The Routledge Intermediate Korean Reader ( PDFDrive )

90 The ‘soybean paste woman’

3. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate verb from the box. You will need
to add an appropriate verb ending.

ṦG ┺G G ⴆ┺G G ∎⹎┺G G 㧒䅁┺G G ἀ┺G

1. G˄♲㧻⎖˅⧒⓪G Ⱖ㦖G㓺䌖⻛㓺㠦G 㰧㹿䞮⓪G ⹎䢒㡂㎇㦚G ††††††††UG
2. G♲㧻⎖⯒GⰢ⋲G ⋾㧦✺㦖G Ⱔ㦖G⋲Ṧ䞾ὒG 㠊㧊㠜㦢㦚G††††††††UG
3. G♲㧻⎖✺㦖G 㣎㩲㹾⯒G ††††††††G ⋾㧦✺㦚G 㫡㞚䞲┺UG
4. G♲㧻⎖✺㦖G 㥶ⳛG 㡂⺆㤆ṖGὧἶ䞮⓪G ㍊䛎⪲G ⲎⰂ⯒G††††††††UG
5. ˄G♲㧻˅㦖G䞲ῃ㩗G 㩫㍲㢖G ††††††††G 㞠⓪G 㰞⹫䞾㦮G ╖ⳛ㌂㧊┺UG

Answer the following questions in English
1. Based on the text, tell the story of a day in the life of a ♲㧻⎖.
2. What kind of connotations does the word ♲㧻 traditionally have for Korean people?
3. Where might the expression ♲㧻⎖ come from?
4. What role does Starbucks and expensive coffee play in the construction of the ♲㧻⎖ image?
5. In what ways does ♲㧻⋾ seem to differ from ♲㧻⎖?

Answer the following questions in your own words
1. G♲㧻⎖⓪G㞚䂾㠦G 㰧㦚G⋮㍲₆G 㩚㠦Gⶊ㠝㦚G 䞿┞₢fG
2. G♲㧻⎖⓪G㩦㕂㦖G 㭒⪲G㠊❪㠦㍲SG⑚ῂ㢖G ṯ㧊G ⲏ㔋┞₢fG
3. G♲㧻⎖⓪G ἆ䢒G ㌗╖⯒G 㺔㦚G ➢G 㠊⟺G 㫆Ị㦚G 㭧㣪䞮ỢG ㌳ṗ䞿┞₢fG 㰖⁞G Ⱒ⋮⓪G

˄⋾䂲˅㦖G⁎G㫆Ị㠦G ⰴ㔋┞₢fG
4. G˄♲㧻⎖˅⓪G㠊⟺G 㡂㎇㦚G㧒䅁㔋┞₢fG
5. G˄㾲ἶ㦮G䋊ⰃG㑮⯒G 㠑ἶG 㧞⓪˅䃊䒆㦖G 㠊⟺G ⌊㣿㧛┞₢fG

More to think about
1. Do you think it is acceptable for male Internet users to criticise ♲㧻⎖ in this

way? Do you think that the expression could be sexist? Write a short essay giving
your opinions about ♲㧻⎖.
2. In the country where you come from (or live now) is there any comparable expres-
sion to ♲㧻⎖ (i.e. an expression that is used by men/women to criticise members
of the opposite sex)? Write a satirical piece about a day in their life.

Notes

1 Section 5.1.4, page 237
2 Section 6.8.2, page 326

Section 3

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The tale of Shim Ch’Cng 93

Chapter 13: The tale of Shim Ch’Eng

The following story is about one of Korea’s most popular heroines, the filial daughter,
Shim Ch’ang. Her story has been told in hundreds of different ways, with the text
here being a special version prepared by the authors, based on that found in Korean
school textbooks. This story ends with the usual happy ending and goes on to make
the point that sons and daughters cannot reconcile the duties which they owe to their
parents. As such, the story embodies the important Confucian notion of 䣾GO赿P, which
continues to hold considerable weight in contemporary Korean society. Although
typically translated as ‘filial piety’ and explained as ‘showing respect to one’s parents’, the
concept tends to be unfamiliar to most English speakers and to those outside East Asia.

We return to the question of filial piety, in the modern age, in the next chapter.

Questions to consider before reading the whole text:
1. What do you understand by the concept of filial piety? Discuss why Koreans put

emphasis on this virtue and how Confucianism has influenced Korean culture.
2. What do you think filial piety means to Korean people today? Is the meaning of filial

piety changing?

⸱㟲㊹ ㊹チ᥵

ⲒG G㡱⋶SG㠊ⓦG⹪╍ṖG㫆⁎ⰢGⰞ㦚㠦SG㕂㼃㧊⧒⓪G㡞㊲G㏢⎖ṖG㌊ἶG㧞㠞┺UG⁎⩂⋮SG
㕂㼃㦖G Ṗ㡔Ợ☚SG 㧊G ㎎㌗㠦G 䌲㠊⋲G 㰖G 㧒G 㭒㧒G Ⱒ㠦G 㠊Ⲏ┞⯒G 㧙ἶSG 㞚⻚㰖㦮G 䛞㠦㍲G
㧦⧒⋲G ⿞㕣䞲G ㏢⎖㡖┺UG ▪ῂ⋮SG 㕂㼃㦮G 㞚⻚㰖G 㕂G 䞯′⓪G 㞴㦚G ⴑG ⽊⓪G 㧻┮㧊㠞┺UG
⁎⧮㍲GⰞ㦚㠦㍲⓪G ⁎⯒G ˄㕂⽟㌂˅⧒ἶG⿞⩖┺UG

㕂G 㼃㦖G⋮㧊ṖG㡞┦὇G㌊G♮Ⳋ㍲⿖䎆G⻢㖾G㞚⻚㰖⯒G☚㢖G✲Ⰲ₆G㔲㧧䟞┺UG㡊G㌊㧊G
⍮G㊁▹ⱡ⣅㱵⓪G G ⹻☚G 㰩ἶSG ゾ⧮☚G 䞮ἶSG 㰧㞞G 㼃㏢㢖G ⹪ⓦ㰞₢㰖☚G 䞮㡖┺UG 㠊ⰆG
㕂㼃㦖SG 㰧㞞㧊G Ṗ⋲䞮ἶSG 㞚⻚㰖ṖG 㞴㦚G ⴑG ⽊㞚G 㧒㦚G 䞶G 㑮G 㠜㠞₆G ➢ⶎ㠦SG ⋾㦮G 㰧G
㧒㦚G Ệ✺G㔅 わ㊁▹ ろ ὝG㠞┺UG 㧊㢖G ṯ㦖G 㕂㼃㦮G 䣾㕂㦖G 㧊㤙G Ⱎ㦚㠦₢㰖G 䗒㪎㍲G
⳾⯊⓪G㌂⧢㧊G㠜㦚G 㩫☚㡖┺UG

94 The tale of Shim Ch’Eng

㕂㼃㦮G ⋮㧊ṖG 㡊G ┺㎅G ㌊G ♮▮G 䟊SG 䞮⬾⓪G ⋾㦮G 㰧G 㧒㦚G ☚㢖G 㭒⩂G Ṫ┺ṖSG
⓼ỢチG㰧㦒⪲G☢㞚㡺ỢG♮㠞┺UG⁎G➢SG㕂G⽟㌂⓪G䢒㧦G㰧㠦㍲G➎㦚G₆┺ⰂἶG㧞┺ṖSG
ệ㩫㧊G ♮㠊㍲SG 㰖䕷㧊⯒G 㰰ἶG Ⱎ㭧㦚G ⋮Ṫ┺UG ⁎⩆◆G Ỿ㤎㧊⧒㍲G 㿪㤊G ⹪⧢㧊G ⿞ἶG
₎⹪┻㦖G 㠒㦢㧊G 㠒㠊㍲G ⴏ㔲G ⹎⊚⩂㤶┺UG 㞴㦚G ⴑG ⽊⓪G 㕂G ⽟㌂⓪G ⹎⊚⩂㤊G ₎㦚G
㩲╖⪲G Ỏ㦚G 㑮G 㠜㠞┺UG ⁎⧮㍲SG Ṳ㻲Ṗ⯒G 㰖⋮Ṗ┺ṖG ⁎ⰢG ⹲㧊G ⹎⊚⩂㪎㍲G ⶒG ㏣㠦G
ザ㪎G ⻚⪎┺U

˄㌂⧢G ㌊⩺H˅
䞮ἶSG 㕂G ⽟㌂ṖG ㏢Ⰲ⯒G 㰖⯊㋕SG Ⱎ䂾G 㰖⋮Ṗ▮G 㭧㧊G ⁎ộ㦚G ⽊ἶG ἽG ⥆㠊✺㠊G
⊢㠊⌊G 㭒㠞┺UG 㕂G ⽟㌂⓪G ἶⰯ┺ἶG 㧎㌂⯒G ✲ⰆG ⛺SG 㞴㦚G ⴑG ⽊⓪G 㧦₆㦮G 㔶㎎⯒G
䞲䌚䞮㡖┺UG⁎⩂㧦SG ⁎G 㭧㦖
˄㕖G㌒⺇G㍳ⰢG ⿖㻮┮G㞴㠦G Ὃ㟧䞮ἶG㰖㎇㦒⪲G アⳊG ㏢㤦㦚G 㧊⭆G ộ㧛┞┺U˅
䞮ἶGⰦ䟞┺UG㕂G⽟㌂⓪G㏢㤦㦚G㧊⭆G㑮G㧞┺⓪G㓺┮㦮GⰦ㠦G‖ṖG⻞㲣G⦚㠊SG㞴⛺G
㧒㦚G ㌳ṗ㰖G㞠ἶS
˄⌊G ⁎⩝ỢG 䞮ㅩ⓱┺UG ⌊G ⑞ⰢG ⥾ỢG 䟊G 㭒㔶┺ⳊG Ὃ㟧⹎G ㌒⺇G ㍳㦚G ⿖㻮┮G 㞴㠦G
⹪䂮Ỷ㔋┞┺U˅
䞮ἶG㠒⯎G㟓㏣㦚G 䟊G ⻚⪎┺U
㕂㼃㧊G㰧㠦G☢㞚G㢖G⽊┞SG㞚⻚㰖ṖG㥂㧒㧎㰖G㑮㕂㠦G㧶ỾG㧞㠞┺UG㧊㥶⯒Gⶒ㦒┞G
㕂⽟㌂ṖG 㧦㽞㰖㫛㦚G 㟮₆䟞┺UG 㧊G Ⱖ㦚G ✺㦖G 㕂㼃㦖G 䞲䘎G ⏖⧣᥵Ἁ 䂝ᠥSG 䞲䘎G
㔂䝚᥵Ἁ 䂝㡖┺UG 㞚⻚㰖㦮G ⑞㧊G ⥾㧎┺⓪G 䧂ⰳ㦚G Ṗ㰖ỢG ♲G ộ㦖G ⹮Ṗ㤊G 㧒㧊㰖ⰢG
㧊G ῂ㹾䞲G ㌊Ⱂ㠦G 㠊⠑ỢG 㕖G ㌒⺇G ㍳㦚G ⹪䂶G 㑮G 㧞㦚₢fG ⁎G ⋶G ⹺⿖䎆G 㕂㼃㦖G ⹺Ⱎ┺G
Ⱗ㦖G ⶒ㦚G⟶G⏩ἶG 㻲㰖㔶ⳛ℮G 㞚⻚㰖㦮G⑞㦚G ⥾ỢG䂹 ḱ⋁ᠥG ア㠞┺U
⁎⩆◆G䞮⬾⓪G⹪┺㠦㍲Gⶊ㡃䞮⓪G㍶㤦✺㧊G㻮⎖⯒G㌂⩂G┺┞⓪◆SGṨ㦖G㠒Ⱎ✶㰖G
⌊Ỷ┺ἶG䞲┺⓪GⰦ㦚G ✺㠞┺U
˄㻮⎖⯒G㌂㍲Gⶊ㠝㠦G 㝊╋┞₢f˅G 䞮ἶGⶑ㧦S
˄㣿㢫℮G㩲㌂G㰖⌊ἶG⹪┺㠦G⍹⓪╖UG⁎⩝ỢG䞮ⳊG⺆ṖG䛣䕢⯒GⰢ⋮㰖G㞠ἶG㧻㌂☚G
㧮G ὡḩᯝ ⡕U˅
㧊GⰦ㦚G✺㦖G㕂㼃㦖G㧊ộ㧊G䞮⓮㧊G㧦₆⯒G㥚䞮㡂G㭒㔶G₆䣢⧒ἶG㌳ṗ䟞┺UG⁎⧮㍲G
㍶㤦✺㠦ỢG 㧦₆G ⴎ㦚G 䕪₆⪲G ἆ㕂䞮㡖┺UG ㍶㤦✺㦖G 䣾㕂㠦G Ṧ☯䞮㡂G 䞲㠜㧊G 㕂㼃㦚G
䃃㺂䞲G ⛺㠦G Ὃ㟧⹎G ㌒⺇G ㍳G 㧊㣎㠦☚G 㕂⽟㌂ṖG 䘟㌳G ☯㞞G ⲏἶG 㧛ἶG 㰖⌒Ⱒ䞲G 㨂㌆㦚G
➆⪲G 㭒㠞┺U
㕂㼃㧊G㍶㤦✺㦚G➆⧒G㰧㦚G⟶⋮⩺G䞶G➢㍲㟒SG㕂⽟㌂⓪G゚⪲㏢G➎㧊G㭓㦢㦮G₎㦚G
⟶⋲┺⓪Gộ㦚G㞢ἶG 䐋ἷ㦚G 䞮₆G㔲㧧䟞┺U
㕂㼃㦖G ㍶㤦✺㦚G ➆⧒G ⺆⯒G 䌪┺UG Ṗ㧻G ⶒἆ㧊G ㌂⋮㤊G ⹪┺G 䞲Ṗ㤊◆㠦㍲G 㩲㌂⯒G
㰖⌎G⛺㠦G㕂㼃㦖G ⶒ㠦G ⥆㠊G✺㠊㟒G 䟞┺UG 㕂㼃㦖G 䞮⓮㦚G 㤆⩂⩂⽊Ⳇ
˄㻲㰖㔶ⳛ㧊㔲㡂SG 㩖㦮G㞚⻚㰖㦮G ⑞㦚G⥾ỢG 䟊㭒㏢㍲U˅
䞮ἶG₆☚䞲G䤚G䂮Ⱎ⪲G㠒Ὴ㦚GṖⰂἶG⹪┺㠦G⥆㠊G✺㠞┺UG⁎G➢Gṧ㧦₆G╂㧊GỖ㦖G
ῂ⯚G㏣㦒⪲G✺㠊G ṖⳆG 䣢㡺ⰂG⹪⧢㧊G 㧒㠊⌂┺U

The tale of Shim Ch’Cng 95

㠒G ⰞG䤚SG⍩㦖G⹪┺G㥚㠦⓪G䞲G㏷㧊G㡞㊲G㡆↙㧊G䞒㠊⋮▪┞SG⁎G㡆↙㦖G㧊ⰂG⹖ⰂἶG
㩖ⰂG⹖⩺SG㠊ⓦG⌅㍶G⹪╍Ṗ㠦G╕㞮┺UG⁎G➢G㧊ộ㦚G⽎G䞲G㠊⿖ṖG㧊㌗䧞G㌳ṗ䞮㡂SG⁎G
㡆↙㦚GỊ㪎㍲G㧚⁞┮℮G⹪㼺┺UG⁎⩂㧦G⁎G↙G㏣㠦㍲⓪G⦑⹬㠦☚G㕂㼃㧊G㧶㧦ἶG㧞㠞┺UG

㕂G 㼃㦖G㣿ῗ㠦㍲G⽊⌊G㡾G㞚⯚┺㤊G㍶⎖⧒⓪G㏢ⶎ㧊G⋮㍲SG⁎G⛺㠦G㢫゚⪲Gㆧ䧞ỢG
♮㠞┺UG

G䣾㎇㧊G 㰖⁏䞲G 㕂㼃㦖SG 㢫゚ṖG ♲G 䤚㠦☚G 㞚⻚㰖G ㌳ṗG ➢ⶎ㠦G 㧶㔲☚G Ⱎ㦢G 䘎䞶G
⋶㧊G 㠜㠞┺UG ⁎⧮㍲G 䞮⬾⓪SG 㞴㦚G ⴑG ⽊⓪G 㞚⻚㰖⯒G Ⱒ⋮₆G 㥚䞮㡂SG 㧚⁞┮℮G 㼃䟊㍲SG
⋮⧒G㞞㠦G㧞⓪G⳾✶G 㧻┮✺㦚G 㥚䞲G㧪䂮⯒G ⻶䛖ỢG 䞮㡖┺UG

㕂G 㼃㦚G㧙ἶG⑞ⶒⰢG䦮ⰂⳆG⋮⋶㦚G⽊⌊▮G㕂G⽟㌂☚G㏢ⶎ㦚G✹ἶG㧪䂮㠦G⋮㢪┺UG
⁎G⋶G㕂㼃㦖Gῂ㍳G 㧦Ⰲ㠦G 㞟㞚G㧞⓪G 㕂G⽟㌂⯒G ⹲ἂ䞮ἶSG

˄G㞚⻚㰖H˅G
G䞮ἶSG╂⩺ṖG 㠒㕎㞞㞮┺UG
㕂G G⽟㌂⓪G⍞ⶊ⋮G ⽊ἶG 㕌▮G➎㦮G ⳿㏢Ⰲ⯒G ✹ἶSG
˄G㡺SG⌊G➎G㼃㞚HG㧊ỢG∞㧊⌦SG㌳㔲⌦fG 㠊❪G 㫖G ⽊㧦U˅G
G䞮ἶG䋂ỢG㣎䂮Gᷙ ❙⋑ㄕGSG⑞㦚G⻞㲣G⥾ỢG♮㠞┺UG⁎⧮㍲SG㕂G⽟㌂⓪G㌳㩚G㻮㦢㦒⪲G
ὧⳛ䞲G㻲㰖㠦㍲G➎㦮G 㠒Ὴ㦚G⽊ỢG ♮㠞┺UG

Vocabulary chest, breast

G䛞G six or seven
㡞G ┦὇G
GỆ✺┺G help (someone), help with (something), give a hand
with
G䣾㕂G O赿葖PG
GT㟒G filial piety
only; T⓼Ợ㟒 only when it was late; 㧊㩲㟒
G㰰┺G
only now
GṲ㻲ṖG O等詐TPG
rest upon, support oneself with (usually with the thing
G㏢Ⰲ⯒G 㰖⯊┺G rested on as a direct object: as in 㰖䕷㧊⯒G 㰰┺)
㔶G ㎎GO葌荃PG
G䞲䌚䞮┺G O谼識TPG bank of a ditch (Ṳ㻲 can be used for any small
G㕖G ㌒⺇G ㍳G OT芓腆TPG stream of running water)
GὋ㟧G O簯蓬PG
give a cry
ὋG 㟧⹎GO簯蓬胂PG
G㰖㎇G O覓荁PG one’s lot, one’s circumstances

lament, deplore

three hundred bags of rice

offering, especially of food to ancestors, the
Buddha, etc.

offertory rice, rice as an offering

(absolute) sincerity

96 The tale of Shim Ch’Eng

⻞G 㲣G in a flash; (onomatopoeic for catching the (eye or) ear)
㞴G ⛺G㧒㦚G㌳ṗ㰖G 㞠ἶG without thinking of the consequences
㥂G 㧒㧎㰖G for some reason
㑮G 㕂GO莛葖PG melancholy, gloom, anxiety
㧦G 㽞㰖㫛GO蟀誏覓褚PG from the beginning to the end, whole story
Gῂ㹾䞮┺G O糃觟TPG be very poor, be destitute
G㻲㰖㔶ⳛG O詏襽葃聒PG the gods of heaven and earth
㍶G 㤦GO茎蚗PG seaman, sailor
㠒G Ⱎ✶㰖G however much it is, ever so much, any amount
㣿G 㢫GO羔蘌PG Dragon King, King of the Sea
㩲G ㌂GO⯒PG㰖⌊┺G O裍艨TPG perform a religious ceremony
G䛣䕢G O谓讟PG storm (lit. wind and waves)
䐋G ἷGO讅簛PG wailing, lamentation
㌂G ⋿┺G (of human or animal nature) be savage; (of winds,

㤆G ⩂⩂⽊┺G seas etc.) be wild, be rough
G䣢㡺ⰂG ⹪⧢G look up to
㡆G ↙G whirlwind
G㧊ⰂG⹖ⰂἶG㩖ⰂG ⹖⩺G lotus
GỊ㰖┺G being pushed this way and that
⻶G 䛖┺G bring out (of water), fish out
㠒G 㕎㞞┺G give (a party, money etc.)
㌳G 㔲GO苇萚PG hug, embrace (affectionately)
time awake, waking hours; the hour of one’s birth;
㌳G 㩚GO苇衔PG
one’s lifetime
life (up to now)

Grammar

13.1 T ㊁ ▹ⱡ⣅㱵 (‘ever since’)

This is a combination of the connective ending TO㦒PⳊ㍲ ‘while’ (which is used when talk-
ing about one person performing two actions at the same time) and the particle ⿖䎆 ‘from
(a time/place)’. It produces the meaning ‘ever since’.

G㡊G ㌊㧊G ⍮G㊁▹ⱡ⣅㱵G⓪G ⹻☚G 㰩ἶSG ゾ⧮☚G 䞮ἶSG 㰧㞞G 㼃㏢㢖G ⹪ⓦ㰞₢㰖☚G 䞮㡖┺UG
Ever since she turned 11 she did the cooking, washed the clothes, cleaned the house, and did

the sewing.

G㤊☯㦚G㔲㧧䞮G▹ⱡ⣅㱵Gⴎ㧊G Ṗ⼒㤢㪢┺UG
Ever since I started exercising, my body has felt lighter.

The tale of Shim Ch’Cng 97

13.2 T㔅 わ㊁▹ ろ Ὕḩ (‘have to’)

This pattern literally means ‘if you don’t do X, it will not do’. Basically, this means that you
have to do it – the pattern is used to express obligation.

⋾㦮G 㰧G 㧒㦚G Ệ✺㔅 わ㊁▹ ろ Ὕ㠞┺U
She had to assist other households with their chores.

䡫㦮G Ⱖ㦚G ✹㔅 わ㊁▹ ろ ὁ㣪U
You must do as older brother says. [=You must listen to older brother’s words.]

Note that the pattern may also occur with short negation (refer to Yeon & Brown, 2011)1,
which would make the second example sentence 䡫㦮GⰦ㦚G㞞G✺㦒ⳊG㞞G♒㣪. Also note
that the meaning ‘have to’ is more commonly communicated with the pattern T㞚V㠊㟒G䞮┺
(refer to Yeon & Brown, 2011)2.

13.3 T㋕ (‘upon, when’)

This connective ending works similarly to ‘upon’ or ‘when’ in English.

˄㌂⧢G㌊⩺H˅G䞮ἶSG 㕂G⽟㌂ṖG ㏢Ⰲ⯒G㰖⯊㋕SG Ⱎ䂾G 㰖⋮Ṗ▮G 㭧㧊G ⁎ộ㦚G ⽊ἶG ἽG
⥆㠊✺㠊G⊢㠊⌊G 㭒㠞┺U

‘Someone save me!’ Blind Shim shouted, and a Buddhist monk who happened to be passing
by, saw what had happened and straight away jumped in and pulled him out.

⁎G⏎⧮⯒G✹㋕G 㡱⋶G ㌳ṗ㧊G⌂㰖㣪U
Upon hearing that song I was reminded of the days gone by.

13.4 T᥵Ἁ 䂝ᠥ ᥵Ἁ 䂝ḩ (‘both . . . and . . .’)

The pattern T₆☚G 䞮T combines T₆ with the particle ☚ ‘also, even’. T₆☚G 䞮T often
occurs twice in a sentence, linked by the verbal connective Tἶ ‘and’. This shows a kind
of tandem agreement between noun phrases meaning ‘both . . . and . . .’ (or ‘neither . . .
nor . . .’ in negative sentences):

㕂㼃㦖G䞲䘎G⏖⧣᥵Ἁ 䂝ᠥSG䞲䘎G 㔂䝚᥵Ἁ 䂝㡖┺U
Shim Ch’Cng was amazed on the one hand but saddened on the other.

‖ṖGṚ㰖⩂㤢㣪UG Ṗ⊪G㞚䝚᥵Ἁ 䂹㣪U
My ear is itchy. And it hurts a bit too.

13.5 Tㅩ⓱ḩ (future tense)

This ending expresses the future tense and tends to occur when the speaker is making
a solemn promise. The T㡺Ⰲ┺ form is now very antiquated and has all but fallen out
of usage in contemporary Korean, with speakers preferring to use TỶ㔋┞┺ for the same
function.

˄⌊G⁎⩝ỢG䞮ㅩ⓱ḩUG ⌊G⑞ⰢG ⥾ỢG䟊G 㭒㔶┺ⳊG Ὃ㟧⹎G ㌒⺇G ㍳㦚G ⿖㻮┮G 㞴㠦G
⹪䂮Ỷ㔋┞┺U˅

‘I will do so. If he will give me my sight, I will consecrate three hundred bags of offertory rice
to Lord Buddha.’

98 The tale of Shim Ch’Eng

[see 1.5] Tら ヹ ḱ⋁ᠥ (quoted benefactives)
G㕂㼃㦖G㻲㰖㔶ⳛ℮G 㞚⻚㰖㦮G⑞㦚G ⥾ỢGG䂹 ḱ⋁ᠥG ア㠞┺UG
Shim Ch’Cng prayed to the gods of heaven and earth for her father’s eyes to be opened.

13.6 Tᯝ ⠹ḩ (‘look like’)

This pattern follows T⋮ with the verb ⽊T ‘look’ or ‘see’. The construction conveys a con-
jecture made on the back of what the speaker has seen (or heard, or perceived in any other
way), typically translating as ‘it looks like’ or ‘it seems like’.

You may have noted that in the example that appears in this reading T⋮G⽊┺ is preceded
by the form T┺. Here, T┺ can be understood as a quotative ending, showing that the
content of the sentence is something that is being or has been said.

G⺆ṖG䛣䕢⯒GⰢ⋮㰖G 㞠ἶG㧻㌂☚G 㧮GὡG ḩᯝ ⡕UGG
It seems they say that their ship will not meet with storms and their trade will go well.

⹬G 㠦G゚ṖGⰤ㧊G 㡺ᯝG ⡕G㣪UG
It looks like it’s raining a lot outside.

13.7 T ㊁ ц ❙⋑ㄕ (‘as a result’)

This pattern combines the modifier form with the expression ⹪⧢㠦 ‘as a result’. The
expression depicts a reason or cause in the first clause with a result or effect in the second
clause. Most commonly, the content of the first clause is an unexpected event and the
second clause contains a negative consequence. However, in the example in this chapter,
the content of the second clause is unexpected in a positive way.

OG㕂⽟㌂⓪PG䋂ỢG 㣎䂮ᷙG ❙⋑ㄕSGG⑞㦚G ⻞㲣G ⥾ỢG ♮㠞┺UG
Blind Shim cried loudly, and because of this his eyes suddenly came to open.

⑞G 㧊G㡺Gᷙ ❙⋑ㄕG ᾦ䐋㧊G Ⱏ䡪㠊㣪UG
Because it was snowing, the traffic was backed up.

⋶G 㝾ṖGG㣙ㇹ ❙⋑ㄕG Ṧ₆㠦GỎ⪎㠊㣪UG
Because the weather was cold, I caught a cold.

Words and meanings

1. Find words that match the definitions in the main text above.

1. G㞴㦚GⴑG⽊⓪G ㌂⧢G
2. ⿖G ⳾┮㦚G㌳ṗ䞮⓪G㹿䞲G Ⱎ㦢G
3. Gệ㩫㓺⩂㤊G Ⱎ㦢G
4. 㠊G ⟺G㧒㦮G 㻮㦢⿖䎆G ⊳₢㰖㦮G⌊㣿G
5. G㞚㭒G㠊⪋ἶG Ṗ⋲䞮┺G
6. ⹪G ┺G㏣G㣿ῗ㠦G ㌆┺ἶG ⹕㠊㰖⓪G⹪┺㦮G 㧚⁞┮G
7. GỆ㎒G⹪⧢ὒG 䕢☚G
8. 䋆G G㏢Ⰲ⪲G 㤆⓪G ộG

The tale of Shim Ch’Cng 99

2. Now complete the following sentences by using one of these words in each sentence.

1) 㫆㍶G 㔲╖G ㌂⧢✺㦖G ⿖⳾┮㦚G ⳾㔲⓪G ††††††††㦚G 䡚╖㧎✺⽊┺G ▪G 㭧㣪䞮ỢG
㌳ṗ䟞┺U

2) ἓ㺆㠦G㧷䧢G ⻪㧎㦖Gỗ㠦G 㰞⩺G⟾Ⳋ㍲G ㌂Ị㦮G ††††††††㦚G┺G 䎎㠊G ⏩㞮┺U
3) 㤆ⰂGṖ㫇㦖G Ṗ⋲ὒG ⳾㰚G ††††††††㠦☚G Ὴ䞮㰖G 㞠ἶG ㌊㞚G ⋾㞮┺U
4) ⱏ㧎ὒG ††††††††㦖Gṯ㦖G⦑㦚G Ṗ㰚GⰦ㧛┞┺U
5) 䂲ῂ㦮G㧻⪖㔳㠦G㺎㍳䞲G 㡗㑮⓪G⑞ⶒ㦚G 䦮ⰂⳊ㍲G††††††††䟞┺U
6) 㞚✺㧊G 㧛㤦䟞┺⓪G ㏢㔳㠦G 㠊Ⲏ┞⓪G ††††††††㧊G Ṗ✳䞲G 㠒Ὴ⪲G ệ㩫䞮₆G

㔲㧧䟞┺U
7) 㑮ῗṖ⓪G ††††††††㧊G ⼧㧊G ✺㧦G 㟓㠦G 㝎G 䏶⋒㦮G Ṛ㦚G ῂ䞮₆G 㥚䞮㡂G 㧦⧒ṖG

㎎㌗㠦G⋮㢖G 䏶⋒⯒G ⇖㠊G㣿ῗ㦒⪲G ◆ⰂἶG Ṗ⓪G 㧊㟒₆㧊┺U
8) 㧦₆G㧮ⴑ㠦G ╖䟊㍲G ⼖ⳛ䞮⓪G⳾㔋㧊G 㺎㦒⪲G 㢏㌟䞮ἶG ††††††††U

Answer the following questions in English

1. What is the name of Shim Ch’ang’s father?
2. How and why did Shim Ch’ang’s father fall into the stream?
3. Who saved Blind Shim when he fell into the water?
4. What was the reason why Chinese merchant sailors were looking to buy a virgin and

offering an unlimited price?

Answer the following questions about the text in your own words.

1. 㕂㼃㧊㦮G㠊Ⲏ┞⓪G 㕂㼃㧊ṖG ⳝG㌊G ➢G☢㞚Ṗ㎾㔋┞₢f
2. Ⱎ㦚㠦㍲⓪G㕂㼃㧊㦮G㞚⻚㰖⯒G 㢲G㕂⽟㌂⧒ἶG ⿞⩖㔋┞₢f
3. 㕂㼃㧊ṖG 㠊⪎㦚G ➢⿖䎆G ⋾㦮G 㰧G 㧒㦚G ☚㢖㭒㰖G 㞠㦒ⳊG 㞞G ♮㠞▮G 㧊㥶⓪G

ⶊ㠝㧛┞₢f
4. 㕂⽟㌂ṖG⿖㻮┮㠦ỢGὋ㟧⹎G㌒⺇㍳㦚G⹪䂮Ỷ┺ἶG㟓㏣䞮ἶG☢㞚㢖㍲G㑮㕂㠦G㧶ỾG

㧞㠞▮G㧊㥶⓪G ⶊ㠝㧒₢㣪f
5. 㕂㼃㧊⓪G㞚⻚㰖⯒G 㥚䟊G 㕖G㌒⺇G ㍳㦚G㠊⠑ỢG Ⱎ⩾䟞㔋┞₢f
6. ⹪┺㠦G⥆㠊✶G 㕂㼃㦖G 㠊⠑ỢG♮㠞㔋┞₢f
7. 㕂⽟㌂⓪G㠊⠑ỢG 䞮㡂G ⑞㦚G⥾ỢG ♮㠞㔋┞₢f

100 The tale of Shim Ch’Eng

More to think about
1. Do you know any other stories that involve daughters or sons who display filial

piety? Recount the story/stories in Korean.
2. This story was also performed as a p’ansori. P’ansori is a Korean traditional song

performed by one singer and one drum player, putting more importance on words
rather than melody, which was developed in the Chollado area in the beginning
of the eighteenth century. Try to listen to the p’ansori version of this story and
discuss the characteristics of p’ansori.

Notes

1 Section 4.2, page 164
2 Section 6.5.7.1, page 317

A modern view of loyalty and filial piety 101

Chapter 14: A modern view of loyalty
and filial piety

In this chapter, we examine the script of a speech given on March 18th 1999 by the
South Korean president at the time, the late Kim Dae-jung. The speech was delivered
at a luncheon for the nation’s Confucian leaders held at the Korean presidential resi-
dence, Ch’ang’wadae ‘Blue House’, and discusses the meaning of the notion of filial
piety in the modern age.

Questions to consider before reading the whole text:
1. What do you know about Kim Dae-jung? Use library resources or the Internet (or ask

a Korean friend) to find out more about the life of this former South Korean president.
2. Can you predict what Kim Dae-jung might have said about how the notion of filial piety

applies (or does not apply) to the modern age?

㣮䇭 ⯱Ⰶ㊝ 䅉ṅ㍆ 䂹Ɫ

G㧚⁞㦚G ㎂₆ἶSG ⿖⳾⯒G Ὃ㟧䞮⓪G 㿿䣾㌂㌗㦖G 㧎Ṛ㧊G ㎇䀾䞲G 㥺ⰂG Ṗ㤊◆G 㾲ἶ㦮G
▫⳿㧊┺UG㥶ᾦG㥺Ⰲ㠦G㈢Ⰲ⯒G⚪G☯㟧G㌂䣢㦮G‖㭧䞲G㧦㌆㧊┺UG㍲㟧G㌂䣢ṖGṬ㰖Gⴑ䞲G
㧊G䔏㰫ὒG㧻㩦㦚G 䙂₆䞮Ệ⋮G ㏢䢖䧞G䞮⓪G 㧒㧊G㋍G ヹⱡᷙ ろὥG ộ㧊┺UG

G⁎⩂⋮G㡺⓮㦮G㩠㦖㧊✺䞲䎢G◄㠊⏩ἶG㿿䣾㌂㌗㦚Gṫ㣪䞶G㑮⓪G㠜┺UG㞚ⶊⰂG㫡㦖G
㌂㌗㧊⋮G 㧊⎦☚G 㧊⯒G 㑮㣿䞲G 㭒㼊㢖G ⁎G 㔲╖㠦G ⰴỢG 㨂䟊㍳♮ἶG 㨂㺓㫆♮㠊チG ┑G
㌳ⳛ⩻㦚GṖ㰞G㑮G㧞┺UG⁎⧮㟒ⰢG㌂㌗G㧦㼊☚G⹲㩚䞶G㑮G㧞ἶSG⁎G㌂㌗㦚G㑮㣿䞲G㌂䣢G
㡃㔲G ▪㤇G 䛣㣪⪲㤎G 㑮G 㧞┺UG ⁎⩝㰖G ⴑ䞶G ἓ㤆SG ⁎G ㌂㌗㧊⋮G 㧊⎦㦖G ⋷㦖G ộ㧊G ♮㠊G
Ⱎ䂾⌊G㌂⧢✺㦮G␢Ⰲ㠦㍲G ㍲㍲䧞G㧠䡖G㍽ ᝅ₆G G 㓓┺UG

㰖G ⋲⋶㦮G 㿿䣾⓪G ˄㧚⁞㦖G 㧚⁞ḺG G㰖G 㞠㞚☚G 㔶䞮⓪G 㔶䞮┺㤢㟒G 䞲┺U˅G ˄⿖⳾⓪G
⿖⳾╋㰖G 㞠㞚☚G 㧦㔳㦖G 㧦㔳┺㤢㟒G 䞲┺U˅⓪G 㧒⹿㩗G ὖἚ㡖┺UG ⁎⩂⋮G 㧊⩂䞲G 㧒⹿㩗G
㣪ῂ⓪G Ṳ㧎㦮G 㧎ỿ㦮G 㫊㠚㎇ὒG ㌂䣢Ἒ㟓㩗G ㌂㌗㦚G 䏶╖⪲G 䞲G ⹒㭒㌂䣢㦮G ☚▫㧊G ♶G
㑮G 㠜┺UG

102 A modern view of loyalty and filial piety

㡺⓮㦮G㿿䣾⓪G˄㩫⿖⓪G㩫⿖┺㤢㟒G䞮ἶGῃ⹒☚Gῃ⹒┺㤢㟒G䞲┺U˅G˄⿖⳾⓪G⿖⳾┺㤢㟒G
䞮ἶG 㧦㔳㦖G 㧦㔳┺㤢㟒G 䞲┺U˅⪲G ⹪≢㠊㟒G 䞲┺UG 㧊⩝ỢG ㌗䢎㭒㦮ṖG ⹪䌫㧊G ♶G ➢G
゚⪲㏢G㿿䣾⓪G㡺⓮㠦☚G 㫊㭧⹱⓪G☚▫㩗G ▫⳿㧊G ♶G 㑮G 㧞┺U

⁎⩝┺ⳊGῂ㼊㩗㦒⪲G㡺⓮⋶G㿿㦮G╖㌗㦖Gⶊ㠝㧎ṖfG㧚⁞㧊G㫊㨂䞮㰖G㞠⓪G㌗䢿㠦㍲G
䦪䧞G ῃṖ⧒⓪G Ⱖ㦚G Ⱔ㧊G 䞲┺UG ⁎⩂⋮G ῃṖ⯒G 㿿㦮G ╖㌗㦒⪲G 䞮ⳊG 㧦䃁G 䧞䔖⩂㦮G
⋮䂮㯮㧊⋮G㧒⽎㦮G ῆῃ㭒㦮㻮⩒G ♶GṖ⓻㎇㧊G 㧞┺U

㡺⓮㦮G 㿿㦮G ╖㌗㦖G ┺⯚㞚┢G ῃ⹒㧊┺UG 䠢⻫㠦G 㦮䟊㍲☚G ῃ⹒㧊G 㭒ῢ㧦㧊┺UG
⁎⩂⸖⪲G 㿿㦮G ╖㌗㦖G ⲖⰂG 㧞㰖G 㞠┺UG ⹪⪲G ⌊G 㞚⌊㣪SG ⌊G ⋾䘎㧊㣪SG ⌊G 㧊㤙㧊G 㿿㦮G
╖㌗㧊┺UG⁎⩝㰖G㞠㦒ⳊG㿿㦖Gở☢ỢG♲┺UG⌊G㞴㠦G㞟㞚G㧞⓪G㩖G⿚㧊G⌊G㧚⁞㧊⧒ἶG
㌳ṗ䞶G ➢G ⋾㦮G 㧎ỿ㦚G 䞾⿖⪲G 䞶G 㑮G 㠜ỢG ♮ἶSG ⁎⯒G 㥚䟊㍲G ₆㊾㦒⪲G ⽟㌂䞶G ㌳ṗ㦚G
䞮ỢG ♲┺U

ὒỆ㠦⓪G 䞲G ㌂⧢㦮G 㧚⁞㧊G 㭒ῢ㧦⪲㍲G 䢒㧦㍲G ㎎㌗㦚G 㫢㰖㤆㰖䟞┺UG 㰖⁞㦖G
┺㑮㦮G ῃ⹒㧊G 㭒ῢ㧦㧊ⳆG 㭒㧎㧊┺UG ⁎⩝₆G ➢ⶎ㠦G 㿿㦚G 㢂⹪⯊ỢG 䞮ⳊG ⹒㭒㭒㦮⯒G
㻶㩖䧞G㔺䡚䞶G㑮G ⹬㠦G 㠜┺U

YWG ㎎₆⓪G ⹒㭒㭒㦮⯒G 㔺䡚䞮₆G 㥚䟊G 䒂㨗䞲G 㔲╖㡖┺UG ㎎Ἒ㦮G ⶊ㑮䞲G ㌂⧢✺㧊G
⹒㭒㭒㦮⯒G 㥚䟊G 㕎㤆Ⳋ㍲G 䞒䒂㎇㧊ṖG ♮ἶG 䧂㌳䟞㰖ⰢG 㩲╖⪲G 㢚㎇㔲䋺㰖⓪G ⴑ䟞┺UG
⁎⩂⋮G YXG ㎎₆⓪G ⹒㭒㭒㦮ṖG ㎎ἚG ⽊䘎㧊G ♶G ộ㧊┺UG YWG ㎎₆㠦G 㔲㧧㦖G 䟞㊁ᯝGG
㢚㎇㦖G ⽊㰖G ⴑ䟞▮G ⹒㭒㭒㦮ṖG YXG ㎎₆㠦⓪G 㞚䝚Ⰲ䃊G 㡺㰖㦮G ⋮⧒㠦₢㰖G 㔺䡚♶G
ộ㧊┺U

┺㦢㦒⪲G 䣾⯒G ㌳ṗ䟊G ⽊㧦UG 䣾⓪G ⿖⳾㠦G ╖䞲G ⽊㦖㧊⧒⓪G ⏨㦖G 㥺Ⰲ㩗G 䁷ⳊG ㈦G
㞚┞⧒G ⓯㦖G 㟓㧦㠦G ╖䞲G ⽊䢎SG ⁎ⰂἶG 㧎㌳㦮G 䢿䢒₆㠦G 䟟⽋㦚G Ṗ㪎┺G 㭒⓪G ㌂䣢㩗G
䁷Ⳋ㠦㍲☚G㡞⋮G㡺⓮㧊⋮G ⼖䞾㠜㧊Gṫ㫆♮㠊㟒G 䞶G 㭧㣪䞲G ▫⳿㧊┺U

⁎⩆◆G ὒỆ㦮G 䣾⓪G 㞴㠦㍲G Ⱖ䞲G ╖⪲SG ⿖⳾ṖG ⿖⳾╋㰖G ⴑ䞮▪⧒☚G 㧦㔳㦖G
㧦㔳┺㤢㟒G䞲┺⓪Gⶊ㫆Ị㩗㧊ἶG㧒⹿㩗㧎Gộ㧊㠞┺UG⁎⩂⋮G㧊㩲⓪G⿖⳾☚G⿖⳾┺㤢㟒G
䞲┺UG㧊㩲⓪G㧦㔳✺㦮G㧒⹿㩗G⽋㫛ὒG䧂㌳㦚G⹪䌫㦒⪲G䞲G䣾㦮G㔲╖⓪G㰖⌂ḩᷙ ┕㧊┺UG
⿖⳾G 㧦㔳G ㌂㧊ṖG ㌗䢎G 㫊㭧ὒG 㧊䟊⯒G ⹪䌫㦒⪲G 䞲G 㧎ỿ㩗G ὖἚ⪲G ⹲㩚♮㠊㟒G 㰚㩫䞲G
㦮⹎㦮G 䣾ṖG Ṗ⓻䟊㰚┺U

䔏䧞G㩠㦖Gὒ⿖GⳆⓦⰂṖG㔲⿖⳾⯒G㥚䟊GṲṖ䞮㰖G㞠ἶG㧒㌳㦚G䧂㌳䞮⓪G㧒㧊⧒✶ṖSG
㩠㦖G㡂㎇㧊GṖ⋲䞲G⿖⳾G⽟㟧ὒG䡫㩲✺Gᾦ㥷㦚G㥚䟊G䢪⮮Ἒ㠦G䒂㔶䟊㍲G䧂㌳䞮⓪G㧒㦚G
⚦ἶG䣾⧒G䃃㺂䞮Ệ⋮Gῢ㧻䞮⓪G㧒㦖G㩞╖⪲G䞮㰖GⰦ㞚㟒G䞲┺UG⦑㧊G㞚ⶊⰂGṖ㌗䞮┺G
䂥㔅⋁ἉG 㧊⓪G ⍞ⶊG ゚㧎Ṛ㩗㧊ἶG ゚⹒㭒㩗㧎G 㻮㌂㧒G ㈦▪⩂G 㤆ⰂG ㌂䣢ṖG 㿪ῂ䞶G
Ṗ䂮⓪G ἆ䆪G 㞚┞┺U

ὒỆG ⏣ἓ㔲╖G ╖Ṗ㫇㭒㦮㠦㍲⓪G ṯ㧊G ⏣㌂⯒G 㰖㦒Ⳋ㍲G ⿖⳾⯒G ⳾㔲⓪G 㔲╖㡖┺UG
⁎⩂⋮G 㰖⁞㦖G ㈪㈪㧊G 䦿㠊㪎G ㌂⓪G 䟋Ṗ㫇G 㔲╖┺UG ⿖⳾⓪G 㔲Ἶ㠦G ㌊ἶSG 㧦㔳✺㦖G
㰗㧻㦚G➆⧒G㩖Ⱎ┺G➆⪲G㌆┺UG➆⧒㍲GὒỆ㢖Gṯ㦖G⹿㔳㦮G䣾⓪G䡚㔺㩗㦒⪲G⿞Ṗ⓻䞮┺UG
⁎⩂⸖⪲G 㧊㩲⓪G 㧦㔳☚G 䣾⯒G 䟊㟒G 䞮㰖ⰢG ῃṖ☚G 䣾⯒G 䟊㟒G 䞲┺UG 㧦㔳✺㦮G Ṳ㧎㩗G

A modern view of loyalty and filial piety 103

䣾㢖G ῃṖ㌂䣢㦮G 䣾ṖG 䞿㼦㪎㟒G ⏎㧎✺㦚G ⹪⯊ỢG ⳾㔲⓪G 㔲╖ṖG ♲G ộ㧊┺UG ⁎⩂₆G
㥚䟊㍲⓪G㩫⿖ṖG⋮㍲㍲G⏎㧎㦚G⽊䢎䞮ἶG㌳䢲㦚G㞞㩫㔲䅲G㭮㟒G䞲┺UG㧊⯎⹪G˄ῃṖ㩗G
䣾˅G˄㌂䣢㩗G䣾˅GṖG 㧧☯♮㠊㟒G䞮⓪G ộ㧊┺UG

G㧊G ˄㌂䣢㩗G 䣾˅㠦⓪G 㧦㔳✺㦮G Ṳ㧎㩗G 䣾☚G 䙂䞾♮㠊G 㧞┺UG 㧦㔳✺㧊✶㰖G ⑚ῂ✶㰖G
⁎✺㦖G 㧊⹎G ῃṖ㠦G ㎎⁞㦚G ⌊ἶ㧞₆G ➢ⶎ㧊┺UG ㎎⁞㦚G ⹱㦖G 㩫⿖⓪G ⁎✺㦚G ╖㔶䞮㡂G
⏎㧎✺㦚G ☢⽦G 㭚G 㦮ⶊṖG 㧞┺UG 㩫⿖⓪G ˄㌂䣢㩗G 䣾˅㦮G 䁷Ⳋ㦚G ⽊┺G ▪G ṫ䢪䟊G ⋮Ṗ㟒G
䞲┺UG Ṗ⋲䞲G 㧦㔳✺㦚G ╖㔶䟊G ⏎㧎㠦ỢG ⿖㟧゚⯒G 㰖 䞮⓪G ❇G 䟃ῂ㩗㧎G ⽟㟧㩲☚⯒G
Ṳ⹲䞮ἶG㩫㹿㔲䅲㟒G ˄ῃṖ㩗G 䣾˅SG˄㌂䣢㩗G䣾˅㦮G 䔖㧊G Ṭ䀆㰚G ㌂䣢⧒ἶG 䞶G 㑮G 㧞┺UG

ῃG ⹒㦚G 㿿㦮G ╖㌗㦒⪲G ㌒㞚G ⌊G 㧊㤙㦚G 㧚⁞㻮⩒G ㎂₆ἶSG 㩫⿖ṖG 㭒㿫㧊G ♲G ˄㌂䣢
㩗G 䣾˅ṖG 㩲╖⪲G Ṗ☯♮⓪G ㌂䣢SG ⁎⩆G ㌂䣢ṖG 㢂⹪⯎G ⹒㭒㭒㦮G ㌂䣢┺UG 㿿䣾㦮G Ṗ䂮ṖG
㌞⫃ỢG䟊㍳♮ἶG㩗㣿♮㠊㟒G㡺⓮㦮G㎎Ἒ㭒㦮㠦㍲GṲ㧎㦮G㧎ῢὒG⹒㭒㭒㦮⯒G㢂⹪⯊ỢG
㰖䌂G 㑮G 㧞G㊁▵GSG ⁎⧮㟒ⰢG 䦪✺ⰂἶG 㧞⓪G 㤆Ⰲ㌂䣢㦮G 㥺Ⰲ㢖G ☚▫㧊G ┺㔲G ṫ䢪♮⓪G
◆☚G ☚㤖㧊G ♶G ộ㧊┺UG

Vocabulary loyalty and filial piety
thought, idea
㿿G 䣾GO諬赿PG serve, take care of
G㌂㌗G O艙芭PG take care of
G㎂₆┺G achieve, accomplish, fulfil
GὋ㟧䞮┺G O簯蓬TPG ethics, morality
㎇G 䀾䞮┺GO茶諹TPG virtue
㥺G ⰂGO羴翓PG Confucianism
▫G ⳿GO繥聺PG be precious, be valuable
㥶G ᾦGO蛎粊PG asset, property
G‖㭧䞮┺G O糿襩TPG give up, abandon
㧦G ㌆GO蟅芈PG pay no attention to, neglect
G䙂₆䞮┺G O诧絢TPG without giving any explanation; blindly
㏢G 䢖䧞G䞮┺G impose, force
G◄㠊⏩ἶG ideology
ṫG 㣪䞮┺GO笶蘶TPG accept
㧊G ⎦GO翓緒PG main/principal agent
㑮G 㣿䞮┺GO莑虈TPG reinterpretation
G㭒㼊G O褨誎PG reinvention, recreation
G㨂䟊㍳G O蠅豻苶PG vitality, life
㨂G 㺓㫆GO蠅訕褂PG
㌳G ⳛ⩻GO苇聑缩PG

104 A modern view of loyalty and filial piety

䛣㣪⫃┺G O谒蘻TP rich, affluent; fertile
␢ⰂG O緻翛P mind, memory
㍲㍲䧞G O苐苐TP gradually
㧠䡖㰖┺ get forgotten
㧒⹿㩗G O螐脙蠿P unilateral, one-sided
㣪ῂG O蘶粵P demand, requirement
㧎ỿG O蝸箒P personality, character
㫊㠚㎇G O褍蔆茴P dignity, sanctity
㌂䣢Ἒ㟓G O艧赬篟蓈P social contract
T㦚G 䏶╖⪲G OT讀繟TP based on, on the basis of
㩫⿖G O袚臉P government
㌗䢎㭒㦮G O芴賤褨蝂P reciprocity, interactionism
⹪䌫 foundation, basis
㫊㭧⹱┺G O褍襩TP be esteemed, be respected
☚▫G O纊繥P ethics, morals, morality
╖㌗G O繘芻P object, target
㫊㨂G O褌蠇P existence
㌗䢿G O芳赖P circumstance, situation
ῆῃ㭒㦮G O糛糑褨蝂P militarism
Ṗ⓻㎇G O竑縑茴P possibility, probability
┺⯚㞚┢ no other than, one and the same
䠢⻫G O貕腟P constitution
㭒ῢ㧦G O褨糮螿P sovereign
ở☢┺ feel out of place, feel left out
䞾⿖⪲ thoughtlessly, carelessly, rashly
⽟㌂䞮┺G O膬艅TP serve, offer one’s services
㫢㰖㤆㰖G O褤襺虠襺P control, dominate
⹒㭒㭒㦮G O胐褨褨蝂P democracy
㔺䡚䞮┺G O葒販TP actualise, realise
䒂㨗䞮┺G O讔蠖TP fight, battle, struggle
䞒䒂㎇㧊 bloodiness, state of being covered with blood
䧂㌳䞮┺G O跟苆TP sacrifice
㢚㎇㔲䋺┺G O藶茶TP consummate, complete
⽊䘎G O膌诋P universal
㡺㰖G O藄襽P backwoods
⽊㦖G O膊蜣P returning thanks for favour received, repaying of

gratitude

A modern view of loyalty and filial piety 105

䁷ⳊG O謃聋P side, flank; aspect
㟓㧦G O蓅螿P the weak
⽊䢎G O膈贇P protection, preservation
䢿䢒₆G O赣贐絟P twilight
䟟⽋G O貄膟P happiness
⼖䞾㠜㧊 the same as before, still, as ever,
ⶊ㫆Ị㩗G O肚裨筵蠿P unconditionally
⽋㫛G O膞褓P obedience
㧎ỿ㩗G O蝸箒蠿P moral, personal, respectful
㰚㩫䞲G O観袢TP real, true
ὒ⿖G O籀臅P widow
ṲṖ䞮┺G O筐竕TP remarry
⽟㟧G O膬蓬P supporting
䢪⮮ἚG O贪群篨P prostitute, demi-monde
䒂㔶G O讒葌P devoting oneself to
ῢ㧻䞮┺G O糩蟦TP encourage, recommend
Ṗ㌗䞮┺G O竔芧TP praiseworthy, admirable
㻮㌂G O証艃P treatment, (appropriate) measure
㿪ῂ䞮┺G O諏粵TP seek, pursue
Ṗ䂮G O竏謊P value
⏣ἓ㔲╖G O緷篐萚織P the agricultural age
╖Ṗ㫇㭒㦮G O繗竖褈褨蝂P large/big family system
㈪㈪㧊 dispersedly, asunder
䦿㠊㰖┺ scatter, disperse
䟋Ṗ㫇G O貂竖褈P nuclear family
㞞㩫㔲䋺┺G O蒃袓TP make calm, stabilise
㧧☯♮┺G O蟇纨TP operate, be up and running
㎎⁞G O荇紼P tax
ṫ䢪䞮┺G O笶财TP strengthen
⿖㟧゚G O臋蓬舫P sustenance allowance, maintenance
䟃ῂ㩗㧎G O豣粜蠿TP permanent
㩫㹿㔲䋺┺G O袓觰TP fix, settle
㭒㿫G O褨諣P pivot, key (person)
Ṗ☯♮┺G O竑纨TP get activated, get operated
㩗㣿♮┺G O衍虑TP get applied
㧎ῢG O蝸糮P human rights

106 A modern view of loyalty and filial piety

Grammar

14.1 Tら ヹⱡᷙ ろ Ὕḩ (‘must not’)

This pattern literally means ‘when something happens, it will not do’. In other words, the
pattern expresses that something must not happen or that you must not do something.
The pattern is similar in function to the more common TO㦒PⳊG㞞G♮┺ (refer to Yeon &
Brown)1, which has the same function of expressing prohibition.

G㍲㟧G㌂䣢ṖGṬ㰖G ⴑ䞲G 㧊G䔏㰫ὒG 㧻㩦㦚G䙂₆䞮Ệ⋮G ㏢䢖䧞G 䞮⓪G 㧒㧊G㋍G ヹⱡᷙ
ろὥG ộ㧊┺UG

We must not give up or neglect this characteristic and advantage, which Western societies
do not have.

ἆG 䢒㦖G㭧㣪䞲G㧒㧊┞₢G㓓ỢG ἆ㩫G䂹ⱡᷙG㞞G ♒㣪UG
Marriage is an important matter, so you must not decide too readily.

14.2 Tら ヹチ┑ (‘only if ’)

This pattern combines T㞚V㠊㟒 ‘only if ’ (15.2) with the particle Ⱒ, also meaning ‘only’.
The addition of Ⱒ simply strengthens the meaning that the course of action being put
forward is the only way to achieve the goal in question.

㞚G ⶊⰂG㫡㦖G㌂㌗㧊⋮G㧊⎦☚G 㧊⯒G㑮㣿䞲G 㭒㼊㢖G ⁎G 㔲╖㠦G ⰴỢG 㨂䟊㍳♮ἶG
㨂㺓㫆♮Gヹチ┑G ㌳ⳛ⩻㦚G Ṗ㰞G㑮G 㧞┺UG

An idea or ideology, however good, comes alive only when it is accepted and when it is
reinterpreted and revised to fit changing times.

㭒G ⹒❇⪳㯳㧊G㧞Gヹチ┑G䒂䚲䞶G 㑮G㧞㔋┞┺UG
You may vote only if you have an ID card.

14.3 Tら ヹ ᝅḩ (ongoing activity ‘away’)

In chapter 8, we saw that the pattern T㞚V㠊G 㡺┺ (8.1) depicts an activity extending up
until the present time. When 㡺┺ ‘come’ is replaced with the opposing verb Ṗ┺ ‘go’, the
opposite function is produced: T㞚V㠊GṖ┺ is used to describe an activity or state of affairs
extending from the present into the future.

G⁎⩝㰖Gⴑ䞶Gἓ㤆SG ⁎G㌂㌗㧊⋮G 㧊⎦㦖G⋷㦖G ộ㧊G ♮㠊G Ⱎ䂾⌊G ㌂⧢✺㦮G ␢Ⰲ㠦㍲G
㍲㍲䧞G 㧠䡖G㍽ ᝅG₆G 㓓┺UG

If this does not happen, the idea or ideology becomes outdated and finally fades gradually
from consciousness.

G⹎ῃGἓ㩲ṖGⰳG䂹 ᝉ┺G UG
The American economy continues to go downhill.

14.4 TḺḩ (‘be . . . -like’)

T╋┺ is a suffix that can be added to some nouns to produce descriptive verbs. T╋┺
typically attaches to human nouns (such as 㧎Ṛ ‘human’, ⋾㧦 ‘man’ and 㠊⯎ ‘adult’) and

A modern view of loyalty and filial piety 107

the resulting forms translate as ‘be . . . -like’ or constructions of similar meaning (such as
㧎Ṛ╋┺ ‘be human-like, humane’, ⋾㧦╋┺ ‘man-like, manly’ and 㠊⯎ ‘adult-like’).

˄㧚⁞㦖G㧚⁞Ḻ㰖G 㞠㞚☚G 㔶䞮⓪G㔶䞮ḩ㈑㟒G 䞲┺U˅
‘Subjects should be subject-like even if the king is not king-like (not worthy of loyalty).’

˄⿖⳾⓪G⿖⳾Ḻ㰖G 㞠㞚☚G 㧦㔳㦖G㧦㔳ḩ㈑㟒G 䞲┺U˅
‘Children should be child-like even if parents are not parent-like (not worthy of respect).’

˄㩫⿖⓪G㩫⿖ḩ㈑㟒G 䞮ἶG ῃ⹒☚Gῃ⹒ḩ㈑㟒G 䞲┺U˅
‘Governments should be government-like and people should also be people-like ( fulfil their roles).’

˄⿖⳾⓪G⿖⳾ḩ㈑㟒G 䞮ἶG 㧦㔳㦖G㧦㔳ḩ㈑㟒G 䞲┺U˅
‘Parents should be parent-like and children should also be child-like (respect their parents).’

[see 10.5] T ㊁ ᯝ (‘but’)

YWG㎎₆㠦G㔲㧧㦖G 䟞㊁ᯝG㢚㎇㦖G ⽊㰖Gⴑ䟞▮G ⹒㭒㭒㦮ṖG YXG㎎₆㠦⓪G 㞚䝚Ⰲ䃊G
㡺㰖㦮G⋮⧒㠦₢㰖G㔺䡚♶G ộ㧊┺U

Democracy started in the twentieth century, and it has never seen its completion, but in the
twenty-first century it will be realised even in the backwoods of Africa.

14.5 Tḩᷙ ḭ ┕㊹ḩ (‘I mean . . .’)

This expression combines the quotative form T┺ with the dynamic modifying form T⓪
(the combination of which is most commonly contracted to ┾, although not so in the
example in this chapter’s reading) and the copula T㧊┺. Put together, it translates as
‘I mean . . .’, ‘Do you mean . . .’, ‘What I mean is . . .’ or ‘I’m telling you . . .’, etc. It is used
when the speaker wants to specify or amplify exactly what he/she means or to clarify what
the speaker has said.

㧊㩲⓪G 㧦㔳✺㦮G 㧒⹿㩗G ⽋㫛ὒG 䧂㌳㦚G ⹪䌫㦒⪲G 䞲G 䣾㦮G 㔲╖⓪G 㰖⌂ḩᷙ ┕㧊┺U
I mean the time is gone when the obligation to show filial piety required blind submission

and sacrifice on the part of children.

ṖỶ┺ἶG 㟓㏣䟞ḭ ┕㊹㠦㣪U
What I mean is that I’ve promised to go.

14.6 T ㊁ ы㔅⋁Ἁ (‘even if ’, ‘even though’)

This ending expresses a strong contrastive or concessive meaning. The speaker recognises the
existence of a certain state of affairs in the first clause, but then presents a contradictory truth
in the second clause that is seen as being of more significance. Appearance of TO㦒Pඥ㰖⧒☚
is restricted almost entirely to formal written language; in casual speech, the more common
choice is T㞚V㠊☚ (refer to Yeon & Brown 2011)2.

⦑㧊G㞚ⶊⰂGṖ㌗䞮┺G䞶㔅⋁ἉG㧊⓪G ⍞ⶊG ゚㧎Ṛ㩗㧊ἶG ゚⹒㭒㩗㧎G 㻮㌂㧊┺U
However praiseworthy the intention, these acts are inhumane and undemocratic.

゚䕦㦚G⹱㊉㔅⋁ἉG 䞶G Ⱖ㦖G䟊㟒G 䟊㣪U
Even though we may be criticised, we have to say what we have to say.

108 A modern view of loyalty and filial piety

[see 8.5] T㊁▵ ‘while’

㿿G 䣾㦮GṖ䂮ṖG㌞⫃ỢG䟊㍳♮ἶG 㩗㣿♮㠊㟒G 㡺⓮㦮G ㎎Ἒ㭒㦮㠦㍲G Ṳ㧎㦮G 㧎ῢὒG
⹒㭒㭒㦮⯒G㢂⹪⯊ỢG㰖䌂G 㑮G㧞G㊁▵GSG ⁎⧮㟒ⰢG 䦪✺ⰂἶG 㧞⓪G 㤆Ⰲ㌂䣢㦮G
㥺Ⰲ㢖G☚▫㧊G ┺㔲G ṫ䢪♮⓪G◆☚G ☚㤖㧊G ♶G ộ㧊┺UG

When the idea of serving the King loyally and practising filial piety is interpreted anew and
reapplied, we will be able to safeguard individual human rights and democracy properly
in this age of globalism.

Words and meanings

1. The following are a list of adverbs used in the main text. Please fill in the blanks with
an appropriate adverb from the list.

◄㠊⏩ἶ, 㧦䃁, ゚⪲㏢, ┺⯚㞚┢, 䞾⿖⪲, 㩞╖⪲, ㈪㈪㧊, ➆⪲

1. G⋮⓪G㔂䝢G➢⋮G㣎⪲㤎G➢⓪G⳿㩗㰖☚G㠜㧊G††††††††G₆㹾⯒G䌖ἶG㡂䟟㦚G⟶⋲┺UG
2. G㞚ⶊⰂG㩗㦖G ☞㧊⧒☚G ⋾㦮GⶒỊ㦚G ††††††††G 䤪㼦㍲⓪G 㞞G ♲┺UG
3. G㻶㑮㦮G䡫㩲✺㦖G⳾⚦G┺㎅Gⳛ㧎◆SG㠊⪎㦚G➢G⿖⳾┮㧊G☢㞚Ṗ㔶G䤚㠦G††††††††G

䦿㠊㪎㍲G㌊ἶG 㧞┺UG
4. G㧊⻞G 㔲䠮㠦⓪G ††††††††G 䔖Ⰲ₆G 㓂㤊G ⶎ㩲✺㧊G Ⱔ㞮㰖ⰢSG 㭖゚⯒G 㡊㕂䧞G 䞲G

▫⿚㠦G䞿ỿ䞶G 㑮G 㧞㠞┺UG
5. G┺⯎G㌂⧢㦚G㠒ῊⰢG⽊ἶG††††††††G䕦┾䞮⓪Gộ㦖G㥚䠮䞮┺UG⁎ⰂἶG┺⯎G㌂⧢㦚G

†††††††G゚䕦䞮⓪Gộ☚G 㫡㰖G㞠┺UG
6. G㩠㠞㦚G➢⓪G ⴆ⧦⓪◆G ⋮㧊ṖG✲┞₢G 㧎㌳㦮G 㦮⹎⯒G ††††††††G 㞢ỢG ♮㠞┺UG
7. G⌊ṖG㎎㌗㠦㍲G 㩲㧒G ⶊ㍲㤢䞮⓪G㌂⧢㦖G ††††††††G 㤆ⰂG 㰧㌂⧢㧊┺UG
8. G⿖⿖ṖG㍲⪲G┺⯎GἚ㫢⯒G㌂㣿䞮⓪Gộ㧊G䟟⽋䞲Gἆ䢒G㌳䢲㦮G゚ἆ㧊⧒ἶGⰦ䞮⓪G

㌂⧢✺㧊G㧞┺UG 㩫ⰦG ⿖⿖ṖG☞㦚G††††††††G ὖⰂ䞮ⳊG ▪G䟟⽋䞶₢fG

Answer the following questions in English

1. What is amongst the highest virtues in Confucian ethics and a valuable asset of Asian
societies?

2. What should be the object of loyalty in today’s world?
3. What kind of possibility or danger could there be if the nation becomes the object of

loyalty?
4. How and why was filial piety in the past one-sided and unconditional?
5. How in this modern society, in the age of the nuclear family system, can we take care

of the elderly properly?

Answer the following questions about the text in your own words

1. G㍲㟧G㌂䣢ṖGṬ㰖G ⴑ䞲G☯㟧G ㌂䣢㦮G㧻㩦㧊⋮G 䔏㰫㠦⓪G 㠊⟺G ộ㧊G 㧞㦚₢㣪fG
2. 㿿G 䣾㌂㌗㦚G㡺⓮㦮G 㩠㦖㧊✺䞲䎢G ⶊ㫆ỊG ṫ㣪䞶G 㑮G 㠜⓪G 㧊㥶⓪G ⶊ㠝㧒₢㣪fG

A modern view of loyalty and filial piety 109

3. G㿿䣾㌂㌗㠦G㧞㠊㍲G㌗䢎㭒㦮⧖Gⶊ㠝㦚G㦮⹎䞮⓪㰖G⽎ⶎ㠦㍲G㺔㞚㍲G╖╋䟊G⽊㎎㣪UG
4. ὒG Ệ㠦⓪G䞲G㌂⧢㦮G㧚⁞㧊G㭒ῢ㧦㡖┺ⳊG㰖⁞㦮G㌂䣢㠦㍲G㭒ῢ㧦⓪G⑚ῂ㧒₢㣪fG
5. G䣾ṖG㡱⋶㧊⋮G㡺⓮㧊⋮G⼖䞾㠜㧊Gṫ㫆♮㠊㟒G䞶G㭧㣪䞲G▫⳿㧎G㧊㥶⓪Gⶊ㠝㧒₢㣪fG
6. G䡚╖G㌂䣢㠦㍲GὒỆ㢖Gṯ㦖G⹿㔳㦮G䣾⓪G䡚㔺㩗㦒⪲G⿞Ṗ⓻䟊㰖⓪G㧊㥶⓪Gⶊ㠝㧒₢㣪fG
7. 㿿G 䣾㦮G ὖ㩦㠦㍲G ₖ╖㭧G ╖䐋⪏㧊G ㌳ṗ䞮⓪G 㢂⹪⯎G ⹒㭒㭒㦮G ㌂䣢⓪G 㠊⟺G

㌂䣢㧎Ṗ㣪fG

More to think about
1. How do you think the Confucian leaders may have reacted to Kim Dae-jung’s

speech? Do you think that they would have agreed with him on the key points of
his speech (such as that loyalty and filial piety should be mutual)?
2. How does the vision of society that Kim Dae-jung described compare with the
visions of society given by politicians in Western countries, such as the US and
the UK?
3. What do you think of President Kim’s comment that in the twenty-first century
democracy ‘will be realised even in the backwoods of Africa’? Why does he refer
to Africa in this way? Do you find this turn of phrase acceptable?

Notes

1 Section 6.5.1.5, page 312
2 Section 6.2.5, page 276

110 Please Look After Mom

Chapter 15: Please Look After Mom

This reading is an extract from the best-selling novel Please Look After Mom (㠚Ⱎ⯒G
⿖䌗䟊 ) by Shin Kyung-sook (㔶ἓ㑯) and is reproduced with the permission of the
author and publisher, Changbi (㺓゚). A new American English translation of this
book by Kim Chi-Young was released in 2011.

The extract we look at comes from the opening pages. All you need to know at this
point is that Mom is missing and it has been one week since she disappeared.

Questions to consider before reading the whole text:
1. If your mother (or another member of your family) went missing, how would you feel?

What would you do to try to find her?
2. If you were preparing a poster looking for your missing mother, what would you include

on it? Would you offer a reward? If so, how much?

ㄉ ┍Ⓛ ⣅㰆䂹

㧊G ⯚aG⹫㏢⎖G
㌳G ⎚㤪㧒aGX`Z_⎚G^㤪G Y[㧒㌳OⰢG]`㎎PG
㣿G ⳾aG 䧆ⲎⰂṖG Ⱔ㧊G ㍴㧎G 㰽㦖G 䗒ⲎⲎⰂSG ὧ╖ㅞG
䓖㠊⋮㢊SG 䞮⓮㌟G ㎪䁶㠦G 䧆G 㨂䌍SG ⻶㧊㰖㌟G 㭒⯚䂮Ⱎ⯒G
㧛㠞㦢UG
G㧙㠊⻚ⰆG㧻㏢aG 㰖䞮㻶G㍲㤎㡃G

G㠚Ⱎ㦮G㌂㰚㦚G㠊ⓦGỎG㝆ⓦ⌦⯒G⚦ἶG㦮ἂ㧊GṞ⧒㪢┺UG
㾲⁒G ㌂㰚㦚G ⿯㡂㟒G 䞲┺⓪G ◆㠦⓪G ⳾⚦G ☯㦮䟞㰖ⰢG
⑚ῂ☚G 㠚Ⱎ㦮G 㾲⁒G ㌂㰚㦚G Ṗ㰖ἶG 㧞㰖G 㞠㞮┺UG ⍞⓪G
㠎㩲⿖䎊ṖG 㠚ⰞṖG ㌂㰚G 㹣䧞⓪G ỎG ⰺ㤆G 㕁㠊䟞┺⓪G ỎG
㌳ṗ䟊⌞┺UG Ṗ㫇㌂㰚㦚G 㹣㦚G ➢☚G 㠚Ⱎ⓪G 㠊ⓦG 䔞㠦G
ザ㪎⋮ṖSG ㌂㰚㠦⓪G 㠚ⰞG ⳾㔋ⰢG ⽊㧊㰖G 㞠㞮┺UG 㞚⻚㰖G

Please Look After Mom 111

䂶㑲G➢G㹣㦖GṖ㫇㌂㰚G㏣㦮G㠚ⰞG㠒Ὴ㧊G㌂㰚㦒⪲G⋾㦖GṖ㧻G㾲⁒G⳾㔋㧊㠞┺UG⁎G➢㦮G
㠚Ⱎ⓪G ⶒケG 䞲⽋㦚G 㧛ἶG ⹎㧻㤦㠦G ṖG 㠛㓺䌖㧒⪲G ⲎⰂ⯒G ㏦㰞䞮ἶG 㧛㑶㠦G ⿟㦖ケ㧊G
☚⓪G ⬾㭒⯒G ⹪⯎SG 䞲℥G ⲡ㦚G ⌎G ⳾㔋㧊㠞┺UG ㌂㰚G ㏣G 㠚Ⱎ⓪G 㔺㫛♮₆G 㩚㦮G ⳾㔋ὒ⓪G
⍞ⶊG ╂⧒G ⁎G ㌂㰚㦚G ➆⪲G 䢫╖䟊G ⿯㡂⠽
G ㌂⧢✺㧊G ⁎G ㌂⧢㧊G 㧊G ㌂⧢㧊⧒⓪G ỎG
㞢㞚⽊㰖G ⴑ䞮Ⰲ⧒⓪G ộ㧊G ⍺G ⋾☯㌳㦮G 㦮ἂ㧊㠞┺UG 㧎䎆⎍㠦G ⁎G ㌂㰚㦚G 㢂⍽ẙḍGG
㠊Ⲏ┮㧊G㡞㊮㔲⍺㣪UG₎㦚G㧙㠊⻚ⰊG⿚Gṯ㰖G㞠㦖◆㣪UG⧒⓪G╩⁖㧊G㢂⧒㡾┺ἶG䟞┺UG
⍞䧂⓪Gṗ㧦G㠚Ⱎ㦮G┺⯎G㌂㰚㦚GṖ㰖ἶG㧞⓪㰖G┺㔲G㺔㞚⽊᥵⎡ 䃍┺UG䋆㡺ザ⓪G⍞㠦ỢG
ⶎῂ⯒G ▪G ⽊㿿䟊⽊⧒ἶG 䟞┺UG ⍺ṖG 䋆㡺ザ⯒G ⶒ⊚⩂⹎G ⹪⧒⽊㧦G 㫖G ▪G 䢎㏢⩻G 㧞⓪G
ⶎῂ⯒G ㌳ṗ䟊⽊⧒ἶG 䟞┺UG 䢎㏢⩻G 㧞⓪G ⶎῂUG 㠊Ⲏ┞⯒G 㺔㞚㭒㎎㣪SG ⧒ἶG 㝆┞G ⍞ⶊG
䘟⻪䞮┺ἶG 䟞┺UG 㠊Ⲏ┞⯒G 㺔㔋┞┺S⧒ἶG 㝆┞G ⁎ỢG ⁎ỆἶG 㠊Ⲏ┞⧒⓪G Ⱖ㧊G ⍞ⶊG
㩫㭧䞮┞G 㠚ⰞSG ⪲G ⹪∪⽊⧒ἶG 䟞┺UG 㤆ⰂG 㠚Ⱎ⯒G 㺔㔋┞┺SG ⧒ἶG 㝆┞G 㠊Ⰶ㞶㓺⩓┺ἶG
䟞┺UG 㥭⿚㦚G ⽊ⳊG ↃG 㡆⧓⹪⧣┞┺SG ⧒ἶG 㝆㧦G 䋆㡺ザṖG ⍢G ╖㼊G 㧧Ṗ⧒⓪G ㌂⧢㧊G
⁎⩆G Ⱖ⹬㠦G 㝎G 㑮G 㠜⌦HG ⻚⩃G ㏢Ⰲ⯒G 㰞⩖┺UG 䋆㡺ザṖG 㤦䞮⓪G 䢎㏢⩻G 㧞⓪G ⶎῂṖG
ⶊ㠝㧎㰖G ⍞⓪G ㌳ṗ䟊⌒G 㑮ṖG 㠜㠞┺UG 䢎㏢⩻㧊G ➆⪲G 㧞㠊fG ㌂⪖⯒G 䞲┺ἶG 㝆⓪G ộ㧊G
䢎㏢⩻㧊㟒SG 㧧㦖㡺ザṖG Ⱖ䟞┺UG ㌂⪖⯒G ㎃㎃㰖G 㞠ỢG 䞮Ỷ㔋┞┺SG ⧒ἶG 㝆㧦G ㌂⪖⯒G
㎃㎃㰖G 㞠ỢfG 㧊⻞㠪G 㢂䅖ṖG ⁎⩝ỢG 㩗㦒ⳊG 㞞G ♲┺ἶG 䟞┺UG ⿚ⳛ䞲G 㞷㑮⯒G 㩗ヹチGG
㌂⧢✺㧊G ὖ㕂㦚G Ṭ⓪┺ἶU

T⁎⩒G㠒Ⱎ⯒G 㩗㦚₢㣪f
T⺇ⰢG 㤦f
T⁎ỊG ⍞ⶊG 㩗㠊㣪U
T㌒⺇Ⱒ㤦f
T⁎ộ☚G㩗㦖G ộG ṯ㦖◆f
T⁎⩒G 㡺⺇Ⱒ㤦U
㡺⺇Ⱒ㤦G 㞴㠦㍲⓪G ⑚ῂ☚G 䏶⯒G ╂㰖G 㞠㞮┺UG ⍞⓪G 㡺⺇Ⱒ㤦㦮G ㌂⪖⁞㦚G ✲ⰂỶ
㔋┞┺SG⧒ἶG㩗ἶGⰞ䂾䚲⯒G㹣㠞┺UG㧧㦖㡺ザṖG˄㌂⪖⁞aG㡺⺇Ⱒ㤦˅㦒⪲Gἶ䂮⧒ἶG䟞┺UG
⋾☯㌳㧊G㡺⺇Ⱒ㤦㦚G┺⯎G⁖㧦⽊┺G䋺㤆⧒ἶG䟞┺UGṗ㧦G㰧㦒⪲G☢㞚ṖG㠚Ⱎ㦮G㌂㰚㦚G
㺔㞚⽊ἶG 㩗╏䞲G ỢG 㧞㦒ⳊG ⹪⪲G ⍺G 㧊Ⲫ㧒⪲G ⽊⌊㭒₆⪲G 䟞┺UG 㩚┾㰖G ⶎ㞞㦚G ▪G
⽊㿿䟊㍲G㧎㐚䞮⓪G㧒㦖G⍺ṖSG⁎ộ㦚Gṗ㧦㠦ỢG⺆㏷䞮⓪G㧒㦖G⋾☯㌳㧊Gⰷ₆⪲G䟞┺UG
㩚┾㰖G ⋮⑶㭒⓪G 㞚⯊⹪㧊䔎㌳㦚G ➆⪲G ῂ䞶G 㑮☚G 㧞㠊SG ⍺ṖG Ⱖ䞮㋕SG ⁎ỊG 㤆ⰂṖG
䟊㟒㰖SG 䋆㡺ザṖG Ⱖ㦚G ⹱㞮┺UG 䘟㧒㠪G ṗ㧦G 㧒㦚G 䞮⓪G 䔞䔞㧊G 㭒Ⱖ㠪G ⳾⚦G ┺䞾℮SG
⁎⩝ỢG㠎㩲G㠚Ⱎ⯒G㺔㞚fG⍺ṖG䒂▲ỆⰂ㧦SG䋆㡺ザ⓪G䟊⽒G㑮G㧞⓪G㧒㦖G┺G䞮ἶG㧞㠊SG
㧊ỊG ṖⰢ㧞㦚G 㑮G 㠜㦒┞₢G 䞮⓪G 㧒㧊┺UG ἶG 䟞┺UG 䟊⽒G 㑮G 㧞⓪G 㧒G ⶦfG 㔶ⶎὧἶSG
㔶ⶎὧἶṖG䟊⽒G㑮G㧞⓪G㧒㦮G┺㟒fG⁎⩒G㠊⠑ỢG䞶₢fG⌊㧒⿖䎆G⳾⚦G㧒㦚G⁎Ⱒ⚦ἶG
㧊G ☯⍺G 㩖G ☯⍺G ⶊ㫆ỊG 䠺ⰺἶG ┺┦₢fG ⁎⩝ỢG 䟊㍲G 㠚ⰦG 㺔㦚G 㑮G 㧞┺ἶG ⽊㧻ⰢG
♮ⳊG⁎Ⰲ䟊⽊Ỷ┺UG⍞⓪G䋆㡺ザ㢖㦮G㔺⧧㧊⯒G⁎Ⱒ⚦㠞┺UG㰖⁞₢㰖㦮G㔋㎇SG㡺ザ┞₢G
㡺ザṖG㠊⠑ỢG䟊⽦⧒HGἶG⓮G⹎⬾⓪GⰞ㦢㧊▮G㔋㎇㧊G㧊⩆G㌗䢿㠦☚G㧧☯䞮ἶG㧞㦢㦚G
₾╂㞮₆G ➢ⶎ㧊┺UG ⍞㦮G Ṗ㫇✺㦖G 䋆㡺ザG 㰧㠦G 㞚⻚㰖⯒G ⚦ἶG ㍲⚮⩂G 䠺㠊㪢┺UG

112 Please Look After Mom

䠺㠊㰖㰖G㞠㦒ⳊG⡦G㕎㤆ỢG♶Gộ㧊┺UG㰖⋲G㧒㭒㧒G☯㞞G㭚ἽG⁎⧮㢪┺UG㠚Ⱎ㦮G㔺㫛㦚G
㠊⠑ỢG䛖㠊⋮Ṗ㟒G䞶㰖G㌗㦮䞮⩂G⳾㡖┺ṖG⍞㦮GṖ㫇✺㦖G㡞₆䂮G㞠ỢG㰖⋲⋶G㍲⪲ṖG
㠚Ⱎ㠦ỢG 㧮ⴑ䞲G 䟟☯✺㦚G ✺䀆⌊㠞┺UG 㑲Ṛ㑲ṚG ⳾Ⳋ䞮G‴G ⽟䞿䟊㡾G 㧒✺㧊G 䒃䒃G
⿞Ệ㰖ἶG ἆῃ㦖G ㏢Ⰲ⯒G 㰖⯊ἶG ╊⺆⯒G 䞒㤆ἶG ⶎ㦚G ⹫㹾ἶG ⋮Ṫ┺UG ⍞⓪G 㠚Ⱎ⯒G
㧙㠊⻚⪎┺⓪G 㟮₎G 㻮㦢G ✹㧦Ⱎ㧦G 㠊⠑ỢG 㧊⩝ỢG Ⱔ㦖G 㔳ῂ✺G 㭧㠦㍲G ㍲㤎㡃㠦G Ⱎ㭧G
⋮ṚG㌂⧢㧊G䞲G㌂⧢☚G 㠜ⓦ⌦ἶG ㎇㰞㦚G⿖⪎┺UG

TG ⁎⩂⓪G⍞⓪fG
⋮G fG ⍞⓪G 㧛㦚G ┺ⶒ㠞┺UG ⍞⓪G 㠚Ⱎ⯒G 㧙㠊⻚ⰆG ộ㫆㹾G ⋮䦮G 䤚㠦⋮G 㞢㞮㦒┞₢UG
⍞㦮GṖ㫇✺㦖G㍲⪲㠦ỢG 㠚Ⱎ⯒G㧙㠊⻚ⰆG 㺛㧚㦚G ⶒ㦒ⳆG 㓺㓺⪲✺G ㌗㻮⯒G 㧛㠞┺UG

Vocabulary cheekbones
protrude
Gὧ╖ㅞG wrinkle, crease; pleat
G䓖㠊⋮┺G be divided, be split
G㭒⯚G attach, stick
GṞ⧒㰖┺G agree
G⿯㧊┺G at (‘from’) some point
G☯㦮G O纩蜻PG 䞮┺G have one’s photograph taken
G㠎㩲⿖䎊ṖG gap, opportunity
G㌂㰚GO艓観PG㦚G 㹣䧞┺G fall; avoid, sneak away
G䔞G image, appearance
Gザ㰖┺G 70; 70th birthday party
⳾G 㔋G pale blue
G䂶㑲G O謥菝PG G (hair) salon
ⶒG ケG have one’s hair up (from English ‘up style’)
G⹎㧻㤦GO胃蟷蚭PG G mend, do up
G㠛㓺䌖㧒G lipstick (although from English ‘rouge’)
G㏦㰞䞮┺G be all dressed up, be dressed up to the nines,
G⬾㭒G
G䞲℥G ⲡ㦚G ⌊┺G be all made up
go missing
㔺G 㫛GO葐褞PG♮┺G enlarge
䢫G ╖GO贱繗PG䞮┺G opinion
㦮G ἂGO蜻箟PGG put up (on the Internet, etc)
㢂G Ⰲ┺G response, comment
╩G ⁖G words, phrases, sentences
ⶎG ῂGO肫粤PGG

Please Look After Mom 113

⽊㿿G O膔諫PG 䞮┺ add, embellish
ⶒ⊚⩂⹎G ⹪⧒⽊┺ stare
䢎㏢⩻G O賥荪缩PG appealing, captivating, having the ability to tug at

䘟⻪G O诐腖PG 䞮┺ the heartstrings
㩫㭧G O袸襩PG 䞮┺ ordinary, normal, plain
㠊Ⰶ㞶㓺⩓┺ formal
╖㼊 childish
㧧ṖG O蟇竖PG what on earth, what the hell
⻚⩃G ㏢Ⰲ⯒G 㰖⯊┺ writer
㌂⪖GO⁞PGO艶罜G O紼PP shout out suddenly, bark
㎃㎃䞮┺ reward
sorry, disappointed; ㎃㎃䞮㰖G 㞠Ợ so that you are
㢂䅖
㞷㑮G O蒵莡P not disappointed, generously
㩗┺ sister-in-law
䏶⯒G ╂┺ amount, sum
write, write down
Ⱎ䂾䚲⯒G 㹣┺ question, complain about, comment on, put in
䋺㤆┺
㩚┾㰖Gⶎ㞞GO衑縝覐G 肫蒇PG one’s two cents’ worth
ⰷ₆┺ add a period/full stop
㞚⯊⹪㧊䔎㌳G OT苇PG raise, bring up, make bigger
➆⪲ flyer
UGGUGGUGG➆⪲G 㧞㠊㣪f be put in charge of
part-time (student) worker
ῂ䞮┺G O粵TP separately, in isolation; specifically, actually
䔞䔞㧊 Does . . . actually exist (as a specific, separate
䒂▲ỆⰂ┺
ṖⰢ㧞┺ entity)?; Is there such a thing as . . . ?
ⶊ㫆ỊG O肚裨筵PG look/search for; obtain, hire
䠺ⰺ┺ free time
⽊㧻G O膈蠄PG grumble
㔺⧧㧊 sit tight, stay still
㔋㎇G O萀茴PG unconditionally
⹎⬾┺ roam, wander
㧧☯G O蟇纨PG 䞮┺ guarantee
㍲⚦⯊┺ tussle, skirmish
habit
shift (blame, responsibility, etc)
set in motion, put into action
hurry, rush

114 Please Look After Mom continuously
solve, resolve
㭚G ἽG consult, discuss
G䛖㠊⋮Ṗ┺G unexpectedly
㌗G 㦮GO芴蝈PG䞮┺G dig up
㡞G ₆GO薴絟PG䂮G 㞠ỢG avoid
✺G 㿪┺G stitch up
⳾G ⳊGO聴聂PG䞮┺G stick out, bulge, get ‘blown up’ (out of proportion)
⽟G 䞿GO膵豗PG䞮┺G shout, cry out
⿞G Ệ㰖┺G slam a door
㏢G Ⰲ⯒G㰖⯊┺G go and pick up, go and meet (at airport, station, etc.)
GⶎG O肱PG 㦚G ⹫㹾┺G have a ‘fit’/tantrum
ⰞG 㭧G⋮Ṗ┺G shut one’s mouth, clam up, keep quiet
㎇G 㰞GO茴觐PG㦚G ⿖Ⰲ┺G four days
G㧛㦚G ┺ⶒ┺G apportion blame
⋮G 䦮G get hurt
㺛G 㧚GO訸螙PG㦚G ⶑ┺G
㌗G 㻮GO芠証PG⯒G 㧛┺G

Grammar

15.1 T ㊁ ц
 (‘even though’, ‘even if ’)

This is a connective ending that marks a strong contrast between the contents of the first
clause and those of the second. It is similar in meaning to the more frequent T㠊☚ (refer
to Yeon & Brown 2011).1

G⁎G㌂㰚㦚G➆⪲G 䢫╖䟊G⿯㡂G⠽
G㌂⧢✺㧊G ⁎G ㌂⧢㧊G 㧊G ㌂⧢㧊⧒⓪G ỎG 㞢㞚⽊㰖G
ⴑ䞮Ⰲ⧒⓪Gộ㧊G ⍺G ⋾☯㌳㦮G㦮ἂ㧊㠞┺UG

Your younger brother thinks people would not identify her as the same person, even if her
image is enlarged.

G㞚ⶊⰂG⿖㧦G㊽
G 㠊⠑ỢG ⁎⩝ỢG䢪⩺䞮ỢG ㌊G 㑮G 㧞㦚₢㣪fG
Even though he is a rich man how can he live so extravagantly?

[see 6.5] Tㄍẙḍ (‘since’, ‘as’, ‘when’)

G⁎G㌂㰚㦚G㢂G⍽ẙḍG 㠊Ⲏ┮㧊G 㡞㊮㔲⍺㣪UG ⧒⓪G ╩⁖㧊G 㢂⧒㡾┺UG
When he posted this picture of her, people responded by saying, ‘Your mother

is pretty’.

Please Look After Mom 115

[see 1.4] T᥵⎡ 䂝T (‘decide to do’)
G⍞䧂⓪Gṗ㧦G㠚Ⱎ㦮G ┺⯎G ㌂㰚㦚GṖ㰖ἶG 㧞⓪㰖G ┺㔲G 㺔㞚⽊᥵G ⎡ 䃍ḩUGG
You all decide to see if anyone has another picture of Mom.

15.2 Tら ヹチ (‘only if ’)

This connective ending is used to state that the action in the first clause is necessary in
order for the state of affairs in the second clause to be realised.

⿚G ⳛ䞲G㞷㑮⯒G 㩗GヹチG㌂⧢✺㧊G ὖ㕂㦚GṬ⓪┺ἶUG
People take notice only if you write a specific amount, she says.

GὋ⿖⯒G㡊㕂䧞G 䟊GチG 䞿ỿ䞶G 㑮G㧞㠊㣪UG
You can pass the exam only if you study hard.

[see 13.4] T㋕ (‘upon’, ‘when’)

㩚G ┾㰖G⋮⑶㭒⓪G 㞚⯊⹪㧊䔎㌳㦚G ➆⪲Gῂ䞶G 㑮☚G 㧞㠊SG ⍺ṖG Ⱖ䞮㋕G GSG ⁎ỊG 㤆ⰂṖG
䟊㟒㰖SG䋆㡺ザṖG Ⱖ㦚G ⹱㞮┺UG

When you suggest, ‘We can hire a student to give out flyers,’ eldest brother says, ‘We’re the
ones who need to do that.’

[see 6.4] T‴ (‘as if ’)

This construction takes on the meaning of ‘just like’ or ‘as if ’.

G㑲Ṛ㑲ṚG⳾Ⳋ䞮G‴G ⽟䞿䟊㡾G 㧒✺㧊UG
Things that had built up as if they had been avoided moment by moment.

Words and meanings

1. What are the Korean pronouns or terms of address by which the following people are
referred to both in the original Korean text and the English translation?

the narrator: Korean English
big (eldest) brother: __________________ __________________
second eldest brother __________________ __________________
younger brother __________________ __________________
sister-in-law __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________

Why do you think the narrator is referred to with this pronoun?
Why does the way the big brother is referred to differ between the original Korean and
the English translation?

116 Please Look After Mom

2. When preparing the flyer, the narrator is constantly being corrected as to what wording
to use. Complete the table below showing how the narrator’s original wording is corrected.
At times, the narrator is corrected in several ways and no final solution is reached.

Narrator’s original wording Corrected wording

㠊Ⲏ┞⯒㺔㔋┞┺

㌂⪖⯒㎃㎃㰖㞠Ợ䞮Ỷ㔋┞┺

⺇Ⱒ㤦

㡺⺇Ⱒ㤦㦮㌂⪖⁞㦚✲ⰂỶ㔋┞┺

Now, draw a sketch of what the poster might look like.

3. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate verb from the box. You will need
to add an appropriate verb ending.

䠺ⰺ┺G G 㹣┺G G Ṟ⧒㰖┺G G ┺ⶒ┺G G 㰖⯊┺

1. 㠚Ⱎ㦮G㌂㰚㦚G 㠊ⓦG ỎG㝆ⓦ⌦⯒G ⚦ἶG 㦮ἂ㧊G ††††††††U
2. ⍞⓪G㡺⺇Ⱒ㤦㦮G㌂⪖⁞㦚G ✲ⰂỶ㔋┞┺SG ⧒ἶG 㩗ἶG Ⱎ䂾䚲⯒††††††††U
3. 䋆㡺ザṖG⍢G╖㼊G㧧Ṗ⧒⓪G㌂⧢㧊G⁎⩆GⰦ⹬㠦G㝎G㑮G㠜⌦HG⻚⩃G㏢Ⰲ⯒††††††††U
4. ⌊㧒⿖䎆G⳾⚦G 㧒㦚G ⁎Ⱒ⚦ἶG㧊G ☯⍺G 㩖G ☯⍺G ⶊ㫆ỊG††††††††G ┺┦₢f
5. ⋮fG⍞⓪G㧛㦚††††††††U

Answer the following questions about the text in English

1. How was Mom dressed and made up in the most recent photo taken of her?
2. What reaction did this photo receive when it was posted?
3. Where did Mom go missing?
4. What reward do the siblings agree to offer in the end?
5. Why does the narrator argue with her eldest brother?

Answer the following questions about the text in your own words

1. 㠊Ⲏ┞㦮G㾲⁒G 㹣㦖G㌂㰚㦖G 㠎㩲G㹣㦖G ộ㧛┞₢f
2. ˄⍞˅⓪G˄㠊Ⲏ┞⯒G 㺔㔋┞┺˅SG ⧒ἶG㝆┞G 㡺ザ㦮G ⹮㦧㧊G 㠊➶㔋┞₢f
3. ˄⍞˅⓪G˄㤆ⰂG㠚Ⱎ⯒G 㺔㔋┞┺˅SG ⧒ἶG㝆┞G 㡺ザ㦮G ⹮㦧㧊G 㠊➶㔋┞₢f
4. 㩚┾㰖G ⶎ㞞㦚G 㧎㐚䞮⓪G 㧒㦖G ⑚ṖG ⰷ㞮㔋┞₢fG 㩚┾㰖G ⶎ㞞㦚G ⺆㏷䞮⓪㧒㦖G

⑚ṖG ⰷ㞮㔋┞₢f
5. ˄⍞˅⓪G㠚Ⱎ⯒G 㧙㠊⻚ⰆGộ㦚G 㠎㩲G㞢㞮㔋┞₢f

Please Look After Mom 117

More to think about
1. What do the characters in this book seem to think about their mother? How close

is their relationship with her? How do they feel about her disappearance?
2. Do you think the ways that they are trying to look for their mother will be suc-

cessful? How do you think this novel will end?
3. Some reviewers have said that the sentiments expressed in this novel will be

difficult for ‘Western’ readers to understand? Based on the passage that you have
read, do you think this is true? Why or why not?

Note

1 Section 6.2.5, page 276

118 ‘Love does not give up on people’

Chapter 16: ‘Love does not give up on
people’, Briquette Road

This chapter features a short story entitled ‘Love does not give up on people’ (㌂⧧㦖G
㌂⧢㦚G䙂₆䞮㰖G㞠⓪┺) from the 2006 novel Briquette Road (㡆䌚₎) by Yi Chal-Hwan
and is reproduced with permission from the author and publishers, Random House
Korea (⧲►䞮㤆㓺䆪Ⰲ㞚).

In this piece, Hyan-su, a construction worker who has injured his hand, is told by
his site manager that he cannot work. Angered by this, he concocts a plan whilst drunk
to obtain money by kidnapping a young girl and demanding a ransom for her safe
return. However, the girl’s innocent desire to help Hyan-su makes him return to his
senses, and he is unable to go through with his scheme.

Questions to consider before reading the whole text:
1. By what means do you think Hyan-su might kidnap the young girl?
2. What is the most ridiculous plan you have concocted whilst drunk?

⯱⋖㊅ ⯱⋑㊉ 㼱᥵䂝㔅 わᷙḩ

G䡚㑮⓪G㡺㩚G⌊⌊G㔳㦖G⹻▿㧊㻮⩒G⹿㠦ⰢG⑚㤢G㧞㠞┺UG⁎⓪G㡺䤚ṖG♒GⱡチG⿫╖⯒G
Ṧ㦖G㏦㦒⪲G⁎G☯㞞G 㧒䞮▮G Ὃ㌂G䡚㧻㦚G 㺔㞮┺UG

G˄㍺ⰞG⁎G㏦㦚G G䂹ᝅ㔅ᠥG㧒䞮⩂G 㡾GỆ⓪G 㞚Gḕ 㲑㔅Gf˅G
G䡚㧻G㏢㧻㦖G㘮㞚⿯㧊G‴G䡚㑮㠦ỢG Ⱖ䟞┺UG
G˄⼧㤦㠦GṪẙG ḍG 䞲G ⽊⯚㧊ⳊG ⋮㦚GỆ⧮㣪UG ⁎G ➢⓪G ┺㔲G 㧒䞶G 㑮G 㧞Ỷ㰖㣪f˅G
G˄Ṗ⽦GチG㞢㰖UG 㤆Ⰲ⓪G ╏㧻G㧒䞶G 㑮G㧞⓪G ㌂⧢㧊G 䞚㣪䞮┞₦UG ⁎G ➢G ┺㔲G 㢖⽦U˅G
䡚G 㑮⓪GὋ㌂㧻㦚G⋮㢖Gⶊ㧧㩫G₎㦚GỎ㠞┺UG⁎ṖGọ⓪G₎G㟧㴓㦒⪲Gἶ䂋G㞚䕢䔎✺㧊G
㯦゚䞮ỢG ⓮㠊G ㍲G 㧞㠞┺UG 㧦㔶G ṯ㦖G ㌂⧢㦖G 䘟㌳G 㠚⚦☚G ⴑG ⌒G ☚㔲G ㏣㦮G ῗ㩚㦚G
㰩┺ṖG Gḩ㠕 ⟉⓵G ㏦㦚G ⽊┞G 䡚㑮⓪G ▪㤇G 䢪ṖG 䂮⹖㠞┺UG ⁎⓪G ╏㧻㠦G ☞㧊G 䞚㣪䟞┺UG
⹿㎎☚G⌊㟒G䟞ἶSG㔲Ἶ㠦G㭧䛣㦒⪲G⑚㤢G㧞⓪G㞚⻚㰖㠦ỢG㟓Ṩ☚G⽊⌊㟒G䟞┺UGἶ㌳䞲G

‘Love does not give up on people’ 119

Ⱒ䋒G 㧦㔶㦮G ₎㦚G ṬỢG ♶G Ệ⧒ἶG 㑮☚G 㠜㧊G ┺㰦䟞㰖ⰢG ⁎Ⰲ㤊G ộ✺㦖G ⍞ⶊG ⲖⰂG
㧞㠞┺U

䡚㑮⓪G 䘎㦮㩦㠦G ✺㠊ṖG ㏢㭒G 䞲G ⼧㦚G ㌖┺UG ⁎ⰂἶG ⁒㻮G 㞚䕢䔎G ┾㰖G 㞞㦒⪲G
✺㠊Ṫ┺U

㑶₆㤊㧊G 㡺⯊▹ⱡG ┺䂲G ㏦㧊G ▪G 㤇㔶Ệ⪎┺UG ⁎ṖG ⶊ㕂䆪G ⹪⧒⽎G ⏖㧊䎆㠦⓪G
㡂㧦㞚㧊ṖG 䢒㧦㍲G ⳾⧮㧻⋲㦚G 䞮ἶG 㧞㠞┺UG 㞚㧊⓪G 㕁㯳㧊G ⌂⓪㰖G ῂ⯚┺ⰂG 㥚⪲G
䞲㴓G┺Ⰲ⯒G㢂⩺⏩ἶG 㞚㭒G ㍲䒆G☯㧧㦒⪲G ┺⯎G 䞲G ⹲Ⱎ㩖G 㢂⩺⏩㞮┺U

䞮⬾G 㩚G ㌂ἶ⯒G ╏䟞▮G ⁎⓪G 㞚㧊ṖG ┺䂶㰖☚G ⳾⯎┺⓪G ㌳ṗ㧊G ✺㠊G 㞚㧊G 㴓㦚G
䟻䟊Gザ⯎GỎ㦢㦒⪲GṪ┺UG㞚㧊㠦ỢGỆ㦮G┺Ṗᝍ 㓍㊑G㞚㧊⓪Gỗⲏ㦖G㠒Ὴ⪲G➛㦚G⽊▵G
┺㔲G⹲㦚G⌊⩺⏩ἶG 㧞㠞┺U

˄㫆㕂䟊チ㔅UG ⁎⩂ḩG ┺䂮ⳊG㠊㲢⍩ᢱU˅G
㞚㧊⓪G ⰦG 㠜㧊G 䡚㑮⯒G ⽊ⳆG 㤙㠞┺UG 䡚㑮⓪G 㧦㔶㧊G 㧞㠞▮G Ὁ㦒⪲G ┺㔲G ☢㞚㢖G
㞟㞮┺UG ⁎ṖG ⋾㦖G 㑶㦚G ┺G Ⱎ㔺G ➢₢㰖☚G 㞚㧊⓪G 㡂㩚䧞G 䢒㧦G ⏖ἶG 㧞㠞┺UG ⁎⓪G ⳝG
⻞㧊ἶG 䞲㑾㦚G ⴆ㞚㓂┺ṖG 㤆㡆䧞G 㞚䕢䔎G 㭒㹾㧻G 㴓㦚G ⹪⧒⽊㞮┺UG ㌂⧢✺㧊G ⳾⚦G
㿲⁒䞲G㡺䤚㧎◆☚G ἶ G 㔏㣿㹾✺㧊G㯦゚䟞┺U
䡚㑮⓪G 䢪ṖG ⌂┺UG 㧦㔶㦮G 㻮㰖⯒G ㌳ṗ䞮┞G 㺎㦚G 㑮ṖG 㠜㠞┺UG ⁎⓪G ┺G Ⱎ㔶G
㏢㭒⼧㦚G 㝆⩞₆䐋G 㴓㦒⪲G ▮㪎⻚⪎┺UG ゞG ⼧㦖G ⋶䃊⪲㤊G ゚ⳛ㦚G 㰖⯊ⳆG ㌆㌆㫆ṗG
⌂┺UG㞚㧊⓪G⏖⧖G ⑞㦒⪲G 䡚㑮⯒G⹪⧒⽊ἶG 㧞㠞┺U
䟝㌊㧊G⼧G㫆ṗG㥚⪲G⿖㍲㰖ⳆG⁎㦮G⑞㦚G䕢ἶ✺㠞┺UG⁎⓪G䡚₆㯳㠦G⑞㦚GṦ㞮┺UG
㧦㔶㫆㹾G 㧊䟊䞶G 㑮G 㠜⓪G ⶊ㔲ⶊ㔲䞲G 㧒㦚G ㌳ṗ䟞▮G ỊG ⹪⪲G ⁎G ➢㡖┺UG ⁎G 㑲Ṛ⿖䎆G
⁎⓪G⁎ṖG㞚┞㠞┺UG 䡚㑮⓪G 䋆GỎ㦢Ỏ㧊⪲G 㞚㧊㠦ỢG ┺ṖṪ┺U
˄㠚Ⱎ⓪G 㠊❾┞f˅
˄㰧㠦G 㧞㠊㣪˅
˄㞚ザ⓪f˅
˄㞚䂾㠦G䣢㌂㠦G Ṫ㠊㣪U˅
˄⍞SG㰖⁞G㞚ザG ⽊ἶG㕌┞f˅
˄⍺U˅
˄⁎⩒G 㑮㰚㞚SG 㤆ⰂG 㞚ザ䞲䎢G Ṟ₢fG 㞚㩖㞂G 㞚ザG 䂲ῂ⧖┺UG 㤆ⰂG 㞚ザ䞲䎢G Ṗ㍲G
㧎䡫G ⯱ḱ⋁ᠥG䞶₢f˅
˄㞚㩖㝾ṖG㞚ザG 䂲ῂ㡞㣪f˅
㞚㧊⓪G⿫╖⯒G Ṧ㦖G ⁎㦮G㏦㦚G ⹪⧒⽊ⳆG 㦮㕂㲣㦖G ❅G ⶒ㠞┺U
˄㦧UG㞚㩖㞂G㞚ザG 䂲ῂ㟒UG⁎⩂┞₢G ⍺G㧊⯚㧊G 㑮㰚㧊⧒⓪G ộ☚G 㞢ἶG 㧞㰖U˅
˄⁎⩂ⳊG㧊GὋG 㰧㠦┺GṬ┺G ⏩ἶG㢂℮U˅
㞚㧊⓪G㭒ⲏⰢG 䞲G Ὃ㦚G㏦㠦G ✺ἶG㧞㠞┺U
˄㞚⌦SG ⁎⌻G Ṗ㪎Ṗ☚G ♒U˅
㧊⯚㦚G ⿞⩂㭒㋕G 㞚㧊⓪G 㫆⁞☚G ⁎⯒G 㦮㕂䞮㰖G 㞠⓪G ⑞䂮㡖┺UG 㞚㧊ṖG ṬἶG 㧞▮G
ὋG㥚㠦G㝢㡂㰚G㧊⯚㦚G ⽊㞮┺⓪G ộ㦚G㠊Ⰶ㞚㧊ṖGゑ ⓱ ㄋ㠞┺U

120 ‘Love does not give up on people’

䡚㑮⓪G㞚㧊㦮G㏦㦚G㧷ἶG㞚䕢䔎⯒GỎ㠊G⋮㢪┺UG㞚㧊⓪G⁎㌂㧊GⳝG⻞GἶṲ⯒G☢⩺G
㞚䕢䔎G㴓㦚G⹪⧒⽊㞮┺UG㞚㧊⓪G 㟢㩚䞮ỢG䡚㑮⯒G ➆⧒Ṫ┺U

䡚㑮⓪G 㧦㔶㧊G ㌊ἶG 㧞⓪G ⁞䢎☯G ㌆☯⍺⪲G 㞚㧊⯒G ◆⩺Ṫ┺UG ⹿㠦G ☚㹿䞲G 䤚⪲G
⁎⓪G 㞚㧊ṖG 㞚ザ⯒G 㺔㊉ᦑ ⡕G Ⱎ㦢㦚G 㫎㡖┺UG 䞮㰖ⰢG 㧊㌗䞮Ợ☚G 㞚㧊⓪G 㞚ザ⯒G
㺔㰖G 㞠㞮┺U

⁎⓪G㞚㧊㠦ỢG㰧G㩚䢪⻞䢎₢㰖G㞢らᰍ┺UG㠎㩲G㩚䢪⯒G䟊㟒G䞮ἶSG㠒Ⱎ⯒G㣪ῂ䟊㟒G
䞮ⳆSG⡦G㠊⟺G⹿⻫㦒⪲G ☞㦚G⹱㞚⌒G ộ㧎Ṗ㠦G ╖䟊G ㌳ṗ䟞┺U

⹿㦒⪲G ◆⩺㡾G 㰖G 䞲G 㔲Ṛ㸺G 㰖⋮Ⳋ㍲G 㞚㧊⓪G ⿞㞞䞲G ケ㦚G ⽊㡖┺UG 㞚㧊⓪G 㤎₆G
㔲㧧䟞┺UG䡚㑮⓪G 㽞㫆䟞┺U

˄㑮㰚㞚SG 㤎㰖G ⰞUG 㞚㩖㝾ṖG ⋮Ṗ㍲G 㞚ザ䞲䎢G 㩚䢪☚G 䞮ἶG ニ☚G ㌂㢂ỢUG 㞚㩖㝾G 㢂G
➢₢㰖G㡂₆㍲G⋮ṖⳊG 㞞G ♒UG ⹬㠦G⋮ṖⳊG 㞚㩖㝾䞲䎢G 䢒⋮UG 㞢㞮㰖f˅

⁎⓪G 㞚㧊⯒G ⹿㠦G ⚦ἶG 㰧㠦㍲G Ⲗ㰖G 㞠㦖G ṖỢ⪲G Ṫ┺UG ニὒG 㤆㥶⯒G ㌖┺UG ṖỢ⯒G
⋮㡺Ⳋ㍲GὋ㭧㩚䢪G㞴㠦㍲G䞲㺎㦚Gⰳ㍺㡖㰖ⰢG▪G㠊⚦㤢㰖ⳊG㩚䢪䞮⓱⋁GⰞ㦢ⲏἶG⁎G
㞚⧮G ⶎ⹿ῂ⪲G Ṫ┺UG Ⱒ㧒㦮G ἓ㤆G 㞚㧊ṖG 㤎㦢㦚G ⁎䂮㰖G 㞠Ệ⋮G ⠒⯒G 㝎G ➢⯒G ╖゚䟊G
⊞ὒG ゚┦G䎢㧊䝚⯒G ㌖┺UG⁎⩆G ộ✺㧊G䞚㣪䞶G Ệ⧖G ㌳ṗ㧊G ✺㠞┺U

䡚㑮ṖG⹿㠦G☚㹿䟞㦚G➢G㞚㧊⓪G⑞㠦GṖ✳G⑞ⶒ㦚G╊ἶG⁎⯒G⹪⧒⽊㞮┺UG㞞㝆⩂㤊G
Ⱎ㦢㧊G✺㠞┺UG⁎⓪G 㞚㧊㠦ỢGニὒG 㤆㥶⯒G㭒ⳆG Ⱖ䟞┺U

˄㑮㰚㞚SG㞚ザ䞲䎢G㩚䢪䞮ἶG㢪឵‥UG⁎⩆◆G㞚ザṖG⌊㧒G㠚Ⱎ䞮ἶGṯ㧊G⍦G◆Ⰲ⩂G
㡾┺ἶG䟞㠊UG㡺⓮㦖G 㡂₆㍲G㞚㩖㝾䞮ἶG ṯ㧊G 㧦⧮U˅

˄㕁㠊㣪UG⋮G㠚Ⱎ䞲䎢GṞG Ệ㡞㣪UG ゾⰂG㰧㠦G ◆⩺┺G 㭮㣪U˅
㞚㧊⓪G⁎ṖG㭖G ニ㦚G ⹿⹪┻㠦G⌊▮㰖ⳆG ┺㔲G 㤎㦢㦚G 䎆⥾⪎┺U
˄㞢㞮┺UG㞢㞮㠊UG 㧊➆ṖG㰧㠦G ◆⩺ḩ 㑉ỢU˅
䡚㑮⓪G㤆⓪G㞚㧊⯒G╂⧮⩺ἶGỆ㰩Ⱖ㦚G䟞┺UG㞚㧊⓪G⁎㩲㟒GⰞ㦢㧊G⏩㡖⓪㰖G⁎ṖG
㰧㠊㭖Gニ㦚G┺㔲G ⹱㞮┺U
˄㞚㩖㝾☚G ⲏ㠊㣪U˅
㞚㧊⓪GニG䞲G 㴓㦚G ㏦㦒⪲G ⠒㠊G⁎㠦ỢG 㭒㠞┺U
˄㞚⌦UG㞚㩖㞂G ⺆ἶ䝚㰖G 㞠㞚U˅
⁎G㑲ṚG⁎⓪G ⌟㩫䟊㪎㟒G䞲┺ἶG ┺㰦䞮ⳆG ㏦㦮G ⿫╖⯒G ┾┾䧞G ἶ㼦G ⱎ┺U
˄㞚㩖㝾SG㏦G㢲G ┺㼺㠊㣪f˅
䡚㑮⓪G㞚㧊㦮Gⶒ㦢㠦G㞚ⶊ⩆G╖∎☚G䞮㰖G㞠㞮┺UG㧶㔲G䤚G䢪㧻㔺㠦GṖ⩺ἶG⹿ⶎ㦚G
⋮㍲⓪◆G 㞚㧊ṖG ⶒ㠞┺U
˄ニGⲏἶG㰧㠦G ◆⩺┺G 㭚GỆ㰖㣪f˅
˄⁎⩒U˅
䡚㑮⓪G㞚㧊⯒G 㞞㕂㔲䋾G 䤚G⊞ὒG ゚┦G䎢㧊䝚ṖG ✺㠊㧞⓪G ㏦Ṗ⹿㦚G ⽊㞮┺U
⁎⩆◆G⁎ṖG䢪㧻㔺㠦G┺⎖㢪㦚G➢G㞚㧊⓪G⹿㠦G㠜㠞┺UG䡚㑮⓪G┺ 䞲GⰞ㦢㠦GⶎG
⹬㦒⪲G ⥆㼦⋮Ṫ┺UG ㍲⍞G 䃎G 㝿G Ἒ┾㦚G Ị⍞⥆ⳆG 㞚⧮G 㴓㦒⪲G ⥆㠊G ⌊⩺Ṫ┺UG 㰧㠦㍲G
Ⲗ㰖G 㞠㦖G Ἶ⳿㠦㍲G 㧊ὉG 㩖Ὁ㦚G ⚦Ⰲ⻞ỆⰂ┺G 㟓ῃG 㞴㠦G ㍲G 㧞⓪G 㞚㧊⯒G ⹲ἂ䟞┺UG

‘Love does not give up on people’ 121

䡚㑮⓪G 㑲ṚG 䢪ṖG 䂮⹖㠞┺UG ⁎⓪G ㌂⋿ỢG 㞚㧊⯒G ✺㼦G 㠛ἶG 㰧㦒⪲G ✺㠊㢪┺UG 㞚㧊⓪G
㧪⥿Gỗ㠦G㰞⩺G㤎ἶG 㧞㠞┺UG

G˄㠚Ⱎ䞲䎢G◆⩺┺G㭖┺ἶG䟞㧬㞚UG㢲G䢒㧦G⹬㠦G⋮Ṫ㠊fG㞚㩖㝾ṖG⋮Ṗ㰖GⰦ⨂㰖f˅G
㭓G 㧒G❅㧊G㘮㞚⿯㧊⓪G䡚㑮G 㞴㠦㍲G㞚㧊⓪G 㤎᥵G ┑ 䃍G┺UG
˄G⍞G⹬㠦G⋮Ṗ㍲G 㠚Ⱎ䞲䎢G㩚䢪䟞㰖fG 㠊㍲G ⹪⯎╖⪲G Ⱖ䟊U˅G G
㞚G 㧊⓪G ἶṲ⯒G Ṗ⪲㩖㦒ⳆG 㞚┞⧒ἶG 䟞┺UG 㞚㧊⓪G Ⱔ㧊G ⏖⧦⓪㰖G 㤎㦢㦚G ⁎䂮㰖G
㞠㞮┺UG䡚㑮⓪G⊞ὒG゚┦G䎢㧊䝚⯒Gℒ⌞┺UG☛䞮ỢGⰞ㦢Gⲏ㠊㟒G䞲┺ἶG┺㰦䞮ⳆG㞚㧊⯒G
⏎⩺⽊㞮┺UG⁎G➢G 㞚㧊ṖG㭒Ⲏ┞㠦㍲G ⶪṖ⯒G ℒ⌞┺UG
G˄㞚㩖㝾G ㏦G ┺㼺㧬㞚㣪U˅G
G㞚㧊⓪G╖㧒⺊✲G䞲G䐋㦚G䡚㑮G㞴㦒⪲G⌊⹖㠞┺UG㞚㧊⓪G㟓ῃ㠦GṖ⩺ἶG⹿㦚G⋮Ṫ▮G
Ệ㡖┺UG㑲ṚG⁎㦮G⑞㠦G⑞ⶒ㧊Gⱐ䡪┺UG㞚㧊ṖG㭖G╖㧒⺊✲⯒G⽊ⳆG⌄㠦G䡚㧻G㌂ⶊ㏢㠦G
Ṫ㦚G➢G㏢㧻㦒⪲⿖䎆G ✺㠞▮G Ⱖ㧊G㌳ṗ⌂┺UG
˄G㍺ⰞG⁎G㏦㦚G 䟊G Ṗ㰖ἶG 㧒䞮⩂G⋮㡾G ỊG 㞚┞㰖f˅G
G䡚㑮⓪Gℒ⌞▮G⊞ὒG゚┦G䎢㧊䝚⯒G❇G⛺⪲GṦ䀚┺UG⁎㩲㟒G⁎⓪G㩲㩫㔶㦒⪲G☢㞚㢪┺UG

Vocabulary all morning
cold, cooled down
㡺G 㩚G⌊⌊GO薾衔TPG lump of rice
G㔳㦖G room
G⹻▿㧊G bandage
G⹿G O脗PG wind
⿫G ╖GO舃繚PG building/construction site
GṦ┺G visit (a place)
GὋ㌂G 䡚㧻G O簴艃販蟣PG site manager
G㺔┺G surely (not)
G䡚㧻G㏢㧻GO販蟣G 荓蠃PG snap
G㍺ⰞG say
G㘮㞚⿯㧊┺G hospital
GⰦ䞮┺G two weeks, 15 days, half a month
G⼧㤦G O膂蚭PG recover, be cured, be healed
G⽊⯚G need
G⌁┺G blindly, thoughtlessly
䞚G 㣪䞮┺GO谞蘶TPG high-rise apartment building
ⶊG 㧧㩫GO肚蟑袓PG be lined up, stand in a row
ἶG 䂋G㞚䕢䔎GO簙謈TPG cannot even conceive the idea
㯦G ゚䞮ỢGO襫舔TPG
㠚G ⚦☚GⴑG⌊┺G

122 ‘Love does not give up on people’

ῗ㩚G O糡衟P palace
䢪ṖG 䂮⹖┺ well up, surge, flare up
╏㧻G O繐蟣P straight away, immediately
⹿㎎G O脗荋P rent
㭧䛣G O襦谓P stroke, apoplexy
㟓ṨG O蓌TP the price of medicine, prescription charge
┺㰦 resolution, promise, pledge
䘎㦮㩦G O评蜺袂P convenience store
㞚䕢䔎┾㰖G OT縞襽P apartment complex
㑶₆㤊G OT絥蚌P tipsiness, intoxication
㤇㔶ỆⰂ┺ ache, throb
ⶊ㕂䆪G O肚葖TP thoughtlessly
⏖㧊䎆 playground
⳾⧮㧻⋲ playing with sand
㕁㯳G OT襵P be bored with
ῂ⯚┺Ⰲ footbridge, jungle bridge
㍲䒆 clumsy
☯㧧G O纨蟇P movement, motion, gesture
┺ṖṖ┺ approach, go near
ỗⲏ㦖G O箌TP be frightened, be scared
㭒㹾㧻G O襏觬蟣P car park, parking lot
ἶ G O簙絃P high-class, quality, fancy
㔏㣿㹾G O萄虑觬P a (passenger) car
㻮㰖G O証襽P one’s situation/circumstances/lot (in life)
㺎┺ bear, endure
⋶䃊⫃┺ be sharp, be acute
゚ⳛG O舍聝P scream, a cry (of distress)
㌆㌆㫆ṗ㧊⋮┺G O芅芅TP be broken into pieces/fragments
⿖㍲㰖┺ break, crack
䕢ἶ✺┺ burrow into, dig into, penetrate
ⶊ㔲ⶊ㔲䞲 terrible, horrible, frightful
Ỏ㦢Ỏ㧊 walk, gait
㧎䡫G O蝸賊P doll
㦮㕂㲣㦖G O蝀葖TP questioning, suspicious
㭒ⲏ fist
⑞䂮 one’s attitude/wits/sense; sign, expression,
㟢㩚䞮┺ be polite, be well-behaved, be meek, be quiet

⁞䢎☯G O紼賲纮P ‘Love does not give up on people’ 123
㌆☯⍺G O芄纮TP
Ⱎ㦢㦚G 㫎㧊┺ Kbmho-dong (Geumho-dong), a district in Seoul
㣪ῂG O蘶粵P mountain village
㽞㫆䞮┺G O誚裮TP be on edge, be anxious about
䢒⋮┺G O贔TP demand, claim, ask
Ὃ㭧㩚䢪G O簰襨衴贬P be impatient, be irritated, grow anxious
ⰳ㍺㧊┺ be scolded, be told off
Ⱎ㦢ⲏ┺ public telephone, payphone
ⶎ⹿ῂG O肫脗粠P hesitate, waver
⠒⯒G 㝆┺ have an intention, make up one’s mind
⊞ stationery shop/store, stationer’s
㞞㝆⩓┺ beg, pester
⹿⹪┻G O脗TP string, twine, cord, strap
㤎㦢㦚G 䎆⥾Ⰲ┺ be sorry for troubling someone, be pathetic
╂⧮┺ flooring, floor (of room)
⌟㩫䞮┺G O緍裀TP burst into tears
┾┾䧞G ἶ㼦G ⰺ┺ soothe, calm, comfort
╖∎ be calm, be composed, be cold-hearted, be objective
㞞㕂㔲䋺┺G O蒃葖TP tightly (mend and) bind
┺ 䞮┺G O縘絀TP answer, reply, response
㍲⍞G 䃎 ease one’s mind, relieve
be extremely urgent, be pressing
Ἶ⳿ three or four units (k’an), a unit of area used for floor
⚦Ⰲ⻞ỆⰂ┺
㟓ῃG O蓌糒P space/counting the number of rooms
㌂⋿Ợ alley, byway, narrow path
✺㼦G 㠛┺ stare about, look around (nervously)
⹪⯎╖⪲ chemist’s (shop), pharmacy, drugstore,
ἶṲ⯒G Ṗ⪲㩩┺ roughly, violently, fiercely
☛䞮┺G O纏TP pick up and carry on one’s back
⏎⩺⽊┺ correctly, truthfully
㭒Ⲏ┞ answer in the negative, shake one’s head
╖㧒⺊✲ be firm, be unflinching, be strong
⑞ⶒ㧊G ⱐ䧞┺ glare, scowl
Ṧ㿪┺ pocket, pouch
㩲㩫㔶G OT袲葃P sticking plaster, Band-Aid (brand name)
tears form
conceal, hide
reason, one’s right mind

124 ‘Love does not give up on people’

Grammar

16.1 Tら ヹⱡチ (‘only after’)

This construction combines the causal/sequential ending T㞚V㠊㍲ (refer to Yeon & Brown
2011)1 (here in the sequential meaning) with the ending T㟒 ‘only’ (see 15.2). In combina-
tion, it depicts that an event expressed in the second clause only took place after a state of
affairs expressed in the first clause was completed or put in place.

G⁎⓪G㡺䤚ṖG♒GⱡチG ⿫╖⯒G Ṧ㦖G㏦㦒⪲G ⁎G ☯㞞G 㧒䞮▮G Ὃ㌂G 䡚㧻㦚G 㺔㞮┺UG
It was afternoon when he finally left the house [lit. it was only after it became afternoon that

he left the house] with a bandaged hand, for the construction site where he had been working.

16.2 Tら ヹ ᝅ㔅ᠥ (causal/sequential connective)

In this construction, the infinitive form of the verb is followed by the support (or auxiliary)
verb Ṗ㰖┺, which is typically in the Tἶ form. In its original usage, the verb Ṗ㰖┺ means
‘have’, ‘hold’, ‘carry’, ‘possess’.

Basically, this pattern functions like T㞚V㠊㍲ (refer to Yeon & Brown 2011)2. In the same
way as TO㞚V㠊P㍲, the first clause provides an action or situation in which the event or
circumstance in the second clause then comes to pass. The second clause is therefore either
consequential to or merely sequential to the first clause.

G˄㍺ⰞG⁎G㏦㦚GG䂹ᝅ㔅ᠥG㧒䞮⩂G 㡾GỆ⓪G 㞚┦G 䎢㰖f˅G
‘Surely you’re not going to work with your hand like that?’

ⶒG ἶ₆⯒G㧷Gら ᝅ㔅ᠥG 㹢Ṳ⯒G⊩㡖㠊㣪UG
I caught a fish and made a stew with it.

G㤆㥶⯒G㘵Gら ᝅ㔅ᠥG 㢍㧊G┺G 㩬㠞㠊㣪UG
I spilled the milk, so my clothes got completely wet.

16.3 T ㊁ ы㲑 (probable future)

This is an expression of futurity, similar to the more common TO㦒PG ỆT. It is used for
making predictions about the future and/or for talking about things that will possibly or
probably happen in the future. It may also appear when the speaker is making conjectures
about present states of affairs.

˄G㍺ⰞG⁎G㏦㦚G䟊Ṗ㰖ἶG㧒䞮⩂G 㡾GỆ⓪G 㞚ḕG 㲑㔅Gf˅G
‘Surely you’re not going to work with your hand like that?’

The TO㦒PඥG䌲 ending more commonly occurs mid-sentence in expressions such as TO㦒P
ඥ䎢┞₢ (refer to Yeon & Brown 2011)3 or TO㦒Pඥ䎦◆ (refer to Yeon & Brown 2011).4

[see 6.4] T‴ ㊹ (‘as if ’)

G䡚㧻G㏢㧻㦖G㘮㞚⿯㧊G‴G䡚㑮㠦ỢG Ⱖ䟞┺UG
The site manager snapped at HyCn-su. (lit. The site manager said to HyCn-su as if making a

cutting remark.)

‘Love does not give up on people’ 125

[see 6.5] Tẙḍ (past recollections)
˄⼧㤦㠦GṪẙḍG 䞲G ⽊⯚㧊ⳊG ⋮㦚GỆ⧮㣪U˅
They told me at the hospital that I’ll be fine in a fortnight.

[see 15.2] Tら ヹチ (‘only if ’)
˄Ṗ⽦チG 㞢㰖U˅
‘We’ll have to see.’ [lit. only if one goes and sees can we know]

[see 1.6] Tら ヹ ⟉⓱ḩ (‘do completely for regret or relief ’)
㧦㔶Gṯ㦖G㌂⧢㦖G 䘟㌳G 㠚⚦☚GⴑG ⌒G☚㔲G ㏣㦮G ῗ㩚㦚G 㰩┺ṖGḩ㠕 ⟉⓵G ㏦㦚G
⽊┞G䡚㑮⓪G ▪㤇G 䢪ṖG䂮⹖㠞┺UG⁎⓪G ╏㧻㠦G ☞㧊G 䞚㣪䟞┺U
Gazing at the hand he injured whilst building an urban palace that people like him could
never afford in their lifetime, HyCn-su became furious.

[see 17.1] T ㊁ ▹ⱡ (‘while’, ‘due to’)
㑶₆㤊㧊G㡺⯊▹ⱡG ┺䂲G ㏦㧊G▪G 㤇㔶Ệ⪎┺U
As he became intoxicated, his hand began to throb with pain.

16.4 T ㊁ ы 㓍㊑ (‘when’)
This pattern combines a prospective modifier form with the word 㯞㦢 ‘time, occasion’.
This commonly translates into English as ‘when . . .’ and is similar in usage to the more
common expression TO㦒PඥG➢.

㞚㧊㠦ỢGỆ㦮G ┺Ṗᝍ 㓍㊑G㞚㧊⓪G ỗⲏ㦖G 㠒Ὴ⪲G ➛㦚G ⽊ⳆG ┺㔲G ⹲㦚G ⌊⩺⏩ἶG
㧞㠞┺U

When he got near to the girl, she was looking at the ground with a frightened face and
putting her foot back down.

[see 8.5] T ㊁ ▵ (‘while’)
㞚㧊㠦ỢGỆ㦮G ┺ṖṞG㯞㦢G 㞚㧊⓪Gỗⲏ㦖G 㠒Ὴ⪲G ➛㦚G ⽊▵G ┺㔲G ⹲㦚G ⌊⩺⏩ἶG
㧞㠞┺U
When he got near to the girl, she was looking at the ground with a frightened face and
putting her foot back down.

[see 11.2] Tら ヹチ㔅 (‘you should’)
㫆㕂䟊チ㔅U
‘You should be careful.’

16.5 Tḩ ᝅ (transition)
The ending T┺OṖP depicts transition from one action performed in the first clause to a
new action or state taking place in the second. One action ceases and another begins or
a state is created by the first action in which the second action then takes place.

126 ‘Love does not give up on people’

Included in this usage are descriptions of unexpected events, particularly accidents. The
first clause expresses what the person was doing when the accident took place and the
second clause provides the specifics of the mishap. This is the usage pattern that we see in
this chapter.

˄⁎⩂ḩG┺䂮ⳊG 㠊㲢⩺ῂU˅G
‘You could hurt yourself doing that.’

⥆㠊G ṖḩᝅG ⍮㠊㪢㠊㣪U
I fell down while I was running.

16.6 T ㊁ ⍩ᢱ (future intention)

TO㦒P⩺ῂ is a colloquial non-standard spelling of the intentional ending TO㦒P⩺ἶ (which
is in turn a contraction of the full form TO㦒P⩺ἶG 䞮┺T (refer to Yeon & Brown 2011)).5

˄⁎⩂┺G┺䂮ⳊG 㠊㲢⍩ᢱU˅
‘You could hurt yourself doing that’ [lit. What are you intending to do if you hurt yourself

doing this?]

⌊㧒G ☚㍲ὖ㠦G Ṗ⍩ᠥ㣪U
I’m going to go to the library tomorrow.

[see 1.5] Tら ヹ ḱ⋁ᠥ (quoted benefactives)
˄㤆ⰂG㞚ザ䞲䎢G Ṗ㍲G 㧎䡫G ⯱ḱ⋁ᠥG 䞶₢f˅
‘Shall we go see him and ask him to buy you a doll?’

[see 13.3] T㋕ (‘upon, when’)
㧊⯚㦚G⿞⩂㭒㋕G 㞚㧊⓪G㫆⁞☚G ⁎⯒G㦮㕂䞮㰖G 㞠⓪G ⑞䂮㡖┺U
As soon as he had said her name, the girl had shown signs of being a little less suspicious
of him.

16.7 T ㊁ ы ⓱ ㄋḩ (‘there is no way that’)

This pattern combines the prospective modifier with the bound noun Ⰲ and the negative
existential verb 㠜T. The resultant pattern takes on the meaning ‘there is no way that’ or
‘it is not possible that’:

㞚㧊ṖGṬἶG㧞▮G ὋG 㥚㠦G 㝢㡂㰚G㧊⯚㦚G ⽊㞮┺⓪G ộ㦚G 㠊Ⰶ㞚㧊ṖGゑ ⓱ ㄋ㠞┺U
There was no way a young child could have realised that he’d seen her name on

the ball she had with her.

㻲Ⱒ㠦HG⁎⩆G㰩㦚G 䟞㊉ ⓱ ㄋ㠊U
God forbid! There’s no way that he/she would have behaved like that.

16.8 T ㊁ ыᦑ ⡕ (‘worried it might’)

This pattern is used when the speaker expresses a worry about a possible future negative
turn of events. This may then be followed by a second clause that expresses what the

‘Love does not give up on people’ 127

speaker is doing in order to prepare for this possibility or simply by an expression of
the worry itself.

⹿㠦G☚㹿䞲G䤚⪲G ⁎⓪G㞚㧊ṖG 㞚ザ⯒G㺔㊉ᦑ ⡕G Ⱎ㦢㦚G 㫎㡖┺U
He was anxious that the girl might try to find her father after they arrived at his flat

(lit. room).

䢪㣪㧒㠦G⑞㧊G ㅱᦑ ⡕Gệ㩫㧊㠦㣪U
I’m worried that it might snow on Tuesday.

゚ṖG ㅱᦑ ⡕G㤆㌆㦚G Ṗ㰖ἶG ⋮㢪㠊㣪U
I bought an umbrella in case it rains.

[see 10.1] Tヹ ヹ ᯹ḩ (‘do to the end’)

⁎⓪G㞚㧊㠦ỢG 㰧G 㩚䢪⻞䢎₢㰖G㞢らᰍ┺U
He got her to tell him her home phone number.

16.9 T ㊁ ⓱⋁ (‘(think) it will’; ‘(thought) it would’)

This pattern combines the future tense marker TO㦒PⰂ (refer to 13.5) with the reported
speech ending T⧒. It is used for reporting thoughts, decisions, etc. that refer to the future
(or to a time more advanced than the one being talked about).

ṖỢ⯒G⋮㡺Ⳋ㍲G Ὃ㭧㩚䢪G 㞴㠦㍲G䞲㺎㦚G ⰳ㍺㡖㰖ⰢG ▪G 㠊⚦㤢㰖ⳊG 㩚䢪䞮⓱⋁G
Ⱎ㦢ⲏἶG⁎G 㞚⧮G ⶎ⹿ῂ⪲G Ṫ┺U

As he was coming out of the shop he hesitated for a moment in front of a public phone
booth, but made up his mind to phone when it was darker and went to the stationer’s
further down.

ⶎ㩲⓪G㠜㊁⓱⋁G ㌳ṗ䟞㔋┞┺U
I did not think there would be any problem.

16.10 T឵‥ (‘it’s because’, ‘you see’)

This verb-final ending is used when the speaker is giving a reason (‘because’) or justification
(‘you see’) for something that he/she has previously said or for his/her actions.

˄㑮㰚㞚SG㞚ザ䞲䎢G 㩚䢪䞮ἶG 㢪឵‥U˅
‘Su-jin, I’ve just been and phoned your father, you see?’

⋲G㤦⧮G㧊⩆G㦢㔳G 㕁឵‥U
I’ve always hated this kind of food, you see.

16.11 Tḩ 㑁ḩ (benefactive with change of location)

This pattern is used when talking about doing something for (the benefit of ) someone else.
It is similar in meaning to the more common T㞚V㠊G㭒┺ (as in ⰻ㭒⯒G㌂G㭮 ‘buy me a beer’).
However, when T┺G㭒┺Gis used, a change of location is implied. Thus, ⰻ㭒⯒G㌂┺G㭒┺
would mean ‘go (somewhere) and buy me a beer (and then bring it back to me)’.

128 ‘Love does not give up on people’

As in the example in the chapter, T┺G㭒┺ (and not T㞚V㠊G㭒┺) is the natural choice for
talking about taking someone somewhere (and dropping them off there) as this inevitably
involves a change of location:

G˄㧊➆ṖG㰧㠦G◆⩺ḩG 㑉ỢG U˅G
‘I’ll take you home in a bit.’

16.12 T᥵┑ 䂝ḩ (‘do nothing but’)

This pattern combines the nominal form T₆ with the particle Ⱒ meaning ‘only’ and the
verb 䞮T. It depicts that the person in question is ‘only’ or ‘just’ doing the action in ques-
tion or is doing ‘nothing but’ that action.

㭓G 㧒G❅㧊G㘮㞚⿯㧊⓪G䡚㑮G 㞴㠦㍲G㞚㧊⓪G 㤎᥵G ┑ 䃍G┺UG
The girl just cried in front of HyCn-su, who was snapping at her viciously as though

he might kill her.

G╖䞯㌳G ➢G ⏖G᥵┑ 䃍G㠊㣪UG
When I was a student, I did nothing but play around.

G⁎⌻G 㧓G₆ⰢG 䟊GHG
Just read it!

Words and meanings

1. Referring to the table with a selection of the different grammatical forms featured in
this chapter, choose the correct grammatical form for the sentences given below. Change
the words in brackets as appropriate, then translate, as shown in the example.

GTG ⻚Ⰲ┺G TG G ❅O㧊PG
GTG 㟒V㍲㟒G GTG 㟒G
GTG ඥ䎢㰖G GTG Ệ✶G

Example

OG✺㠊⽊┺PG 㞢㰖G → G✺㠊⽦㟒G 㞢㰖G
You can only know if you listen.

1. GⰤ㧊GO㤙┺PG 㡺⧮G㌆┺UG
2. ⹺G 㦚G㌞㤢G Ợ㧚㦚G 䞮┺ṖG㞚䂾㠦G ⓼㧶㦚G O㧦┺PUG
3. ゚G ㍲⓪G㧦₆ṖG O㌂㧻PG 㰗㤦✺㠦ỢGⳛ⪏䟞┺UG
4. ㍺G ⰞG⁎G㢍㦒⪲G ⳾㧚㠦G ⋮Ṗ⓪GỆ⓪G O㞚┞┺PUG
5. ⌊G ṖG䞶㑮G 㧞┺ἶG ㌳ṗGⴑ䟞㠊㣪UG⁎ỊG 㡺⧮G 㩚G O㟮₆PG
6. 㡂G ⩂⻞G⹮⽋䟊㍲GO䛖┺PG ⁎GὋ㔳㦖G 㧊䟊ṖG ♲┺UG
7. G㡗䧂⓪G⹒㑮⧧G O䠺㠊㰖ἶG⋮┺PG⁎㦮G ㏢㭧䞾㦚G 㞢㞮┺UG
8. G㦖㩫㦖GO㴨₆PG 㰧㦒⪲G⥆㠊✺㠊G 㢪┺UG
9. 㡺G ⓮G㞚䂾G ⁎G 䣢㌂㠦G㻮㦢㦒⪲G 㭒ⶎ㦚G O䞮┺PUG
10. G㧎㑮⓪G㍶㌳┮䞲䎢G∎㭧㦚G O✹ἶPG㧦㔶㦮G 㧮ⴑ㦚G 㞢㞮┺UG

‘Love does not give up on people’ 129

11. 㻶G 㑮ṖG⁎⩆G 䟟☯㦚G 㞚ⶊG㧊㥶㠜㧊G O䞮㰖⓪G 㞠┺PUG
12. G䞲⻞GO⽊┺PG 㞢㰖UG
2. Find all the words and phrases in the text which describe Hyan-su’s state of mind.
Translate them into English.
Example. 䢪ṖG 䂮⹖㠞┺.
3. The text contains a number of words or expressions that are spelled as they sound (not
as they conventionally should be written). How many can you find? (A clue is that all
of them can be found in the quoted speech of the characters.) Why do you think the
author used these spellings?

Answer the following questions in English
1. Describe Hyan-su’s situation.
2. How did Hyan-su know Su-jin’s name?
3. Why did Hyan-su tell Su-jin to stay in the room? And why did she decide to disobey him?
4. Why did Su-jin go to the pharmacy?
5. What made Hyan-su come back to his senses?

Answer the following questions about the text in your own words
1. 䡚G 㑮⓪G㢲G☞㧊G 䞚㣪䟞㔋┞₢fG
2. G䡚㑮⓪G㢲G䢪ṖG ⌂㔋┞₢fG
3. 䡚G 㑮⓪G㏦㦚G㠊⠑ỢG ┺㼺㔋┞₢fG
4. G䡚㑮ṖG㢲G㞚㧊⯒G 㰧㦒⪲G◆ⰂἶG 㢪㦚₢㣪fG

More to think about

1. Sometimes, people may try to excuse their behaviour by claiming that they were
drunk. To what extent do you think a misdemeanour can be excused by being
under the influence of alcohol?

2. In many stories in world literature, a character, often a child, helps what turns
out to be a benevolent criminal. For example in Great Expectations, Pip helps the
escaped convict. Can you think of any other examples? To what extent does being
a criminal make someone a bad person? After a bad deed has been committed,
do you think there is any way to achieve redemption and, if so, how?

Notes

1 Section 6.1.1, page 260
2 Section 6.1.1, page 260
3 Section 6.1.5, page 267
4 Section 6.3.11, page 302, and section 8.11, page 374
5 Section 4.5.2.4, page 209

130 The Korean economy and the US economy

Chapter 17: The Korean economy and
the US economy

The article below was written in 2008, at the height of the subprime crisis then
affecting the US economy, and shortly after the collapse of the Lehman Brothers invest-
ment bank. A similar period of turmoil affected Korea, primarily in November 1997,
and became known as the Korean economic crisis. From being an economy that was
largely thought well-protected from the crises which had seen attacks earlier in the year
on the currencies of Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia, South Korea was forced
in late 1997 to turn to the IMF for help to finance its borrowing. Though there were
a variety of factors that contributed to the eventual request for IMF assistance, one of the
main causes was the high proportion of borrowing that was denominated in short-term
debt, requiring regular refinancing, leaving rates liable to short-term price fluctuations.
Another factor was the management structure of Korean companies, which had largely
taken on merchant banks within their business-internal processes, leaving a high degree
of risk on a single company. Thus, in the aftermath of the crisis, the Chaebal (large
Korean corporations) were forced to wind down their merchant banking operations,
or else spin them off into separate ventures, measures which were linked to wider
regulations introduced to foster good governance and minimise moral hazard. Likewise,
to mitigate the foreign currency risk, currency controls were introduced and the Korean
currency was pegged to the dollar, providing a stable and attractive environment for
Korean exporters to export. This they did, bringing foreign exchange back into the
country. Within three years, the IMF loan had been paid off. Korea was back in business.

This article is written by Dr. Chang Ha-Joon (㧻䞮㭖), who teaches Economics at
the University of Cambridge and was first published in the Chosun Ilbo (㫆㍶㧒⽊).
It is reproduced with their kind permission.

Questions to consider before reading the whole text:
1. Do you have any idea about some of the strengths and weaknesses of the Korean economy?

If so, what do you think they are? If not, what do you expect the Korean economy will
be famous for?
2. Do you think there is a general impression of the Korean economy held by those outside
of the Korean peninsula? If so, what is it?
3. What countries’ economies do you think are similar to that of Korea? Why?

The Korean economy and the US economy 131

✽ᢲ ᠂㍡ ᩲ ḳ㊅ 䂡ᢲ ᠂㍡

GX``WG ⎚╖G ⰦG ✽G ᢲ㠦G ㍲G 㧎䎆⎍G ⿦㧊G 㧒▹G ⱡGSG ˄㔶ἓ㩲˅㦮G ❇㧻㦒⪲G ἓ₆㑲䢮㧊G
㠜㠊㰖ἶG㭒Ṗ⓪GἚ㏣G㌗㔏䞶Gộ㧊⧒⓪G㡞䁷㧊G⋲ⶊ䟞┺UG˄┺㤆GZ]SWWW˅SG˄┺㤆G[WSWWW˅SG
˄┺㤆GXWWSWWW˅G❇SG⹎ῃG㭒㔳㔲㧻㦮G⹎⧮㠦G╖䟊G㠊㻮ῂ┞㠜⓪G⋯ὖ⪶㦚G䘊⓪G㺛✺㧊G
㘵㞚㪎G⋮㢪▮G₆㠋㧊G ⋲┺UG

YG WWWG ⎚G 㭧⹮⿖䎆G 㧎䎆⎍G ⿦㧊G ℒ㰖Ⳋ㍲G ⹎ῃG ἓ㩲⓪G 㧶㔲G 䂾㼊䟞㰖ⰢSG ⹎ῃG
㡆⹿㭖゚㥚㤦䣢⓪G 㧊㧦㥾㦚G XLG 㑮㭖₢㰖G ⌄㿪Ⳋ㍲G ἓ₆⯒G ⿖㟧䞮㡖┺UG 㧊㧦㥾㧊G
⌄㞚㰖Ⳋ㍲G㭒䌳╊⽊G╖㿲㧊G䋂ỢG⓮㠊⌂ἶSGⰤ㦖G㌂⧢✺㧊G₆㫊G╖㿲㦚G㩖㥾㦮G╖㿲⪲G
ẇ㔶䞮㡖┺UG㧊Gὒ㩫㠦㍲G⿖☯㌆GṖỿ㧊G䂮㏵㦒Ⳋ㍲SG㭒㔳㔲㧻㦮GỆ䛞㧊G㭒䌳㔲㧻㦒⪲G
㢄ỾṪ┺UG

G㧦㔶✺㧊G ㏢㥶䞲G ⿖☯㌆G Ṗỿ㧊G 㡺⯊Ⳋ㍲SG ⁎⯒G ⹕ἶG ㏢゚⯒G ⓮Ⰲ⓪G ㌂⧢✺㧊G
⓮㠊⌂┺UG ☯㔲㠦G ⿖☯㌆G 㭒䌳╊⽊G ╖㿲G ㌗䢮㦮G ⿖╊㧊G 㭚㠊✺Ⳋ㍲G ㌳₊G 㡂㥶G 㧦⁞㦖G
㏢゚G㯳╖⯒GṖ⓻䅖G䞮㡖┺UG㧊Gὒ㩫㠦㍲G⹎ῃG㌂⧢✺㦖G㧞⓪G☞₢㰖G˄₢ⲏ㦒Ⳋ㍲˅G㏢゚⯒G
䞮ỢG♲┺UG㩚⪖G㠜⓪G㏢゚G⿦㧊G⿞㠞▮GX`_WG⎚╖㠦☚G^LG㠦G╂䟞▮Gῃ⹒㏢✳G╖゚GṖἚG
㩖㿫⮶㧊G╖Ὃ䢿G㧊䤚G㾲㽞⪲GⰞ㧊⍞㓺⪲G☢㞚㎆┺UG㧊⩝ỢG䞮㡂G⹎ῃGἓ㩲⓪G㧎䎆⎍G⿦㧊G
⊳⋲G 䤚㠦☚G 䢎䢿㦚G 㥶㰖䞶G 㑮G 㧞㠞┺UG ⁎⩂⋮G ㏢㥚G ˄㍲ぢ䝚⧒㧚˅G ⶎ㩲⯒G 䐋䟊SG X``WG
⎚╖G Ⱖ⿖䎆G 㰖⋲G XWG 㡂G ⎚GᝉG ⹎ῃἓ㩲ṖG ⑚⪎▮G 䢎䢿㦖G 㧻₆㩗㦒⪲G 㰖䍇G ⿞Ṗ⓻䞲G
㧦㌆ṖỿG Ệ䛞㠦G 㦮㫊䟞▮G ộ㧚㧊G Ⱎ䂾⌊G ✲⩂⌂┺UG ⹎ῃἓ㩲ṖG ╖Ὃ䢿G 㧊⧮G 㾲㞛㦮G
㌗䢿㦚Gⰴ㦚Gộ㧊⧒⓪G㤆⩺Ⱎ㩖G⋮㡺Ⳋ㍲SG⁎ộ㧊G㤆ⰂGἓ㩲㠦G㭚G㿿ỿ㠦G╖䞲G㤆⩺ṖG
Ⱔ㦖Gộ㦖G╏㡆䞲G㧒㧊┺UG⁎⩂⋮G▪G䋆Gệ㩫㦖SG㞴㦒⪲G䞲ῃGἓ㩲㠦G┻䂶Gⶎ㩲⓪G┾㑲䧞G
⹎ῃἓ㩲㦮G 䂾㼊⧒⓪G 㣎⿖㿿ỿ㠦G ╖㦧䞮⓪G ộ㧊G 㞚┞⧒⓪G ộ㧊┺UG 㨂㩫㩗㧦G ⶎ㩲ⰢG
ヒἶ⓪SG㤆Ⰲ⋮⧒Gἓ㩲㦮G䡚㨂G⳾㔋㧊G⹎ῃ㦮G⁎ộὒG⍞ⶊ☚G䦷㌂䞮₆G ➢ⶎ㧊┺U

YG WW\G⎚G`G㤪㠦SGXXG⎚G㩚㠦G╂㎇䞲G㡃㌂㩗Gἶ㩦㧎GXSX[YGOX``[G⎚PG⯒GỾ㤆G☢䕢䟞▮G
㭒Ṗ㰖㑮ṖG YG ⎚☚G 㞞G ♮㠊G YSWWWG 㦚G ☢䕢䟞┺G OYWW^G ⎚G ^G 㤪PUG 㧒⿖㠦㍲⓪G ⁎☯㞞G
㩖䘟Ṗ♮㠞▮G㤆Ⰲ⋮⧒G㭒㔳㧊GⰞ䂾⌊G㩲╖⪲G䘟Ṗ⯒G⹱⓪Gộ㧊⧒ἶG䟞㰖ⰢSGYG⎚GⰢ㠦G
ṧ㧦₆G㤆ⰂG₆㠛㦮G㑮㧋㧊G⚦G⺆⪲G⥊Gộ☚G㞚┞ἶG₆㠛G㰖⺆ῂ㫆㠦Gἓ㻲☯㰖䞶G⼖䢪ṖG
㧞㠞▮G ộ☚G 㞚┞┞SG 㧊G ㌗㔏⿚㦮G ╖⿖⿚㦖G Ệ䛞㧊㠞┺ἶG ⽒G Gⵝ❛ㄕ ㄋḩGUG ⁎⩒㠦☚G
㩫䂮㰖☚㧦✺₢㰖G⋮㍲㍲G㧊GỆ䛞㦚G⿖㿪₆⓪G⹲㠎㦚G䞮ἶG┺⎪┺UG╏㔲G┺⯎Gἓ㩲㰖䚲ṖG
㫡㰖G㞠G㊑ㄕἉ ⣍ᢱ䂝ᠥG⏎ⶊ䡚G㩚G╖䐋⪏㦖G㭒ṖṖGYSWWWG㧊G♮㠞㦒┞Gἓ㩲ṖG㧮G♮ἶG
㧞┺ἶG 㤆ἒἶSG 㧊ⳛ⹫G ╖䐋⪏㦖G 㧧⎚G ⰦG ㍶Ệ㤊☯G 㭧㠦G YWW_G ⎚G Ⱖ₢㰖G 㭒Ṗ㰖㑮ṖG
ZSWWWG㧊G♮ἶG㧚₆G Ⱖ㠦⓪G \SWWWG₢㰖G Ṛ┺⓪G 㧻⹡ケG 㟓㏣㦚G 䟞┺U

G㭒䌳㔲㧻㦮G㌗䢿☚G゚㔍䞲GⳊ㧊GⰤ┺UG㎎Ἒ㩗㧎G㩖⁞ⰂG₆㫆G㏣㠦㍲Gῃ⌊㩗㦒⪲⓪G
₆㠛䒂㧦㦮G㥚㿫G㊁⎡ ㊽䂹G㧦⁞㑮㣪ṖG㭚㠊✺Ⳋ㍲G㧊㧦㥾㧊G⌄㞚㪢┺UG☯㔲㠦G㦖䟟✺㧊G
㏢㥚G˄㍶㰚G⁞㦋₆⻫˅㦚G⺆㤢G㥚䠮☚ṖG⏨㦖G₆㠛╖㿲㦚G㭚㧊Ⳋ㍲G㭒䌳╊⽊G╖㿲㦚G䋂ỢG
⓮⪎┺UG㧊Gὒ㩫㠦㍲G⿖☯㌆G㔲㧻㠦G㠚㼃⋲GỆ䛞㧊G⋒㠞┺UG⏎ⶊ䡚G㩫⿖ṖG㎎⁞㦚G㢂ⰂἶG
₆⯒G㗒㰖ⰢG⿖☯㌆G Ṗỿ㧊G Ἒ㏣G㌗㔏䞲G ộ☚G ⹪⪲G 㧊⩂䞲G 㧊㥶㠦㍲㧊┺U

132 The Korean economy and the US economy

GṖἚG 㩖㿫G ㌗䢿㦖G ▪G 㤆⩺⯒G 㧦㞚⌎┺UG 㦖䟟✺㧊G 㞞㩚㩲㧒㭒㦮⪲G 䦦⯊Ⳋ㍲SG
₆㠛╖㿲㦚G 㭚㧊ἶG 㞞㩚䞲G ṖἚ╖㿲㦚G ⓮⪎┺UG ⁎㠦G ➆⧒G ⁎G 㩫☚⓪G 㫖G ▲䟞㰖ⰢG
㥚㠦㍲G ㍺ⳛ䞲G ⹎ῃ㔳㦮G ㏢゚G ⿦㧊G ⿞㠞┺UG ⁎G ἆὒSG ὒỆ㠦G ṖἚ㩖㿫㦚G Ⱔ㧊G 䞮₆⪲G
㧊⯚G ⌂▮G ⋮⧒ṖSG 㧊㩲G ῃ⹒㏢✳╖゚G ṖἚ㩖㿫⮶㧊G YWW^G ⎚㠦⓪G YUZLG ₢㰖G ⟾㠊㪎G
㩖㿫G㞞G䞮₆G⎡ ㉥◊䂡G ⹎ῃὒG 㠊₾⯒GỾ⬾ỢG ♮㠞┺U

ⰤG 㦖G ㌂⧢✺㦖G 㤆ⰂG ἓ㩲⓪G ₆⽎G 㼊㰞㧊G ὲ㺄㦒┞G ⹎ῃ⹲G 䌲䛣ⰢG 㧮G ⍮₆ⳊG ♶G
ộ㧊⧒ἶG ㌳ṗ䞮㰖ⰢSG 㧊⓪G 䋆G 㡺㌆㧊┺UG 㰖⁞G ⹎ῃG ἓ㩲⯒G 㥚₆㠦G ⴆ㞚G ⍹㦖SG ἶ㋦G
䛖ⰆG 㔲㧻ἓ㩲ṖG Ṗ㪎㡺⓪G 㭒㔳㔲㧻ὒG ⿖☯㌆G 㔲㧻㦮G Ệ䛞SG ṖἚ㩖㿫㦮G ⿫ᾊG ❇G 㡂⩂G
Ṗ㰖G ⼧ⰂG 䡚㌗㧊G 㧊ṯ㧊G 㰖⁞G 㤆Ⰲ⋮⧒㠦☚G 㕂ṗ䞮₆G ➢ⶎ㧊┺UG 㣎䢮㥚₆G 㧊䤚G XWG
㡂G ⎚G ☯㞞G 㿪ῂ䟊G 㡾G 㤆ⰂG ἓ㩲㦮G ₆⽎㩗G ⹿䟻㦚G ┺㔲G ㌳ṗ䞮㰖G 㞠㦒ⳊG 㞞G ♶G ➢ṖG
㢪┺UG

Vocabulary economy
resemble, take after
Gἓ㩲G O篏裌PG Internet boom
G╄┺G rise, boom
G㧎䎆⎍G ⿦G trade cycle
G㧒┺G stock price
Gἓ₆㑲䢮G O箿絥菛赂PG rise, increase
G㭒ṖG O褸竏PG prediction
G㌗㔏G O芟萉PG rampage
G㡞䁷G O薴謇PG stock market
G⋲ⶊG O綧肞PG be absurd
㭒G 㔳㔲㧻GO褸萫萕蟣PG optimistic view
㠊G 㻮ῂ┞㠜┺G put forth, make (an argument)
⋯G ὖ⪶GO綟籝罸PG pour out
䘊G ┺G remember, recollect
㘵G 㞚㪎G⋮㡺┺G break (bubbles); be extinguished
G₆㠋⋮┺G O絽蓸TPG recession, depression
Gℒ㰖┺G the US Federal Reserve Board
䂾G 㼊GO謫誉PG interest rate
⹎G ῃG㡆⹿㭖゚㥚㤦䣢G lower, drop, reduce
G㧊㧦㥾G O蝍螲蜛PG stimulation, reflation
⌄G 㿪┺G mortgage
⿖G 㟧GO臎蓕PG loan
㭒G 䌳╊⽊GO褩譹縶膈PG increase, rise, grow
╖G 㿲GO繡諨PG
⓮G 㠊⋮┺G

₆㫊G O絝褌P The Korean economy and the US economy 133
㩖㥾G O蠛蜛P
ẇ㔶G O筟萿P existing, established
⿖☯㌆G O臺纨芈P low rate
䂮㏵┺ renew
Ệ䛞 property, real estate
㭒䌳㔲㧻G O褩譹萕蟣P soar
㏢㥶䞮┺G O荓蛞TP bubble
㏢゚G O荙舫P housing market
㌗䢮G O芢资P possess, own, have
⿖╊G O臛縶P consumption, spending
㡂㥶㧦⁞G O蔡蛷蟅紼P repay, pay back
㏢゚㯳╖G O荙舫襯繗P burden, strain
Ṗ⓻䅖䞮┺G O竑縑TP excess cash
₢ⲏ┺ increase consumption
㩚⪖㠜⓪G O衔罚TP make possible, enable
╂䞮┺G O縲TP eat up, squander
ῃ⹒㏢✳G O糑胐荓织P unprecedented
╖゚G O繘舔P reach, come to
ṖἚG㩖㿫⮶GO竖篯G 蠰諠羼P national income (GNP)
╖Ὃ䢿G O繗簵赒P by contrast/comparison
䢎䢿G O賨赖P household savings rate
㥶㰖䞮┺G O蛴覀TP the Great Depression
㏢㥚G O荓蛈P (economic) boom
㍲ぢ䝚⧒㧚 maintain, retain
㦚V⯒G 䐋䟊 so-called
㧻₆㩗G O蠃絟蠿P subprime
㰖䍇G O覃譼P through
⿞Ṗ⓻G O膻竑縑P long-term
㧦㌆ṖỿG O蟅芈竏箒P maintenance, preservation, support
㦮㫊G O蜷褌P impossible
Ⱎ䂾⌊ asset pricing
✲⩂⋮┺ dependence, reliance
㾲㞛G O諁葹P finally, eventually
㤆⩺G O虥缜P be exposed, be revealed, come out
ệ㩫 the worst
┻䂮┺ concern, worry, fear
㣎⿖㿿ỿG O蘑臠諯箑P worry, concern, anxiety, apprehension
approach, draw near, confront
external impact/shock

134 The Korean economy and the US economy

╖㦧G O繘蜴P counteraction, response
㨂㩫㩗㧦G O蠒袚衈螳P fiscal deficit
䦷㌂䞮┺G O跋艇TP be similar to
╂㎇䞮┺G O縲茶TP achieve, accomplish, attain
ἶ㩦G O簙袈P a high mark
☢䕢䞮┺G O纤讣TP pass, exceed, break through
㭒Ṗ㰖㑮G O褸竏要莡P stock price index
䘟ṖG O诓竏P evaluation, estimation
₆㠛G O絉蔋P corporation, industry, company
㑮㧋G O莠蝳P profit, earnings
㰖⺆ῂ㫆G O覃脾粱褂P governance
ἓ㻲☯㰖G O篚詏纨襽P world-shaking, astounding, tremendous,

㌗㔏⿚G O芟萉臧P startling
⿖㿪₆┺ increased value
⹲㠎G O脊蔀P incite, goad
ἓ㩲㰖䚲G O篏裌要谅P comment, statement
㤆₆┺ economic indicator
㍶Ệ㤊☯G O茓筪蚌纨P insist
㧚₆G O螙絟P election campaign
㩖⁞ⰂG O蠛紼翈P term of office, tenure
₆㫆G O結裿P low interest rate
䒂㧦G O讒蟅P condition, basic trend
㥚㿫G O蛂諟P investment
㧦⁞㑮㣪G O蟅紼菈蘶P shrinking, contraction
㍶㰚⁞㦋₆⻫G O苺覿紼蜠絛腟P capital requirement
㥚䠮☚G O蚶貚繱P advanced financing techniques
㎎⁞G O荇紼P risk
₆⯒G 㝆┺ tax, duty
㧦㞚⌊┺ fall over oneself, make every effort
㞞㩚㩲㧒㭒㦮G O蒃衒裎螐褨蝂P evoke, arouse
㧊⯚⋮┺ a safety-first policy
㠊₾⯒G Ỿ⬾┺ become famous
㼊㰞G O誎觐P compete
⹎ῃ⹲G O胃糑脊P (physical) constitution
䌲䛣G O譸谓P coming/originating from the US
㡺㌆G O藕芊P typhoon
ἶ㋦G 䛖Ⰶ miscalculation, misjudgement
runaway

G㔲㧻ἓ㩲G O萕蟣篏裌PG The Korean economy and the US economy 135
G⿫ᾊG O臿籸PG
⼧G ⰂG䡚㌗GO膂翓販芻PG market economy
fall, collapse
G㣎䢮㥚₆G O蘑贼蚶絣PG (economic) disease-like problems (pathological
㿪G ῂ䞮┺GO諏粵TPG
⹿G 䟻GO脙貉PG phenomenon)
financial crisis
pursue, seek
direction, orientation

Grammar

17.1 T ㊁ ▹ⱡ (‘while’, ‘due to’)

In spoken Korean, this ending is used when describing two actions being performed by the
same person at the same time (such as in ⋮⓪G㞚䂾Gⲏ㦒Ⳋ㍲G㔶ⶎ㦚G㧓㠊㣪 ‘I read the
paper while I eat breakfast’).

In formal written Korean, the meaning ‘while’ may be maintained. But at times the
meaning blends into expressions of cause and effect – A is due to B.

GYWWWG⎚G㭧⹮⿖䎆G 㧎䎆⎍G ⿦㧊Gℒ㰖▹G ⱡG⹎ῃG ἓ㩲⓪G 㧶㔲G 䂾㼊䟞┺UG
The US economy was momentarily stagnant with the end of the Internet boom in 2000.

G⁎⎖⓪G㠊⪋ỢG 䞯ᾦ㌳䢲㦚G䞮▹G ⱡG㧦㔶Ṧ㦚G Ⱔ㧊G 㧙㠞㔋┞┺UG
Due to years of difficult times at school, she had low self-confidence.

17.2 ᝉ (‘during’)

This particle means ‘during’ and is essentially similar in meaning to the more common
and colloquial ☯㞞. Choice of Ṛ tends to emphasise that the expected duration was unex-
pected in some way, such as being too short or too long.

G㰖⋲GXWG㡂G⎚GᝉG ⹎ῃἓ㩲ṖG ⑚⪎▮G䢎䢿UG
The US economic boom of the last ten years.

⁎G ⎖⓪G㑮G⎚GᝉG Ⱒ㎇㩗㧎G ❇G䐋㯳㠦G 㔲╂⪎┺UG
She has had chronic back pain for years.

17.3 T ㊁ ы ⵝ❛ㄕ ㄋḩ (‘have no choice but to . . .’)

This pattern combines the expression of lack of ability TO㦒PඥG㑮G㠜┺ ‘not able to’ (refer
to Yeon & Brown 2011)1 with the pseudo particle ⹬㠦 ‘outside of, except for’. The resulting
construction expresses that the content of the sentence is the only choice or the only inter-
pretation available.

㧊G G㌗㔏⿚㦮G╖⿖⿚㦖GỆ䛞㧊㠞┺ἶG G⡁ ⵝ❛ㄕ ㄋḩGUG
We can only see this advance as a bubble.

G⌊ṖG ⋮GⱩ ⵝ❛ㄕ ㄋḩGUG
I’ve no choice but to put myself forward.

136 The Korean economy and the US economy

17.4 ㄕἉ ⣍ᢱ䂝ᠥ (‘despite’)

This pattern is used (most commonly in formal writing) to express a strong contrast between
two states of affairs. Note that when preceded by a verb phrase, the verb is nominalised
using the TO㦒Pත nominalised form (refer to Yeon & Brown 2011).2

╏㔲G┺⯎Gἓ㩲㰖䚲ṖG 㫡㰖G㞠㊑ㄕἉ ⣍ᢱ䂝ᠥG ⏎ⶊ䡚G 㩚G ╖䐋⪏㦖G 㭒ṖṖG YSWWW
㧊G♮㠞㦒┞Gἓ㩲ṖG㧮G ♮ἶG㧞┺ἶG 㤆ἒ┺U

At the time, even when other economic indicators showed unfavourable results, former
President Roh Moo-hyun insisted that the economy was doing well as the stock index
had reached 2,000.

⿞ἓ₆ㄕἉ ⣍ᢱ䂝ᠥG ἓ㡗㧦✺㦖G 㰗㤦㦮G⽟ 㦚G 㧎㌗䞮₆⪲G ἆ㩫䟞┺U
Despite the recession, managers decided to raise employee salaries.

17.5 ㊁ ⎡ ㊽䂹 (‘as a result of ’)

This expression is used in formal writing to express cause and effect:

㭒䌳㔲㧻㦮G㌗䢿☚G ゚㔍䞲G Ⳋ㧊GⰤ┺UG㎎Ἒ㩗㧎G 㩖⁞ⰂG ₆㫆G ㏣㠦㍲GG
ῃ⌊㩗㦒⪲⓪G ₆㠛䒂㧦㦮G 㥚㿫㊁⎡ ㊽䂹G 㧦⁞㑮㣪ṖG 㭚㠊✺Ⳋ㍲G G
㧊㧦㥾㧊G ⌄㞚㪢┺U

The household savings situation is similar in many respects. Against the backdrop of
a world economy getting used to an era of low interest rates, corporate investment
has been shrinking within Korea, causing capital requirements to shrink and
interest rates to fall.

㔺㔲ṚG{}G ⎡ ㊽䂹G ㌂⧢✺㦖G ㌂Ị㧊G㧒㠊⋶G ➢G Ⓤ㓺⯒G ⽒G 㑮G 㧞㔋┞┺U
As a result of live television, people can receive news as it happens.

[see 8.3] Tㄕ ⁵⋁ (‘in accordance with’)

⁎ㄕ ⁵⋁G⁎G㩫☚⓪G 㫖G ▲䟞㰖ⰢG㥚㠦㍲G ㍺ⳛ䞲G ⹎ῃ㔳㦮G ㏢゚G ⿦㧊G ⿞㠞┺U
Thus [lit. in accordance with that], a spending boom followed, albeit to a lesser degree than

the US spending boom described above.

17.6 ㊁ ⎡ ㉥◊䂝ḩ (‘be famous for’)

When you want to express that something is famous ‘for’ something, the correct particle to
use is the instrumental particle O㦒P⪲ (refer to Yeon & Brown 2011).3 If the thing that this
entity is famous for is expressed in a verb phrase, first you will need to put the verb in the
T₆ modifier form (refer to Yeon & Brown 2011).4

㩖㿫G㞞G䞮₆⎡ ㉥◊䂡G⹎ῃὒG 㠊₾⯒GỾ⬾ỢG ♮㠞┺U
It dropped to almost the same level as America, a country that is famous for not saving.

㏢㣪㌆㦖G┾䛣㧊G 㞚⯚╋₆⎡ ㉥◊䟊㣪U
Mt. Soyo is famous for its autumn colours being beautiful.

The Korean economy and the US economy 137

Words and meanings

1. GTO㦒PⳊ㍲ (‘while, due to’) is a common connector form in formal Korean language.
To practise its usage and gain an understanding of its meaning, complete the following
sentences by changing the verb in brackets into the TO㦒PⳊ㍲ form, AND THEN trans-
late the sentence into English. Note that the form is TⳊ㍲ after a vowel or the consonant
ඥ and T㦒Ⳋ㍲ after other consonants.

1. G[LG㦮G㎇㧻㎎⯒GO⽊㧊┺PG ††††††††G 㰖㏣♶G ộ㦒⪲G 㩚ⰳ♲┺UG
2. G]GṲ㤪G☯㞞G㏢゚㧦ⶒṖG㌗㔏⮶㦖G㍳㥶GṖỿG㌗㔏㠦G㧒⿖G㡗䟻㦚GO⹱┺PG††††††††G

㭧㞯㦖䟟㦮G 㧎䝢⩞㧊㎮G⳿䚲䂮㧎G ZUW·XLG⯒G 㽞ὒ䟞┺UG
3. ⁒G ⪲㧻⩺㎎㩲⯒G 䢫╖䞮㡂GゞἺ㦚G O㭚㧊┺PG ††††††††G ☯㔲㠦G ⁒⪲⯒G 㧻⩺䞲┺UG
4. ㎎G ἚGἓ㩲ṖG㕂ṗ䞲G䂾㼊⯒GOἀ┺P††††††††G䡚㨂㦮GỊ㔺䞲G㨂㩫G㌗䌲⯒Gἶ⩺䞶G➢G

䞲ῃ㦖G㨂㩫㰖㿲G䢫╖⯒G䐋䞲Gἓ₆G⿖㟧ὒG䐋䢪㩫㺛G㢚䢪⪲G╖㦧䞶G㡂㰖Ṗ㧞┺UG
5. G䞲ῃ㦖G⌄㦖G㌂䣢⽋㰖G㰖㿲㦚G㩫㺛╖㌗㠦G㽞㩦㦚G㧮GOⰴ㿪┺PG††††††††G⓮⩺⋮ṞG

䞚㣪ṖG 㧞┺UG

2. More practice with TO㦒PⳊ㍲. Match the sentence beginnings on the right with the most
appropriate endings on the left AND THEN translate into English.

GXWG 㡂G ⎚G 㧊㌗G Ệ㦮G ⼖☯㧊G 㠜㠞▮G G㭧ῃ㧊G ⹎ῃ㠦G ⻚⁞Ṗ⓪G nYG 㦮G 䞲G
㧊G゚㥾㧊G㥚₆⯒G Ệ䂮Ⳋ㍲G 㿫㦒⪲G ⿖㌗䞲G ộ☚G ὚⳿䞶G Ⱒ䞲G
⼖䢪㧊┺G

G⁖⪲⻢G⁞㦋㥚₆㦮G䕢ἶṖG㔺ⶒ㠦☚G ㌗G 䢮♶G 㡞㩫㧊┺UG
㡗䟻㦚G⹎䂮₆G 㔲㧧䞮Ⳋ㍲G G

G㧒㧦Ⰲ⯒G㠑₆G 㥚䟊G₆┺ⰂⳊ㍲G [G G⎚G㌂㧊㠦G^WLG⋮G㯳Ṗ䞲Gộ㧊┺G

G㰖㤦♮⓪G㥶☯㎇㦖G 䣢㌂㦮G㧦㌆㦚G ṗG 㫛G ⌊㑮ἓ₆㰖䚲㦮G 䞮⧓㎎ṖG
ⰺṗ䟊GṖⳊ㍲G G ⣲⪍䞮ἶG 㑮㿲☚G ⚪䢪♶G 㫆㰦㦚G
⽊㧊ἶG 㧞┺G

G㥚₆⯒GỆ䂮Ⳋ㍲G G Gἓ㩲䢲☯㠦G 㺎㡂䞮㰖G 㞠⓪G
㤦㧎㧊₆☚G 䞮┺UG

138 The Korean economy and the US economy

3. The Korean words in the table below are taken from the reading in this chapter. Match
the Korean words (A-R) with their translations (1-22). There are more translations than
you will need.

(A) 䢎䢿 (1) (Economic) Boom

(B) ㍶㰚⁞㦋₆⻫ (2) A trade cycle
(3) Advance finance technique
(C) ἓ㩲㰖䚲 Asset pricing
(4) Consumption, spending
(D) 㧦㌆Ṗỿ (5) Debit card
(E) ṖἚ㩖㿫⮶ (6) Economic indicator

(F) ㏢゚ (7)

(G) ㌗䢮 (8) Economy

(H) 㡂㥶㧦⁞ (9) Excess cash
(I) 㭒䌳╊⽊ (10) Financial crisis
(J) ╖㿲 (11) Foreign currency
(K) ἓ㩲 (12) Household savings rate
(L) ㌗㔏 (13) Japanese yen
(14) Loan

(M) ἓ₆㑲䢮 (15) Low interest rate

(N) 㭒Ṗ (16) Mortgage

(O) 䂾㼊 (17) Recalculate
(P) 㩖⁞Ⰲ (18) Recession, depression
(Q) 㔲㧻ἓ㩲 (19) Repay, pay back
(R) 㣎䢮㥚₆ (20) Rise, increase
(21) Stock

(22) The market economy

A GM

B HN

CI O

DJ P

E KQ

FLR

4. Using the words from the box, fill in the gaps in the five sentences and then translate
them.

Ệ䛞 ㏢✳ ㌗䢮 ㏢゚ ἓ㩲

1. ╖䞯㌳✺㠦G ╖䞲G䀾㠛G 䤚G ††††††††G 䞯㧦⁞G ╖㿲G 䢫╖ṖG 䞚㣪䞮┺UG
2. ⹒ṚG ††††††††ṖG 㯳Ṗ䞶G ộ㧊┺U
3. ††††††††G ⿞‶䡫㦖G YWW`G⎚₢㰖G 㰖㏣㩗㦒⪲G ㌗㔏䟞┺U
4. 㭒䌳ṖỿG ††††††††㦚G ⹿㰖䟞┺U
5. 㭧ῃG††††††††㦮G㎇㧻G㰖㏣G❇㦮G㣪㧎㠦G䧮㧛㠊GYWXYG⎚㠦☚G㟓GZU\LG㎇㧻䞶G

ộ㦒⪲G 㡞㌗♲┺U

The Korean economy and the US economy 139

Answer the following questions in English

1. How could the US economy do well after the Internet boom era?
2. Why does the author see the growth of the Korean stock market as a bubble?
3. Why does the author think the Korean economy resembles that of the US?
4. Does the author mention any positive aspects of the Korean economy? If so, what are they?

Answer the following questions about the text in your own words

1. G䞲ῃGἓ㩲⓪G㞴㦒⪲G ⁣㩫㩗㧒₢㣪fG㞚┞ⳊG ⿖㩫㩗㧒₢㣪fG
2. 㩖G 㧦⓪G㢲G⁎⩝ỢG ㌳ṗ䞮⋮㣪fG
3. ⹎G ῃGἓ㩲⯒G㥚₆㠦G ⴆ㞚⏩㦖G㣪㏢✺㦚G ⋮㡊䟊G ⽊㔲㡺UG
4. 㩖G 㧦ṖG䞲ῃGἓ㩲㢖G ⹎ῃGἓ㩲ṖG ╄㞮┺ἶG ㌳ṗ䞮⓪G 㧊㥶⯒G Ⱖ䟊G ⽊㔲㡺UG
5. 㰖G ⋲GXWG⎚ṚG⹎ῃGἓ㩲ṖG⑚⪎▮G䢎䢿㧊GἆῃGỆ䛞㠦G㦮㫊䟞┺⓪Gộ㦖Gⶊ㓾G㦮⹎㧎Ṗ㣪fG
6. G㩖㧦⓪G䞲ῃGἓ㩲ṖG⹎ῃGἓ㩲㦮G㍶⪖⯒G➆⯊㰖G㞠₆G㥚䟊G㠊⠑ỢG䟊㟒G䞾㦚G㞪㔲

䞮ἶG 㧞⋮㣪fG

More to think about

1. A problem affecting many countries in the current economic climate is income
inequality, an issue that can be handled in various ways, from encouraging the rich
to keep their money in the hope that their spending generates wealth elsewhere,
as in South Korea and the US, or through heavy taxation to redistribute wealth
deliberately, as in large parts of Europe. To what extent should South Korea increase
the tax burden on its citizens to pay for greater payments to its worst off citizens?

2. South Korea is facing a declining birth-rate, meaning that eventually its population
will decline, something the US, with its high inward migration, has managed to
avoid. To what extent do you think that South Korea will follow the US’s course
in seeing high rates of immigration?

3. When asset prices rise, whether for housing, companies, or commodities such as
oil or gas, it is the rich who benefit, through having their existing possessions now
valued higher. However, when the bubble bursts, it is everyone who pays, through
reduced levels of demand throughout the entire economy. Should governments
intervene to address this seeming imbalance and, if so, how?

Notes

1 Section 7.2.22, page 352
2 Section 2.2.5, page 71
3 Section 3.2.5.2, page 113
4 Section 2.2.3, page 55