Sandu, D. D. - Probleme moderne de tehnica impulsurilor

rr'eazh c5, i(nc1up) srteterzhuencnottulo,rsigi mlialoaesi satlreeyismoienaleivhsiiiitbmorripd,leio,, rH,spindire mairnare vor ci,pdtat"
memoriile 1\{oS-bipolare. Aceasta din doui,
se pot ieariza clensitd,li mari gi
m_otive :
rebuturi mici iar oostul este rnai scS,zut; (2) prin perfeclionarea'continui,
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tehnologia aplicatS, existd, o strinsS, legiturd,. de

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6.3.2. Memorii integrate bipolare

Prima descriere complet5, a unei memorii bipolare integrate este datf,,
Perkins gi schmidt ln 1965 [63]. capaoitatea memoriei eri, de 2b6 x72:
c:le 18 432_bi!,i iar_ciolul de citire de aproximativ
ximativ de 1 clolar pe bit,. Pinil in prezent au l-50 ns ; prelula fost apro-
vmiteemzoeriii_d.ienhtergcrruate{cibcilpuollatroet,a_l lec-lealiazcinccelus-slae fost con,strdite numer,-oase
progrese in clireclia
memorie remarcabile a 10 ns), a
de ordinul
oostului (0,35 dolar pe bit) si a flexibilitnlii de utilizare. in continuare'se
descriu citeva valiante de mentorii integrate ltipolare.
Ne oprim intii asupra sistenrului de rrernorie cu acces la hazai,d
;i seleclie li,niard. (dup5 cuvint), descris:i de Sn)'der [64]. Elementul de bazd,
este constituit din.tr'-un alanjamt nt r1e 16 cuvinte
a ci1,e 4 bili realizate pe
o singur5, pl5,cu.ti, (chip). irr{reag,r, plS,cut'5, incluzinrl circuitele de deoocii-
ficare a adreselor, inscliere, citire, cornandd, a datelor care urnleazd, si, fie
i'snrsrmcriis3e50(x+'rit1e2-e0nran\b4lre.)D,uslr:6r,6ta*utnodtati,,li,t1ae acces la pli,culX, (chip-enable) con-
unui ciclu total cle acces la mernorie

F-ig.6.36

este de a,proximativ 110 ns (seleclia cuvintului qi citirea 4b ns, pregH,tirea
inscrierii 35_ns, d.urata impulsului de inscriere 30 ns). Modul de orginizare
a pl5cu.!,ei r1e rnemorie este ard,Lat in figura 6.36.

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6,3.3. Memorii integrate cu structuri MOS

Dupzl, cum s-a ar5,tat in paragp"ful 6.9.1 cxistd, in momentul de fa!i,
o mare yarietate de structuri -}rOS rrtilizate ca elernente de memorie; eie
difer5, prin tehrrologie, modul de organizare qi principiul de stocare al info-
maliei.

7) Consideru,lii, esullrut tehnologii[,or 1551.

iu(rfntilgbliuz. neF65a.a,4zt51!i,5,!aA,it)e1d,uae'nedrcsie5str,turpio,cerotnudtrersauescrimIreIieOecrtleeaSlvsizaucacrliacraisennicttdsXee,
este datd, mai jos.
Si pufernic Oorot,O,
S!I)(fSigt.ru6c.tu4r1a XIOS ar, eLectrodutpoartd,
din
b) se deosebeqte deltruc-
tura clasic5, prin faptul ci" irL locul
stratrr- :
Ini de Al se utilizeazd, tln strat
de Si t
policristalin puternic dopat. Procesul de
tabricare decurge dup5, cum urrneazi,. pe
nitr.urd o pld,cu!5, de Si tip N se realizeaz5, stra-
de Si
tul rle SiO' apoi se practici, orificiile pen-
o*id tru dren5, qi surs5, iar pe locul amplasirii

porlii, strabul de SiO, este erodat pinX
Ia grosimea dorit5,l se depune un strat de
Irig. 6.41 Si policristalin. IJlrneazS, doparea cu un

element trivaient, (de exemplu. bor) pentru formarea sursei qi iL,enei;
totoclati, l-rorul transformi, stratul policristalin Si intr-o regiune P+.
qc1ie ermetizarea cu SiOr.
Illtirna etapX const5, in fixarea tet'minalelor
Avantajul escnlial al acestei strucl,uri irtOS fa1;ii de cea clasici, crr poartli
dirr AI sonst5, in faptul c5, funclia de lucru a silicirrlui dop:r,t este rnai
nrici ilecit a alurniniuiui, astfel are 1oc reclucerea substanliai5, a tensiu-
nii pr:lg t''"; (cu reclu-
de asemenea se pot realiza densitir,li mai mari
coreil corespunzi,toale a prelulrri de cost) deoalece poarta din Si tip P
are dimensiuni mrrli, mai mici decit cea rlin A1 qi are loc nricsorarea
capacit:i!iLrr c1e suprapunere.

_ lr) 9trurturi MOS cu, stt'ut cle ni,irurii d,e 8i, (fig. .al c/. fenrlinla
rnicsorale a tensiunii prag I/" decrrrge din nccesibatea
tle de-a face compa-
tibile structrrlile IfGS gi ceie bipolare. O metocl|, simpld, ile reducere a
tensiunii [r, constii, irr suprapuncle& nnui strat cle nitrurd, tle Si peste stratul
dc SiOr. 'Ierisiunea Z" depinde de mai rnulli factori printre careqicapaci-
tatea stlrtcturii (invers propor'lional). Felmitivitatea electricii, (re1ativ5,)
a nitrurii dq: Si este - 7 ,5vafalolrrii de - 1 a, SiO. ; are
loc crestcrea capaci-
tri!,ii strucbulii (pS,strincl rezonabile pentru grosimile straturilor)
plin urmare trr" scarle.
c) Structuri itr,tegrate n[OS contplementare. Aceste struoturi prezinti
avirrrl,aje cleosel:ite ln ce prive;te viteza
rezistorul ctre sarcin:i al unui tranzistor dTcEfCunIIcOlioSnzctrurecaosni paqltrlg-leeastcelisoipoants5t,i-;
tuit dintr-un a1t tranzistor TECMOS cu carral P qi viceversa. Un exemplu
tdoemcelulu.ilirc, rItIOcaSnaclo-mIy'pelsetnr:recnotnaericr,taet5s,tedairr'e5,ctatt:ci,uinsufirgsrarrtara6n.4z2isatoIrrulrleuni acutr.acnaznisa-l
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vele Structuri integrate lIt)B ou cuplaj pri,n, sarcitra electrtcd,. Dispoziti-
cu cuplaj prin sarcinl,
ttlrizeazia capacltori llos pentru a realiziinjec_

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Procesul de transfer al sarcinii este cle-
soris de ecualia [115]

tQ, _: 0 ln du0; -+tt'Q'o;);, 1 (6'50)
u' Lo'
-;; )'

cgpiiteinnarasqu,fntroedlfpee\farfsreduemept.eenZz0eDaepmtr,frinmoniaaotettn,bieastasci.ntCclfeDieceetleaairara.ess,atstelqaastdSetatd,rlie,cesrrsiepfetnsraelueauaarrcpclctfivSrserioaneet,ofnnistcaioc,et!svli5dar,pctei,,atloaodnpenavr,rlessteatecmattiraedeipciaedndlierbnetopeeeddirlrp^r,nor,rtircctlnrreileaurfdaizu]nritiiirzidnni,rr1,itnruteiG{srXf-,lr,-eIoaIczsp. dvr.11oreoo90cno0iil'o-a'Mi\iTdrosrIedeTzrFaso,tctaiogneicot.oax-tir6i.es.+l4tidx5n,dietncde^tr-r,a^6;n^es+dtfXeder,q-iiii

258

6S2

rolnlac lnlnur,iuoc quooJIeIl'.I(rcaip.rouapc1ouvl1qzcavepul)\ot6oIr{-'cI+or-utr{plusuro?uoJJo3+FprII7ne€o1lotnsJ}1osnI1Juc1ISq8'uBJl++snl€qssJ(aorJupoo.+rttrIi$UazItSu)lIuI€eJ1Jt?tr.i
6s1d lufs arr'1codsa.r oIIr{II q}tsJcalas Kn1cr o n.rluad
q"-nppoituCu-+"siagcttsitInIoJ
qpullnu.roc EEB1tr

gt-'il 'Fta

: lS ti ag er{ce1es op JoIITII 1uIo1n[u Trc \ztsoztlY*lJ 3s orJol-uoru op roInIaJ
ouJ'1oold,sl7rlcoanjga.clglr;eutnrrg.crcrlJneQom88pbrol;€pru.uoranlI€..drruet+r?Jlt€?lo.?crqe+nousournonp€lorrIo{JoAmola++csmgnoocIeJo+rlpruo.rr+qot€oir+u++rnsca€uuslrcrl.rorolpoocTupruuolo€cnqu?-on.rcr+o+l€osuuocoolrcSldun;gIzcagrrlluuuneurF,TFrer1u,a."riimroore?ndpcolnlqnp.'rud+gsIosnpecIputnsuou+urlrefer,1Iiro?g'cs[s1qnor9clps]l
Iitts*++oo++I-neIlcerlOlpq'(r.lu.{tCtrul o'Oo;,o.t)ln'asu.rrr{luc1l1oo,dtrr€lqu-sr(uatrsxllusoor.Fcrdtesl:lIunorI)peJgopu+usIel3'alluSroJocuulopropupr1a;lqto'elolsncoIooFrolop€oonrpol
rrnlcru+s ap Fztsq ed riezquo.r 'tr lvuvo tio SO1[CgJ lro+slzu€r+
o(1pucuoe11q'aa1p1cruJduIcI.rFp+TsrIAer3puonl,trlsootu,rooucl ap glnc'p1d o Ksrrcsop
'IiIq 996 1 nlduroxa op) f+t;toP
z;-Ce1o nc SOI T

yzniezqrln-os
e+setg-gl u1:(+ecole
'ueer.xrullsgzuv1eez-iyr.eroeu:rrauerso€paqrnollorccsou+l n'tunropclr9qs€+?litluql tI€osJt+ros+t€ere7ec4oa'1l1qcie{a.prdosclayl.nrUli{rlli9d.r4o(1ds;rguo1ar€;;qrrcud_fto.nrsou€;
ui;ruod urrd e"gpsuruocosquoolsryalculuriruuiua;rrod5sur-qoIutIuSturua€.Il
o+So IoInIoc 1n1nu1{uoc oJI?Ic op
asuas) o"rilrc
ryzvy uI;11uyr.nc er{caies) CS lolu{ 1n;rolrrfu nc gloe+oalas e?so €InIoO
sJlz\a-nIln,rtcltotJr'Jdo+llnoulglusque\r?r1ru?o;isrl8qe€1:u(1oSrostI'lIStuuTsc'uF^J€€ll".)sq ep t{.rocl
rorrJno+?r+ssrzuuoc€r'ltur"pilltslTrJuoJ+o$Jzau'tJsSr+o
g"illl:,r$1a1ltuJt;
gUrCJeS nc lqu+srq uIr-JlUIp
t?+suoc al.toluoru op €J€+ualLIoIa ulnlso
'1c1ur o,1 ri d;1 'snpa.r
rar-t'-Buapqdsn.eorgrrose;"lrlulrucaIpoprniroq€c.olLppolrlnu€+sr1zUl+o€runrIbJsn1rqeocs1p;dln61'ceruU?Illeo1uncsnd,rl1rnrc€Frdc.cccreuulvre3+ulu'uT1qruqrJd,groio.S.rrtlIoUdinOluusd+gpr1nJu,ncoirg'rcJcerl8drrsprCJ.ux{rolgoqeer'f,rerer5orl,tta,ar'slr4teuulltUo€ulccotrloslf?rtIqpuJaLaooclocz}r[oz.TS.4rcrItn1oZxiuecu-?uII.hinrtlc€eJl$1loa}ln0rlrgoJ!u€1OOr.zsdr6uInol[EnIp'dta-,+a6uLl.annrar9uuo;1(n6iIa91'S.LI1ur9LrnOrE{uafsqIutIWtpo{oi.oc'toI9Q1qe.rtrn9oc,tT5cg6pS{orTadl1c'o9tuuulu;911rI

este tra,nsmis spre amplificatorii de ciiirepi'irr inlelrriediul criderilor rle tensi-
une pe.r€zisto_rii Ry Rr; citirea es1,e nedistruotiv:i (oonlinuiul celulei nu
minosdcirfiiecSre,),sedlienclciaoncterlauleaireselorceaoliz,e,parzo:iu, 1u1n, llealrec"a existente. In
s_e a std,rii citire; datele fa,za
penh'u
de ca,r,e

l'ial\*'.,'-
t.-..',,

l

LI -.,

-<5 r

Fig. 6.47

tTuimlarimmnpepzuauilszs.l-5utd,oreirsli5elco, ofroimeIr'u-rit+na(csro?ecmrroiase,lec*rcartcerrclel5it,ofliei:nepisacrc,lieznrr5ierpniieono-mrrcllioietleelliuo-elcacnles-dtaieenl'rsmclceleer)imzesroeZiriicenaosccmloiiaoannnildienlda,utueztriu,arllteaaa*cropdpir,tilot,r,ne-.
oesului cle seleclie de {0ns.
Prin asamblarea plii,oufelor rle 25ti biti pot fi rea,lizal,e nremorii avinci
capacitatea de ordinul a 5.10a i:i!,i. De exemplu un de
bloc rnerlorrle de 1024
cuvinte a 52 bi{,i poate fi realizab astfel :
patru pld,cri.te ia cit,e 2ij6 trrili formca,zS, un pliln ir,l nrcuroriei (ar1,nj:r,mcnl,
l2g|o?5ugl6ri{ci?l.Seb.,)i)r_r.i).i.a.rtT'rc1!enfiilelenrce3a?c2rigrecqliunpniilt1iaeenslegXp9dorries9yei c3dco52om,gliualninrni3dicfcsr,!iYr2(ccusl{eeiicnt,otcpdclleiaofimnccaciltulier(le,ci'nsfileartli,esol,ccollariaeilet,e2rdp0ambhIlftppeirlHliiefzicciuna(iltdae,onola-i
etc.), s-a ob,tirnit pentr:u tirnpiide citire (sa,u tlr inrcrierc)
vratori de orclimrl
a 200ns.

3) l{entorii, integrate f,fOS cu con:f,i.rtu,t lterntctnont
lfemoriile ou corrlinrrb permanent sau citire riedist,r.uctivd,, permit

citirea de mai multe ori fi,r5 alterarea informafiei conlinute. Sctiiribarea
conlinutului (a corespondenlei dintre intrare osi ie,sire) se iace pr,in inlocuirea

192

tjcl}m{Ilas ri]ln.Iols{zu'EJq- s]ScIlI L"at\tztJd tlao\] II{ ,Io+stZT-i{|.Ii rlilIn €ifialsrxo
or-'sliuJjonlp'dlllo,rur[clsouoqfa.lrz,doIellurlJdnboald+orsoaizeluu!l+s'ut3arrrJ.urc?nnouuluqtnIsJf-Cto,uII-+o.'rLJqirlIpoc.I+sI sFIlloz]IIuJl1tugI1;c+rt1?ru?,]nsJK;utrl+1orlruc,"4roaaud'i€a]stgrtiot'i,uurlaTit'ir,o;lrtlol?tr;?6,nrugroaro.rulu.paroerlruoitttqnit?l8c[[n1glui,a'9tn0oo'ero;fnqFo]r1rcy1

8j''9 Fri

Ll

1)

o

al

o

g€ail-isrsColcuJourolgacduirolratlcz?r1lc,lg1r'a'r+p1r".'zruio4Uoeaoo1od7tp.rr1,ori:tr.o'1,e4icnt&ddsrfpualukro1(norro.*n;lrtorrltcuUzrwol.T,nr,usrotdIrtn'rapgKrl-.p't1ce?ruorJrru(Jr,..9:roroIfisduIigri]Tolroeu.I3.lnrlzs;pupIeJrsz-Jllreu9urdocya1tu?.l:.,IlaJirtrr+tit.l\iolrr.ll,),iorl{rro[rTlrlurii1rtgolaiul.r:lILnrt.{,!aI)lrrrpa)ttur{'rOlrTlrtsele-lituu1itliTcUorrg,rturIOs)cr'i,B16lr{artiaC:t,l]l.:St.,u).trira,tttrrrrotopuJtlrlc1i-t;acrrl.rs-lpt;e;arrt..,[lrttra'rcdatuiulZdqn11Ors1rniatp?uposIan-p'1urrIcni_5oiotit1ai]liy.luairlrto.i.Jlt.r'grItitliCltLsnJ]{l
rp:ra.qrianuylpubuo1uli;an1.c"geqa:dFruri;ra)$uugnncrlaut1:o3ertaou,riou1U,'er1uruluplo;qryoc.dlruaorlt'iltzodi.lltltt,i:]'1liutitlr;,tr1lr,,oinrrdttrl trElilrl 'q; ttrlntrd'e.; €l1lJo+'ll(l'

,r(,1;.) iT,iArrriclo ua1u1r1ljils{)tt

ri1 'q1ru!ltl lililri)ii'rl ad i)]rcz

-rl{tc61 +urs oJ€c Hpuuluoc op ola}Inc.Itl irriialSilditts 'i,tuut o},i'liu+ tjtllt.-tL,,1r
oeo.-!tz,przrqrotdinr1ltsrrt?atg,?.ur,rJtrt{{lgli);Jo,3r'drt.t,cun{llopn1psl1.,o}rnIo?:o-rtJiri)liaroJ'.Il€ordlono"p'rDXplou.utIin,{tJocueao8-r+.{rU.,o:dr.pio1yOr:r-1,IitrBartI{ts11JIlT}t6l1UsirllCLlrIaZI\lU(iuJiJiJrt,,cTiu{,oc.'rr-u{rpiiI.'t,r;tralrl,,thlrd)t,1lie[5IT[t.t1tIt'i.'slI'ur{uB;r1itlaro1tJpot.}lriIto;ts!ilorl.Dlll.r+,r}rritiir}.-iir;Ilita,l.I.It[sl\o'')*U-ort(q1rrA1llalctt,itlr:Elo-lu.J',u1itllottrlcIt:Frl'liT.o(9l;,rrli}lotr;rtftt,tiu.rt(1ttt,r0Jr.rflti}i1tl',ltl]t3yn,piifpr')ttitlt)1l,olt1r,t'i'ltr'rlrtll1;Cr}rt
Iao-nr,1:ol|Uu{d?;or"+8ur1larrno1ic.1rrrJourltp.uIroeie1Fpiui.-Ilqnons+,pui11cu,nu.r1rirFslpsa.rrtUt1!r,r,rIr|ir.tal.u,l.utrurlai{{)tl,ilrrllpit'.B.!I.,}1rTosrUlr,otro-:i;ItJ.I,Ia.)ri1'I.,'lJrlJ,i1t1'l1.,lr.t.o)1,o)isisJl6:!u]{r',I.n/tlao+c.F,irIiiIt],t}rt)tro'r)tln.LrIloTJlJlIiuttttta)uol'a.ri)lco.rll,ltrttlt:izl'{rlilot!ql}+r1nlu,ttlo:tStr,uisrO€,ttIlcrjItlII

fixilrca, lui 0. in scoprrl simpiifici,rii la, rna,rirnum a terninalelor, toate
pcicrcauoiteeeleaqai spol-i,cciaut!e5,(.descetliedcififciaaruenaedirecseelu, laernspelifciafae,ctotur.ecilzitiirpereintc.c)osininctidfiexnaftre.

comenzi introlre

I .1975

2.JI l to' 102 nt 10' 1a5
n ccpacttote lbilt)
I
Irig.6.50
it5l

a

!!1rol

oi
q-",-

lr L

se.b.it td"e ling6.generarea cle c-araotelc pe eoril,rrul tubulilor catodice, deo-
atr5,gf,,toare este utilizarea nrbmoriilor permanente in procesorii
mioroprograrnali. Referinclu-ue la diagrama funllionald, din filura 6.4g
se observd, od, procesorul conlirle doud, rnemorii permaneute: MF, care in
esen!5, este un num5,r'i,tor qi xrPz care trarrsforrn5, secvenla de-std,ri in
oonrenzi de control pentru unitatea aritmeticd, (UA). Funolionarea decurge
astfel. Cornanda inilialfl, de intrare obligS, .r}{P, si, treacd, intr-o anumiid,
stare iniliard'; MP, intelpreteazii, starea respectivx gi obligi, t/-4 sd, efectu-
eze operalia, corespunzd'toare. Blocul ,,salb Ei pas logic" (sPI,) detecteazd,
rrromentrrl cind. secven.{,a trebuie schimbatd, gi efectueazS, aoestd, schimbare.
Urmeazii o nou5, comandti tle intrare etc. Datele sirrt introiluse in U,4" din
registrul rle dirte (RD); rezultatele sint oblinute la ie;irile bufer (rB).
rntrucit ale toati, logica de oomarrdi, qi control pe aceeaqi pl5culd, cu celu-
iele cle nremorie MOS propt'iu-zise, memoriile permanente ofer6 o mare
flexibilitate de utilizare. Noi operalii pot fi add,ugate, sau sohimbat intreg
proglanrul d.e lucnr prin schimbalea st5,rii inifiale a nemoriei r[p, td,sintl
intact5 intreaga construclie nrecaniof,, a bloculu.i. in felul acesl,a o gamd
Il]naBrr'gra5fd,;,ridinre,caofunanffoecrclmitiai(toapprteoecrcaeusliio)nrupoloilentlteefubfnaiczr{i,:i.fiecetfueacttdu,attole
cd,tre aoelarriplocesorde
schimbate J?D qi
pot fi

c-'osLuI depintle pu.ternic t1c ca,pacita,te:l nrenoriei; acest luoru estt'

ilustrat prin graficele clin figura 6.b0.

262

E9e

luu€c ro eJ+? ruo+srzvnJl, {lq ,l: rruirloodInEl.rc-,\rreirrrFoJriIcFuIBngdr'(-aJr.[di.ol!i,r0]u) r0i].:]]:ro',rr[,
od TDE61 'Baruolglrr,rn olso O-f - IS
lnrrca,ttlsrlec.artSdasra€.IrlaIrn+rsor'tuszrtzsuJqecJollq(o(cproeoo:-l j1T:9))oIEo rArsB,r,)-1nn1c".0rI,-irrl,rDul.nreeluatrr.jE.lcrZluo.B'.gro-crqIJrloocI;{qru*aaarss€4I-r.rlIa'geJ,rr+r+ls3utcsr

ulp uun ad,rtcgur p.teq'(,rr.3ol1)oo

Iq.9'FiJ

i riecolq luls ,\' g{I)rIB()J: nt e,L+bJ) ..tlullr,rtti,url;utollqilalEpo+]uolstldp.lIu't 6llJlrJ'13rJI"JIts€oJ++!{IrIr,I1n

rrJo+srzuts"r+ (ar.To1 ultt luJ.\tl
oa,arcllpes,rz1louirdlot{ttl}rzcr.1a1,rr{ac-i(lratt3sfl1O.r+,rru"gctrlris)arliaifl.U.r':qot-ldlg-linn'€g.ytatt.gtsr,'r,gtnirr'5rri'orr1trt(itJruruf{1X.nrC,Vr'tplr'tJlto'),grtiuit;Nr}plut--nrrtlrguSua,'(rl.i-rirlu-;ur1le1tro';:d5l'bt+rant01iuttOJn-rleu-epoLrt'mg8lllo}tlc,1Isn9.gtr?l:+t}is.It6oinO:'c/
':r-il'.1IrD0,r'r)ir's(u,Jt0tl0r,tIo+b-0tzatttl,JrJl l;ulrlip.rlst,lrrrz,rcdlnuoc ]uis r'1 n,rlrlocl o.rttltl .litJoltl,t
oll-rcl1 Jl)llIJur 'tC) "";lu )l 1"0 :'(o1r.tz'aup.tLertr{l

t,ll0,),/rlr) .-. rX ',lla,) Z ?rrl -,. {_y

(:4(t,j'{}),1" ') -i: t , (i,;'; ')]'G'o;/'i

-,niti! rl) lnclrurl o.tll (l: 1"tl 'Sr.i) ;r8o1 [ll.t{ rF,t.].\ Ltl - 1 \ - IS li I Af l ;).r,)r?ri
il [--
iIt-S
'nN alJllncJrc UI +,InJS orl riri,ralil,t ol( '.) lntsoun;) a;rt5tl1 ,IoIi]lIlt!).lIJ ro;ttllui}
{to,mzrluil,r rr,rluttI a}u,\raptt,}ttts oru}uJttrtlldutol SOII Jil'ltl]i]n.r]S
air---u)nop-(nluroicrurfo't{'u.rlrtrl+louls1oTyru{lae)1oi,l.rrir'c)an'tuszotlo(nt,errf+1ra)+Durrasua'arSar(iuJ5flOrqa\)lr,yl-rti(lt'gsurrorraL.,'i)irnol',ttl,rS:fl]lqtlOJaug,Jr,rJitOlr'r}{rc.l]ir]eIo+n{ItlsuutI.',riarttor,8l?titta.fILia1lo€urrp1-llir'o}lialJ.llcrDIioulo1rra,.potlt-nuir,pt.}rocrtrronrgJal,JnritlJ1ttti.ttast';utt.ll1tr,er'ttgs.lllt''utrtIttponuo1o+l1ilorcu"o(!ll.ngst)crtt)auflttt1rtr'a,gtntr.w+'ls'u.luon:lrpt[pItre1Ia11u1t.uutr;(:1u1ta1fr,J3tt,?.'r1ula.1Il'ltn'illlr-.lrostll

SOh lvt - ons:l arelueualdtuor t [ 9
atelSatul ttJouaL{
rJnt)nJls

pIc{-_)aaorcrsrT/Xa.lD-iinl,Doltolp.rgd_peieecrbseooitboerqilccebiaamtc,r,:eorixelcuiaaildmetrii'padInroer+ritcm?naen3etl rtmcS,cu[,oruriciinecaaa,,nrcn'eaaeasldultPer]?uctdl,ebieosalbot:rlacouaccp0.attuutit;,tretiaalrroassiirttnffecezlvollilrsanloatsioesuiqremdci;roaliermtereepa.aslves^pemveenee}cmdntriitsJvatstrri,pnec:0g,u,

Irig.6.52

dtiud, cornponerrte ale acestei puteri : (1) c1e repaus (statici,) qi (Z) rle comu-

tare (dinamicd,). A doua componenti, are valori mult mai mari cleoarece

pe durata proceselor de comutale C, se incarc5 si se desca,rcd, cu curenli

suficient cle mari ; accastf,, putere se calculeazfl r1u1ti relatia :

P"o^ : C"J'"ro .f, (6.52)

punoilrel_ilo/ r e_ste, frecvenla de cornutare a circuitului. Un avantaj esenlial al (
logice cu structuri l[OS complementare este
incd,rcale (fan-out) foarte mare, n-50. faptul ci pefmit o (

2) Celu"la elententard, d,e memorie MOB complementard, eonline in I
general 8 + 12 tranzistori. Un exemplu cle celuld, M05 complernentard, cu I
10 tranzistori este ariltat in figura 6.52a; circuitele c1e comand5 aferente
isminptrereuCaneldilzualcatuedpteootmrlcieluemso(tdrrieuectcrtuaonrnisstMm5,OiscSielin)co?dmro,pi Tiien,mvfeeornrsmtaoerreai zI(5rf,i,gu.Tn6".b5Di2sibt?a).bui,l.TCniticraerae I
este nedistructiv[, qi se efectueaz5, prin aplicarea pe linia comancld, citire i

I

i

I

il

J,

(CC) a unei tensiuni egale eu Vpal astfel ?u este deblocatl tranzistorul ?u
func.tioneazX in regim de rep,etor pe sursX ayind drept sarcind,Iinia de joasd,
impeclan!5, citire/inscriere (ClI). Dac5, in punctul B avem o tensiune-ridi-
cati,, aclic5 celula se af16 in starea 1, atunci in linia CII trece un curent
important care este sesizat de cd,tre amplificatorul de citire ca 1 logic;
dac5, in punctul B tensiunea este sc5,zut5, curentul in linia C[ este prabtic
zero si amplificatorul de citire indicd 0 logic.

26t

sgz

omaJc.€rruduooerr++lecczaurln.orJeraoclep€JoKulcqzan(etcllaeltos'1qcun1znnrgecc1sse)c{a.ee..rrp€doa(+rr"€crIronr5ucal+eatrcs8cru.rErauuoracEsopopFr€euapn"fsruiurlrqorncnsuroSepsruq1nnnrssou,naqurrripir

IWU- tOVl lrosa:o;do ;cl4' b' 9

-uarualduroc.Sotr{ 'apqel.rocl e-Ialueuredrqca uI €zr[+n 1od os a.re1
olTrn+cnr+s e"ralnd op snpar rnpurnsuoc
p1r"ro1up qgj
l;rolelrncnc (1no-uq) €ar€crpcul rs o1a{uu.ra1o1 ep pluapuadapui alsa datsil
JoIrJnlItsS eae1m; pplnrllrrzldorduve(rD; (eI o.rJetsluzralruq€rl+l!s ep rr'irpuoc und es nu
ap tsroJtsc r.rdnsu
p4leFau ps;rns g.rnFurs o EI
op tuoriaung
qoond€e"oreJ€lu+euuereulrdauldroucrocsoSrOuWelaol+om+mc4cc4o(g()g){_gfiee\qd-;rr,ngg\n,rruedtt,iril1np.tllesorupgrrn0e.lrtns+71ru.fn)|uarrru
FJtsSoCou aqsa eJelodrq olrJn+cnJ s e1) exelduoc ola+uolllefuele ur punr .Lollu,n
-1,frauocffiIu1, tsoJ€zIlr+n elrur.rad p.rulueuralduoJ SOI,\J rr8olouqq (7) :.ro1a{
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tite prin utilizarea circuiteior integrate cu nivel ridicat
i"r*, f fost elabolate minicalcu-
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unite ae strd,pungere rd,minind. neschimbate. Pe baza acestei teh,noiogii
au fost realizi,te Eircuite integrate ultra,rapide din seria tr' 100
K, la cale

tp;i"i;mrliign"p-."uic"Ila;itn"rnddtaceil"aei,lrzod-iuil,nas"lprtfeueoVnarhmsn-cA5d(ui,lnrocdntgaierniziclaYioaelerrn(eVfYa1)tIS[Pnat'ulerq5cn.,iefmefYlc;uine-l:eseAi.litaTXgeEos\ultlnte,iPzfdpoarelcoapact0teen,acs7aelldu_naeslstei'meorsaxptilled5ifa,iucrsSeme, pprperlureaotllcuizecnesuguailStz.[;l'i
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Registre Controtul funcliondiii si o stdiilor
indicatoore
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lcite I bit) citire /inscr ier e

Acumulator' r€(00.i .
stocore.
tol
intermediord
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intrare - iesire

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decremental

Regisiru buffer
{adrese J

- magistralo
adrese

mooistrold

dote

Fig. 6.61

6.5. Diodele Gunn in tehnica impulsurilor

6. 5.1. Procese

lf,L:" i:,0,';1"'','""'"

in anuinili semicond.uetori, dintre cale GaAs cle tip N este cel mai

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cu E se obline
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dildac<onodisliaaude conductanlzi (sau rezisten!il) cliferenlialb negativ5 este

dop1: r, < o. (6.b6)

Fig. 6'63

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6.5.2. Dinamica formirii $i ProPagirii domeniilor

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de creqtere sX, fie mai mare decit 1, aiiici'

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e--ngiucralulplcruuaoqddtsar?epusr€n€auap+po€lue+rlElroSqzrosoronrdqla;pr,+orole1;eoode(1pe{gnr'1iguon)sce.anrireEdn+rcBcauBuanrducugrplu"|nr[aeZurSde]r5uc€rrurrsoJrro+€Jccoq@lanslrfu:Ioy+"€;l

'alrq€ls .rop{plrur.roJrunou
rr.rpllodrnoc e pcr8olouollloual tsoJorrcsap n"rlued Kztsq ep er{enca o eq.sa aJ€}

(!'g'g) -'(oo -oo)ou lna - (E)alu : -l-u(gg)!c-r:)-p-:(-u - n)b

g+Inza.r rrienca Enop olarJrrlp ulp /r tsIrqzrJ€.r pulururrlfi

(ru'g) '('obu - u\ : 'frP

flp

(eg'g) 'ln* * "a)ou - loa - (g)alrt : lu (g)ol ,rp

Ir

€ruroJ elpdrc (Og'g) '(Og'g) epr,i'r:nca

ng fig

U'c)-sa_ ss
se--,-f-i-p-.-_s^t EsE?gst
(as'g) ,fip ,frQ

@c)e-

ouIruFJ €a+€+IruJoJrunau roi p,tfrplorlpu8rearrarnpu+rur,oiccupn;urlJulJj,oa'cglur1lA ug z,,E9c1e+{asqo.c3emu'al

u

( rg's) !!oa - 0 : ,fi

ar.rcs aleod ss ,r €srDsqe nrluecl rcunlu 'ap|
gu1+pp-Kt+1UusIes+JgI+uuAnu'+s1ouEnJcurddcoannuIpFnlsurruaialfu€csnp.ro+oaIousgun"up1r'eon(onu?qErccrn€JJ)nlu'pnp+aruo(rsrnul:uuuaetogs"<e'urrorceuoulc.urraprdS4aJps+.prrueeecgunnazlrnulaounErslaFzcsepaj.nrlrd+dlpFbpteulLluup:r5lgfnooac^cfusr+lrp2ruoBli5uulssleauu,aodrrre{rJoIoexpnElJold+urltu.sunroaIeodn+scJ'er5€uuna1unJcoE1ocEc1pe+JcJ€vrr1oor€n)oapp"rl?pugnu+r1rso€u+ruSJdpaI+oun0uscrrrgauouucraapn;tlors-p"arpr{,,lFlsl1Joe,€nrwolTK}elrrpduS?nl
-ouop un nrJcsop rr{unce fnop Jolaurlp epr{n1os 'JorJa+uts altsurruJalap rr
qod nes o+ncsounc +uIS (-fl)Oo1tg* '(:g.o)oz)eeprzr'nicpupqoppa€eluuen+dsnusoa.crdo+asga '(r.rouop na
a.redop op er{e.rluecuoc (g-)6. apun

Din figura (6.66) se observd, cX, pent'ru E : Eo $i E : Ea avern
n : ,to ryi sdtrlnegptasleevcauaalineui l(a6.p67e)ntdreuviEne: zero I prin urmare inte-
termenul Ea. Dar integrarea se
grala din membrul
poateerectuariepenrrustratul-*?#:t"t:"**,:ri::r*irffl,.*:ri$#;

de sub integrald, nu depinde de 'r+ iar

contribulia celui de aI doilea tennert
este diferitd, pentru cele douX, cazuri,
{ol rezultd, c5, trebuie
sd, avem I)n: x)d.
Deci pentru .17: .l?4 ecualia (6'67) $e
reduce la

\ - dE:^Ea trtz) t',,1 o. (6.s8)

JE^

Ultima relalie rePrezinti ,,1eg9a
ain,rifiileorureagaOle.e"?[.8L4in] iraeppreuznecnttaattdd,, grafic
-'l I
zint{ o caracteristicd, dinamic[ E 6 :rfe{pare,\-

I x' rezultat{, din legea ariilor egale' Ea i1-
66ff cepe in punctuf(-Dr, onn)$i se terrninfl iu
FFiigg. 6.66
flIi*T"*';,l,uLH*f #1",,"j1""- fi:
tez6, minim5, pontru care legea a*iilor egale mai este satisfdcutd, adic5' se
stabile"(pentru cimpuri din afara domeniului cind
poJ tot*r dJmenii
ip^1<oamin tn eqantion nu pot exista domenii mobile stabile).
pc"ssngxditiionru,prad"q5louti,i*ucDaiPtiltt"rv+.eese"aPd0n-af,eirrt.lfdiriiznnou,Tcabuaieuteiplriarenvmmrasdauoctelaietnuxndnraiuc,eimrsilo'peigtaSiiadrrlnitpo.nig*iigslieaii""dmntgotrtgreeie*,eioatagindb*lprisiuattisctairdrtoederaeaaoaltsiltmpud,uer,eulg-elucctriinudimuntdiaedaaue'lelltli5iaueaoe,aiicrilsciulac(uut6m(ormi.fian6uingPsu?tlfau'ioi)ldanr6lieteusrii'et6nsridoq8d;s,enaiemdas)nt,c'('rlelmeca5nTaa,fs'c5s:oiz-ni'ttra+Sugf0ri(0,ilnmtf)seipigietinta,ma.urras6itecci!t.cliz'6ro1iuaen8nltlilbateausd)-errl''

d- " (Eu-Er). (6.6e)

I!o

Atit timp cit d.omeniul nu este in contact cu eletrozii curentul prin

dispoiniv estd Aeterminat de c5,tre cimpul ctin afara d.omeniului

j : qnsa(E,,). (6.?o)

Tensiunea in exces la bornele domeniului este definitX prin rela{'ia

z"xc: i_- lztrl - H*ld.n. (6.?u

6LZ

vrzuvuorz"rtgtsc1r"cE1pooe'0^,4t1dIn1"Kleld€ezuoettpptJuesmuasz..eporbrtlpasediacllaeors"pcqdp!qoI(;enprs"ol1podiu^un"ror€+ap.rarryxzrnu*aocnold1rlesser"uririopirade"+'noapab1pee".crugpeesr'cledfer..nCrr*eopnrUoos"8*.nrdniIdpys*li
*iIue-o1.t{or1po.rzern1.rr^ogtusoacro) prpccrusr

69'g'Fls

i/ol noj

\-

-ap rnlnruauop €zo+ra .lopolp € K^r-lecporJian
teurr8unl equrze.rda.r p
- T- *7

d\j-_rf{_]* (sr.g) ,*rtea: {
,a\ ....]'Il^'
.*f \]l .n:,rP,nlu8jaruylrupso.pp"z+rnseoelsuen-ofrrpnerur.inrEpoA€scarsg+Jo€p€roeuuro{lpx.auo-lcue.rnradpuecapnul.rdrrf'l.uuudlealroda.r
,q.,441 I

'-'((rgOor+fn.og8p)g(Iqnf;lpgua)Frn+oo€lorqKcrunmcnu_drrFeozr+tmsoopl)lcnoapqssrrzoo+IndusprJ-rn,€q,prcrrrrlrapo1zpo+1ot uSdno€als.drrrenecpocl J.eeto,p"8prt8Juguan61+lfdeduxeoro1"onnrItnu"prdu+no"r,.npirrEuco*o"Ju<tpr4rcT*pujrudi;nrI"Cp'il*unX0+p1"un1.aAuir

ag'g 'El.r lg'g 'El.r

xrlr
1-t

rl l-
I

ti' I

lor

(,43l

ftt'g) !"ET - oA: ,t" A

:ore/er,fr1e"rac+?oqBlrsooKclqpoyruq€'l6JcK9nsr'c9cou€ernn.rr1qunoe€ror4^JJo(ug1qIr2nn,o'gps+)d€tenurFlgcurrlc3u+eut+szouaa+I.Srrrduuraorrn"riururrr.orrrcalaulreaK{petcunnopc.rrualugooa++irdi1"r{atnnoJ+riipolnrgrrq'ii1aluuf,o" .Oi7l

o+nosounc
q-od. eq.rnc

(trV

6.5.3. Circuite de impulsuri cu diode Gunn (DG)

aczioittemavealDntlciiousampi orneazanicntiiivtoloeerqlreii*stpet;iui;""i"iiR"s;*GD"'"IN"e""iAidafaee!olivoiora.ldmudeAmercccvtetac,isp-asttreeiemGtpfaupuernlnniatnctacr,!tutieone"asrt9eisL'ph^t/r?in.oc7.iciLcOe1asLs".iitun'meltcugpm:iimu2tdle)s.ihmupdnrree.oielnlotzosrirngaiutin'cniXn-'i'
i rl I r I rr l=r-
- ++ Jiuijpjfllin?r"cffni?tal;ri'lp""e1n"t-rJu,lic:ioiimi$an"Tda,'l?fol?rm3elli
Q,,-.i-ll- It .l oge*inile*rtaiittoor"i ,fupn-odsiiobuiliataiiteparionb. {ainjuesrtiliti'dccl
1-,*f , i^itgsI'irJr-reseeI,Uot.EnontIfIefeIieLoldroerau.a-l'Etloeoatorerintriueirivdrctuncerutrv.irimitiNlmf{ecupulpmomuluoglelsosireuioucreeariic-,sdrecdrete^rsmQecmDhcGeeGmm^mpooeporriiotetct.o'otrf1iinlfsi-ii
;:t^)
l:- 1I1IiI-,,,:-1tI l-,,i,-'lL'i\iI,\,,*n,/f1f:-;'.-i:,-.,t'-)-l-,-,jli,1+"'II/Ir' ',,0:-iI'Ill1.,j--I,,1,n"_rr:-tshr,/:,d,t1L,:l,.-_\--Iv.JlI flgEii5Xtfie,,sscliiittti'ueeeaitDniGnlu[d1ce0rd2fo]'rnriplmeuanrt1e8e59i9na-eimv1liucp0ltue6iji]g.s..!.u[-DSrFirltouoursorli-ibdtIiitel-[
r-ria+.I-.--,
I
i -l-lt--1i :.;Ii- L'-

Fig. 6.?0
in^c"uesh."t-t"ttn"i:..5g:l0.')1-sO0o0ipOm+lp,ZzsOaa-Ova;iiu-nprid'oseb.u:!rA2,mint'2a5u1,0tt,oit,ma5riiptcipuomdalrsure-uar3tim,ritcidtedr,det,'febroiauacriirauettertadesf:sn;'cctfXui6cer,0tutd1+i,ma.48m=Pp01epu5PlniltStpur,dsd-u'"fe,i'en:,eisnaatn5ir0t1'zto+i-Ea1n6r5ee0

I) Ci,rcuite logiae

fia-i;z;,Aii",oz1AJi"oat,o;G-"n"p*,ieiafli""a'.fia*",*i"tPio;lgioD"t"i;o"lttrt**"srGo*r*;iiiX!ifbaa",ainlitloicoiolqnliat*qoptdoaruiiireridotn"egetefcmire#za"te'ilsrie*"riietoanr"upe"tnnoi"1tti"raaciti-"nl"ui,aeizrt-n*dlerrdfc4dppuloiu,,ii*rrmEc"*"iioairitrp,"dfeSnf*pDitruiinu"lilrzE-GxitlimJduaerl"l,etiintcudtaiS[etcea'ileptieDlcUndevreq4:isGl.nanse.i;i(qau{lma'aoaidirn)nelroatvetfti.nuauoara5atdenePlr,olrdogcmeieslael!uisomitnpor[aegpr6lrtqsrii'oodarpcii1z_dulead."redju.ros.i"toosreqsrl?pictizmiuzgi.rnnatDcligiu:esfroecredGeintntn.tre,oraci.eeui,mrenti6{mun]eneuuii-ltlctpniruiropadaeiaeir--e,,lgnti8x1ider(di-ifm,msie'_eenTtqs$dzi-retdoein,esae'''abbecozasuse1ramiucrselddtz.m-.itnt.anepiarrefliltl.Seanl..ildl'eit--------,'

Etiu o""*.# sd, fie satifd'cute relaliile

L 2 L^w ta('c1Qtp1 (6.?4)

-8" { 8o*.', Vo^o<Vo4L(En - 'Dr:'io)r

i;u;dlifn;ilin;;;d;;ieiilrib"te?r.;-dl;n"a"Qill.hiitYaitoioi"l-a.iu"-"spoiiitn"i}6tiinoiiiplltelJv-roauioeloerisre-it'etlnaatiii"nmiamipm,'-p,uee+lpldsed.elnileuftlorieurcdm.tecraiacirnrfeeltrreaaprs)detioecmFpao,er.esn.i'ipbusoilelua"id-t-eue(cgtdea'ePrrmceolaitrnnuf-l
rs*lfE;- E, _
rRls,^m^^a_r=- Rnt (6.?5]
p$E*{zuln,

unde-d.ostoseeliuneuDG,E*.$i-Rosint-cimpulrespoctivrezistenlapor.

[i""ii?u Aioa6'd-in exterioru]' domeniului'

280

tBa

op €lsa ortsJlm ep rolJnslndrur eelelurlod 'fzt]oloJll[ trft.roua8 IIXJIU-I

tj'"oir.eqr*tq" "c*puro"l*al€r"o.t,e"ifi*rffi-u"ess'pquetcttde'ttzi r1:1ogu;!s.Agq) 1nolra-pnn7uogrr\rnorpyngcz'nne'7rar(:piea Bg

{6r'e) z'ro/ 1 jjg4toA 1oA

og{p9.11u8eu1 o+nofJslles +uIS Fc€p El'tsr

ifi"*;p.l--urntooufgztlsd.rpu.nrqdsoap+edBlg1sroonczEuupln€c'esola€pi+Jeodtlsiaeor?ur-ItJrrauErr"nI{e*oerurdnsroot'(lnrJl'{rrgcnuerus+pcnlnubi;5dllmciooilo;rr"rq1{teerwnol;urtpseerumzFbaoidgl9d"J-e'f'IlsqtuJ;nu9e)dl.szrone1n'uurrudlr-uorrqarJ$gsq'l(ruuslomylgBpct.tts'oto>p+u+l€nosncoaqanngpoa7ria€rdleu-p(;€eetrr1sIPnurprsrl.ruLpnooldupc)

(sl's) TdgQro 7{a'to 7

oXqlclLu€ln'pgrsTrurzont.iFrlaqr-uIrrrTrorrJp+r"r4n*fon'l+1*mqnrcinuJ€lac'oei*plilIoln{J;pqzia1'€Js1c'I1(pecae51tyuelu''ungA1rpsa?n'dEc1t€1sgluiJd)?isricuzlngruartyn.srsnqSd'oqeasctlofs1uoJo6EelonlJo7sq'r1ra1€zurnrer++y'arm'nepac.req'qeaspzCogrpr"onr(seqgsplopacddpl-mmoupntt

Ul,'g) 6l"ng +'v + o?{ _z,ro /Lt, - "td" *'lr * *otr :re tAL

. o[ (',,1 * o,1.) o{ (,A o.t)

-a:rdxo ne IImISua+ o+sacY '1-.arp.r:drJro4+osalsqoJutrs€J?'urtIlcaapclspes"rp(dtstu4n olls
rr,g .Fl.,l
peurllc1voz

alouJoq €I apunlsua+ ?qs z'rc l Atro ap'r{JrrL

(rr eJ-,tg-Ta-t,1llt.)Tl.*,u-rWvlNtrI --r5Yll-p,."J'.tn-u.! (srg) rz'ro 12rdT > to A

tq) 'uTl I utg z t ur{rpuoc ?+ncfJsr4tsS olnq

f-i3JL lTi:luna(JJq;oo+tl.,lp'siT"r,i'zlorlcuaroo'u".9urrloonrcc'utsltra1p[r;l;scr]unraululduuloettuu,iitrcorJouu;esan.arsrllreppnaon;r.r'ld1e1oduupoearsdueTl-luIia!leIuqJ+la'u'trBu€urzresIurIEoeaecfsfdrl)
tj iluoa 9g n,) 19 cr0o1 1nync.n,3 (e
a-I,_?lJ;;-\l-_:i+fr:J!h7JL

a-L 'a-tll€crJluulas o+Inc

r'i *G,,;-':uIU-[rn;_W_r-, ,J%f=_-rfjfi!l -Jrc EAa+Ic tlurza.rd os oJenuJ+uoc utr
.(ofl op giey sndo suas op o+so ar€.r?ur

oi porogr.a'dltr*rorul gosfl 1lu;roggreu-zuq'cdT+slal)ct_s'ugI_>I u,u1n4p:
;"i'oi[r;{Jrir€'>rinl':o1rIuuEJrlra8riofpetDs;dIon€1dI1n.uarIuErcuI+rpr.urlnooabat sppvz+cuuEglarJuzaon+lrlet?i3,Jrpt;opurJ1opdJagauEo1+dr^J*tsualu1oupIrJrcc.uasclafoeosrp?ldio€l:iq-ltaaoglloatll(u€t8'ptgulaoZ,\lauceclapuacunsle€n-aVefnr9z.tsrord,.eor{pgool Fzlalt€ono]lrlvaeog{ccl+rllntpaesc*.,rpu"tos'tcoprula+fddlucgrlusu€oultTcppI

semn opus faf5, de I'e; funcllionare& corect6, necesitX, satisfaccrea inegali-

td,!ilor

trto2EnL)Vrt;Vor,r. (6.80)

e) Circuitttl SAU EXCLUSIP (fig. 6.73) este forrnat din doul
D# identice. In absenla impulsurilor de intrare cliodele Gunn nu genereazii,

o

/\;--r

inlrdrt

-AtR.r. r=-

domenii qi la ieryire nu se obline un semnal util. Prin a,plicalea impulsu-
lui de intrare fie pe clioda DGr, fie pe DGz clar nu pe amindoud, deod.at5,,
dioda respectivX, gernereazd, qi pe rezistorul de sarcind apare semnal util.
Elementele schemei si polarizarea sint astfel alese incit aplicind impulsul
de intrare cle exemplu p-ceimDpGri,ncailmt.-pPulriinn interiorul ei dep5,qeqte -Eo qi se
formeazS, tlorneniul- cle formarea domeniritui, cuieirtul
prin J?G1, d,eci ,;i prin -E' se micqoreazra favofizind formarea domeniului
qi in DG2; astfel la sLeroarnpelilcedl,usie-ml?n" asloefloarmaemazbde, leuninsterdmrniacl udreeinetquirlepirminpoIrl-,
tant. Atunci cinil
,1i prin d.iod.e creEte qi clorneniile nu se mai pot forma deoarece cimpul
ri,mine sub valoarea criticd, -Er. Conclilia de funclionare corect6 este

Vn3lErL<VDL,

(6.81)

\rrrt: *(tr'o Vr) R, t Vot,z: (I/o * vo\ Ro
n, + zno
E, -i- fio

2) Dlemente da memorie

in camrl DG care funclioneaz5, in regim d.e trigger impulsul de in-

tra,re cauzeazd, formarea unui sinpgur domeniu. Existi insd, sisteme logico
qi de memorie unde un impuls dtreigignetrrai rdeepsropde.luaceIf,o secven!f,, de d,omenii;
in acest caz se spune cd, avem spre deosebire de pre-
cedenlii numili triggeri cle spela f.

Generarea unei secvenle cle domenii sub acliunea unui singur im-
puls cle intrare se poate realiza ln doud, moduri : (a)prin prezen\a uneireac-
lii pozitive externe gi (6) fd,rX cirouit de reaclie extern5, [89].
Referindu-ne la circuitele d.in prima categorie, reaclia pozitivd, poate
ti teal:zat[, capacitiv (fig. 6.74 a), sau cu
ajutoml unui segment do linie

r8z

'rnlnluowop €41t31

-lcttd{?c ripsug attd- yznezrlgal as plrlrzod tricea"r 9c. reoocts r; .re rr{ucrldxe
ilrp €un-! "rr1c lurro"rrac5rJr;ni1sug;c.ulo[ po'+fes3pcnsuo !;\r]rzod ar4cual op uJo?.xa llncJic
ep InusIu'EcaI\I
f;t+ ff u{eds ep rr;ranr{rueruo+n€

9a'9 'FIC

u= 71tq +sog ) *t_
t'! r't it__-T-
i
: 1--.

;;----

0lI

.F

$

tlg '3r.q

dnol-nnrl)umuua.inrtr.lro.slrclut8dorsgapabuiltrsa1no€I,roprecc'uelpsll*dotiIs..trirulonomrgiruqfluouI asetaaslrlcapcufalr'lBnp.J.lrrtrtaso.rllsrs+sprcEocorn€Ja+ie1poltlspaysoplJorucJ_ll3srdnaat+oulprspauIsa€Jollza(caue4ocaJt"'?]1opr€€aulctoc1s-oodrlzIJl.q€uotrrs1asapr1n,lrrmtuuI.esq1arIiul{-suioleqprJaptlgrlc:danBialIlrsaI.p€FuiluFp]IuuInrzonar;-oqllqIIudJ[€]aIuBanJgdIJn_8ag[rsen$s8ifdlzuinnaaoBdnrm."uI1Jrf-€coPl{1lnuunlroJoI*mlsdtpi(-d$-9a'10u2mlne1trse1saaJ
qerpirdltF.rsanfdsoi.urortprors{4obpsIo'BuuI{uuoeszeT.nrdIIno€poJgu}to1rslda'r+:Eura.rldsaEzratsraienu1rlaol}mas
rat{.g{u.ro;ur
€arP-ro111ol[

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(as'e) ,T ("t*rg. _ og.)7ri>X"g

triele.r Ec€Jsrl€s ?s
ooipdcJeoe[rJnnsclnIndlnu+rIlnuca.rm,Icpn1lnrlzd€ucrue1ri'.(te.7rulz'9t.ru'l5oldI)eaprcerze4ulnutgsuoopl
arnqol+ oJtJlur
.rolta,eclec ur:ci

3) n"eu,ristorul

in Dupzi cum se rcmalcii, in 194] neuristorul ocupd, un loc deosebit
familia circuitelor memorie; utilizind moclule
logicc qi de avind" ca ele-
ment de bazX neuristorul, poate fi realizatH, orice func.tie logici, ,1i de calcul.
Spre cleosebire de neriristorii realizali ctt J)7, sau dispozitive de tipul tiris-
torului, cei cu DG at dirnensiuni foarte mici, sinl, eionomici ;i du viteze
cle funclionare foarte mari.

Neuristorul reprezint[ o linie tle transmisie activd, analogd, cu axo-
nul, care posedd, urmd,toarele ploprietd,ti importante; (1) existi, nn ,,prag"
cle intrare, astfel cii, numai sernnalele care dep[;esc pragul se pot propaga,
in linie sub form5, de imprilsuri; (2) fonna impulsului care a iuat naqtere
nu depinde cle amplituclinea semnalului de intrare (evid"ent amplituclinea
semnalului d"e intrare trebuic s:a satisfaci, prirna condilie) ; (3) exist5 un
oinntee'zrevauln,,smemornt"alindelimintirtealree,ciinlrculiiJacrneenut rdisetoaiuml pnliutudesinteeacaspaa;b(il4s)5,imrepcuelpslui-l
se propagti cu tilezd, constantd,. Aceste patru conclilii de funclionare nor-

mal5, a neuristorului sint in intregime satisfi,cute d"e c[tre d.ispozitivele

cu RDN cle volum ln care neuniformitH,l;ile se manifestS, sub forma d.omeni-

ilor de cimp inalt

O construclie posibiiS, de neuristor cu -DG este arfltatX, in figura 6.76 a;
ea consbi, din J}0 propriu-zisii, qi doi electrozi cuplali capacitiv cu dioda, :
G1 este situat in apropierea catoclului servind pentru aplicarea impulsuri-
lor de cleelanqare, al cloilea Gz situat in apropierea anodului poate se,rvi
ca ieqire. Funolionarea decurge astfel. Prin aplicarea unui impuls pozitiv
pe eiectroclul G. in apropierea catoclului se forrneazi, un domeniu care apoi
c:ureonAtEu,l,p, vrainloaDrGe
se propagS, sJporo: anod. Oclati, cu formarea d.omeniului

scade cle la oAEs (A este aria transversal*) Ia {

care se p5streazi, pe durata propagdrii dorncuiului; cind domeniul d.ispare
la anod curentul revine ia valoarea Je. In felul acesta, iparibnorJn?eolevalut'ire-cReo
un impuls negativ d.e cruent (fig. 6.76
b) iar pe anocl,
vom sesiza un impuls pozitiv de tensiune (fig. 6.76 c). Un impuls asemd,-
n5tor cu cel din figura 8.76c va fi cules ,ri pe G2 dac5, -8, este suficient

{o)

Fig.7.76

de mare; dacd, -Re are valori mici, atunci pe G2 se vor ob!,ine impulsuri
derivate. Timpul de creqtere a impulsului este egal cu durata de formaro
taimdpomulednoiulturai (nazpitroaxlimdaotmiveengiaulldu,ic(llt6ru:t:t,?elLqnlaolult )l,
durata rd esto egaid, cu

iar timpul c1e clescreq-
tere este egal cu raportul dlntre lSrgimea domeniului qi viteza s&
(tr=dlofi.

284

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'(asoI) e16r 'ss
.B

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.(SSOI) OZg '?I-IIN 'sanbtuqc?J pun fi.toat11, aaDmorclw

'9

'('ieor) ss
,gg ,srluorlcalg,spuocasocld al qr:'l.ms sapolp Ja.'trrlrt lol{ 'vsHSoS 'X!'S 'usovxYux 'I4I'S 's

'(rgsr)

€t'09'gul lzrr 'gtrl'J.osaJpcoI l'pe?a'p0lno9Jlsp6pIaltf'0ouos91us'd1-aT'\scna.tJr1oJcad€puadoar'dqlsrcuatnlJhf,qNJomd1asu'oNyFs1Hg'Ns'aJ'I'u(IuSoo3q'',ugUsarlI)'fn.lrvJ'IxroIvCJuI }e',''lIl!u'?f'lss-'sp"rl'1orioootasrri'c''l"c:ollu''rvdiu 'h
-Ialul gtrgl

.-sJaDpqoplpunuoallsxpudn[,toN! aapqotllpm'frsrgatauoo?taart:l/d.laq'(1nossgaotp17ru)JDoossfrcuz1lruyoa'l1u.9trort'uq'gpJ[tfo'tlsufiot'1lcl4nonr'dNttao'sgrl3t'runw'lr'rl?'HItliul'Vo'Vl'lSot'aa'auoa'Nr0osl'tc{rlTu"oI''wCf 6

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'oJlsor oP rolJnslndrm uqe'rnP +dIClaalputIlJro-s'{€E!osrrorIUrscrIrNopqtsJO"€drIuIn+ug€S8rp+Arr!qJsImnfaios*Og+u"oustd'faa8truArJ+IJInu9panprstolrsuuuar€+lnlacruoruu"oaqIrntafola1;zJpu+tIsa'nrrczpdffrocrriT.J€rnl?;llI+*oIadrEcalroEAlYc'a-'[I
JoIro+Ictsd€c a+€Icos€ durtx op

LL'L '3.d

oddruar;rlulssuae:iiucepqop-pscpl:dpurlti un ucrlclt: 're-s
elezr.rrlocl ap

pjaoui+frtsuu"s"1nucdo-'ps} lutotisJpuor$g,cJrrr+ultrzaAolsdarnl,nfa&+JrIntosplssolJtoln'uaoraJltcslIonooppp
(1,roru durrl rSernlecu sndns o?sa B- Iruo1.
-srJnau tt g ttuntxauoc ltlz€c_u{'lioue
1XrIIO+JnIJ)T'dnslFupauBlolrpruanluoo[p llltulJd JJ
[In rLuJof Tdnp
o]frocl

ioul.su-ge's,2nutgtrrtrlzruootrl,sarlJano,a{crl u1 9c 1nr1*

1t1ca1oc ty
eleocT aniar op prslndull (,1 lnpo'itcala
.rd o.tuiuelcdp ap slndut un putJlIoB
'nldrnasaoO'ua[op IE op rnlac tJo-Itsl]
r-ri.rnluetuuoil'1pnr poul uJ oprq+xg, os TJoqs
Elnun
lE-.(ltrolu" Indrnll
€gtJirioq,'tluAlrrr"o€&losql-Iorinlcotu*uu€nilLldn.lguDe1r:lssnlulzloj_{)+bru,Ifzuuaoorumccori-eprro+rorcqipnorax€sapaaulInBoocnclqe(IIq.rlJ;tuonlqaSl;ozSu1c'lurczIei:earp'u3.arldro*Itind)ouJ'u1rSzn,1lerau,re'p0rin1ptEpeo1.lieoero-nurelu.-€nr.BdurltuxoEr' uo.,urnroud1IosouspQoleI+car€3'',url+[foo9Tc]'Ers,pg4rcolIn+snIdoouBt(luslsll

10' 1/.P. Dre'xowov, Lauinnge tranzidorg i ih primenenie a impuls'sngh ustroistuah, Sov. Ilndio,
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11. S'A. EREMTN, O.K. Morrnv, Iu. R. Nosor-, Potuprouod.niJ:ouge ctiod.g s nakopleniem zapiada

i ih primenenie, Sov. Radio. I.Iosk.r'a. 196b.

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IT]\I rabotg rcstol shem na tunnel'nyh d1odtth, lzd^

16. *NCdA.We..usn'IAFclnP.nlnn.C/suNlSSuprloN,c,Ir-lsRv.TIo,.,egNK2Pvp,urrfei,,eInul{cx4T.Sip,eC,alceArm3rhs(e.pn1nYo9lliqnn7f.mum4glue)n.on(,TTnuRhe,eol.-SkdmItnJirostnotdopwne-ninox-cfyCf)i,,rscetFToruI,neoitsdcsBthu,a, lnnIsa.it,tcfiWroa3an3lct9ldtenieiyu(ns1mtca9imr2n\lrp6idinqtii,gouSneo.ndes.ni,sNchry.i4pme,irn1far9ttq6ou4re., nIcEeEs EpaTrrod;iols-
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18.
19,
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28' Y. Cno, NP.roZclu. nIErr"E,_EU,N5.9ltr,/E1R591-.(a196f4a)s. |, uersatite multilogic digital. ampltfier for mtcrcIagie
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\r.P. Dtexoxov, Integral'nge control, Proc. F6, 232 (1968). Tekh. Eksp.,

6, s8 (19?1). impul'snge shemg nalauinnghtranzistorah, Prib, i

32. A.B. GnnnnN!, A practical methodfor rerlucing the effects of parasitic capacitances in inlegra-
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I.K. I{n;-r-ov, V.N. Kulr;ov, V. K. Snr,ruxov, Bgstrodetstuuiul|ie uslroistoo ogborki i za-
36. pPIuormi.bIi.n' iaInlToijexacahnu.aoEvin,htesZgpnr,aa,kl5'onu,ggh7l 5miru(il7Ltr9iok?as5t)oe.rmda.hIi,aPursilttr.oii'sfetucihn.loErmksapc.,iiiik, oZllOekqtiiSonZoSu;.o pol'znoaniju,
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J.J' DeCrr,r-o, 150 picosecond. germaniunt
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39. Iu. lL Blo.Ag.iLcLeIEskv,ihVn.atnroI.seGkunnndenlllJNhrusxig, nVal.ouG, .PZriibN.oiv,TeRcehg.uIliirkusepm.a, ia.f,
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286

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'6s6r ",L'N 'IIH
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-![BrOctrI 'suo't!o4!ddn 'ZZGI 'lltarnrng

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78' D' DascXr,v, Trunsil ti.m, ,f[t-gt:-in unipolar-solid-state tleuices, Eclit. Academiei, B*c.res,.i, -
79. Abacus Press, Tunbridge Wells,
Kent, 1g?4.
Jr,.Bs.8G(u1NeN63, )M. icroruaue oseillations of current in III_V senitond.uctors, Solid Stale Comnr.

B0' GDBKCBfh.eu..'KEyItijKtlsr.'nrSv.[R.{nsiyncSruosnsoxutCrt.aac',ruT.bv'uTu,ei(r'leaLaictTani,ohes.nn.Bfsr,ecl^I-reA.rlioe,n\\.cnr4lpet^G)w{e,'^ril.o,xen?-{r-Sy2cNiurlnr2,aysoluNl2,negi9ogT8(raoh1svme9feu(6imphr9p7ril6oiigric.I,s1ihocs),nir.jfb'sri]eil,tLrtraotrgicrnlutdopo,,arifo'osfsnv,nc'eruaeiglllggEaaaoEttiottuitnruesfge",r_"epic";sorr;iso"n-t;icduj;unr.;";cc]-"el]rrilu."Eitonie,nbsa-beD0mtm,telpil1cvlogsifr,5eiucnllu(citlciIlrit,gcaofnrfn.c2tj(,r)1au.1ptcu)rr$!ro6:cro)s""f,
81.
82:
83'

84. P.N. r,irrcHEn, T'lrccrg of stctbil'e domctin lsropagation in the Gunn el.l.cct, phgs. I.ell., lg,
546 (1 s'65).
85.
86' EIdIPi{{nil..f'efNetcIIh.{r{tenenrBoroo(tuinrtulrirr.ac.nrrrluDnnrEmnnceR,,ovf,fNrb.t,nc\iolYteEin,tl^.lDliB,nfFur-eIiI,-LaEErywr.E-,tsJcE89p.n$1aAr9tT9rnp,crta1(C*1lnlt9..ns6cIpr.l8lhreh)Eri.,rryrsgesiuem,crtplrrrZ,loeo,rnAmf'.^Sea1,cIiil.l1ttetnc.(vqacil,'g^lriehnI8oaidr6ame)-1)-ic1.lbas3io-3,ri;snrilsz;,alo"t;fi;ss-es;6m;tnrdifcdiiIo.eiln"r-dod-ueilcnstoa,rinIrwSlEi:lrittarryt'Tt!teavr(g.ar(atn'ttriis'aou-en
B7.

88' [lRs(Ji\1IteI.'t'9'AmB6bSS.i?'cun)noCRl.oknoo"odr;Gnrrsu,,nancCrt,Bo-AoactrsntNsx,ltl,uriIoA,IsplIieTEermlot.it:imcTcIb.a,rIpua.nIlelndvEkdislssEs.cmHetEIomlrolr,,eitclcEXhcil'iit{g;rt7.tl,olruo-lnlsbcirrpl'BorceD.rhre{oeaciul(uvr1,c.rcr9,cnru6etaIre7i;r,Dl)re.i.itn:L_intpol?tuwg,lasiscCeuineaaggfneoltendfrmc.Sarann;tg'lodU/err,rnn)cep-ut'rlr-alJot'ticop'e'.\lleeIpnI]rtdeEonocEtms., aIuEgisn;tE,nTgI?itr,jtat]uSp(:1oaIs_g,eua7ut?i2loe)in).g

89.

90'
91'

92. H.- I-.. Hanrx.rctz, Digital logic cirutit applications of Gunn diodes, proc. IEi]E, 85, j236

93' ( 1 967).

K' KuRox.$t'-^, ?ransiertt behauior of high-field demains in balk semicond.uclors,proc. IEEE,
55,1ii15 (1967).
'i . lruo 'r'r'
9'4. i'. Jxr;lra,, I{. }',rx'rr, Burk neuristor ustng ilte GDrm effect, proc. IEEE, 56,
2i:ie (1968).

95' S' Suerrtoro, T. sucrune., x'Iicrowaue suitclittg ailh Gunn cffect deuices, proc. trEEE, b6,
:J77 (19$8).

96' TGP'a.LAO'snForrrs,rrc,rialYlqrnt.ocTrs,e,GxpnaroAoxsce.'tlIoX€m{E.aENin,rst5nu6ord,ue2'rl1xre8rq,Sueo(nb1csgreJijr8o,)a7.teiomnostgo, fprhoigch. -IfiIticlrlEc,lomb6a,in2r0ugid2iJ(r1sgisng)r.}L.ljf
97'

98' S' Sucruoro, T. Suarun.l', Nanosecontl pulse generation at !! 6LIz with Gunn-effec[ devtr:es,
Proc. IUEE, ES, 121b (1S68).

99' G' W-srrn, R.Ir, Ao.rus, A 2-GLlz ntultiple Gttntr deuice logir circttit, proc. IEIIE, HZ, 168-I
(leiie).

100. S. Yarr.tsur:re., Y. IIosox-rva, T. ANnn, T. Naxe.xo, A new tgpe of pulse-geaerating diail
in GaAs, Proc, IEIIE, 58, 1279 (1970).

101. H. Turv' Experimenlal oerification of bistable switchtng with Gunn diodes, Electron. Lett.,
7, 246 (7s71).

102. M. Nexluuna, I.L I(unoNo, T. Tovann, I\{. Hrnao, H. Konrn,l, Snitching speed and. powet.
disstpation ctf plapar-tgpe Gunn dios, So]id-State Erectron (G, B,), 16, 7b (1978).

103' v'I' Srenosnr'srri;openkauremenifornirouanijadomenasll'nooopaliaudiodeGunn,Radiot..

i Elektr., Sl, 6, 1239 (19?6).
104' v.v. vonoxovrx, A. A. Enxrxs, B.E. pnrnov, Issled"ouanie pri, pomo;yi EVLI prolelno-

kliuleuaoo relima generatora Gunn, Radiot i Elektr, Zl, 6, 7123 (iSZO).

110065'. S. M, Szn, Pigsics of semicond.uctor d.euices, Wiley_Interscience, N.y,, 196g.
L' LcoNov, proborg naosnooe effektqGunn, Zarub. Radioelektr.,4, bb (19?1).
E'

107. M. E. LBrrrvYrarn, M. S. !un, Logi.teskie, funkcional,nge i optoelektrcnnge proborg na osnooe

effekta Gunn, Zarub. Radioelektr., II, 1g (i'924)

f08. N. M. Nrrrrrur, V. Iu. Leprpns, principg organizacii i harakterist*t souremenngh Xfini_
E.V.M., Zarub, Radioelektr., r, 4B i19ZS).

288

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The book is intended for er-ectronical ano el"*i"i"*i""gineers, phy-
sicists and teaching staff, as well as to graduatecl ana unaergraduated.
students.

292

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3.3.2. Swltchhg on nl
?8
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82
3.4. Switching of field effect transistors (FET) B2
3.4.1. Building and rnain parameters of FET 87
3.4.2. Switching of IIOSF'ET with resistive load 9{)
3.4.3, Switching circuits with MOSFET and integrated load s2
3.4.4. Switching process of I{OSFET with integrated load
9B
3.4.5. Swttching process of Ioglcal inverter rvith complementary
\IOSFET

References 100

Chapter 4. Swltchlng ol tunncl iliorles (TD). pulse cireults with ?-D and 103
Chapter delay (transmlssiou) lines 103
4.7. of TD 103
General characteristics and parameters 108
4.1.1. 112
Butlding and parameters of TD 112
4.1.2. Approximation methods of TD dc characteristics 114
4,2, Some stability probiems of ?I) circuits
4.2.1. Steady states 7li)

4.2.2. Stability of TD circuits 115
4.3. 723
Switchtng of ?D 12.)
4.3,1. Switching by current signals
4.3.2. Switching by voltage signals 128
4.3.3. Switching by pulsesignals 128
131
4.4. Circuits with ?D and induction coil lJ /
142
4..1.1. ilonostable circuits x42
114
4.4,2. :\stable circuits L51
160
4.4.3. Bistable circuits

4.5. Circuits witb ?D and delay (transmission) Iine
Monostable with D? and delay line
4.5.1.

4.5.2. llnltivibrator with ?D deiay line. physical behaviour
.1.5,3.
Nagumo-Shimura,s theory

4.6, Circuits with ?D and t\yo clelay lines

References 166

5. Shaping anrl generarion of vcry short purses. circufts rvith drodes, 169
1 ri9
blpolar transistors (B?), delay lines anil rectanl;ular hl,steresis 169
loop (l?.fJI) fcrrites
181
5.1. Some variants of ?D circuits 186
193
5.7.1. TD behaviour with nonlinear load
193
5.1.2, Srvitching of ?D g .B? composite clevices 1$9
205
5.1.3. Peculiarities of the circuit with two ?D ,1t I
5.1.4. Exemples of circuits
2tD
5.2. Circuits with ]]f
5,2.1. Some considerations on pulse rise_time and fail_time impro_ ?16

vemenL

5.2,2, Circuits with RHl-ferrites and l3? delayed
5.2.3. Pulse circuits rvith avalanche transistors

5.3. Pulse circuits rvith delayccl feed-back

5.3.1. Some theoretical aspects on pulse generators with
feed-back

5.3.2. Eremples of generators with clclayed feed_back

291

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