Sandu, D. D. - Probleme moderne de tehnica impulsurilor

uncr!!o€stec'renrthf lii'S.i;r\i{:ff 'n"":?:!?#3*,1T"rT"",1?re-prag)'

Notincl /(B)S/l - 'o Ro({l) : ro(A)wl : atl(I -Io),

(5.36)

;6us;inbi;.ti;llSaeD,*fd"?!.oe,i(etcf.go,)eumcrleihu,pitvairnearezlecinna;tftlSic5,,ucrildnee,edzrpiiseLi0teteirnnd:tleearr7ieeaipcevheaeivmis'aapleJi?vrnoiat(dqltoD,i a)cdroe:cnapstiqtemit(ruoadixee)i.rmdioeSicnc,ioarrone(gsluQ_taiiu)nn-rtReedoap,(rraJier"'ez)tovicnearturrde--'-

survine lfmomentul cind tr, ia valoarea rnaximd'

Ro:rowl:Vr^lQ-Io). (5.37',)

*Tfciutc-rrt"ie-et:"tsnftEeT"tt;'xipmf-dope1qi,eer1t0iur;teilel)m,a-uidrvegt,eqinadliictz,acoaraulmesr;pei-ictraaneuortczreueeeolxndnnpdett.rsaeuetrsalceouio-tgeiamdutrdalaefcpelna5rspd,-ceotifS,iox.om'iiDmndirtai5e,ansn't1opidvr]aaned[rne,'llta-[Sae4lc'ixl5aoutp]'ngi,e(slpira"rti.armt3iinnn:5et)lfuitsBnuaerotnlm.r'sc-caoPloireeaegnted'tf^rueu-n[cccolal]nia-l--

:,, ros d.D rt, ,'ur t (5.38 )
!_*,
)n

luindu-se pentru tensiune o taloare med,ie trrps6 rdpottatd, la intervalul

0 + ,, se obline

_ r,or(O"* O") :t"&-(oli9'), (5.3e )

l'n na RoQ-Io)

rmde coeficientul de formd, are erPresia k, : 7rt*lllnu,t : Ro(I-IfJly--"i1.
Fiind dat ucrrielPieenttlrcu
ferita in goi tensiunea indusi poate fi aproximat5,
prinl r-r-r f sinzt, avem k, = 2. Illtima relalie poate fi pus5,

sub una rlin lorrrlt'le

(Itr - Ilo)te - B', (-F - -Eo)t' : G,,t (5.40)

Gu;"cilt*,li3l;"ioliAn.u,,.et,rtc",,'i'"r"yt"fil;;-ft'ii"eyn:,-cff'.a'eiqt,r2-"t;,tiic+aiSf'ob"i*)se",r,it't,tr,.p"sc.L(i:hstiieiCrI"LaerDee-,eccbmf'(eIbtittft^cliegrat1i'lco(iUg'i)nztsol,ieum.*epsf""crulaeiiue,cuef.aptz,nerh{a.ncpiltCcltiecrh,ir<Ml-elmpcu)toiu)'Divzeulrfaauaii,llcnai)asuurpilo/etel":luSetarrcrcGnioanrln,thiIitiarza,r,t;ei6rc,vtizaneioopauli=rdpcatdrleeieeoaritrimlaeenreegSqece,tzlear,Siosdf,aitcce,anpp,orffic,itueitdrtce5nacctconcSieos,vutruzl,rrcettie5upieo-ir,artfs,a5aoaeutrp,co,tdestnrclsueo,auiipne-lftnaerfirei-ipeav'onzflsd'loeecdiante'farcre,rinrs,ttetnehdeottIeugt'al,iraralavstuni.nnturadreedgit5nln9f[efehnesariinlaecepiborcutgaceuiIroltfeilinrattucnrstm"eosteunavrurdrvtdlrlia-iriluemacauiserimrdriluriasupae'cnifi-vzcuiolibireeeeo'Flrcia.nlrdrceuisuncFnuooi.luinubiottnmmnneetc,aaoirilllirauoiretestaoaei-rr--,',

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tg7'g e.rnFr; urp olualtsarqca alaruaqcs uiiqo es ;reruurd €I rnln.r€puncas Baroc

-npoJ pu_rnlcaJg '(srqcug N)'tT e{.ua1srza;r nc f+€crKDuI €+rral urgraprsuoC

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gdruret
ap KurJoJ qns a+sa

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zt'g Flg

rffi IK(r) (q)
t1ttA

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K+suoc ?+uoltsarqco €ruaqcs '1ue"rnc op Jo?eJauoF un aJ?Ec ap K?tsputsuroc

rt-'q'3r.r

W) s'z 9't dr

,-it,f)

alsa ts+rro; rc ea;raundnsa.rd uI Fsnpap +soJ ,B a;rec t(2,g'g) rar{.u1o"r rrrJo;rroCr

-'aoiJlqorrsJoouaol$Jr(errOunf'rgFa'F.rr;a)".rreeourlpr;zrcuInud1sea.J4odcsFrlcunapl€aTaurra{c1eoFtsqruotqs+csrra,Bl IuIrIp+rqaprlseuruoCrrrlJ

IL: YmlR!,, deci

Yr*: Q-rJnonL (5.4L)
Rn* EL

-til--,"T-7l T T
jh)\ ,l
*-=Q_l__,,:^1i_l -":ill,I,. :.' wlr' J",
14,
wf Lt

{c}

Fig. 5.43

Notincl Vr* : kr,V*,a : kr,It)t(@, + A)lU rezultS,

wtkr(_Oll O"f

ar1?-7,
- -n* _ <D,) . (5.42)

-rurl'nr,('"O1,rf -^, '

cind -I, este mare (R, mic) k7"->1 iar cind /', este mic (-8, mare) k1,-->2.
O metod.S original5 de calcul a circuitelor cu ferite, *bIanz)cautil pe utilizarea
familiei d.e caracteristici statice tp parametru
a feritei in gol Vr:f(I
ciia3al)ldnArsedopoc:itu,eedirecdaaezfeasrariirtce:ilnloa5r,a,steaiscateulTemBxpa.utsArdicc,eeiainsdtdleu,ccarosSmo,craiinleedredi5, a?ap,ma5re8e]r.nnoercieilosar rci,ulnfesrpitee-
qi'in registrele de deplasare (sau numdrS,tori circulari), unde dou5, ferite
vecine sint separate printr-un etaj echipat ctt TB. Particularitatea de func-
{ionare a celulei feriti,-tranzistor in aceste caztri constd, in faptul ci, sar-
6ina tranzistorului variazd, in lirnite largi pe durata unui ciclu. lnfd,qurS,rile
de comandi, ale feritei sint conectate de reguld, in serie cu circuitul de
colector. Referinclu-ne de exempiu la matricea de comandi, a unei memorii
cu seleclie pe cuvint (liniard,), avind dou5, inele de memorie pentru fiecare
rbeint tfe45e,s5te4,r5e6p1re, zfeenrittaatSd,eincnmfiagnuc1r5a,
selectatS, impreunS, cu elementele afe-

5.44a unde L7 tepreztnti, inductanla

Fig. 5.44

firului. Presupunind c5, memoria are n adrese (cuvinte) a clte 48 bili,
curenlii I, qi Io vor strd,bat ell n lrlLerc de comutare ; impulsurile de curent ob-

f inutein secundarul feritei cle comutare are forrna din f igura 5.44b. Comanda

902

J(toeleoelunrs"roIn; mnupsr)ouea,prro"+rasuoeFcrnl"rgsupeudnptssuLeylegaeErfaiaprJgut i g+€+KJ€ a+so roIIJnsInduI
€ or€+couoc op €ruoqcs
',9 uI pcI+€+s Kcrq.srro+c€r€c o glurzeld pSuepat op {ttN dI+ op Ecr?ts+s
?cr+srJo+c€J€c o ruoa€ opun JO op oJrqosoop e;rdg '.roy.rns1ndur1 e a.rtru.roy rA
e.re.raua.8 ap alo+rncJrc uJ +€zrlr+n r; eluodgsu€I€a€ op InJo+srzu€,rq 'garle8eu
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(ev's) 'r-lufsc1.fttrt)-ll : w

pcr.rrdurarruas ulserdxe a.re orecqdl+Inui

op Inluolcrgeop '-eSue1tsl€ uI e;reci1dr11nru ep asacord uud oprde;r r.rolSe.rc

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gzeeuor{cunl ortsc r.rulodrq lro+srzu€r+ glurzerda.r pSuup,re op rlro+slzuurf,r

ke 'gt-gS '9p 'gl gSue;e,rt ep

Uolslzu?Jl nr uns;ndtul ap atlntJ!J '€'Z'S

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'"oIlm(T - yj)

E+a+grre €ruJoJ
uI fztsonlolo 'ro €urcl€s orn+rlsuoc oc or.rourour ap oio?IJaJ ri urnce.rd Kpu€uroc
op €ocr.r+€ru uTp itr €+rral gc pupndnse,r4 'erF,reuo rS oler,reltur op pd1q.r
f+Irrrnuts o oundnsa;rd ec lduy 'Z <"9 erfrpuoc K+nc?Jsr+€s ornqoJ? +uoJnc uI
€pu€lrroc aozptlrvnalnt leown"rvqueadrzfrclau+Fu€opurr^oopo+€sag.r€'+oslJeoprrraaru{coupn;euloIuIrJo86I€a.roo1allJcoeJrrpS
a.r€+nuroc

g?'s 'Ft.{ (o)

(q] u.l#-+

D-L- ]_t

'."U4

,lAJ

tt *f,

€ulcr€s e.re (nldurexo op r ed. (cv1v op mlruo?€cqqdure Its I€uIJ InJo+srz
uI tspu€uroc e1Sesoloy es eprder JolllJorrrour Inztsc uI
-utsrg, '+u€+suoc +uornc n€s +u€+suoc +uornc uI F+tsn+coJe t; eleod lq- rnlnloul
i gluelsuoc ounlsuo+ uI

de volfi iar Tna este uqor negativS,. ln funclie de valoarea rezistorului R"

,;i a tensiunii de alimentare deosebim mai multe regimuri de funclionare
(fig. 5.47b) :

Fig. 5.46

4

*LI
h-|g.5.47

Monostabi,l,, cind dreapta cle sarcinS, staticd, (1, 2) intersecteazra carac-

teristica de avalanqd pe porliunile de rezistenld, diferenlial5 pozitivd,
(dreapta 2) este pulin utilizatd, deoarece pe tranzistor se disipS, puteri rela-
tir,' mari).

Bi,stabi,l, cind dreapta de sarcini (3) intersecteaz:a caracteristica de
avalanqii in trei puncte dintre care dou5, sint stabile fiind situate pe porfi-
unile de pant5, pozitivS,, iar al treilea este instabil deoarece este situat pe
porfiunea de rezistenld, diferenlial5, negativd, qi este satisfd,cutd, condilia

R,< ro, ] unde ?'@" este modulul rezistentei diferenliale negative in punctul

consid,erat.
Multiai,brator (sau atnplifi,cator), cind dreapta de sarcind, (4) intersec-

teazil caracteristica de avalanqS intr-un singur punct situat pe porliunea de

rezisten!,d, negativi. Acest lucru este realizabll cind -8" )lr"* I ; in funclie

rle valorile elementelor reactive din schema echivalentd, a circuitului, se
poate obline fie regimul de multivibrator (oscilator), fie regimul de ampli-
ficator. Schema echivalent5, tttilizatil pentru analiza stabilitfllii curentu-
lui atunci cintl punctul static de funclionare este situat pe porliunea de
rezistenld, cliferenlial5, negativ5, este ar5,tatd,ln figura 5.48 [5], unde elemen-
teler,o,-t, Rrsint funclii relativ complicate d.e parametrii tranzistorului qi

206

LOA

-'suoI cISxaglutsIlfrlruurlc€rotsrtss+rsrJuK[nocu€raroaJ€+InEJJonlsprzoud€Ja+unKrsuurrau+JoE+So€soo[JaBpncEtsAaJots+FS+suuIoc3l3JtpsnumlCl
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E-Aa€pris?lIa*duISt3uu1ucurriuij^erlaO''I+rtsSszg'Ia"KTi6ecl'1ItpscJ'iEauapigro, spoaIi1plO("nreeem.obrzos.yu1pcsJTlsroz1r*eul.€cc(uaraorl.n1rili1eoprlzs1rra#ng;repo:ezdqp1eaoo:e;uiu6r'i"anuea"ulrfppsiniciurJ€oasaa,.pur"l:r{jato.1e?,lpp!ursrzuS?sruolflruncI"nr;dl'.na6*:orpr,top'1r-il!as11'urlntiz{n:.scurt1nupen5*,udJJrru+;{cra1q1+eos'gog4e1s"est&ust1rcua9::uc1I-1r)lrt3eo?rael,u1lnurouul/1spl1
'''o1s'r'ue'i iB+rlT#j;t.;s.,

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epgiua,rcarJ : ?rrls ailu'l3+
-"o^,i."t reur alac nltros}nte"oule;reolpc{1sr1es'plnluradtua+ oq a+ts+rlqnls 13
lbl-ar'Br+ur ap olac e;tt*eiap.rop.rnspdrur oe TqtsIS g{uapuedep (su 1'6 inu
op R{BJ (.(raolpei.1raou.ra.rFllr;uroIpn.urnrpsrlnod-auprl) al'ur1ur
-lpeo ap lt) e+ieoi a.rarz.41q ap rdurrq rs
g1eap1" b1'tllrTrqrsues t? (Y ap
e1i op.rnqnctrur ep g{ei
e1 9u1d '1) al.rncs olrq3oJ or
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gln8a.r op Vztsoztllln os piuqele ap

6l'9 'Erg

tt's '3t.s

'a.recr;qdure ep rurFal u1 uuotf

-cun] o+"od euraqcs ('C + "C)"""tlT>uU 'lf ?c,ep .rer (ro1u1r.rso) rolulqr-'t
-l,llnlrr ep urr5a.rura,rr (zg I "c)'"tlT1'ry ly DgJ€p JLuaqJS IJJSJJE luJoJnoJ

'io1ce1oi ep'rrunrfcuof ealegcedec alsa "C'. W elecqdrllnm ap In+uorclJao"

rccleueoapni esidn_ientialciniaSetla,;dri.crd,aeerc,eatamirmeScpda,repitrtaee,:arcmitfoirCnerd2uc,Rlvuf,er.ienfCcntevrteirpunrdilcnaeirterdeCze pi,rseeetosptitreleuitelifliixes-Rea,,.tpeDdsoetuaertcaediltetarrteeedaredmliuzrieanravaepttadnr,iinirmdeeipinnuci-cdlssg,ttuoare---

?-50v

lvas

47 urrl",

T

-r

oiYcr

I

Fig.5.50

rarea lui -R", dar nu trebuie dep5,qit5, o anumitd, valoare minimd d.eoarece
existd, pericolul ca tranzistorul sd, r5,mind, tot timpul in regim de avalan-
mdd$enraer;irp)iintrd_amisapiSpsid,_trfeaiemtleaedlepedeteecenaile.szqiDuuiarrnieci5itpr,_daosenaeztceuiosrlmtesoec5rtr,uorvelri,qsqtseeiecdnpuiuosrmatertnueatgiouleubl a,pdt'irRnlinne"rc:etraaau0nuz2;naiis6nlturoatrsce.aerslittiuerrieca(lsazcatdinv,-i

cu Existd, numeroase variante imbund,td,lite, de circuite de [impulsuri
tranzistori de avalanqS,; citeva exemple se dau mai jos.

daadlddj{csonoveeioiaeftn<aesnrsaiadi8lsnrcciam,enthoana7!tPnzenelp!nqt,emlie5nl"astii,pan.tcs,et;ueotticoltuercae_derlunialpuneninmncezotltmrulisd.ereianuei'iAiatcsDcuordidp(,t)cdrl7?e-f,oogledriti1ngucrc.,iraa,.s.ipe=Tcrnrriceu5reveaidoomrnia.zrnn5rdeaiiupless0cuepitcuntonbc5loalnIpnl)i,drinl.pesmdnitdstafwqe-RaptndiicannSduiirpoinrtttellrr,eoesc,otoeballaitrredRpolcuztolduledaeertilcerceaueua.ifeDnriqlrsirjereoe6ticde_rdatvaea,arfcqiseaampradietn!eneurd,pDsiiannzn,rttapeeenTdiuedcsonzea,iReitrzstino,otbscii,,ilutrmr"tapaifuouncvirnrlplere,tluiDinumencmclsdlsucisreocrpatuiuicerrtuatecl(couptfbfiqauulriicrdgt*ltimloiiutieme,tn.ducrl.daienbialneitpndat.utdmrbdetoirrdiasn0eanecictceratreaoneins'ei)szrlmpttceteeau[iidleeec5iir,lttsettruddcou]rotee;aeeeiri-tr
tc?villpe.iig,ud,u-elr2sel5cTSb'3=,lr3o5cc8a0arBerm.epaYr,i,tnratitnmrazpinsuztoilsrdutoleur.ilnTltenirnzsiseituraenrieleeastVedoeroure$ei?p2an3us3s..sTpereaalnentgzluiasstaotmfreipililsniticunidtr idnsdei,

Atunci cind sint necesare-impulsuri de curent de mare intensitate,
durat5 foarte micd, qi frecven,te de repetilie relativ ridicate, se
pe aceeaqi sarcind,. conecteazd, in
p.ar.ale_l mai mulli tranzistori de avalanqS,
un exemplu
ljlic d,e-g9ne^rator de impulsuvibazat pe acest principiu este ard,tat in figirra
5(1.551a5[-7.15]5. .G-Ae) nge"ratitmorpuil dfeo.rcmreeqatez_dr'eimfopaurtlseumri icdie(ct,u:renBt+d2e0mnasr)eqiindteunrasitTeadtee
ordinul zoecciloonr ddeiliense, sceanrel.iasldig, tpuetnilitzrautefunpcelniotrnuarceoamacnodreactudn, ueisthedcear
cu injec-
\ie DL. procesul

208

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ortsvrrzTa+a+IccaKrurorJcoeJ sazpp
-Jl+rry ap orurl rl"nrlnn"srpoldrcrerrdeoJceFsaccoaIuu+5u'1ps.replunlrcqFlcuunnld+ey.rp uaa
op gqerdo;rde

zg'g'Fld

t] 'K+tscrprr reur +Inru e1se er{r1

*ada.r ap e{uelce.r; FsuI ocru€caruoJ+calo oaloJ nc rr"roluraueF e1 op elnmfqo
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-N.rr\+ Vzaozrl?n artsc olalmcila +Icop opq€+s r€ur r.rnslndmr qecnpord 1e1e"red
ur;.ni q^eniduuenleleep op rJo+srzu€r+ nc
alduraxo gnoq Inro+EJouog 'ctqfg'g urn8r; o+ts+Fl€ +qs
'zp p.rolnfe nc pzeexr; os JoI €+neJnp
,rop.rolrc"edec

J€r oJts+uoru{€ op Jolrunrsuo1 ea,relFe"r ur,rd gler.rerr" ry aleod err*ar ep JoIrJns

ls's '31.,1

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l- ef
czar:tE ), - ,t

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.J

a't cor'u
av' e t -'il

?5ao!-'a'b'

{ at9-'a

-lndrur raurpnlgldur1a 'zH4 AT . zH 0T: { er{r1ada.r ap e{ualce"r; puIAts

€-, ^carKl)ol:€s"n,opApragerrls€paJu€ral.uodS-prcur1seFlcqeas.par coeoppu1roni+lnrIrns.rcionJqdIcsrurzsruneupeloluJrr{?poun1ll€rnlIdeuu-€sr+yrIn;.oJru1oru+soco1elsro;rczpuospeg.rr*olu1eb1leueriadlsuuuoaer+{p.

larl cu cea d.in figura 5.37 b, exceptind prezenfa tensiunii V"uoo.Funclio-
narea schemei este identici, cu cea a schemei din figura 5.38. Consid,erind

rcll'ri,e"lp.intru:ianIg'eohsRiutLella(aRrde"anpfetag,tEda,triv)I,aeuidnnetdrtaeerneBsi"u(Rnee"s7tedRere"d)z,uisrItaaetnSiel,aqrirrce:arsa2ec.ctoeqrbiislitanicmdipmlaiptuuldlisninuieerii
iar I'0,: [;""-l'coou reprezint5, arnplitudinea saltuiui negativ d.e tensiune
colectorul tra,nzistorului.
pe

5.3. Circuite de impulsuri cu reaclie intirziatd

5.3.1. lntroducere teoretic; asupra generatorilor
de impulsuri cu reaclie intirziati I77 3, 5,79-82)

Aplicarea conceptului de reaclie inttersci i,nttrsi,&td, ln sistemele elec-
tlonice a, permis elaborarea unor scheme principial noi, cu performanfe
deosebite. in tehnica impulsurilor reaclia intirziatS,seutilizeaa5in special
in circuitele de rnemorie dinamic:i (regenerativS,) qi Ia generareaimpulsurilor
tle durati. scurtzi (nano gi picosecunde) cu fronturi foarte abrupt,e, avind
frecven!,e de repetilie relatiy mari (sute de MI{z).

Practicir, arat[ cd, in generarea impulsurilor din domeniul nano si
picosecundelor reaclia pozitiv[ der.ine tot mai ineficientd, din c:i,uza ele-

mentelor parazite de circuit care produc int'irzieri neclorite ale semnalului

dc(eeoinernesr:ie:lcinttiiene.ncTeoolintnoeiadcrateat)dr.e,,aAociernnsetestoefdarSipe,tedaeamlumdabuiusmnlaitufroilltriormerualaarfrnreopanlicftiuocnarictlooerpritu-imlupliiumdlesitugaretinoloerr-i
ratori cu reaclie intirziatS, (recirculatori) : trecerea impulsului prin rnai
mulfi amplificatori-litnitatori conectali in serie este echivalentd, cu trecerea
irnptLlsului c1e mai multe ori acelaqi amplificator-limitator, care este pre-

vrazvt cu o bucl5, de reaclie cu intirziere I releaua de intirziere este necesarS,

pentru a separa intre ele impulsurile care efectueazd, un num[r diferit de
treceri prin elementul neliniar. Beleaua de reaclie lntirziatd, consti cle
reguLi dintr-o linie de intirziere, consideratS, f5,r5 pierderi. Spre deosebire
de generatorii de irnpulsuri clasici u.nde reaclia pozitiv[, era necesard.,
pentru cleclanqarea procesului de comutare (regenerativ) a schemei dintr-o
stare de echilibru in cealalt[, aici reaclia pozitivS, asigurS, prelucrarea mul-

tipli a irnpulsului de ci,tro elernentul neliniar. Intirzierea, departe de a fi

dlunitoare, asigurS, functionarea corectfl a generatorului. Principial, in
funcliedenatura elernentului de prelucrare,potexista dou5, categorii de
gcrneratori cu reaclie intirziatS,, liniari qi neiiniari, tlar rd,spindire prac-
ticL, au cipitat, nurnai cei cri elernente neliniare de prelucrare a impulsu-
lui.

Pentru. a pune in eviden!5, diferenfa dintre generatorii de relaxare

(de tip rnultivibrator) qi recirculator, consideri,m schema-bloc generali, a
element liniar u(fnigg. e5t.riei3r)at;odraccla5s, itcimdeptuipl dme uinlttiivrzibieraretoar,l
recircuiatorului cu
relelei de reaclie lo este zero al'-em

dacl lo # 0 avem un recirculator. Conform schemei avem (considerind
,9:tr).

ai,U) - r'u(l) * a(t-ta); (5.44)

2to

aJz

-soun+oluccnu3el uoolo+1'sa1aJcoI-nuIzororcIt+?sEuJIcleIiFepIrdiur1uruIl€a11uK-7Ic7nl?n'luo+auleaIucluot;dItIl1aId_nurIrclurIe+o-SdrIyIau'+nrcgt1uJy.or5ep-cl4srue(o;.rrcdenp'sauele€drq,xorod--IoA8-alru9: +peu€e11pus
ls'g'iit.I

-I*uoc r79'g u;rn,8rJ uI oKp+t+s?u?arr€ueolloson'c[2,r2nI]nrJaol++n€CIncaJrIlcgocJ op ,,.repuudxe(' lrulnu
r;r€rurlau a.n:rcn1a.rd colq tsuroqcs
€
'aJ€ruII JOIrunISJolSIp

€a;IElnrunc,B col aJ'B ocaltsoap Jolopuncosourt3ir Inruaurop u'I ^o€pz,vool€zlrl?r+mn os
op
nu aiercnle.rd op pretuq eafe.r nc rrJo+tsJouop ')f enea{o.r oJlpc
rnlnltsutuas ts rJKJcnIoJd. ut' ''g'Z'T € In+€+InzoJ luJs ortsc rr,rnslndurr op aun
qFcrtu o+rtsoJ €+tsJnp aJts
-lers.roccnclnasrdo-oJ+IJurKpsFK+zsauaorcrrorr.rrr3aamr ou1(x€)aouanIlnsul€au+ur'(aesxp>u!tl)c
Inz€c u1 'durr1 o+€s
-11Or€nqirouu+edJ1lardaErfisaapJ?uc.luuaraK1+rulucI€uroavlIdu("q€gIor$opd.'ulruruaeunarc1oerrous€cu.-ucrtaeooo(FilqptJ-0uuKiraI:u+),rraoeuu'lJrr1t'7JtsBA,mnr1xaeln.€crlzKcIooraerJoJpuconeauKsEcpI+noor?puJJ-JcortosJ1.lcurulKJdr-Io^rnpKJa+luaswtgslsrnl+lqroeussJouou+eosaos8t-scsprlg(lo!uuLcOJrlrzp€r;er:r'ic,+orladguIe+der,rsI.so{nrueplo(1urc1eaa€)..;rrror7u-eu"uo.onrrt-elruuiesloe_rup{tou'sea)+Inp.rr

( t v's) ,lrt(t_u) - :I:u {r)",o

rfr-"Q $

€ruro; ap o+sa erfnlos i q.erz
-rl+u1 nalcnu nc ts-II e{ads ep €rJalIoA gle"r5alur erfunca o plurza;Idar artsc

gs's 'Fla

(grs) :' (t)o ct, (illtp| -'?-I)o'a o,.o,\ - UYo

g+Inzar (VV'g) u1 etiule;I €rrrrlln pqcnporlul

(w's) 'G)xpG-?)!a ): Q)a

er.rcs eqeod

es 'o.re.rcn1erd ap Inln+uarualo € alJo+rzu€r+ €cI+sIJo+cvlvc (1)2- ut.td pul+ou

ln filtru I tensiunea la iegirea elementului neliniar este (5'48)

rL(t) : @lao'(t)l'

Notincl prin I{(i) caracteristica tranzitorie a elementelor liniare

(amplificator qi filtru) se obline ecua,tia integralS, neliniarS,

uru(t) -\'J-o'u a7rr,1t_'td-q)ldr( 1) : oo|j)t (5.49)

pe care o pun€m sub forma operalionald, (5.50)

amU)-4a,"(t):Do(t),

uIp1nno0ca,sleteteig-l4fmiaeervsneettzeemoulvln(antoS-Ip,1eptrurai,ntonrmtune)etolcindttaiarrLi.n:tAaecgterads2trS,il,o3er,c.s.uu.aclcPieeesoinvpeter,uriamlpioprndima,rlfdiun,dln.ientlitinmeirapvrSau,ll

aun(t):ao$):Aoao$), (5.5U

pentru al doilea ltd, 2td| (5.52)
uh(t):Aao(t):Atao$),

pentrn al treilea Lztd,3td7 (5.53)
(5.54)
uin(t) - AAaoQ) : Arao(t),

qi in generai

I),t,(t) : @

\ A"-ruo(I'),
t-1

und.e indicele operatoruiui aratd d.e cite ori se apiicd, operato_rul respectiv.
Dacd, se introduce operalia de intirziere in mod explicit rezultd,

arn(t) : I A'"-polt-{n-L)t6l; (5.55)

din operatorul r{' s-a scos operalia de_d.eplasare temporald,..-Ecualia (5.59)
ndreeslcurcierarreeg-aimsuel mtrnaanlzuiltuoi rdiue-ainltrraerceir.cglnrtactaozruulluri,eagdimic5u,lusitasdtaiilleiosnuacrc,epseivnetdreu
un ra suficient de mare, se poate scrie

A',-Pr(t) : A!* lo(t) : a*(t), (5.56)

unde 'u*(l) descrie forma impulsului c1e ieqire ln regim stalionar gi consti-
tuie solulia ecualiei

0(t)-Aa(t):9, (5.5?)

adicil recirculatorul funclioneazx in regim de autoosciialie.

etz

u+urro5uoloJlou) nIts+oqprrqime+lslltosl-€s +?rInlncr{Jc€curI+'tsqlrca+lucrBJra€pcrspu}fonczo'cJ9Q9'9: €rn8rJ urp (5erd no
J, ?ctsp | 1>.1 ePun

(ag's) ua>o,o A< a *(o A-a)y : (o)@
o

urftle.r ur.rd

gztsorurxorde as qgg'9 e.rn5r; urp ro+ts1lru11-Inlnro+tsclilIdurTic-'t+:ll?13Y:g

*:qapoin;JsrqFptessrerto1i^il51a€r+r"ia*iy"€et ?orraiuqi(s+tris'oI"n'cc(.g+lcro'rsurgulp:€tgigrufoo'gl^l"t:jlqcoee?"lruc,i:"u5.rii'prprrnnyllte"do")l+n'rru"lpueldrtue+etOa'op"tr+€"or"usailJaa[or lolrsooeo'+r(uup+qtEti+'I,pezgc7run,uqritn"??sqc'c'qsJ-'+ldtaJcq'prnos€u'^,ilnceeEfc.latlcfostJulr1il+ovru1nosJclrrln+KroKcacpcc?celirtcelr:l't€a+clscro+c,c''eal€tua''cnrnl+ndtusod€oouu'lt+oro'nn1u€euu:orqo'as1o€f'rpu-+nicr?s1sc€usIu)(cln?nodugo)6uI1)+JreltiolSluJlulutuel"sort1r"'rdudesl
umaI"l+uo--"-;l,nnporon4,ruI-pl,.rt"plrriqorIrusreK"oS€";.ooa.no11tlorIir+tnldr;orn"ilurcoccfio1o{uc"oop"rinli*pil?J€1+rriqlocl,n-rsaeIarrusocontqIrililsnrwrenaroerzc",aoaasuc.lsl;€i"t+uysilr'uasut.*l"cacusntqu.oait'na;rcc"be"+dlaJseuuxc+"srl.ourJ"eeorrJuqus*""dpccorsn"{rtO.rttol1unrl3usoylauepJ-"lrelo'?ucJ"rltr"lln+€loponsgaeielt-dsrsa?1"n,eyd.ieQerit.zotor.eoir"l+suritosaoo1oqol1tg"npu+ptlaa,u(,Ia4duil'tSz"p,upleispscsoepI,u"'ldaerp(euestdnug(l.<rndn,credueracor.scprJrnrirsdlcuu6ieoeau"I.1narrrrr+ctsnrdduxap'orn-n€o.osuaroqn"tgc+antulrecnn?uelc'I1L€lipI)€r'lfldc1utr,drpupnBcnluueqnueu;nlq,cad+re1oleii1llplen.s€rq.uriuurruo+rucerrcduuJesur).nq1o+or;a-dpeeera;esqo+lrI1uunlpuonnnEluawcr1zrleoloo€lcoleppdunid?dr'P1pzpunuln€scuuuuur+lldc;poouerqerrLivsoelicK'^dldB1dKroacooe.cuursrqrlulouvleo1l^poronrouprc€oos€cturszrssJouov'Kr.oo.Igoo1r(ctr+'c'So9plrsr1araaer(1ltzIstnrsJs5ou'loer{regu€J).czueIelr:"a1uIrru€n.lo'urae(lqelTue€aornu"uIrou9uIrI-u<'uuz-roA"dr9uIdrlv.inpupcero"..P'ctrclrl+nnJ9uopTeu1Iln€un+d?srr"req-yp€r+or"[I;du?dol-^1rInuruu:nucIrr"usJoY^cyal.*o8nror-rIor:lelp1T€rPuqdo]u/apt;lrIr

sg'g 'Flg

tql

(ss'g) i rnl : (o)4r

(ugS'g '8ry)_ uriela.r und glturrx
r;6yipeliien*odadrtu"rr*€l'taloui1ll"''qfIuncl-rnaiulupuortrupurtJroolar?roa€pdcl+ors?B1sJIoar(+€tcrr€uurl€?loct?upL1)Inerolrnag+uru5na5sulKnroudrlaJuorJl€c€ql.gno'sgrlora'fe,l7ceaJletsrcz
-o.rde

-,,not

";;.Ed

stalionar qi ne referim la cel de al n-lea impuls. Diagramele cle funclionare

sint reprezentate in figura 5.56 b-e. Presupunem'cd in momentul lo la

intrarea elementului neliniar este prezent impulsul o, (fig. 5.s6 b). Atit,
tirnp cit ampiitudinea este mai
micd, decit I/, sernnalul la ieqirea

\li)mYitaotolrauluieiqeirsetesezoebrolin; eciunnd

irnpuls dreptunghiular de durati,

5a.t5-6ct)z. -Ttrreqciinadmpprilnituadminpelifi(cfiag-.

tor qi filtru impulsul este ampli-
ficat, amplitudinea sa devenind
).Il (fig. 5.56 d) ; totodatS, dato-
ritd benzii tle' trece limitate, are

loc deformarea impulsuiui in

sensul deterior5,rii fronturilor.
Trecind prin linia d.e intirziere,
impulsui este intirziat cu fa (fig.
5.56 e) qi apare din nou la intra-
rea iirnitatorului.

Pentru a gd,si condiliile de

stalionaritate a regimului de
(d funclionare a recirculatoruiui

este necesa,r s5, stabilim anu-
miterelalii intre duratele impul-

surilor succesive ra-l gi n, qi

Irig.5.56 Iel pda'[_I7tnuin8nuls-]mtu.-lirNitmieloo1r.neirt2tio-anntn-dtrdolqiaci!r,n,unii-,1adt-eitdua1U:nmrlcaatPiilelP-iitleueeqdtniiriittnernruaey-i

momentele de trecere a semna-

lului cle la intrarea limitatoru-

lui prin nivelul 7n, se Poate

scrie

^K(t? -t-1 - ril : :),1{(0) vn, (5.601
rT-1) : (5.61)
Mr(O€ * r7) - * -.c? V,,

^Ir(0

u9(f5o3nr.,c6mlae1am)0, elelxisfptiecrimaintSoti,rrzuleilegr5ge,itaufdirlaetrdur5iln,stnpruuensdin.autrrouadtmeutietca{tinotriruryzliui{ei-r(rifigsqu.ip5pl.i5mo6aeatne)t(afsir-eas;.pcrrniessedu,upsluiirasb

: *(c?-1). (5.62)

"?

fn regimstalionar r?: r?-1: rf;, unde cf reprezintd, solulia ecualiei
(5..62) I aceastd, solulie este stabild, dacl i0'("I)
I < 1. linind seama de
existenla soluliei cf din relaliile (5.60) ryi (5.61) se
obline'

rjf(O + tf;) :2V,, (5.63)

214

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/ tn
( og's) ,T---Ll -,,
lL z

g'g 1n1al1u e1 rnlnslndul l: Eurlurlu ll+tsJnp nl1uad 'eur{qo as

(sg'g) z.q-Q{: (t)Y

(tn.r+il+ ,trsnlcur) rnlnrolttrJrldruu u uurssne8 dI+ ap uctlstlalce"rec tS

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.-ruoogdlnrnqlnndlouler,cr*;rld"*ru,iei*o'liend1ur*r"looppela!"+,uioEi+osulropc+plrluuriizaa'srcnlcalul?n:-?1u3l1sr:oor]t€srrJuurnoFu'"d

(sg'q) n. 1r tt

- *. <l^ ulL --;!1--I-a;-- J" O

oul^olr o+ts+qlqe+s ep tr{rpuoc J€!

(qs's) 'lt'1 r-o -,' :)I1r-olo Q)N

iT"t1]ll--eu"."ortacou?Fa.S5(rnoutl1nn'iq(re1o1rJ+ul a1o,otrs".uco1alt*ro";"ijtaiprpi'ctp-uEri''epro)gltecsaiquqordo+ur{rrceeslau?lcraurrool+oruzuo€ruJ?:ef€r:lc3cru+--ns"r51Jao"l"c*o?orJJ1€KcaS?ogcrlunprcsil

(rg's) 'o>(Jt * e),r

,elsa .reuot{e1s r''n4ln7urSr8uardr € a1€1{rqts}s op ur{rpuo3 uo
€ounrsuo+ llcop oJ€lrr Iq?ur
,l*a*coari}sroyqJr€srouralaaulsron'lrn.r+eu1asrtusoulor,r€darrnulrn+sllrnrd!rIurInnlnarq{enlndcurrrcr Deaurp
Fnop op ur{nd Kcrprls
g"np
_n1r1durr

5'3 2 ExemPre,1:,[::;J"..', cu reactie

gfaepnet riaFlutaosrltinriad{teepimrpineprufelosxruemrmiapcnluelelreeleadcoefibem.tiiannituirjtozeisa.gtSi ,psoisnitbrieiitlda,tliivlespimepcliaqrieecleonoofemrdic,,i

j,oaci 1) Eeci,rct+lator cu tranzistori, 1b,,i,-p_o- l2armi, A(Jrigez.uSltd.S, f^)(.:priBmfui;ltrlaimniztaisrteoar
rol de expanclgr, anume cind

amplitnclinii impnl,surilor se yealizeazd,
de cltre grupul de reglare automat,d,a
amplificirii R,r, C d conectat in circuitul
de emitor a lui ?r. Tranzistorul ?, con-
stituie etajul de ampiificare; banda de
frecven!5, este limitatii superior de cd,tre
rezistorii de colector -1i capacit5!ile
parazite (inclusir- cele ale joncliunii de
Iclo"lnectCor")z.iaLr,ininiafedrieorindteirzcide,trree
grupul
consti
dintr-un segm.ent c1e cablu coaxial. S-au
oblinut impulsuri de ieqire, culese pe
colector llui Tr, avind durata cr:?5 ns,
Fig. 5.57 anrplitudinea 2V ;i freeventa de repeti-

2) Reci,rculator u, tranz,istar lie minimd, de circa 8 MIlz. (fig. 5.SS).

bi,polar i.n regim cle aual,angd,
iTir.neIrta4i:rnz0zi64eisArteos+r-6auao0lunjsontoaisi,c,bddaliimncnotpurn-lutictuonimrdnsinipeteeugnalmst ue4rnroiVtl ddsceeiucflriaembcdlivutuaercntaooltaara,xgiiaal.mUptiiilfiizciantdortriaanr zliinstiaorduel
de repetilie de 1 MIJz.

3-) Generator d,e secaenle d,eimpulsuri, (fi,g.
5.59). Circuitui constd, in principal din doi moho-
gcsoltsarenbsuilcitacirnaeD. sTftna, roerlaeinpdiaeeudsjoeaaismndtb,ireztelieenrsdeiuioqndieeo.
diod:i de

tunel se

Impulsul
negativ de declanqare aplicat Ia intrarea -I
comuti, DZrin starea de inalti,
tensiune, apoi
revine in starea iniliali,, formind un impuls ne-
gativ a cXrui clurata, este determinata de cd,tre
inductanta -t, gi elementele rezistive asociate.
fmpulsul format se propag.5,ln linia cle lntirziere,
este reflectat infazd, de ci,tre dioda D aflatd, in
starea de rezjstenld, mare (polarizare inversd,) qi Fig. 5.58

revine Ia DT, dup5, intervalul 2to, unde lu este
dtviiemrencp!t1ud,ld_deaeDipmrIoprp,ualfsgouarmrrei;inisdnfuilr-ignsieiteu.ul fnsmenpcoruruelsnuitmei ipreeusfilsteecemttacat.ErpcsraotetdgupeorneienoraantpSoiu,iacdas,ctrfeoeaml ouustaneruce-i
inrpuis de comanil5, la intrare 2 : DT, comutd, in stareade lnaititensiune
iar -D se polarizeazd, direct qi disipd, impulsurile venite de la D?r. S-au
oblinut irnnulsuri de duratd ri - 4 ns qi frecvenld, de repetil;ie de 100MrIz.
4) Reci,rculator eu tub cu emi,s,ie seeundard, (fig. 5.60). performanle
deosebite se pot obline prin utilizarea tuburilor cri emisie secundard care
concomitent joacd, rol de expander gi d.e amp lificator. Reaclia pozitiv*

216

LLZ

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14, A.B. Bnarre.cunvv.c,, S.L. S.lnNor, Tunnel diode tronsrerll dndl!/si.s with a nonlinear load,
Proc. IEIiIl, 58, 946 (1970).

15. B.N. I{oNoxov, A. S. Srlonov, I'uttrel'nye rliodll i ih primencpie o triggerahv. sb. Polgpro-
uodttil;oulle priborg ilt printenie, recl. In. r\. iredotov, vol.7, Izd. Sov. lladio, Moskva,341,

1961.

16. S.L. S.rnNor, A.B. Bnerr,tcHRyrrA, Ont]rcuse of abacl;utatctl rlbtle in parallel with a tunnel
diode in pulse slnpirtg circuits, Proc. IIlllIj, 58, 1:Jr-6 (1970).

17. A.B. Bn,c.rrecH{RyyA, A. Snrvesr.cvtt-,'Iransieri response of a trattsislor-turtncl diode |tg-
britl combirptiatt witlt resisliue fcetLbcu:l:, I)roc. IIfEE, 6f , 790 (1973).

18. Il. Krrr, Control af negatioe resistcuu:e clrcu'acleristics irt the turmel diode-lransistor i4lbritI
cottplc, Proc. Illiiti, 58, 1401 (1970).

19. A.S. SrooRov, Percsiotnye shemg t& tttnnel'ngh diodah, t'. sb. Polaprouodnikooge priborg
i ih primc1enie, red. la. A. Fedotov, vyp. 1.1, 7:J1, lzd. Sov. Radio, Iloskva, 1965.

20. It.S. Foo'rs, W. V. IlennrsoN, IIiglt-speed stuitching circuitrg usingl ttuurcl diodes, II1E Trans.,.
cT-g, 4, 468 (1961).

21. A.I{. B,c.uu I. Lq.. Brr,rxsxri, P.P. Tnnis, Trutnel'nge ctiodg u sltemuh promlJStentrc[
eleklroniki, Izdat linerghia, NIoskva, 1965.

22. V.\r. I{r,ruor', Perestotnge shemg ncr }iontbinagii iz tttnnel'nooo diodct i lranzislora, v. sb.
Poluprouodnikoulle i ih primenerlie, red. Ia A. liedotov, vyp. 2.1, 131, Izd. Sov. Radio, llos-
kva, 1970.

23. O.E. l)oenonnrvov, F, P. G..rr-rrxri, G.1'-. Ir.rN, A. \'. e uouxor', PrttektirouarLie shem ECVM
rra tunnel'ntlh diotlrtlt, lzd. Iiner.ghia, ltrosl<va, 1970.

24. V.A. \Iur'. B. G..'L-n,q.iro, V. V. I-r.rovlor,. Loghicesiiie i zapomincLiustic slrcmg nanoseJ:uttd-

nauo tiiapozotv, Izd.a|. Energhia, Leningrad, 1970.
25. A.R. Bu,c.r:r,{cuenvve, S. L. S,c,nxor, Elfcct of the,junctiott cttpocitance ottriatiort ruttl tt sntall

inductcurce ort lhe switr:ltirry time of u tuttneL diode, Proc- IItIiIt, 58, 1957 (l 970).
26. Il. Goro, Ii. Iiun,rr,,r et al., -E"saki rliotle higlt-speetl logicttl circuits. 11111 f'rans, EC-9, 25

(1 s60).

27. 2.11. Cuo,,4./asfc.ontrollecLmornst.tble circuittrsingtunneldiode.s, Proc. IIII:]Ii,56,8.1 (1968)-
28. Z.H. Cso, W. Br,nrcr<enor, Compuler uicled analgsis of t]rc corirolled monostable IururcI tliode

circuit, Proc. IEEE, 57, 122L) (1969).

29. D.D. S,rNou, n{. Jrranu, Sut certeines propridles rles schimas aDec diode lwnel et deur lignes
u retarcl, An. St. Unir'. Iasi, XVIII,.Z, sect. Ib, Fizicn, 185 (1972).

30. D.D. S.rNru, On thc tunrrcI-diode tuto delog line circufl, Proc. ItrIjIi, 61, 1160 (1973).

31. D.D. S.rNlu, Iiormatettr d'impulsions tris courles (nanose:otules) it diode furtnel, An, St.
Univ. Iasi, XXI, Sect. Ib !'izici, 71 (1975).

32. Z.C. T.r.N, ,{ neu tnrtnel-diodc rirry counter, Ploc. IllEE, 6f, 489 (197:l).

33. L.J. Ilonesr (editor), Illectronics for nuclear particle anulrysis, Oxlord University Press,
London, 1970.

31. Z.C. Trr, Tanncl dktde narron pttlsc gerterator, Proc. IEllll. Gl, 1659 (1973).
:15. Y. 'f,rxt. XI. lI.lronr, NI. Aovacr, A pulse regenerating circuitnitlttwo Esakidlodes, Proc"

IEErj, 55, 1618 (1967).

36. C.A. C.,turino. N. n'I. Genn,c.lIAN, Versalile, Iaw-power-drain hibrirL tunrLel dioCe pulse genero-
lor, Proc. IEEE, 56, 1:J89 (1968).

37. G.C. Szrrr,.rr, Simmetrical properties of lrartsistors and their applicalions, Ploc. IFl.E, 41,.
7t7 (195:j).

38. R.D. Loau.Lx, Complemeriarg simmetrll transistors circuils, Dlectloniks, 26, 140 (1953).
39. N.(1. lIaxtrrr,rN, PN1)-NI'N circuits: nev look at a fatniliar connerion, Elec(ronics, 35,

860 (1e62).

40. .I.K. Sxrr-rrsc, Neru complementaryl transislor nlake:rerie Schntitt L:ircuit practical, Electro-
nics, 35, 315 (1962).

218

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68. LHaD2.9'.fEDel.{r'..i3tCSeI8\i.larro9v.nrrn-x(.iod1r,u-c9oI,7lnvr5Dz,e)e,.mLuSugootnrritnlenog,nvlBlruecuarrtr,ri.aa'4Ibnnslztestipsrt.rtoareprcypohaltuiertac.ikamrirmaleesptrrniu,ilolossiereesclemit.ktoitItrlIoeIlnar,aiwknXeilnVe,elPTonrIrtIir,baa.n/dasimsiTsicste.oecr1teirn-n.g,Ipi,kArosircspce.hs,(u.1l1Eg6d,7le,5nUs.(e1elegbc7ellr]rt:t:,

69'
70.

77' J'P' Ij'{r-sE}i, W.A. Scnriior, A fast risetime transistor pulse generator fot dtiuing injection
1cser.s. Proc. ItiEE, 55, 216 (1967).

72. Ir. CIpoi-A, II. PntronNzr|'r\. SponlerLeous oscillrttions of 2N708 transitors in aoalanclte cor.r-
ditiott with open ernitler, proc. lEE, dE, J (196?).
7il' G.A. IIrv, ,{, improuetr auaranche-injection transistors, proc. IEEE, b6, 105 (196g).
74' \I. Bn'rrtso*, Applications
Tlans, NS-9, il5 (1962). of aualanclrc lransislois to 70-ntegucllcle pulse generator, IRE.

75. B.H. ]fll,lr, Aualanche circuits .te nlore uersatile tha;t u^t lhink, Illectron Design, 12, 5f,

(1e6.{).

76. V,P. Dr.,r.r<oNov, S.I. ZrnNro, A.M. RenNuv, Formiroaateli mosinlJh impul'sou ncr lauinilU,

trartzisktrg, Prib. i. Tech. Iiksp., 17, gS (1971).

77. fl.C. Curr.nr, Tlte regetrcrrdiue pulse gcnerotot, proc. IRIi, 45, 74O (1gbl).
78. Iu. N. Norrr.rRx, ltr. li. ll.rr<r-,qxov, L. P. IllxrN,t, Cirkulictcija in'tpttl'sou u sil'no nelinei.
noi sref,e, oblatlo.iLtsiei rlispersiei, Radiot. i Elektr., B, 134g (195g).
Iu. I{. BoorrYREv, Gcrte,'.rfor nllno:iekun(lttgh intpul'sou s nelineirroi zopazrlltuaius[ei
79. tnoi suiaziu, Izv. \ruzov. Rarliotehnika, d, :]99 (l 962). ctbrct-

80. \''.]I. (ionear]lr:v, \'. N. Iionor,nr', \. A. l,-v,qnor,, Geryeralor nanosekundnlJli impul,sou, prib. i
Tcch. I-ksp.. 7, 81 (1962).

81. I_.A.,\Iotiucr{rN, Inpul'srLge ustroistt;u s .upazdgo(liustei ubratnoi sr;ia.:iu, Izcl. Sorr. Radio.
IIoskva, 1961.

82. A.J"Da x'I.lnr.r, w.FL GlExN,;n., lI. .I. Bnrasze, II.E. I{,rcx, picosecondlaserpalses, pr.c.
IEID, 57, 2 (1969).

83. V.I'. l)rAKoNov, Generatlnl s razrisdnoi littiei na lauinngh tran:istoralt, prib. i T'ech. l3ksp.,
21, 1, 745 (1976) I
.I. yatl*, Code tI'impulsions poLtr
8'1' 'fhornson, ff, 3, 359 (1979). lransmissions iI'ir$ormations binaires, Revue 'f echniqle

85. R'c' Hrxns, Duo-I polarilry etlge-rriggerect ntonostable, Electronics, izJ, 10 (1979).
86. \r.P. Dr.tr<oxov, tlnaliz perelotlnljh processott Emkostnouo relahsrilora na laainnom tranzis_
tore s utetont osttounglt
87. faktoroo eDo innercionnosli, Radiot. i Elektron., 24,,710J (1g7g).
.d. S. Bnruu.rNor', A.I. Bonrsrrs, V.N. Gnre, V.l{. EnrneNxo, I. N. Lrr.rn,
A.]'I. tr osxlr.eNr<o, Nunosekundngi formirouatet' priamougol'ngh impul,sou, prib. i

Tech. Eksp., 2,72 (1976).

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eI^f,ecqtiuPedar,ezasii-uucpoeurxnnpuintradelsecia5il,eDfr[,o41rB1itu,"rs1iiln5et] f-oimarpteulsmuircilioirn de tensiune (fig. 6.2b) care
raport cu l*,'l-"qi
lr, atunci

rr:thI 7 i -(Iuf 1u,,,)(1 e-t.t,) ' (o.s)
L ! trlr ]'

r"": Dtrl+l_q!ndnLU|'I (6.1)

rinde ,4- oste arizi' jonctiunii, -riDunoeurs-et>eg-rjuuon;ceioanesviotiadnnectndti"tu, trNrr{ioitb;-;ienstpegregonrpaer,irdea.tialetlnzetau('lddl'ree.

co:icerrtr:1,fie a irnpurit},liio-r
Din figurrr 6.2 a rez:nlt5, ci,
ft,l,rearcmrvlpeKlnifti"c,ea-lto'elL"i,nnaa,llcItouere(unpnteudtnerutrilu*de(rncarit,rjoseruibtDaz,ti4esBtad,,eDrsetAelaBcliaiKlreaoct,:eri2za+td2,0p)r.irri.nparacmazeu-l

Qu -- t*Iu, t1 : t rlK,. (6.5)

(a) in circuiteie de impulsuri D- s se ttllizeazh in doud, d.irectii :
scurtd,, in
forrnarea impulsurilor de duratd foarte acest caz la intrare
aplicindu-sc s:l,Ituri d.e tensiune cu fronturi abrupte; (b) scurtar,ea fron-
tului antt-'lior a,I impulsurilor. A doua direc.tie de utilizare se ktazeaz:a pe

I i.u-s

Fig. 6.2 Ll . '
:r:
d{ae-pntusl) cX timp:rl d,e reverrire al D.4B este foarte rdnuicra(zteacqimi ifi,soi nchtuialr sutimi
pr:r,ctic nu depinde c{e amplitudinea, t:,;
rii semna-
trr;
inlr-1i 49 clirmrtale inr.cls5' aplicat la, intlare. Diodete IiaB, conectate in
diferitr: rnodru'i, inclusir- in cornbinal,ie cu l)1', d,iodcr Schottk;*, tranzis- i-:il
avalilns*, trinii de intirziele et,c., r,onstituie elementele cele mai
tori d,e -Y:-
ad,ecvate pelrtnt folmillea impulsurilor de mici, putere din clomeniul _ rer
picoser:utidelol. Trebuie suJ:lini*1, cd I),48 se ntilileazd, cu succes qi
rn -r.i, t
a,lte domenii rurn ar fi genera,r'ea d.e a,rnionici, modulatia nurnericd,
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tql (b)

Fig. 6.i

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in cazal conect5,rii serie a DAB cu sarcina (fig. 6.5a) se pot forma salturi
abrupte ale tensiunii de iegire (frontul posterior care este deterrninat de

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6.1.3. Exemple de circuite de impulsuri
cu DAS, DS gi Df

In parcaecstticpearacgur.a-Df -s4e8di.nesccriaureeitseivnat

circuite

prelucrate iogic sau formate impulsuri

de duratd, foarte scurti,. In general
dou5, sint domeniile rrnde D-48 se aplici
pe scar5,larg5, (in combinalie cu alte ele-

mente de mare vil,e2il, DS si DT): cir-
cuite logice qide calculul ultrarapicle
nerarea impulsurilor de rsi ge-
strobare in osci-

loscoapele stroboscopice (cu eqantionare).
7) Ci,rcuite logice BAa-NU(l{On)
cu DAS pi DT. Circuiteie logice hibri-

Niv^elele logice 0 qi 1 corespundcdeeicsuitnd-rDidi-4od8ieqtiijmoDapTsi if(idtneocnuls5ioi,unfneaeza,ez',lr,eAsclpeqeiocBbti)vi-.
de inaltd, tensiune a DT, care funclioneazd, in regim de bistabil. Curentul
de ieryire al bistatrilului este amplificat de ciitre D-48 care aici joacd rolul
de amplificator cle impulsuri. DupX rnoclul de conectare a DT
si l?-4S
existS, doui, variante cle circuite : g) serie gi (2) paralel.
Ifn exempfu de circuit iogic SAIJ-NU (f
cu conectare serie de D.4S oqi D? este ard,tat in -f-ignut r+a nr 1-l n")

6.8a. Diodele
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(b)

Fig.6.B

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F

$
$

$ 2) Circuit togic $I-NU (I{AND) cu DAB gi DT. ln schema din

,t
il'

figura 6.9 avem o conexiune serie a d.iodei cu acumulare de sarcin5, logi-
ee DAS, qi D7 in raport cu impulsul de tact 71. Polarizarea
DI in regim
dDeAlSri'sstearbeial liszeeraeza5liz,ecauzSe, lceumeelnetmeleen*tVeloeof rV, o-oV, rEoi *R2R; ,p$aliafrtizr.arDeaiocdoareDctA5,BaI

T1

Fig. 6.9

gi dloda_d.e. comutare D, impiedici, trecerea impulsurilor de tact ?i spre
c_elu-19i9 logice in amonte. Operalia logic5,, $1este efectuatd, de cd,tre grupul
d.e diqde D4t..._., nDerogaiutirveodpe_etraaclitadTeO!etgixaelaiezdl,oDgicIS,indescta5r,terea DASz qi Df ,
Impulsurile
de jo-asd ten-
siune. Presupunem cd, nu la toate intrd,rile sint prezente semnale logice
1 (pozitive) ; in acest caz DAB, se polarizeazd, dfuect, prin ea tlece cu cuient
important care d.uce la acumularea sarcinii Qu. Impulsul pozitiv de tact
77 conrutJ, invers DASz jar curenlul invers de valoare ritlicata prin ,/),4 s,
,;i DT comuti, pe aceasta din urmd, in starea 1. Dacd, insti la toate intri,rile
sint.prezente semnale logice 1, prin DASr trece un curent neinsemnat qi
sarcina acumulatS, in intervalul dintre dou5, impulsuri de tact este foarte
micd,. Impulsul de tact T1 nu poate comuta DT in stalea de inalti, tensiune
qi la ieqire este prezent nivelul logic 0 ; prin urmare, circuitul
efectueaz5,
operatia logic5, $I-Ng (f : r, n.r,-, u"l.
Bealizarea structurilor logice in cloi timpi necesitS, introducerea unor
elemente d.e intirziere pe durata unei faze. rn acest scop se ttllizeazil fie
segmente de cablu coaxial, fie celule logice SAU suplimentare. Prima
metodii impune condilii restrictive cu privire ta stabilitatea frecventei
generatorului impulsurilor de tact; a doua este rnai costisitoare insx posedi
o mare siguranld, de functionare.
Din punct de veclere logic celulele SAU-NU qi gI-NU sint cle egal5,

valoare, cu fiecare din e1e putind fi realizate toate operatiite logicecunos-
cute;,din punctul de vedere al siguranlei de funclionare mai stabile sint
celulele SAU-NU.

3) Circuite de fmmare a 'impulsurilor de strobare pentru osciloscoapele

cu egantdonare. Osciloscopul cu eqantionare (sampling) se utilizeazd, pentru
viztalizarea semnalelor de frecven,td, foarte inaltS, qi a semnalelor impulsu-
lare cu fronturi foarte abrupte. Elementele care d"eterrnin5, in mod esen,tial

performanlele (in special banda de frecventd,) a acestui tip cte osciloscop

sint circuitul de eqantionare (sampler) qi generatorul impulsurilor de stro-
bare; unji autori ttilizeazd, denumirea de mixer pentru circuitul de eqan-

tionare. In osciloscoapele de bandd, foarte largd, (1+ 15 GHz) impulsurile
de strobare care comandS, funclionarea circuitului de eqantionare sint
formate cu ajutorul diod.elor DAS; rnai jos se descriu citeva circuite de

formare a impulsurilor de strobare.

228

6ZZ

Jas-Vsruzr,1zrvJu€anoIate;;auJr tlrooli+rlu(sosooJu+tJsc1oca'IglJSoiaqcT+nruOsa€)-Alt+ds'zunpotrofqJilJp"eInranJo4Jop+?p'ccru3rrro8ErJrgJ+,oLxuJralsuruz'd]'uoeords,rluJrsirpnsrcud€auIJnu?rJilouso+un+saslzo?+uzst€oslanpJu]d_rruJlutorlrrpJz?oe+sdrsonc++rYnr1+lunsS'c,urruoou+ncr
I1oss'rtuliluOnnasoddq;fr1uural€ulrru(Fritfrscufq'soanSs+oaps-cgoS'Fecoaur)rJtcrlrdtrr)sn?luoculdnloorandinJqsoq+sa;gsp'sz(dlaoaenup,eplrrcoStrusuu"aoorneorpdlllaIur€reJeounpi.latIrssollnrn'1IerosderprJ;luonr?nurJsdrldsc€ruurutcreseoroF.clrrJ;'lrrutpn.srgrc[i{,cera5orS1poryaJJVtItnoCpn€lqln.Itvrin'lo;tlutrr]p1rnoJ;tlodsourJludcslurrruauIqut3c+ceorr;ev+.r;rer,ur31uoociqo9J(u,1rc+rl{1argc;lrtucseznl1osoogodpd
'rrur1 ur"rd rr.rgFudo.rd Bx-t:Jnp ad rnlnslndrur t:a.rrFrgl ap
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e"o(ggll1aez"qep01uasi1"pnentn"cecoeas"p+)r1sEoonzro€u€JqouoorqJuJotr?soJJs1Js'aa"rSpotspvrJ1(;outIolrr1TJaitnr;rptsnSIsnoTlndlrrdOulrrru5raraIeataulpRJo'.rJIr3Conup[Ou,'orlrya'Lansf.rl]rtnslucu(qolrurOCol fJllt'spgo1pJro'Fn[IurJcY1o.n)olu3ruY{ng(-I1q"nrr+1leuuoiro:.rrddJ
'rorrroqcs aloe o+Izr?Jtsd elaluauelo ap lit{u?nlJnr +uIS
ernlrisnasrinacplu;rrroy€,rtntssrlnndpnmruine.rtlof urnr€lnJ"€rodls'rrEgarrnllnn;rroollsnrlzi'au"rn1cuoIo+1Inu[rBII nJ E]'IlxIJ rJ a'luod
-oJ iJ a+€od rouelue rnlnluoJ; q3:lt?.m6[ 'O g/, sp tsur]Jcls o o+rulnlr? u1 91tt1F

od 1 I ap aurpn+
-V'sqzudnu6eL,'0eur.ro*g1 sI('ugrrngus'1glpn,udrr1u1dururtrgrox1op7.r(cJITo,at+rs+toKsDpclJo€rp1ldE+rJu€nt+Iurl npaisuglarz\ltusraaau+lotultor{cz.rrJorn1dJsao3''rrrtqri3|aJ(ls"euSpuY'ri..(orn[1s1tclsn)pdcourIuOrrr

ot'g '!il,rr

ur{

C

eA"g-uiO,riro+"nfc€"5bIAouoJJre€srcJln{bo*o$lJJr1oa.yrs+npuugenerpre+p.ru;e+rrdcoualn1bouil.J:rrr(J]nsrq-sncolans.crdperIu{nu;rznrrnoBsaiIlJl.Jsnr.o)ndu+qur1€bnrIl,cpu'raluJzm,onnu.}ei'gea'o1Br.n;aro:aJrnap'ueu:ruoaJ1{oFJou*olarJudJpIn-inous''(lrluctn1suldue0'+uaIlsrde-rr9plrora'nFp^lcuIe};I;l)ruurrnoaa3p+1ueS(r,E1naIazrlre.uur€€1uxJorI1dJ{

d eriv5,rii de cd,tre Cn a saltului pozitiv c1e tensiune la intrarea, liniei c1e trans-
Y.
misie se formeazd, impulsuri cu d.urata de 0,35 ns qi amptrituclinea de 0,7 in
de tensiune este tletenninatir
Durata frontului anterior a saltului
principai de ci,tre tipul -fDi -rAeSgulasi tiinctru-oajuantourmuiltirr,ezmisltsoululiliurife-Ecr.itDrcupsi,arcceinsae

inmagazinatX care poate

| ;:ii95L ,?. ^ ,1Ca iJ
F., ,at _ irr) Er-
l..t:.. - EL) 20A7

f;i,D.'-:,.7:

n: -/'
::3
f;r n. 5

I'ig. 6.11

propag; prin trini:l, de tran;r-ni$e L/2": i0 (f) impriiriui fot';nilt se aplici
pe transtormatorui defazor ?r, de ia care se ob{iin inpulsur'-i tle sti:obate
de polariti,fi opuse; tle la iegirile c3o,n4sitr:inidruinlslru-trrilepsnentaepltilceritl1lorericeirtcleuictuoml .cnle-

e;antionare (sampling gate) care
tare ultrarapicle. Dioda J?" servelte la inliiturare& snlli'aolt:sterii neg:l,t,ive
cle tensiune pe r:olectorni l,ranzistoruLui in tiinpiLi proccsului rte revenile
in starea de blocare: clioda J?;|-S este di-u GaAs, de fablici-lrie special5
Tektronix. F,ezistolii 6ir,, E6 forrnea;i:i sarcirra, r1e :i,da1:trle a liniei cle

transmisie.

TotodatX, pr:in interlnediul tratrsfollnatoi'uhri ?r, so foimeazii un

impuls, uqor intirziat fa!.i de impulsul r1e strob:i,re ;i de tlurairr, rnai rnare,
care seryeDte pentm cLecianqarea cirrrnituiui de iuemol'ie il o::ciioscopului
prin intermediul unei porli.
flAI petttru fot'mct'rea intptrtstu'iittr riitt, oscilw!'ii
4) Ciruti,te cu sinu-
soi,dale. Diocla I;1S constituie un tlispozii,ir. sinrplu si rrcrnud pcnl,ru ob!i-

nslrea impulsurilor rl.e dru'ri,i'ii io:rit"e sculti, (zecitti de n-r) riilcr:t rtin oscilafii

sinusoid.aie.

a) Circuitul cn -D-48 gi tinie de intiiziere clin figur,:l ti.tr2n in care se

atilizear'\" o conesiliile serie, poate forrria irnpul"quli pozitivr,r cu amplitu-
rline:r, de 5-;-7 Y qi Cur:-lba cuprirrsil inlre 0,15+0,ir ns. Sculruliele sinusoi-

clale cunfreoventa de 103 liHz sc aplici, pe O-48 prin inrer.rnediutr unui
transformator de aclaptale (coboritor) cu milz tle feriti. Capacitorul C1
rcr,lizeazii clecupla.jul d-irtre generator si saicini iar r-.aparitolul r'ariatiil

C, serv eqte pentlu o rnai bunir, adap[ale a iransforinaioliLh-ri r-'u linia. Dia-

granele de funcl,ionare sint alSt ate irr figLrra 6.1?b. Pe dui'irta polarizS,rii

directe a O,4-8 bensiunea alternativii, la bornele sarcinii este toalte mic5,

practic zero (l?,4-S este scurtcircuita,tS, prin linie $i Cr). llupri ce tc,nsiunea

agz

-odmoa rrinSe(''Fce+1aeC{il U* I ftCt'rtulor:drr6qi'a.r.or"lesorzlcun€pgrloc'alrupooslp)ocoruaol?Jc+l3coalolu.ortouleallralrzaopd-snrlpq.

-rutssuts
Inruouop uI JIIA ap arF-olouqe+ o p+uzo.rdo.r (151) a1u;r8a1ur aIo+IncJIc

lgZ-lZl 12 ale aleJauaB !:llslralrere) 'r'Z'9

Jollrnslndull elluLlel ul eleJSalul alellnlJD'z'9

'SyC € ogJarrtlq ap €o+€llc€dlzc elsa
461 epun ,oCTllu=ra p.uletutxorde ur{'e1e.r
Atp/sug'0 +
ac?Jsll'es rop;rnslnduu ts?€Jnp ! zg;iq* 0OZ
ap er{r1ado"r ep g{ua'r.corJ otsnuc
A 0g ,rr?€rrr
-rxordt op €oupn111due gtg op oe+tsJ

-p-tnsqprcznnlllcllunr1ln'sgKlg+nrdgnmc-strdoeq+lrntsIunoJdr{lKq++ola3+.pInsopSJtarnprt6so.Fu[1pnlo]slupuoa+.or
ep e-,r.r1ufiau r,rnsprdrm eur{qo lod as rtura
-u-Juatse;rs1ooFoladalluroJoupqrroedn1 u''rtlso?g{uulo'ugclcurnl.urpnnu8lslqurraqJ+ol€t+r€\K+u1F€rr-tall caoo+;epsoz€
otsJu€rccJ€us Inocl€laplltolusndulus.IoKlu?Bul+ncaesuout lap+s.oloSlrtJlnr4s-
1 -pdrur € oJ€ruroJ op +Incrrc uO (q

{D) '"1 'III3rx{3oc nlquD ap .rolaluourFas
l- isoJ€qrmqcs uird p1"a1,3ar r;
a'1uod anSar ap
also oJarp+ ep lmqFun ?IcuI IaJ+s€rnolnFsallendausrol o€L+-€J€nau(il's"0ugaZ+ - := Tlar

! e;ruzr.ruiod apenilrluoJ Ilunlsua+ p;ro1n[u nc gzuaflIq]a,I os +tsIpn+s
ulro g

Inz€c uI

S/fC- 1lr artuord

6I'9'FI.{

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ool-

-T

eh

_l

lp-]'n(cr?rliuenudnbaupJrri;lrurt"aropp"oeuyirueijr.crSrersbIlSeedISriuocuOe'qilOebm.-uruerdgrriu'eufrigpacafJ"i+etrlsnsOso,dazoturasrlgdar;rru.(rlaJuaaosr.r+rlcsoeI€1ercat3soorc-1llequeodpnuaulanscnrpuqs)au€Li'aglaz-lurt tarrnslgDpu+l5usplarx-l'quurlrl5^z+eaaouIu€tgrlrs^1pa1uunpI:€lrlqnsSadp/uuuIornnrOpazooor,;rolrtoangu1ns*JYJlunolu(duqIuat€_rdzr11I'

nente irezistori, capacitori, uneori qi bobine de i-nrluctantil) realizate pe
zacaerlae,sai'enquamntiitoonr'sfeumniccolini d:ucciiorcr u(itcehiplo)'gryici eil,temrceoinneocritea,teosrcilielactvoart, pentt'n reaii-
ampliticator
eic. Din princt d"e veclere funcl,ional clistingem clouil, m:r,r.i ca,tegor,ii t1c Ci :

li-

h

I 'ir\

\ 1r\

*L-_, \ \,"
0 ..---Lf,_ l___$
lqi i)

tliq. 6.1'1

cligitale (logice) si liniille; dupi rnaieli*iele utiiiza,tc si liirir-"ipiilc fizic,.)
care stau Ia baza funclioni,rii elerncntelor iri:,.ir-e rii pasi'r it-r'€ltl: {'f 6u
dispozitive bipolare si Cf ci'L strustrri ,\{OS.
Ne referim intii i* {rI bipolare iiigita,ie; {r1 cu stlirr:i,uli }{OS silt
tiiscutate in paragt'afelc leforitoale l-al{Lil.l,erqnlol-riii\.UC,elchi:suiaahi illrii.spr,eingrilsittree CI
cligitale sint: inversorul logit. SAU
cler

numd,rare qi rie deplasale, celule d.o mrLrrolie. f-'il, pri.,'este irrrd.ul c1c concc-
tare a clernentetror in clirit'ul .rnui chip .'r clistingr rn:ri rnuilit tiput'i i1e CJ
cligitale bipolare : LRT (ilioo(lgogigciriicliii-ler1tz,rii*oi,inil1ir-1ir-iidi'i-1'ut.lonit1zn'-izisti't:loltroirz'risl:-,o-t'IEli-oc..rril'slil:l,-u.Tlra'i-aslfi,]rrrtsauinrs's-t'iolsrtr.oii,rn---
LIJT
I-.,ogic, liifTr)? LTT
I-.,ogic, DTL), L.rCE (logir:iL ii-l
Csiotoupr le-d-TL-,,oogciicc,, ?Tf,;. in {:ar:e tr::,nzistoi'ii i'l'pi:r,j ili'iti
1.rri,:rf-i)r' =- lliriii,l,el'-
ECL), iilrLtfiorrca,lii'u r-i'.e .i't*iiiii
nes:r,turat I fiecat'e ciin aces1 o tii;liii rlri lui,l liLtlie tuiiirii'i.e. in ieg'irn

.Floix'iei,atea firnrlir"me:rtrr,1ii a ii.nti r tiul-e ii;1;ir,r' i).:ur:;r*-,lit;ile este r:e*
c1e cilantizaro a, Setrlrl;],hliui ilL rjgllriul tir, i-':lr'.r,r'i,i".'ir;1 ii l ,ir-: ii'illLri'r'i' ii-qt{'r jlpt,r}r-
nic ncliniarii" 0onslrleri,lr rl.e e-renrirlu in\'{:}i':ioi'rij llr;ii ll.iu. i'ig:u.':-r, {i.14a.
Cilractelisticile cle tl'*"nsfer in telslu;;'t, rr:ip:cti'r- i1i i,i.il'c,ii:tilit,:u'iLilie iu
figura 6.1"1h" c" ,lr.in11 in r;eilel'e disl.ru'siri
irr IJai'ziur{ri:'ii .i.i.i,:i.r:-ilie'i;,llrs' 1",eictl'e,"rrri:,oicIrter"t"-
ln calcule tlobrLie 1r-lat:i in corrridr;::.llii.r o:ii'itiirttii:;lr':.t
'I iru::. i'ii,re tci(';'r-.l]iel{ iii:tl:l rlr i.'r!i ri,,r,lr,lt,i:r ltur;ll;l:i ; ,:., . L ri, ltr.r.:,ii
indici'r, iinpristit'r'eiN r1i?lriilnii posil;i-iii ii ioie l';rl,!el,ti'. {.:ir':-uitj r,'t'i:riirarr I,rri"ns-
fer in tensiune:r, uriri {,'1 tligitai esltr ll'rtloiilrr iLiiii'.ir:lr1,ati ;lt r :t.lr.'r:1,erir-pei'a-
tulll (fig.fl.15i--,i" lri;nr"ilul inti'iiliiot'ii;n:li ;i it'"r :rur.i:illii ie:iililur'
i{ig. t1"15b7.

in ,-edorea elal-r.,.rl:il'ii unrji iricltlil,oicsii golitl'ir,ii.: iir, :li,aiizii, si gintczi'r,
pa:.Lt' iicrLni'r1acupsireicii-i.roietrfeccaliui l1.rCatl.tlcrrlgL'ti-itiir1nrci1iihlre;{1cle.r.-t{ciir]u:'ari:'i,olairirrrti--r,fri1or.i,{ii,'r,:ji1riirml:lrlii'ein'iij,.r.;rrl-:iiriilonollu'ir;1:,llr,:l1l'raf'.:rirr,'r;tuEtrliioltriurut|clirg"ilr:an.'nuiupsneil-;i
toriu. 'I) Ca,r$ctet'isttciie tlc 'iegint, cr;ttiin1il"; Siir l : {.rai';i.ti rIr'ii ii:a t.ier ti'alsfer',
calatrer'islica ric irrilrr,lt: ni lesile. i-enii'1, *lttiuttei'ra unoi
Litriicf.Ji'isiicit, 't-riqc; .l .'lt.l il:l il ,, pil:,lii, J,i i:, 1Irg,
(-\l)l'(':ii1 :r,nir,lil iuC .t a('(":,oL r',lr':-icf t,' ir,iit'I

tJ.i{ia,). lloar:-a cst,e cous-lituitil riint''-un coinufiliol tie cul'{:frii,) fonn:rt dirr

Etz
9r'9 'Fic

---$

T'
it

,h

T

v

I

pig+c.1ra.1;ildpt,zepoordoslasrJruz?nu,rrtsl3muJe+ul lotpc.coeIllts*slxtIaJonvceLdzg_CI9BcFup6al1aau'ar+nr3Bd_ou1qrrgxollSJndjl"tl4al'ugoeiilrlg:+.ziEuiprnicarlpsEax,;lI€Io+tcIoZlottlladll,pIaouaq?ngslsa]

-uo;o uraa€ Tg lnlcund ui IS ?1 ed aunisual ap tsarop'ir o,Il3'r ap tluaolq ruls

crg'3r.'l

r'{t
h

*fr +';f, r3avrJdr3zovglaascuzrzernlueqrxla3e'tzJu6l+oru1apo4Jcunrc1Fcuoanal,drpIi*nauIInBriJua1oI1:pu}YtsoaS+stneur'q1uraluoeaD.grzanoud;oacopIl+aiIiiZiltsorop.cv{4nlpn1uaqlarSrurJo;'ntl1sot.{llg+s1uuizlta'1(n1;ar,-ottolll-It1Jutt?rV:a7nsaiu_pdt,

€un Icru
tr{eredo

.rolede;r)

un semnal pozitiv,. tranzistorui respecbiir se deblocheazii, qi in punctul
Ctva exista o_tensiu-nemicl colespunziitoare lui 0 logic; iL acelaii tirnp
tranzistorul 11-+! se blo_cheazii (datoriti, ciiderii pe a) $i in c-,
va exista o de tenlsiune
tensiune ridicatii, corespunzi,toar,e leqirite logice
Ct qi.Cr*sirrt conectate cu sarcirra prin lui 1 logic.
?rr $i r"rcarejoaci, un rol tlubln: (1) irrt,errnediul rep*etorilo" pe
celula compatibilX cu olicare transleazii nivelul r,ontifuu utrrTto"
de ie;iri (impedan{a de ieqire alte intr5,ri 5i (2) pennite mir,rirea
a lepetorulni pe euritor este foilrte ficind
numi,rglui

lnicd,).
r)aci, se lucreazi,.cu.o^pgjcii, negativii poarta LCIr rea,iizeilzti operalia
SI-NU in punctul C, si $I in puncrtrLl Cr.
Utilizind pentru tranzistor un rnodel neliniar rczultri scherna echi-
valentii din f_igura 6.16b [22]' nnde intre cnlentii 'r,,, ri" si generatorii de
curent Orr, @rr, @rr, @r, existii, relaliilc generaie

:t;l,l - [- .i=, - il];]

_- t- - a,,(1 - .sr,,) -uuni:zI l[l - ,sro") I [,'rp',t-"tl'r,, - lr (6'6)
trr,/(l ; s..,) I
L -sr;.2) L,'rpl 1". fri , I'

ueficrldni.eietonsrliiessditeincooeplececurataoltiorilresu.inl SNLhaopclkaiceeS'Ige.rn,e, rsailniztactoen. sCtaanptaeccitlier,fiitime pJoIncn{,.,iusninilotr,cotele-

c":C"o (t + v"iro)h" ' (6.7)

(L -l Volvo,)h" )

uncle tr'-o,, tr-o" reprezinti tensiuniie de barierd, :l jonctiunilor respectiye
jioanrc4li.u,n/,iJ'"o._rs'.inrtn^coceafzicuilenreligicrenucllueipcinodntdineumuaintercicaul as,tiiapr(o6.f6il)ulard.eerndsopLia0reiaa,lr
morlelul neliniar aI tranzistoruiui se recluce ia moilelirl dbels-Iloll.
in cazul concr:et a,i porlii LCE punctul
relalii intrc tensir-Lriile de spiiet)c,,a. rAevainl talnianlizl'eeifliel1ceonci-,
stitnie stabilirea unei u"
este rnult mai
J? mare Cecit rezisten.ta formil,t:i clin cei rn tr:lnzistori paraleii
qt %a\Yo,,, sc poato coisidela
qi unde tr"., este tensiunea b*zi,-ernitor,

PL:are, lsrusp1u';ni i'nRd_focrr[r,npecaizni,tlrriinrilgeenaorradtoilr c1e curent constant aviiiil v.a,loarea 10.
cei nl, transisioli sint
a,piicilie ssrnnale cll
intrare o, (ceiiaili m.-r tvanzirori au intrr"lriie fixate la 0 logirr), Lontornr
figurii 6.16b se poa,te sclie

Io =: run(*Qbt-ue)!t/r - 1) -i- o1r(eirazr-rr) 'vr -, I), (6,s)

intrucit cornutaiorul d.e curent functioneazii in reginr nesaturat s-a
neglijat terrneuul ce conline 1le {r12. f)in Lrltima relal,ie obtinern

unde t, : Ysn - -tr''",, 1/r 1n[1 j- re(ab\-r/BB\]i'r'f) (6.e)
1'* : trlrln (Iofur, *- -r l- 1) - Yuln(Ioiarr). (s.10)

sse

"o-+"cdrr€+"naor'Jo"apid+iurcaeJ"pscrlrot(scvru+fotaJpg'oaa*g?gc+l;+.s"eilo.lrsloau+ionctacs:lrzftesziae] l'rcersr+peu'ur+JrfJnnezlpalrr(rlopfl'unS1u.)ru'tld(lg'.trtof''cgs.),i '5rY) eltluorut;t

931 n'i"rod e1n:

apr{e1ag

(lrs) ,Illl{g1-rea1Q ,t' * t trA_ccl-zs&

(grs) " !"'gou

our{qo os 8so nrlued rtFurIS Porrr uI

+IIt Al \tqa-srq0)a\ (t"troolE) "rsoV

.< sran _ Iq&

-cunJ KS lncg1 o+sa InuourJal gFnmpu Itsur os (?ftfs'gJn)+€usrsren'rrdFxea:i u1 ozouot{r
luoJnc ap lurolelnruot TcEp : al€
'r epun

(srg) ,r,tlFa-ss,7)o ('l/f) * f _,La^ _ccA-ISA
"! t'goo

alsa 1N-IIYS II4rod e e.rriar ap €aunlsual rr{rpuoc a+sac€ uI

(rrg) t)1n,11 t'oo-at 71o (,1/f f] g. *oT--"?

rl -aa ra6tr

er{u1a.r euriqo as ol-}'.rV PuIroP
"o-a,1Ilipspiueur-pz1o"eslioc*u;r"uoc!lconiiofd1Auue"1e"hpes;r.1rfpEniupci"1uile1J"gpuct'?brioVieneluu+dernt,eagrduacnleleiisepga+-'r;a+pqdunlproe;rpro'luaztloosuJialadrpn-uuaeoto' sra+{a+curtt*.isae++aEr"s1'tSr'utst€o1uo.1Jr,r' fc1ry os IJPJ+ur
lunlIu'uIunratss:
g ear8ol oleuuros

ounug'r '3' Inluornc rcun+ts
rS .rop.rolruro Its auruxauoc
olruoJ o+so A' KatsG

(erg) .glvg: (T - r,ltpan-{a,1?) rtn - oI

anu+1i.srr"taot ion*ol'irepr[raog{"1.cru1l+oooi",nar ?l"Tu.1+at'*I*.n*orzn"fau;JIifnoirpl"optr+*sjpirzu0uil1u7ts'nnuJd+rt;tnrpIdtssaauza,trsrn4c1u'1I2nauT?cfslnnAapocu:A€occaor,e'16'-oslalcqt'r5zuooul1lnrcutltnlDrslJaelt-.zu-tooaucrd-a's1tl,0nlrIu;.oqoala'zalapdI-unartdJrt

*"A _ ,"A - ttAn- r)6tr : ts61

OIJCS

eollesoed,!os (ieIlfip'igie)r{e'o*;prO6tBto-rurer€a'aosp:pTuzil"€grai1,nie+1cir.orncJslenolroloel}oarcudlroeorse€dT5r1onp"r"olrcop,u;lqa]dcdasloopolcpaaplrunEotraangulanarsruua€l

efe1sufr1

(ff'g) '(T - -,n11'o-'qo1a)r'grzn t' c"A:r"E'! - ccA - r)a

-11yS uiula"r ?lsrxa (qgf ':rgO"nY'f+Sr;u;-tlssi l"JipeolJorSSdu-otr3'rJuil reolrup1auad1IIcE(Ir+?ssaIKJ)o^z}rclo'€:sJq%3o"-C('olsi O-Ni

-nVS er{t.redo'r11ir1 pu1.r9f1s-goC tt-U

er{'eledo uluad (tsc)IJ':

.bunir,, abateriie nedcpl;ind 5 o/0. Regiunea de tr,anzitie a caracteristicii intro
s_ti,rile 0 gi 1, sau vicevers& este foarte ingusl,ii,. Definind l[rgimea regirinii
de tranzitie Aor, ca varialia tensiunii de bazii, necesaril pentru a produce
vat'ialia tensiuriii intre nivelele 0,1+0,9 a, s:r,ltuiui logic, se obline 122_j

Acr, : Toln 51 :4,1 Vr. (6.18)

s

+t
I

4,5

= i--1--[-7t+ _:

lrill
-)!" , _ l_

3.7 4,7 1.5 4,9 (v)

(cl

Fig.6.17

ca5v,eAmtPi^Ari'nnuur,ud'r.elrnp0ai,nr1ed1e5od_Yep.calreitnricntnerlunatceriiitetatdcieei;icirlniillcpeuoiruttnicueirint[pumaoraptiiodirotlgiili7c]r,ec1.tE1rzet Ibe,us:ite3e 0fsa0iptfuiKcl
pccoounmnccprteeatltoibarillepdcocrfu'uliniitcrstftriuoirrrrlliiaale,treesvacaloelr,oecrsiaiplau0crcrtzeoilrteiossatpilceuantvdlzeei,l31o.,l?ril'ac\ln.rsiifoatrg'r li.vcreuelkttnr)rit;iiei
loc..llizarr,r:r,

1. i1 ca,zul

1 rorc.spun-
de 4,5 Y.. Saltul logic este c1e 0,8 v, rnult rrrai mare rlecit Lilgirnea regiunii
de tlanzilic.

caractelisl,ica de intlrrre exprimii legitriltr, dintle c.ui'eritul si tcnsi-
nuex de intral'r) * porlii Efeiturnrl crrkruii: irnil:lle cr nirli
Sr1s, se o"nlino iu, -.;l'"(rr).

i1 - an) i,

(1ir) s(t's;t-tut)li'r
[t:*-;#"".ji#" I'"16U '-'1i u (G 1,,1]

Iintle i" ttre e-xpierii:i, ({i.1:li ial ai rloilert, tcl'rnen estc plczeril li-llirir"i itL ciiznl
regiirrultii satulat. 51i itr actrsl, (,itr' t\-11, rrxrstii,r,iti, o ltu.nii c,rir.icorr.i.r,ntii in1r,c
lezLrltalele r.'akrulalo iclrletic (fig'. {i"i.Sa) 1i cr.ie cxper,illic,rl:rlc r1'j*. C.l;r

Ir). llirr.r.rltirnalig'ulilseconirtatilcziI'ezisferil,adifet'enl,i:riiitit ii-r tt.rLr',.3ltulr.ii

ic'::r=r-..t,r.tj,.,re0u{iu_i{rir1"ri'r.r;rti.ilteri,r'rclitei.l,lcraru'r.lnrc,pi,eilzitiyuf;eci,fle,i-u:l'uieto:ll-r,sr'ec,l.nl-inii ali';rh(.:-,grlhtiiir.iri-ilL,iiE)creo:linrrttlittr,.ttrui.rir..;Lrririrs.+:e,:ililr*ll,r0loj..r,i,i.l.i,li.,:,.r:.ir.',i:ri-,'r;,.r-1n/re'-r.oiii_o--_,.'

Ji,,. : Jl'L : lllg I -/'''' r,. -^- ;YLr1'1.r.' " ifi.?CIi

ii' i,,t, --i,'.;' .. :,...

1,, 1,211.i,i l;:.'::r, L',l.,l I'r-,..t,i j; .:- i.'; [.:-. .1,.,.- 1:rirJ.;rl.l:lr ,,:., ,. .

,TE'

G6's) '.tult.L - *n.L : rn,l,lc

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'I nts 0 ala1

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a,r+ulll eiuclslp n'-r-91t5a
ii) 5t 6I'9 'F IJ Itr u€IIlJr{r lnlauntX
ea:rerlur cd pqecrlde r; ateod .l,ruc
s'? t7 elsa rif;rod
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acEJ'aJBc larlin:q"rntr,recl e g1rur1 eaurp_nyldure
olsa dn. ;ttt ct3o1 In{n+Ies t:aurpnltldruu o?sa
?a;1r,ea;rp.8uan1rn';r,alucar5:o1".r1i;olndpolacturun;iBeoc1"e]IluornoruullrJ'polorgz
-erud elturuos €I 1C
nlluad gllln o1.rtsoJ allilgsTouJnaulrr-rI-IBEoJ|rlaluplrlrB.rcailJorl'i:J)
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'nnm+uoc lIlIr3oJ op

;roprirpuoc tr{tr.rul op nu ri rr.ro1rzuu.r1 ;rolesecorcl laluJnp esndun aleiuuea

ep ludrcm.rd q pluuoi{rpuoc else rr{.iocl €oJ€cJfcul 'oluugocftul IJKnUIUI

-rp a"roJns gs aarSo1 JolrJn?Itss eaulpnlrldure €c KJ?J rJFJlur 9Z tscilc o+vcv+v

*l€-audou+utyror)ndeacglluupgctuep;tnon"geldsc,rqptrk;rrou{nrrpFo'uda;rros4I1nio1azipten1ac1c1pu1IatIy€Jic+ol'ds+n€sn€ruJ1oorJ5++€6ucr64tos+cJ,s€llalrCruetnr.'n86;rra11x.uor'9reuddn-erzK,tgnIor.?Cq6nstTaJoeu'rlsrrltaii;ar1totEad+ereKp;tJrz1t€'uiu(or1ielansppoa

glg 'Elg

e0'0
z6'0

(rz'g) .-{;"w - "E :,

&ar111Lar1-ga-"rrn

;rorygzundse"roc pcr;"e.r8 ournu€ !.ro1rure ed loF"rolodor oIrB 3+rral€alqco
"e1ir"ia*r.qarp*oInr+pu"ooJsnrc.'opJsqnurppaup.rrnS1peFlau1ogdru'lr*'r(d"xoa)Te:'nsitesr;orrpio€tcer?psuiJae+uctnsrr€sCuelr*

Obsen'ind din (ti.11) ci .ir, este aproxirrativ egal cu a6I sR'", irnuni-
es|e
tatea porfii la perturbatii atunci cind fe r intriri aplicat 0 logic are

expresra

Ij (0) -otor'sl (Ir os - rrl2\ I T-'-in r. (6.23)
2o,

in motl siinilar imurritatea,
ci.nortersi,pruinszeS,taoparliecrsi it1niaotgieici
P!1), cind

pe r este

. puncte posibi[e P":" =- I 1J-r 1n .. (6.24)

de functionare 2 |t

ir /,,9 cdFqs-aeiiiniz5n1utApdl%duapinrlsoeldpcaru[tictniuis:crle],ti-ir,n,C.aaprcE.eputderanoirrcaai.setpnetrei,nclerisiP.ei<lomozpi,ueee:ltttrarraiapctcnilvtisf,ieafe=itn0ri
Forma caracteristicilor de
-1_

3,7 4,t 1.5
Fig. 6.20

r,Nrtdta-pd!,ao1e1jeievacieotfs1loeeircicasn11arrll"ddisdimet"tcm5ro.cemtfe'oeeeaeamnuattrnrrzrlceuirauxalimraaaliionnlmrilrnnamrrascid^sv.tcfeeruteecetteellelrrr'ael^'rlrr.ui"mzii^xnr,snni,itdfesarmelcisu,giuinitin,icceiisrotttrex'gIped.arrt']rlerrier.,ucaom*mcif.loniar,ce.eiiraeantvnfaia,triaoti,oreirerraranc"nirdaclnlulerla,e;pebeost"rloaiauaiifa.ltT,"elv"rirre"cioear",;;aini,,;r;."niri;a-"itii,zra-enll-",e*-rirti"fl*i;ifpaiitri,tJlge""an,oucuriru?-rai.oroepl,nrxiui,^rriscejs"sititrir"a*ioiipcee:i-lr;pr.!ruza"pf"iamo.(u;"ciotolti;irlato;tl;teiaal*riic;^;r*,ri"[a;'i"c)"bps.li;.t"q,r,#etri.;i,n,;picn';rti^^;d;"iun"uzi'"Hn""e'niuJs.J;dc,ac"il"i,ceeaitnl",ukee,'rtlttneloerrilecaseleerictintinreieaensaupcnr.c*cfc.aenTeo,osaerttrnrciea,rrcu.idsntccfrteuineiiidua]srviifettiitclstiedteo__iie1--,l.;r

lol (b)

L1gfm(u1iTiron'nstctc"ei)o)tt.eli:rooePldcrens:eeoap(cn'ur_stleenreseu)dxmird.e*senc'*ecrantrteilx"pi*eo.nrlt.ur'nospouia,afdu.1'rr1unaelm:.cizi1ineica-ptveooo'eoropzrt6{somci,atio?tiurfvprjelnteorise^osriaretngtiaatlipcicrrni;oien-ct"i,n.iaX,qisr:irerrclue,,zulapptepeirio;ra"a,."r-ipr,do;*e{uG,ianttlla"oge;a,";gr.prip5i;'lcefre,"etir"satitutaCiedrz,lbIsriealoiinnmlizi.i"iin,gpt,fFairiviegrcc(eeznue,leneorrtnaipnsruuoealta6ziilon.ei2striacizi1vcdxrgae_i_eo,.-

238

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l_ ,il 1

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rin'o:n,zilieileorvrrariunp[redaniifetlcruoitrennipvpoeunllueciitletloeglaeilcca0lct,eir(rccnu)apittueivlnuetir(usvianirrtiiavaefriilirul,etia)ltoet6ginincsiifu.i"gnIuriiuorailn' c6dl.e2in4ibnbjtorcansr:ied{cbs_)i

/,.1) v.. = 5 \,/ (v) iv; Ac = 0.25 V
5, B, =/.8V
3.5 4". = 0,43 v 4,5
B, = /.4V 4,4 q,-:j
3 3.5
- R. I z.o z,t z,alvl
---t.i I 2,5
2,0 Ibl
2,0 ', aoi I
1.5
ii1,5 moxA

0,8 1,2 1.6 2,e 3,2 \V) | 0.4

xA mln.l 'mox.0

Fig. 6.23

{o}

(cl

Fig. 6.24

ntiera{qn"irs"erieTr9i,a(tIll)p(-bor)ertsripeloezrcetrievvg_i,all/puce2u(ntrl)1rus. eAro.mbL_pi.nl!iii'taugld.painufinicleecrleatrt/"du2(ilnc)osrfiiitlgrpiau'rrteraalde6e.2au5snu:rpi(arfa)arcaelczoeersrvtdcdci

2&

LVt, aof 'c - 9t

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(sz's) ,,0;- ("ot )'J u -;

fr (tqilvr

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'aJ'EruIIou

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leZ 'tZ'ZZ7 D eP lrrotrlzuprl r.rnturSeX '1'7'9

{q} 9Z'9 '8Id z'a

8'0 9'O (D)
A9= ''0
AlA't '9'0 g'0 ,'0
J o9aL- J
E= /V lr'h A g=nA

A Z = l'ula J otaL- -L
tt gE'} = tg
9=N

AC'?: }xDur

t eZ'O= ot ,/,

)n,0

(t)::A ),,ll zst
Lr(A)

-t,r1pa'gc;rtlog+rr:srooo;0qrlzr'3xE,ro3Ilrualrr+Jul+?raslr.nul.penuurolr+rrt{asTI"parEnc1rrllsdl uoepnp{..lrurluorzedadn.rKrdcuoe?trnddccisro;'rtuoan"arcaaVae+1osapgola'rAplienguc:nIlC:Tp o+qaz

'uIuI

gql

E,rprimincl p€ Ito"r Di [ro" in func!'ie de rru1, e, si c,1 se obti]]e

co1i,,,): (t - #) r, * (t - *,; ) "", (6.26)

avitid in t edele ch t)r;rf da6> 0 ii tlrr"r/drr1{0 rezultd, c5, capacitatei_r, efectir.ii,
lrrrzil-ernitor scilcle iar ceu, colectol-bazX cre;te (similar ci efectul }riiler,).
expresiile lor (6.9), (6.11) rezulti
inloruirrcl r, rii ?i", cu

('rr(,'ai) = - 10-.7 re-'\'v'-t,-v--s,-,a,,t-lt-'rf Ir +' (r'r/r}'t) etvst-uallvr y. i\6v'.-i";\/
t- Ll + (1f r)1,lvnn-ro,'t,rrf2 |

valialia accsiei c:rpacihi!,i cv an este a.r,il,fatd, in figura 6.26, erprimind
irrtr'-atlevl,r o depenrlentii, puterrric uelinia,ri.
pirrtrrcci,ttidtcTrirtuilmlizaa'i,lltt'ueaieiliizr eeciNilnpteriemlisnipciriirir(e6de.(2dci)eompseru:rnirirutr,rruae,Iddmeetaperirnemd)ineian.qrteesapeextcitrrinae.lprtni1ioeirlveaclllecabrcioolctr,niomuatesadilieii;
ranlccrlrielifcalitccaluprarcnit[iritiimi til.eAinsttrfealroe,stcearceonsviieancarbimil uslei,zseoaicnetlecadsuicsxa, rcoinvi,a]coaa,rsoi
{'nr (i'r,,) lttimcic.intl tensirtneape-ionctiune variazii intre r1oui, liinite ti-rate.

('',nl'or'trr ;rr'cstei deiiuilii rtr-crrt

Arr'- _.,,1&l .;5 I !,t't1 r''ot"-u'ot' C"( l'u"r) d 'o'I -i-
t,l1r) 0!0,)
I

[ ""h,tl o.-r -.(0)
"hc

+l,",(b11)- "".c{1\ ) (6.28)

I

c.(tr-r.r) dl-n", | .

"'D,(10-) -.ro) I
'r:1

i, t iiizirLd selul rit cg:r,liti,!i

?'1,!'- 1'"" -- I',r - I)t: Ypp - rrf2, :z-!,1r) 1:"" - lt"r: Vaa + 1\12,

l,r("o):1:nr - Vr, r(irl) ..= Itza-- I'ro -T rtlz, (6.2e)

ull) -= l-r" - rt - 1'a" -r l'", -- t:1i2, tL\) :-I'ec: tr-se * trr,r -r r\12,

o\pi'(^si:r lrri 01, tieuirre

-'*.10,-] [t-ffi) i*co'n ,f,,1oi;v.nf,r1r ([', 1',a - r,l2 tt-n" /
t- \. 1-&r-l

. C"o l-o^ V,r_,'!_)'-u"._ lr,,rvo-t"',)J,-ull (6.30)

rt-l.") ,., l1{\,- I ,vo" J (\y' t .

4rt

(re's)

r,rtt(tqa-ssAa (.If T) -'l- - * #3c A r,,r ,r" * tzr * *rra)

---_i_
I
1? lJo lan

. -t,tnfP.p\(Ir-rlr". r I'. t2. +| r-z-:'u+a)) *- -,{rpflr-p rrat?1rta

"g1er{au,+as:roeyrrnplnrJrfoelncscleoc,qIngsf u.gncrlsuern"r5rgjzreuaJuo.JreuaonC5 e.rec

(ge's) 't'0 + tO I "'"0 (t, - tn) * t'p,r,: rC

r:€a_e-:J€c+eoaoos^llllsJuuaor"cnalzJrE-ucruc+eJo€uuozpdJtJrdsur??quro1ccoJe.prcoaa(IE1ETdnf)rJa6rlRJr+lecloJ'tiis'd+eg"+updcr/arcaeCemla1codudcu(r"-a(rocK1er)+.s(zgrrgqo'a+r6"l)uqs-c'gora("zc..'[FurreaXolvpagedtrl)+orEe.l+Jgrlr"ngr'tcCpu1,-eru,?..lurIdouoHlcoepqtzs.cecoHardJJF(.e€oTrfo.dc+)rl
epreod r4p O-NI-CyS ilirgd
ts ro+caloc op KIts?oT
ee1elrcrde3'l,nyn,tolca1oc Tnsundspg (q

(re 'g) 'vt Z'Z: ,n*r1 (tq: L(0: (31

agrsa.rdxa ne _]t rS ,olt lldu4i[

(rg's) '('n"6-? - T)zn -l 7, nn A: Q),na

,, -

alsa er{n1os ra.rtsc €

iee's) '(t)o,o+ * - "'.t : *n r, !-ro"

€ru{?In layarrr uuer1€e161e1ulrFlrozuo1dEp+1t?dpeap.4qle.{ri.c((ut1nny"r:iorgroC=?ens"o.rt1)(utKf)c"eIJipulldclnupurrursloucensdonasrqo{rr.1crdail.d)r
-urr +€Joprsuoo

(aS'S) (i)olc r fi - ".n: *(ros)ap1 Taa +ft,tn4,

a+sa roztsq lnsundse.r pzuou;raan.8 e.rrc "g1er{.ue,ra;rp er{encg

(rg.g) .o"c 6* 6lo"C:rs{)

: :(aluelsuoc €.rarrosq op lr{plrceduc) 6 "q urln"r"

"|rfi*Xl,nu"ff#o;*ot"

rlrdo 'r11, T rr sint constante de tinp intrinseci corespunz5.'toare moclelului
neiiiriru' 2tl tranzi-\toxului iar acrt icb au expresiile

rr : fl'a0tt rci : rll;C"1. (6.38)

Avinti itt r.-edere c5, c11, r21 \r 't,6 sint foarte niici in rpaepnotrrtuceucn"cartisae
(Iitoi.t3ni)esgrlijaobtelirrirelesnoiilucliea contin constzlntele lespectiYe si

t gttitu 11.. e-,i.'. (6.3e)

]

in figurtr 6.2? sint reprezentrrte curbele nonnate de lXspuns tranzi-
Lot,ju al colector, pentru diferite valori nor'rlate ale saltului
tensiunii rle
icrSlic 11- Pe n5,surii, ce'D,ffcre;te tirnpuldecre;terel!"")scaderapitl,
: rll't,.
linzind asirnptotic ciitre t1" al unei celule J?C avincl constant'a c"1, atunci
cintl Ia intrale se nplicil, functia treaptri unitate. in felul acesta poarttr, Io-
a ,cemnalolor aplicate pe
pJic:i cfectueazir, o repunere irr formli care ff") devine egal cu l!b) b; adza[c. iE, xtri1st:5,

o \raloa,rLr cl'iticri a saitului o,N pelrtru 4,0ir. Penbru Dtu)r o11,,e 8,velrl tf)<tf'

:2:;,t valoarea :criticS, este ?rl,r-o

qi inr.ers claczi r-,,,u <!c-pio avemlf') >' lfb). I'entni salturi logice suficient cle
rrrir,r'i, c; *-.'*35, se poiltc lua lf"l-2,2.r,1. Cit prive;te timpul de intirziere,
rr,crstir rrste sl:rb influenlat e1e c:itre tr,,.r, prin llrntare tirnpul cle lntirziere

al secliuriii SAL-|-NU esle

:tg, tl!) -f o,?:"1. (6.10)

cj lldspttnsul repetorului pe emitor.
IIai intii vorn face observafi:t c5, iu
cazul porlii lClE au 1oc relaliile

"tt.--'tt,'/-rrc.'T- -_I- ,0e _v,0.

(6.4 l)

t,4 Tcct t:14Vaci
rrtilizintl act'sfc aploxitt'rlri valorile
rnedii aic rlitelitclor crrp.acitii!,i capil,tri

erirlcsiile:

:0"r A o1 = 1,17 {-1 -1- 1,62 {),a) 0,88 C"6,
i.),cq1 {.' C,.n, A 7=
,0, A ,,,,- "i}a,?5

{-' :0.:t l'{!'a1tl"I-'ir::,f' \IIll-,iL' \i i -

-,1,,',,:j i' - r L.- ji. lb. r:l
tt

rrrrlli, {', ir\i1!,' [1:i piitr.i1,:rtca para.zilit :i r:tr:igtrlrr.rlui R," (,1 ,. e''{.i,e 1u-t-rgitnea
lez:si,{}r.'lrlrii iat' f-', ts'rt cll lritcitlttoir Tlo Lttlitatell. clt: }rlrtgirrrl r.

244

cu>

'Iag-i:;l .ril,r
-TJoill ti3 olrsy8 1y locl fal aIE i)+ua;la,r n'irorlcl-y 'iou repr Jo-rrn'ueJr?{}r1ile gzeezrl
-ttrJailutrr il.ruc oJr3incrl,r'url aruarlcg ll-tJo+Ir z,iclnsr nrr.rclo ou es urcuorj.irelul
: tC ?p r,rnc{r,1 Jola?rJaJrp E t3lr^r,ro.r rT.r oJaJoJ+ o uranuclo;rcl au riu T}BJ at}
ecrSo1 a+rn.c.rro itp a?illaiJtl ;).mur
1n;t;rFe;rrd u1 'agu.r5alur rza-r) o1r:Ilenacls ap BJnltra]rl rrr o osr.{cs.}p +urs
aJaJEoa{[
([19'og '8t'I nltltrra\o ap

73 ri-rod op atuE!rei\ "e .2.9

'riualuruq.ta ricuorirra.ruoc r.rr)+srzupJil nc B+{zlIEe.r
rl,reod +ltap p+uol IEru ]J ,e^ IC pcr;-oi ppuod o (puoifua,tuoc)
o+alsJoaslrrpco+luqalEunA-r.qi+cte;rp.ror+nslnrzJrorE+Js+rzrrinalul,nEBJo,Blcaaclo+cjcoapp "arr"nIBeuilpr +rEo3ur
pul^1. rJo rjrlo+ic 3ll
Eo+ts+rcuclec pc ul
rrclrnrl oJepo,L str
nT'rirrrur+ocJu,rEreuosrilqtusnirlsuJtrsorourll.liqol-JraarJrS?JlJr'nlr+alrnrl:nr,EoaSlpcaaculko,nalrel(cauc+nE,lSp.urloauu;rrdzaualci;ard"oracp;rup,r,rp.lr,r3rdlpaqdpeuir{ur7a;;1n, l!Jtu'gj ]J
i,rleotl

(e rs) -'oCst (on t) gg'O -l n,ttne L'0 : (81

Ecrpe t.rolcnpuocrrrros rnln,rilrzodsrp al,r3

ICa-suu+ur a la+ualuola op +r-Lnl,'': oJarzrllul op pdurrl +ts+ou "-s ,f,tr ur.rd opun

(st''s)

tssA f?aoc'ugz'o * t"'u loc (o - t)gf 'o * rp l,'a) * r$t : rfit * r"+Et : et

(trs) 'rf' 1' il c'E s' a)-i l"( gt' 2r z' z) : "t,itlj-*i4-l:'t
t : :(srg)'rloo ("t '"q[5_r)l * ,(rtr esj .l z'a z16r)*rl ,".1;.,l,l 't

trczaq rE rac ap K+vI {l ri ruo^B
"ropdrul+ aIB alu+uaurrldns i,ra1o&a.rc ocnpoJ+ur nu
InJolcaloc pu''lpc c,rrr+srnJ1c;lIunrz(€lrcurpJlJrrrJoa. pprsfulo?Clo'al,run?atllwtlorcc eadptlr,!lrttlcm1.zlatd;rtduo,.yrl ofpt epun

nua
ocurrq'a=
:*.
(gt'g) g'o Itr'ist n 8'0 (,tl
oc"u

(rrg) ' 'ssAflo oc"zr gz'0 * oc (nt * t'a) (orc - t) ggtO=

=l'oo+ytau,1,""5A*lt,l1-z1t^-o0^t pyIr*oJ(n.t^ 1t'g)(0a-t) f r-rrI] cf'O:(/jr

(ers) '0,) (nt * r'11)(oa - TJZ'Z=

I sst +0c(l * T'u) ('rc - t) -l- tt"JI 6'a- tl,t
=1"11r.,,s-ettd,,

: [56] eausr{.qroolceaslIo,cjtr'i.r31gz',eilqanr€;1lnuuerdoo€ecpp.JrtosgIrduunrrsqpo;nlrpi eo^cIo+.€rduqoxop.urd1uor1acpltrrs;a,rdxa
nriqo

1) Porti lag'ice LTC l_25-271" 'I'entliril:l general5 rie rnicryolare :r

tir:npilor de courutare (1rl specia.l a ce'lui de in1,ir:zierc) qi a puterii conslli]1a1e,

b-n realizat plin utilizarea' portilol LCE crr tranzistt;r'i ccnrnplementali"
logicitrp)ooazlittaiv[L,.TSCchdeirnriafigreuprraez6in.t2i,8dae[2fr6pJteofepctouaeratz[iiLo]pil]eTraCria(lo$gTic-til{r[eIziri.n-

1

2

1

(o) ib)

Fig. 6.28

tsoourrmd-dinifooudal,5rut-etnrauenriizcmisdicteororpisuecctoeumrnedpelPe. m:en2ta0r-i,)10ct0re.pqtwjna,tiar vsin[ rflutninctiiponi edzeeinctuirzuienrecornre-

Scherna din firg,cuEradi6s.c2u8tba1te27m1ae,ifesncstuseeazp5o,toopbetrinae,fialez$uI-ltSaAteLc"leI;osein-
combinalie cu
b:2it*d!e porli
in dileclia micqorfrii timpilor. f, si lo (erist[ por,{i cu lo:
interesante o inci,rcare cu 7 por',ti $I-SAU sau li porti SAU-NU)"
ns peniru
S-au luat mtisuri peirtt'ir eliulinalea oscilaliilor p:rr.azite care pot apitlea,
eicnarn'eriett:orxjreilloebrarePnpdre\itiiortales,rie1b,plaeozceecirertnlraietnolazrt:iisv(t1om)luticrlauPni "zNi:sPto\5rln0nlMul$IetPrszNte;aa,(rc'2ec)pelsnoicbddiulusilnulceoaxrmnteuprniloltrai-,l
astfel se elimini induct:rnta parazitri, rlir-r baza tra,nzistoru)ui \tPN; (B)
in colectorul tranzi"rtoruhri NPN este localiz:rt[ o rezistentS, care impreurri
crr eirpaoitatea colecto,--hazra formeazl o bucl:i rle lea.c.fie ireg:r,tivii, cir acti-
une rle stabilizare.

2) Tranzistori cu riiatle Bclnttiiril. irrlStul'arex colnplet[, a saturatiei
tranzi.ql,orilol integra{i ciin logica LTf se realizeazl prin introduccrea unei
diode Schottky (DS) intre brzi, si r:olector; JlS firrrneaz5, o RNI( cu per-
folrnanlr- supr:rioale (r.ezi pa,r'aglaful 5.2.1). In lucrarea f30] DB este rera-
Iir,aLh pe lut tranzistor planar-epitaxiai N'PN' sub fornta unei cliocle I,IS
intre piatin[) al r,egiunea l{ slab
icoantcaocltt,ucltonr'rre;htarili(ci'i(gs.ili6ca.:,lt9tr1)el bazei si
dopal .imbol urile posib!lc de reprezenlarr' :r
tranzistorilor irrtr:grati cu IIS sint a,r'Xtate itr fig'ula 6.29b,c. in ultirnuX
timp rlrept contact rnetalic pentru J)S se utiiizea,zi Al. lntrucit curentul
prin 1)rS este cla,t, ntttnai de purt5,torii rnajoritari, neexistind acurnuli,ri de
sarcin[' rle purtS,torj mirroritari. timpii de comutare direc't5, si inr.ersi,
sint extrern de mici. fntroducerea -lfB are ;i doud, neajunsuri : (1) cr:e;teiea
tensiunii de satura!,ie a tranzistorului, aqa cum rezult* din caracteri,qticilc',
.statice cle iesire (fig. 6.30 : a - fi,r5, r)8, b - e.,r DS) gi (2) creqterea capa,-

Liz

raJ,EJ+ur ad :rr+Izod 'nJqrlrq?a ep aJ€+s Bnop E uI F+ilt{ioD InlrncJlc Ta'
sprrlurr un pu.rcqdy 'zg
eaniar erds psttusuEJ+ a+se oJ"c
od-uarnuorrsclurrgoie+lreg?cs+reIzEuuur lrEaI!pEo€+ua€nJ+rlscl+ausueoulJIgKps+cuEollllnlrargupoc€eaeaJrle,sE;arlstrauuJrIA(rr'l1I-a,JOu+sspJEu€1J++I+l3uncrroualoqdco,udcgutu.oi.zrrdao'ud1nasdlgsaradarnzup6r
rnun €o,recrlde ur"r4 'aJtsJlrqrts rrp+s u1 IEIilul csosg5 os loun+ olapolp Kc
ruaundnso;rd'IIqE+slq un orntrtsuoc EZE g urnFry ulp 1ISAIJ{O Ininpolt
'lu'B?Suoc +uoJnc uJ o?nuloc
gs ri gquqs nrqrlrqco op rrp+s Tnop pqre FS
iIiourrn.rol qo.slatzpoo.rrpta;lrlceuyrlaIrauJr?l:s€op.8aopluans
JolrJo+srzut.r+ € oJ€uor{cun; ap oplnrut.Se"r
IC1--rrrss4Jusluorr6oad'Jpeo+1are;urrrr{zoraraatr;deroJl:rarpoyrpI:nurJuoorlaa+sdtsaBcl rIg,n,ladrpJrueruyrxll'Jo(paylltuu' ctorupKut.zrd€rauanr.nrtrorcs.oottr1aeac pa"or?1+onru}crJuoo'qpouene1apa.rlect-zI;ucor41lrdaoe.}r
+uoJnc ap oltsurrros uud alulnuroc +uls Ioun? olaporp 4(t l]tulxo.rdu eleod as
'eilsocr? pIaJ uI 1 a.ruru :!Ile{o.r e1.se gluuparlult "ro.rpc 'e 'uoltttro ut.rd feidna
nIncpuleiJriusar1ra'Jar:p|r|lJ{!oelurc+rsJrFlculuneq rrn oJ+Ec op a?trput?tuoc luls l6un+ oallsoopo((1lpuu"1ros{
o nB .roJrura ad rr.rolada"r
To luoprao
g1aJrl-SeuJuonotrlosar?cgr+"p1runea+sa,u[atr]or1raraocu++;cdrtEp+nracrurriluopsqeoJuenpnlJ:oastocrrdr*Tualaaaeaalr;pspzpioerlnroflpoedsro+rJue.uosrnoydorlsCiccz+t)u:os'1+IaratuuesoclI.uuduS;r]unuK,(prrotocrllgees[aJiocpJap'lpB"lrppiocp,lJc]eur'Iundprl?.cpl'iIrEtuoauuapr]ol"spdu+tIpeaZou'nr;oIcrrlrlogu.Eli,Jnrortrqorarrl)u?"oo'p3lrtUpcutestoeqlorue7oarp{z?1dr"uornfi.en.erlrrpo(odnlIaloaudlclar1'rrl1auu:naue;nrlrunrr+|rntpuusr1uolaanlpraJiuoaat€sppclIouuoloulK€rlllprsppaor
to.raoarl op Kputsq x erucrrrlduru prsnpo.rcl : luIS Jo+iura etl tnln.rolada;r ea1e1
-IIIC{ts?sm FururJa+e p o,rEJ rrJ+aulrz.re.1 'ar{cllcsoo+n€ op InlnlotiJed g1t.ro1ep
grisrlc r3+u€rJ€a rrl .rolrrua ad rnpr.rolada,r ea;rezql+n T+r^a as Tza?ra o.rtsur
uraa=.rr,Io]rJFelos"1arlouz;aJrucal€uspJa1eai;d-lpaozangJu;.acrraunruzc1coJrdr5rrlel{coupou1iuu;ranlir,npJna+pcdroJr.rJJrruo'ocE+rgclunirp'Inronzlqr.uiraorepqll.Jc€rrc1srus)loeaadFtpJuaonquoIuzlslJrriooIl[++8+csu9BaI.,rKp]oo+u?pIu1cCnorn+oloclrqdcuor;riualu+.uar{nrorxfzlpeaxrd.lorlra+euundqrooX'c(5g;itunts1l1rurnril.9lmruug1s;uc'r6oauny=uldco

un glurzalda.r Jo+rlrro ad lnroladal Tc +nJsounc a+sg 'v.T,t:g t:Jnoqlr III E+'B+
-nazolder olsa UgAINll m1nlnpour e gqecr;rldurrs nldtcnucl op Ernaqcs
'arslur.cutsJ] op lluli urrd rololeuuros ql oJrnerJlr-rp
a(-o1pl)oru(uqgoaJ+usrrsunruurrdnrurrnouloarlouoperFqurorloul ldalnuoEtoaeaJruliz;ocrIluJ(ogK;rS)(g'os)lout+rri6nloadg.rrqcgu((lg1qn)qoli-J;upreerI)rIiqiern.InrsiIerreoallar;1Jrantrsz+o;?.rr;EJL11cuJsTgDa(u5FI)

a's1u,i:gdrtcfuur,rrnclrlrarpxtcsru1rsrrJoalleDcrrrr;rul,dl ru'au,l8ron1plicr1iaonnEyoJeaprzgJIF?umI l(1tr)u:t:1Fu1os,ErnlupcoliJlpaooulet oodsnor,kreuor

r'(r.JrKo1Jr-n"1I 5rrsJ"opqnuetstalJr:i1)?r1Joersr;urar lr1uens:raop,rrpu1u1r)5 Ua;OuuAr IuNnnncFrrlingpzotrtlur,r,]'ol3J'ztarluuraal pn€ac[r85Ao1]

lp roun rr.rtszrl,eor er{co.rrp acl pui$"ralq 'lgAl Ug,4l4{n W1npoilt G
'earlr8au

e+-+rl3roizlpquJcrr?suodrJlsosallsarillzJerturstJrsu?r+uarsnoc,p,agrnlle,inId"Jroq+Ecna'arzpIul.€INn,rI1o-IJrSrJ'no(t€?'srrg'urrcJIrraISodo?o1rudupqraalr.;rntul'r4aiogp)dq.TSaaSppOJnoSyalidCuqrfrutigiao'x,ugraernlenuc;rrognul.do8cr1d4oup13
rnlnseco;rd E+"Jnp ad rolceloc op rrurlrsual rr{.mru,r plurzo"rda,r o.rec 'u1g'g
n.rcnl lsoce i?sJa,rur aJB?nruoc ap rnpdurr+ E oJoz vI
€.rnoerJ ul truJ+snl alsa
cilcr;rd tsoJacnpoJ rrl Fl.suoc a.ruc l,uriueso 1n[e1ue,l,e no or{u"redruoc ur a?tsu
-ruasu.rau 1nlo? nc 1u1s r.rnsrrnfruou aq-sacy '0/o116 wcna nc Fztsq-Jo?ca1oc rr{g1ro

!

;. Vt'')"/--t.'-1\)c\
\J-.

tre. o.zv

11. 2a 30 ia 5c sa .,aJis)

iol

Fig. 6.31

us

6VZ

ll,r'1.3r1 'n1iS Iij 3)I- u3iTl 'S',roa1Feriirti,truarL,rIoo3,lrlozdu;r)zr.rllliilt.q],{qiir)nilqurtu?lrn€co,,Troiopat?:gt 'T.qIr
il.rirlliJ,irJo+TcJltsnec1s,.Jr'snrlcco.sIi,iirl airIa
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5.3. Memorii cu semiconductori integrate

6.3.1. Tipuri de intesrate.

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se estimea zd, cd' 7 o + 80 o/o din volumul fizic gi prelur de cost ar unui
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