭧☚GἚ㏣䟊㍲G ⓮㠊⋮ἶG 㧞┺UG
The relative importance of the UK as a trading partner has been growing steadily.

G㩖⓪G㤆ⰂG䣢㌂G ㌂㧻㊁G ⎡ⱡG 㺛㧚㦚G┺G 䞮Ỷ㔋┞┺UG
As president of this company, I will take full responsibility.

You may have noticed in the example from our text (䕢䔎⍞⪲㍲㦮), that ⪲㍲ is followed
by the possessive marker 㦮. The reason for this is that O㦒P⪲㍲ is being followed by a
noun phrase (㡗ῃ㦮G゚㭧), whereas in the second example above (without the addition of
㦮) it is being followed by a verb phrase (㺛㧚㦚G ┺G 䞮Ỷ㔋┞┺). Similar to several other
particles (including 㠦, 㠦㍲, ὒV㢖, 䞮ἶ), O㦒P⪲㍲ has to be followed by 㦮 when it occurs
before a noun phrase (refer to Yeon & Brown 2011)1.

Note that in addition to TO㦒P⪲㍲, there also exists the similar form O㦒P⪲㖾. The usage
is distinct, since O㦒P⪲㖾 is used when referring to the instrument (tool, means, method,
etc.) by which a task is performed or the materials/ingredients of which something is made
or composed (see Yeon & Brown 2011)2.

Words and meanings

1. Find words that match the definitions in the wordsearch grid below. Words in the grid
are written across, down or diagonally, but always run forwards. All the synonyms can
be found in the text above.

1. ⶌG 㡂G㧞▮G ⴎὒG Ⱎ㦢㦚G䛖㠊G ⏩⓪GộUG ⡦⓪G 㔳⹒㰖G ㌗䌲㠦㍲G 䛖⩺G ⋮⓪G ộUG
2. ┺G ⯎G⋮⧒⽊┺G ⶎⶒ㧊⋮G ἓ㩲ṖG⹲╂䞲G ⋮⧒UG
3. G㩚㨗䎆㠦㍲G 㭓⓪G ộUG
4. ㌞G ⫃ἶG䔏㧊䞲G ộ㠦G ⊢Ⰲ⓪GⰞ㦢UG㌂ⶒ㠦G ╖䟊G ῗ⁞䟊G 䞮⓪G Ⱎ㦢UG
5. G┺⯎G⋮⧒㠦G ㌊Ⳋ㍲G Ὃ⿖䞮⓪G㌂⧢UG

The distance between Britain and Korea 19

6.G ⍞ⶊG㫡㞚㍲G ⹎䂲G ❅㧊G⋶⥆Ệ⋮G 㡊㭧䞮┺U

㣎㩚ᾦ⽊┺㠊⥆㥶㌗⁎
⹫⧖㌂䡚䢎₆㕂䞯Ⱒ㡊
㡆㹾㞶䕛䞲ⶊ㠊㌳㧊ὧ
㞚䧂⳾Ṗ⍞㧦┺㡆⧢䞮
✳㧶Ỿ⹎㨂㠊㿿䟊⹿┺
㍶㰚ῃ✲⹮㧦䞮┺╖㎮
✳Ⰲゞ䞲⧧ῃ㕌㣎✶䢒
⩻Ⱒ䦊㧊䚲㧊ἆ㓺䘎⳾

2. Match the words in the first column with their opposite words in the second
column.

㍶㰚ῃ ㌗╖㩗
Ὃ㌆㭒㦮 㭚㠊✺┺
Ⲗ┺ 䤚㰚ῃ
㩞╖㩗 ㍶䌳㩗
䞚㑮㩗 㧦⽎㭒㦮
⓮㠊⋮┺ Ṗ₳┺
㩠㦖㧊 ⓯㦖㧊O⏎㧎P

Answer the following questions in English

1. Which three countries, so far, have greatly affected Korea?
2. How far, does the author say, is the distance between the UK and Korea?
3. Which country first opened diplomatic relations with Korea?
4. When did the UK open diplomatic relations with Korea?
5. How many troops did the UK send to Korea in the Korean War?
6. According to the author, why is the UK familiar to Korean people?
7. How many people use English now?
8. Where in the UK have Koreans formed communities?
9. Which four Korean companies are comparatively well known in the UK?
10. In the UK, which universities have Korean Studies degree programmes?

20 The distance between Britain and Korea

Answer the following questions about the text in your own words
1. 㡗G ῃὒG䞲ῃ㦮G ὖἚO㡞aG 㰖Ⰲ㩗SG 㡃㌂㩗GὖἚP㠦G ╖䟊㍲G Ⱖ䟊G ⽊㎎㣪UG
2. 㡗G ῃ㦖G䞲ῃG㌂⧢✺㠦ỢGṖ₳ỢGⓦ⅊㰖⋮㣪SGⲖỢGⓦ⅊㰖⋮㣪fG⁎G㧊㥶⓪Gⶮ₢㣪fG
3. 㡗G ῃ㦮G㩠㦖㧊✺㧊G 㫡㞚䞮⓪G 䞲ῃ㦮Gⶎ䢪⓪G 㠊⟺G ộ㧊G 㧞㦚₢㣪fG
4. G㡗ῃὒG䞲ῃ㦮G ỆⰂṖG Ṗ₢㤢㰖ἶG㧞┺⓪G ộ㦚G 㠊⠑ỢG 㞢G 㑮G 㧞⋮㣪fG

More to think about
1. Which country do you think is close to Korea? Which country do you think is

rather distant from Korea? Why do you think so?
2. What do you think about the relationship between Korea and the USA or Korea

and Japan? Discuss also the distance between North Korea and South Korea.

Notes

1 Section 3.2.3, page 100
2 Section 3.2.5.2, page 115

Racial discrimination 21

Chapter 4: Racial discrimination in the
multicultural age

The article in this chapter discusses some of the perceived problems related to the
recent move towards multiculturalism in South Korean society, fuelled by a rise in
the numbers of foreign residents. Since the late 1990s, there has been a rapid increase
in the influx of foreign labour into Korea, particularly from Southeast Asia. By 2007,
the number of foreign labourers in Korea, mostly from Southeast Asia, had reached
642,000. There has also been an increase in the numbers of international marriages
between Korean men and Southeast Asian women. It is now not uncommon to walk
into a classroom in a Korean school and find several children from mixed ethnic
backgrounds. According to a recent survey by Statistics Korea, the number of so-called
‘multi-cultural families’ (┺ⶎ䢪Ṗ㫇) in 2008 was 18,778.

This reading presents a different side to multiculturalism within Korean society.
The article first appeared in the newspaper Hangyoreh (䞲Ỿ⩞), written by Song
Kyunghwa (㏷㺚ἓ䢪), and is reproduced with their permission.

Questions to consider before reading the whole text:
1. How is multiculturalism realised in your country? Do you think contemporary Korea

is a multicultural society? Give some examples of multiculturalism in your country and
in Korea.
2. Do you think a multicultural society is an ideal form of society? What kinds of problems
do you think may arise within a multicultural society and do you have any experience
of such problems?
3. What do you know about racism in Korea? In your opinion, which ethnic groups would
you expect to suffer most discrimination in Korea? What do you think the reasons for
this are?

22 Racial discrimination

ḩ♽䆙⸡ṅ ◭Ⓓᷙ ㊽㱵ᱼ ㊽㏊㝭⠉

G˄nYWG䣢㦮㧻Gⶊ㔂ⰒG 㩧⁒⁞㰖˅G
G˄☯⋾㞚GⰞ㟓㌗G ṯ㦖G 㡆㡞㧎˅G
˄G㭒㣪G YWG ṲῃOnYWPG 䣢㦮㧻G ⹮ἓG YG ໆG 㧊⌊㠦G ⶊ㔂ⰒG 㞶✺G 㩧⁒⁞㰖㔲䅲㟒G 䞲┺UG
䢏㔲⋮G⳾⯒G䎢⩂⯒G ╖゚䟊㍲G㩧⁒㔲G 㩚㤦G㌂㌊䂹G ⟉⍩⋁GU˅G
G˄㣎ῃG 㡂㧦㢖㦮G Gῃ㩲ἆ䢒G㦚G ⿖㿪Ỿ㍲G ⏣㽢㠦⓪G 䢒䡞㞚✺㧊G 㠚㼃⋮ỢG 䌲㠊⋮ἶG
㧞ἶSG㧊ộ㦖G㕂ṗ䞲G 㩫㼊㎇G 䢒⧖㦚GṖ㪎㢂G ộ㧊┺U˅G
˄GO㣎ῃ㧎G⏎☯㧦✺㠦G╖䞲PG㠦㧊㯞⋮G㎇⼧G❇㦮G㩫⽊ṖGG㍉䅅G㠜┺UG㧊✺㦖G⻪⻫㧦┺UG
㼊⮮G 㣎ῃ㧎㦒⪲㍲G ₆⽎㩗㧎G 㼊⮮㦮G ⻫㦚G 㠊₊G 㭖⻫㩫㔶㦮G ₆㽞ṖG 㕂䧞G 㦮㕂㓺⩂㤊G
㧦✺㧊┺U˅G
G㤆ⰂG ㌂䣢ṖG ザ⯊ỢG ┺ⶎ䢪G ㌂䣢⪲G 㧊䟟䞮ἶG 㧞㰖ⰢG 䔏㩫G 㰖㡃㧊⋮G ῃṖG 㿲㔶G
㣎ῃ㧎㠦G ╖䞲G 㧎䎆⎍㌗㦮G 㧎㫛㹾⼚㧊G 㧊㻮⩒G 㕂ṗ䞲G 㑮㭖㧎G ộ㊁G ⎡ ᯝ㰅ᯱḩGUG
ῃṖ㧎ῢ㥚㤦䣢⓪G 㰖⋲䟊G XWG 㤪G 䞲╂G ☯㞞G 㧎䎆⎍G ὋṲG な⪲⁎SG 㧊⹎㰖SG ╩⁖SG ☯㡗㌗G
❇㦚G⳾┞䎆ⰗG䂡 ៵ᡁG ⳾⚦G YXWGỊ㦮G 㧎㫛㹾⼚G ㌂⪖⯒G 㑮㰧䟞┺ἶG `G 㧒G ⹳䡪┺UG
G䢒䡞㧎㦮G 㯳Ṗ⯒G Ⱏ₆G 㥚䟊G ῃ㩲ἆ䢒㦚G 㭧┾㔲䅲㟒G 䞲┺⓪G ❇㦮G 㑲䡞㭒㦮⯒G
⏎Ἶ㩗㦒⪲G ✲⩂⌎G 䚲䡚㧊⋮G 䔏㩫G ῃṖG 㿲㔶G 㣎ῃ㧎㦚G 䎢⩂Ⰲ㯮ὒG 㡆ἆ䟊G 㥚䡧㩗㧎G
㫊㨂⪲G ⿖ṗ㔲䋺⓪G ⌊㣿G ❇㧊G 䔏䧞G Ⱔ㞮┺UG 㧎㫛㹾⼚⪲G 㰖㩗♲G ㌂⪖G Ṗ㤊◆⓪G 㰖㌗䕢G
⹿㏷㠦㍲G㠒ῊG㌳ₖ㌞⋮G䞒⿖㌟G❇㦚G㧊㥶⪲G䔏㩫G㰖㡃G㣎ῃ㧎㦚G゚䞮䞮⓪Gἓ㤆☚G㧞㠞┺UG
䞲G㰖㌗䕢G㡞⓻G䝚⪲⁎⧾㠦㍲⓪GṖ㑮G䢿⽊㦮G㣎⳾⯒Gキ╖G˄☯⋾㞚G㓺䌖㧒˅㧊⧒ἶG䞮Ệ⋮G
㡗䢪⺆㤆G 㧊㍶‶㦮G ⲎⰂG ⳾㟧㦚G ⚦ἶG ˄☯⋾㞚G Ⱎ㟓G 䕦ⰺ㌗˅㧊⧒⓪G 㧦Ⱏ㦚G 㝊G ộ㧊G
㧎䎆⎍㌗㠦G⁎╖⪲G㢂⧒㢖G㧞┺UG䞲G㧎䎆⎍Gⰺ㼊⓪G䞲G⹿㏷G㿲㡆㧦ṖG䞒⿖⯒G⁎㦚G⓵ ῩG
㧦㔶㦮G ⹎┞䢞䞒㠦G ˄㩖G 㞚䝚Ⰲ䃊G 䦧㧎G 㞚┯┞┺˅⧒ἶG 㢂ⰆG ⁖㦚G ⁎╖⪲G 㩲⳿㦒⪲G
㌂㣿䞮₆☚G 䟞┺UG
㧎G ῢ㥚⓪G㧊⻞G㫆㌂Gἆὒ⯒G⹪䌫㦒⪲G⻫ⶊ⿖G㧻ὖ㠦ỢG㣎ῃ㧎Gὖ⩾G㩫㺛㦚G㑮Ⱃ䞶G
➢G 㧎䎆⎍㌗㦮G 㧎㫛㹾⼚㩗G 䚲䡚㦚G Ṳ㍶䞮⓪G ⹿㞞㦚G 䙂䞾䞶G ộ㦚G ῢἶ䟞┺UG ⡦G
䞲ῃ㧎䎆⎍㧦㥾㩫㺛₆ῂ㧊㌂䣢G 㦮㧻㠦Ợ⓪G 㧎䎆⎍㌗㦒⪲G 㧎㫛㹾⼚㦚G 䞮Ệ⋮G 㧊⯒G
㫆㧻䞮⓪G䚲䡚ⶒ㧊G 㥶䐋♮㰖G 㞠ἉG ⎢G ⏎⩻䟊㟒G 䞲┺⓪G ⌊㣿㦮G 㦮ἂ㦚G 䚲ⳛ䟞┺UG
G㧎ῢ㥚⓪G ˄ⶎ䢪㩗G ┺㟧㎇ὒG 㧎㫛G Ṛ㦮G 㧊䟊G 㯳㰚G㊉ ㉉䂡G 㩫⿖㦮G 㩫㺛G 㑮Ⱃ㧊G 䞚㣪
䞲G 㔲㩦˅㧊⧒ⳆG ˄⹒Ṛ㡗㡃㠦㍲☚G 㧎䎆⎍G 䙂䎎㌂✺㧊G 㧎㫛㹾⼚㩗G 䚲䡚ⶒ㦚G 㧦㥾㩗㦒⪲G
′㩲䞶G㑮G㧞⓪G㔲㓺䎲㦚GⰞ⩾䟊㟒G 䞲┺˅ἶG 㰖㩗䟞┺UG

Vocabulary Racial discrimination 23

G䣢㦮㧻G O赬蝈蟣PG conference venue
ⶊG 㔂ⰒG Muslim
㩧G ⁒⁞㰖GO袉紭紶覈PG no-go
㔲G 䋺┺G make someone do (sth)
☯G ⋾㞚GO纫網董PG Southeast Asian
ⰞG 㟓㌗GO翵蓌芣PG drug dealer
㡆G 㡞㧎GO蕄薮蝸PG celebrity
䢏G 㔲⋮GO贍萙TPG just in case
㩚G 㤦GO衒蚗PG all, everyone
㌂G ㌊GO艕芐PG shoot to death
ῃG 㩲ἆ䢒GO糑裖箦贏PG international marriage
⿖G 㿪₆┺G incite, instigate, goad
䢒G 䡞㞚GO贑買葥PG a child of mixed blood
㠚G 㼃⋮ỢG greatly, excessively
㩫G 㼊㎇G䢒⧖GO袢誎茴G 贑绤PG identity confusion
⻪G ⻫㧦GO腜腟螿PG law-breaker
G㼊⮮G O誉羫PG stay
G㭖⻫㩫㔶G O襢腟袲葃PG the law-abiding spirit
G㧊䟟G O翌貇PG fulfil, perform
㧎G 㫛㹾⼚GO蝸褙觥腳PG racial discrimination
㧎G ῢ㥚aGῃṖ㧎ῢ㥚㤦䣢G National Human Rights Commission of Korea

O糑竖蝸糮蚸蚗赬PG case, instance
G㌂⪖G O艃罚PG collect
G㑮㰧䞮┺G O莠觛TPG obvious, blunt, plain, explicit
⏎G Ἶ㩗GO緦簮蠿PG bring into relief
⿖G ṗ㔲䋺┺GO臎竩TPG (lit.) ‘pure blood-ism’, a doctrine which prefers
G㑲䡞㭒㦮G O菨買褨蝂PG
only ‘pure’ bloodlines and rejects those which
G㥚䡧㩗㧎G O蚹賁蠿TPG are mixed with the blood of other races
⿖G ṗ㔲䋺┺GO臎竩TPG threatening, menacing
GṖ㤊◆G give salience to a fact
㰖G ㌗䕢GO襽芟讟PG amongst
゚G 䞮GO舉谨PG ground-wave
G㣎⳾G O蘑聶PG demean, disparage, belittle, humble
appearance, look

24 Racial discrimination

キG ╖┺G allude
G㧦ⰟG O螳翼PG subtitles, captions
G㿲㡆㧦G O諨蕄螿PG cast, actor(actress)
䞒G ⿖GO谘臖PG skin
⁎G 㦚Ⰲ┺G blacken
⹎G ┞䢞䞒G personal homepage
㑮G ⰓGO莢翰PG establish, found
ⶎG 䢪㩗G┺㟧㎇GO肫财蠿G縘蓛茴PG cultural diversity
G㥶䐋G O羦讈PG distribution, circulation
GῢἶG O糩篶PG advice, recommendation, suggestion
G㫆㧻䞮┺G O裝蠃TPG encourage, promote, instigate
䚲G 䡚ⶒGO谉販肵PG (means of ) expression
㥶G 䐋♮┺GO羦讈TPG be in circulation
䚲G ⳛ䞮┺GO谉聒TPG express, indicate, announce, state
┺G 㟧㎇GO縘蓛茴PG diversity
㯳G 㰚GO襯覿PG enhancement, promotion, improvement,

㩫G 㺛GO袚訷PG increase
⹒G Ṛ㡗㡃GO胐笋罘蔧PG policy
㧦G 㥾㩗GO蟀羹蠿PG private sector
G′㩲G O納裃PG self-regulating, voluntary
GⰞ⩾䞮┺G regulation, control, restriction
prepare, arrange

Grammar

[see 1.6] Tら ヹ ⟉⓱ḩ (‘do completely for regret or relief ’)
䢏G 㔲⋮G⳾⯒G䎢⩂⯒G ╖゚䟊㍲G 㩧⁒㔲G㩚㤦G ㌂㌊䂹G ⟉⍩⋁GUG
Shoot them on sight as an anti-terrorism measure.

4.1 ㍉䅅 + negative verb (‘absolutely’)

The adverb 㩚䡖 means ‘absolutely’ or ‘completely’ and is used as an intensifier in negative
statements. Note that this adverb has negative polarity, meaning that it only ever occurs
with negative verb phrases.

GO㣎ῃ㧎G⏎☯㧦✺㠦G ╖䞲PG㠦㧊㯞⋮G ㎇⼧G❇㦮G 㩫⽊ṖG㍉G 䅅 ㄋḩUGG
There is absolutely no information on STDs or AIDS (among foreign labourers).

㣿G ㍲⯒Gῂ䟊㟒G䞶G 㧊㥶ṖGG㍉䅅 ㄋḩUGG
There is absolutely no need to apologise.

Racial discrimination 25

4.2 T ㊁ ⎡ ᯝ㰅ᯱḩ (‘it has been revealed that’)

This pattern, extremely common in journalistic writing, combines the instrumental particle
⪲ with the verb ⋮䌖⋮┺ ‘appear, show, be revealed’.

㣎ῃ㧎㠦G╖䞲G 㧎䎆⎍㌗㦮G㧎㫛㹾⼚㧊G 㧊㻮⩒G 㕂ṗ䞲G 㑮㭖㧎G ộ㊁⎡ ᯝ㰅ᯱḩU
It has been revealed that the degree of racism against foreigners is startling.

㍲㤎㦮GὋ₆G㡺㡒㧊G 㞚㭒G 㕂ṗ䞲G㑮㭖㧎G ộ㊁⎡ ᯝ㰅ᯱḩU
It has been revealed that the degree of air pollution in Seoul is startling.

4.3 T ㊅ ц ៵ᡁ (‘as a result’)

This pattern combines the state/result modifier ending TO㦒Pච with the noun ἆὒ, meaning
‘result’. It is used to express cause and effect and is most commonly found in formal written
texts.

ῃṖ㧎ῢ㥚㤦䣢⓪G 㰖⋲䟊G XWG 㤪G 䞲╂G ☯㞞G 㧎䎆⎍G ὋṲG な⪲⁎SG 㧊⹎㰖SG ╩⁖SG ☯㡗㌗G
❇㦚G⳾┞䎆Ⱇ䂡 ៵ᡁG ⳾⚦GYXWGỊ㦮G㧎㫛㹾⼚G ㌂⪖⯒G 㑮㰧䟞┺ἶG `G 㧒G ⹳䡪┺U

The National Human Rights Commission of Korea which monitored online blogs, images,
comments, videos and so on for a month in October last year, announced on the 9th that
they collected 210 cases of racial discrimination.

⁎ṖG㔺㑮⯒G 䂡 ៵ᡁ⎡G⁎⓪G 䟊ἶG♮㠞┺U
He lost his job because he made a mistake.

4.4 T㊅ ц Ῡ (‘after . . .’)

This pattern combines the state/result modifier ⛺㠦 ‘after’ (or otherwise ┺㦢㠦 or 䤚㠦,
which have the same meaning). The expression links two activities, the second occurring
chronologically after the first:

䞲G㧎䎆⎍Gⰺ㼊⓪G 䞲G⹿㏷G 㿲㡆㧦ṖG䞒⿖⯒G ⁎㦚⓵ ῩG 㧦㔶㦮G ⹎┞䢞䞒㠦G ˄㩖G
㞚䝚Ⰲ䃊G䦧㧎G 㞚┯┞┺˅⧒ἶG㢂ⰆG ⁖㦚G ⁎╖⪲G 㩲⳿㦒⪲G ㌂㣿䞮₆☚G 䟞┺U

When one TV star wrote on her personal homepage ‘I’m not a black African’ after
darkening her skin, one Internet site used this as a headline on their website.

ỿ⪂䞲G㤊☯㦚G 䂡 ῩG ⴎ㧊G 㫡㞚㪢㠊㣪U
My body feels better after a good bit of exercise.

4.5 TἉ⎢ (‘so that’)

T☚⪳ has several different usage patterns (see Yeon & Brown, 2011)1. In the usage appear-
ing in this reading, T☚⪳ means ‘so that’, ‘so as to’ or ‘in a manner that’. As in the exam-
ple from the reading, this usage of T☚⪳ frequently appears with the verb ⏎⩻䞮┺ ‘try’.
The expression literally translates as ‘try hard so that . . .’

㧎䎆⎍㌗㦒⪲G㧎㫛㹾⼚㦚G䞮Ệ⋮G 㧊⯒G㫆㧻䞮⓪G 䚲䡚ⶒ㧊G 㥶䐋♮㰖G 㞠Ἁ⎢G
⏎⩻䟊㟒G䞲┺⓪G ⌊㣿㦮G 㦮ἂ㦚G䚲ⳛ䟞┺U

They expressed the need to prevent racial discrimination or anything that encourages it from
circulating online.

26 Racial discrimination

㞴G 㦒⪲G⓼㰖G㞠GἉ⎢G ⏎⩻䞮Ỷ㔋┞┺UG
I will try not to be late in the future.

㧠G 㠊G⻚Ⰲ㰖G㞠GἉ⎢G ⽋㔋㦚G Ⱔ㧊G䞮㎎㣪UG
Please revise a lot so that you won’t forget (what you have studied).

4.6 ㊉ Ⓛ ㉉䂡 (‘for the sake of ’)

This pattern is used when expressing that something is being done ‘for’ the benefit or sake
of someone or something specified. Note that the pattern always includes the object particle
㦚V⯒, which may seem rather unfamiliar at first.

㧎G ῢ㥚⓪Gⶎ䢪㩗G ┺㟧㎇ὒG 㧎㫛GṚ㦮G 㧊䟊G 㯳㰚㊉G ㉉䂡G 㩫⿖㦮G 㩫㺛G 㑮Ⱃ㧊G
䞚㣪䞲G 㔲㩦UG

The National Human Rights Commission pointed out that this is the point where the
government needs to implement policies to promote cultural diversity and understanding
between different races.

⑚G ῂGⓁ ㉉䂡Gὧἶ㧎ṖfG
For whom is this advertisement intended?

Words and meanings

1. The text contains a number of foreign words, mostly of English origin. List these words. Is
the meaning the same as in English or do they have different nuances and connotations?

2. What instances of racist words or expressions on the Internet are mentioned in the text?
What are the literal meanings of these expressions? Describe why they are offensive.

3. The article includes several words that are commonly used when discussing race and
racial politics in Korea such as 䢒䡞㧎, ῃ㩲ἆ䢒 and 㑲䡞㭒㦮. None of these three
words have direct equivalents in English (at least which are commonly used). What do
these words mean in the Korean context? Why do these words not have common-use
equivalents in English?

Answer the following questions about the text in English

1. What are some of the prejudices associated with foreigners in Korea?
2. What evidence does the article present in support of there being widespread problems

in the perception of foreigners in Korea? What are some limitations of this evidence?
3. Do you think this article gives a balanced viewpoint of the role of foreigners in Korea?

What evidence can you find from the text to support your opinion? Do you think this
article is representative of Korean society as a whole?

Answer the following questions about the text in Korean

1. 㧎G ῢ㥚⓪G⻫ⶊ⿖G㧻ὖ㠦ỢG㣎ῃ㧎Gὖ⩾G㩫㺛G㑮Ⱃ㠦G╖䟊G㠊⟺G⹿㞞㦚G㩲㔲䟞㔋┞₢fG
2. G㠊⟺G ῂ㼊㩗㧎G 㩫㺛✺㧊G ⶎ䢪㩗G ┺㟧㎇ὒG 㧎㫛G Ṛ㦮G 㧊䟊⯒G 㯳㰚㔲䌂G 㑮G 㧞┺ἶG

㌳ṗ䞿┞₢fG
3. G㧎䎆⎍㌗㠦㍲G䔏䧞G Ⱔ㧊G ⹲ἂ♲G㧎㫛G 㹾⼚G ㌂⪖✺㠦G 㠊⟺G 㫛⮮ṖG 㧞⋮㣪fG

Racial discrimination 27

More to think about
1. After having read this article, how do you think the discourse on race and racism

in Korea is different to that in Western countries?
2. Do you think that Korea will succeed in becoming more multicultural and in

decreasing racial intolerance?
3. In terms of the Korean experience, do you think there is any difference in how

foreigners from different countries are treated and, if so, how? How does this
compare with the experience of your own country?

Note

1 Section 6.6.3, page 321

28 The globalisation of Korean food

Chapter 5: Dreaming of the
globalisation of Korean food

This reading looks at the potential for Korean food to become popular street food in
Europe in the same way as the Turkish kebab.

The article was written by Pak Kan-hyang (⹫Ị䡫) and first appeared in the news-
paper Seoul Shinmun (㍲㤎G㔶ⶎ) on September 11th 2010. It is reproduced with their
permission.

Questions to consider before reading the whole text:
1. What is your favourite Korean food and why do you like it?
2. Do you think that Korean food can become popular street food in Europe? Why (not)?

㪙⓱ろ 㾽‡ ⱽ᠉䆙 ᬍᬁḩ

G䞲➢Gⰻ☚⍦✲㦮G㭒䢿㌟Gt㧦GṚ䕦㧊G㥶⩓GỆⰂ⯒G㰖⺆䟞┺UG㠊❪⯒GṖ☚G⡧ṯ㦖GⰱὒG
Ṛ䘎䞾SG㕒GṖỿ㦒⪲G㌗㰫♮⓪Gⰻ☚⍦✲G䟚⻚Ệ⓪G㥶⩓㧎✺㦮G㧛㦚G㌓㔲Ṛ㠦G㩦⪏䟞┺UG

⁎G ⩂⋮G 㰖⁞G ㍲㥶⩓㦮G ⹺㦚G ⹳䧞⓪G 㔳╏㦖G ⰻ☚⍦✲ṖG 㞚┞┺UG 㠊ⓦG Ἶ⳿㠦㍲✶G
Ṗ㧻G ⓼Ợ₢㰖G ⿞㧊G 䅲㪎G 㧞⓪G 㦢㔳㩦㦖G ˄☚⍞G 䅖⹻˅SG 㯟G ↂ㺯㧊㠦G ↘㞚G ⿞㠦G ⁎㦚ⰆG
ἶₙ▿㠊Ⰲ⯒G㟝ỢG 㗆㠊G ニ㠦G㕎ⲏ⓪G 䎆䋺G㦢㔳G ˄䅖⹻˅㦚G 䕢⓪G Ṛ㧊㔳╏✺㧊┺U

䅖G ⹻㧊G㥶⩓GỆⰂ⯒G㩦⪏䞲G゚ἆ㦖G㼁㱎⪲G㕎┺⓪Gộ㧊┺UG䅖⹻㰧㠦㍲⓪G゛ⰻ⽊┺G
䋆G 䟚⻚Ệ⯒G Y¥ZG 㥶⪲ⳊG ㌊G 㑮G 㧞┺UG ┺⯎G 㦢㔳☚G ╖ṲG \㥶⪲⯒G ⍮㰖G 㞠⓪┺UG 䕾㓺䔎
䛎✲㩦⽊┺G YW¥ZWLG 㕎┺U

G⁎⩂⋮G 䅖⹻㰧㠦㍲⓪G 䅖⹻ⰢG 䕢⓪G ộ㧊G 㞚┞┺UG 㧊䌞Ⰲ㞚G 䅖⹻㰧㠦㍲⓪G ˄䞒㧦˅㢖G
˄䕢┞┞˅SG 䝚⧧㓺G 䅖⹻㰧㠦㍲⓪G ˄䋂⩞䗮˅⯒G 䞾℮G 䕦┺UG 㡗ῃ㦮G ╖䚲G ⲪⓊ㧎G ˄䞒㔲G 㞺✲G
䂿㓺˅ṖG Ṗ㧻G Ⱔ㧊G 䕪Ⰲ⓪G Ὁ☚G 䅖⹻㰧㧊┺UG 㻶䕦ὒG 䓖ₖ₆⯒G Ṭ㿮G 䅖⹻㰧㧊G 㥶⩓G
㦢㔳ⶎ䢪⯒G䐋㱎⪲G ⲏGヹ 㦝ㇵᠥ G㧞⓪G ộ㧊┺U

ⳝG G⎚G㩚GⰢG䟊☚G㥶⩓㦮G䎢㧊䋂㞚㤙G䛎✲㦮G㩞╖ṫ㧦⓪G㭧ῃ㔳╏㧊㠞┺UG⁎⩂⋮G
㥶⩓G 㠎⪶✺㧊G 㭚₆㹾ỢG 㭧ῃ㔳╏㦮G ゚㥚㌳㩗㧎G ⳾㔋㦚G ゚䕦䞮Ⳋ㍲⿖䎆G 㭧ῃ㔳╏㦖G
ⴆ⧓㦮G₎⪲G㩧㠊✺㠞┺UG⁎⩂⋮G㧊G䅖⹻㰧✺☚GⲎ㰖G㞠㞚G㭧ῃ㔳╏㦮G⛺⯒G㧊㦚GṖ⓻㎇㧊G

The globalisation of Korean food 29

⏨┺⓪G㩚ⰳ✺㧊G⋮㡾┺UG㯟㍳㠦㍲G㣪Ⰲ䞮⓪G❅G⽊㧊㰖ⰢG䅖⹻㦮G㥚㌳㌗䌲☚G㦮ⶎ䒂㎇㧊㧎G
₢╃㧊┺UG ╏㧻G ☚⍞G 䅖⹻㦮G 㤦⬢㧎G Ṟ㞚G Ⱒ✶G ἶ₆ⰢG 䟊☚G 㠊❪㍲G Ὃ ♮⓪㰖⿖䎆G
⿞⿚ⳛ䞮┺UG Ịṫ㠦G ὖ㕂㧊G Ⱔ㦖G 㥶⩓㧎✺㧊G 䅖⹻㦚G 㣎Ⳋ䞮⓪G ộ㦖G 㔲ṚG ⶎ㩲⧒⓪G
ộ㧊┺U

G䅖⹻㰧㧊Gⶒ⩂ṖⳊG⁎G┺㦢G㭒㧦⓪G⑚ṖG♶₢fG㡗ῃG⩆▮GὉὉ㠦㍲GⰢ⋲G䞲㔳╏G˄ₖ䂮˅G
㢖G 㧒㔳╏G ˄㢖㌂゚˅㠦㍲G ⹎⧮⯒G 㡕⽒G 㑮G 㧞㠞┺UG 㧊G ⚦G ぢ⧲✲⓪G ZW╖G 㭧⹮㦮G 䞲ῃ㧎G
ₖG ☯䡚G㌂㧻㧊G㤊㡗䞮ἶG㧞┺UG[WWⰢ㤦㦚G㏦㠦G✺ἶG㡗ῃ㦚G㺔㞮▮GYW╖G㼃⎚GₖG㌂㧻㦖G
㧊㩲G㡗ῃ㠦G㑮㕃GṲ㦮Gⰺ㧻㦚GṖ㰚G㎇ὋGἓ㡗㧦ṖG♦┺UG䔞㌞㔲㧻㦚G⏎ⰆG㩚⨋㧊G㞚┞⧒G
䋂G Ⰲ㓺䞒G䋂ⰒG ☚⍱G ❇G ⁖⪲⻢G ぢ⧲✲⯒G 㰚㡊╖㠦㍲G ⹖㠊Gᰁ ㍚Ἁ⎡G ἓ㨗⩻㦚G Ṭ㿮G
ぢ⧲✲㦮G 䌚㌳㧊┺UG 㾲ἶ㦮G 㔳㨂⬢㢖G ⲪⓊ╏G \䕢㤊✲G 㧊⌊㦮G 㩖⪊䞲G ṖỿSG 㡗ῃ㧎㦚G
㌗╖⪲G㧻㌂䞶GộSG䞲ῃ㧎G㤆㍶G㺚㣿G❇G⁎ṖG㻮㦢G㎎㤊G㤦䂯㦖G㰖⁞☚G㰖䅲㰖ἶG㧞┺U

㥶G ⩓G ṗ㰖㦮G 䞲㔳╏㦖G ▪❪㰖ⰢG 䢫㔺䧞G 㰚䢪䞮ἶG 㧞┺UG 㞚㔲㞚G 㦢㔳㩦㧊G ╖ỆG
ⴆ⩺G㧞⓪G䕢ⰂG㡺䗮⧒GỆⰂ㠦㍲⓪GṞ゚SG⿞ἶ₆G❇G㍲㟧㧎✺㧊G㍶䢎䞮⓪GⲪⓊ⪲Gῂ㎇♲G
㩦㕂G㎎䔎ṖG㧎₆┺UG⟷⽌㧊㢖G㑲╖G❇G⿚㔳G䛞⳿☚G䧞䔎㌗䛞㦒⪲G⟶㢂⧦┺UGⱋ㰖G㞠ἶG
┾G ⟷⽌㧊㢖G ⋯㰖㏢ⳊSG 䡚㰖G 㺚㏢⯒G ⍹㦖G ῃ㑮G ❇㦖G 䞲ῃ㠦㍲☚G 㺔₆G 䧮✶G 䜾㩚䞲㔳㠦G
Ṗ₳┺UG 䞲G 㔳╏㭒㧎㦖G ˄䝚⧧㓺G 㩚䐋㦢㔳G 㭧㠦☚G 䞒㢖G ⌊㧻Ⱒ㦒⪲G Ⱒ✶G 㑲╖⋮G ⟷ὒG
゚㔍䞲G㦢㔳㧊G㧞㠊Gⱡ㊽㔅G䝚⧧㓺㌂⧢✺㧊G ▪G Ⱔ㧊G 㺔⓪┺U˅ἶG 㩚䟞┺U

ⶎG 㩲⓪G 䡚㰖䢪½䚲㭖䢪┺UG 㡂⩂G ⹮㺂㧊G 䞚㣪䞲G 㰖⁞㦮G 䞲㔳ⶎ䢪⪲⓪G 㫗㦖G 㥶⩓㦮G
㔳╏ⶎ䢪⯒G 䕢ἶ✺₆G 㠊⪋┺UG ⧒ⳊSG 㽞⹻SG 㤆☯SG 䣢G ❇G 㧒㔳㻮⩒G 㠊ⓦG Ὁ㠦㍲⋮G ‶㧒䞲G
ⰱ㦚G㥶㰖䞮₆☚G䧮✺ἶSG㭧㔳㻮⩒G╖⨟㦒⪲GⰢ✺㠊GὋ 䞮₆☚G㓓㰖G㞠┺UGὒỆG㧒⽎㧊G
⁎⨂▮Gộ㻮⩒Gἶῃ㦮G 㼊Ἒ㩗㧎G 㰖㤦☚G㩞㔺䞮┺U

G㥶⩓㦮G 䞲㔳╏㦚G ἓ㡗䞮⓪G 㧊✺㧊G 䞲G ⳿㏢Ⰲ⪲G ↓⓪G 䞲㔳G ㎎Ἒ䢪㦮G 㣪㼊⓪G ┺㦢G
㎡㦒⪲G㩫Ⰲ♲┺UG˄䡚㰖㧎✺㦚GỾ⌻䞲Gⰱ㦮G䚲㭖䢪˅G˄⹮㺂G㠜㧊Gⲏ㦚G㧒䛞㣪Ⰲ˅G˄㻶㩖䞲G
㥚㌳ὖⰂ˅UG ⟷⽌㧊⋮G 㟒㺚ῃ㑮G ❇G Ṛ䘎䞲G Ịṫ㔳㦒⪲G 㥶⩓㧎✺㦮G 㧛ⰱ㦚G ⊢㠊✺㧎G ⛺G
㩦㩦G ⽎㡆㦮G 䞲㔳G 㣪Ⰲ✺㦚G ㍶⽊㧊Ⳋ㍲G 㥶⩓㧎✺㦮G 㧛ⰱ㦚G ₎✺㡂G ⋮Ṗ⓪G ộSG 䞲㔳㧊G
䅖⹻㠦G㧊㠊G㥶⩓㦮G ỆⰂ⯒G 㩦⪏䞶G䟋㕂㩚⨋㧊┺UG

Vocabulary globalisation
dream
㎎G Ἒ䢪GO荃篨财PG orange (colour)
G∞∎┺G dominate
㭒G 䢿㌟GO褶赣苅PG simplicity, convenience
㰖G ⺆䞮┺GO覃脾TPG be represented, be symbolised
GṚ䘎䞾G O笆评TPG in an instant, in a moment, in a flash
㌗G 㰫♮┺GO芻觜TPG occupy; capture, seize
G㌓㔲Ṛ㠦G alley, narrow path
G㩦⪏䞮┺G O袀罘TPG
ἾG ⳿G

30 The globalisation of Korean food

ↂ㺯㧊 stick, skewer, spit
↘┺ put, stick, stab
⁎㦚Ⰲ┺ blacken; get a sun tan
ἶₙ▿㠊Ⰲ a chunk of meat
㟝Ợ thinly, into thin slices
Ṛ㧊㔳╏G O笆蝖萶繊P snack bar, cafe
゚ἆG O舟箨P secret, key, know-how
㻶䕦G O詨讪P iron (steel) plate, metal plate
䓖ₖ₆ fryer, frying machine
䐋㱎⪲ whole, altogether, entirely
㭚₆㹾Ợ incessantly, continuously
゚㥚㌳㩗G O舭蛆苇蠿P unhygienic, unsanitary, insanitary
ⴆ⧓G O聿统P fall, collapse, crumble
㩧㠊✺┺ enter, get into
㩚ⰳG O衚耟P view, prospect
㯟㍳G O襪苫P instant, impromptu
㦮ⶎ䒂㎇㧊G O蝀肪TP (full of ) doubt
Ὃ ♮┺G O簯組TP be supplied, be provided
⿞⿚ⳛ䞮┺G O臺臧聒TP uncertain, unclear, obscure
㣎Ⳋ䞮┺G O蘑聋TP face away, turn away one’s face
ⶒ⩂Ṗ┺ leave, be gone
㭒㧦G O襈螿P runner
㡕⽊┺ peep, peek; get a sense, watch for
㤊㡗䞮┺G O蚌薎TP run (a shop, show), manage
ⰺ㧻G O耲蟣P shop, store, department
ἓ㡗㧦G O篏薎螿P manager, executive
䔞㌞㔲㧻G OT萕蟣P niche market
⏎Ⰲ┺ seek, watch for (a chance), aim at
㩚⨋G O衝缉P strategy, tactic
㰚㡊╖G O观缽繟P display stand/counter
⹖㠊⌊┺ push, shove
ἓ㨗⩻G O篍蠖缩P competitiveness
䌚㌳G O譜苇P birth, arrival in(to) the world
㔳㨂⬢G O萶蠊羌P ingredients, raw materials (for food)
㩖⪊䞮┺G O蠛罂TP cheap
㧻㌂䞮┺ do business
㤆㍶G O虚苺P first, above all

The globalisation of Korean food 31

㺚G 㣿GO訮虑PG recruitment, employment, hire
㤦G 䂯GO蚖謡PG principle
▪G ❪┺G slow, tardy
G㰚䢪䞮┺G O覿财TPG evolve
G╖ỆG O繗筪PG extensively, on a large-scale
G㍶䢎䞮┺G O茓賨TPG prefer
ῂG ㎇♮┺GO粱茶TPG be made up/composed of, consist of
⿚G 㔳GO致萶PG flour-based food
⟶G 㡺⯊┺G rise, come up, occur, float
G⌊㧻G O緉蟹PG internal organs, intestines
䡚G 㰖䢪GO販襽财PG ‘glocalisation’, indigenisation
䕢G ἶ✺┺G burrow into, snuggle into, penetrate
‶G 㧒䞮┺GO紒螐TPG be uniform, be equal
㼊G Ἒ㩗㧎GO誎篬蠿TPG systematic
㰖G 㤦GO覃蚠PG support
㩞G 㔺䞮┺GO衸葒TPG urgent, desperate, pressing
↓G ┺G count; point out
㣪G 㼊GO蘶誋PG key factor, main point
GỾ⌻䞮┺G take aim at, target
㧒G 䛞㣪ⰂGO螐谎蘦翓PG a one-course meal, one dish
G⊢㠊✺㧊┺G attract, draw, engage
G⽎㡆㦮G O膩蕇TPG natural, inborn, proper
G㍶⽊㧊┺G show
G₎✺㧊┺G train, tame, domesticate
G䟋㕂㩚⨋G O貂葖衝缉PG core strategy, critical strategy

Grammar

5.1 Tら ヹ 㦝ㇵḩ (‘do rashly’)

When applied as a main verb, 䂮㤆┺ has the meaning of ‘remove’ or ‘clean up’. As an
auxiliary verb, this meaning of ‘clean up’ extends to expressing doing something completely
and in a rash or uncontrolled way.

G䅖⹻㰧㧊G㥶⩓G 㦢㔳ⶎ䢪⯒G䐋㱎⪲G ⲏ㠊G㦝ㇵᠥG 㧞⓪G ộ㧊┺UG
Kebab shops are eating away at Europe’s food culture.

G㧎䢎⓪G⏎⯚㠦G ザ㪎㍲G㰧₢㰖G 䕪㞚GG㦝㈥ヹ㇙GUG
Inho got hooked on gambling and even had to sell off his house.

32 The globalisation of Korean food

The meaning of this pattern is similar to T㞚V㠊G⻚Ⰲ┺ (see 1.6). However, T㞚V㠊G䂮㤆┺
has stronger nuances than T㞚V㠊G⻚Ⰲ┺ in that the action is performed at lightning speed
and is totally completed (without any ‘leftovers’, etc.).

5.2 T ㊁ ы ㍚Ἁ⎡ (‘to the extent that’)

This pattern combines the prospective modifier with the noun 㩫☚ ‘extent’ and the instru-
mental particle ⪲. It is used for expressing the extent to which a state of affairs applies
and commonly translates into English in constructions such as ‘so . . . that’ (e.g. ‘so com-
petitive that’, ‘so short that’, etc.):

G⁖⪲⻢Gぢ⧲✲⯒G 㰚㡊╖㠦㍲G ⹖㠊ᰁG ㍚Ἁ⎡G ἓ㨗⩻㦚G Ṭ㿮G ぢ⧲✲㦮G 䌚㌳┺UG
It is the birth of two brands so competitive that they can push out a global brand.
G☯㌳㦖G㠟▿㧊ṖG ⽊G㋁ ㍚Ἁ⎡G 㰽㦖G䂮Ⱎ⯒G 㧛ἶG 㧞㠞㠊㣪UG
My younger sister was wearing a skirt so short that you could almost see her bottom.

5.3 Tら ヹⱡ㊽㔅 (‘perhaps it’s because’)

This pattern is a variant form of the causative construction T㞚V㠊㍲ (‘so’, ‘because’). With
the addition of T㧎㰖, the causation is presented in a more sceptical way and the reason
given is presented as only one possible explanation. This typically translates as ‘perhaps it’s
because’ or ‘perhaps that is why’.

䝚G ⧧㓺G㩚䐋㦢㔳G 㭧㠦☚G 䞒㢖G⌊㧻Ⱒ㦒⪲G Ⱒ✶G 㑲╖⋮G ⟷ὒG ゚㔍䞲G 㦢㔳㧊G
㧞Gヹⱡ㊽㔅G䝚⧧㓺㌂⧢✺㧊G▪G Ⱔ㧊G㺔⓪┺UG

Among French traditional food, there are dishes with blood and intestines like sundae
(Korean blood sausage) and also dishes that are similar to rice cakes, so perhaps that is
why French people seek out Korean food more.

G⋶㝾ṖGἚ㏣G㕖㕖G䂹ⱡ㊽㔅G䄺䞒ṖG 㧦∎G➷G ₊┺UG
Perhaps it’s because the weather continues to be chilly that I keep on wanting to

drink coffee.

Words and meanings

The following box contains the names of various dishes that are mentioned in the text.
Match each dish with the most appropriate definition below.

䟚⻚ỆSG䞒㧦SG䞒㔲G㞺✲G䂿㓺SGₖ䂮SG⟷⽌㧊SG㑲╖SGṞ゚SG⿞ἶ₆SG⋯㰖G㏢ⳊSG
ῃ㑮SG㟒㺚ῃ㑮SG ⧒ⳊSG 㽞⹻SG 㤆☯SG 䣢

1. 䞲G ῃG㌂⧢✺㧊GṖ㧻GⰤ㧊Gⲏ⓪G⹮㺂UG㏢⁞㠦G㩞㧎G⺆㿪㠦Gἶ㿪Ṗ⬾G❇㦮G㟧⎦㦚G⍹ἶG
Ⱒ✶┺UG

2. 㡗G ῃ㦮G╖䚲㩗G 㦢㔳㦒⪲G ㌳㍶ὒGṦ㧦⯒G 䓖Ỿ㍲G Ⱒ✶G 㦢㔳UG
3. ⰻG ☚⍦✲㢖G⻚Ệ䌏G ❇㠦㍲G Ⱒ✶G⹎ῃG 㦢㔳㦒⪲G ニ㠦G ἶ₆⯒G ⍹㠊G Ⱒ✶┺UG
4. G♒㰖G㺓㧦㠦G⹻㧊⋮Gἶ₆G ❇Gṗ㫛G 㨂⬢⯒G ⍹㠊G Ⱒ✶G 㦢㔳UG

The globalisation of Korean food 33

5. 㧊䌞Ⰲ㞚㦮G㥶ⳛ䞲G㦢㔳㦒⪲G㍲㟧G㌂⧢✺㧊GṚ䘎䞮ỢGⰤ㧊Gⲏ⓪G䞲ῃ㦮Gゞ╖⟷㻮⩒G
㌳₊G 㦢㔳U

6. ㌳㍶G❇㦚G⋶⪲G ⲏ⓪G㦢㔳U
7. 䞲ῃ㧊⋮G㧒⽎㠦㍲GṚ㔳㦒⪲GⰤ㧊Gⲏ⓪G㧎㓺䎊䔎G㔳䛞UG䓖₊Gῃ㑮⯒Gⶒ㠦G⍹ἶG⊩㧎G

┺㦢G㓺䝚⯒G⍹㠊G ⲏ⓪┺U
8. 㧒⽎G㌂⧢✺㧊G Ⱔ㧊G ⲏ⓪GῃⶒG 㧞⓪Gῃ㑮U
9. 㟧⎦䞲G㏢ἶ₆⯒G ⿞䕦㠦G ῂ㤢ⲏỢGⰢ✶G 㦢㔳U
10. 䞲ῃ㦮G₎ỆⰂ㠦㍲G䦪䞮ỢG䕢⓪G㦢㔳㦒⪲G㕖⪲GⰢ✶G⟷㠦Gἶ㿪Ṗ⬾㢖G㟧⎦㦚G⍹ἶG

ⱋἶG╂ỢGⰢ✶G 㦢㔳U

Answer the following questions in English

1. What does the author think of the future prospects of the kebab in Europe? Do you
agree?

2. According to the author, why did Chinese restaurants in Europe go into decline?
3. Once the kebab shops go, what will take over next in London?
4. What were the original principles that Mr. Kim Tong-hyan upheld to run his brand?
5. For those who are managing Europe’s Korean restaurants, what are the three most

important factors in the globalisation of Korean food?

Answer the following questions about the text in your own words

1. ⰻ☚⍦✲G䟚⻚ỆṖG 㥶⩓㧎✺㠦ỢG 㧎₆ṖG 㧞㠞▮G 㧊㥶⓪G ⶊ㠝㧎Ṗ㣪f
2. ˅䅖⹻˅㦖G㠊⟺G 㦢㔳㧎Ṗ㣪f
3. 䅖⹻㰧㠦㍲G䕢⓪G 㦢㔳✺㦮G Ṗỿ㦖G⽊䐋G 㠒Ⱎ⋮G 䞮⋮㣪f
4. ⳝG⎚G㩚₢㰖G 㥶⩓㠦㍲G㩲㧒G 㧎₆ṖGⰤ㦖G 䎢㧊䋂G 㞚㤙G 㦢㔳㦖G ⶊ㠝㧊㠞㠊㣪f
5. ₖ☯䡚G㌂㧻㧊G 㻮㦢G 㡗ῃ㠦G㢂G ➢G㠒Ⱎ㦮G ☞㦚G Ṗ㰖ἶG 㢪㔋┞₢f
6. 㞚㔲㞚G㦢㔳㩦✺㧊GⰤ㧊Gⴆ⩺G㧞⓪G䕢ⰂG㡺䗮⧒GỆⰂ㠦㍲⓪G㠊⟺G㦢㔳✺㧊G㧎₆ṖG

㧞㔋┞₢f
7. 㰖⁞㦮G 䞲㔳G ⶎ䢪⪲G 㫗㦖G 㥶⩓㦮G 㔳╏G ⶎ䢪⯒G 䕢ἶ✺₆G 㥚䟊㍲G 䞚㣪䞲G 㩦㦖G

ⶊ㠝㧒₢㣪f

More to think about

1. Discuss what you think would be the best way for achieving globalisation of Korean
food.

2. Which Korean dish do you think could be very popular with people around the
globe? Why do you think so?

34 HFngbu and the swallows

Chapter 6: HFngbu and the swallows

The following is one of Korea’s most popular traditional tales. The story is essentially
that generosity and kindness, as shown by the younger brother, Hbngbu, are rewarded
by riches beyond imagination. In other versions of the story, the gruesome punish-
ments inflicted on his greedy, cruel older brother, Nolbu, provide the most popular
entertainment, but this version makes only the briefest mention of him. This story
evokes the idyllic age when every house had its swallows’ nest under the eaves, and
its gourds climbing up the fence and over the thatched roof.

The version of the story here is based on that found in Korean primary school
textbooks. It was prepared by the late Professor William E. Skillend (who was the first
British academic specialising in the Korean language and the first professor of Korean
at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London). It was
further modified and revised by the authors.

Questions to consider before reading the whole text:
1. In this story, the generous and kind younger brother Hbngbu is rewarded and the greedy

and cruel older brother Nolbu is punished. Do you know any other didactic stories like
this?
2. Do you know any other popular traditional tales from Korea? What do you think are
the characteristics of Korean traditional tales?

䊪⣅ㆅ ㍡⦉

㡱G ⋶SG㠊ⓦGὉ㠦G ⏖⿖㢖G 䦻⿖⧒⓪G䡫㩲ṖG ㌊ἶG 㧞㠞㔋┞┺UG
G☯㌳G 䦻⿖⓪G Ⱎ㦢㝾ṖG ὇ἶG 㹿䞲G ㌂⧢㧊㠞㔋┞┺UG 㞚⻚㰖㠦Ợ㍲⓪G 㞚ⶊG 㨂㌆☚G
ⶒ⩺⹱㰖Gⴑ䞲G䦻⿖㡖㦒⋮SG⿖㰖⩆䧞G㧒㦚G䟊㍲G⋾⿖⩓㰖G㞠㦖G㌊Ⱂ㦚G䞶G㑮G㧞㠞㔋┞┺UG
゚⪳GṖ⋲䞮G᥵ᷙ 䃍㰖G ⰢSG䦻⿖⓪G⋾㦮Gộ㦚G䌦⌊㰖⓪G㞠㞮㔋┞┺UG☚Ⰲ㠊SGṖ⋲䞲G㌂⧢✺㦚G
⽊ⳊG⿞㕣䧞G㡂₆ἶG ☚㢖G㭒⩺ἶG 䟞㔋┞┺UG

HDngbu and the swallows 35

㠊ⓦ䟊SG 䢣㑮ṖG ⋮ἶG 䦟⎚㧊G ✺㠊㍲G 䦻⿖ᱩ⓪G ⋒┞㎵㝭G 㧊㠊⋮Ṗ₆G 㠊⪋ỢG
♮㠞㔋┞┺U

⑞G ⌊ⰂἶG ⹪⧢G 㺂G Ỿ㤎☚G 㠊ⓦ▽G 㰖⋮ṖἶSG ↙G 䞒⓪G ➆⦑䞲G ⽚㧊G ♮㠞㔋┞┺UG
⿖㰖⩆䞲G 䦻⿖⓪G ⻢㖾G ⺃㠦G ⋮ṖG ⏣㌂G 㭖゚⯒G 㔲㧧䞿┞┺UG ⁎G ➢G 㠊❪㍶㰖G 䞲G 㕣㦮G
㩲゚ṖG ⋶㞚㢪㔋┞┺UG 㩲゚⓪G ゾ⨁㭚㠦G 㞟㞚G 䞲㺎G ☯㞞㧊⋮G 㰖㩖‖ẙḍG 䦻⿖⍺G 㰖⿫G
⹧㠦G㰧㦚G㰩₆G㔲㧧䟞㔋┞┺UG㧊ộ㦚G⽎G䦻⿖⓪GἽG⋮ⶊG㫆ṗ㦚G⁎G⹧㠦G⹱㼦G㭒㠞㔋┞┺UG
㩲゚⓪G㰧㦚G㰩ἶG 㞢㦚G ⌉㞚㍲G ㌞⋒⯒G₎⩖㔋┞┺U

㠊ⓦG ⋶G 㞚䂾SG ⺃㦒⪲G ⋮Ṗ⍩ẝG 䦻⿖⓪G ₲㰳G ⏖⧦㔋┞┺UG ㌞⋒G 㩲゚G 䞲G ⰞⰂṖG
㧻⋲㦚G䞮┺ṖG⏨㦖G㩲゚㰧㠦㍲G⟾㠊㰚Gộ㧊㠞㔋┞┺UG䦻⿖⓪GἽG╂⩺Ṗ㍲G㌞⋒㩲゚⯒G
㌊䘊⽊㞮㔋┞┺UG㩲゚⓪GṖ㡔Ợ☚G⁎ⰢG䞲㴓G┺Ⰲ⯒G┺㼦SG䞒ṖG㭚㭚G䦦⯊ἶG㧞㠞㔋┞┺UG
䦻⿖⓪G 㞚⌊⯒G ⿞⩂SG 㟓ὒG 䠳Ỡ㦚G Ṗ㪎㡺ỢG 䞮㡖㔋┞┺UG 䦻⿖㢖G 㞚⌊⓪G 㟓㦚G ⹪⯊ἶG
䠳Ỡ㦒⪲G 㩫㎇㓺⩓ỢG 㕎ⰺ㠊㍲SG ┺㔲G 㩲㧦Ⰲ㠦G ⍹㠊G 㭒㠞㔋┞┺UG ┺Ⰲ⯒G ┺䂲G 㩲゚☚G
㞚ⶊG㧒G㠜㧊Gⶊ⩃ⶊ⩃G 㧮G 㧦⧦㔋┞┺U

㹢⓪G ❅䞲G ▪㥚☚SG 㰖⬾䞲G 㧻Ⱎ☚SG 㧊㩲⓪G 㡂⯚ὒG 䞾℮G ṖG ⻚⪎㔋┞┺UG ῃ䢪↙G
䟻₆ṖG 䛣₆⓪G Ṗ㦚㧊G ♮㠞㔋┞┺UG ㌞⋒㩲゚✺☚G 㧊㩲⓪G 㩲⻫G 㠊⹎㩲゚Ⱒ䋒G 㧦⧒㍲G
⋶㞚┺┞₆☚G 䞮㡖㔋┞┺UG ⁎G ㏣㠦⓪G ┺Ⰲ⯒G ┺㼺▮G 㩲゚☚G ⋒㡂G 㧞㠞㔋┞┺UG ➆⦑䞲G
⽚㧊G 㢂G ➢₢㰖SG 㩲゚✺㦖G 㧶㔲☯㞞G 䦻⿖⍺㢖G 䠺㠊㪎G ㌊㞚㟒G 䞿┞┺UG 㠊⹎㩲゚㢖G
㌞⋒㩲゚✺㦖G 䦻⿖⍺G 㔳ῂ㠦ỢG ἶⰯ┺⓪G 㧎㌂⯒G 䞮‴㊹SG Ⱎ╏㦚G 䞲⹪䊊G クG ☢ἶ⓪G
⋾㴓G ⋮⧒⪲G ⋶㞚Ṫ㔋┞┺U

Ỿ㤎㧊G ṖἶG ┺㔲G ⽚㧊G 㢪㔋┞┺UG 䦻⿖⓪G ゞG 㩲゚㰧㦚G 㼦┺⽊ⳆSG 㩲゚ṖG
☢㞚㡺₆⯒Gἶ╖䞮㡖㔋┞┺UGⳆ䂶G䤚SG㩫ⰦG㩲゚ṖG☢㞚㢪㔋┞┺UG䦻⿖⓪G㠊Ⰶ㞚㧊㻮⩒G
₆ㄦ䞮㡖㔋┞┺U

˄㩲゚㟒SG⍞G㢪ῂ⋮UG Ỿ㤎G☯㞞G 㧮G㧞㠞┞f˅
˄㰖㰖⺆⺆G 㰖㰖⺆⺆˅
㩲゚✺☚G⹮Ṗ㤊G ❅㧊G 㰖ℚ㡖㔋┞┺U
䦻⿖⓪G 㩲゚G 䞲ⰞⰂṖG ⶊ㠝㦚G 㧛㠦G ⶒἶG 㧞⓪G ộ㦚G ⽊㞮㔋┞┺UG 㩲゚⓪G ἽG 㧛㠦G
ⶒ㠞▮Gộ㦚G䦻⿖G㞴㠦G⟾㠊⥾⪎㔋┞┺UG⁎ộ㦖G⹫㝾㡖㔋┞┺UG䦻⿖⓪G⁎G⹫㝾⯒G㤎䌖ⰂG
⹧㠦G 㩫㎇℥G 㕂㠞㔋┞┺UG ⹫㝾⓪G 㧊㦓ἶG 㕏㧊G ⋮ἶG 㧦⧒㍲SG 㽞ṖG 㰖⿫㦚G ◄㠞㔋┞┺UG
䞮㟖G⹫↙㠦⓪G㌞㞢ṯ㧊G‖㡂㤊G ⹫㧊G╂Ⰲ₆G 㔲㧧䟞㔋┞┺U
㩲゚✺☚G 㞢㦚G ⌉ἶG ㌞⋒⯒G ₎⩖㔋┞┺UG ㌞⋒G 㩲゚✺㧊G 㩲⻫G ⋶ỢG ♮㠞㦚G ➢㠦SG
㰖⿫G 㥚㠦⓪G ⽊⯚╂ṯ㧊G 䄺┺⧖G ⹫✺㧊G 㡂₆㩖₆G ✏ῊỢG ♮㠞㔋┞┺UG 㩲゚✺㦖G ┺㔲G
⋾㴓G⋮⧒⪲GⲒG₎㦚G ⟶⌂㔋┞┺U
㠊ⓦG⓼㦖GṖ㦚G⋶SG䦻⿖⓪G㰖⿫G㥚㠦G㢂⧒Ṗ㍲SG䋂ἶG㧧㦖G⹫✺㦚G➆G⌊⪎㔋┞┺UG
䦻⿖G 㞚⌊⓪G ⹫㦚G Ἶ⧒G ⏩㞮㔋┞┺UG 䦻⿖⓪G 㞚⌊㢖G 䞾℮G ⹫㦚G 䌖₆G 㔲㧧䟞㔋┞┺UG
䐇㦚G Ⱎ㭒G 㧷ἶG ⹫㦚G 䌧┞┺UG 㼁㱎G ⹫㧊G Ṟ⧒㪢㔋┞┺UG 㠊⚦䅊䅊䞮▮G ⹿G 㞞㧊G ṧ㧦₆G
䢮䟊㪢㔋┞┺UG 䦻⿖㢖G 㞚⌊⓪G 㧊㌗䧞G 㡂Ỿ㍲G ⹫G ㏣㦚G ✺㡂┺G ⽊㞮㔋┞┺UG ⹫G ㏣㠦⓪G
⦑⹬㠦☚G㰚㭒ṖGṖ✳G ✺㠊G 㧞㠞㔋┞┺U

36 HFngbu and the swallows

˄G㡂⽊SG㧊ỢG㥂G 㧒㧊GㅩGfG㢲G 㰚㭒ṖG⹫G ㏣㠦G ✺㠊G 㧞㦚₢f˅G
䦻G ⿖⓪G₲㰳G⏖⧒㍲G 㞚⌊㠦ỢGⰦ䟞㔋┞┺UG
˄G㰳H˅䞮ἶG ⚮㱎G ⹫㧊G Ṟ⧒㪢㔋┞┺UG 㧊⻞㠦⓪G 䛎⯎G ῂ㔂SG ⿟㦖G ῂ㔂㧊G Ṗ✳Ṗ✳G
╊ỾG㧞㠞㔋┞┺UG䦻⿖㢖G㞚⌊⓪G ⍞ⶊG㫡㞚㍲G 㠊㲪G 㭚㦚G ⴆ⧦㔋┞┺UG
G㎎㱎G ⹫SG ⍺㱎G ⹫㦚G 㹾⪖㹾⪖⪲G 㡊ㄍG ẙḍG ⁞☞SG 㦖☞㧊G ⰟG 㘵㞚㪎G ⋮㢪㔋┞┺UG
䦻⿖⓪Gṧ㧦₆G䋆G ⿖㧦ṖG♮㠞㔋┞┺UG

Vocabulary swallow

G㩲゚G nature (of a person), disposition
GⰞ㦢㝾G
㨂G ㌆GO蠒芈PG property, estate, fortune
ⶒG ⩺⹱┺G
⋾G ⿖⩓㰖G㞠┺G inherit

䌦G ⌊┺GO譢TPG be in a state where others are not envied, be content
G☚Ⰲ㠊G with one’s lot
G⿞㕣䞮┺G
covet
䢣G 㑮GO贜莤PG
G䦟⎚G O趺総PG on the contrary

G⋒┞G be pitiable (The adverbs ⿞㕣䧞 and ⿞㕣䞮Ợ are
mostly used in phrases like the one here: ‘to think
㠊G ⓦ▽G of as pitiable, feel sorry for.’)
G㠊❪㍶㰖G
G㕣G O葡PG flood (usually in 䢣㑮ṖG⋮┺ or 䢣㑮ṖG㰖┺ ‘to flood’)
Gゾ⨁㭚G A lean year, a year of famine (✺┺ ‘to enter’ is the
G䞲㺎G
G㰖㩖‖┺G usual verb with this)
⹱G 䂮┺G
㧻G ⋲G meal (⋒┞ can be used generally, but it is especially
common in phrases referring to a meagre living.
ṖG 㡔Ợ☚G ⋒┞⯒G㧝┺ (or 㧊㠊⋮Ṗ┺) ‘to continue one’s
G⁎ⰢG meals’ usually ‘barely alive’.)

in no time at all, before one realises it

from somewhere

pair, couple

washing line, clothes line

a good while, a long time

twitter

put up as a support

mischief, naughtiness, playing around (as little boys do)
(Also 㧻⋲䞮┺ ‘to play about mischievously’, etc.)

sad to tell (lit. ‘pitifully’, with the ☚ giving emphasis)

just (implying that there was nothing that could be
done about it)

HDngbu and the swallows 37

G䠳ỠG piece of cloth, rag
G⹪⯊┺G apply (a coat of ) paint/lacquer/plaster
G㕎ⰺ┺G wrap (㕎┺) and tie up (ⰺ┺)
ⶊG ⩃ⶊ⩃G (onomatopoeic adverb for growing up quickly)
䟻G ₆GO貐絥PG fragrance (usually goes with 䛣₆┺ ‘to waft’ or ⋮┺

クG G ‘to come out in a neat line, abreast’)
(onomatopoeic adverb for going round in circles,
Gἶ╖䞮┺G O簍繛TPG
㰖G ℚ㧊┺G almost always with ☢┺ ‘to turn’)
wait impatiently for, long for
⹫G G chatter, prattle (indicating much the same sound as
㩫G ㎇℥GO袲荁TPG
㰖㩖‖┺, but usually used of human voices)
⽊G ⯚╂G gourd
✏G Ὴ┺G with the greatest care (㩫㎇ ‘devotion’, T℥ ‘with all
䐇G G
G㰚㭒G O観褾PG one’s . . . ’)
㰳G G full moon
G㠊㲪G 㭚G roll about
G㹾⪖㹾⪖⪲G O触罚触罚TPG saw
⁞G ☞G㦖☞GO紼TSG 蜧TPG pearl
ⰟG G (onomatopoeic adverb for tearing or cracking open)
what (lit. how) to do, contracted form of 㠊㹢䞶G 㭚
in order
gold coins and silver coins
profusely (alternative form of Ⱎῂ)

Grammar

6.1 T᥵ᷙ 䂝ḩ (‘indeed’)

T₆⓪G䞮T combines the nominal form T₆ with the topic particle ⓪ followed by the verb
䞮T. It is used when the speaker concedes that a piece of information is indeed correct. As
in the example from the reading passage, the item of information marked with T₆⓪G䞮T
is then framed as being less important than the state of affairs then described (i.e. the fact
that Hbngbu did not covet that which belonged to others is more important than the fact
that he was poor).

G゚⪳GṖ⋲䞮G᥵ᷙ 䃍G㰖ⰢSG䦻⿖⓪G ⋾㦮Gộ㦚G 䌦⌊㰖⓪G 㞠㞮㔋┞┺UG
Even though he was indeed poor, nevertheless HDngbu did not covet that which

belonged to others.

⁎G G㡂㧦⓪G㡞㊮G᥹ 䂝G㰖ⰢG Ⱎ㦢㝾ṖG⋮ザ㣪UG
She does have a pretty face, but she’s not a nice person.

38 HFngbu and the swallows

6.2 Tᱩ (‘and family’)

T⍺ always suffixed to nouns referring to people, including personal names. It implies that
other people are associated with the person in question, typically family members. The
repeated use of 䦻⿖⍺ in the story implies that we are not just talking about Hbngbu but
his family as well – ‘Hbngbu and his family’.

6.3 T㎵㝭 (‘even’)

㫆㹾 is a one-shape particle, the meaning of which is similar to ‘even’ or ‘so much as’ in
English. The use of the particle is similar to the more frequent ☚, although the meaning
is considerably stronger. 㫆㹾 indicates that the state or action of the noun in question is
very low on the scale of expectation.

䦻⿖⍺⓪G⋒┞㎵㝭G 㧊㠊⋮Ṗ₆G 㠊⪋ỢG♮㠞㔋┞┺U
It became difficult for HDngbu to give himself so much as a square meal.

⹒䢎㎵㝭G䕢䕆㠦G 㞞G 㢪㠊㣪U
Even Minho did not come to the party.

㫆㹾 can optionally be followed by ☚ to intensify the feeling of expectations not being met.

6.4 Tẙḍ and Tゝ ㄍẙḍ (past recollections)

T▪┞ is a combination of the observed past tense marker T▪ (refer to Yeon & Brown,
2011)1 and the causal connective ending TO㦒P┞ (refer to Yeon & Brown, 2011).2

T▪┞ is used when a speaker recalls past events and then describes an immediate result-
ant consequence or discovery. The subject is usually the second or third person.

㩲゚⓪Gゾ⨁㭚㠦G 㞟㞚G 䞲㺎G☯㞞㧊⋮G 㰖㩖‖ẙḍG 䦻⿖⍺G 㰖⿫G ⹧㠦G 㰧㦚G 㰩₆G
㔲㧧䟞㔋┞┺U

The swallows sat on the clothes line and spent a while twittering, and then they began to
build a nest under HDngbu’s roof.

䞲ῃⰦ㦚G㡊㕂䧞G Ὃ⿖䞮ẙḍG㰖⁞㦖G 䞲ῃⰦ㦚G 㥶㺓䞮ỢG Ⱖ䟊㣪U
Since he studied Korean hard, he now speaks it fluently.

T▪┞ can appear following the past tense marker 㞮V㠞 to form T㞮V㠞▪┞. With the past
tense marker added, the sense of discovery is intensified.

㎎㱎G⹫SG⍺㱎G⹫㦚G 㹾⪖㹾⪖⪲G 㡊ㄍẙḍG ⁞☞SG 㦖☞㧊G ⰟG 㘵㞚㪎G ⋮㢪㔋┞┺U
When (HDngbu and his wife) opened up a third and fourth gourd one after the other, gold

and silver coins came pouring out.

㠊㩲G⹺㠦G⓼Ợ₢㰖G Ὃ⿖䃍ẙḍG䞒Ἲ䟊㣪U
Because I studied until late last night, I feel tired.

6.5 T ㊁ ⍩ẝ (‘who had intended to’)

This is an unusual modifying form that combines the retrospective modifier T▮ with the
intentive element TO㦒P⩺ (which can most commonly be found in the intentive construction
TO㦒P⩺ἶG 䞮T (refer to Yeon & Brown, 20113; refer also to 16.5 in this book). The pattern
expresses an ongoing past intention – ‘who had intended to’, ‘who was going to’ or ‘who
was trying to’:

HDngbu and the swallows 39

G㠊ⓦG⋶G㞚䂾SG⺃㦒⪲G ⋮ṖG⍩ẝG䦻⿖⓪G ₲㰳G ⏖⧦㔋┞┺UG
One morning HDngbu, who was intending to go out to the field, started in astonishment.
GⰞ⍺䌏G䦟⌊⪲G ἓ㺆G ㏣㧊⍩G ẝG☚⚧㧊G ἆῃG 㼊䙂♮㠞┺UG
A thief who was trying to give police the slip by pretending he was a mannequin was

arrested.

6.6 T‴ ㊹ (‘as if ’)

This connective ending takes on the meaning of ‘as if ’ or ‘just as’. It is used firstly when
comparing one thing to another in a figurative way:

㠊G ⹎㩲゚㢖G㌞⋒㩲゚✺㦖G䦻⿖⍺G 㔳ῂ㠦ỢG ἶⰯ┺⓪G 㧎㌂⯒G 䞮‴G ㊹GSG Ⱎ╏㦚G
䞲⹪䊊GクG☢ἶ⓪G ⋾㴓G ⋮⧒⪲G⋶㞚Ṫ㔋┞┺UG

The parent swallows and their young flew in a circle in the yard as if expressing their thanks
to HDngbu and his family, and flew off to the southern part of the country.

ῂG ⯚㦖G㿺㦚G㿪G‴㊹G 㤖㰗㡖㠊㣪UG
The clouds moved just like they were dancing.

6.7 Tㅩ ⳑ (semi-formal speech style ending)

You may have noticed the rather unusual T㡺 verb ending that Hbngbu uses towards his
wife near the end of the story:

㡂G ⽊SG㧊ỢG㥂G㧒㧊ㅩG GfG
Darling, what is this?

This T㡺 ending is the ‘semi-formal’ speech style, which was traditionally used by older
adults (typically males) towards those of equal or lower status (which would include men
addressing their wives). Use of the semi-formal style is becoming increasingly unusual in
the modern language and may be headed for extinction.

Note that the form becomes ㏢ after a consonant Tⲏ㏢ ‘eat’, ⲏ㠞㏢ ‘ate’, etc.

Words and meanings

1. The following are mimetic words (i.e. words that imitate sounds or actions, including
onomatopoeic words) used in the text. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate mimetic
word from the list.

Gⶊ⩃ⶊ⩃G G 㰖㰖⺆⺆G G 㭚㭚G G ₲㰳G G Ṗ✳Ṗ✳G G 㰳G

1. G㻶㑮⓪G㔂䝞G 㡗䢪⯒G ⽊Ⳋ㍲G⑞ⶒ㦚G ††††††††G 䦮⪎㔋┞┺UG
2. Gゾ⧮㭚G㥚㠦G 㺎㌞✺㧊G㞟㞚㍲G ††††††††G 㰖㩖‖ἶG 㧞㠞㔋┞┺UG
3. 㞚G 㧊✺㧊G ††††††††G 㧦⧒㍲G㧊㩲⓪G 㠊⯎㧊G ♮㠞㔋┞┺UG
4. G㠊Ⲏ┞⓪G⁎G ㏢㔳㦚G ✹ἶG ††††††††G ⏖⧒㍲G ₆㩞䞮㎾㔋┞┺UG
5. GṖ⹿G㏣㠦⓪G ⁞SG㦖G ⽊㍳✺㧊G††††††††G ✺㠊G 㧞㠞㔋┞┺UG
6. G㡂㧦㦮G⋾㧦㦮G ヾ㦚G††††††††G ㏢ⰂṖG ⋶G 㩫☚⪲G ㎎ỢG ➢⪎㔋┞┺UG