Sandu, D. D. - Probleme moderne de tehnica impulsurilor

iar condiliile inifiale s€ scriu sub forma GJzal

o(n,0) : a(n), (4.12U
i(r,0) : B(r) (0<rct) (4.177) are folma

cu c'l (o) : o' soruliaje:.:,ff:.H":

::::,n,* (4.122)

tlr,t1: )L-c f*rU - rlw) * @r(i -ynlw)1. (4.12a)

finind oont de relalia (4.118) djn ocuaf,ia (4.122) rezultti, I

@r(t) * Op(r): 0; (4.r:4)

introducind ultima relalie in ecualiile (4.122), (4.L2s) se obline : (4.125)
(4.126i
a(n,t) : Q1(t-nlw)* (Dr(l * alw),

i(r,t) :;1.,F-A* *,(, .#)]

Din ecualia (4.119) qi ultimer.e doud, rnla!,ii rezurtd, egalitatea

@r(l- Iol2) * Or(, * T0l2) : Z,|LVoo * Or(t- Tol2)-QL(t * Tol2)),

(4.72r)

unde s-a notat To :2,c :2 tlw. Lltimaecualie poate fi scrisf sub forma

*@r(, Iolz) :TLQ\$ - Tol2)l (4.128)

aiscnuaftcorecesertvseidasvetleudinulosi.n5eTtecionru|v2apa'tarlieeetrse<cupuTlutdnsIielzf2er,er<ae"ttn<icl"edJc,r-eofiianapcip,teeasae;rsitodtae,lakzradrju.,o<@nnt<ccr'lsl(ii'lue)rniepzisioterpettuNcc*u. nEatoicDsudc?aueetltdieas,rimp1ee+insn.aurtirtfsrril,rj
cient de micd, qi nu influenfeazd, procesere de reflexie la teraninalele r : l;

acest lucm reies€ din ecualia (4.119) (desigur capacitatea, de trarierd, are o

gpuaqon[ooaurrtm(erdi)tec]do,ipnnoisntaiufdtl'ueieterapfnie!c5odb, fatuaeansanucsfplioiuerranmcitleeuimi qocpiaicl,soruianrrcgetduenerrldiisio,vtioavcmlariilauDoztaaTilrreeiqn'uiina"ssoadpl,rtcouto,oi1le;.stt-7reDet4ouirpv?adasinlooaurcsmiitrf(ceveulesistztee,i'

mai jos).

ln vederea precizxrii unor probleme de oomportare asimptoticd, a

sistemului se introduoe o funclie noui

P(r) : Ot(t - Trl2); (4.12e)

152

8Sl

(rsm) >'roa*al dp

lT;rn

Fc€p FIIqts+s a+so a6 nrqlgqco op €or€+s ("f 1nzec n"r1uo6 (e

oeHo1'\Ellqrs:Jt16oa:vlAt?1'('U;Te.7ITO6'n;-Jl7lJ-u's?')7o(l2ptf(uo',r3y6_orIl1l]rllrr4)uzz1.1tos,(n€d8"oyIrodqEEIc"n+I,alE€u*up+I"€z{se"l€ps€,courIarp"oooooJ€cJ.rri.o€furocJeooudlHla€gJulsazsiruq.a+Ttnro€Fde"Jsiq1).€en€cc.iur6*ao€Tacgor"n€,pr*1elci,{.rqTnuorrueFprsqltrqc'yq.cteqrlsoTqssscl,aoeeo'\#pfeEre"Huner'1olleciqi:ae'grhea&ecHl.1geiuig1p.r'#r(1,gEq6i:*$I"gIaqu:'€*+ee'ss1-
a^_le__lo_u:ejt5{ryrelJr€{npcsorlpor*ooI+EpIuu4r.Imuegplnqdoadcoqs q,,,;di.v e1i"rn€g eioii-npupr
-o^*J^o_r _i ruluod ou:npqur{ile1,ti

IS

nrqxrqc? op ?.tptg .g

(gem) .t(B6l ffin:66

(gerl) '66 = cn66 nc t8,6lf : r,*Bd

>s> T nc fi6 ourn.,€ ,'rlztseqsoc€ ul'o.iftli#litilEH#-H#,#i#A

(per.r) ".,;6ff6 di6...6d(T6 rfi6 ' ' '(fi6(46(Td

crlola poru ul a^r+s{rJults a+IrcFp rJolea il, ur n.rqlllrJco op e"ruqg ("6

ar1e.rnsr; rnlnqcund ur{n10,re Kclpq eleesps) w6tr.p vmnrt ullllffirT&rx
sd
(esrl) ,l*6l,,: "t

*6 -- 16 qgcul ro*+s€ -f,Jff"'?f"$,ff6;""Ti33;",#*#41"I*.u

: allqrsod nrqrrrqco op JrK?s gnop eiu {,6} e{uaacasto*_n pulc rcun+y

.[(ol)06]n. . . fra : (;f,u* 03)06 :,6

(icsrv) :'Uot)o6lnA: PilZ + o3)od ad

rYlo96ll:PJ+ot)06:rd

:{(03)06 06

un o2 erg'o;>l>: Koz't?Inolu€r.amrom+mncqpd?nopp {"d } e{ualcas_ tnmr}op rA qexr; durrg
i3loii
F+ncsounc ar4cuirg'b'a1'so "n;;

(rsm) 'Q)ob : (il6

(oerr) :as' o"
oar.occns r,Krr4xo"rdu ap uno,"xfiotu :"?f#,10?"u;";t'"
""#"aH*t::
'l(il*lo (ot
+ r)6

ouraap (SZf.f) erfenoo lcun+B

b) Pentm cazul 2') starea de echilibru perioilicd, este stabild, daci,

m

lIl-Utlgg-.:.JJql II /, \ (1 cu t1s1m; (4.138)

I
IY_Y6

Fig. 4.42 (4.13e)

ultima €cualie se poate scrie condensat

g{+#},:.,*i.,

in general {9,} dti,nisdceulicildetrdeeopsintadr,eacduemeerheifleibrrituoasrteablaililsotainbdilitraat+eoonuI

trebuie subliniat c5,
p-borut da o explical;ie completd, a stX,rilor stabile deoarece st'd,rile de echili-
avute in vedere aici clepind cle o valoare iniliald, go(to).
D?
Acum ne referim mai direct Ia stabilitatea circuitului eu si iinie.
Ecualia (4.127) poate
fi pusd, sub forma

Is): * - "o)l'q(r) + e(, +
+Z,JLVoo ,p(r) q(t (4.1-10)

uncle g(t) are expresia (4.129). Introducincl noile variabile

1' ::Llyl:toLq(l) - +(t * To)7, (1.141)

\:# ]*[e(r) c,(r ?e)1, (4.142)

ecua{ia (4.1"40) devine

, -#f (voo *1t24; (4.143)

variabilele €'Di rt pot fi ekprimate in funclie de condiliile la limita r:I

t :}=vt:2(t, t)t ,: !: lg,r1. (i.11{)
v2

Avinct in veclere forma caracteristicii statice a DT, relalia grafic['
dintre 6 qi tt este cea din figura 4.43a; rela{'ia dintre
e(r) ryi 9(, + f6i -ce

154

gEt

eo-saJauocrurpznE44rlruiruJlnFoeupruI o'rrl*im,B?loqa-rucerfqroc{suruerrsntJl,n7Euu"agIo}qsJrBrusSiqctasspI'lolnosl+opd,!uo.aJlcpEr'ucc+uunEtslt+dsIJniutzrslar(rc?s)Iqr/Ke: znIc0ca- crJagdq?;rnaoo+p
r.rnrq8un ctsJ ec elda;rp gdnp co1 elr (tr/3 ) ;rop.rpqs lnuelcl ug Inlnuo+srs IB ai+Er
q-nc5pr;qdrnepylcuur:nrddge6r{n€1ooagocr+otsr+rsu€rcrrn+slrdrao+cetsqrt's"c2
ncgluuor{"rodo.rdetsa ts+etropJo

op proJlp Q)I : Lt u{uopuaclap
purrrdxe a.r€c oloJtoltsrrrJn rS urnce.rd egy'7 u;rnFIJ ulp tsqJnc gc quzlca.rd

ornqoJl 'oo1 1n1g.roplu.rdnsurr{.rpuocundos r* (1o nc pqu.rudruc ESU_r l"Iq"l I
q+I lruoeoplsuooruoual rrgu.utuuror+xsoold"rZa)ucrryutet J^rI+n€q.IuooJrn"cgnc es docs +sace ur
oru11o Eroplsuoc e.rulnrqFunqdo;rp
J€r 0J A gpeor.rad op

r.rnslndun roun €ruroJ nts ounrsuel ap epr,iu1rcso pulc gcrlcu;rd llpuld-spr

o+J€oJ zvc vn eI TIlq rcur csa.rdo os rrJo+n1i '(lt. '2) o+€uopJooc op rISnrauaa1:ltlasrut?dl
€JruuIqS IB ourn5eltr 'Ie1u11 € fcrq"srJos.ce"ruc eiuepedurr ap
UIAoJ

-uorn{€ op €ourusue1 ep er{cun; u1 .rogrirircso q?ruroJ ocnpop ,r? rt,r+uod

toyrtfnTrcso nr&to[ 'J

-Jollts IIoI€a gnop n€I nrqrFqca ap ol_rJptrs p:rnFr; q?rnrlln .q,fi6lrr$nd,ftfdl roelr,.ura1Jrlpul
ep n{egcso E+srxo 1od ruelsrs ug L txt
IaqJ+s(€ctft<'?'FlAilp)"l[r6l>]dopolr{ur}od,r,u1 na [d]0
roqrnc e ar{aas.ra1q op plcund rycv,11
(6

'€z€aFcso Tur
(*ld'tuj;1.
Inua+srs oJtsurJn ur,rd alurfrul gfrpuoc aDr.ro nJ+ua d- otez erds epurl
€un€op1o; '(arjcas:ra1nr ap rnln+cundesrcsqu plulzo.rda;r *6 )oo<-r pulc

e'fF>.lraalpuo/lcal'o5;prel.ry,rqr.lrcuadosper{.rrulnrlcruJonldtsurgnrci {[('r6l"zr7r\tpBp.piun.aEcacliaalrusia1ao>sc;ror.oloo1yu€rc?ef.cur€noO8purl({stor oa}ar^refi
[d]f uq"rno (qW'V 'fr$)*A<ooA nrs
'l.l-nzac o+Frrrr reur Surlsrp os raruq € pcllsua+
-ceJtsc ,ufuepadrur r* o"rrluaru{€ ap Inrnrsua+ €a.rtsoltsa ep or{cuntr u;

'runr8e;r a+rrunue ur rJoI,Ba ra.r1 glpdec g,rrlcodse"r rrioun;:

l"**nrl<'Zpap €sur'orBoIB.r.gln5urs o oru qg?'t e.rr**r; urp l(1)6]f; uicung

st'l 'Frd

{ql

J.

tC f >1-rsnlurlzlnnaps.oJrrlau)p"l"qt'aoopp.urcnIvurp,rf!..rrcol duiupvlioalrql€rl'IrfF<eul6pelld/uldrpiul/falp6.rolIf;pruprlarrrouuiuo[o,Orlse>rz(JeoO,)r,/JBIIo.c?Ir,+uq+slu€Irrooreu+ocun€JrKEoirfcuaa+ts
O <i (,1 ),Jl g..r.rgzoc{ pler{.ue.re;rp p{ua1s1ze.r ep epunifrocl u,r pc rtsIc osorar q F:?'}
tt'te.rnSr; qO'(q '8lJ) J€Jo suas u! ogl nc r.rn8r; rorur+In roJr+or ur.rd aurirlo

(fig. a.a1) poate fi urm5,ritfi, cu ajutorulfigurii 4.45a. Md,rimile VooqiZ"au
fost astfel alese inclt sistemul sd, posede doui stdri de echilibru altornativt

una situat5, pe rarnura ascendenti tunel, cealaltd, pe ramura ascendent$
de difuzie. Cit priveqte alegerea tensiunii V oa *e fae unele consid.eralii

Fig. 4.44

:s::ZW(u4p,lI3i4m,l,[e+2n3tIa9nq,)ri1ea2r?ccpaesr:seetpazcrfaieJdzs,rulaapE;puvr;neomaxcciim,eaoasrtditvfol nslaiatutajaulmirei*ds,cteaoptreoeasaptieunntreezdarv,]tiaro'alaurcleuiniaddbissnectriise&e-1Vi[6*o::r: {

I

I

:EP tq$ - egll{r, tJ3 : ls9- eglll{z, (4.145i

iar tensiunilo la bornele DT corespunzitoare valorilor [$ qi ffi) sint

: :[ : z.og :t[ z qy lW *v oo l[iy{ z, ap z qy lEg * v o,lf il tlt (4.146]

tr'orma tensiunii cle ieqire edsuteraatrd5,,taIot5,:i2nrfigugriap4e.4ri5oba,dcdon2s7t6ln:d din
4".
impulsuri dreptunghiulare de
Notind at nx num5,ml de interseclii a punctului figurativ cu porliunea
dasifcueznied,enstefi,obtusenrev5l ,qcii,cpuemntrcuelfiagluirnate4r.s4e5ca!,,iialovremcumpo:rliuI,nena:7as;cenodsceinlati!,,iidlee

r56

tst"

'lrg] ul lulueuruarlxa tl{uapra ur snd else rr{uycso ep dr1 lsacu lg,fuelcnpur
ooJpexlutsqIoor qepISn{Je6lc-sonarornulnn,rtosr+rr€rJocJlrnatrs+I(nqrugIln.fze.Fcryu)Ieegnlnuurfrq{oqoeparl{aecgcnsoo
oJtsIrurs

a*_,g
?oep ?c €z€oJ+suourop os 'Kclw olJtsoJ olso a.IErporrrJalur JoIrJn+I€s tsoqp
-NIUdTUC J€I IJ€III O?J€OJ IJOIEA NE A, 1'3
I g7'7 u.rn8rJ uI +E?fr€ o+so or'eru a+JtsoJ fiI. OncFIgIIIlJr€uItIIllz?I'Nr,CJuIO}.tsOsPrcIOsJq+tSsEnUoNg.Jc+rTUuI

"g

\--.t?ZasIcu.)€rtJp:ou:_ErqIutlrrIoaJJuortsraasoqoalrpfnpaJprpl,dtrrahu;rue.Irr.I5rpIpnulllorircuJgnl5oK.'serclmsEanpoorr+ct€nur1conariJlc;€1ps1reno1Jurq€ar5"rlurerd-runlarurrBeal€rpuuI"orelouJaAluacoroFulcsreuaxura,r"+Ztsauosocplt,rscro"v?dp(+u'Iar.a1raer€ooefS1r
'€rnrurqs-oFn$e-tg IoIJo€+ ts !|uodco[o oJerrrrrJuoc o olnlI+suoc (gg.p e"rnFr;
rzo,t) lgZJ ur elnurfqo eleluarm"radxe elelrlpzag
ulp alaru€J8opcso

ooIv€aeI-onno+gsgtrppl{lA€J.enu7r$rooonulnn\urll5en1prouaoprrxrJn;rsrnnolnnsr€q€5!"€celrrnteqrnddIrn;o8-vlriuiu+.rerogonyg€rrluug+ua+.npag?c,(rnacZpurrcllsa€cao"nruepuVue:qpegoru+oni".luqurIlrrwr-ndqo1i€oo"zssl.)gralaul€un"err1oon.r4dnlou;ddIJro[cgdurgo_ro"ruwrJfu€apJca:suTcI€x"aor2Zql?'l.uAZvdy,re++L'rg(io;ple€a?pf*l.apnporz.d-eV,Iogeqpaeo€oLr,drLan-,Au:aelsrVr.pcanorl.uJro,gdy.f€&o_r6ytdto;neIl{.qr:stJ"urturmoaonrolqIp€8.u,JIroZrTurLpnlqycarg)ldrcu9rno_uIrrr7vooJcc1it€p*!1+e6-oplars;ednrreJol+:?sseoz"€€1rq5prneuqs+CeuF;"ourpnlrinurpunuolreqo,-lu1u1ruseclilulep*uua"s.olererauwiin{uusro}nrei:irgljrurrvl'Je€s'gnel5audun.dr&trp1ooAieearzagur'*uergtlnru'ar.<eoviotgaanepuJ.JspIril

9t'? 'Erd gt'' 'Ft.t

,fl ,Fn

.9Jl

{z)t ,q;.

(nrr) :'z/l*u"Z: rfr? rTl

!1eoqo 1u5s ,fr,r rt '.(r(o[€p+uunarsuurau+purnro].(lrz'1unnddr1sep;oluarzrdrr{auae"rrnac,1,neugil?q.oF

JBlnarlJud lnzea
- uI_ll-r_n_ a;lJ,_I€ ,fra

T). In.fluenla ca,pucitd;!,ii tle bat'ierci
C1, Si a inductanlei parazite L,
iDsneaTsrxc-ahO' erlymiindaaieeneeacclehllicmizr.ieiainnltcetieronlzetrdineCpr6aeleryDlti,:Zrifc,^.bcIuanrsiecisliutsnec'tmiera!ruirvneluidnai,
{ci [35] se ia in ct-rn-,{iderafie nutnai C, dar

fSetlecwaarCd '[3o8] aratd, c5, qi ,t, poate avea, la
aprecialtiizi asuprz-l
influenlir
sensului de leflexie :r punt:tului figulativ lit,

puncteie c1e interseclie cu oltlonitla.
Lirnitinclu-ne pentru irrceput numai
la C6, conilit'ia la iirnitir, (4.119) der:ine

'i(l, ,) : I L\-rn * t(1, t)l + ('r( r:{1, t)lA\
(4.r 4E)

iiil ccualia (1.12?) ia fcirma

*r(, ?'n \ *,(, +-f

--; )' )

: z"f[r,, *. *'('-+)

{c) .- al'(r +)l

0t,vt^'-!"-,- 2315678910 *t/To z"co L'lo{Lrd',l- riOi(t r-tf1-qfr,'Jr l.

Fig. 4.41 J

(4.14e)

P.feinriitrri.rLulrlrsteiemzaoamlvaae,crc'ueleaal'ceieionrsedipiitlriicnlezeien(ertstl.a1or2e0eu)c,nu(ea4lel,i1e2cot1lin)fet;lliie.tniei lciIaual5a,ll.iiicmleu it(di'1lif.es1ur2epnili)ul'er(e4nf.it1na2irt6ee)..'
se poate sclie
4lr(-r;1zo) : io(r) "l- Z"$(n)1i2,
(.+.150)

4tr(:r:lu): lo(r) - Z,$(n)ll2 (0(r(l). (4.151)

(bl

Irig.4.48

158

69t

_ f,,,,.f ,p__

L Q,lo,n*t)r<op
{Bs rr} ?p

(aioJ -l)rtpp
i -(+*' ',_,_
lq srr - ?tl ,)'* *-

Lftlol -l- l)rotr (a/oJ -t)'op

- (#r-')'* - ,'.t){"2: (;n ,)'* . (+-,)'*

unrror glgdrc (Ol;f) er{unaa lei
(r!'r'r) 'rcl1'il aQ oc -l jel\'il !e'T - 0't)a * out) { : (t't)!
uasgoyJztst;^r{torzl atl:iuapulc€pnop.u}orl'fr,as'ulgar^rg,ir\]oup,urai(lgo.r+rts€f'upto)tlu?rlrs+l lr€urrlrs{aesq8nEsct:Bra{plrap+uunIoncrlur:z{rveucr;rro+.rpq*orcgrt;srcgru;lrccIi
'J;{l

-rfior

-l1I Inrpeo urp osor 1! ggclylp our?oJ olse (191'1) rar{enaa €orurlozotl

'(oerr)
rariunca r ri airro,re;rp nc etie.iiii'n
raoJorJ|O(S1co1p'7H)lrrsaJr+l'rulttnccrrcoJEE(u(re,+ror?JJoouoo.l3saap
elurza"rtla;r rrienco" ornlrlsuoo oJ€c

(sc rr) O: [o ,(r)d ,(05 i t)h)D

rI acnpal as (fgl'f) ur{unao rcun+E '0 : qC ,il;Eq

Grrr) -i,i!o', * [ (t)4. r(o.r '] i)c.l+

"^ft: *f,- ,', -[ + 3).5 (r)05 -r-
t,jfu o) ,(t), '(o;[ -f

?lllou t]-s opun

(rrrr) ,LIutolt1r, n.., '{r)c. '('J 'l i)a jIc _- -(rr lt) 'J

___ /DD

,riurJoJ qn-s psncl 11 otruotl (Off'f) uiunca isns r?ru esnclxa olasaJap
-rsL{or l* (OZf'f) ur,iule:r orapaa uI pulA;_';+a Zloilg>t>Zloil lrrlu,\.ralur ur

cg--o>ur+Io{Elou'>luaaauJiZ;lcirJo{+oi'uBoysrrrra,apzJtr}(rJCoto-)prt,{-6r,Io1en€1lnpoloEcaosJaa^luoucro+ouoon+n;adrucudurltr(noer1srcup)oa1uIpl6'ndqo(cepO?losrsEoitucfp;'l'er?ufoc+lnu;')tru?l}rrpoicisr,i(rcruaa:?ud,nurpnuenr/+rd,a(ur?nuJ)snolr'or(o:rd,-ulrpreucr.;rrlrraia-cir+ppl+mlrIs(sa(tui)g?rparos)tciDpal6iuJuuo)uullJruZrIrrnlolopuurlEnc.un\u,rl:\alnur++qrip?tuuc'JarEno'aZeufall,en.?lr-ope.nrtoH?wo}uI?lrr!l

(ssrr) lrp rp la lp
'.l- (r)rp Jl---.r, (rirlr)tqp
L
(r')d--prry-

(arrr) t II rp ' -L' rp Jl|;-m ?p
(r')d t,
L --(r)o L, \otlr - )'op

opriula.r ur.rd

rol'epr1ari,{uuloa')gdtnOr1alstpsprur1r,ooi6e+1nrf1?ctae'r-zJaol-+porrsIyoinBlcl>arr?:Jr^r>proarlz?4+,u/u^or.rqJEuu-urtorrDF(rrtrJ)I!"ta7O^+,J1ooep0+t1u5orl)geluu;orrIordu(rtaIa)nst'l1o€a+ap€lrnoJ(to1gpulg:rrasI;'uuFtuot)co(lueTInra{gIe€€In'aut)cJrrqaer+lrJ{mea1loaup;rr

qi (a.1E5sst)epeovtidfienotb,ctidn,usteolunuliimcaoimpprilnetemgeitoedxeacntuempeerincter,utreactuaateliilpee(4c.a1l5c4u)-

latoml electronic.

4.6. Circuite cu DT gi doui iiI in de intirziere

lrarialia in salturi a freo'en{ei impulsurilor de ieqire (in funclie de

tensiunea d.e alimentare Vno qi de paramelrli DT) precum qi fenornenul de
histerezis ce insoleqte aceste salturi (fig. a.39) constituie neajunsuri impor-
tante ale multivibratorului ca DT qi o singurS, linie de intirziore. Aceste
inconr.eniente sint total inld,turate irr schema ctt DT qi doud linii de intir-
ziere cu constante de timp diferite, propus5, in lucrSrile L26,411.

Schema de principiu este reprezentatd, in figura rt.49a ryi const5, din

D'selt:"?itfrpoaeo??nouDc,5lttiaen"sEQAtuaiadrttlsr"eqieia3ni titn0diiinm|met1p6plaapli,nl4ruiacaim1illvlliee]defienlonarrcituaepiatlrsertfocpeobpaTesoarVctrtagtnp:uiacvZeptrteileelerq.irzriipdsaBdeettooiegcmriueanisfqee?esiltlrgetirreanrm:t2idsieliciientnn5d2t,itoeian,dsritdcnirn'auetruiorrrlftezcri:cdgi$aei'aure'brc3lreleuaucni1ctLsac4e.1qo.tl4eIoialq9.trxtiib2lPiLriazl2oeqsli,nuniian[adtdv,tryluonlitoinidnumsc.DiitlliuZp?cltsioit"dniidnn:ue.i-etli

Fig. 4.49

rl-zo-le-ogJnr0oina,,tO2mati2rtlerz1vlViee0,,r0de((idnnha)s)fv/VidVginiouvdiroo)a.r::e00+s,.'8pS?e036.ct1Iir1vY,a1,T(Ie('roi)):nV7r:7-,4nr"0:n:'0s00?,,q4583i Y??y'2,Y(:(b1f;))1vIvDr0e"Drnt:i:sc0a1sQl-5a,015u,16ov1br,Y_l(i(/ncgd)u)itvY,Vo,losooco:ri-:i

r60

[91 299 'c - iI

0c'? 'Fr.{ *1

r3) {*

Iitir lr t{'t'f\{/ f
..i
[t','t V
V

(q)

T.n :a aLaI ,r t 't^,
t Ir t'
A/h/'

(B)

(d)

(e)

(f)

I.ig. 4.50

162

t9t

09'7 'FIII

(:)

(q)

(F)

a-le Pe cale experimentali, s-au constatat urmS,toarele particularitd,li
multivibratorului cu DT
qi doui, linii de intirziere:
1) Perioada impulsurilor
de ieqire este riguros constant5, fa!d, de
varialiile tensiunii Vpp avind valoarea

T: Tr* Tr:2(q{ r). (4.15e)

2) Domeniul de autooscilalie depd,qeqte regiunea d"e rezistentd, dife-

renliali negativ5, a DT, cuprinsd, intre 0,12 +0,62 V; au fost oblinute

impulsuri de ieqire pentru l'alori ale tensiunii cle alimentareVoo:0,-0b5+
+0,87 Y.
ulparumlasacuer43reei))laocqOSrii,rcdvchoaauibtmldiost,uabecarrl veurnienaauvdautfmer-osinaraemslniiaueoifnietaiessi ntini7uisn2pimvuereon,irptisiiinrai,Vder,ieiptnfdaepv,relepiarnorsdaatleatdlerohie'tc,}d'ss,astleeicinrphesiomizumillsapb.duraeiitrs5evulaairiirlfioloaorrlrim.esue;ripviirmnine-
multivibratorului cu doud, linii precum si determinarea
f-ormeFi uimncpturolsnuarrieloar pseobtafzieuarzmd'd,prietecpoencceopntusltrdueclidaregarpatfdic, dd, edisnarfciginu5r,ast4a.t5ic1d,;

aceasti, construclie
mobild, L26, 471.
d:7e 5cd,teCreIo, npimsriidpneeruddrammnlaaoret2epn"a"s:inutna2e"1dV2re.opImote:ei0dd,i3eatsYdaurcspii5nl,dini,nidci ihfndida,rem5,reicpaeiecreidsrceteuriidtau.evltiuenirdm.dieZnaa,t:dli,-
mentare punctul figurativ evolueazd rapid pe dreapta de sarcin5 dinamicd,
din 0ln starea 7 situatS, pe porliunea ascendentd, tunel (fig. a.bla). I_,a bor-
nele de intrare ale liniilor Lt qr L2 se formeazd, saltul negativ de tensiune
1'1 qi saltul pozitiv de curent 01'. Aceste salturi se propagd spre bornere
misacaruicrtiucnriretciniutsiutaal ltitenurifalaelzedrl,ei.nftlriei'ilicontrdatdede.adutinncddle,inTsiaitn{-tTtrrr,efpllaericnbtoaurtenrme, lteaerndesleicuininrectrauairtienu-lfvarozddr,r,naiojnupenugisnei,
vd7seit7nan'arl=einoaincl'a1i.,/l pt1rqiani"sddas,etiltia,ucapumtrrienopnmetaced7enr'es1ttua"ppl:ut04an7.cd'teSinsadtaeletrtrucesirnreimlScet,ienspadtoz,adzpt,iiutccinviaecr(at-u4cr)el,t;fedlredeiscrteftiuacaantpectDaldio?edneaitnersneapsruiccunionncnde--,
tul 2 situat pe porliunea ascendentd, de difuzie, prin urmare a avut loc o
comu.tare directd,. Circuitul pX,streaz* aceast[ stare pinf in momentul?2
ddcirenedpctuarrceelifnoetnrienfa'l8dz,"d,a:spali7lct'u[7mr"ilesrearzeltauflleitipcntdoa.zteiptiuvdnecc1cetuitietlrnedseiluinfnuieanc2Ll2;i"'o.:nCaorieIn'sciqcoilnesvraienrnttullilsoptnaoarezl aitZiv2"
situat pe dreapta de sarcind staticd, (B). Dreapta de sarcind dinamic-x, trasati
prin punctul 0" intersecteazh caracteristica'staticd, DT in punctul
at tot pe por.tiunea ascend.entd, de difuzie. a J situ-

Atunci cind la momentul ?t circuitul a efectuat comutarea directd,
idinnetcrceeulesretddon,rutilde7,".!l2j:nZ'iig_rltaqsi asbilonturtnlerp?leoflzediectitviantdter,ea.rrt-eetnaaslibeuonlriennei7ill'eo2rldesa-caienustrtfeaorrsemaavlttuosrriaalstjeuulipgnereo-gmlaa"tagivii
intii salturile din riiaia Lr, astfel circuitul rdmine in starea Jpind, in moirentul
d?e?rt.ecnosniusnidee3rin3d':s7ta'2reapr3ecduremptgriesfearlitnu!i5,nepgraintivapdliecacreuaresnatltuSl,uSi,t
negativ
rezarld, punctul de func.tionare convenlional 3" situat pe dreapta cle
-"I,tZ,

sarcind,
staticd, (c). Dreapta cle sarcind, dinamicd, trasatfl prin punctul J" intersec-
t'eazFa caracteristica DT in punctul 4 situat pe porliunea ascendentd, tunel,

164

99r tI
-
tg't 'Flg E
,a
(o(i. .\
I
c I
q
(Al e7 g'0 -!

z'1. dt 8'0 9'0 . _------r Y
,ll
6 1I - -

\l F
,,
rl ,t

{-^ ,z

rCr o
.J
E

-
a
UI

d^a

Ei
al
a

-.I
BJ

-I
F]

r

.t

EA

uI
a

-II

At
-a

(o

o

rl

prin urmare a :ilut loc o comul;are inversil,. CsoilsceusictuslarlXtumiiilreretiiente"qrntasrieuane4
la momentul Tr* T, cinri dirr .linia ts
pin5,

qi curent fonnate lsaacltouri:rnuetagraetnir.1d--e2t.eAnssitufenel c4or4r'si:cle7rin'2r,'l punctul 4 drept
referin!5, aplicincl si saltul nrgativ
de eurent 4'4" =: 7"2', tezalfiir, pirnciui de funclionare cLlna''trillicnrtl 4"
situat pe dreapta de sar*ini statici (D). Ilreapta de sarcini, ilinarnioii tra-
satd, prin punctul 4" intersecteazd, car:.icteristica in purrctnl 5
-D? situat
tot pe porliunea nsce,rdentX tunel.
Starea 5 constituie o stare intermerliarrl, deoarece +,ot 1a mornentul
I't 4- Tr Ia }:ornele cle intrale sosesc salturile leflectate din linia i' c&re
air luat naqtere prin corrntarea sistemutrui lntre stiiriie 2-3 ; clrr.pt urmale
circuitul comuti direct in stir,rea 6 iar Creptele de sarcin5, statirc (-U) qi (.F)
este p5,stl'atd, pini in
coincrid, tra fel punct ele 5" ,6" gi 5. 6. SLarea 6 Jr, forrnate ill urrna rnornentul

2?, cind sosesc salturile reflcub:rte din linia comut:ilii
intre stdrile 2-3. Continuind constructia Eraficil se oh,servii cL comutarea
ftcinaaatrprreeetudislnitr,c5eXg,creildteniree3erpt-ac9tl.e,nCleusorrrirceicvosecipnpnetcuiilcdl)ti.idvIeaerdn(role)r,naep{ttrB[tl)rcl,1el(3sCa!)r,c-(itnrl?l)'s,.tr.at.,tpiicare[,uzrinpuotorbrziiol{iiiririoesuzuLcncicteio,snivdreuin,-
3'orma impulsurilor de ieqire este ariitati in figura, 4.5tri-r de unde
rezulti, cd, perioada impulsurilor este cga,15 cu 'Ir *i- T2.
Evolulia ln timp a urultivibratorului ca DE gi rlouil iinii de intir-
ziere este icluirscturaitturiluciusdineto, sOe)tlr)it52,c.l.a.r,itastigeeilnilefigcuurali,n4ie.52int1:c4i3uip. 1Siti,i,inricieliesirnr,dc-
cesive ale
cc4lui-rie5tucIl,taipaSm,crdoo,rsnmeuEette5n,struitlaolrlTe' a;1lrn+escIplzreecpctitt"u''crll.)f(i.deSeci[e,grxeeeit,i'r]sreNpdlpn,riiicneirescteuci:tm,urrta'}rtreoc:oinbnrtUluL,ri:tmrl",rpicitlaiLlltecinssdati,,lcrtuiilrre-i
anterioar-'e, clupi, ce au fost refleota't,e c,e linii, detr:r'rninir c{xnit-farea ii}tre
d.cu5, stfi,ri date ; de exernplu, comutarea intre stirile 5-6 ci;i.er cLeterminat[,

cLe c[tre salturile reflectat.e din linia Lr, eLtre au luat naq,tele irr uliua comu-

Fig. 4.52

tflrii intre stxrile 1-2 etc. (s5,ge!ile superioale se r,eferii 1:l linia,tr, cele
inferioare la linia trr). Din figurile i:nftret-dfTouzd.,
comut5,ri clirecte srlcoesil'e existd, u4n.51in- bteqrira4.l5r2leetsitme peveicglaelnci uc;fi

SIELiQ{}RAFIE

i L. Ils..rxl, i{en pltenome;ran in narrozr gtr:;tttttit:r:t trrlr;a;tcIiols, Phys. tr1cr,, 109, Sil3 (l958).

:2. r.P' ESnzooo, ri",r'r"yv-srrlfcuszreofosi et:lr;'ctic\c-nadllLetcytocrurteienuticicnsi,itnj.neW: iidek;l*deasn, dJ.SArnpsp,l.NI.rhYy.s,, $ilo 1s0 (1962).
196..j.
S.NI.

4. D. D. S-rNou, iilectrollictt fi:icit, I1d|i.. r!oademiei, 3ucuresti, 1!]lll.
5. J. Ii.tr'.t-ovsNl , Sirnple ntetltarl for talcLtlatilg !fu: !tutneling (:urreti al irr: llsc,';r rljarlc, Plys.

Rev., X27, ,i19 (1962).

L9L

'(z,qor) ot:gr 'og

.gUI .coJd (luaururo3) ,aull uolssltusur4 pa!.ra\S n liq papno\ aporp lauuuJ r(iuv^Ns-r-S 'FI'I; ,t] !:

'(rgol) rtzr'6?'-.lui
,xord 'apolp pulInl D UPm autl uoJsslrusuDJl D uI uollDlllcso-JJag 'vunr'itns l{ 'oi'1io"}YN 'I'
'6161 'pe.r8u1ua1 'e1r16.reug 'pz1 'ottozndntp oaoup
atc{m.0nau6tutto.sdsDezrdt.{aqt1qssraa.rc.1trul1|o1'1pr"o{J:rx'Io,'\(o.ixoY1I;p'er)\']+\ s'oq'JraIvlJlr'{J' '[)'g '.'roA 'V'V
-un,\Iasouuu fituatls "'1 dq'(Z9I'd'8

.dea) srsdioun alo4tnd JDaltrtu ,toJ scluotlcalg ul si0lr?:lruiJrstp apn\tTdua rslr?(J 'JSsl{sI-J '{"'I 'cc

'(SgOl)'r"['16'gg':13!iI'coJd

,saE3ts an2$ aml riltai apolp lauunl papnol tl'J un Jc .ttttaoqaq anD$ottalf 'u:{.rdvHcs 'V'I{ (,t,
'(1,961) aunt'6801 'gg 'i1Ai1I 'rorcl 'titnutt1 apolp lauunfauo n lo sr::fi1nun aq'I '^NYdS 'A 'r f;
'(ggOf) dlr['gt:602g':l-CgI'rord'ltntrltJ?frfrr'tlapotitl?aunlalqnlsouoz{i'llJ"rlriuO":)'3'd\ '{Jt

.?96I1>{Jo^-^^.aN.ttIH',|.\BJ{)Jtrd.sur,h.ns7nlts!h1t!ulsUollDiIl)i^oJnjl!Illt0N.IHS1.]i.YF{.:) '{iz

'8q6I .''puG{r^oL{las,6LuoIu)ir.n!ig\laS'zaLl;iP!i'1o'6IIe!Ii)Iu'{Jr-0sz,a\B1axCDgBJs''UF3DuJtnDlcz)1qql'CJa1Sp'.'tBr'tstsa[DfpT'{1uslriu2uoDl1aaJtr,t,D,ruJTezoNnutd'tI.l1XUiIao'Yltt'tIi(lIu'zolYJ',l:sJIu"crtor'S)'l"AJ1oc:r1LnrcI1p1rsSl]orr"}\'-lJ'luaIu'v\lIJ['i'l1'Vslr'1\.''1r''ull{]l{eotVrnNTt'aI'oIPIIN{uIrNJsNnNYop']Si\r)or pl'''p(IYl'u'As{'at\1Ll\r! '82
.6g6I
L(,
-617 xttap

,aopotp t1[iu,1auun] tlt]lrrai:!L,rt)i! lor!.tadLirx],1.'Li ts:!tci tSi:t:|qo D[tJoLu;5..7o.rdd1- ,\o.{Is0 :i':i 'se
'l!6I 'Itt: "d

.EA{soirl ,olpcg .,rog 'pq 'L 'li!\'.l.o}oPJri 'V 'etr 'pa.I 'aluawaurt'td t,'r i ,f:r;tl.rd afiao'Ttttpon ,,7
-otc1ryo4 .qs 's'({r}'r5.r:J"\3lr:NI:oIl1il)]'I.'tt'Nlprrfli
.t qr-r.iaqr6rll tt aruatratut.tcl q1 t fipotp ahLt,i;tuun1 'Ao'du(]lfi

'(f9$ t) eZI 'lI-tr3 'S :] 'i'1rH1ili '\'i'f
lS6 i .l:ir\ttsrJt
-aa!f!ou apoli) Lio acttaittradap sl! ptlv aulll l)utLltjttti:; tpotp lauurtJ 'u:r,\.si[

6o.rpUu .AoS 'pzl 'Dlitutlal i,ruus,s/ndrur DrDuIrltii.,ia:;t)!,tD"v 'l^oaa-I) ',\ '3 ',\iiHt1l.u0;! 'v -{ 'za

.996I.B,!{sol'{.oIpt7tl.^os-Lt./'I|L[]po4)IililJ,iaullnlDulil.j!)qsatitt;,pttlu1.Nifl|)IrEO][.V.-I '17,

'I16I'irr{soIi\l'olpBtl AoS 'pz1 'utaL!i}-([J alllDttonl:laord i rf t"tt;t.y,'noti'J{IrS '{'!- '0f,

"(gSOf) gSZ tgI ".r]{aIU i ';olpEU 'nryt| aos,:;!rtdtt1 ,rrtr7t2{nrrrrtj;;titzt outau!1 Liraralsnpzaa s '6t
1lPan)t 'r.otroarS 'S'V
tlDpotp tltiu,lauunl nu Lp)a]s!otlstt tiliao4srtds a {ressabold tltitrpoqaLatl O '(i;sor) t:t:

.6 12.u;i1Sag 31{?1S-p{l0S 'pp\Lu lJomlau apolp-laLlutll r0autluou-}s1]ra:tattl y;utlr'{I'drz't{'3 'uI
'(e96i) Z60e'l''rl{rIi1 I':}o}put{'il!!1ta7n!'tdilu ruol
_uoJJ wfruuo'1(f:g1nOuf)a4Ssngdin'dz'O1t3dSngpSotpuoo(ltlolpug,l'asr:tnuan|lrnnIpttttarontci7lt.u7aa.stadsuuoILl]uDailiI1dd'.yII,IpS\Op]n.It:tiirtilt4r,s*'>*I'A* 'lr
'(igOf)Sg '9 '28 'sJluoJ1]aM 'sroJDJrrso apotp lauultl 6tt'tDISag 'oli'F1''1i\.
'9r
'qI

'(4361) u.r>1so1{ '}t3pzl ltroly 't.'gzrJ lotr'la;r
-o{tlrxotytrl a aoporp t7fiu,1auun1 atitauatut.I<I 'NIlrotvrJ'Y'.I'AoxYd'ro}I 'd'I t^oNvAJ 'Y'Y v,

z16 t I ir^r{soJ{
.BISroug 'l\rpzI 'qDpotp r1fr.tt,puutt\ DU TttiDqdp:l tltlsatrtrotutnfi li.tolotattag '^:{aucrNY 'S'.\ d!
'( sso i)
.6 ,0[ ,',r]{atg I .}olputl filoqat oaa
gggl D]soutr]qoro t]ztlDu]) oaoutraulllzD(tl ttflp ttutttuttrr 'eI
o4n[awo,td oaau,lauunT 1:{ttstJal}iDJnq ,ouradLunl,Io.(aSSnOioI)utSrZoCtd,r,]n,DgLO-L''J^-'Jt.srsii,B('.IrvJJ{:I''\jI''g1I 'II
-11od

,scllslaltrlJlt!? apolp-puutll at11 .toJ uot\nwtrotddtt lntutr:tttlod y 'Es.Lsl,{ 'S'3 'onuvN 'V'f

od qop'o('(ftZgpSOqOffr)fu)gleOagt'et6u6n'0Jg'sna'u1g.rta1{ostrtnop'lruno1n'(ru.frIgla'usO6orlrlflsJ)olrrrOaasilCrix1t'Dig'6'rr.D\a'eorl4Jnlcro)uaqaageppJoloo'(tlp1pZ'v-pSl-{aLlO'au?T'tfUVt)itut'yZrn'uuSlJD'sSoa.NrYfyt:rlrrtoJc60lEsLy9rArr.tt/'nuaS'nlrU1Al1tnt1'uC'r\Dti"lIdrtl"ay'\esauoHs't",fruli'rudvorurrr'a.lsilfuuYclrv'sJIia'ls,Strs'r'1'rn.Al'1I 'OI
'l.t 't!! 'r3s(rNsx:{-i 'Y '6
-tDJDtlr ?1lq.s apotp-puLrnl Jo uollvutlrottltlo 1nct\fi1nttit tuJal-u!!11 I" 'oll Jo fiioary1 'sNv}I 'O':I 'g
'(OSO1) ea'AC 'sdii.I 'tddv'{' '6ut1autt1't7
'l

'9

37. J. Nlaurro, NI. Snruuna, Author's comment, in proc. IRE, d0, 1g31 (1962).

38. M.H. Srnwann, Replg to Comment of J. Nagumo and M. Shimura, proc. IRE, b0, 1g32

(1e62).

39' A'G. FRANco, A.S. Fenson, Transient analgsis of an transmission line tunnel diotle circuit,
Proc. IEEE, 51, 368 (1963).

40. W.G. Tunr- Jn., Cond"ition for square aaue oscillations on a transmission line terminated at
one end b! a nonlinear resistance, Proc. IEEE, 51, 1265 (1963).

41. D.D.SaNov, On tltc tunnel-diode two delag-Iine circuit, proc. IEEE, 61, 1160 (197g).
42. D.D. SaNou, Formateur d'impulsions trls courles (nanosecondes) d diode fu1nel, Arr. Stiin!.

Univ. ,,A1, I. Cuza" Ia;i, 21, Fizicd, 71 (19?5).

43. D.D. Sa.Nou, Astzpra oscilaliilor din sistemul d.iottd tunel-Iinie de tnttrziere, Referat qrrezer,-
tatla gedinfa din 27-X-1976 a Comisiei de ciberneticd a Academiei R.S.ii. Filiala Iasi.

44. G. DIETZGER, J. P. V,r'nnr, Electontque cles impulsions, Tome II Circuits i constantes repar-

ties., Masson et Cie, Paris, 1966.

45. V.N. Ierovr,rv, Sprauoinik po tmpul'snoi teltnike, cap. XVIII, XIX, Izdat. Tehnika, Kiev,

1972.

46. Vr-. RXzv.l'w, Stabilitatea absolutd a sistemelor dutomdte cu lnttrziere, Ertit. Academiei, Bucu-
resti, 1975.

47' M. Scnur-r,un, W.W. GAnrxert, Lerge-signal circuit theorg for negatilte-resi:;tance diodes, in
particular tunnel diodes, Proc, IRE, 50, 1268 (1962).

48. Eon. Nrcor,au, A. Ponovrcr, Introducere 2n ciberneticcL sistemelor continue, Edit. tehnic6,
Bucuresti, 1972.

49. V.N. Kur-ssvov, S. N. Nrusraoev, A, I. OvdsenaNxo, A.K. Sor-ov,pr-, Formirouatel,nanose-

Icundngh impul'sou, Radiotehnika, 6, 27 (1978).
R.K. BnevroN, J.K. Mossn, A theorg of nonlinear netuorks f,
50. euaterly Appl. Math.,
xxrr, 1, 1 (1964).

51. R.K. BRAyroN, J.L,. Mospn, A theorg of nonlinear networks If, euaterly Appl. l{ath.,

xxtt, 2, 81, (1964).

168

69r

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IQ nf alln)Jlf aP aluelren 't's

o-iJpoJaIlprr€*rac'J+n€t+sl 4uulolr+znoarqdarls+up1c'€((IoIin1q+,e"uouadorrua{aa'+luonn;qorrperop++rIlqrzcdorsgaoduanrp.prdop.,lu'uo1nqlgocasauJeuo1"drnJoq"souel;+ml]nartqs[zc€soo+Jr€oqoloslJl
e1ptr1guu".rr1$Ioruuomrnolori+enlqera.rr1puoupepdesqodonluualgs{lex1ooopmtosoqrctssrcanpl ?icru+ul 'a?€?
-rsqCepun) lruIpn+IlInu ts

-rluraeds ep
,,;isuo.rnFri rer.iriuiiuryrsras1""eelcreourKiiiIcbIJlnIpzlavpluronloar++uxoareuloslee 'ari;rfupzlrs1.€raalrtolrplJ.r,o..pirrdl;r"cfurrr""rd*.ru,
1{p11s.re!p

sI-l:Jnbmoncdlerzour"€"rrrncJdcotuoo11'ncpa6iru,uoEing.1ilua1eg1dT,.onra.nq?"$cepcs"treit.Jgedosrau{.au.nrilobp+truaa€nnsIrroooctrysilaacanpJsuejarjriuprrpl{rnerrrpladqJduadao+eucocprrpumlc'acune;ilrdp"eti_lldnrueSrue1cKrdmron+,acIorn"dJcqaescIspnoaal+rucp,tIaJ"lueuecorclJdreulgu,g(ral+1{oux;El1reltdunopu.pruclorurSpn+rz-cnJqaooerc;InpdIBJ1nunaos1ssI -

o

cHl aluai 16 a;alz"lglul aP llu!l

'91 'aPolP n) aLuaq)s

'9)!u a3reo, 9l€rnP aP

iolUnslndu! €aJeJouaB 16 ea.reu;o1

o

s tntolldvl

tice neiiliare, similare cu cele din figura 5.1b,c,d; desigur in cazwL DI
trecerea de Ia porliunea orizontal{, la cea verticali, a caracteristicii q1e sarcind,
este foarte abrupt5. Sti,rile statice posibile de echilibru sint d.eterninate
de citre punctele de intersectie a celor doui, caracteristici.
Intr-o
serie alt5, categorie d.e scheme elementul neliniar este conectat in
cu p!' (tis-.5.2 a) I in acest caz st5,rile posibile de echilibru depind
cle
caracteristica elementului neliniar gi de tensiunea de alimentare lrrrlfig.
5.2b,c).

Adesea elementul neliniar constS, ctrintr-un rezistor twnel, care repre-
zintd' o comtrina,tie paralel5 DT-rezistor (fig. 5.3 a). Calacteristica stalicd,

(ol

VT7.o'u

H*

Fig. 5.2

M"

Fig.5.3

rtaeerzreiisszttisioctroiuirluustliua-itRictue: ndaeacla5ac,reeEsftouarirrenealvearanlroerarnittamtel"satierni,pficguauterraarcnt5iec.3riastfrtei;cciatnafrg5ee,zndueeltraacnli,tftdor,nennvaualcdoaiafreraerc1a-
prea mult tle cea a DT, insi, pentru -R rnici diferenla este substanfiald,.

LLI

-cvnvc aJtsurJn ulrd 'Ecl+slJo?celJll? od ap a1':und Jolrurnuu o;tuolgzundsa'roa
q.Sra,rul 1o1o"ro"'ri,--*Ounrsuo+ olncsounc 15 eltod a"ruc
luIS HD€p K+l3uIiIIJo+op
f+u€+suoa o a+sa ;o .rer aur8i,ro fO- u 9i'r:riuo.rapp r'iualsrzoJ o?so 0"r epun

(r's) 'ran*(otfa):t1
[11] Prurourlocl

ml;ueorJ{ud.eT.oprt{l''au,gduIunrIrxoui orn;;ert€dpeu1€damo1:p3JrcsJout1srn',srdIzoou:tpt(rl tf'1;F(0}-r-]tr'rBEJu}{nsF-rssgu'€c[ooclJI+-+sl'suuEIroJ?oTF+c)iqcI+I'3l3fsJJ[ur'JE;Frac+ropcK€rcziJl€€lKloc+}€EtooSKptsslJJll+to^aloauuo'1nlpsraar{r3''tqrsou'Jrgantr51erEl;*olaoledl!

m"rd tzqea"r eluod os nrDnl lsal'u) "1 nc p1'aFa euilsua+ o EI oura.rns J€IuItreu
rnln?uaruola IIcI+sIJa?ae,.ec ploc qr sndnsa.ld u-s Iozril?uts uo1'ullldurrs nJ?Irod

:1r:oj "oit"i1s puulcroJq€rmgalaruiur;rFurucJr{€asnu"rolsJitrsozarll+pnluqtz.rad;dgaln'rsqg6u1l 'q'Puunlqn5qrgolncfJ
K-e-ou-T6-ea-a+r-Il-psdrJmIe.anaScruJrssaJ*rtpf"1"pr+ucol"trJ?ierrcinsr.ourcur€nnaa*zeoreroicuKussr"Js"ranu*nai+a{r"touor+aurqrq.r+os€pl,vre.cuoJ!p,taaeruot',ate?elclsor11.uoiodptaprri"lrdrsacuudt+u>uealnnpToulJprorll1Ioar{ttool0rqn€edJrFsdu"dtoJurJrutTueoolpcSrup,usooIlc,JpTr€lS?ctlurc.rlils,+au€ouSli4n,rBror[ya"qrlol+rp]rcrrtS:'gepiJorurn?rr"lrs^ntb€p+rJpsro.ssrr"v?aolrsrBrpJau1a'oOuuoJaulos.o+JpS'o["rioyirugoitppusi34c,IifgF"rr+iai0gpooadn1{piic'InFnIa{€ro[c*]JpI-*nn*€ii4;'+Iiltsoo,vrJiur'pacPnaerJ^re*Jaot,-€t'f'?6{ri'o€rIiLsalrs+o'(uuinsBIo+J]J[ioBo"rsffairJu+su;&riag"arJiuuterpnra{ozlpa"€.ao.izGui"riacl^Jl'"rlsrtersJFonscPrsousroploraulluocet+alc-iainlc.+uu''+lln[rro4tlaocElptotcu€ersalgsardncJurlCqdasuarptact*s;pg;csaucIuprrip'loaaqo"qaoeurcanaorirorrlcrl"egooouusi'qs}sJc8tti"s1dcsgariuoa]nuzetta,eln;urucll.troscaIr,r}prIlepTrd{rcrItlttJ1aa]lp+lc:ptni911u1utAleipl3llss'os1cn:iuarJu1:iIlaruluntbl5'i}lra?:oxarI1sa1inBitup-a'1I(xlnuJ,pdarBrl5-a)eolJnitlbII(ngtunl"os.nrult'st;zi'srrou,rcr6ltrtawluJf,Ta?aKqIrrtet';Tr1uJr;z.r'ltr(l'lrotrr6ltlairrdaoo9olu'psIr}alunz'uetL(pliFda'eqpz'J*rrrPa(c5onuuncqaiSzrTc"ltaasdtslo1la11qaBoJ3Jn?,dlu?nast-)r8u?ou";a;u?uatlu11'{idaua1J]tg1rppr1a4+rciag"uJpltgrot1ctt.r{us+-zumuiJ:I-u<ItlltKu9ra1ti-nlaJrorp'laac'a1l43a'tlorolurJspo'luosru:1\dxql;ISnl'i{'trastItBr"Jae-JoolJ'o)silg,zurgo^pdsfK/1ou,Pnr'-ioIllat[uafduu1i+lll,opp63"IJd(rnq!ilIIrsr]lvppurc-dl+n:orErdtpl4:t-o''rooeT-p-ue"(Ur^r]c+'r:rp0alK'oi[aI"ur-all4oltztt+.'C.s{oIa'o:.'Trg?llzorrt(io[rauoualslJ11t'u"{.tjpq1pl+p:tsJt]8"1ufrI)ill
o'clrcE-"--r-Iebsutnzmcac€uurlJolrqpdlaJ-o.xr1Iralo€eoos+1ac"lJ-ucr.:]ioIa]a€nrzlslu+lol3tauIsu.",r)aJ:daa*l'ru1n"nlatuocn{rpin,lonss}ziruintutis'ar"'r"Jau,Jli:ntll,nosutlrjcea3,[arlcJllIopnncItpa.r.rlpl^dvn1)^1rsilute*Juitiuuvdo1;oriloserrJll3-rdl€d?uIrJ'.r4u1'+uIolEoul1+E.+()nt}'n)sJaqv+sJunatio"csupt'i)(ort'rtl'rJqJ)aln!rtgJl5lagdlc.lip);rru'-l;lafuJrgotp1szlrao)uaJru"auloJ-;*tr"Ar'lcorr/:-rn^Iti-cluloipl]9rzl^olurgoiC*l'rr]'c,)3c'Lta{1^'sHsu-(1tIl:-lrluCl"l1cUIE.1.'tlLutnr-Ji'ta[l"sln"l'r']5rz:tsn1ltIaL:l'i1)))'Jt!l

'of1rrEU"re+Inlue€uIp[trJs,sIlrlosfcoJunr,ril].ut?siauilcsrartrl1rJcfl3€d1r'!.8asg]:,^tfl*rto{trt'rprpu'rr'r}er.d'rtqa.iucgI'igts'yunua'cr}aglsui.l'rlcponsFi_Iruro;rlpJiul'{llrto)psrrs}or1o''r1ltl.J-r;r'Juu'Bor;r[l3.ll{inuazltoyluldit,Jitsal'JrlnlupJ;lIYsln}liut]uut':ai)t"uI:!{Ilt.Yl}ulJ1n}lll^lsrJ



j

Ir/

ii

Ir'9 '6Id

{Dl

([)-}-,ll

Y-+
1

0r's '3u

lD)

,c lN t

1,1\, 4

h;--

tai-r

*r

J)a +!

(e's) ."A<a ,r(ol - a)n - (I4 - "I : ?

ft's) ,oA>a ,, I: !

epr{u1e;r ur;rd psl,rcsep r; eleod Kulcrtss op €cllsrroq

1atx schema echivalenl,i, pentr,u carcurul timpilor radeDcEornl*u"t;arrrerieqsit-eirai,rf,,l-

in jig,""?.5.13, uncle : trlal qi cr(2,) se reieri,

se referL. ra E_Dcur aftiia"o*cexegpurveezrinneti,azciurreegnitmututlottraatndzeitocroiomuutsat"re care incturte
pe 1o qi ru,.

c 9* : i**(t) - ir(a) - i,(a), (5.4)

vl

I
I

-L

Fig. b.13

unde c : cr,(a) * uclor(ra)e.xApruetsoiiriai nlualcitric:ieriiptbrn{tilu all investigat ecualia (J.4)

in scopul oblinerii timpii de Eomutare directi,
qi inversX, manevrabile in practicd,.

(dri=tca5ereim.rnsI3^pdKc)p.ae.outrcNcnlatueoist!vront{reeeeot:ranf:vicesltafursidircJrliaenaotScocictnioeldvtetamreoisiilsrzauoltdiartivccaepi.canr(aoerd.c-rml,o)ead?imuzgnir.itreaaacrcenrelfoetusd5lmalalde,',!e4de,.naig.isiri3turletir)eecr.t(ot4Al,viu1,au>.;i;1a,Trvoa:6?c,eate)rux.--a1e'm,.1s*apt"d*+rrpr,inp61ct6-z0otp+um;ojl+,ithui;Xgl;nt;at;r;brt;;riial"e;"irfi(tip"auseetertnrie?'gedpialu,oeopcryrt"lis"oiaE:u"ltprtun.rtulnizgitis:ec'in;".i

yie>qt_ve-,Spceriunorebpnli-tnuVel_uis)r(utc)cseesiavp(roinximdoemazedn, ipulri,na>rVe_laoli-aav(ebm.1)iril(tc)^:r0e iar pentru
inlocu-
a se

#: v#foarcts(i##), (5.5)

nncle r, : volr, reprezintd, rezistenta cliferenfialx, medie in domeniul
t, <lr ,;

#*#ll1' 2/!2+, --clrtol 1 +rrrl*.,-{#} -.**(#)ll'

3,+2 L

nnrle r. : (5.6)

rezistentei (v,- ve)|Q1, n-egI,a)tivere, piarer z-4in:t5 valoarea med.ie (moclulul)

diferen!iale [1 + 8lo+,len-I,)]td ;

-t*i - zLL + Crl lr^ [w\@i * wowo + uA +a) -l

urr(Vr-'v-,),)(3u'o-r r) l* L@ J-

)]l'- dffifa"cts tr#fu,) -arcts (#*fr (5 2)

174

gLt

Fdurrl I su g(g1 : oo!? tsu g'06 :'!pl ?uls g. ri y eleqcund uud +o+ aca.rq g+ (
t(
-u:tt''o-sd,,0Yra,IIyutptIyeICmuanT;g'.rroltTtrqpggttIEsgdrL+:rA0tu':o'zgntrJ:.t1uogrt::rncooo('"rrnm?cJtlv€tl,s'{erIoqot,rospI,o,JTCJy'u'€L1€Jnu.rrof+g5tw€ossInr'E-lol'0rsor0Agudrftoouo0ru:p:1rgc0cra:mlJ:la:ltn"]s€?p?ncrsoprlopec,r?Il,'1rlogc{o{uou"u:pplttJn'Cia1ypq.lJ€ul{unnIu.+'16ndJfealndsrz€9cdttlI'o.usgg0IecOrrcJo.dpIg:I::gcnoITK:*uts\o-I'divs&TC?Jrupa7uno.(ICJerl{rn"lIrrso{.g+€ur'YttlL,toCue1lrgoroolleu?recB:€rc1uZuuuJ+0Zrsntr'nuisTel'rl'dreuT;Tlrrlugrd':rtuoo:la:dudoJclftorlY*Iunor+o*n1qrtqsp/scu"cru.tpicl't8Aiof'AtCetAl,spIplAd_p+:CJgzrolo?Z8l8ec?oT?8'g,goCk0frIf'tr(d''Ag{o0T:lctpr:::u:oI1Isn'oJ.13]rrl1rXSu,til
: atraporp (

l€Joprsuoc nt-s alnur{qo .rop{.u1oJ € olulrrerur"radxe oIrJKcrJrJoA nJlua;{ (

'url(Yp-'fl : (r '(2_'!,1:lg/: s -
r
tl €r
'(
ull'a opun
os'
(ors) Alnt * r+-Cg_-TJiI oI-Cr,-T,A6 : al o

-r IC
p+r
(e's) .{[-i1r'-. *t#*aq",n] e/ +[ zt -1- g T Ij qrailafl8
+ {r'
z ( aCT r) '.,0:
G,
l"(A-'a)r.r" * tl (r-ur) -p
ilpr
1'rg (a)

lS .rr(n/g) klp-) : t6gqs ".pqs glrr/16 : raa opun .FJ

(ss) .{f (l+,t/-e-)r,",* -(P#+:) "-.] t##-
I tnqnllm)Ln t
_L (n }-Lm fj I (" trmt)lr(rt,-'A)*.ro + Tla ::I
,.mlr('m-o*) r"c
1n a "Il -

o€€p: oaa+luJgJs€r€rozs?oeselK€.rruadsdIJaxo?oe.JIraJ€atrs!rrT1sropoosucJ€Icrn€rntu+sslnortncrucuorJoo{Irpqcc*oIptoscenlopsIo+u-rIinpendrl?Trnfr"osofre?uJ.:nrddDpldl"ogdIrscuguooerrlps-6+loc,on,Y'tt(rury1lotruJr:Iao€lJ,drr€Trnogcl'J+3gtn1sou1o*ponrtpuluI3orncllnzut+)8IscgeYJuuIK!gIII:n€-+I{WoI"u"oS1II

(-#-'') "(oa-'a)t',0 * r :ql l"(A-'A)'m | 7fo"t :n

oat' eprserdxe ne q rir r :epsuan1.,rg,(uor rl€-rd"I,r)(ln9lgL) k-rili)l: : eorOo8puqns

'oo qs rPlz - '('a-"a)l(a- "A)

lu,, este mai mare in cazul sarcinii iiniare deoarece curentul de incd,rcare
a capacitS,lii de trarierd, este mai mic. se poate trage conchzia cd, timpii
de comutare a DT cu sa,rcin5, neliniarS, rd,min de ac.elasi ordin de mi,rirne
ca gei cinh_i_lisb2r2uul sarcinii liniare
de qi in creqterea ; un ciqtig net se obline in stabiiizareapunctelor
sensitrilitnlii scheliei.
Atunci cind circuitul cu D? conline inductanla de cronism (multi-
vibrator, monosta-bil qi bistabil ln regim de numd,raie rapiclf,), prin intro-
ducerea elementelor neliniare se micqoreazd, timpii de revenir.e la std,rile
de echilibru stabile.
p) DcotrnppuisDDI Tco+neDctaI,teaiontnpd,asraarlecilnfdo,rtmineiaarzdx,
_ Comutarea d,isptozitiaului,
f16]- rn acest caz se consideril cit'
u\Jnadais)p;ovzaitliovricleornmpiu,rsimiairiosra7rcri,na$iesRte,'csoensatilteugit5a, sdtfienl
r&istoml R, (fig.
lncit sistemuL sd,
posede doud, std,ri de echilibru stabil. schema echivalentS, corespunzS,toare
pro,cesului de comutare este afi,tatd, in figura b.14 b, unde: C-: Cr@) *
diode i"o*repiezintk
* C r(a) este capaoitatea totald, de barierd, i celor doui. i,"(a) ;:
curentul total de comutare care include fo qi ir,; ir(a) i i,(o)
reprezintS, suma curentilor prin cele doud, diode.
Caracteristica staticit, compusd, gi itreapta de sarcinh, sint ard,tate
in figura ; diodele DT;i J/ s--au alis astfei incit curtrura caracteristicii
statice a 5.15 punctului de vale a DT.
sd, fie situatd, in apropierea
DI
Procesele d"e comutare sint descrise de ecualia

c,do-:i-";o'n- D (5.11)

ur-rr"(u)

t..(vl

D M=FYI) IL I
DT*r)r I R!-

{o1 {b)

Fig. 5.14

.t

I t"

II /
/
l.nt
Lnr
I

Fig. 5.15

176

lLl' a99 tr - Er

Iouo^rIrlicd+EIztoo5Jdgs€IopaJJt++sugJIJTSroJlppOFor)+aEIo+zlirroI?EJro?€.u{dr?,nrunErsSoaos1rrgroJ,ostllunarapar+o{oa.sru+uncooylueogleJ,aooaalsas-+nriopnlDuoJi,'u,.ricza1pooJrs,lB.uuoorJp3ooc(n+eprJooJp+arrur

lg.rnoo1psrzaud,ulur,d; rrrr-ui ,rIacluunI?sarollroilrtps a.{u+nruoc op olo}rnil.ilc uI (gJ : rrlcoJrp
ulp asnc{ruoc .rola,lrlrzodsrp * lC) liuloOi?1

ee,rezrpgll

g1 lS lC urp sndr.uo: rn;nr1t;zodslp e er€lnuro) ap elasaloJd .Z.L.S

."€a-':gcptIr{yillpo[You8l.r,lelN'yiJlui!irF_a''*!'a.g,or,,un,c,l}e/rrO'l<rtucdI'log{.scrTle,rr,1rpa?c-u7tg-rr!l(sIPpEzro1rrtarp?l.+Tt_rsst?*(,+str3oasusJomlu€ec6ocqraLpcau,ro.Lr;r,orT[+ru+g-rcK]-?,rf'xrJc"fo.rIi!nplrEapzoizaiirulv.u?ro,oStoe!rsegrrrel.zurst+,erirasei{,ctorqr1:uoo1]o.rl,.rnss1Jeuos*r?lr7e,47-.1g,all(J"#u1rctp1riln:tr-:l."Tol'tispzI#cirpun,rJ.1'r1pao:oitrglgS,J?1r{1+op'ftsuLolJrl,cog,1d-.,;Jd"]g+e;ttiwucJ;I,

(ers) '"t'c 6?,'0: 3r 'etag trgt1 : f1

"fia og'T: 3I 'zFg gg'1: f2
".ttc 69'0 : J? trFg 91(6: {g

'ft* ft* il:*o? : luls_JC- r€runu l"rolgzundseroc ePun -€1 * 3l * Jg: o"t',
_'s1rdtuf 1,9(ct etptAr'rkdLu'Tndi A rvr
, ( I _ o I) ( A _ I 1) eiregnrnoc
?,oI ,rfd1"r.i1*J6* "j
rt'_1no,ri1lgi .1(zods1zpOuiI_g:z{orJj,our, os-
I
y

l'To gg'o : ":t ^-:rfr
"Ec ?o'T: Tx

krs) "Ea gg'T:'3? t"gc gL'T: Tl

"zfca?to:lt "Tc g9'6: "]l (

Iuse-6'=-As{on'rrgInJ.o_dg"ra5?e:rtqu+rvt:rrc0I;odl_'Em'\o0c(pJwrp€ud::graolelnInLnIlprnlazn+,T'u:cq\Arvo-rentJc:u'ro)atlr1"syrtu3az"sr*g:8Igrou1a_tgsd{r,+z?o'*ad_lsuurgd0"nTitrsrCadn:pr's;}eFsroot*..uq(IrJr,n€ItoousArlF.c'+r€l+s(-.ulVc;ns'Ku:r,od\Begsursurud-rll'roipgtqtol"r,garg{?So7:.l0uIrI'-'e0iqr?(rcrT\nccr,o,l::r+eTtrorcS:+rcs?e1rureioeJ"1+o'pAg*ocngs,rl-v.qilcIcort,,r_stTo€osgl'grJyrcnl\s+ageTrlrpn*?vpiocu(uosz0,'eaIorrnrnJ7lITir:trioo+€+:Jgo+-Kl+on,o:0c,da+cn'tn1slsrAma:neraruftulortrinC?i:n){*cdprev1,?ro.,.ilrrj.auApe:li,{rr'cpgr+p\zdb";uygoro',boIe!,d,SdiI1oc(utgisdyirKnl:,u-p1d.+py!JIyugrf4tttIi',gy+e0Si'p."fT"o,r5gI:ztt*Iieir:"oCu-n;:ergI1rIti :
-nuroc ep rrdurrg e,rlul.ufu.ruckuoo reun rrJKn+coJo lndoci u1.{siolur'ra glca,rrp
Foorelu+un"reuopcualppaldDuo4rldI'Ig+I:roIJI€pr n.rluod or€Irrms rrsaidxa ur{{o os (e pzeb u1 a
eb
as ar€c ul (Af.f)-(gf.l) aFr{u1e;r tsouoTrros€ op e
'vznezr[1n as asnduroc acrl€+s rrcr?srJo+cts.r"ec'ce.r€.',r_--fo.rde
nrqua4 o
-

-

J
o

I

o

bidirerlionale, cu reac.tie itmotpaoiSrt,a) nrytidc,reinqtecriercauipteulteerlioi gci1ceei,ncuSn,drceauren; ultima
cerin![, este tleosebit tie circuit

tllit tlebi);uliioen"sqi;r,lceorinntrahnLd-eseucili,nflturrnrcirliimleardeodrcitecisrcinlittereianliazyaat1e. de ciltte TB,
1a)7ti,mdpeiloobricdeei incocmiructuairteulacleTcBom;ianoda[,n, usemoitbjil,insetaobidliizmairneua-
pr.in coirect,etea disptlzitir'ului

ii''c irnlrot'tarit5 clecit u,i ?B.
rri.;eieir-ri' ctre i+:qrire. in general, t,irnpii de cornutare ai compus
qi mai mici Trebuie
DT -l ?B sirit rnai mari decit ai ?)?
subliniilt c5, in mutrte circuite cu DT care sint puternic incSrcate de c5,tre
citrujtelc. iu aval (rezistenla micd, de sarcin5) apar probleme clificile in
gc1rrl'ludpiuliliuloi Dr Tcle'icoYmEu' tare; in accste cazuli este lecomandabild,
lilli:zattliru
riiilizirlerr
,-\na,liza proce.selOr tranzitolii din tlisp<lzitivul conrpus D? + TB
p- tate1t)i
abolrtratii pe dou'5, c5,i : ale disp6zitivelor componente
ichemele echivalente
utiliziild
ij,clr.t:i'r.i 7-B schetna echivalerrti, de sernltzrl uric i12l) :
:) pentrl ?lJ se :ulllizeazra rnotlelul cu control plin sarciritl [17].
^i: B este conec-
r',irr1 inuut'e sc exllune e doua metodi". intre colector
tr:rt criiieecmotitrcsindtel ril,asmchae,sm5agigeesnteelparl[e, rd'5i,nzufitgi,rrorare5a.c] li6ea lliengcaarteivTi

Fig. 5.16

qoscii:hhlreia-m,z.iaai,lecrnl'aetsa[,irii,zprSae,ntDfii,fplur+in:r,i1irn'a-tBleizrfr:olnaperirttoericulelasrre'gelzouirstitltiorzaraunt-Slzu,iitio1n?ri"ci;ilfecdsuctieitnedalerEdtr,o,[email protected]_Slc?fhizgeuurlntr5aa
5.16!r uri..le ?B este roprezentat prin rnodelul eu contlol prin sarcina acu-
rnr;.i:r.fii i* lnzd, (8s reprezintd un capa(itol' de valoare infinitd,)' iar D? es^te
lceiuphre,tzilca:ltl'anlti5z,epi lpineitrr'b-ruunl)r?ezissetourtinlizeelianziailaqpirocxaipmadcii'tialetenaeldineitblraeripeer'5poOrrli.uInni
(4.1{;)-(.t.11i) ial pentlu ?B ecuafiile rnetodei "qar"cinii'

Clirt'entrrl rie bazd, are expresia (luindrr-se itr consideralie qi capaci-
tiri'erl rie i-lalieli, 06" a jona\itlnii colector baz5,)

i.s -- Qo :s dQo (5.14)

a6 T6 df

nnrle Q, este sarcina acamulatii inlnzra, rL: nerpgli*jehazzt,dP, ui"n9fulure1nialar T6- este

corist,a.rita de tirnp a bazei I er.iclent r1ac5, se Iui C6"

178

6LL

#+ #^i] :,,l;(rf tr, +

-:lL I + ".,1)] ("r-ur),1 1.,

f,,1**, * "rrlf
llL,*,'t,[I"7E,tJartz(1'1{-'\"t{ttt--r)i(i*"\t,,gE,)l I :'fl

,l''tlo.t(T *'\"E)l
'"tC(t -l arzq) + sL - 0Tf -

'(oI - ufll(A-e1) : t1 ,(ol-uI)"t"rzttlq0 : a,0

: ?€?ou €-s opun

ttz's) 'o:oc -r1b*100a+;0v*'r

euliqo as(gl_'g) ut (OZ.g)-(gf.g) t* (ff.g) apr{e1e.r pulcnpor+ul

g;'alt]iriserr-r 11-i{rd isr,rl o,.r.tr}ilrrrira ap rrcrrur3. iia l.lode;r ur rcrur a+,rEoJ
o;n"iar ap rnlnl€uuios oIts o.r,rzluennldns nJarzJllul Jtsop
+uls l.rorzJilur oir'oJE 1
j6fonpo,icl 'aor+ri+s rror?.qr,ra?3u.iec aits loun? oFrnrl"rocl ed
e1{ri1o,rq'

{o;'g) ,(T+) 7:("r - ur) 1- n 1'lo,a,

pt-e-zonqe.au,ldsrlrz.ao)nrcJreJrurr,opiIlr'nDiEaieno,1c[rJlonoerilir.groeu.JrrouoodcnJlorprpl{czlsouelgd:aaddrieruuaugrcruxlrusorlnlyrodu{p.tJo:aerort+ilseupr.:tgDrsa'gfoe,p.csu,ru;isnooupdcpocnolaspI+aneis.rzralrr'{i:c€lr,een,rsIr.rlBrv€aTo',etzJ.oiIepo+€cusB^ez,f-a.rlrJ,fpr6?"(r(trpsuO€clorrrlucf3pnrr'1r1flrcs)cs1ruou+dsoJosurrr+?srJ1raco]sr,e+tro3rdicJlr€rrxor3?DaIi+J,l

-'BD,r.llrrr(l alsa a,l'rnFuolsrzuEJ?,13 o.roprqcsol) op Eoullrsua+ olso or1 opun

(e r's ) ' uG:i*r)" u 'a: "'

1g;[11] ar41qo ts_a;rur+rrr op .{o1cr+srra?curtc ,l?oJezr.to€rurl vI Kzaap

-er;n,rd os 4$ ri olduns grnlpFal ep rrielo; rairn EO.rrsKF niqila4
_T,azse;r1u1

igrs) .r21"!_('g _F ,t{)",! _ cc 7 __ ta

oli,iqc os ei{e1ar ?rur?In mp

ills) :'U 'J -l- Tc : "&'('j -l ,r) - cc-l : za
tu
(llr')
, te._ "!-a-,,r, y

{qi 'r,) 'tpl'a'ptc - @)l -'! + utl : sv

a'iigosapcloo.grdtcgltzzJraIuZ;ooar)riFKoer;sreealceptsrt{rer1Jao;It TrJO+TZUBJ}

orJc,q q.od as alnol€-rrqra rarua'{cs urJoJTroO

gXgdec ar{u1a;r €urr+Fi 1t a:" - x,:. rcuW,i

cIsaeuroetb:n0lTtiurieml dpp^eaurivlncedom.ilenetccQeotgofmrr:ac0urrtee,aaqreteleadciiunrteat'rc:lieteSif,n"(ei5vv.ea2alYe1luel)emactu0Qc+ua0rLm,i:n9ioltt1eor"9ravrr,aeIlculuenMldci.nloehnlIuidgm,i(*liiIito-eI-alIef,l)imc,:oSQil,tErSuu"i,.a:,

Rezultir, "3@1+ Q,6, * o? *

ao (o, -Q)'(o3*Bo) Bo) 1

2(363 + Bo) {-[ J_
(rffi) (:ffi\ll't,:
- #ftl;fa"cts - arcts F 22)

uncle o, :2(Bol3)rt2sho,, sh3@, : (Il2) (3lBi|tzco.

' + * B*+i B;J-+adoepcXol"Te"icrnitnopuiL.prlas'rd-ceo.aead'dl2eae(b3scllc6er?ienIaryrteI6"Biia*eol)iealav{a('"0rlu.,r1aIot)I"6"ctia*a(Qb,?(i3nQe,s"tmee"u+ro-vVbo6cau..olvlQ^iuQn)2,:le,(06ui?n.r+mio6iImZ3innidtfeinlaeBacolec)idsa1e,qr_uiopiabrotrccineuedre,unrdtu,,l

-G*"-o*[arcts )- arcts (rtfu)]]','(5'23)

unde 6u :2(Bo- l3)r/2shO, sh3O, : (UZ) (3lBdBt2Cs, Qa :0t1-lc*lhrt,'
' (I r-Io),

c,:(?5# v, -r,) lv,- DlL,,,,+ 1)-f] .

R1

\0":"21 ,i3Tn)aacRdc"eCts,ut.ecstue mic, el etostteaal fdeectadtesscurbersytatenr!e,iaelstde.etci d:,ttyre capacitatea
timpul
*ht unde

vDT2GrVraNsiafomi,To-:4'h0"+0ps8i2Piit"1ia6ei?tn:vdrnBia'Vny:te2rnd"q,u5"z.i'ctfippv:so,feaelzmor,rn:5iar\fu:tiamrcYtdua52"8e,ei,?etfrYRr)ciliBreio,c"mCta:es.luIx"ic0notpS:uagre:Ori4:larei6o5im,lisQd90peiosn,Fniptft.pam"maA:CtlFS1eaAecll,,lsiu's3ettui-rlnAa5aarIaolnuttclaeik:z)o0bpiOnseae,estlw4'leoialditmRr2n.rue5due5trl.n:a1bp,tdt4en;iapio8sir\ioaautp0lltp-aeolmidorOz,Vcdei,et.idctirnsV'r,cumti:ieumt0:rul-i-tdrcn:,u-;r1oeeelLmu2:tlz,iiSp.pduYua8uiYlnst0u,li' I
(
TABELA 5.1.
t
l"(ns) t/(ns)
I
DT+TB nr+TB TB
Ic
calculat I mdsurat calculat I mnsurat
T
19 t7 It- 165 20
I S

din tabeid, timpii l" qi l, ai dispozitiurlui compus sint consid.erabil micqorali p

falI d"e cazul tranzistorului singur' ;-:l,

d
ci

t8t

;ili'Tffi ffillT?t Ia p r suo c € s

-rsuoc es (r)
(:zr)rn$po:-rud:1K1no1p:lup1'1y"dq3n'z?llnEuf 4.e1rod gcfuis #5 ;"T"5;

?r1cn.rqsuo3

-ro+l!p +ueprao else esntnnoc €cr+sue+ c',c ,zC r* rg ounrf"""f ;fi*:;i;;
-rcedec ra ruorpas.reocluor"rpdu1lcnlaprt+€+snrmionc.raqprlroqpcrdaeo.rp"roro1lirsJegir+os.rfrreplzrmucu'urigegI e,.uplsnr.uril,uradd,i

ep o?uol

?-rr-r;trnr?sqgusoczrraprrnocuSresc.lc?or+rd+3cq€r€ou^crocr€+op€sspooosrJ?ncundozeuuurlslrrgoo?qucnngulsmusldnrl.rdnreditluuseronoo1cdruluulrg.orrgconlor+c1+es€e€p+;cI1usrro?le€gsclgueuru+€zrus?dornciJstdqossu+Jecre?c.€ruuoJIglSrbpcclT,rqrai+n?eso+rnie1urdrnr$slcuqadlrJnqorlisplcs.eaoo:?rnrcsnrralcuqlce.ee1gxm1igsl rr:Jiledjo6lnrurs-ac
rlffi ilap +uI s rIK +s e I soo€

"",ffi-lqoo op rollr?+s tsor€"urruro+op
€I y,i,i.l,"T H#3fi r,{_g"1:ntue.:r:gi,".,"ip:i+l"fnTc,gTip;
r€rqc .rrdu
elrqasoep
'a-Gqsd€6uoirrlorocaspKur{q1edrnnuac4e1ouo1epadss,r'l€rucruasoroErpscumouluenr.rrruepour+rr+usrr..srraotleaFpjgirlnrserl.1uruna5ndrr-fl(r-troZnisflni ulOcou-ln.-r'd1gu"1xn'g".n"iroso1sl;{oiyji,'fsiieei,i'nabs-

&z's) .l g : 'zol - o;r1 'wI *- o;rt
arll-t l* IIor!
f oo A

ulrrrgr ecr"rqe5p rr{.rnca op Furo+srs aJ?tsc ap o+€urruJo+op +qs rfueqsuoc
loun+ Joloporp rr{ue.rnc rS epunrsua+ a"r€c uI nJqrpqco-ep a11.rg1g

'(aa)zox-t!:tplzapzC

Gz's) (ro)ra!- o!:IP4aPrC

za -ra - UE! - ooA : lplrlpI

cJ+Tc ap rrlunce ep rntuol

+ rU o+so 1nlnumlsrs €aJ€Uoduroc t.rn5rJ rotur+1n rrrroJuoC
: tI-sr-c Esucsop
'q21'g r.rnFq ol E+np a+so aJ€?nruoc ,r?I rtrouo+n€ 1nI
'"U epun

ll'g 'Flg

(D)

r - {-J-

sa/r W+ jonut'H'/I;-n^l!l.

$Ltoj--',+aut t"+

ver-enzlsucverrar554onarlrt.drra+ruecnoluureruo.sreldgurzrro{u)cpnoudJ€ns€t;o+uJonoo?rqnrcucorsqcnguo+'r[uBpgazlar€o]?_.^urolnqn+ccJoo€rocctrsetesIrsqzosqcqooecl.eersJerduJnnEgiulqrurgu,arcrednrLlucTee.-g"",rrdlu6oriuqn18"r'?b(}e+nlsedrIixe1ygp&+crves+trViqfofi

lO €nop ulp
sndulor !nlnt!n)t!) ale ligll.rzlnrlued'€'I.q

ctipraosr1ua{mcInt1dez),rriiscsi iotti1nec.sinrii{ts1lseioutrai2nnticii1coLcorupeier"bsr"eat(ecl2)haes:,areitaGol,ib'oirrlb(,inic)ienc*ainfiulgrclsura(rrdIau)i.siC5pl.ruo1t8zr-bi-,tIaiarr'pzl9li9cssri]neiIpd1o-u,1.b1-isrl>,iien-cefo,p2nrisinI;lr,rccuciuapcrzfiblu,aaull"

ilr l2
1

1

rIg. J.ra)

3 se ob.tine in cazul Ior u:tiliiiaor1e, a16c:alaI,cztet rfinstpictiipsutaltiincepcroombapubsile,, deci rar
intilnit in practicd,. Pi'if
sistemul

t5.25) pentru cleterminarea st5riior de echilibru devine echivrr,lent cu ecu-
atia
vro - i,r6,(vr) ll - 1," : g
(5.26)

care poate fi rezolvatir, grafic pentru diferite valori l/ro li R (fig. ii.18).

Fig.5.19

Prop'rieb5,lile deoseiribe ale perechii Goto pot fi puse in eviden!5,
priu caracterrstica staticS, ccmpus5,, ridicatf,, in raport cu punctele n'b

(fig. 5.19a), a c5,rei expresie este

I "o(V ")i\: I(V DDlz -V ") - I(V DDlz * V ") ' (5.2x)

t8a

c8t

f6'g '3$) o+rnorrc Knop olaurr.rd : 12;'g e.rnFry uI o+€+uozard lugs eldruaxe

ra,rl 'o1og uaqcetad em+qsuoc o vzaq ap uplac ortsD uI acrFoi r.{ alurlnc
-st?q o+rncJro ap Eornpn+r+Inu utg'o?oe na,qoa,nct ug'ti,Jol1,zuu? lsnoid

'[6 nc alecllduioc r€ur o?rncJrc a+IE n;lluod r-fl eluzqra.r r; 1od e.ru1

-rrurs ocrJ€JF rricn.rlsuo3 'plrlt5au plur'iua.rapp girialsrza.r ap caunr{.rod ed

-c+En+rs ruqrlrqca ap rJpls (1 'arznlrp oB ?+uapuacsu €ounr{;rod et{ o+Er}?rs

oz'g 'Frs

n.rqrpqoo ap rJgls - g '1orrn,1 rc+rralluacse taunri;tod ad alunlrs n.rclllrqca op
IiJnT;+qSip-qata- : a+nCsou.rrc 3trrr+tsCrJluruos nu n"rqrlqoo ap Jotrr,IT.ls a?q?rcos'B oloJoxil
'c Oa'g '5i1) ro.r1 nes (q 'w 0(,',) 'Srt) nun aur .clo 1od a.u;
op lrills (p a1,s.r tt'fon.r?suoC '0 ':
oo-q eaunr.rua+ op ori.cun3 rrl '06'9 t.rnFq irl
Flu+E.rE zEJ +sace u.r 1t+11upa1aa
:zl-r.\-oo,1- gldrurs'Eur.roJplpclec (ga'g) 'rri'1:nca

ts{iicJ'us tu3.urza,rdo;r oporp urp Eun Ec aundnsa;lcl os aJtsD u1 g;x1cr5 lpo+;ru

{, azozrFln as rs ,}tl,!cape o1so }uqrlrtlaa oL} .roIIJF}s Ea.reuluus}ap n.rSuad
(rorur e1,rtsoJ rJole^ ri'B rrJo?slzal apun JO Knop nc olo+rnoJrc u1 (6
'Jo?t?Jqr,\rllnur apqeqsrq'irqulsottoru I o1o;1 rrqca.racl ele a,rerrorioriltJ

ap rrnurr.Ser ra,rl .)[ao BzrI€aJ locl os aryrlcel]l3 i"[oIg^ op rJolsrza.l .Iou.n RaJec
-npoJ+ur urrd ga .roin glpza.r 'g,lr1e.8arr pltr{lra.repp g.iuelsrzo;r ap aunti.tod

o ii glrlrzoc[ qiur{ua.rapp t,iualstza.r op ritnri,rod r;rcp ;ruiuoc aJt]J }6f'g

t.rn3rl urp I tror+srJa1c,u.ruc EI ou-nplrlJorag 'Brrl?urqeu elualsize.r ap tumilocl
Aal "uCIil)-ir-o"cloIn*:3=udr'n1no:uf?ion<-rqrtnorc-k{1uro)ic"tp[rlu?rcrrralScJsIorrJioee+laucreaeJo'eulc'ur,orr,4i]pZIn,u>+lonro]laAJ: i>(iccog'As;aq6ur'tp5nnlir+;t)rruldoauuuirurroop(J(a€oc.rsrEtJrJou€aorpIrpr{
orBr{rcrlrionl;auc 1€a'r(rqtsOatl'Ego'.d"1gJs) n,rdorpuuoncrsLurcor+l.sruJax+ucBar1dP'e] lu'oso,tztLldotprun'&rs(uto+eptsoacJlEl.so}llsl.lIcoI?p.

-r^r,ralc€"rBd Tnop E e{ue;ra;rp,r:c auriqo as (q'rt)q'1 EDrlsI"ra}D€JEc crJtsJC

a,b) sint cinute,,imne5m" oarsieimienttreicrdn,5. ,l"nsimsceotrpicu5l ,piraecrizaSl,ritiresitlde,ra'ilo(fiiige. 5.21c) cu
echilibru
,,rnemorie Ia circuitui din figura 5.21U a cd,rui schemd echivalentS, dupd,
rie referim

I h j"-r+ :li'

'i5 nJi " otij'

,_j"" y", .-+- , iV:r
,
+ of,*r[0TJ0.i-l*,3,

{c) {b)

Fig. 5.21

PccsootramrentspipcuuoespnSetur,nneptci'naedpncrto8imnn1tio:cnrauigz5Riu,nzleetste:utenvdseraierurr5a'n,ptViaittaT,do,,Io:ioncpVofrr6ieegsasutp:eruaVnrdep5ep2.r2lre2e2zgaetsin.mitCauctalldurre,ai pclatnteesrtleiafsibgtdiiucle,aradssra5etar.ac2tpii2nctbd5a.',
ins5, se ia -R1 *axRazt,ednesieuxneiironrpliun RzlBu atunci
2 regimrilui bistabit. llacd, punctul I/" qi
dreapta de sarcin5, staticd, intersecteazd'
circuitul funclional in regim monostabil, deoarece singura stare d,e echili-
egalitatea Yo: Voo(Rz - R)12(& I Rz).
bru este stabild,l este evidentd,
continuare considerS,rn cd, circuitul posed.d, doud, st5,ri de echilibru
In urmXrim procesele de comutare d.irectd, qi invers5,, referindu-ne
stabitr ;i scop Ia schema cu memotie intern5, simetricd, (fig. ir.21b)' trl5,rd, a

in acest
intra ln detalii (analiza completd, poate fi igndte,sritn55, ,inasl1im2el)t'ricfaSc,e(mfigo.
scurtS,
comparalie intre circuitele cu memorie 5.21c)

qi simetrieil (fig. 5.21b) ; circuitul din figura 5.21a funclionea'zd' de regul5,

l,(r!o-r.r)

(o) lb)
Fig. 5.22

in regim amsatai bmila.reBifsatt5a,bdileulimcpuumlseumriloeriedeind_etecrlrardn,ryaasriemesitnfcoSrm, eparezdz,inimt5poul-sseunri-
sibililate
de ieqire de putere m6,i mare; principalul nea_juns al s5,u constd, in condilii
cliferite d.e comutare pentru doud, impulsuri de intrare consecutive. Bista-
bilu1 cu memorie internd, simetric5 prezintd, aceleaqi conclilii d.e comutare
pentru clou6, irnpulsuri de intrare consecutive, are o vitezd' mult mai mare

t8t

98t

rp-ro_urr4lgpcu' n'EoJecror€pl+usIlnsu+irlccpurqnt.ssdrlnJdatuu?Drorvclrrtzsiuo[laCpc,,rIl:oaupu1onT?lopu€1n+eursaeup;ouulouceospr€icautra1neu].n8oor{pu;rlopl€dqsaaumdnrmt4v(o1.€rea1JE$e+us

aeatr-uZqaarn€d,Jqgcr€ccuoepepIrlndtaps+ndo+luppal'on("7rt.cguarJnupdr-ocSlvroJcl!o(nl(r(c€odqnrerJe'KqeocpeIu€tdrr7aIze+ne'uug1g,r.tru.)ua^n'I5FgpJral9quuulro)uqlgrrrraqcnprcl€Jlnqononccrqso€"onp+?esdoroqrJ€pSat4s+aIqor€.ueszearne€nt.ur.{pn€rtuo+olcipssrqEz?€ud!?e-I-oystpKusf{c€tuusoa€u4:rclruceulns'us*Ip7nIBuugd1+r-<nnseu:artelur*ErIilool4Zdcset:spueAoFclI+psUaon,YJer10I+sI].
'aJtsJt?urnu ep tpuoued
on,--TunJc?elKgqcI*ucldeooultCeTprrreo'r€+degr€ololeusprrlJerdruscn'Jqueossou+e?co)cpmergrsrsn?.u€ru'daoulosfl1eep1"qaTunuEuuuI,tr*rl(co.auJtc"oTrerraS€snpuuolerlpuelcolauoa+ldspsdeaecoaeEosp".rrnrpu"rorlropp+tpIs€c.BIuro_nrrteus?Ilrrn?oruxudJn+t€rsuursrJr€uEmoTAoIrJt{ls€€u.urcrouecllpoule€tparro?+ruis€ueu-uensorrrprcarru+rusonlqrJppsel
pu11{ 'a-tr?]sSou rrnslndurr rB aarlrzod unsprdurr : +uoJnc ap r"rnslndrur
u.rn8rJ u1p mlngqe4srq e a"reSuelcap op o+uEr.rEA Knop E+sIXg ur.rd
q16'g

'lo
qD
'aluauodmoc

Jola+uarrrolo Jolrr+oru€J€d ursledsrp op Ki€J ilq€?s rtsur a+so rS a(o"re*ueicap op

.rop.rnslndrul IS Jg- a1e afue.ralol r*relece ru4uad Vo ,-6 ap) a.relnuroc op

nare al diod-ei D?i evolueazd, pind, in punctul :{s si revine in -4 dupi, ter-
minarea, impulsului de declangare.
2) Teiisiunea la, bornele ind.uctanlei Lt, egal5, in acest moment cu
produce ccurerasctetereaagicruarteEnt(uselupi rpersinup-utnt,epIrtin4 urmare curentii prin diode
tr''or, L2). Dacil este
clesc treptat satisfilcutd,

contlitia

In")Io^u*-fr-,n * i"-u* - dr-,n (5.28)

atunci prirnul ca,rr: ajunge la valoarea -{, este curentul tlin O4.
caract1e3r)isAl riecilioicrrcjoiumltucltalriel aR7l.)T, pe porliunea ascendentd, cle difuzie a,
4) ln acert ultim stailiri curentii din -tt si trz se stabilesc la valonle

corespunzd,toare celei de a cloua stdri de echilibru:7)Ty in purrctul B, liI'y
in punctul A, iar curentul de memorie iqi scliimbd, sensul.
in staSrcoasinindi1aial ldilorilleeaeicmhpiluiblsrud, eprcoleccelasnusl ;'alrevintrdistaacbeilleual sviaetcaoprenu: t(a1c)licnornnouu-
tarea f)1', in stare:r, de joasd, tensiune; (2) cre;terea curentului prin J)?2
pind, la, valoarea tr, i (3) comutarea IlTy ir starea de inaltd,
tensiunc si
(4) st:ririlirea cureritilor cle echiiibru in inductanleie I't si L2.
l'orina impulsuriior :de iepire este ar[l,at[ irr figura 5.23c. Tirnpul
total ir * tz I ft,s ta. Tiinpii corespllir;15,-
dc cornutare clirec'iil este r10,"
tori celor patru et:i'1-,c cle coututare a lierechii Goto nu sint cornparabili
intre ei. I'rirna etapi lepleziril5, o corruti-r,re invers5, de diodd tunel, prin
urrnaxe rlepinde in principai de uua3-rite1rund;n:ei:ctcoiiarltinairq;pas-afrierrra.,,!rill.n{uboeu,tltilcnip:idlrpai,rarlrnrc7epi2tilait=etuetc:la2,lipLncezeleac/fuisi:lauesplriireiataruc5vrliendCsde-,

telii culentului de declanqale

si durata, frorrtului irnpnlsului
i;r vcilr:le inosalitatca t1417,27
-nrernorie erite trro(d1) tr.s(7-t1/trr) ; dul'ilti"" minimi, a impulsnlui t1e declan-

qare t,rebuie s5, satisfaci condilia r.i,oin1fr. Ilurata etapei a doua este deter-
r,riiratS, in principai ile ei:eqterea (u,proximabiv liniari,) a curentului prin
inducl,an'ta -tr, adici, ia,.ri-'tr,n)l-eaVzDiDptf rLatguAl 8v1il,dpeintluvraertLaeprerircn5e, lvoar rdiaotuiail
(creq-
tcrea) c',rrerntului drr(f) etape
f - ilse poatc .qcrio dz ^'8Iu['1f 11 pr-0,5 t1. 7,ta, sfirqi'uul etapci a cloua curenir-r].
cle rnemorie este lr"(f, D'l'i2L)i=n [ to,5tr+t2i tr r,2 1]. etapa a treia, de dLlratil
qi stabilirea punctnleri
tg are loc comutarea s^ta6r1e2rue-de inalti, tensiune
de firnctionare a diodei Dry'z pe portiunea ascentlentX, tunel; astfel la sfir-
icrGbnyu4iotrautotczolne,atlsuadcisiesuissi(tetliezmdpiep&oemavtca€teuepmnreernotno*.rtqitu-e-irLta,zprpli:en*}l5iatt,:rrli,lzDathaLv?ta't*,slloVcstachzrarimred*.eabtaIica-.r0ee.v,ataA9alrosp.iat,iad4nr,ueacrarliinpi1dna3ier,titrpevearcerohvdaciaeerlielskruerlclrouaticnnraee"sgttnpaa:ee3lbirctirdelei",rcsie.ihl,iaeti,[i
timpul tqn: Q+2,5)Lr(Ir- I")i(V, * deVutn-tleVreozu)..ltdP, econntrduiliafunLcrt<io0n,5arLe2a.

rrormal5, a bistabiluluisecere ta1lt,a1,4

Perioacta impulsurilor de declansare trebuie s5, satisfacS, condi,tia 'I >tu,,"

5.1.4. Exemple de scheme

In ircest paragraf se descriu citeva seheme in componen,ta c5,rora,
qi diode tunel, utilizate in impulsurilor
intr5, tehnica de duratd, foarte scnrtX.
7) Monostabil cantrolat, DIct.t, claud, L27, 281. Schema de
ech,iptu,t,

principiu este ari,tat5, in figura 5.24'a, unde sint irrdicate gi valorile elemen-

r86

L8t

'(ff'S '5$) s1u''6pSoS;Air_lUr Z1ig.o|'].rTa'.lrcoa1ley.raKu?aI.'onqilIrai ppqtrnrlrso+oruqrozuuti3ra+Jn+ucrpquad1ruqoaal]
un
,role:nrdas [u1o
-ou .rogrrriricuJalrlr rr.ryu-ru1.rla lttclr,;"' ul 'rainalcilJ; rJ rJtru al.JtsoJ I+E?IIIC1B+s
arua?n4u3n?og,l.nrr€1fur,c1lnuivlrsl;rrn€ordlotrsoJz€urruo.rJd.rnne; cp?'[u€6lIs9o'ua6iJ6ot]'q-soaus.era'l[cr1z;1.9iir]lue,llp3aop;er'pur,.rLrwcur-ll sugpnlrdo'rrjp+utJsr*p'q,G[t.qt{sgIa6to"'LgJcoleor.zlren4lFlaurrTlraou5pI
"?rurl nc 1ac ri g{uelcnpur ep Kurqoq nc InFqts+souc}ru al+u} p1a1u;red K?Jnos f)
'0l,axz,tg?ug a'p lxux? nns piunpnpu'! ap px{?qoq:i Aq'}i.r) lrqn?soualt ft
,O+EI

-ncl€c olol€llnzoJ nc grinq a?J€oJ p'iuep;ocuoc o +EJ.K.x,s ne (q'eg6'g 'Sry)
rJolne aJ+Kc op o+€n+oala aleiiuouruedxo oIrJKJrTr.roA 'Knur1toc ounrsuoil ap
ar"+ros1o"ed;reOuo5Errn,3JeErc{cein1Joppruocpuslpfo-r;p,U(r.NrolsrIzna;r;rcepdus1uur4r.er-rro3co.lrodpornruununI-n,Jr1ou+i.nrdlu?n+om7c6o9p1r
arelnurrs ur;cl T+En?coJo o+sa rauraqcs €zrtrEuy
-1,{SI {nrog,tsincirc acT 'r,rnslnCltur oJ+rrrp {nlelJa+rrr

Kmur
-Jo+op e{utzlcnpur 'alrlncasuoc l;rnslndrur Tnop no r-rzurlnroa}a as ea"rclurlcap
gcep i slndrnr.rnFurs un nc KztsanlcaJo as zo:tu"&u"e1aal) pLi1o rcirrl-1u en'ier ap ln1
ee-nrp{seiu"nrncn8lurryoruEocc>?€r"(.E+mspea'goctrgsrru<rrIWT'JKa^?i+aE€p?F.ro-;q"urDate{auluneJ+l}cr,nJt:ptl[oau;rr?lEu.a;ip),rtl1lloricii.trl-st!:'l{as.;'oIi-,uiuaotiruial(r1'r:\a-aupp.,.(rnlrstu)lnr:rd.S"r;ugr.rr
I qyz'E r,rn5q ui o1ralg;rdluls Jc eI'E {rq\}1r+r'rrJqriiqsiJ iil} ;r[i{lilod rp;e1s 'tE{ T21-
attrt+rnrrzpJEao,ctlorprpEr€r.rr-rosnlruua,J\pEgucrqJIotBgperE,,qrSqrJqa0rnqiJlcola'o+aJt+usiozaJg;+r-euiuoicclrr{{lraf.irTlintr,crr1tE+il}pnro'rrurzorir-.rr8-g;a'.lrrti,;ir]irl.riiriarEro-Z{i,r3ulruioliiJi.lr1e.oisodrlJilEn{rt.rlrixlui{{aa*rscl
EwaaJrt€sczrrllre?aul oppu1lf'rpr1uu;a,rndpJ-ole(ptTuunl,1le1ileoupr)rt1'ult,lTr.Traia-irurrl{i"eLillli-J1Iirn.litiiilioi 'eai3o1 a+rno.rrJ : ap
allra +,r}j.icr:iiJ-rinJ irr:-

-lloc1-'SIEI{ Iq €cJE+s r4 €ruaqcs acnlie -slnrJu;i tiiolrop {E Fa ln${rss ril i{qq?+!iq
Jolapo]p
ap rur3a.r 14 'pzeo{ior{cun1 1n1rnorr3 ';s1al{ror-i,la{B a{iJof'dr ri iaunl
pcft1 ap gtrsurrrrJa?ap aJeolerlrglrumut: o q.Ican cru{ iilrir o}sa alo oJ}ilrp
r,rnslncluir frir--r
-.ratEr,rier o?ts+rJr3l,rd rieaaae ep ri o-rrlrcoguoc a,r'cir,r1?icap {)p
gnoltr
g,;r1de cs gcl?p icrstla Fq'E+so{rom ap rr-rrfrar rr r::;i;cuoriorrnJ [nlrftcJrJ u.n-:

iz'g'5is

{q}

-4 z. ,'r / \_

-i'l'(i: L

1:i):)i,-I
;L,,']Ui
o'A o

-u€Icap ap lr9.e50u slndrur ;rnFurs un gcrldu as Tcep : oleuor{cunJ op polrl nou
u'(nvugrluorzra:lda""rr)(osqgospaaoq$caI;nre-adlq) -,€fc{rpfuKl nFor:FiI,tnEa'alnedr"qlpca?uttIsSIolJa?uuno+J
ITLIIqE+souoI\T

elapoio'JoIa+

fmpulsurile de iegire formate de cd,tre cei doi monostabili slnt ard,tate
in figura^5.28 acu- rndnostabil cu bobind, alnvinadmbf el-e c4a.nrlr;i
linie de intirziere avind d2erin:3du7c.t5andlds,.
b - monostabii

aB9rl

trvr
-0 I

0t 2it ir

ilvt --l l

-0,7 v., i
-0,2
-0,3 iI l
-0,4
0.5i fl

-0,6L-_. IIL

Fig. 5.25

*VD

a

7fF

-JY'oiIo,'

Fig. 5.26

Fig. 5.27

' +t l0ns/di:t

(o)'

Fig. 5.28

188

68t

(os's) '('A * oa * A-)/+ or: r

pullJasqo lgil evtieonJc€aJ+Vur+aIrpizoErcr"+'€A+s*€oorA?sr*Ja+Act-sJ€-c caca + A- : q'A 9c

nglurze.rda.r (c'r1)/ epun

(oa's) ,(ry1){ * or: ,I * oI: I

oo-'JspprOJr{aoe+lu1rcrKo€cunlr-l3ssocrJopolalpl?€suocuor€nr{tcJsJeeoqOscs6;rzpaou1I'ugtruslrrudotall+{nlpnu5aogarrp.ulr;oucegsa€r'cncIasuClI€neJado'moJdOuillunrJo.nrrusodrr{+to"esErualoerrcdplouJiEeuunSznorouro".?rrpdup1rueucroJc.[rruqe{l1ousseurISmnopyplticulrqeo1c.€J.,rrreeledsrccu€ngrtlIJdorq{oxuurallnrnIqccncpcrIgtoJrl
-uad '€ptsor.rsd nc lrodu;r uI Ecrrtr ?!€Jnp op Ii ",r1 eurpnqrldure ep e,rrqeFeu
?-tenuIlcl.€sr-nruE?solEl"uncIrdnJ-uea.rrsrrir0ua.a7IrSsan+u1udrenaQr1loc7?uce;arK€pd.mrnppasoc€pllpuagrJ1os+tnKol1tciJsra€uozc1rppuaz(Kar€ls7+sqa€-lzu'iJ(lraaoJar"1ls1rr4un1-oacrad1ol)aerpclloersocu8alnnaa,sJru{JCocnuun"sonnawfurlstlpts+ugcuuasoro?cnrc"ddreeuI'spo"rroau1cl1rdnuoaardo;lurrelpqenz.-rerJr.er.o+reu?emlasolr8pdzi

oz's '3lg

"l

(Dl

t/// '{ ;l ,{

.-'-]- t^- l,UL2-

Ll

r lrf )
\--l

t(Iop Jolgzunclsa;roc In?rncJro nc o-,J+ulp E+suoo fela a"rucerg '866'g e.rn8ry
uI ??r3lEJE elsa a[e1a raJl nc mlnJo?Klptunu e nrdrcurld ap €ruaqcs 'aluoc
-erpe o[e1a aJ+uI +ua.rnc ap Jo+€+nruoc rS rrnslndurr nrluad o.rtsJ+ur op +rncJrc
€soourcraqg'uaa:nsudor{nooup:rr€d*e"anrrastdrugq1rqn6'ogp9qglIoFtzrJIzSaEurJcunOrucprncnsl eucvoIlfle'Tfdplr;.:rq[ocl/sa11r,zirau,efpt,lsnr(JoIc?lnr,erDrclc.arJIenlorls+n'paRo8.rriglec?mlus"norturo}slnpaatpts'rpIual€meoFrgqun.IcauIpsaqIrc(nuogsrz?.r€KIa€cndoxouaupI
KmImS?IlnncJ+a+Ou4uopoJ€roJJ,pr€€€s+lJterno€rurnrrrunoprc6aies;'pt^uuI,lplnn1/duAur:oncg51t'gagap;=tp,]pl€u'rc3ccolrulleprrarrll,ntrdosraJpcludrpurJ.'rld'rasppuu/sfiglu€?'g+u0€r=u{fnrrJ?u'1oJIzolo+1+puuaop1nzot+co.1+sroosuace"rJod;oit.rrJCreuaqo+sauorrtd3sE

din care rezultS, cd, caraoteristica de sarsini staticd, (Vu* :0) reprezintd, ima,-
ginea in oglindd, fa!d, de axa cwenlilor a caracteristicii statice emitor-baz5,.
deplasatS, spre dreapta c\7 V11 si in'sus cu -fo. Din figura 5.2gb se otrservd,
ci, in regim static fiecare DT are dou5, st5,ri cle echilitrru stabil : 0 sau 1;
valoarea tensiunii 7, se alege astfel incit atunci cind Df se afid, in stare 0
la limita de conduclie iar clrrd 1l? se af15, in estetotal
fB este starea 7 ?B

blocat.

Fresupunern c5, initial D71 se afld, in starea, 0 iar DTz qi D?3 in starea
vD-2a.fIt,faicdrseeoqpstliearessaaiptSordimiantusXltuacinutiamenpIeuculussrdpeernetaddmr.efpcaiiiptuttradainncsuemmVisuSnd,rciemarecaadc,tteirleuris,f.tBicCa,ursdepenletsualDrpcTirnzini)l
acest din urm5, curent deplaseazii, in jos caracteristica de sarcind, a DTz.
Frlitr-o alegere corect5, a curenl,ului Ie se poaie realiza situatia cinrl curentul
prin D?r atinge valoarea I, iar cel
iar DTz prin D?2 valorrea -ZD concornitent;
astfei nf, cornutS, in starea 1 in starea 0. Efectui aclirinii primului
impuls ctriil secventd, este transfernl stirii 0 de la Df, spre Xf2I urrnf,torul
i:npuls va transfera starea 0 c1e la -Dfs spre DTs etc. Desigur realizarea
r,'orectX' a acestui mod de functionare necesit,S o alegere aitecvat5, a valori-

lIldoi.oper:-uD4[r,lTi,01ss.mi\ii31?A8o85(;i8.ni t(LVrI-ao6o(nv:m1eegrd0ia,fsitcuiv5mr5),r,ripl\me)utaseinixmi pm?iecaBrXiimm$eciaiulrlrtnea,8l)edpieeacdnuitetcrfouetsliptcfioeuurcetliasli2przeNuan4tcze2o56r,D0tno]Tr;iinlciasmuf-ieaitGereliiuatddaXeet,

cond,uctie (itr sta,rea 0 priri f-B trece nn curent rnic). Pe haza rezaltatelor
cxperirnentale sint suirliniate urrniltoarele avantaje importante ale scl-iernei :
(1) ca ullrrare a utilizS,rii eficiente a f,'-B intr-un dublu ro1 (circuit d.e intrare
qi cornul,ator de curent intre etaje ) s-a oblinut o schemd rnai simpld,; (2)
fiind dat c[ impriisurile de intrare nu atac5 in mod direct D3, na sint nece-
sare impulsuri cle curent de putere apreciabil5,; (3) nurnS,rd,torul prezint5,
ucr-ateilluiizttfeal!r,dicsaeutdpa.eecrDitoaTdree,soqi r?idiBninudceleapfrre1ivcGevrHesntzet.eviflo,eaz*aecii,nr:aIlu'uceruseI
se estimeazX c], prin
poate ajunge frec-
1a

4) )Yurnd,rdtor cu DT serie. Adesea h fizica atomicX "'qPi ennutcrlueaerdx,plsie-
:utllizeazh nuin6ri,tori coirstituili clin D?
coneotate ln serie.
cale;t, fulctir:nirii este comocl si, se utilizeze caracteristica aornpu.qS a cfi,rei
constr"r.ctie este ar[tat5, in figura 5.18. in ca,zu]. unui ansamblir constituit
Cilr ri. D T ca,taeLeristica compusi va con{ine m f 1 porliuni
ascendente,
prin urnrare. in concliliile unui rezistor r.!.e sarcinX de valoare foa,rte mare
+a-ureasntir*i 1 stlri
ansamblul respectiv poate de echiiibru stabil. Pentru rea-
stabile
lizarea cfectiv5 a celor n este nacesar s5, fie satisf5,cr-1t5,
inegalitatea

Ip^inlls) I, *or7 (5.31)

/iDuln,,n-Trc:f,i8lgesle,-iS3*1arcoa+af,lh5e1r5e,ser,.itn3z1reai0sscmcbtu[aoo9Arrnr]ee,cu.anripDeutdrutiidiesnl8,pjd6aoeue:rrulsssmp-n5iaioaluetlrlieauccnarais1usztitar,uf1ee1rneonmletd.:iiAnleaoi(t.1qnir1at,ufl05feSm,l3(,1.l5a$m,,8irb*AIot,o.mrnrisAenciln.uestCnitnfaurt:r-r:eae1agi\ur0ui8tnloue+riistui2taalet)nelagisn,ra5stmtoiamua,btndAtleui,i,
-aflv'eebmuietesn:isfinienea:sr.tfe1l0alVeaAsd. ,Ainiacpitlitfuiedcianreeaimimpupluslss5u,railsoigr unreegcoartmivretardeea
intrare
numai
a tirei sir:Eule Df'. I)rip5, primul irnpuls care cornut^ Df l in stalea de ina1tfi,
tensir.rne, intrr.r punctul
b qi rnasi va exista tensiunea Vs { 9Vo, dapl"

r90

L6\

Je dp 'ua.rezrlrq.n !?rsacau r{rnrsuo+ rBI o,rt?o?rJaJal tsr+rpuoc '1tr.rei1zru iielece

ulp ,tG n.r1u.rd a+€zrl€a.r iJ ?od liualnc tstr aJ€o+rJoJo.r agrgrpuoc Ko€CJ

ust,Lr,-r-u\Z- - tt-qtG

I

(ze',:) ,t"I>"oI> . . . >r*Ital>uaI

.ud l,\r-ud I;. . . . id7

-,-;d7;,

olr?rpuoc o+€zrltsoJ
+rrls KJr?p I-utr, ualelrcedec nc Jol1Jpunlu ur1 ?3zrltsar aleod as &[ u sp
-r'grr{uyQrrr1r.rir1Ecurs'1lrrp?t?elarp,nrt?gn?is?eruEa+arsdorsacBuoriIJintsqI+acrJsunurrT-o"r'(r.purouo1r,t.,rainul.o-l1ncn1dKutlSral,rrel]roron!"uqtsor+JrrJ+rtrsI1nKordzor+3aRnroJrouftrufucnerupop(;rture.uraesJpaer.rlaO,euu)l
qglurirur l:oJ'E+s t:1 gr"rictr rrunrsuo? u o1da.r1 +o? uaraq*arcsop col orts spdurr
tea1-l + ?, IE
uIug ,ea,ra1!a;rc
pocptir[ap3'zr]eDcplqsdaaauaul(ps'ouJr€uJ+ruSr q lnlcuncl o.r1ui rrunlsua] o1da"r1
op JolrJnslnchur riigli.relod naa.res
nlluad nrr
?-Jr3azAruir:rirnl .arilrnraac{Igr?g'Krlnulrir1unr.roB?.c)ra?l+oos aI E{t a}-} rlilnlquia?su"c q?aJacnpr:
r{{p ounrsrro} ap ,lrlrzod Fli€s : alrqrsJaaa.r

o;leo+f.rplur1u a[] auri]qcs sndorcl ne-s sunleau rnlsac'B BaJts+r,ro ilJ+uod
J, e su'rzaIgr+lrtasqmrrusnrlnr'raJ3?ooo+J]srIr'upzauu^rI3I.Jo"TJ:()saup0pgadr,fuem,.lrenrul6'errx'sou.rudglupT
a(a.Jntizallrr ap iniltrrrl a,ilgc op ledrcuuc[
€a,re+s ur
ar+EIaJ alsa glerirur

igJtoaa--foc.lllrszs-r?{aJaaqi.rrnJ('I/arna1r.arlprooepIpr.ntrs1urqaaouncp,JrrarJo.(aprl;pnoa{docd'rarJtlua,'nrrtrrru]grll7nlr;a$rasiaS+a,arss?uloauu1guorBJcalsrngrlrbrJ?uqJourunJr:KorrEsd,+qlrinquonr?d,snJrorlnunuJiprJor?oruIognr+..rrn,rleerologxu+Frprr!sJ:z'[rtoE.zl;',J2raallrs5.lqlurr1cr1zrtnop,;or:l+qrrro[lnr1lIorsun€usp[rurcoauf,]trnsruarcrrpzzJu1aiK-lclere;n?{EJ-r1egJt]rpzeoaIeoUslpua}ooKrrpl).ii?crlJecelo'uauail{.rournrorr11npsl
;;1--rsnsru,zr'{oJr'1Jll.,nrlp+us1ersroJafcl.aie]sp1JrJaaA5,n{Jr?r;]sarnltspqalo&a}:srqtrszcauopernJ1l}rnsltiqzrazlu?urqsoupae.dr..il8lerazc,ori1lddrrui JpIErlri-lscrnrrpr€ranprEri.zrriEoq+aoJ'Bnor+rsrB,rSiogJos,su;tsJrJon}+1

og's 'Fl.I

L09NZ

a\ at

rigpInusJeroruJilrcoJglsotsaqtrluriisIr'lraqffupnJlcdurnan.lnrd,J]uola?Bsr+razuuulnts€rJsa+uuaEnlalss,rllntlsacclko.ul{qrr?arpt?raular1tau6z.rd1EeK}n+-uItI:aIdorcncrJqsnps'cd'+*rauArY0tATsogol+ruosrpAaoZItsl,l

"L(I

din materiale diferite DI a?cesstefraiep.t limiteaz5, sfera rie aplicabilitate a num1rd,-

torului reversibil cu

5) Discriminator d,e arnplitud,ine cu DT, TB pi linie de |nttrziere. Dio-

dele tunel in asociere at Tts se utilizeazd, pe scar5, targ5, ln discriminatorii

de amplitudine; atunci cind se urmdreqte inregistrarea impulsurilor a cd,ror

Fig. 5.31

amplitudine depilqeqte o anumitd, valoare Btrag Inoo, punctul de functionare
tunel a caracteristicii. Fiihd- dat
aI DT se fixeazd, pe porliunea ascendentd
c5, de obicei elementele conectate in aval d.e DT au impedantX mare,
caracteristica de sarcinS, reprezintd, o d(7re) aIaptldl,,,psaira(l2e)ld1, "c<uf,a<bsIcri.saI.nExcisatmd,)
doud, variante de funclionare a DT :
primei variante, dup5, sosirea unui impuls a c5,rui amplitudine de curent
satisface condilia Id+n>-Ie-IA, DT comuti, in starea de inaltd, tensiune
(fig. 5.31a) care este instabild,, apoi in mod autonom revine in starea ini-

!iald,, fiincl aptd, pentru receptionarea unui nou irnpuls. in cazul celei de a
doua variante sub actiunea impulsului d.e intrare sau a unui impuls parazit

oarecare, DZ comutd, in starea de inaltd, tensiune care este stabild, (fig.
5.31b). Readucerea schemei in starea ini,tiald, (untle este capabild, s5, recep-
lliaonzeezreo.uSnchneomueilme piunlsc)a, rneecseesuitdti,lipzreeazzeinl tpariumnauivcairricaunitt5s, pdeecipaol lda.reizraepreunseinret
mai simple insi, au d,ezavantajul unei sensibilitd,li scd,zute. Cele in care se
atilizeazd, a doua metodd, de polarizare sint mai complicate, in sehimb au

o sensibilitate mai mare, in plus pragul de sensibilitate poate fi reglat in
limite acceptabile.

IIn exemplu de discriminator in care se aplicd, a doua metodd de
polarizare este ard,tatd, in figura 5.32 [33]. Circuitu-l efectteazd, d.oud, operalii
distincte : selecteaz5, la intrare impulsuri a c5,ror amplitudine dep5,seqte 1uo6
gi formeazS, la ieqire impulsuri standard. de amplitudine qi duratX predeter-

minate. Pe scurt, funcbionarea circuitului decurge astfel : ini,tial D? se
afld, in starea de joasd, tensiune iar polarizd,rlle tranzistorilor sint astfel
aiese incit 7Br este blocat iar Ia borna de ieqire o avem o tensiune continuS,
egal5 cu zero. Sosind plimul impuis de polaritate negativd qi amplitudine
Irollunr, DT comatd, in starea de inait5 tensiune detrlocind pe ?Br. Curentul
de asteptare care trecea prin dioda inversd, DI este acum canalizat de cd,tre
?Bt prin TB2 (amplificator cu baz5, comuni) spre repetorul pe emitor
?Br; acesta din urmX, actioneazd, asupra perechii TBn-fB5 cuplali prin
emitor, comutind pe TBn in starea d.e saturalie iar pe TB5 in starea de

9i 299 .c - 8l
96l

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)

7) Circuite de comutare cu tranzistori complemen,tari lTf _4Zl
Existd,. in principal doud, categorii de scheme cu tranzistori
cu emitor comun (fig. 5.38a) si cu colector comun (fig. 5. complementari :
lele avantaje ale acestor scheme pot fi rezumate asitit , 33b). principa-

arepgrolmxaim)daseet.ivspaoettugaroalebl fi.ien(te, p:imrorptruu)nlcsdulir,riai; rdeatiuenqicrei cu fronturile anterior si posterior
cind tranzistorii funclioieazi, in

Fig. 5.33

i^cninrdapsboa)rrtcicminupanuiclvsoeunlruitlliend_eedecreaipnpataurcasirt;eocrpij odfutenfcvilaidolenoirpaiozmdlaarcriti".atue"ipeopz"itrifvoir,msaanuteneagtautinvcr,i
ccillpcllml?naiodipdnpuefpmsiromop5oitvntesefe_oai"u,lroueeltppelteendav;ru)z1esn*lvrneiuumaanicirnicia"cniptterilcrtdrdntrY:oz,,ieit^a,tsxeirv,ssrrnice:teuNacperuaattuu.bandeegal,aiturlezrdtnrrnsileenlpEealnloieedsdacedViasraagctdczsrridcheii7f_scehroeecvqa5fctitee-netefhtepieariie.it,ireeamrtpl_monmaenroood$i.rpArsrttoiiednpciamtvrretaiee;ietreraiclinPflre_ailcao'ndiarrberrncerusuzdrvinedrpzadasldoiqaec?ii5oeleadteestrni,erlhcisasnnp2acr'eitaeueiezdonettfuaizjtatesocldrieebetm,teirricpatcnn[c,lztrleendolofhreiacooccuelaee,oiomaparreseaitheeccnpl-gsiatcme$,gcevrsslcuadablipaiieeueinui-ocasttseaare[atns[rlildseaz.hvudmiuillaz;tvc,uoTrc.ipieicLlenreta?nIevhueicfcoerecmsnlaalatc,e.r.onei,biarrnet!ezteaaCdrucrmq,etpF2iIts'.-ieens.,u(penris,iiae:iufetse"snnudd.niEitsdnft,gni*0e.ieicenruucrssusiietie.caab.asirntctiictntlubvlbnrDauolnzee5eltiqzocieaioadn2nrllslzi.ucretreoes3saarrritfeZie-zaolecrsiue(aacfdszc"aravz-usrcn^taaednioaheior$rrbeii,iianpeesiced:tnni^rpuaz)'cnmt'paltiDclcacedilruilqiioitecisaeloriia"u"cmitiinclur_nznirurl"niorirnieae?,aA"andeiif-eirrmiodu"mc2"aepae-un(rufHiiibtrnpfa?-rlipr.totdpimtarfrc1-aig,cuoue;,a,1nlearueau,p_if-.stu,anseud^gtlbiqcltia"ootessi;rue5m"ileJilocnimituosnXnurau,.r.mitiiEt3("sipcmlrS;ttreuiuo,leiit8ui"pyaraiu"2ia.l,attne.miucatdreur"r;znnduszi,"eo;ile):reisn'ac,izi,aer0i..t:nsha"Eccceiircianuecnninie)"eeoasFtceu,iitnOuqtocdmiartertqunrvvuauieie,llrairnlisenuaseienaqmetrncpirtdsaeciiaml?uiitemupV'ontlon,lai,pzoel,?dnvnusprptierteslipdooreeirpinuiltteunntpscron-trau:anicees.cfli;ntuploasrduuellei.ebesietnilateruurznmutnilaieltfieuti,ldoalmiel"ivdizcliiutru;iea_?a"o"e-rliaid-,e-;iiv;il-,i-,

194

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-nuroc ap lndurrl +Icap crru rtsur pol?nszapc"Os ulp rIuIcJ€s 'l? oJ€ncl3lo ap 1ndun1
puic roerunu ct1cerd qcr;r1snI p{uarcr;a o a.re Kpo+our tsurlrd
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rcun+v 'l.tn?uxlou aa1,7n6eu oaticnat no"m?xry'?n G

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fI

comutarea inversd, ,ia scade qi odatd, cu eI ,ig, pin5, cind ,ic : Iac, io : 0,
qi Do se blocheazS,. Deqi tensiunea de colector rd,mine fixatd, la valoarea
7p, curentul d,e colector poate lua valori foarte mari, astfel schema nu
un ciqtig important ln privinla diminud,rii md,rimilor ts
aduce A doua metodd este $i t/.
foafie eficientd, gi exist5, in practicS, un numd,r

Ir-nnarsetdaeresachdemeer.ePpeanutsru?eBxpleicsaterebalofucnact ldioencddri,itreneternesfieurnimealanefigg:uartaivd5,.3%4 rb;.
prin rezistorii R6, JB" qi J? trece curentul /66 de valoare foarte micd,. Presu-
punem cil Ia intrare se aplic5, un salt pozitiv de tensiune
unui salt pozitiv de curent. In repaus cit qi inainte de a ) care d5, naqtere
ajunge la satura-
lie tensiunea pe colector este mai mare decit pe bazi,, astfel D" este blo-
catd qi intreg curentul de intrare parcurge circuitul bazei1, in acest stadiu
alproceselortranzitorli bucla de RNN, formatd, din D" qi -8" nu aclioneazd,.
Elementele schemei sint astfei alese lncit in m: oImI<enI"tu,:l cind i6, ajunge la
cea d.e saturalie,i" V"rlR", cilderea
o valoare apropiatd, de
de tensiune pe -R" sd, fie mai mare decit tensiunea colector-ba,z5,
Vp":'iinR,jV"o) ln acest moment D" incepe si, conducd, qi RNN impiedich,
intrarea in saturalie a TB. Prin bazd, trece numai curentul care menline
tranzistorul la limita de saturalie, restul

curentutrui de intrare trece prin D,t %
cd,rei rezistenld direct6, trebuie sd, fie
foarte rnic5, in comparalie cu -8" (cu
tor ait ru este nai
mici, cu atit RNN este
+. nrei eficientd,).

--j. Diagramele tensiunilor qi curen-

lilor care explicd, procesele tranzitorir
tsi:nt ardtate in figura 5.35. In momentul
. (b) to curent'ul de intrare variazrain salt
intre valorile 0-1, (fig. 5.35a) (se
flenltrqei cuvraelnotruilledegb-aIazdr,
__t_ neglijeazS, 166);Ia
taI
variazra in salt
(fig. 5.35b). Curentul de colector nu
ajunge instantaneu la valoarea maximS,
{cl isc(naflnicrgcdei.npiS5"e,.3:ian5ccIlibiu),a,nzddediaoa,.tdoIRanriNtDdmN", oasmcecaeudrnmeetusumcllhieI,irnd:iileindfe,,esri
llt

tat,l
'l l.-

tn4 curentul. de colector aproximativ la
valoarea I'"7 Iu, iar curentul de bazd,
IF,I ll scade la valoarea Io,:1i19, restui

I

I
rl curentului de intrare trece prin D". Este
evid.ent c5, RNN nu aclioneazd pe durata

tl comutS,rii directe a ?B astfel trr- t,. La

terminarea impulsului d.e intrare (t:t)
incepe comutarea inversd, a TB. Avind
in vedere cd, i" n-a d.ep5,qit valoarea de
saturalie, scd,derea lui a" incepe de ase-

menea in momentul l, I tensiunea de
colector (fig. 5.35d) incepe s5, scadd, cu o
mic5, intlrziere tur, aproximativ egald, cu timpul necesar pentru blocarea D,.

Rezultd, cd un avantaj esenlial al schemei cu RNN este diminuarea
timpului de comutare inversd, tt,, : tu * tr.

196

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DT erar in scurtcircuit Ia bornele de ieqire, in cazal ?B se folosesc d.e regu-
linii in gol ia ieqire i5I ; procesele in liniile de intlrziere in gol
Id, atunci cind la intrare au care au loc in salturi (funclii treaptS,)
ieqire,
la loc varialii
slnt descrise in capitolul 1.
Considerirn adrin:2ftigt uruand5e.3'u7:a care forrneaz5, irnpulsuri de
ieqire pozitive de scherna lro constituie timpul de pro-

duratd
pagare ln linie (cablu coaxiai). Tranzistorul funclioneazd,inregim de comu-
tator nesaturat, deoarece se utllizeazh o reaclie negativd, neliniarS, (IilU{)
prin intermediul diodei D,; daad ?B este din Si iar I), din Ge nu mai
sint necesare elementele -R" sau D, (adesea D" este o diod5, Schottky),
oa in figura 5.34. fmpulsul de comandd, se aplicd, prin intermetliul transfor-
matorului cle irnpulsuri care functioneazd, in regim de deriyare. Fiind dat
c6, TB mfuincc5l,io(ncer a:1z5-,;ii^nnresg)imqindeesaatmurpaitit,usdeinpeot obline impulsuri de tluratS,
foarte decurg astfel : In absen!,a impulsului i=ntrVa"r"e12?. BPeesscteurbtlopcroa-t
Vn",
cesele
de
(rezistenla colector-ernitor este foarte rnare) qi 1a bornele de intrare ale
liniei, precum qi Ia cele de ieqire, este prezent5, intreaga tensiune Ifc,c, se
spune czXeltion.iLa'aemsteominecnd,truclatti:" La tensiunea de aiimentare iar curentul prin
ea este to cind se aplic5, irnpulsul de intrare, are loc
deblocarca rapidti a TB, a ciirui rezisten!5, colector-emitor deviue practic
zero ; se poate considera cL puncteie a qi u,, sint u.nite printr-un comutator
ideai 1{ (fig. 5.37b). La bornele de intrare ale liniei se formeazd, un salt

Altr, r-- L
1l vil l./2R I
i_-
nlt' r

f<:r,:l/ '_l

iol

Fig.5.37

pozitiv de curent de amplitudine 1, : v-"rl(E" * fir) qi un salt negativ
VccR"lQl" I
de tensiune, deamplitutline lrt: J?r), unde 11" este rezis-
CuormndairleiileaYdeemadIuap:taVre"cal2iilJn"ieqi ilatr/bro:rneI''l"e"1d2e.
tinetnralarecairrrarpcutenriRstirc,i:, a iiniei.
R", prin
Salturile formate se propagS, sub formd de unde incidente spre bornele de
iegire unde sint reflectate, tensiunea :in2frazddin, iar curentul in fazd, opusd,

(af,I:B1,saf,lt:uri-le1)d.eDtuepn5s,iuinnteersvi acluurlenrit momentul comntS,rii directe
ajring din nou la bornele de intrare.
Saltul reflectat de curent anuleazX, total saltul incident iar saltul reflec-
tat de tensiune se Lquprapune peste cel incident, formind un salt total de
-p\-r.o,ccecsaurluei anu1eaz5, tensiunea, *Vcc existenti, in linie inainte
amplitud.ine de comutare directi, I in acest mornent tensiunea
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F

f

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rl

cu ferite OHD in matriceie d"e comutare pi memorie. Ca urmare a faptului
c5, inceplnci din 1955 mai bine de un deceniu tehnica calculatoareior a fost
dominatS, de materialele magnetice cu CHD, existS, numeroase studii
teuxipepraimraegnrtaaflesegpi rteezoirnetdti,cesu1c5c1in, t52p)a6ra6r,n1e5tr,5ii 3d-e6c5o,6m?u-t6a8re1a. iIfnerciatedlrourl
aces-

CHD
Ei metodele cle analizd, a circuitelor ce con,tin inele de feritd, qi tranzistori
bipolari.
L) Parametrii, d,e com,utare a feri,tei CHD. Feritele at CHD de comu-

ta,re fac parte din catagoria materialelor magnetice neliniare; principaia
deosebire fa!d, de materialele magnetice moi (liniare) consti ln faptul
cd, permeabilitatea rnagneticd, are o dependen!5, puternic neliniarS, de inten-
pp.sc8iolete"ae,ttcfeiiadncaerideetcuenidrcmtmuilsiplaitnudinaeludgteireeemmdcsaetaamgcntnSuigetr,urrtaieilcmali.ericliPeticacr:lotoueprlienrKdisedep,tuduh:c,nyllizslieaBtde,tsfroreet8aazm"rti.esiacnelciemianmlitet5dp,f,ue.BBlrui"ti,:ecHifimC(H:-pd)uDH(lfsi,cg)lno. te5H.rc3co"9imtaiqv)-i
constAituvitendprcilonu5e, xsctde,lrei nd!e5,muangneeletimzaerentredme amneenmtdo,ri-e. B, qi + B,,fefita
CHD
Presupunem cd, ferita
essestataerfeld5aaa)ti-onP8rars,it,t5ma,rianeraorestgdataieulrineemeai arsegBiamn"eerusdtlii,itzbsaait,nilrdnee,g-ei-n8mB,s".teBrnoeIsniinurplleimrcgoiiircutneenplseiu:uclluirdieeaiaprelvimcaaraitagnlaiaevtiiezncadtruoecridllioeinri
elementari de magnetizare a d.omeniilor Weiss; suprirnind cimpul ferita
revine ln punctul r-e8v,er(ssibauil.ln unul imediat
tuie un fenomen vecin), deoarece rota.tia consti-

B ft",

a ti+8, *B' fa v0
I

"l-H, I E
I
I

)

Bs

{q} {b)

Fig.5.39

b) Regiunea i,reaersi,bi,ld BoBt ln limitele ci,reia au loc deplasd,ri ire-
nersibile ale perelilor Bloch, creqterea domeniilor orientate in sensul cim-

pului qi comutarea domeniilor care iniliai sint d,e sens opus cimpului;

la suprimarea cimpulni ferita rlmine intr-o altd, stare de magnetizare B',".

c) A d,ou,a regiune reaersi,bild, B, B, unde are loc o orientare mai pre-
a vectorilor elementari ai daopmliceaniuilnorclinmpsepnoszuilticvimIIp:uluHi;,d, asctda,refearidt.ae
cisd,
afla in starea + B" qi s-ar
s-ar
magnetizare ar erzolua pind in B" iar la intrerupelea cimpului ferita ar
reveni ln starea f 8,.

aoz

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