Sandu, D. D. - Probleme moderne de tehnica impulsurilor

/ gi 2 sint bobilate pe un tor de feriti, a,vind prirnul 2ra spire, al doilea n,
spire.; ,segment*l ai treilea nu este bobinat pe feriti,, ad.ic8,
are zero spire.
Studiul f5,cut de autor arat| cd Ru,,lR*J R"lRo:1:g.

2.3. Linii de transmisie neuniforme

(nanoA.stiiepsiecaosinecsuisntdeern)eslei adeimfoprumlsaurerilaorirndepuplsuuterilroi rmdaeriducruatfdr,ofnotaurrtie scurti
anteli-
rpacotn,tuaetrtnriecmatren;episeqepdfi osoiantrsneutlse,rnapraieeotcrloaieirarrcleililooi-domrair"andbncrec_celuaaipmfubotzeirpl,admea,addpdraiaefiinnrc.fuidc,rl,iJtafSitcuiin,luzitzliatlaSocdrra,e-iztsaiduiperlrlaeeirmfollieeesapleielubilzcolilatsereru6pdrinuielfoitzeaaricrcceldldaa,ppii]ttaeaDforrieaeafic,acretuiesnslttacedmrlu,cetasiilnlerieev_ii
rle rezilizare devin si mai irnportante atunci
leactivc. cincl saricina con,tine qi ele*;nte

utrteiliz;aiorecaisrcoliulnuiittieileoolesnlecegiluaannniftto[e,rmlpaeenfIrteracucveeesntveli,tealinleuiiaitrsaaeincueatsllltitezo.eraczldif"iodueltads,elimoenceoansctaitufiiel-
idsl.prfccisi.rceneooahiesgiocricritparaieurvneedrmnnerexcLoeesnnnnet":ninrutileuugve,taztrnunmliiiioiiinrtiiesnmjteiraiieolenfi.ipcoiidnp-rmldlmieerei'iptmrnendi_l;endanipaieeincelenivnuaeii,uaplpiptlarlurrntrecatuni1.eiailnleefedfzzeoduotudrielarrnereinn,mulmsteiidx_enifenapoc,camt(,terart1prtmpae:?ladrrecnartorejt:iereerrcdpeia,asulercnt;,m0iealetacdd(n,sgte2urtde{,oGeati)r,tr(le,lifiiivo,ri:nsnlaeiidasttc-muecueap0i;vzdelil)i(tereaone,rc4ianmcni)edfsnalitaerccefciscre)iuueeffsfocnaralcsieteormzltv,mmiodxcdieplLrpi,ieaninr-eli),ceralildedeooxulocaulidcieifo,aintle,aup'atlGdsrlaiioec"eeti'ntdat,sno?ptceridfl.eneeaii:arizrtdnnend(iieoce1tfeeptrutn)rimpueteanaairinunnulcirnoescreslitlomttiliriieei,;lucaupiandaniblcodserl,ieteei6,e-".ji

-+:dr r'@1a,

dt

*+: Y'ofi (2.38)

c@)
dt

Pentru a lua in consideratie faptul cd, viteza und.elor depinde de coor-
donate se introd.uce variabila r"
- timpul rle propagare al undelor, ilefi-
nit prin relatia

,,r :)fr' AA;u' (2.3e)

linind cont de egalitd,lile

: : - :LY(r,) Vil.olftc@l, w(r) L lll E@e@r. du. _ _0:_u _0-_r_-L, (2.+O)
iJn 0T" Ofr
52

t9

ot(JptspruuJnoJesuplsrJe+{uOuppemdlinu+l u€ar+clIJ€osoacr{ecuenrl;ure.rqu*aomonpugoAsI+rtVsI-aIJroreozus+'n"t:Q)A-rle,vNzruroeqaz-1u,nlo8g+uc-npr1J€guDI;

(gl'a) (r'"ypvo(")II r-T'r" Mg s{'r)il.6 -- opull

z)Gv #-+a:u? (,,v*z/tr)- -:1-

'l g-- i!-- - -Io un, (,-v ztrl) unrg unrg

fir'z) E+InzaJ kyd epr{'u1a.r u1 n{tlou e+soc€ pqcnporllrl
(t\ryl? : "! ((ot )yfn :'n

pouroc o+so gozJn"€r€rolc1IJi{Knu+ous.rr*n.arccdl3rtsdutltompl'uil nleurpas.uprnaucr}dre3ipeOun1n€urrsrr(uJ'oro?r)r'NorJpOlSJl€oa(lo"np)cuNnazereu1lue{udooo;tcgetz;sazoep3{s

-uonlJui nu

kr.d '(')ul1r,)ulL: (")"x/r: (4')r 'ANI\UL: (')v

rcaP (91nuq t1
oIrJoI€a op rrjumu u .ppun ep roiuepedurr olt? oJ€rporuJa+rn oIIJoI€^ ep purd
_ap nu lua.Inc rs aunrsilal op .rolapun rts a"r€rrrJols{rtsJ+ op rr+uarcrJooc
ralueprcur Iopun aleolgzundsalo'ec+tEs+ucnalla(e;rgIuoappuunedoe.preuor lrPriznulonSd
-SoJoc tsnop €
,gnop orp ar{enco aiT:cerg 'bloqredrq dt+ ep alurfua;e;rp '{tnca luls arts}

o:;-zt| '"g '",gai-r(-'-")# , 2" o

le l,n

kvz) zli) " t () '"g ( t) ,trL 2" q
-t rg - tw T")Me- -{-- ""g
0-

eur{qo es nienca

fnop olarul+trn urp 'Eaunrs uo1 lode Inlrra.rnc ir+ncasuoc puplrilrlg

(*a) I . _t,o ('r)M :,t, _

tlg r ?il

I tti)

t 'l trr-nl/t\trr -- 'LA

;tU,o n0

ulrop (Se'Z) egr{unaa ((gptr n ep) gcrlsrro+c'urts? e{u'epadrur else ("r")trtr opun

Ecua!,iile (2.15) impreund cu condiliile la limitl determind, complet

proceseie clin liniile neuniforrne. Lrtilizind transformS,rile I-,aplace directe

in raport' cu variabila l, aceste ecualii devirr

_,,11r,.(;,,, s) ;s:j _.vz _ J,]u,(;r. s) :0 i (2.47 j

+- r,, + r, .,. \',r r,,(-,,,, :n
I
Avind in vedere c5, -l/ qi -}y'' sint funclii de impedan_ta cle undi lY(r")
g5sit'ea solutiilor, sub formi, general5, constituie o sarcinri dificilS,.

Impedanla d.e inl,rare a liniei intr-un punct arbitrar (inclusiv la bor-

nele de intrare) se poate deduce din ecualiile (2.a1) prin aplicarea trans-
form[rilor Laplace directe

z,^(s) --- str.(r.) : -- IGu) i [(:"jlq! . (2.+8)
-u-fl)r1(tl,':,sj)yj7r,
.t 1(r.,.s)

undlEifnectpuuinndctnuolrmcoanresiadearcaetstei impedanle in rtr,port cu impedanla de

Zo: Zrolll'(r,), (2.4e)

se pot ob.tine expresiile lai Zn in func!,ie de An si 1, :

Zo(t",s) :-s fI,,(rr, s) (2.50i

Zn(rr, s) IiUn(r,, s) + A Un(r,, s)iAr,

1 '-l"W

,9 In(r", s)

Din aceste expresii se pot obline ecualiile clifererr.linle pentru impe-

tlan!,ele si admitanlele de intrare norrnate t?l

@2"10.c,) _Z\izn _ *3^*, ::I (2.51)
: 0l
(0Y,10r.) - zl{Y, - s'Ytr+ s

Illtiruele r1ou5, ecualii sint ecualii ctre tip Riccatti, care pentru un -:Y'
arbitrar nu aclmit solulii in cuadraturri; dacd, insti se cunoaste o solulie
particular:i, se poate gii,si solulia generalS,.

BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. .L l{tt,r.rr.rx, 11. 'f .rue, Pulse, tligiktl and sutitclting waue fornts, i\Ic Gralv-IIill, N, Y.-Koga-
kushr, 1965.

.) J.P. \'rnrrr, Eleclronique des intytulsiorts,]iorne VI., Iiasc, 1, 2, Masson eL Cie, Paris, 1972"
.) W. -\Iurr,rx, I;. Sr-rnv, Ncrroser:ond pulse tecfuiques, r\kad. \'eriag, Beriin, 1969.

ec

'zL

-Eb

'(eler) rs'ras a!
'fot{ vno1l 'J'S A
'3rrl.raaurliu1 J.IuoJ:lcal:1 2u11 lrolssllusuDJl puDqaplil t- 'e '99 'i].agl '7,2
'(sgor) (r
rrrr'19
'.taur.trtJ::unty -a

.srLni JolxttlNaililIlur stsfilnttn u!Dutop-atul,L 'v'l voN>{'O'S 'v)Ivoisvil 'TI '17" (o
't)g ':I:'t-iII
'(sgor) orrr (o
'rI'JoJd Jo op
TmTttauodxa (s
-.\
'JOJ(I 'srrJnos panqtJlstp Tttapttadapttt rt1 asuodsat at,]/ llolsslrxsuntl utttt.l'rrll ''Lsroo{lNi'T 's'l) '0e
'(sser) eser 's 'gg -.I
.T'-(CngtAgT.AtjtlaJf)u.o)OodgrJtOcIuf 'n's,a.r!'Jgougos'1sCtr'ap.tIa:SnlnJIqJraJr'Jt:tlso|trPrcol1T1'tst:ataaprftrlralaltduaa'o(qp3r7tst9tsto6llolJfr7)s'lus(m6grat6JtgttsJIoOsZtalrIs'),t'a[?<''rrt!rtIgftsJtr9'rZulgnJlotl'a'agusrt-IoiasilJtJ/''i9-r)1s!snIIlIu-ut'''nsn:c?lo):lJul.lDI:adu.Ii'.slI'aIu''rJrDol'SlilrArrcJrn.Il'onO'o'rslsaYTasNH'ur]lIrrr3slI uu''SD'ul'''lo')lJ\)J '6I
jcna-a aql tol uatlttlos anl,trtrtt \" '{IaNHV 'n'\I 'r'IoH 'I' {)'Y '8I (
-ruilt!ou Jo ttotyttilta lutYtatdJJrp '(8e6I ) $egI 'G '99 'Sg'JI ')orcl 'sa?..l1 trorssrurst/I)"r3 rUrof
'Ll (r

'9r o]

-] u n u ou a rI lil - cr o ti t ad litl ptt o t t,t Tatu otr o fi t't1 Jo strorl.ttTos alqtssod IDuolltPY 'uYtravni\S 'N'S qx ?a

7 '(u96 l) 6l I I '9 '91 il'J3l JO.rd 'lrt/ri 'tr

rrorssru.rsrrD.rl rutoJrttttttott alqDolos pu)) uolJDllca Trrolpy 'vun>lvJ'I ')I 'rv^\\'S '>l 'oioi'{Y]{v-\ 'S
'(I96I) f '? ''iIsrlit 'rlrJ 'qlrci 'tlso:.l.la1Ip 1o:1aotr1nfrat louoanyJ
'7 'N 'of '\oLO'roll'S'O 'tT
s rtos,Jndrur ryliupuniasoLn)11 tolDJauaJ'rrxsass,'1111 ''\olivtrvT tZ 'lrbt.i1co1i1 cpuo.T
'(iSOt)

,suorssru/suDJJ ap sau!)t1 p saptdu strrnsptdtut,Tt stttalt]tu,toJsunt, 'trs.rsousnaV f 'tr':rsoI{ 'V '7,1
'(snsi) z,t 'gg
')rliJvtr{ '!J 'tl 'tl
,TuI 'Jo.r(I 'sttot\nnylt!u ptttt fitoat11 'statuttlsuntl aslnd aull ltalssltxsuDJJ 'I96I 'E^{

-sol,{ ,orpEt{ 'AoS 'D-yrll/al ntrus,lnrlun D[oupunzasouDN'll^ollsat 'I 'l) 'NIH{)ouol{ '\r''l 0t
'6q6I "-\ 'N

.sseJd uourcoq.rJcl ,.pc p Z,sailbluqtal aslttd pttotat;o,IJrtu1ll17{'s-r-ltr-{^ 'I.l 'd 'sl!\'rr'l 'CI'\i'I ,6
'(eqgi) ZZ '1lt{I 'rord 'sraru'IoJsunr! pIIDq-pDorq aulos 'cuolrr'n}{ "I'C
'8

'(6q6 I)

''i({ttgltOsIt{)'g''ls:rNo'''rBJES''1'..l)lsllNill's'urrl;sJ-J.^c!JllIt'l-<''ItaattrulrotoJJssltnurol tuynalsDlqndppunttqttcaapls.4o,1tl}'o'Nll'-o\voJ3S'Ol N'fIN''}6N;r9Ir>6\\rt''Nr'v'-3J\ I'Y

'N

,IJIII-,llEJiJ rl\i 's.yJor?/ru ualf)tlulltuu)oc pun pltfrrp 'toJ santT uolsslursuDl.J 'xuJvl\i ':I H 'q
'696I 'sl.rEd 'rli)
'd 't
la r!{)ssuJ4i ,l ,s'JJtItilh3.rJ salllDl1 t.tJl1r,p }a srrtlanbt.tj s'r1ltt}q ?P s)7tftl sap attftt"^fir1r1
"l-s^Iu1)

CAPITOLUL 3
c

Reginrul de comutare al dispozitivelor

elect ron lce

o
3.1. Comutarea diodeior semiconductoare

3.'1,"1. Comutarea directi

tn general, procesele tranzitorii d.in circuitele de comutare cu diotle
sint condilionate de urmiitorii factori : (1) proprietdlile
zitivuiui, earacterizate prin constanta de acumlrlai* inerliale ale dispo-
exces
a sarcinii in
(egaid, cu tirnpul de viald, al purtd,torilor minoritari), constanta de evacuare
a sarcinii in exces si capacittilile jone.tiunii ; (2) capacita,tea, sarcinii si capa-
citdlile pnraztte de montaj.

Procesele d"e comutare a diodelor cu joncliuni si tranzistorilor
bipolari, neglijind capacitd,tile sarcinii qi cele parazite (circuite externe
ideale $i cu suficientd, preciziel considerind
pur rezistive), pot fi descrise
dispozitivul ca un element controlat prin sarcin6. conceptul general de
element controlat prin s21.ir5,, este introdus de Beaufoy si Sparks
pentru studiul proceselor c1e comutare din tranzistorii bipolari. [g-11]

Atunci cind diorla este polarizatd, dtreot, de o parte qi de alta a

regiunii de trecere se acumuleazd, sarcini in exces, datorate purtxtorilor
minori in exces. De exemplu, in regiunea ir,
unii s5,rd,cite, se acumuleazd, "qarcina in imecliata ,propie"" a regi-

Qo:rrI ,:,of oo(e'oV' _7), (3.1)

cuvinuadrldee,nrrat_uirelgpionrelvuzeirnirltosSr,.dceIo^nmspamotuonrce:lansftiaiem1dilea7rg,oplpueronittearunc.urteiraeglniuutlnutelueairrppnriincalvcerliomoddt,imI rpor,ilesdtee

Qn : ,cnln:cnloolevulvr _1_1. (3.2)

tlltimele doui, relalii corespund regimului stalionar. In diodele cu
joncliuni P+N avem ro*rn, ?o>Q*; in aceste eazuri procesele de comutare
i'sninctadzcutei rjomnincalitueniilnorprPinNc+ip, aplrodceesleelgeeacledecovnarruitaaliree vaosrafricidnoiite0r,nr(ienvaitdeendte,

cd,tre Q).

(o'e) L9 apun op ap
(s'e) t+u
'n"?,'Z F 6 uI 6l: r? - z?: t! o.r
nc
'a","r-a(Itr t zy1oltra:-- zTotldt' 6'0 : (?)db
't,,,r-o(r1 :1- z1)oEdt' - zyoxf t'1'g: (l)u& tz'

: epr{rpuoc pqund ?urrrrJo?op os op
1tz3TJod*6ftu' :p.r(gac)uoOlolnFmI€ul IuJ I€'srlts-arz€!o:le'tar.ulgplc6e'0;ttIpi T'0 oIIrnIe^Iu atqv\ qzvtrva" ols
arts+nruoc op lndirn6
(r'
(r.g) 'u,tr_o(rl :y z1)oqd:. -zyoqdt: (l)ufi
-I.oo;
(tftfr- : (O)o0) T+Inzer I€ur5rro eI puicorJl
JO
(g'e) utlt+s +-(ot/aff*;sL)s-: ,-\d+
-Wf v
1s7 /?
lr
ureur{qo opun oB
ap
(g'e) E TrO'Lu-a t l6)"b - (s)dsslda * (s)ufl
p
l ilnzar a']caJrl)
eceldel rlJKrrrJoJsuts.rl te;rucqdu ul.r.T '(S'g) ll3riunca ulp gtsulrrrJolop iJ eleocf ou
tr"Seiericfsvl7''.",r3in+l'n,iuillulJecmsttmncr1q€1oyoJirpnI'rtiquivEut'la.Sr,o)11ue1er{.rcuennup-our1goucol apcpo+l€tsoazr.rIt€us+r(nse},qc1nal11ou"peero.{rulnpec;r€rao$;rJeptsq+ran{uuloac1 JOI
auri+
-e
_,isiraz'e.r
oJ
tf '(T o orl ruo^€ I[+d runr{cuof n.4uad) soJ

lelo+ In+uomc urp r.rnloF op Flnluo.rnc eaunr{ae"i1 elAeur;op or1 epun -oi

(t.e) trlosfr-: (o)uo op

odY0. p(>*tt(t''O5'.t)no!'r0;+ggiul7-lro+'sqdureeo5',qa.riu1unr'igse1o'ptnc.1rx.unoreo8_uler.rlInlecEuupuoi ul8cplcr1u€oensr1+poe;;errF1ta-zotctus+oo1slpo.nrdrKrunl'nstltnsc(rl+oucuu-lat'ae-gruutsr)tqn(p€7cKlgecatzse+lrresu.dourneueorlr8op+r_dlroee.uroroq1+uJs1e(ao)e;J{€gu€p1lol'olortuslppa't

'IJnzea

gnop urpJoplsuoc g+co4p oJ€+nruoc ep .rogdurrl ee'rarceldts n.r1uod

'rJ€+rJomur .rop.rolPgrnd "e

s-rono.ocrOxpououlri€Id'Ifg-mrpuoIccT.Jpr€esus1e+6rfpue'xerc.1ratu.lrulerpp.llrrrezqe1u-drr.drnuag,.Lrzua(aems1uzcenrcyJlrulp(r1oo)rdpofilrnu€Da(lznor)crltTSu).noorb9€cu(1l€q)+TI:rnoezclouoJoJuooJotpds-cuorusoalcpc

(e'e) .--(-i-rlu-p.(1t-p.::0d)"L0 (t)ol

oullop (1'g) erfe1or lrq€rr'B urr8a.r ug

Curentul care circuli, prirr diod5, urmeaz[, legea de varialie a lui

8"(r) (fis. 3.1c).
b) lu schenrele cbisnuite diorlele sint alimentate de la un generator de

tensiune cu rezistcnla internd, -Rn (fig. 3.2a). Presupunern cd, tem a genera-
torului v'artazra conform diagramei ctrin figura 3.2b. Rezistenla internd, a

generatorului se alege trstfcl incit s5 fie satisf5,cut5, d.ubla inegalitate
riIauzr(:RlaoV4pzrol,Rnlao,rli(lzafi[pgrio. ld3a.irr2iezcci),.treiCi,nuvclreuerpnsdct,uptiericrnmlidreiinocattlr[pe, ratirneccodemicouudrt[Sen.nrtiuui,lav-jo1ur1nngxaev-ienIass:taVcunrrtlaernnnet,uuu]
la valoirre'a -I2, tlcoarece rezisten.ta diferenlial5, r, ajunge la valori foarte

lof

{ol
lb)

bl

lcl

ld)

Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2

mici (de ordinul zecilor de O) pe mS,sura acumuldrii sarcinii in exces

(fig. 3.2d). Efectuintl calcule similare ca pentru figura 3.1a se g[seqte
pentru t" aceeaqi expresie (3.9).

3.'1.2. Comutarea inversi

Procesele de comutare inversi, sint mai complicate prin faptul cd, pe
se acumuleazi o sarcind, in exces
intervaiul de contluc{ie directf, in dioi[
de valoare apreciabili pentru
I evac[area acest,ei sarcini este necesar un
timp t, relativ ma,re.
a) Considerd,m c5, dioda este alimentatd, cle la un generator de curent
(fig. 3.1a) ; varialia in tirnp a curentului este aritat in figura 3.3a. I-.,egea
de varia.tie in timp a sarcinii in exces Qr(t) se cleduce plecind de la relalia
generalf,, (3.3). Aplicind l,ransformarea Iraplace directd rezultd,

Qr(s) + crfsQr(s) - 0r(0)l : -rekolzls ; (3.10)

58

69

(gzua:roicrui es (1)dfl rn1 u erfur'r€a op E+E'r (
? I-ne+uura{uruaourJrr rII
1HulcJ€s uFeo4ul sl ts
'1oe1suob z1 acl "e ir;tguod
-col oJ€ i elia;rc 1apolp u{ua1srza.r €

6'gqf,ncrl],,ra +soJ oe socxa ur q^Lrlrzod +

Kg+s{IqoIcrIlJenlsdaeJ1-?sea?pp€/(cXs)dsfolpcxIreurucJIE€Sur'cuJetsraSq's0a7lcasro{pm'ornp1t€s+ocJp qo t:urrxo.rde eltod os u
s.ra,rur In+uarnc llcop
6uE.gK.rn-prsgir"oprtlrt;€;re1qlrorrtonzde*osrlp+DI.'s."(uartezdage'cmpgcg7urr1li5ltuezoeJurbrsqFleJz"llt1Alraddlnsn"ta)nrotc-ul-o+'uuroedrlurnr:1u7-louav-Tu{'r'rgap(crurosgt;nrreoucn)refpsuroxedopmeuolTol7cotrS0€ru8l4xcd-Ilqta:se'apo=rJgJuuruptp?l€,s!IaIttn+{rr€cIrKEI1uqnuaIt-+Isue.r+JT€'I5Iarluc+luns?Ie1ErKa1+sJ?ErSor1IBsueoiSutdeaastIrogueusioIauaJ{alrIulInsrI1?h1cJraasJ€uu?:eoluis€oua|?qreturre;rsI,nqzurr1Icnauau'uo*oo+c€l{6lqnnvl-goe'u;Fcaqlor*tsn1eu.zrAedr{ruue,rcuotafto,cn?-l4r'dsaln(zp1ne"srtorut3lx1rx,(urlloorqeoqr:naRs?cqrIcJ1ZlrunFluoe€]ra'opglp^r{Fn1pur)orapao'or.lIs3loruippunrletJrrirr.y?1K"t'us1cs)r€upduil;SroIooaooqp'9uoJclr3ucnecnpnoa.IptJrrcrF(seun?}qo+uut'f1lrqurnIroaern"pFtF+'lnrzl,soId1caKneaFaul(Hpr.pl?JplIl{ S
a

o:
S

t't'FIiI

"-(?cZn-fp'ue0o)cInoltps^orroE++usruTu'uoI l"st'a,q-ga€'p(gIoatlp;rnIrF7s1ioJoo:xfuatI4wqtsza+ayK9rql1?dza9:'+$-saI:IY(?I(?t))j-u:0*O rEortsnctsao col or€

ml Incrrtsrf) {
a

our{c1o as luur8r.ro q PurcoJfr
(dri1 f s)s nrll+
(rre) "Iq't - tfft s : ,\s,d/ ^(/
:tr1at1d:-
ureur{qo b)"b 9o +uoc puiul'

descresterea aproximativ exponenlial5, a ampiitudinii curentuiui de la,
ca-VinrtleRrvoalluai -i1n6l,imtiimtepleulccirleudiaesacmrep;tleitruedifniienad t1(de obicei trr se defi-
n-eIzqt:e curentului scad.e de la
c-o0m,9po1n2enIate inversS, are doui
-:1t,i1mp1eu)l" Prin urma e tirnpul de comutare
de stocare tu (este timpul necesar evacud,rii sarcinii
in exces) qi timpui de descreqtere t/.
QTr(ilm,) p:ul0d;e stoeare poate fi calculat din relalia (3.12) punind
se obline contli-
lia t,:rp ln (1 f lrllr) :cr ln (1 4Y1iYz), (3.13)

a,5 10 20

Irig.3.c

rle unde rezult5, cii peniru a obliiie tinlpi ile stocal'e rnici, pentru o diod*

clat5, (t, clepincle de materialetre semicond.uct'ollre._ de_ structura diotlei qi
tehnolo['ia foiosit[) este neceiiar s5, iuam raportril V1lV2 cit mai mic. Acest
fapt esll pus in evident[ p:dreinIzsctlIoatcl,cilucrleue_len1o1c:rfImesecat2ut0astiieanritnpaar[5l7'a,t]ar;nteceutrirnublefl8eig:Iuoitrorallinr3luV.t5e",

(psecnirtirulovgaarriitam{iiacet)imulpldueluri
este rezi.qtenla normati.' a generatorrthii de tensiune.
Trebuie preciz:r,t cir lelalia (3.1-2) este valabilf numai in intervalul
eg x-oef,s,.pcoitziaticvldio, nee-qatze[ culenttl 12. Pentlu intervalul d > X" cind. sarcina in
elavavcaulaotXa,le, ainQcer(pceo)a,:c-urpinhuloarleoa unei sarcini negative,
care iri final ajunge I curentul creqte expo-
ilrartr-u1c2it Iraez-i/s0te.nClaaldc.uioltdlleti icmrepsuteluidedeladevsac_loreaqtetedre l, este relativ
nenliai de rd
la valoarea
complicat o lege aproxirntat'iv exponentia,IS,; in plus intervin elementele
r1,o, dup[,
ex{erne, in primul rind capacitatea tle barierd, gi cea paralelS, cu sarcina;
pentru majoritatea diodelor tr4t".

Obseraa!,i,i.

1') Pentru micqorarea timpilor de comutare directd, qi inversd, (t,,
t,, tt), Ia construclia diodelor cu joncliuni se folosesc materiale in care
timfrii c1e via.ti ai purtS,t'orilor minoritari sint foarte mici; cle aceasti pro-
-prieta2te') se bucurd, AsGa, Ia care ap an-10-10 s.
stocat5, in diod5, se uti-
ExistS, dornenii de aplicalii unele sarcina
lizeazd" pentru oblinerea unor impulsuri de duratd, foarte scurtd, (ega16
cu i") qf cu fronturi foarte abrupte I acestea sint diodele cu acumulare de
sarcini, (D-4.S), utilizate cle obicei in circuitele de comutare rapidi (osci-
loscoape srroboscopice (sampling) cu bandl de trecere de ordinul gigaher-

60

-*tIF

t9 -l

(n'e) 'c' tq o:':'l(#h)'asn ="r -I
3
lelonllsl,uleua+.ispnc,auerl,o'i(nJ'qulcrg,ar'llgsorp'eFqrp.;uo) eppu.uorudlrrrouuprolrcsaulologJC+ruElc'xrooa+p.rrdlpuudarecoulspra.Irod?czutn1stqslesquFrurruro.lqrreulooeprp+Ic'n.roolulqoac€ernlo'cgcr€oeupp
I
s'e '8tg
-
ege-inrg1tgi.--'r?aS-gvuzdderozituir"{.s;zun"e"rc1,or*-xe,r)v"ds*eoo.i6iJor*q'rl+zgi1nr=n'nnno"ofruqiJl4rpr;*frui"lasz:lriioqqlarbcrulosr,'ioo?,l'*.d,t1upaoglr)og?.rdnnr.anruz3sigFdiioJ1olefS"onl"lirris;ejpIelsu:ltrpraruisu+uastrrorBcooll"rgrgicipc'cr>pr+(d{ripot,"p;lJ-nouy*ara'r.llo""rsidtzorceruad*slrzla,x1c".s;"ra"*s\?opacr6ru"-.igi'yoqlcelptdei1ooqpo-rriJria'no:ptiorIr;-uo?i.nKn"cdnooup"uoql1c+ia+uvozla;1eIrI1^o"r;apz€zca'G.luer,lqdrIuqauraJoq4orapu€Xiliurt6.sq'lzIneaJr0';{p1e"lr€.'o.unipc"ngire"rcoIt?torgeruu'p1rt05Joc1i4luzqnnucIl1AeJaru^rnrer'0?-+lurPultiuY*uorausis,ruuouoeliasaJxlrn;nrlrnqol;c'sapsudrKouao+sqoet1i+lrliep+oueoo'lnsnnKrtiaCcpb'aJFxraElcsrpna.o"la.neu1rJJraJacaqlosuriuonltopr.ipuolsalcalt++;Il€nrlsrues'uuo?sIaorrqr1arJrs'rclnr1alozmaazosrEderpetauJrJrso1r{+rzun"cs's€o?prdppsIruiiJclrruJp5onuu€+ollF1r+oaelr'ulSl'petel1ufeurld+riu€0onuo"91rIteutpIrnc1I+iPscc1uoq3ogoIuaiJarynx1ilo;u:olurotsrf1ponoalnqrlEiprdpr;c1l31+rauzZr'roer"Kdtlse-u"u.qaas'u€erleuzI1mel"on-uqpoy1os"r€ar-JdrasuIdlcnoqTr']l+parnap1^lidsrqeuyq-gs1csceqtu(loeuouusjeuntNerp:vauJn+elrlru,"6'+Frpdg.ruscllI1rr:;FUde+lioc1:aoe'alIJEtl^ucc1+d9'+or5uJr:+arusleuee€otluu-oplpuNipdscs1rrr
-
nulrJes !aPolsul olllienJ3 't Z'E
o
(g-t) rre;odlq rollrolslzueJ] earelnLUol'Z'I .J

'opuncasocrd eP logcaz r$ "ro1 I
6
up,p--e_rIfqrr€piiar{pspl,qJfbrilrris.ado+rtl'uusr)tosqqanretes6unf.Iordnggcas:ru'saiv9.o'raeirp1lsa,(al,rre,1pt:Po'sur.voa1orronr.r'€pufpIropcpr-ao.ut0fr(t?-se.rru"csilrtndr1eac;-€la1r,a-oou*"n{ral,I?"r"!?-;"uilEa,oOrrEurcrpc*tSasSn[1uuugdoc1:l1}l+nice1c1Euep:ta"cu1""l.3orrsb;=l1c1ireppos.i'suIcru+o:axoJrcr1te;l?*yna€r1.1spipalu1pnEcu1uoIarlb't.Fru1rrnorcauuo:e'rrc}1ilrIc-'cur'(seooereeeteosceasEa1psrs-uut1p€e1ovees'+dlaJz1rsoou?vutaa1rtolcd1ruolu1€/orR1l.opovav++rz+r'Erozo€e€J.tmuJc€Jclpvot+osnpae+uJ1lrosponoonall1pc€soIc1]);Iutniodnsuul-"cu-d{urne!lqd€9qIsosq:o-(1+lYla-KnoS'c-.p"qd+.roe-ooctT41-"pluge--pp?,d1ti
.^

I

.L

'

+

t
.

rrrd€ rr:2pzf2Du se nurneqte constant[, cle timp a colectorului iar sarcina
in exces datbriti, purtd,torilor minoritari are expresia (B este aria joncli-
unii, zu este l5,rginrea efectivS, a bazel)

Qo: Jl2)q}utt"levzatv" - 1)' (3.15)

Pentru menlinerea neutralit5lii electrice a bazei este necesar ca sar-
cina in exces c1e purtXtori minoritari injectali din emitor, s5, fie neutrali-
zatd, de c5,t're o in exces a purt5,torilor minajeoxrciteasrip, oetgaflid,intst'irdoedusqeiminn
opus. Avintl in sarcind, purtX,torii majoritari
veclere c5,
lrazd, num:i,i prin terminalul bazei, sq poate stabili o relalie direct5, intre
din bazd,. In regirn stalionar tlatoriti proceselor
curentr.Ll de bazd gi sarcina dispar in perechi; pierderile t1e purtitori mino-
cle recombinare, purtd,torii
ritari sint compensate prin injeclia dirr emitor; pentru compen"calea pier-
clcr.ilor c1e purtd,tori majoritari este necesar un cllrent de bazd' relativ mic

16 : Q6f rp. (3.16)

lrnrle .16 (:r,) reprezintd, timpui de via!5, aI purtS,torilor minoritari in

bard,.

consirierx,m acum un regim variabil. Presupunind viteze mici de
varialie a tensiunilor pe terrninalele tranzistorului (regim lent variabil)
lsaet6poinatebaazc5l,m, riteeprcei,zivnat5r,iaoliasucccoensciuennetradleieci leisletrcittrrounliiilosrtaqli.ioansaarerci(nfiiiga.c3u.m6bu)-.
ln aceste cond4ii \-aloatea instantanee a curentului de colector este
:i"(t) Qu(t'tl ," .
(3.17)

necesaIrnS,repg6inintrvuacrioambipl ecnusraelneatulpdie.erdbearziiiloarrededosuairccinoSm,pponrienntpero:c(e1s)eQdue$)lr"eu-
combinare* lsi (Z) dQb(f)/dd necesard, menlinerii neutralitd,lrii electrice..a
bazei atunci cinA
saicfuia in exces vatiazil in timp. Frin urmare ecualia
curentului de bazi in regirn variabil este

:i"(t) A'Q- + d9q(tt ' (3.18)

Tp tl0'

deci Conform primei legi a 1ui tr{irchhoff avem iE(t) : - lic(t) + iB(t)),

-iu(t) - QuF) - Qu(t) * s0'9. (3.19)
'ig aB d,

Ultimile trei relalii reprezinti, ecualiile simplificate ale rnetodei
talsz"ea,pitenru"ct"na,irncila-'iilitpr'.crluieticnirbXtddnoi,ivntesoaburrscrii-lacuoue!tr,nrsialiiumninndiieatniestordtvrcrei5aibt,daluei,rsrt1iciteeruriib,atipumlIiu.iltnpeiritu:mrsimtntoeauart{loiiitloocimnlnreaaimleaisicrna(neforiacgsrrii.tenta3ciidra.i6sezqiicnnv)itt.abtDvriariaaanz,lc!pai5,iu,bsaieiinlelrptuleernoiruv4r0imuairfcl(uaure-)il
bldsamriin..iaueIreiSi.ia'ebttE)ivrorseXnsada.prt^aeacuDtiusSnmeoar,vue;arcidcnapri,lltrenrmuesininliiuiattcpilrucaeo,d5riolar,lei:oit(rfcecsaesiarntvifeuniat':rt'irrrfun,,ioasa)llaoaSlcqitasc,aiuteiatz(ncdsbtueuct,)elirniedpnrcluenlrlioissmlfsiccitlgtoaricreiusriibgbeprutquaeleoilrliiranei3ileat.fse7rouarcia:anrupccrt(aetiiaadnelrti).miraiic,rcaeQur(ae3pdlru^(g.ii.cl1adrt)ue7aleeerr)peescrrnnat1oieutetxullaciclrrmupoonniimmdaaaidptriuiia,rtes-asrs(iaarniaten-uetl
timpilor de cornutare.

62

g9

'cg'g ,BJnSrJ

rr-uI{rlalps,lrg'Be'ra"innIaTqscu7u}s,-rlrwpcqrf:u,uplpatAacE1lu<"1oI4:17rrur"alIc1r'{€nes.nralyuspadarprlrununqldr_.srqals8.rrpo'gcou?uIlgtns'gFr.irl ;earupnqrFptrsJoudItt{ln+pqutl€s.rIlirsnutqpn
-r,iauo[ acl aqtcilde slrunrsua+ op alicunJ u; 'pc_leru11qn-s opqoJil 'Jo+coloc
u1p riLlcatur ,.re1r.rourur .rog;ro1p1.rnd aluolpzundsaloc '"fl
1i "rolgua ulp Ii€1
-defrir r.reJ-rJourrr lop;ro1p1rnd o.reoqpzundsaloc ""0 : alueuodruoc Knop oJts
au--Jq,ntrdscsncoso,Bc)lsa,"p.fraallr[p7)laurt;tszcuue.IrrcqieersBcISnro;lr€Rrurugcrruzrgtaus+agJIlnont'+zauanrutcrstrscs"orpodlsusgnKoppzou€Kuqpuouel;clrgrdeI'agsJoles?r;ti+rsenlrl8tnusranllsTuuslIl(coaKao1ppEb1lsan?pJuJetnsupFre{oelIst.;sreugur""1r?felu11au1Jeunr1ucc

(ez's) ,st u? ah : ssf alsa "! o0 llulc
f

rr-JJrElBS+FrcrJrroJpuritrs;ruuroacrr{uluron.1ronpc11;re;trssnadac[oroLp€t+prK+utZrsqvpq'l€3uoIIpcTJIIBJnES?uauas?JaInn()C.illoc''p]srluruzpoult€odJ"r+Ncup'rJuo,aIlccr{dePi.orznc€1q'easuprorpnplsnlmo+cuuxatoFlnuecIl
Kie6r1J.uro€racccuJopErlicSquraapopreue'p'egpz,p'rE€ru:aashllaelnoa?r:uasrnudcu€eaIorKiocucs.+rrnfIuzcleaavsupqnaodupJn1g'usureariul'.BIn1lttsz;8'apu€a;pItr.lrr-us1,uarnlocI'e{-gxoKl.aentJtzu[.uuuaaIrrt,llirItonnJl"cd,ttrnsoo1l1lidnJlsussol1zauasulpJ€rruJuy?1nn1zturr€(oria,cqb1ru-ap{J2co1o1n.llrpcnpuodnoIoooccpp)
nunrfauol € €JaIJ€q ep a1r,1p1rcuduc u1 a]eprulncts oIIuIc.rES +uIS 'o0 "off apun

l'g '"*1.{

ktt) 'l'"0 -l -,tD i aa c:

(r)ndJ t,lTt I -tiloh -- (r)ol-

(rz'e) , ,iia:,t oh + ,ob 4 (r)'dl (r)"r
1r:

(oa'e) ' ?P - -(1i1nit: (t)'t

,i,0,

: ul^ap IruICJES IAp
-olaru ayrienae z€c'lsocts u1 ',ropunricuof a1c Fralleq ap alriplrcudec u1 e1e1
-nruncE olruro.res ri arie,rapriuoc trl n,Br as a,qrca.rd rtsIII olncltsa u.r EasapY

Avind. in vedere c5, in regimul de satura.tie profund.S, tensiunile pe

j6oioncit"liu,n"oi *auulavateloriinmciacpiagciitsSi,nlitle-apt_erobxiamriaetridv,.cionnsstaclhteim,-bsetrpe-bout iaeegsliija,t.insearrn-

seama de sarcina de sto6are Q,. Dupil atingerea limitei de saturalie curentul

(ol (bl lci

Fig. 3.8

d.e colector: rS,rnine constant, fiind determinat de elementele externe de
Ecuatiile metodei saicinii pentru cazul saturaliei profunde sint :
"1"""it.
{3.24)

(3.25)

(3.26)

uA-*ns*dt"feeflrr.cisto"s"nef"on"ur"mrunetlqr3"teli"cafo"vneasmtaatnrtc5,t d'e timp de stocare' relalii de leg5,turi,.

r" qi t2 se pot stabili

rc: rn(I - o*)las: rolq'Nt ra: tpl(L - dn), (3'271
iar in [5] este dedus5, relalia

^rs-- qx(rc * atrcr) (3.28)
.

I - aral :)tckuaNzYl(oLrr-l 4l) :

L,a 1}1 tranzistor simetrie dN : &rt ac : rct qi * rs3 'r31
: aB:rp1 asimetric unde o'r1 )ot
:l la un tranzistor Si cc
unde rBr
rcrq/L - ot).

3.2.2. Comutarea directi

tii*snel7oIliLrrcluus;ol;iuun.Nenesee*stlieursr!ne.,cigefu(efnriErerciCmoozFm'i.st(ola"tfaaiengatid.esrladdc3,,fht.dai9ientiafHmce)o,cra;enufalnusurrelinidinannueiltcdlili,aa,liatnIcdczvlceia;ecarirS$nasiutcogr-ntEarreourregesipsceuuthlnfialciicepifil.roaeoBartnrotmotlcadrdaureieztdu5iemed,n-qircnqiirtuecirgarliieenqrnennizccteidsotrrectraeoon)ta,nrpopisarnlttu{ra'yaPal enlddNitlebe;'

6t

99

oJrFc an +vzrrrrrl aunrsuo+ op mlnslndlul €vaI Js€+cvl+IdrrEazaa.prd_eo.r?1uurt-srsu-l.'e'?p1ucna;o4.prd oJ€+
-nuroc ep inseco;rd Iu€JopISuoC g1'g u;rnFq
tet{

-€Jn+€s le- le.raue8 Inztsc ru+uod .iop{ua;rnc rS .ropunlsuo+ oprilts"rFelq

0r't 'F!.{

.lungnauoc 0p ?cund un ntss SIqcuI Jog.€+nruoc un Ec +ll-qd 13 aleod ri (1ce;rrp
-e-usl1eorJzuaiu.Ji.err1plo'daer1i1oou{nu1posuqrosurcznaro.{rop'u(tsoa.Jfratso-+lluesrquuaIrlee'z)IJr;e€rreu{1er o;radn1gJpu€suoJrer1;pur1uesaneur.r{n1ct*uFa1oerrfS.uoTela.rFuq.Irr}ulu€tr)oessdt_qIcrausloeu+pf

6'8 'Er.{

Joor+€Bc?onlqruoocputnso€rot+luSr;'ndrqr;llelqlecood Inro+slzu€Jq pc ln1de; ulld egezt.ro+c€Jgc o+So
aloc a.rgu1_eptdur lrocor+ uI
op IrF+s Fnop
gi;l.gsuorncp€.rooJlser+zreu.uro[Ce.'prt+o€lr€nl?€oJs+oKecoooopp?+V€^ur+lrouvrot+oaupnro5+as.rs gg.lrutdtdesIeKJ+g€c+Ecu'npdu1€c.rreus{

gnqeei ngceaeirtiavdt5eo,rc,cojoolennctcli,nloiuur n5seinaVtnbnzae:zrod,.V-eI1rm,a2i)tmosroemepseotenatptueollaai rp:izroa0xt5imt,einnasviceuXrnsecdauerlcaein,tireteuslitreednaesigubenaneeza-il
rdeaesttoelarudl-euVtiervr2amrIiaianzad7t'oiinrn(sfpiagrl.tind3ce.1ipl0aaa0l )dl.aeFVici6ndr,datlrertleraantspciuoinretcuaulrpeaeun(tbtu)a1lhzd?[ uivnarcfciazirzacll"utdtiotuctli[nba.si6za(eil)ti
va efectua o crestere in salt ile la 0 ia 16, (fig. 3.10 b). Curentul de colec-
instantaneu la r.aloarea de
tor nu ajunge
saturalie I"*=V"gf R" intrucit este necesar
sd, se acumuleze in bazd, sarcina de purtd,tori
rninoritari in exces care sd, asigure l"on. Acu-
{ol mularea sarcinii in bazi, precum. si cresterea
ctaueraezndtuilnutir-duencionletecrtvoar lindteletim0pDifi/n"uito.
se'efec-
Trebuie
subliniat cd, valoarea f", este atinsd cind
Qrk) tranzistorul se afld, la limita de saturalie
{bl rh(nsaauztlruaartadcl,ioesreainsrccpiiupninaezniit,n5to,)reaxfcdiieincsidQineIaab, 1ar:zcauIote€s,r.tretDualaccduie-,
Iorllrrinbazd" se acumuleazd, qi sarcina de
stocare Q, ,si tranzistorul se afld, in regiunea
cle saturalie profundi,.
In figura 3.11 sint, desenate la o scard,
de timp mlailrictdo,mr'uatraiareliialedmire[rcimt5il.o'rIiimu(pt),uQl ud!e)
lc)
si ig(f)
eomuta,re direct5 cuprinde atit tirnpui de
crestere t, cit qi timpui de intirziere fr.
Tirnpul cte crestere se calculeazd, tle reguld,
ic"a(t)incterervqateluilnctlreetinmivpeleinle limitele cd,ruia
Fig. 3.11 (0,1 + 0)g) IcM

qi un titnp tle intirziere tu (fig. 3.11c) ; in toate schemele reale existd,

md,snrat intre rnomentul aplicdrii impulsului
161 ;i momentul cind tc,(l) ajunge la 0,5 1"r. Adesea f"
intre nivele (0+A,g)IcM timpul se calculeazX
qi se considerS ir:0.
Legea de varialie in timp a mirimiior Quft) si t"(t) pot fi cleduse pe
b- aza ecua!,iilor simplificate ale metodei sa,rcinii. QAorpoltic: in0t)l transformarea
rezultra (evident
I.,aplace direct5, ecualiei (3.18)

de unde Qu(s)l"u * sQr(s) : Iorls, (3.2e)
(3.30)
:0L,U(s\ )r ru' '

s(sf1/ru)'

trecind la original prin aplicarea transformd,rii Laplace inverse, ob!inem

Qo(t) : rsI61(I - e-,t'u) : Qu(ooXl - e-,t'o). (3.31)

Conform relaliei (3.17) avem

ic(t) : Qo(t)lt" : (rsIr1lr")(tr - e-"'r) : plrr(I - e-'t"o), (g.g2)
untle 9:hn":eNl(7 -dr) :al(1 -o.).

L}

(ee'e) '(r)g',tJ*(l)o a . (!D_"*E* n'
\:
(lf* (

tua,ru (31'g) er{e1a"t (
op €ureos puplfr, '((1)'a na grode"r uI crru op +uolcrJns (ilna sndnsa:rd u-s)
(
y ?l) u (
1r.'tl:
0)so,tc (r)" qa
* i:Wpc(re'e) ^r+ (r)o.r
o
\eop 'oac I

'u-ZUgne+Tfc'lr'ggugnelcr''Fs.fprtI5rJot5))lJrrtoulsouJoplnuoJure;s1ueuu,optoo€c+dsclRrnau€zdpo4nrcOIJuJoraE+s^'utn3lnn(JotOdr)pr6uuiooraFrglrnuru/le'urn1;r-rR.dorzalqecnuuelqreupleudonagprg8qiedIonr€uuJ+arexuuuJoora;uorlrosnpdcucecgo'e'+lrqdyue"g6apocTlJelp'lo8oulIrd€iecuumenorJdduFtanusgcsscauKun.1lrncp4€J?:In'T(n(peouI t
ror-aiiqqiecr"sraspsoull ddrV":rzn:vwaozwsctlrlcp+unlrc"uroc'n1s+ualclt.rsrlJunlr"rt1qz7eore?s)cJ€ovor?4JI 7s?'a0++"c(€,lonnJ,J{nurap11r{0r?oc8sJcano€.u+laruufp)uncone8c\pto''ocl;(pnI"su/d.lLdnn+ucL4gu'n+0'lOocJ-.)otr/€cuf7sln,J?uT7€crIao€IJuOsstlsttz-I:IEopPJII
(
(ge's) -('nrd l*,I g'o r) IfIsL : Pl r
T '

€+Inzor (ag'g) ut{u1al s1p
pduirl Vzvalnclvc as 'rr;rn1e.red€ € KlcoJoc
wcL g(g-(p1)cr, rr{rpuoc pulund I ?tr or€ eoroTzrr?ul.oolundJ"ff1?:nn1*
rarruoricun; n.rlued g{uepodurl

r--cagruuuorr c1se+u;JrItosiIocn]rlun+rruoiI+;SserrJzluuu+o€IdrJ+o'u?tsrr'r+Frv+JpIouJl4roI;o+e+s{rpuzpuoenlcJde+.4uunpolinseaJr+,rJrroooppdur'r(ndout(rd"r{1u=rAZnoltt'r:! nor"

oCorzg:-n;=arupncel:x.p)

nI0onldlJ"d:rrrquouurrl'Ja+toorxd+oaruJ+/a1€€upeca).IrJr€apdnIuzrloouup5ueo{;urJruooJrir,Ibqtrta'ureacr.'re4nao1rsFue+sneLI"r'tn0rsso.uurl-t[qoeue;lre7pordriolrJ€pllocus?alrsKn.rAdr-znu'uJ?co€rlsJ+oqtropa0€u<ozrsqJi"{Lrnqo+ston{ulenr1Jdoleuors.uraertLdso.u-srlr'oala+autI:pnn(nrZ{e)cr'a'ZIsG;nr=ao.+uq'J3rut{sqaoIod*J

(se'e) (#u;) urs't:u?

:F?InzoJ 1"q10 ^oI Kc pul^Jasqo rS or'ie;rn1es ap rnlnpe.rF E €JnsKur tsc
,"Ilfnl _ ro7'): s/,
(ru'e)

mln+uarcrJooc

€.a$'s"oapciJ11€aq;zoc'rr'Jno(aE,p77+o=s'Jgplqc6ucrrrppu?u€ecIuf€edspOru;lLerno;:'r;riontny+"rrz€ldttnscaleeeourta{pterlal"oeerneelp?olueEuneosnr.dFroaoap+oc"si€ralJ:n;uerJc1uIconegndrpJ8l +oe+lsu.snrertdtuc{nueYiu1rfa'rnJl;Izr+nI€JrSuaooir;+rursIo?rnr+izoJd1uornue+:r;st1li1.ozrwusdo€nc'rJ1sl{+oyllnncKdupornu€u+oCr€clI

(ee'e) - I-(^otr6'0 TA
T'a
^'T wT )o'"' :tJ also

^oI(6,0 + I'0) oloaru er1u1 (1)cc rnlnluaJnc € elalialc op lndung,

apticind transformarea I,aplace clirectd, rez:nlbk (0r(0) : 0)

t^]-14\: +: "'o,(s) sf,11/=c6, ll, (3.3e)
-s(sfl/ca) Io,l. s

|

uiandoericgoinnsatlandtienleutirtrimqai Krrelaau-tiveasloeriloebl:inKe1 : ah Kz: RC - ca. Trecind.

Qu(t) : I6rrpo(t) + IIL(RC - -6) s-tt'n (3.40)

Fig. 3.12

fdii.nacdd.,nGRergaClfii}jcarub4lildQdeoev(tam)rviiaca.lriieaCzual"reslnanrtucsilnadiiite\dnceoblIaeazcdt0o' etlsavtaenrasazlrudi,y,tadtteiriannspefumigleudnreeaac3ri.ne1q2tseacrtelt;
de la 0 Ia valoarea p fr1 (fig. desigur din altor elemente pa,ra-
zite ale schemei, timpul de 3.12 e) ; cauza dar in orice caz este
cregtere nu poate fi zeto,

mult mai mic decit in cazul schemei fX,rd, capacitor de accelerare.

3.2.3. Comutarea inversi

Presupunem cazul general al saturaliei profunde' Procesul de comu-
tare inversd, incepe odatd, cu terminarea impulsului de tensiune de duratd
ldagarra%t fcicleeIaigee0nA,eitnreantfoisgriuUInraeaca3e.ps1te3m.boCamzinaedntrttaesnnesziviusantoecraounlguseiidnveearrraaratoozrdriu,gltiunoietvacinlreiastziadm,ltpindpeseanlal-t
11, iar curentul debazra iqi schimb[
inbazd,, joncliunea
tiu bazd,-emitor

de
DVa6l1oIraitn-Vsoarric=ini-iVinuuexe(feigs.e3x.i1st3enat)e,
sensul.

rimine

6'

(gv'e) '(a",r-o - T)zsf L - ut,r-otq1a3' :0)ob
IIIOA€ ltmFr.ro q puloaril
'
(gre) "i--- f(ar.i1 s)s or/r * s (s)00 +

SQt-tEt -
+r;ri(tJrl"s€frrod)yJr'In=r€bdtr+Ardl€;rs'fsoguei+Jqqr1n-silqnb€qusner€pgsbu4rseoau1.rd"eora5'qtel€ioncr."eqrerlQt[ofucr'{:lu4rnpleKd-q.VrLulc?s"zc-6telqesux"q1rorryodulozogdoepgrlu€uci€moci.€rsrouual{Jn+'1;ic-ra?sue!aL<un1epaJ1:apJpr9nln,m"eBcs"'r0sr1lIcon0tu/salx.dn-de=squdseraonrra;a,(erJ^l.u+a.orlu'iuu1()e+rOIanc{nrsq.Ic$rJlq<neozsoq'ur-Ia?oloStt'sp(stSss9.Jrs.lczo)l2ztauT(Jp'+n8a?u€oc€))rfpron}.rJed'Jn;cn(tI:lulPg+iiu€rens)uaanesQ6rlda€cc''i\)uzIae"[ur?€lFdnunlau+€etVrJrnsscrl
I
(w'e) :7se7laa7 lI.+ rJI ur s: 'i
(
L.=_____:

aur,iqo es

:er{e1e.r €u4+In u1p i 0 (t}'b er{rpuoc rnp P+inzor artscols ep rudrmJ,

(gt'e) '(I "-,/r-"a,r,1-os)c1("-oraI7+)si"n: I)"("il0*

1

UIAA€ luurFr.ro e1 purcoJJl

lZ7'8) '(szec/f1+fr\s)s "t/r + t : (s)'0

iscl- ra1)sr

aur{qo es

o,(+iocal .-rrp rao7c;u"1ld:el rrJrgruJoJsu'€.r1 earucqde ur"rd

(g)sfl Tc luoc puluri,

(u'e) zqT- - *'or ?p + ,sa

(l),ot, trl,o

I e€pauulsscl^aosJcroteesslceqaooucdolipJe/€lso(gotIunp6q'Ig.ltpr€)-lo?eJ:)(€r"D{f!rulqnrnrfr'cJ!lpear?islqonspuaooql:mpsoLlgorlncu1qelraoaJ+6+ldluuVoreoccs
"erJa1ntpspose1o.p1rn.oun^1aaoud"uJoTeuEl.ss4rn?t"1,(acOsaprJ.€iraI€qnr.c{noJ.ourl^J+ntlgs€"docIc-uJoal€lrwlspr+olIr+aulIeInnuoppIdo,n{cercIIulUuISa€rTrpaclol1cJ:pn3sBec4aeSgu[piutaIaa4rlJJciuaJoKrol+,cndcsou-o-€rleoo^pcoc
t.-r- tq)
LI q!

-]'-

0l {e}

aq-rp?aul{aulsel qr(arAr.lrue-=acoclqltsI--o: (p'ocr+igus{1uo,'"gscJ"'o.FeAIdJu")rI''11PinhIei1€ngbl1jsuI1a11e)"ds-pouzu-rqzralgIu""rTppan-gF*larql:ld:oou1*l"11"ee1-'rara.Sou:aloao^*ri-ita'u.i:n1[lp:<pju:(qHoincu"rb'or!nB1+ta'Ii1c;lt€g1+Id,nsfaI'€'*ru1^|I

iar curentul ile colector este

ic{t) : Qr{t)lrr: p(trou -r loz)e-'t'u - plur. (3.47)

: Timpul cle descrestere se d.eterrnind, din conclilia ic(tt) : 0,1 lcu :
0,1 pIu" I se o'Lrline

ti:""hI ra, )-T f

"+0,11 h, jt. (3.48)

ptIeuoztrallfltau'dUc,,e;lttirlmun:neealcleaeezstclrtnoecn1ih,szl8et2aIluat-,lrlsiiie0: ,sdi6nailncor5tcp,ualIiecnqlde*taer'c:iprloaroltirenrre:g10zirurpl.tSe;l,nasitturru:up0nracr;ei igetirmld:aaulietlcrnii:e2(I3sor.a4BztSu:r)arIsetoe,.,
Comutarea ,in,uersd. 4n cazul capacitoru,lui de accelerure. Ne referirn
din nou la schema din figura 3.\2 a. Prin aiegerea aclecl'atd, a l-alorii capa-
cgS=eiatl orVpcroiuun0l!a.ui!Aiaelscegeugampiliniuo,dlctauvtrdaes,laoailarinzcraeincaaatiplmiunaicpeiCitxocdareessitrfctreooistratnianludrcetaiadtriesndaeinbrcavcieznodrans,dSQQu,rc"((_t1s)t"iiie:,r8y-feiiuesiuriem)o*efaoQ"ia:muIrot,aetarRetrunCsnica=ciu.i
lmpulsul de curent dat de desciircarea capacitorului prin inversarea tcnsi-
unii o;(l), er-acueazi., foalte rapid sarcina iQn6a(bt)s; ednrfeapctaupuancaitroer,ulpuei.ntru
qi fy se ob.tin valori mult mai rnici clecit lu

Presupunind c[ r3(l) yariazd, ca in figura 3.13 a, culenilll c1e bazd,
Y: a avea cloui, componente : un semnal ti,eaptX de amplitudine -urrtnrra4le:
un impuis l)irac :rvind rigitiitatea
-Y6zlR;i -?7'or, prin

'iB(t) : - I62o(t) - C%r8(l). (3.4e)

+ DacX in (3.15) se considerd "" - ra si se noteazS, Qb(t) : Qo a,(t)I

Q,F), se poate scrie

: -LiaQoG) :, dQ,,ft) _ c(t) __ Ctr.,2 Di,t), (3.50)
R
ap rl/

aplicind transforrnalea l-,aplace clirectii cu condilia inilialti Q6(0) : 4161,

rcz:altd,

QuG) - e 6s16i11-/-,Cr 1i62 V6 (3.51)

-Bs(sf 1-lro)

Trecind la original oblineln

Qo(t) : \rntr,t -f -astroz 0l'bz)e-tt'u - rsI6so(t); (3.52)
(3.53)
luind pent'ru C valoarea

C : te(I* -l lbz)lRIbz

varialia sarcinii in exces clin bazii, va fi descrisb cle o funcfie treaptd, nega-
tivd,, adicX avem o evacuale rapicli.

JL .E
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'fnIguieli€--,,aJ',---u-q-gxtgir€r1lnggcooccsupo$[c;'zlr1]"Jrsruu;rurptar.lro-a;r+sJ;*+q.l,a;eIs*;ort0;g|trdr'onst1rsunua*vu.lt,"tliLrdrsRq,ilrurzu;"rrlararir"l'rsp+rrpcipfaleup"Jnzlsdl+pi.;ppvi'n*pllurrrurrdrcna"l"our1boroa+crird1edrrJ"suarttKeealBu^rc,iri,p""lyoru.zra".JrualnJecqlurr^oEi;;gnop1uu"ri,entJpi.terdcrqin+Jo"lnpof/ssurliJpcoso1*[ucr;tud[r;oaasnEl-r;"prlerlrou1yllo.'1oqqrIouJcune1"uJum"di'ol,1Dn?rr"wtJoaLp1"qrpdiJeBorrrrolglspiujot,lE,uu*qniuaal1"coIpt;i"Jrruaqlta.mnt*iil.fsqip"Er*l1ttffnr'[r'lud,'1['u-.1Jn+tp-1l|{Jroo*e;;l'alJi1o1]"li1irimil8Enluut-i"^"l:ito*por'iuican[izro-*uatl'lol]aapaudpp"r?oersfto'€lotse..-i1i"rf,1)oreonquu]'"rf'sii1llB("zinnpup"l?a"cklrnpoileupJa1'*ia.K.tn)1oneatur-unas;6'ro1'Ktpo1:qrb,arp''o'eulR.utr1b'ea,u+tcln'siao.1'go]a1urpziR'Jtu,-'Jar'aers1rIis!itnuJl',IealZ+tru'rlby1'u:tpr1J1€ltrpuli.rsar:rBr'1nnaIcin."ri)ro'roe1lp1oir1fldiureur?iul);clet'fuofsuig'ru1,o.rer"-on9aa:onudicp!:aZoX'cu-;"oed.'l1'lcJ'a1-aFire-irp+l(p'+a-a''luet)*caoa"d(?pueul"a-i-ursplcrunruuuppsp9rrdetiguIirullounnus+nui1ayai''uu'tnrr'urop,'q-rui'iaarte1:l'rgau1c'a-ant1npao1anrreoeul'ltl1lJl1otqpdl;'JF-e'I'rcrd;lrlrqueiJ)5e+r+t"satu1iraa'lg:o"rle"ns'araucor"]s;olJtrrau"apl^rdr;oJo-dlncft-'liirula-frducr'.ne**ldsrtf7rrapaa;ara(jocouaiulra'l0''lorru1cTdlp'ul;,rlld;:onpr1+lurnur'z-)3u'Yr]turl9r1a1iIadutuyd4pnp9nrrri;da:cle:i;rrlit-l1pdrTaarpu:ernt((-rtrepup;.1etIvatui.rslu:lt*lnolaerqt{or.raesiudurnruaoisl:,t''qrIuzr-urz,)'(F1"r"tlorrJetY'sutTrr8r\rr":onaes'J'uJo.opdrurlr\(+odtaulratt'15d{rr'1qulpt''uni\xxrt"r)rJ1€t'tduu'P1r''r-)*'arru;lt1opiurna3'Ils'rd-J!J+puJnIslel-rrditoI'pau:9tstd+1'rJr$)l;rn'let'Jaud;filattolu:neu)i7+ex]e;ei;'Esurap+oJtz?tita'g1aJutq'Inaunnl{osBtricun'litaclur'rnsJJiIs'rrcJ;r1tIrItliJr9eraroJ:un;to;rI;alr++Icuazor:+oB1Fa{u+drl^J;'-JEaarionoco?t+on'€'tBJhnatrlrtsl+{od'uopd1ttdssru}tAuJsJdllt!ii (
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gr:F-.--_"Fq.cp:rorrn!zGn,piaJeuJl5u)ns?l?noiasou'lprIs,us*'dggt.rr1-aruvn!uel.dnaufnrrr-allnnururtncb,,toFrtacrotauc.rylrlll;dcrn*tll_'er_onl.enlu;1nel*lac,oordtr"rrVld1ainrl1"crrn1*cfq,el41uidjer;tQ;"tIrr;'ir'iaan[nfrp"o+fiipdlUrtJiaEu'lsstun1lnlurulra.7sz.raorituJu+slltiJ'.oascugglp'+antr"q"-lJFur-op'do\ltrPrdoonllriosdlbrpl"i.llJ'J'JulalrJun?"t.nn;?q'urcd;1t;erro'ttr8e'dror^'oS+Ia]orR'6?;osIpnsaJ]ldg'tarrarsaairl]c,luoBosprndlnr+n+'8\.iu9taolrnsiLr1+1'pliul{rssiusuJr:'rtarKrorrlralzlou'ru'rlpcrar'cd!lJ\d'auJ1rulld'armEl1o-r'ps}ounio'-o"l)iusr]aJureuosa€iol1lttt++cznut-?dqdcrlr;ncalt'8rlr(z''uculr'jqnpel'irulntroig'iecqtircc:'p'furcgij'.dorgil1p(3lJia'o+8lJtslgads:cl'at,raalnl)T'{prllggTauuc'
uelelar"rdo;td ne trrolsrrlr tt"i i oieblonpuoctures ""i+li-odlll olit3 Ei I+IuII+uI (
IgIiu-(-Ocaaoc1iuldulc..ara,snnd",al1s]rJnplgr6urep1zo+nc,atruziiorKl'tI1sSi:"c.i"tur;.uapFrr€+"fd;lJ"e;*q'Eo,Jnur.J*";rEo,,l(o,;Jp*rN,n;oio"'u'oadJl*ull;iIIi,puuJnio;'ii-'€n'".i;aaoii;uaui1tli;r"scilin."1i"id\ul"qcI+oJ};ibtE,cpnonir:IrEa,pd:Bor;ruiid1llJ,lbsl:)Jtqgd"uuBr''lurrue"Int,ms0l"taps,8(j"'rrrraaJruu)'r'Jr'Jo,rud:Bn?r'uB"lsrJun1,rll€er'?'euru1Jldllulsn1'oarontu*.crE"ctlil\zddanIronBpora''nprlJptu,"rtltuelsdatsSo1oulsuJ+e.udarrcK5ltlt'nalJ'aus;pBrp.rusturJJpoouutJpaJcSaEalltu'zuqr$Jrtnr'no{JnluitsssdiraluJ'uol(roe'6LauoquI);nc9ot€ptlclztl[

!lllslJatrl€r€) 1S grnrrnlrS';'E'g

JOI lJolslJl] ee-lelnLuol't't

"tPr*'I q- N; Iq' ,{, r.ri-

cm3+lNl I

iox1i

i

i

nl:ei

i

L

tui

j

*lI

I
I

Or--

n" N; Pr* LL

r.rr I pf d"

T---'i.]\-g, *

Fig. 3.16
nt

g,L

i-7IrorolpJpoEgo.r+iitrcupoouJuTorpc"rdr{reJ.rplo+g,.onsrou.Fr=rrqgot.cszu1r1Jeer3"1graeei oluTcloprarpFfFu<;arrorrunInura+rI;uurJadao.aIfner€cnauoronvJpTtrs8]uuoarrK"Jurn+oEnqq".zdfrrcq-lsta.sue.ara.prldcrJrad1acu+;urr€ennoulnidoJFlauoJ?urEss1r+zznu0rr€uooJr+,li

(rg'e) (zn *rn)- T olp

zp ,Ip

?nop otrarmlln op quoc pugurd rS e; nc grode"r uI (gg'g)17 aur{qo es (rur{ien1aay.r

ad puptr"rap

(og's) nln xtr_p _ ?-,
z"Ip-
-a3_01r_c.P1 rr_Jt,20^"r-_

(oq'e) ,:r]oPrPvL7 -'L top: lrlrolp : ,o

pgp'sufuulcanrpda.s:r{ypee'.ucrorlcm{uqrc.ornId€peuorsSwJ{+qo7uesrnaorcelpdslx.Fdreoqod€r;eysrJ;er+Elesraraolcdrztn.srclonul-r1Iurrn.rr:18ro.eqreo.sr1riS.orr;rer11;o17lieeonzp-uae{nr.qrrdeolsoXpodnpJeuolrceoturzi"rI,porrlrcil,i"le:rumirle:Iliuat€e.+1*"Era*nal"ucrJr oeepp1

op Imxnq o+Ir?J-rp 'ppueruoc op InpoJ+cola urp Inluarnc .au;roq €I
lj+qo--q--otSuspsI+;cIcJeluJsp4JuTzno€dqIt$el,sIJ!ttI.S.uInooorS_d1_JdrouI+I(li?rJe+csF+€og1€r'S+IsmaugnstcrsErrqesroeJo.ro:sra+o.p+zJ)Ftlnosec€3+nedouacznos€;0aJlurp,prIrorooBIr+J+p.rurJruSosutr€soaepIrrc€Ico.oqerr^upoerClIn{lIeunet€rasuaur.ccKar("rea1Feorl1€pn.7epcrouce.qorrIooacu4g:erruprpuritp.crncrro)ue"11ae?eaunrenrcrce{{;tp.nposd'rfJpnun4Eou.Sp."rorrlrIu:uprocurrqooocuya-€oo1fordeie"Ilc€rqao.ennlapfppcaofrpa(ropag€vaprradl+{€nereatolu1,zi\rfIroozo+e{,u?.roalsro+cpnlrsdE1uufu6georuIrraJcrr'Iqsr0€En+,n+pfoIcl(rnnzIudiJ€ivmoorEuucal?zuorroz€o1ojqzcerIseollosvo1rIIea+ngniocJrirrJrUaooooat+spu+qcsl

(es's) (60,0+r0,0)_T r_vT

(rs's) __o_ I + "I"oo -

aur{qo os QocI + rocl : o7 apun
'"r*nr:"tr

(sg'e) (07 | xTzopi.vTroo.: aoJ +rcl - VIT

ap{eq11eFa ap €urtsos pululfr

(ss'e) .zsI - of nc ,orl + xTzl.f - ,'I

tltratw zS InJO+SrzueJl ru1Uad ,rEr

(f!..e) qEI - YI nc r0r1 -'I(ou -I) : rsI tracl * nltou : rctr

feleod es p;rog.srzu€rq. nr+uod '(qgrs '5r;) r;reluorueidruoc OIJCS

rro+srz{rtsr+ rotrl

:1*$ H rlilt }Iitauirt"d"e"Pc"eoam%icluaidatraaXrc.de[t,Vel-frr,oins"ltiili;lc,d-.af'rI;^fsf,:tfa],0iti,;c1Jcdou';..di:'/ilfsocXtoi:n.i,gli'oce;o;min:s'citl'lo';iul;"dfn'fpi;',u*.r!Lr"c{tterri.r,nrp*o)ltsa3endtt"ee"tJ'e"Prfru,iininad-'

3.3.2. Procesele de comutare directi

mnsidtva,o,:Iuiei,.romuei,n(tnnr?trec:t[o=gtr)torhdPeVc^mesctL,e.oe7raulu:naitnp*iplIlti.te(elvaturRvrtleilrotu)arnaper,'idlLen1so,sclrror+a"aileoitegcdanrimare'0qitlt*eantr'o,"u.eue"crt"t'ot"[itan-ri7;,';I'r'i**si',';seii"ii,pi"'nNliaJlt*f;toiprl,;'itE"x'".;ci'o';";".;;iilf;io"r;t"irr.-ltli;-ea',p,"i';-,io;c;""edt'ftIo.tii;Xrtso";";nlila'l"ri;rpeeodlna'e(tonLteius',s."ttt(itiiei,iemumrcrru,tn",oirru'esr'uepu'i,rilriitorli'uli'o"Ju-'eiiidliil"i'r-llu"'a'"ri'tfp"'nloTl*ioes,dn;i'"inr'il'liuctlr'"ist'^/sir.ltildu-e*iie-alprsi't1-i-eit)1ct,,ifi"elt'o"ntt6ii("ererrldgfoedzisiqciegsteil*edieiae'rav'-rnos3tee:ipclcrttle'-'uuut'oelctcou1mrtnmlpleaee7tatrelfrnunat'eiuonnlqt)taeua'bitauetulrS'itunfncceleeepoioiecnacrmdrliaopntiiuiuaeccrnrrneeanlenodrotsr&cvsettuelulutdlarri{aaLc--''l''l

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(ol
F',' B'1?

bdcc;c:draianr",rozd:erd'aiai,rc'NnJtuiipnlmr;.eu;Aje,nptc#ctutueot;itrsc1Lrtcia,ei,flt,gltt,te"r:o.e"lleeu";#llber;;ii"?t;;;l;;';ti;"'rf;;juo;r;;;nr;i;-',;;iep;ra;"ltaizti*ni,|.r*aei;epscmtpiAi.r.i,*eaioi-do*c;ri';;doi;i;t-;il"ii;e;"uV-tcrri'"tii;,"o'g")rrd^iaot;,'i"'tjuiitnuviPnmza'gtiiintotpi'"n'."aioit"'cle*ldaasuaeupiltzrsTleecrairaoarclzn[tr,l'fudai*ui,l.nuinanu6ieile,lpiae"'nuz,'psrrub2iirldnitili-e-,[

torilor mrnorrt'ari'

7l

9t

a€I-lnuopal+nao1'JpB+torutoj+r.raulssudo{trJa;aarrpqpali.yJaEpra'plBrrgJr(por{?Je+c+ant+saic.puJrauanFBJdosnorpt€oJsrdorlorrr+.p.arros?oicqsrgJirtiussr.IanrraornBcyplnirJTprrauJuFoara+J.orCI(+n(nxp.HaI"rariaeBg,+rrueruI-rn,\iatlrfaioauquzpora1,B.rrerdrd.uuraworu:urardori8mJo,ru+tapr1rirs+zo)psnauFu;lro€e1pcc;1rrqeinoddpldune"il;io,ud1loosrruJgainraalzcz)tfr -?1.
't--r,nporrqoi5r;1racnp:krdlu;unrtJled_raaJ(,gtp1srr+zsoIuaJlleould:ulrc1xrJ)rguts'oJsrJozo++nluuJ{{lrosup+oaKaap+ab;pgrtnprdko\u!irr1eu?ln'pdlrui.,esJr.aSri,l1l zcuaacJpd:,sgo=a.+czr BiortrIuin-diIluq,$nEcu?LzrESE=ezstuaca1I atitJ1xBiasa?t,irtu7r.iltIoc1uirdJl,l'srrB{ra+."JrrrJo^aoIbrupJrgiuoiunr} ap

(sg'g) 'zCy J.Ic1 : YX rllI

(gs'e) zc s, zc:. zJ1, Tul

szb_?,s0 2,_:zh .IJI

(ru's) r3:., rct "f
_ tr:t
a-8r0 _tq() fljr

(es'e) ZEt Zs-t +1' €jI

""h+ zW+ z6p -aa! tl
1o
Qye) TsJ, TsL ?-p .IO
6.p_(-)+-' +Lqt) rndp -tsl AJ,

: ruoilt rlulcJtss l'n!l
lIuop{o?aqlgrl1"'rgopetirlennFcIJa uroJuoC Su'elfx'.e]ro_1rr,cu"r,xcn:.r.e82sr".;.e1rIpr3rlr\rcg;lx+e€u-+riKxror{t1.sr,doeaF+e{spar1in{oqerrr8?'+oDsaoidlluqaa-ppr,arop
IE
UIt1 '[gf] cI
rurFa.rul ro+slrr+ un-J+urp sacxa
oJ
8r'€'o'ril -.I

satxe u outJlDs I ?
tolrJp'lrLndw o
q4au otjo4uacuatuos -- - q\ 9
I
\ ..'_l F
Y
€
l,raubg1.r1s6ur,rpd.trrA€osrl*so+rprz1quugsnea".lr'lo3Ol z2'1u01cqS*e'.urrfrI1"p0o.Jra,q:rl?euoz{z,lruranlau\iulco(ufstdrcd{u)+'r+aurrian}rt-r.0jrurn[,+n:rnEr+lsurcasauflalor.sfreaeataoauxl"ngar1rzFuuoanIi.aldrD1-u"4r,aJ"o]rrE"suaos"s;+e?a"#a3t'u3;ra"len"scJiloJ.rJltnq*a1e|Iepfii P
ap €aunr.Sat vI'pu!,c,tns u1,td lr)pt,lltoc ?uTulap ult- Ec 1r,rr,rd
-sIrI+ (gl'g 'Frj) r.rrloclrq Tro+srzutsr? {op tlc riuale,rrqco EI ap ry a1'uclii 1irio,1 f

puru.rocJ

Tfi',,#l*tlk,Tif:i:.1,::lrtis[ali1eetrTiae,1pp-od:praOiorJtnesiee"ciemgtxsduPl.cir,lirrrmiteo,"ee"sarr.lr'elenpr.Sgj"'lr"Jrt#t'[f'ii"irmd'"{pQ,[rliLr"-otl,.'r"1b,i=inl'""=r'-ll9IllCriroelt,b"-trqtt,-i?,er,io"'*:,b',,s1i"ged:;roi"lri#r.;a";:t'=-cigt.iit;aiY;*rct}lzi.-ioD',z.r''on'tc.i'erisrac.u.ig,irinerLurieitescnio(ot'srlln'aa(tsut':lail*li'l'6.t-nui?nt-r)

de unde oblinem d'3" Qo', * i"-. (3.68)

t1i2 acLxcz acz

ou,(oA):poQl)irc,r(irre)rcz:l*-utrtIatcans-fso]rr--rtn:talrr&ea:l;lIfL:n"lplr[a--ct"'c''c*=lirrt--.c-+t,i'(,ci.t0t*cos^n-t,llii;i,,tio_ail-n1it,,i:i3rl.d69, )

K1lt:: :c,t,:cz' ('ult>lanlclt' 1''' /f t' ti' ilu espresiilt'
ultilrla r,elu{ie re
rk"rtn, d:--eT-s""-"ta"3i,nntIlo{2bia,a:[ t-o/':' obiiue
original' din

: {t/t'} * exp { -ilcs}-l/2]' (3'?0)

QorU) #"[exp

rapi*'Paefi'nic"a"e*"rxivtaor"eea\upliim{ -etll,'oreli'a!oib1l"riunercnare m:ii intii negiiiS'm terrneuui

Qu, d?0, - I91l**p {t/ro}, (3.71)

;==-il: zTn=

iar curentul iA are exPresia rr \ -\ *""'-'1l' (3.72)

ia : i",* iuz -''" l-(' i' ,i",)

Din condi!, ia tn(t6i,): 0'9 -Ij{a oblinem expresia tirnpului rle culni'r[ave
directd'
* 2""t i' (3'?B)
't4i,: in io,9'I,4N+1 ,*air*"r1'ttl
(acracr)tt' '
Iti"

-A'lte aplusinr[ri' nrai pu1 in.grosiere' sinb tlate in l'ucrlritre *i!-'l' 16'
sisiemului (3' 62) (3'66 )
1e l. ue exempiu' i;'1i6];' e;fi
t#i;;;;r-8,

se o-bline re: CJeL{Jre't"" i Csett"r *Cal, (3'?4)

u

'2.r,*t,r,*o;*"T:oT ftL
4g?'gzaltat- 8p
(s
(os'e) ,("*t+ Ist)oa-24 1ze1ts1- zy1 'g
(e:
to,gz g * -(ro"b T)zsL * (aon - I)tsL - W
,I _ rnp s, t'p: ap o.l1

: ?E+OU €-S AJ€c ul (a

(ore) : : 'o:'?'aL0Yzcfzon (il|ip 'o (o)?l (0)":a (t

alerirur eprfrpuoc put,,t.€ In

(sl'e) .agzop-o,fp _o,!,rn *1,?20 + ,,1!t?) (o

---ptrs{8zcaru.1ro€rr[eu(.gr,rlrrqogreqpSr€l.pc?rrelsurlcrueu1Idtnspr5uc+masleouqisouc)aorpneolrp;a{uoerl+rn€aucotaJupo€e+roS1lure€ranous+lrngr?5lruer'(r.orJanrlun1rKcrSuo€?nnoprI+Siac€Iurrqroorsluluseiaug?alei'.lrrrucnonecprd{os.m"Jrqo+lndr);rIroep,r+corlsrpreJruernn+.rl
Jolrr+orutsJ€d e p.reruqau e{uepuadep ap tsru€os eur{ as opun [61] €are.rcnl
u1 alnur{qo 1u1s osrceld o+r€oJ s+tslpzog 'Jo?sur+ ur.rd rnlnq.uaJnc €o?€l
-rsuoq.ur ap luepuedap crulelnd olsa artsc afr pluaror;aoc aura.ro?ul (gr'g) tsIi
-€IaJ uJ 'oJe+nruoc op rrtsru rdurr1 ne e.relnd oJtsru op rrJo+srJrq. oluc n"rlued

qleznac iS also ts?s€octs I (r3;ru1 azeq) e.raoeundp.rls op rJ€ru runrsua? nc elelnd

aJ€m op rJo?srJr? r,.oLts E ep riur,rec nc or{crpe.r+uoc alse erfrpuoc tswrllq
'(IcFu zcrrS rar) elsn8ug azuq rS rcrur p{uu op rdurr1rutsru oI rJn?I'es pu1nl
aIJgr?soed"rdgxlecou41p(foJ'z€e??n+ruorceal:p
rie.ro*crur rrdurrl Rc g+Irtzal sns reru alvp og r*tey
11 alsa oJorzJl?r4
.ropdurrl ap i€?ol pdrurl ;rer

ir rc) 9r Ot

ap(a)c a\t-Jzoo'i

'r{glrcedec ralsacts €oJ€cJpcul n.rq.uod

Jtssacau rlinde.urtr"rr1eprrSsuleoFcnrlp1ppeulonmTq'a0.0rlT'>eol 1r/r{urn7r{nc;urgouf eedaiqtseulrrcneud€eicrquts1I€g^+qanrstuanldcxtse
€urcJtss

(sre) ',-(#-') "' zdzcL-rP?

aur{qo os oJorzJr+u1 op pdurrl nllued 'zQ = zcrfzat ec oJopoa uI pui^y

/c re) Ls*,,ro -Tlol(zcLlzot) : v?

elsaldxe [eSup1ft]rdr.udgutzrr'vtleJawpIlSxeog1..1iud6cuqedlaauszroercqnrurf{Icturtrgne;?Ir*gJuo0lsura/utr1r,aJ1'"orlvrrtToSr+n?uln+C+;r'unrdoCJrn'e"cC+er'ziepurvfu4or.p"ruoenp.t
ep ee5el

r* plura

unde C2 este capacitatea ioncliunii ,/2, ro este rezistela de r-olum (totald,),
11 si 12 sint rezistenlele cliferenliale ale joncliunilor lespectir-e. Rezolvarea
exactd, a ecualiei (3.7S) este foarte cornplicat5, qi se poate efeatua numai
cu ajutorul calculatoruiui electronie. In propun soiulii simpiifi-
[19] se
cate prin aproximd,ri iiniare pe porliuni.

A"l-l^,'r
, \r"Al',

|I 1It-;tjT1----"titl?, -2--i,--r[lcf-'.
I
-LlLi-Fig.3.19

Trebuie subliniat c5,, in general, toate teoriile referitoare la' comu-

tarea tlirect5, au neajunsul cd, presupun ioncliunea J2 nepolarizatd' direct

(tranzistorii ?t gi ?: se afld, la limita tle saturalie).

b. Comutarea prin metod,a do/dt se realizeazil prin aplicarea unui salt
pozitiv de tensiune pe anodul tiristorului. Se presupune cd, dispozitivul
rimine incd, in starea de blocare clirectd,, adicd, J1 .si J3 sint polarizate direct
iar Jz este polarizatd, invers; clrept urmare (vezi fig. 3.19), capacitd,lile
C, qi Cr sint foarte mici in raport cu C2 gi intreaga varialie a tensiunii apli-
cate se regiseste la bornele lui Cz. Curentul cle cleplasare (prin capacitatea

C2) este

In: Czdaldt (3.81)

(s-a neglijat varialia lui C2 in func.tie de timp). Avind in vedere c'i"'

Id: Ict- * I", * In:aorIa *anrlr + ID+ Io (3.82)
(3.83)
ryi c.i 1, : /r se ob.tin relaliile (3.84)
. Io)-Io

" l-(a.or * q"r)

dI^ 1
dI o 1-(arf *2)

I-'!in ril1,irn:r, relalie se ollservd, cd' pentru comutarea rlirecti, sint nece-
sit;'e ir,celca;i conrlilii incri.r, ,si cazul comn"ti,rii prin salt <le curent pe poartd',

adicri a, * cz 11.

3.3.3. Procesele de comutare inversi

lie in Ilxist[ trei metode de comutare a tirisiorilor d.in starea de conduc-
sub valoarea de men-
starea de blocale : (a) inicqorarea cutrentului i,
I^, (b) micqolarea tensiunii orr sub valoarea de menlinere apli-
linere unui salt negativ de curent pe electrodlrl de comandd. ;i (c)
carea

{1,

o-j--tS--._rJtglICAp'frfll.:laDt-.tIts)t.sX"".rltIsir'r^.Oio,rdOqEO!drIpl?EI.+IIg?sJ8']lvtutIIEs1Iutl$?UJOl4o'rlYnOJ"uer'iJ,ztrnOaud"l+rlo+frlsuCnISuuOnaOluuo'esIr,ptOI,o{oapI]cVu.eDuIrua-4l1nonxO.cE?*racurn'fN{st1no'sgtoauoIrEuqn.I{d,r^ros,c1IslUEJfdtugr/r'E]xrr9r€Prv+e+jearQ,Ul_prgU.upIlinJSudoIrolArrpnrrIuudurJsJ.trO1unarr;P.urUsrJslradot's8Is€s-tulC,ruIr]1ruBoldcaou.1rI.IpOl,lI\tpoJ]nrTpoilzlrr!Uear]"1reCnnrJOsslniAEdr.u,rIm}S+aIurryI,.esiA,r]rpou,O,up:P,d,.unI^'iairOr-l,^rUicr,tiOruiaarIirnulNutsacugcoOJ(l,ondK.,JEii,rSoerlSfr'.irO1.]s.ape.Itp')N.iS1rrctulsNtlI.pLrlIla*rSosro+J.orpjrItSu:r?;pds2paanII,,U.crrr4B+uoguruJcSE,,ll.AtvraisPusutAzJ1Tzr,rwrUeJeaipa,OIqdrasuT?r^oqu}}jI+vour;.PnIur1c"InlZoZ2rrip -I II:

c,u.ra1nd+ursar_,*,ff 'l(l?q.H0i6fi'g#'f*q"r:J,)frs*rHa^"u;r{ol;."r*sJlrr"u;roil'l"lpllirln-pl.isl*oa;[oHro ielJa;dT'u1;a -u
I€riruT'ec pulundnsa,r4
-D'L
oz'e 'Er.s
tF
r*1-l F. -o
x
(r
I
fc,

(a

(r
€

-i
ol

ll

I

,]I
1
'I

up-(n""a"{r4rulo1'o)leIu.uSldoJnJr}ul'_gvur'et.o3o5vt.unurI.oTrorz'1nnutsyslnrqurplauau,teu,rn(p;rcqrF)nOrnc'.eartot.rSrinr1lxlnFdovselua+u.rl)oprr,usrfputeEs,unaos!rJcnsBuxu.SoIalJOl'u(I.naDAIs.ua/uJT,[toanlsl$agro,Jrr11oaf7azla?uri+rrar,ra.slruonrptal,dorrcAuu[erueanar"aaruI.ecSmrnlpIc1E)trtsatnraru.uoarruoua"s;gu,upao(ou1tg{'nrr.rriuops' sruuuolrsg$l I

t

mimCicnmuooimeermrenxdpecneiDueanntstnttibeastudtt,lr,iiadn,it-ebpapu:rrtriodel,miap,nteppmtiuxetu.Pr"eirle.ntrtst5e"""'e,!Js];ti;i^'o[iae"""jl;"fi.i[l;rr"*1oJ;.'"5AtLl;mxi];rt"-"i,"iin;n"iiro*f"i;rJgioi"tO$uAf,iacri't_crlaiiuaiabnnram3ecez.e2apiinl0lePJictsdceu,oprd1efuei1ismnS4tes11e,-n.[baeeAavsaTtzepicooetup!,l,,ta-aopirtmtlie:Sazanp'r,ittzV'crdecueu' zilnddteopiirfslueeiRnacrlvroiitcnet'eitni:Iaisnanr.

drr : 'rrzln Iiorl+ae IAN e-|- a21 : ^(zt gnrt (3'85)

(L- Y"21) Ian61

ustoiinYoedlamecroiiytzoe1a7rfuirceelis;eqtne,i4ateu,*ftieicodsi'eettnee1l'a,o;l';-ti..ropat"in;li.;"zt;t"i^s1ntp"iod;r'.ru' T4lCuz;rui $m?ilrd'ad"inrnezsrriie.snegtigoueirmlfuii,cLlil"cTirnnrrt'l<aeinrte1mlr,i1eitogiYnriumrdr'1=cuinoi1'lvererecesrtlsopaerfCuciale-
is.ar) se simirlificii tr : asz ln (1-,4, I'nNllo,ot);
(3'86)

"idtn1"i.=leltcVi"n,ilr"ziouibinrJ,.)dpC'tJi.oDuui.aiur-xetu-pep4n.at",ifpu,.i"Ir"""m"i.r"u,pri."c;t"."tig;'lii;'o'tirltlurr"'--a"';ltl;t;ioqctll'rt;u;c'*;eiLintt=-pr;citoLnutobnvntoiriemzrtnorapsesr[eile-oeia^inr,djiaoeeainejarovxcencvilieacaues!ilno,xiiduaipimirnrneJeiidi'sbc-JiaaIia$z'ivDnaetor2ir/ePzrn0g:y]'ui't(ueVinltnotrescnnaeiuo"pn-deVmeeaua"1n"trV)L'elpR"cre"o"1re-;

ty1:anz^1ff (1-F,,,) (3.87)

uuTdenxninitrmcud,een.ps"ceuulcicmtnl)q2"inii,2CbrecalJucemozre,searastannaerNreptrteuire"mdl."enet*,pxrr"s;u^uP*";Xplr;;;de;;;f*;eii;sr;i;grtiJrar,_ra*tt"'["iin2uo?f,z2g'tiili"]toiivgafnolal,*;.irleeriol"locio"enitrtclae"etdatrxeaioincob;n"e;'ns.si"lao,coazrcirt,taepibritetrirttriperjn',ii.houmlre"nalsipcnz4lelaiicu.nmPinptb,acoidmxialeialseelr'tad/ianz'iJa'ta,pitsstaoc'apillre|rareieonrpiiavzJnrreao3iertpe"disnie"'-
tsz: aaL ln ['K, + KzIANlIrnozT' (3.88)

;;";?; ;,ulni;ilnr;.ir'iedi;iri&e.tirio-tii;rKlnii)-slr,ciLLif";oiririnr.,-rnK-seoA,caa*"scu,iytlne"'n,*tt".iif.r"iu'."["ftS'dugclT;:'L.z;t!goi=iHa-'ltt"lac;1'gi;,'i,ic"t'oOo."bnrl'"lc"l":are9".ioni,Tt$ctiir,me^aLf"fupisaactu'speolgirsepcoo1efoxeihciiap'rcimrreloeiilnalzsdraltclriiiritv'ze.s-ieagn,e,tztgienoeetavexlil'n.ee4trvceI1zeuss1r1audcsdlue"'e2tir1'iC-et'eir_nnuxsLetprrrerL1eznllaest_"drruzsaoetll''

[201 t72 : antrln llvo, rar^(rt (L-?'u)lto11 I^)' (3'89)

und.e rrl este timpul dp'euttreamnzoitb,asel rgvoalucr5i'lotirrpipriiil cblaezcao.rIn[tu9tau rIea J' spre Jt'

Oa trd,silturd, general5' inversS' d"t'

80

lg age tr_g

orfe""rn+€s ourl{peroas1oul sao.;plu€rooJgre.+ssrzuaJ\aotuqlrzusql.>rzutl7ppcrid-rpoIqosrrizcunnp4u,ozcaTolpzsorJl tsglscvu(II ln.ro+ lr
-s{Jr1 J€r .I

(se 'e) .eI-NYItop - zsr (

"fa.rq?rrrrn ur.rd e7 eaunr{cuof op gelcalut r;rn1o8 op In+uoJnc €
EZBq ulp r:rn1o8 op In?uoJnc elred g11u ep ed -I
orlurp e{uero;rp €
Inguornc IS z2-
nc 1e5a elso I

(re 'e ) I Y l(on -I) : ,*I o
.
4o'elgrssoew,rzKdwxcqepueurrrpuun(r1rdenn.lrsone1Fe;rsedpoI'FJInp?+usu€2ou,6rrnopcc;'r(oewgpsTlzu(ur,{'agtpr'gFu)lot+/c)'IZnrll+n-u+1Ir+eIeuJtonUrcngcru;rpoeupurtu1iurn;e+romIts+saJqqeesaccqodue
'g*uele,re u1 t;reFundpJ+s n€s i
o?coJa ul.{Jo?m ti r.reur +uls Jolruil{cuoI
6+rropou aluurpnlr5uol r{ue;rna nc rrJo?srJr+ BI oaEcIJouI au1.top egt"re Kc In1nl -
-de; gry;ro1ep rJurrr 17
eqpoleletcreudIs[9u61
'T6't6f plerceds e1{cn,rlsuoc op ntss erelnd Kcrur op IIJo+sIJr+
gcrlde os Kpo+oru K?sqlec11 'ot, tnlnryr,a,r,nc nz.InsJlaut ut,td natn4nwag (6

(eo'e) .{*Il*nI) rJI tsL

=au!?

else (-7 u1 pqd rz rn1 ee.roqSe;rcsep) ?sraaul oJts+ruuoc ep lndrurl "ret

{za'g) *'r :'!

"srtt-Q

oJ€rrrJn ur.rd 'r1g vzvq u-lp
6acxo uI ,r3uTcJtss nc l,euor{rodo.rd olsa lrqrzodsrp ur.rd plncnc oJEc In+uortlc

(fO'g) t'a111-Q NvI Nan tsL : (ilrsy

ltsraprsuoc ts-s) rr1 NZp t81 : else rr{enco larur+In ur{.n1os ((Irp =Nr"n

(O)tob [7fl ptetilur erirpuoc pu"rund

{oo's) 'o:io6rs*LtrOp?p

aaIT(aidtcClspslorJfoueJal,oqefl,u+\r€uloicsroe(tuepodIiuIoJtr:ec*'u0ltoirullnrlrol.;r:ni,ur?{s)nndro'1o-r^+tuB"ooc"ort5rgisn;,priuca1zloTroopuyIrpl8cscrerlp.lrdLunprIJrnndrf;ouerrnluu1rauu,sruz"brocerfFaarldrzznSzutnE,JcoTlp;plIil1on'ozo1(u3g1peudlsIieo:rtzo|+uedf'a1(rcIgzlpledf(;en1i'r[geruu(c€,uororturorcdl1uraoI+r.zpnrsoKur1nor,djr{uoplufoucereer8rururBinr;ooucrrauplfnucpul)iBrn,irli{I;Is?rJ'Jcn(uoou6Iu+oorr+o{oui9;Slrc+ofqn'ea8rc'ce+l€n[eu)JfooclertfeJe;sr]a€oonsrn{8Jsepcu.Ju.urr1nolulnduuutcafxd.e8euru?espdeer?.lrg"r4lne/sicoxlscplpl.sJr1enue+ogSz+tug"1sJror1"cod1z11S
-r[rocuoc 'plrrod od slelur ?uaJnc rnun EoJt;ctlde pc +v+YJv' ornqoJt
'r.rt:ru al+tsIa;i ri.rolur rldiuruer.gr.nnaclSolu(nrJVa?n€cruppzeqafdlIorp+nesrr{eg.rdoo*ccrsnrlsIeJc+uoud1a)-lltc1\aa8?r
-ue"r1 tTtr.J?
ep li p{'ur-l. ap

qi tiristorul trece in starea de b:locIaIrNe.-IU"l,tirsneapionaetgeaslitcari.ete reprezintX condi'
iia Oe comancld,;
Etiind. cd' Iu

r'e -->('-oo, * crn, - I)In* (3.e6)
doz

Eficacitatea procesului de comutare invers5, este catact'etizat prin
coeficientul de amplificare aI tiristorului

(o) Ktoo : +Ie: a-0-1-*-Lcor6z2- 1-; (8.97)

la tiristorii d.e mPuatreerepuKtieoroe:K1r0,u-3:30+' 5,
la
cei de micd,

rDr pot fPi roimcepsde,lre{itdeeincotmreuitaorteapinevelr2si+-I)'
(cst,tiuagrne.tn,3ta.u2rle1ib,--,clor).fc-meIinYnaecpuraaipmreroaaxs.iemataracptdi'ni,v,iluocnrodnien-
exces pin5, cind concentralla j]oonrclsiuca.ndiei

(cl h zerd pe cele dou5, p5,rfiale
J2; expiesia aproximativd a timpului
eslb lvezi. expresia exacti' 1".
in [2a])'

t,,=:""^l##Hel, (se8)

Fig. 3.21

uainnrvetelelrostcrl;'i,etseimcs"teepqlruitlengttenima ea;rarpeiddeedx,dpiafrueczsiueiareaanoplillreoocrxtirzmosnaqitlioiv.rdf,'indeboaazarecPer.J_,lnseetpaoplaari1zec1aozu53,,

tfl - rar ln(IaylI*). (3.ee)

ip"ip"riiul ,lrnrliozenetcar.iptr'a;iupnauiitrrJtedi,atoccraioirnemtinsineu5op,ioietlavarariicznienaareezxai,cepinsuvr,detSirns,,t-boaarislzotarfey:,lritdncioslpiriatcraurprieridnn!irn'iei,caospcmraod-'

binare.

3.4. Comutarea tranzistorilor cu efect de cimp (TEC)

3.4.'1. Construc3ia 9i parametrii PrinciPali ai TEC

tAAio;"";riif*rrci-uul1"re"t"i)rtt"""Sn""ttccruiAlrcrc*"tounucristdiume,ltliofpitiirii,ltffeeiunnan)tCzecXcglliourca:nts(ale1t,-ip)ra)e,rct.euuincErp5ix-oc,sidsaouternSbtr5t,eti,rn'titjrurroieaan(nircTezt!iiFp^snituSeuornr)vii'ieo.PI{mT*T,tE{I9lr9Cie$i{pMf)ue'"Otrt(i*SZcl)a5d-('cecaiunactrpeacrosneeatlgzrut-iiltimsS5p-,'

88

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I+rt?o,prlsrnrlnouFn€a+loIJlorrpurol,rq€{u oemr{e^na1prsJoqlruooJ8+ucnoftlas oesvlvotrltuelrcurrrtroscuo'n+
ulp o.regr.roferu x

-

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oinrso;r8 ap pulc
'r? ol?olr?-^. rilrurnu,u o ru+uod 'pieye.rdns gFu11 ap Inl€r+s
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Iq+Iq l€rrec
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t;att';it" oor"ina datoritl electroniloi m6Uiii din canal, Qu(y) este sarcina
tc;l'lr;'ear;n-ni(toa.r"l,nn;i2o;il"rsr)naeiucCaucztenentespetnietnott';r,rt,i'rleafd,dgeri,,enigislduar'neriteauegntrisdauia,it.nniteeAug,aiiita,citdtad';entrideamtranleupticl'[e('sccrelel'iz.DstutrY>laf>nyigg<;uusVlr-eSi:ia3z^\-[cf:24l.i2^n,g\V\cSrue'yd,i,Vrutenr6nadi-niezqVilis/ptrt')oa">rn'su0e-l'

zistt-n'trl functioneazS, in regim saturat'

it;iai"|intiilt*;[";l".t.it,i,s.mcriifenlndiiphro,os*innetrerriires*,aitctttalueatriiap],rtoaqtcteituunzlaeuemtndsa,timuil6lpcidlomifedicppatultrooelnanee,nflreletsca,,trrdleoicinnegtaxriretpeurcendasuinli.maea9cY1,e6iaE'g2rmo6^maY] pi oicmannepanoltri)-',

7-, : *n z et lU "- l r)v o -v'rl2f, (3.100)

&L'

uz;('r,slno.e;dirl":eoseuNuoien,ip)nrat.pioed-ceareinmasrcmpzteeiu"mnuiltmseitvAeuaoinptUbatsctitilaspeuitnaana7a"itsleaidouatir:lteueltleezl0edlc(e,zt,ccr,ali>rtcdaerdiLonsc'5ndt)f,a';ielfboloiearzraidznoiranetltareseetctosmeatr/enu,igcalcuri,lSooi.n(s7iienirIrmc,d-/,>t,a.aee0taapdS,Y_ee' snsedleadtmgrepacsonetouuatrr5tsel-ud5eaie"dnpeeizeexocgnplirldamiejeatsopnrerl)air;;'l

Iiniarti

,",:#t{vc-vP)vD. (3.101)

ln regimul de saturalie puunnrilnedV' TrP' VJo-Vr-o-:' V: cv-Vcp' , curentul /'o' nI
intr-aaevei,
depnae a"-yr; I/P din expresia

(3.100) rez:alt'h

, ^:##ftvr-v :r), (Krlz) (v*-v p)2:(Krl2)v2ps (3'102)

It

(sors) i [o_l -".1 -ul,)] oT"drT :1sum:C1j O;p P6

z i:o!r:p- :

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(p4ufe"rdns op N

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-o.rr"l ap ef uelsizoi ra +ep puli,{ 'l)t,I-Dl,s acyt'adut'n77o0' 0?xcxJsx'La?on'wg (.g

pentru Ve-->0 ayem gan:g,,,. In regiunea de saturalie, :con0f;orimn rela_liilor
avem 9a
oblinute in urma unei tratd,ri simplificate, realitate

totdeauna ga,*A. Schema echivalenti, (modelul) corespunzS,toare regi-
mului de semnal mic qi frecvenle joase este ard'tatd' in figura 3.24 a, fiind.
descrisS, de relaliile
io : 0, i6. : gorao{ g;a"- (3.106)

5

(o)

Fig. 3.24

cfraerceveinbnf)flueIe,rnairieifarpezrcdium,efnuutnieorii.-ntnioadnltaceraempaaoctdriaetfni,ulziileistrteodbr-iiuinoiterreTsEtxeCcrmMupOinriSnadleidn, qi alte elemente

aceastd, gam5,-de
Co,, Co6, C7' (fig"

3.2+ b).'Eela,tiile care descriu acest model sint

io:co,**r-W

(3.107)

is : g*ao* gcLa* co^dau -LI cv"s,dd'(uod-,uo)

clt

Exist}, multe circuite unde baza (substratul) este conectatd, Ia o
cliferit5, de cea a sursei;in aceste cazurimodelulpentru frec-
tensiune r:6, atd'tatd' in figura 3.25 (sursa este referin!5, pentru
are forma
venle inalie

Fig. 3.25

tsiDoaiaront:Cet oA[ot2er8$ne]ispirCueonzoiinl:etda,C^pcoloaicppaaetcenii)at,rteuuanaddec.i:gn0i*r,)e,.epsRotaeerbtlraSal,iniqlseicsoounabdrseutcrdata.ten(sClacoroisu:ubascCtreaaost-tdpmreenonot5r'ue, l

(3.108)

ia: g^Do*!^6rs*gaaa*cro K53d +cuu -d.(aa u,)

dt

8 (s

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Stlrile limitd, ale tranzistonului sint marcate pe familia caracteristicilor

stetantsiciuene(faig".pe3.2d8rae)n;i,*pelsntectaupl l1ox(im1 laotgivic)egcaolrXe,scpuuntdeenssitutin,reiiadeclebloacliamreenctainrde

(o)

Fig. 3.27

Fig. 3.28

DrnnV'o; punctul 2(0 logic) coresp-unde st5riide conduclie (deblocar-e)
"dfrreandt,"cnosrieosnpeuanzpde,tocrlretennSs' ieui'snt'eii aor:yoo-IooRu, und'e roo este curentul d'e
trZ" (fig. 3.27 b), anume

Ioo : (,p., Co"l2Lz) (I/"- l")', (3.110)

unde csc : coz.L este capaciha,tea totald,,p_oart5-canal. d?-rinopcraireatcdt,elirli.setic$ae
inversoi"logic"ale circuitului d.in tfrig),uurand,3e.2s7i.nat ri.ntedLic'nalttde' qi gama (rezerva)
cle transferirr tensiuno (fig. 3.2S
de siguran!5, S, pentru -1 qi iSo pentru 0.
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epluouoduroc op €.o€as uri arrc lcosurr+xo rrdurrg. .."'tit:i3t?"it;t#Ji?[3;
q'e+luuu,rri8oselq.SroeO.drWduOoI +TKsJl€o,Jotr€soloolrsaoluo+rzsnolczJveeo$rse+r'.grIsu€qJ'trKscssaatsscuoarlurJ+oouqlrs€oIoJtnutsur+enlKqrucoor.lrccdueJopdrrdmr+ ocoJtsoop
'.rolpurrn 1nJ a

om+r+suoc KsJo-t T

3.4.3.CircuitedecomutarecutranzistoriTECMOsavindsarcin;"integrate"

ifnd;M(tf;anndieff;aaf.ttiudr.cui"gtt;Or.lp;eiafomeeAncmu;;6tnSng;j5c]ureia"ud;;el.,altT'a;si;,rA.tilumoOmu;,,SdtqrtIjvr3ine,aent,J"oeipiaucai.ccmnitr"duse3nidndegliilzueetdu,i0utiizl"rrciig)iaauslssaianinaezi3l-nidnjpltltLrieet'A!ott,ellaeoea'ea,Aaala*ltr"e.aiiaibzttupt,iA"-eedcBr"*fi"Ano^sltrorti,iTr"tg";"nr"iXredf'.";J"";t"Eicifi*littif;paTi;."nuatl*Ti;""pc,;eJ""ui;iist"*';;ectatMen*;ile;f"i"tidr;ad"""ixiiii;li*"6ir"ooees;*.futilti"iiice"l""s""i"ac;i-run"ndfe;,drl"rtanapiicadi"tioiseeiotlOep"nor*rte*i,f-eeg"a-n"ncrz"vtadCmcrMrlrcgosicieatapn-onslnl&OmtiooiOitonnz"iupnetCtng'"aqis-.ouuSosnStr-tusitpiita;itcereecrearstqbmfireini[uaaattrttric3fdoueaineTaiufIb,2rirso,cblilEtraiceieprSefee-asczioiim0ezipo3i,maadxI,iianEvMtirn,rlo6iesescicsincezOdddntil]Ouutildaoaadn'i,iemetMneline€zl,Sritrnne,rtidrodiiosOitrca:slipie,lnoc-tq.otisSrurttddsruebculeiarg.penn,ieeielppm6tliciceccecgnaasectuasaianrepurpriunlaaaaarmnlt,lrapcepttrrii.rizrStccaaurrellaaieigetai_M,ltnlnrri'tricjcreaieceaeedeliaeuoeno'inls'aclrgirmddestnd,czuissei,n"suceuioipaicsnrradtipasreilrreritleteuruecrcceoregcaxdtl-ii,suel'rbnvgiutoL'elmaaemci5irtdicrtretteas'oiiuEdeSeeeiunlreletrunricol,dCittgriotstltrlriuldrieei'aeeiteerp'-n'--e',

n){-r,: I t- t/ -l/

lu,= I, rL -Vr=V2 vc=-10

b^F1 V. = v6 I

-16V

\

',tL "o=

zl/

-6

-2 -/' -6 -8 -10 -12 -1/' -16
K--Yr--+1 *_vo4
(b)
(V)1 g
VsD'-16Y
-101 T, nesoturot vP =-/.,2V
I
I "

-el

saturat

re9iune
liniord

Fig. 3.30

ilffi;ii;;"#;";;;;;;;'fiPiir";e;'s:i;nTi;ges"c,;t;i-v;;d*rt,".rufa,P,rn"oarzatri"rs.*ttato*r1rt,t"e*d-"f'eritirtuicaitotororetn1riaei1inlr"cdsirX"i,n?r_laqi,ici di.p?z,Too,Ia,trat*-"ei-t"nefitliri(ncra'eontnlu{ze,et,iics1ieattaoi\t.aiS,rlp,ugdefniieeecaoisc1naae?erlta,cecgitnrnauisdtnmieu';cna{ilienatoeanrcseiavuaarlzszauasin',li,

10

.roJSU€J+ op rcr+srro+c€J€c oFunrirod ep oq'€lruTrlop ?trIS ,,0tt IS ,,/t, oarFol aiol r

IJg:---n.oarirpJul^€a,SIrsu,Jtu1^ratBi{(run{cn{.orrz+,qgO€rA.p.acu€Olpa+ru';(dr1r:quonanlI1cZlu(rue,+rn,gsl0tsr''6rgurprJogn)uo''8tg+lK€uc1cpt'r*gF€o\E)+oIJosJs€npoo)c,Fnd!ola"clqn€AualcrtpanssUcIpl^p€TnrJIF3lEJaorOooan+pJalcuroacrorrJ+tlsdr'sacpaeoe+upu1It(Inzs(ZI.anzfgi.rr€q.IavolcuOdlooe.rrrrFl;ntrrr.oo8ll5?et1rgrEIospc.I1ecgno'tuJpzlpuaou.n^cularonrr€rrao+uFusssrrrynq'(orBoe€ou+Jalur€urpucorJ"rnnsoano+lqiueqo(€.rsepl€suo1slos€vIuulr.I-aiyucI:+qgr1o+3vutsoustIsfC1crr E
auJ-t-oAo+;Jr?J€nISuc+FgUl_1ft€c€sy-Jouo+uu?roctasl:crp+€pr(s;eorr€ocppqrfr.uuu+Ar'monrs,rlqqo."'rruecIolrqsIJ+S)socrqOu€tIrn€KJIUs€a4J)co[rOnp{€euTrfalallSautorrzcarnlourr'dcy(cOqageaoont'Kl?c+gr€€€?lr-lu1E5{Snolmr.=csOrpltea.,1tBpnjaoc\SIplO+yoa.1?utSulSrmlrJns,€,c,oaat"qrrprrrurrlc1con-,g+0urmF.slIger+a:z:dsruuua.eudrrc,r;or)€irA81cIro,yga€II\;:€\ur4rr1e1u9oub?our6.Tspnqr,-uar"rsndog:ueloor.p-+i+doImugucul-Ao4ogI
l",l,l * l"oAlal"Ot puinl '"rt rrunrsue+ ta.reg.terc ur.rd pp5o"r a1t pin6z a

-rI€aJ os rrJonl +soo€ | elrrurlau ounrsua+ ur JaJSuaJ1 op rcrlsrJo+o€r€c Joun n'

ee"reur{qo ug rfese.raqur ruo+uTs alelr8rp a1u,r8o1ur .rolag.rncJrc Inz€c uI

q *'er[e.rn1es op ueunr8e"r.R]tso? ?uts+srroD e;zcryrldrnu op ?uorcrJooc no "";
+ "t Iiolnlac vzrlaat 1od as "-y. ';r7 rr{uarcr;aoo ?ts^cap€ poru ui pu13a1e

:ffi:"v(srre)
t"x,I_

ug---'u"uIrzrmeleaeell;decpnsarudu€u.orro.;olrK{c1orIcs{uuogcnIp'+(rJKcuI€cnr?cz0TIr€ar+gr:us'-ogr*?J+.iooocJ'8+€;s,rpooIeJ€yezu)Jpelto^)sKlscrlesroau€oIsna"rqr(Ju€sr+ofqsuso)€€a.g?fuclcIsurl+,acpIg1Jua[1€l4urr€s€nnucip)dunr/cnJroo:rslrqlda$usu;crrrrgr4zu1uarrn.da€r"un(pr"n?rl,.onrfo€crc)ro-nrgosJ"l+oprroJs+"uSo,,so{ruouo3d€crlJ3€€+,€e|r"e+uo,oup,npTut'r"anxen(8ra3cpsuru)t?reriolos,{ltcruluJ"eauou111rr{i
'(drt-oo4)-: aA----rrc1l|oor,uurvoore+€rs{aoul€rn1+'+eIJ"€rtsesuIoqelFpouqepioSupnrKF?et"srsauoIdyuzrotscauoo?r+socTorncJrrurJ€opu+rlcpsruzilncurrd+Js?ruJrgorq+ecustrsracrvscKqc,epts,ayG+zvn.og++JIr€cvorrr\srr
a€T€----Jors.ceuaro+oTu€o++sJ+nArulowzsrrT€c8rurrJotqnpgso€.Crr+ou+€rcun+€€'arcSo€IJnrOIo€uJ€ugcpO1I€Su++op_"coco€utXlo+s+JlJ"€pnpI€r"l+.Co"rNsrqrliSgoclul+po+e:splrdE>?€ssaoe.lKrlcyrzrnJntolrs€s.+rls!aIIcnuona1€gc+rn)4r+ou€i€.srruorcrrll+T1nu.prcosleeu,KrptldJecruzolevroeoIcla..IFcrrrrvu"olFaoru"cgJumo0roc.uc€rJnodreJpupon.uirLsloousorgeuelcmcmrura;zarurlno+en;{rtuqdc+oooopsu(KnoopepJu^IJqn,egrn1ruJ?cce.cIuprI€opr€"nzrdpisel*pes.uJesr:qerr)ldsc-,nesaI\oAsyti"r.urgrdaono".ccrz05len1cpe"ur:z"E1uerrucvu{d1enuatrd7ppJdII1"
€€u-€oqcoqJrJur+nnimlsCcr'sprlou'+l"+oA€7o?J:€nrra+n€€lonsod.riK€lyo+o+lsec€oreuzopqoupvs€Iro€y?rpu+l+vt€8soe^ac+J"rnsunu+oo€uclsTpdaScznIuOa€ne+HdE+osOzoua.+.nS.;rrroo;tF;+lc,egcrvlr(1rrpeorlKc+u)u"dsar;reclzasrur€gn€rscpSru+;anrtropdErlsnIperczluKdurpce€u1ar+an+"1€arepru"our)re{-I{qd€pqnioolous+crsal+uoostmqs,'+Tfpq,sr'
ooI-tn1lsrcqcrrruq++dnssruurrrorou?g+Jccuo€aJrr.t"-rsrrdp€cacrr+eeEtro+nIJuna€ouluuzle8;Kr.enrJdo0eqJ"CdIrpaI.lrAurqig"sp.trrlqu(fn.r0ltoZsgy.)age;:tce€;rerrn"rcJ8Nrnrl;u,uu"er(lf.f.rrKdlhgu,uaorr:sr$poeo1c,porNluumqlseel;n1ie+egrucieuor.o"ermededuccu;err€euomllru"o.rlr,pcdr[

iz"ne*ri"otein(if"sigli*u.tne3e.3qi2ni cac)r.eaIruretne;;oc"eoife;i;cfi;ice;iineitntu"tl d'e amplificare c9a*rtauc-ti:e-r1is:1ti"camdice'trparnacstf'eicr

a" dunitate
tle amplificare mare'

{v/
-16

TctTs nesatT

-12 4

Vr- I

-6

t I I I Vr

-0 -2-/l -/. -6 -8 -j2 -1/, ' -161\)

IaJ (b)

Fig. 3. 31

imunitote,,l

imunitaie..0"

I

VuQ
{b)

Fig. 3. 32

3.4.4.ProcesedecomutareatranzistorilorTECMOscusarcini"integrati"

ltti";mcXsunuui.ii;itidaer.";.i'riidnt;0'ineEo;"emt,ge"r,f"giiad.;siuo*,mit"aernn*5fersd6ecipaae";iancmculii"tidiau"ot,,pdrr,ti"i,.foi1len;,la*i"fof;o"ricc"""rctitqq**oaIaetq*iri"mr"r"1oiH,-iei*,.lui,e!0iitl',;,"T"imt0;"7.a"i";**A"*o^rp-Td,ieiUoiei"u"uii"su-":"pdt*i---tei^i"4tsnrd(i""eqa"and*ie"cilente-.iuitec.icsd)cd'roqecdf',ao,eesiaertqmiafer.rfiziirco"eDuieiicangnStansadarvicnmtititrevedcsetdeu,repiunsmrlrsuluclidsnueniausi'dil-uticiipmKrt"snc;rmreooeii9pflmtur.acoqenn(iurTnntsfelceuimvrpvg!teqi'euernci..boii.nrtlic3gsneuenztio.irridadl?e3everar',a2tttemor*?ns.,uIdr,ceo"ap,id0e)talll.aiB*fu"itubtustArrin5sqaudgcc,tc,n5'bdiie,iluni7z,l'osd,rniei,ni"antes7l.aeimpctl"aluoiooeamts,cpresg,zuar1uleft.iiglie-cdi----"l'

92

(grre) t6 ?o 1
(srre)
"(A-a-ooA)kl"x)-:"o? nJcn.
(rl ,(A_oA)kl"rX)_:sa"I ttl-((
-IJO
eg'e '3r-q (UJ
-nm
(ql elsor

cr8o1

gzva

-IId

-I}JO

-i€s

(rrre) -'l(,lu"A oa (a - "a)f"'N - : a'r

li: eprso;rdxe n€ r.ro+srzu€r? rop reo uud rr{uornc (aOf 'S) (OOf 'g) epr{.e 1el nc
IoapIe---'unSruca1lrnloll5vc€c1rp1,uuotuleu'sv'J6ole.lozngmc3o+.z€ur+eqd€esouJuT€ooJrJo€cgrzI?uF€lugo.uIr'E,r1IJrJplna{r+cI(ouzo,d,tor1ulas€S+astpnuspl'srr'gd'sfag(tz'sescruvulu'ra"esqnunoeuu"t€paruoraorJsogocarll+uc"vraf"g+grcca7r4nl'urrqugnays1€apgqr.c5rJsrzuneeourrne;iecalddlerooe.pnogdrrer€+hcu8saalusperluroJpfcalor;rlpr€rudcecJirangpl+uupn€sdle'u"JnJ:oJ(a"ddaro0ngudosedls1noIrfp:)czJrir'aoIl;'sut?unrtsueupAls€?tlcnloususulrncq?rlare?ers<iJmu/d;Vuoeu)nIoC?lynozorIrpccJysovdloruu'uaouqreda?ISrnunrpn"lIspoeAdreorI'edzosyopirtluu-arlpudeduoitorIr.eccsup€vrleisJpron4."+1"prrl[rl(1o+cAere6IcoJloyl0d.+t€1Ips:tgl€uugpsuzTgraour/]reo'ounrJgsoat?o"znd(arfx7eo'ovcr1rl3yo,.lp4€nlStrsl0+u+?Ks'(eaong)suu1eepupuo'CcuuIgcor{luom{uuggro(I.C'Fc1tcSl"4ssqurrIuoc+u1onon?aeslecle).Jrdr,lJ1u,€?au;oIeonm-un+c(pppd.lI
-rxo.rdu prur.rd uc ololnlrulnrreouJnx(ro*,nrdguo;,o'lJnoollotsJc€oJl'oBulnnal€eaz€qp.reod1na[cennpcepI€lroudnuasgr(y"qgoerz1
-ourd nrluad epln

-rI€aJ olsa a.r€lnruoc ep rrdrm1 n,rlued o+o€xa ysaldxa roun €oJrsEO
'9rurx€Iu ?c€} ap
r{uo,rca.q ri e;rtlnuroc op €zolra Ez€o?ru{ oc rJolcsJ qudrouud elnlrlsuoc te"r
-rSer ep qunrsua? v g8ml €Isrncxa ri urnco;rd '€urcl€s no 1a1e.red m o1€1couoc
(1e.r8a1ur mln?rnc.nc sIE a+rzvrvd eiec 4sn1cu1) oTrrosxo ap{gqroudu3 'ouro}
-xo Jola+rncJlc aI€ dunl ep ololu€+suoc +rcap rcnu r€ru +Inru quls glu.r5aqur
gop€ulqdrlJucu?Jl+4dtsselsc-op€crucu?IAu+sr€€iulo€srJo+o€.srl+udnorlcutcutoro€aJc-'usJonoKp?coqrr4z?nu$ctlesnesJdrpqd5.urnue'ruclsr"qrrr'onpa+lol'neocrJJrllSpcno€e.asmJ.J.rr?qadcunasouquorip?rsoeBnpqc.pt.nr6uc8pelo.e7rse;?uruct ropJ?plunuprIlo3,tloptJp,e,€oegfl.,lnro,e(lncu.lr3oooScJ,cr+n0ouu.p,r
JOJ

cll

Ecualia diferenliald, ce guyerneazd, procesul tranzitoriu in faza I

se obline din figula 3.33c

icns : i" * iuos ) (3.117)

avind. in vedere c5, pe durata acestei faze cluuare'nirtru" l: prin tranzistorul ?,
este foarte mic (vezffigwa 3.34 b) se poate
0r adic5,

,da LcDE, (3.118)

U
-:dt
Prin aplicarea transformd,rii Laplace directe se ob,tine (u@:Vpp-Vp)

CfsT(s) - (Vro - Vr)l : - I"ptls, (3.11e)

de unde

:7(s) a (Vo" - Vr) (3.r_20)

-\4uE9llz-v-')'-

[-i-zn-nc't#

(o)

Fig. 3.34

Trecind la original rcz:ulld' (3.121-)

a$): -(Kr,lzCXVc* vilrt*(vro-v"); (3.t22)

otrservind c5, a(tt) - Ve -Vr, durata fazei I este

-(v"-vr) t (voo - vr) zclvDD - vel
(KklzC)(Vc - V")', Kr"(V. - Vr)'

94

96

(ozre) ,(a -'A - uoa)ft|"x) : Ipl&pc

else 'g rnl @JEcoIq kz
'(or: *xnu'"-6gs;rnrd;znu1rrppen€..urrra+oul.1clrsasrq1iradu+zruu?Iuca:plrpp1oIJpAr€3rpulo-ln"usArusl"€u-nratoerAuolmnsleT8<JsopAeualoluusV+rer{urKeelmu.r.crreuSazure;parrrpo.noruldpqunrdrdp{umuUnrnIs€uTcesJ',:!our'tJ4po'Cl'Kprenls'rreqJ{lree.,urlg1azoe.ourlldusxicluueDJudutasuuntrn"crg4s4zurn€eiweo+ol"rqCguocoop1ldnq+"rIe€ood1ss (r
r,.oAs/ryonl_u0r Iu.nEn:.,rrluqadrlgt +0€6In-c:lq€caeAls,eAu?qr-nc): alS".4.A,i{la,fl,{otdspqVrnrr:our'CnusV:urgar'.gl4eeuur"frreunr.8.rrure;d1upI uKlltjs.q€.
-Frs a+sa (O).tn lS (f)t. aloloaru e;r1ug (

asF!A.nz, u-or{uoooaco)o*AaNlr6ruo(u1rJ,o-qopoz"na(oo)tqa-fr-e(uloeosaF-)rAi"a_0)o:oYoztLpl-a_p(,1oA):",,{Tar4, €"INo)s
-;eT- - :(szre)

euriqo
oJ€c uI (SZf'g) ur{enoa 'EZrIr?n e1"eod os (0)rI,1 rrroIBA renspF nJ+uod

tc'nV - -LQ,4 tq + tc ('A -,A)2, _ I.J.
lq/ + rq rc
rcrnt - * (a - 'A)z

(Lzt'd'zlftl*N):rc'(da-aoA)-(a-"a)*N- :rq'61"V a-ooa):rn

opun

'l@"1ur(eur'e) | ,rroV - *Lq/1 *Tq ntr(, 1 tctnv - Lqll"tr -?

oA - ,A : (rt)c 'rl-: ? elerirur ep{muoc nc ua.rer8elut lgZl ptlnzar

pu1n+coJq

(szre)

- 1: I 3 -"(a - ooa) + lol ooa + (A -'a)')r)a- (r -f *tnt'ra (}P C
€ruror q acnp€ eleod es er{unca tsuq+I1 '(lff'g) qsaldxe e.re a'3, epun

&zte) .CL+saIX-o?X

o+so rrJo?rzuu;r1 alesaco"rd

orrcsap o.ruc ';'g1er{uoraJlp er{uncg 'e1e[q8au IJ +od nu oJ€o rrol€a u1 "7 p;to1.
-srzu€Jl
ulrd pquernc JEI +tsJn?€sau o+so 1nro1s1zu€J?.rIrfNvl"zrq[:_uuYn(_Z opun

(ezre) '[l(t-ooA)-(a-"A)YrII_J ut -91, "al*Nfl"N _\

arse;rdxe €ar€o+?rurn fsnpop olsa [96] uI | (rII'8) er{ence e1 ep
gaeold es rtr p1 €altsururJo+ep n,rluad 's0o1"ralonal.uruoomopc ep rir €rtr€os auri es gcuq

'l",l,l <looA | 1S e,,r.r1e8au +uIS aort ri 'rgar?Izod aun.rpur o elsa r3)

Prin integrare se obline tensiunea cle ieqire normatS' 134]

rr(t): a(t) 2V NP) + (tlcX1 - ou,(0)) , (8.1g0)
Vro - V, - 2 -f (tlr)(L - 0'(0)) (3.131)

unde

cr :'u,n(0) 7"(0)

Kr"lvoo - vol Voo-V,

Dacd, se aproximeazA TZrr(0) :0,relalia (3'130) devine

r(t):(Vro-VS;{"-; (3.132)
t -1'Ll r

vpct;iizalmfaoa;uar;mrtnet;iatean*utda6ilit;tiriaaa;r&teirtr-ee"aca"iatrcidmp\naez,oviisaniaseatlrvecntrtieoesievdrrietas,ieeelorsofecnsertsriouasctttieri-iuuuauc"'aalnlireu-pipi'Iioancreeorcus*sdxarrt*eeoieetml"fuganraneaiturauacdtnciollv,feudetamaiiacplpt,:udt"apetnt,6ura"e1iaile.run0szeqM;iiatttoeeufciircr5,drgieqa,-uaaimovtrrdera-adaac,o,r-tir;oodi-eamu3,epa)la..fiar.iic3ltiIereimine{mesatnca,edpgtuueceudrciucnu'l-iuaiesreitbcinlreKcauatdeut-iteam"lltut2idcSiqm.cioe'iq(imaip"opncc,rouuoeeitomiasiaaaozidrrunqndiee--ti-'
tfncr-paislmuio*"na-cuionvi"c-ezuttrac"ee-uas"agtdsl.eleri.uioaeters"diC'lirs.n"na",anol"e*ieresocqmtc#ap:g*rsgeipzeun*aoeimi5ii"uqcir"lai,.taceatlrae,s-eniFitz,dnreacjaenueeeeaut"aun,pdsrreorcece,teiasitieogg,ininnctoti-mieeintltodauieud"iriuennuq;ra,le,eatrfeerdpaiaprneadsaterrcodieaeeritan,nelolmoarenpduieirnccsnteriririrzgvaiooiesaenfaeeteia'cuq6,,drr'ltttrtnIeesauedeaam.soatrrn,zLicaeravfidssrsuetbeti,dietalrluoqii.artmirticneinmetunDaiezprlmc?epauaorqu1a3cliprtsriit5dmlI'p,uasrntI,,troaqonlperutrdtircr(orc-it.u-aiiaoriZntntclzdcunau5)gu5eau:nzd,i,nIlrtroincTeadydss2u_e!e,va,tp4does(osaar,;m'alxccinVrnfttpIriuuuaitIne*Lmratrlzanqeir?aijlgretpse,tteeiiSilcn>u;aetmele,tdlTi.eusaTala\fsg/i3ie-trtrgaarel'tnedcLauratfeectzJtocipzaeiazntciaferf)od;tlsacu.,,lmI,i3raIrnlnn.t!1tSuur?e;uLsn9au--ein-'
laza II se pleacd, de la ecualia

i"o-i'n*'ic' (3.133)

unde curentul '1", are exPresia

i,2: k1u|(Voo _ V,)(V,* _ V" - l:) _ (Voo _ D),12f. (3']'34)

Intrucitrezultateie experimentale qi calculele efeotuatepecalculat'or atatra
;"u$tere a tui ta*t l11Lvom detlu.ce expresia timpului
od, are loc doar o
de c- o- Cmou,ttna,trfeiarPiae"q1n"t,*r";u*-dr,iai.o-e-sit,"coa*z1. i* dlf"tenlial5,
tranzitoriu de comutare inversdr (se considerd' care guv.erneazd procesul
T" blocat) este

C daldt : ltt,L(Vrn - Vr)(V"" - Vp - a| - (Vno - a)'127'(3'135)

96

t6 (

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(oere) ,!#=-=-(+) o

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m1 raln8e.r earuorlclu ur.rd '("g1u.rn+tss Pmcr€s) ut ntlued. nlduraxo ap o
Ilenrr{+"ea.rwn€1urssda'pltglnlurgrFga'gl rnlnJo+$zuu,4 e a.rardo;rdu ap lnpu;r$ Folpm il,
op 'J I
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(sere) *1,14*-11-0 t)ur - Z o'A

l'14*-;-6-rl@-d a

oqse rr{enca rarul'}In q{n1os '0 = (g)ttr{ : (0)o pulraprsuoo

(rere) -'zlur r -f -ooAl(b "(ooAla) L:T#ldp

[7g] 'eur;roy rel ocnpar aluod os (gg1.g) utiun;ra

(gsre) l*A _ taLlsrY , ,_'r t *-a ,9tr1_:uL

c

ap{e1ou pulanporllrJ

:rez]irlt^,nx 0$L [i t : 51 ns. Din figura 3.35 rezultd' cd' intervalul tle tirnp
iersire intre nivelele 0 +0,63 7,estede.9? ns;
necesar varialiei iensiunii de intre acelea,si nivele, pentru cazul salcirrii
o*ri*11, semnalului de ie;ire
saturate (fig. 3.34a, curba, 2) este de 240 ns, adicd, aproximativ cie 3 nri

rnai mare.

3.4,5. Procese de comutare a inversorului logic cu tranzistori TECMos complementari

mcfnoisrinlfcpOalPeiemSnrfeejwncctolauiomrlinpaaplnreeeimlaoaerctnee1etha9anr6qioi3(lp-uo1ang9suie6ttii4icfdtues(5ccfaphatoinrpara)itcd.l a,iCnlfidieir.crueausaitccleitizerleactuliipdittiergPaliotn,arzcleiiensittcieo,ulgrairlt:tiil:rtaceEnuozt1fritrsp'arte,oo*la'sr-il
litdnc"^uecatctt"turavisr"innofdaefe,inupiattaujiodpilaa.g"p"Ns*rre"ael*;flpouu(rbrlleui)z"piiliirenmedtecdfpea,cidrcoaedistnezet,tivctaea:oI.m(ataeDuv)hateancnsrooteigalnoujsmgeuriaemeaiiscmmeerensicudtleiiaultqlsaemi v(dfcaaae)in!iicptm,aoudjumteeenprisctleiaiicrn,tacetiutneciftoieqs;ailpteirgeate:clri',ilcatirseoilcdmiiIti:n--t-,

plexitS,lii func-tionale. laog-1ic26c,u9t9ra,4n0z]i,stuonrdi eTE1rC, IeIOsteS compie-
eu. eanal
ce1ula d.ebazra a inversoruiui
in figura 3.36
mentari este ar5tatd, iar 7,, reprezintx o tensiune pozitivS, (ln acest pir.,l'a-
N, ?, este cu canal P
Vg(i1li*rtrtr.":i,;/"(!7y*vt-a1"rb()fototlerocrssratriet-oalgVltoidgr?,rlica,i)iti,nd, e,(p13snoa) trf?uiigtr,iau*gtr,ia(0f0,3r(:.3s0VqaYrt,bu4,rVZag:,lii.)1c(,rT(o"2"/n)").l?-iCn,aelsrYaa5crturterlrera(igstti]qiuczian'f(ri nddteeri's-tsr"taai*nntlucs-nlfrea"e)t,r:

I

+=
ic

I

Fig' 3.36

n$rtneeee)drsiauzTazcati,etlu.dcr,nlaaaeptssrouqianrlisittnudr?i,-reua,dntvebeEiccrotiuoiccerfaaezftlindc1,itse,I;2anidn"tf"asu5c*dr5,ea,intlaaVc(mp'retrorpasr\t,cleitf(*iicc8sdau,7,rrsetr(er"a7m(an"Iraz/"rrfi)se(i't7'iodRa"reeim"iag-albieuui,intrteoelrayatgdnri(eu"3zaln)i)useentqsoaatrierii3{co:5)alc)orsa!oi-'rocanr---r

ductan!il de ieqire finit5,.

s

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krril -'Lzlaa o (dra- *a)lttx * wlapc 'tur^l

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introd.ucem (3.141) in ul1,irna lelagie tqsi olVblsinse-mV-*exparesteiangseiunneriial}, a tiurpuiui

necesar p"nit.. a atinge Yaloalea

:- + in iI :(l-ss t-: I'rP) - rl . (3.14"1)
-(V""lVr)-l
J

ttciler".nar"noi*tesa"qiu*tutuiXeinc,ioenapamalirorceuicdinteuoaeir(sieeenItrqxea5tptr"tsra,eiin-r"rsn,oeureue-1trr)Vvs)isoad;rii,r,t*rrn,pieaiofflzazarauh!ritl5.teli5n,lc.,efcustieain(tlc3rtloao.d1ctmea4uu4lli,ea)t;a,,qr*siteIncuZaf.csemdrsrliioinKl'eaddcn0tsu5:li'(,mml.fpi'gTXiZla',itmCor3.a'p3orP6uel-rLllebe;)ts1i-m'u'eupPtciutlotosninfeelttinllcrtinttriiilnier'cri'airet-,:

L (l'""/ ltrr' l) - + t"I 2(Vr, - lVr"l) - 1]' r)',Vzpl, i3.145)

'l inu 1 Vss - D

u)Gin'n:'if'd;F;ei1E*tuc,1u.rna1,i":i3C"."3g|ibKi";c;.;n:a;("ih;Vti,it,ticpm_o,Vmppi,ui"""t)doa..Cter"eoucaorc.mdob-maiureutactnarto'eir,remardai:rdtedirc,eatdcda,tetx,q,t riIq'aaiinr'viinaecv.rotseimSers,u;a,st,aitn"ree!tn!a"ms' ia?urn:,r:iY?ruie-i,rr1sac*1&?rei

decit"fn cariil ino""sotrilui cu sarcin5, integrath, nesaturatd,.

BIBLIOGRAFIE

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rniei, BuctrreSti' 1962.

2. P. Cnrnrrl.x, Electronic Circuits, NlcGrarv-Hill' Nerv York' 1971'
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Izcl. Svjazi, I'Ioskva, 1969.
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kou11h triod-ah metotlom za|jur\a, Radiot' i Illektr', 5' '150 (1960)'
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.triode pri bol'sottt signule. Raciiot. i lllcktr',5,'160 (1960)'

10r,

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