Bianu, George - Din dosarele marilor procese politice

ed.itura politicd, Lei 8,75 geor$e bianuDlN

DOSARELE

MARILOR

PROCESE

POLITICE

George Bianu

DIN

DOSATTELE
IVtARILOR,
FROCESE

FOT,TTTCE

Capitoiele ;i.'C)r:iltltier;''ii" ar.i f'rst scri:c

,,A. N. Ilacli;ilcvit

ir:, tolab.ltal'e crt

George Navrot

Bucure$ti-1972

L^nu.Avlnt lnar ntc

Isloria zbuciurttat;i a i-rr-ncnilii a cirnosilr-rl t)tol:ttijn{e
cind anurnite proccse, o annn-te artivit.ate juriscliclirinalii

.rr"r r'ilscr:Ii|, prnfund conlliinta conlcnrporanilor gi chiar a
urneraliii0r Ce rnai til.ziu.

f)ospre uncle clin acestc pr.oc.c-cc relateazi hrcrarca ci;r
I'a!ii. Inclifcrcnt dc illllr"ldnrl anilol carL] ne clespalt clc data

tn:ialrncl{aauloar\rsioltcloiacl-,pco.leliiiscii-rqsci,itifidnrtei lci.nscEloi iaasliti,iz\i,oprr.'irrrdnrcriznc:;-
(onseurnate in mcmolia omenilii.
,rilueamAleci,iu,rz'pcarp{oilicccEzsiinejllucdrijifL.ocrdrii{itccoilraeilie, sdolciicpnidadql-ipnuocnllcivtliaccleccnlaifnenllmeaualoonrniftiissntttl:.rliialvrli,c-
t onflictului care, in clccnrsr.rl intregii islorii a socictdtii
itnrene;ti impdrlite in exploatafi ;i exploatatori, a opris
claselor retrogracle ;i conservatoarc for'lele innoitoarc- ale

progresului.

Proccsele nu sint aborr:latc ntrmai sub aspcct jut'idic.
r''aptul lir div:r:c'lc plobl:me jucliciarc octrpi ltneoli ttrr
]oc rclativ nlai nrare, cir au fost r:cprocluse mai lalg ttuelc
i'(rc'lrizilo]'ii. l-rotiilir:i juclccrltorcqli, cleclara{ii ale acuza-
lilor sau ale trrartorilor sc datolcgtt' conlingerii mele ci

rita'r':le-r't'spr:ctir.,: au c., irnpclt.anti valoale docirrncnlarl" JOCrate
fiind adr.,r'irrai{,r cl'onici cic cpori"

Irilcle inq5lber:ite ale dosarelc:: rle vorbesc in morJ
nenrijlccil dcspr.-. ick:ile Ei pr"otolr,rnele core ar-i frlmintat

ornmiree clc-a litngr,ll r-eacririlc,r'. .iuspt"c iegi ;i nol:tne nlc-
ralc,, dtspic oi;icciuli ;i tracii{ii.

Fcrsonajclc principall a1c procescior slriL acuza{ii. 1):'r,
ate';tia sint, desi.qur, dc factur5 cu totul clifei'it5.
Ioana cl';\r:c" IJolia, CtroEca qi Cri;an, H.adiEceu, Johr:
L{riireorucnetrQc imcoani riunnaainl'ztaiiteclianLe18e7p1ocrciiplorcrz;enctiasu-aiculeiidle:nEtiififcoar.t.
cu aspira[iiic dc libcr"tate nafionali qi sociald ale popoiu*
iiri, folosinrl pini gi dezbaterile judiciarc pentr:u a-qi
frl'f-iir*t{nii asi;iharppiirr:.apeidrlorrirlci;ntccircns-ealcu incctat plnS la
t^r-JL,l-y,L.itrd- r^,.L-.", sfirqi+"ui
fundamentale ale rr:aselor.

in Socrste 9i Ciaiiiei, sar"an{i ctrc lnalc rcnun.lt, au ajuns
conflict cu cie!in;il,<rr"ii pr.iterii, deoarcce erar-i ariep!ii
utnor idei care, dintr'-un motirr sau aliul, trezearr cleznprtr-
bare qi teanrir la acegtia. DeEi au incercat s6 cviie risculilc P|o|r-'sr"il inte:rtal Iilczr-;fului qrcc Sr-rl|ait-' l11 enrtl
ilUfi i.i:.r-r. 1a Atcrla ale o lrlrlltipl.i inscmnltale. 1il lefi'"c'ua
inerenle unei angajirri politice" idcile lor au dlevcnil cauz"s juriclitr: 1i'- filozofir:e. ca El obi--
;rtdec6rii qi a ccndantnarii k:r. l:crrrcptiiir: i:olitice--to<:ialtl, clco-qc'i:i{. c}e frEnlintate
Frc,,-:esul lnrpotriva [arnj]ici Calas $i c,cl cont.ra lui a Gl'e-
,i'cici'irlaiinrjiicrrtcrr, ici ocnpsot,i:tir-irsintodlilcne acclaqi timp puenl'spornci':liloitsirt.iilzsv'aa1tt:
Alfu'ed )ireyfus an fcst d:t,erminate de plejuCecl[i reli-
gicase qi rasiale. Pcntru trjirmful dw-'ptdqii qi ader;irLrlui ilr.nl-rLl t,'t.tt-toa;tt-'rr:a itjt'ili.,r' sr.'c'ra1-it't'.c'. a
in acestr: procese s-ari an6lajat in ir-ipti r.eir nrai inairrlaie
,i11111 r!1..;:irtatc.
spirite ale vrerni.i"
oi:l'lgoirsi:.sicuDctinprtecp.r.al're.lrimai,srstrl':lSnaiijtor'i"tsiz"i::1jirocp':aifitiiio'tci:dcirlae"i;o7canpri"itt;''aali'.r'tlirl'icii,t.l'rItil-llai"rlclsl1ririilrtliil-:siliilgltti(lr:ctliii]rln\'loiclirll:ct;rliclirplsPrt;ctp'lsrariac;atitoSl'cenrp-,rsrliiXercealetitsaeeni'nrtl:nfgir;-r:a:r-ejl9aa,Xi'
Frintr:e progeselc prczentate in volr-ril: figi;r:;.azi Si c€:t

al h-ri I-udovic al XVi-Iea, precilm qi prolestii cr.ini!nalilir-ii

cle rSzhci nazist Adolf Eillrn-laitn, in care acuzalii repre-
zint;i figLrri conllainnale de isttirie, sliirirnate de vcii'rta
irnpla:abi15 a cm'.:njrii ing:teic de rJrr:ptat*, liberta'te ;i -,\r'iSstooltlcal,tcAlsr-tias,tcnlilrrsr'c.r.li)litcla]irjr.\et,cniiLarriinpiraien' ul 'trd9 i'c'rl. Ta1'XI
:Ii'.r, Sr-if|onisr:o, itisr::.c s['u].pttlr" iaI n:!uia sa' ]'air-rarcte,
prcqres social.

In elaborare a lucrlirjl anr primit ttn sprijin pre[in.i dilr inoapi. in titrert'!c Sor'r'ate sr'- p1'c.ga1tce sii ilrn.lezc' pl'rife*
pat'tea Bibliote,ii Acaclemi:.i R. $" [{rrriinia qi a RiLrlic-
tecii Centralc ri: Stel, ciirora ,Ein sh Xi-. n'rr.rl!'"rnle';c gi pc siunea tatiilLri siju" c'lar cttr:ind abanclond caricra de s:uip-
iol' 5i s-a cleclir:at flurilii Llllci opL'l'c cic t'cinnoire :pir!-
a{"ra3tii ca1., 'rtali a i'orrcctut:niJtlt sji,
.{lcna era ilon"rinatii pe
Ge:;r.tyr: Tiarttt r,r'en-rra Ai.cr:a elc l'.tpte ptiiitittl'

trli;l ll L 1ti, f; l;l'i:.rt ir I ;i; tr i:::r'cr'$titratc intl't' ccrcr-tl'ilc allsttllralice, oliqarlrice' ale

"t

nobi li !lr; i tlarlilionak. Ei lcprezcntan{ii dcrlort"at,ic'i sclava- stat. Alc:ibia(I.: s-a leftrg'iat la Spai'ta. Lr ,trll i.r:.rr. oligalliiir
gailsisteto, cnlarc{siccir.iaFErii:,rrctorurner:rr-'cqiiainn{itirEit'ii altc piittrri socialc (ipr}su atcnianii a ,organizat o lovitur'2i dc s1.ei, rlar rlcmocralia ,r
pozi{iilc'. ccrcurilc oli- fost reinstariratl iu anrrl tn'mitor. l)rrpii inflingc'rca mi-
garlricc clin Atcna c'ijtttatt splijirr 5i in afala c:c1irtii, in- litard a atenienilor. in anii 404-403 i.e.n.. Sparta impune
clc-.o:;cbi ia n..-,bilinr:a aflatii Ia ptrtc'r'c irr Spart.a. carr nii clin ncrr 1\lcnei clomnia clligaririior sub conclrrcclc-.a hti
prL.gtrta si intet'vinr-r in tr-cblililc intr-l'ne al.rt oragrilrii rival-
Dtrpir o c'po(:ir dc inflorire clerosc.bitii a ccti[ii Atcn;r, Critias, ctitrrnaonsci"rr.tt"hrrssrrcb'rrcrltcanluomr irccloamcnlcit.,,,glirrravenmiirralur:cclxocrrctr'ietai-t
rlarlatir EsiopcriianlcdLs.tmtbo(:croantidzLallceca-.rt'ucalilrcclciri.rl-artorc-rrrailtourluvi iPc[ciliicpt,c.r,- zctri dc
litice gi o teroalc silbaticS, omolind nr;ri nrrrltc nrii ckr cctir[r.rii.
l,li au fost inldttrra{i clLrpir opt luni cler grive'r'narc, irrr la
pcrioadir cle-<prc carc N{arx sc'r'ia liinrtelernpir;-cl,zinctlitirp.,icctc'lrnmrai-i c'ondtrcc'r'3 sr, instalarri clin notr cicnror'r'atii.

inali grad al inflorilii ci per pian
narea rhzboaiclol cur p:r;;ii pi'in b:iliilia cie lzr Salanliria
(449 i.e.n,), ci;tigata clc grcc,i, in anul 4ilI i.c.u. izbr"tcni
rt-izboiul pcloponcziar'. in at'cst tizll<,ri rieosebit clc pu:-,liitor,
Atena, in frt.rntr-'a c'itorva cetti{i clcrrc rrrrite in Liga ntet- Viata ;i idcile llti Strcrale
ril.iml atcnianii. s-a ciocnil tintp clc 27 rlc arri ct.r Si6rarta,
care sc afia la corrdtrccrea Crtnfcclclaiici p('loponcz:iace', cc
Socrcic. i;i pt:h'ccrr ria{a in vilto:irca ar'cslor ani frrrttr-
r'('rlnea majolitatea r:ete=rtilor" tlin Pc,lopcrLez.
Ilirzbciut accsta a pus irr faIa Ci rccici ant.itc clrtil al- noEi. clc c'ontinuc lLipic qii incot'clarrr.r, c'an't'in c't:ic clin tn'urii
tlrnatir.e : ori prcciotlirralezr Atcnci, aciit.ir pl'ol'rroi.,alca
l-aLr iurpins la ttroaltc pc inaclaptairilLrl qi irrtransigc'ntLil

rnccggiolnlrrairlric;lci rlaocmraeq;iteci;usgcltarvlialcgri.slclitc, goclmi oconriardunctacrlc:iatimclier qi un filozof.
Paltic'ipeu'r'ar sa clirecrtii la ,,'ia[a politicir a vrctnii nr-r
r:irl.ri: par,. sai fi f.ost clifcritir cic ac'r'ea a orit'tl'Lri certirtcair clc: ri ncl.
p$diicn-adlailnacall)escpcldliirinLrrimtl cc(e'u4t2ic{'4iiinlsir.lot.''t.ircinr])cciallia(t1ola3li1lil(-e'c4iap1(a]cLil.tcl'i'o.lnat.i)t,'iA'l.ampbfaiiptritorilciiiasi-
Sparta, aclicti trir"lrntul alisiocrra[ic'i sr lala,gist<' lalif un -
ciiarc, l'j-'!runlalca la infr.ipttulilc c'art. pc'r'rtriscscri"r greiilr,r

si'r reprtltr.'2.(' \'ictorii,r asupra pcr$ilo r'.
Spalta a rcutit piirri la trrrrri't s;i-i iiril'i irgii pc rtcr-li()r1i
riin prrnct rlc vcclcrc nrilitar. I)ar', c1c fapl. rr"rzbi:iul a prci- {422 i.c.n.).
AtilLtrlinca sa civicii. ttgiinclii a irrtt't'gii salc pc'tsonali-
vocat silfclinlc qi pagubc malctialc i;i rrtt-ranc cr,r)r'rnc tLl- ta"rfi. csl.c ('at'a{'tct'izatii, printrc alfii. clc filozofr'ti grl'r'
turor bcligcran!ilor.'luc:idiclc, contcrr:poran al r-ir:zboi'.tiui 1)itrgc,rc Lacr'[itr, cat'(' s('l'ic : ,.'l'i,"rria
pcloponeziac, zugr';-lvr)gtc astfcl urntiiljlc salc : r's:cilirttrt:i lLri ;i cle-'i'o'
accsta... a fost foartc itrn,g-.. lilatia a strfelil l;t,c[iliticzlb'ootirj-riii tarrre'nttri shtr fatir dc clctt-toc't'a{ir-' r't'ics liltrpcclc clin ttlrtrii-
atilc:a toarck: fapte: orclinrrl ltri Clitias;i
in crn'si-rl lrri, cr"rrn nir i s-an inLirnplal altclc intr-ttn spa{irt a rcfttzat st"t ascttl[e clc llogirlngtrl [,coir clirl
cgal clc i.irnp. Cic:i nit'ioclalii alilca ccti"rli n-art fost pl'cfa- al 1or-ar'Sqilol
siti clt'a-1 aclttc'c p('
crrtc in rttinr:... Unclc, iti urma cttccrilii, spi-att scltirrthl'r Salarnis irr fala lot'spte a fi excctt',at. Ntrmai c'l sir.rgtir el
qi loctiilorii ; nii'iorlatir ati{ia oeuutrni c:iiiali $i aliia votat aclritart:a ('clor z('cc gencl'ali...(';r. llstc votba tit'
generalii atcnicni invingiitori in birtiilia navalti clc la
rtr"tcc:I(1 ?. Arginuse (406 i.c.n.), acLrzali dc itlpietate, ilcoat'ct:c cltrpi
internc terurinarcer lrrptei ai-r lirsat mor'[ii neingropafi pclrtt'tt a
I)upIliiizmbo<i.r,ral lta:aahscliLrPfitc;riiclltcrp, teinic poJitice Atcnci ciin Atcnp. prrtea porni cle iirclalir 1a ttrrni"rt'irca flot<li spat'tanit'ne, pt:
s-a riclic'ai
fruntca
Alcibiadc', advclsal al rincltriclilor dcmoclaticc. carc clt:-
tcni comandant al c:.pedifiei militare a atcnienilor in Si- car3 o Ei clislrtrscrd.
rriiia. Acr-rzat. in ab-ccn[ri, dc colnplot inrpor,rir:a orclinii de scrie (lcspl.c Sot't'atc iu itrsclrtni-t-
Tol Diogenc Laer'{iLr
rilc salc l ,hclesc'a cincl prir-ca la rntti!irticir clc tniuftlt'i

B

€'xplrse spre vinzalc, irii spurrca singlrr : .,Cite lulruri d;r
care eLl n(l am nevoic existd... IJra aga dc ordonat in felu'l
sdu de via{5, lncit der mai multe ori cind a izbucr-iit ciuma
in Atcna cl rdmase singttrul neatins de bcali" 4.
sd clisplcl,uiascd pe cei care rideau de dinsiil"
,,rStia clr Sr'
minclrca viata lui citmpirtati gi nll c'clca niriodati
r.rr:r

ban niminiti. licilc qliirrfa,

r.Ernxissitrirg-i.i-l spunca Soclate ---. o singrrra"r i"r :
riir-r : nc;'uiin{a.
gi tr-urnea tliiir';tc c:a sir nrtinit'tr'c. pc ciur-l t'l nrininca ca

sit l|iiras( a" ''"

T)aci lr--constilLiinr pclsr;r'ralii,atca jL.ri So< r'atc pc i:aza
descliclii cliscipr'lltth.ri siir.t Platon, r'r'iesr-' c:if vurlta iui
{asr'ina pc intc.r'lorutori nu t'u anlra nriicstlici lcttlt'ic.r
rcci, t:arc tlczca cloar acllrriraiic, ci cu o ptrtele sr.tg:siir':."i
de neas.:lnr-rit. inflLren{incl qi or-trotional. I)ispleluia flttn.iLr-

se.{ea trr-rpcascir, }rogr"r(ia. ir-ral1 clc frrnc{ii - socotindu-lc toat"

lttcluir-j flri clc plc!. Inthrla fiirii rtrLu'tliLLr orice sr,tfclinlii
fizicd, a:rprirrila. icl'nir ca gi r:ala toricli, iar in ti:tltdar,'
nu-l intlccea nitrtc.ni. Sc spitnc ci oclatir, inlcus plcotriipai
cslaetiurlnzgoirnildo,r'r;'iirnaracsocriptiillllolantilsajol scttetLattai sirt"l.iepl itcreionaril;ccadtirpr ilttl:ir'istr-'a-
llilrrt clir"r nurt zirtir;i apillr-r soarcleff"
r\ fost So<r-atc ttn aclcpt al ricm,lc't'a{ici" a;a ttttll il
'pJacsltcc'ra'ici-lr)liigoagr'uhricci, l-acr'!irr. ol'i. <iiltrpotliva, sc'ghsr'a dtr

clitpi"t t'tttn l-art irtvinr.rit al!ii ? Ccrt l-sttl
i:ii Sor'r'ate. a ajtilrs in confiit'l atii, t'Lr It'plc'zr'ntanlii oli-
galhici, cii .1i cLr tlcrttoc:I'a1,ia st lar agislir. Se: pat't' r-'it, il
tirnp t'c ir-ri'ulaia pi'at{ii sir par'1it'ipe 1a Itiplti politit'i, o)
pc|sonal era clc p;ilc'r:e t:i ..tttt politic'ian c'ste imposil;ii sit
vfraiinacc{ra-i.r-p7iio, tl('ri'ctnieis'aiLr (ist'c;pi,ttrcnrhri'nitc'cpilll'"ts'E:-iai oif;ci laiiutt,satsiff(-ica'a'a;citpiivlnoitptiarlnitrpcrllall-cta.furl)zacdrocstrt,ia,r
accasti apalcntS inc'onst'ct-cnli in apt't'i'iclt'a principiali a
IuptcJol poliricc t'aracterizc'azI !iuLrta spii'ittrali rsi tritiar
activitat,-ra plactic'ii a llri Soclatt:.
Contcrnporanii siri calc i-aii intollalizat pcl'soilaiitalta
ginclilea. ca qi discipolii siri tlc trai tirziu, qi-au firrrrit,
5i inraginc foaltc ptrsonalii crcintl
Plalon il asllpra sa, cit: o ,.lc-
o sul>til. ; plt'zu-rta r'o pc trn filozof al
gc.ndii
s.Jcratiirnar"" ,\ntistcnc r.3 pc lll-l trinic I Sot'r'itte' (Xlrizeril ('apiiollLrlui, Iiomt)
etirii,
rtir ti nclitol

10

Alistotei il ctctlca t'onc'eptualist; Xcnofon, pi'oplietar clc z;ofia clir-i celLrri pc pirurint. ('itnt spunca (lic:cro. cLtnoscil-
pamint, a incrc.r'cat c'hial sJ-i prezinte pe Socrat() clrcpt Lln Iul oralc.rr Ei sc'riitol r-oman.
t.xpcrt gi in... p|oirlcrnc agricolc'.
Soct:ate a fost in accst sens un filozof pr-.ntru toatc cr:- Molavtu'iic, spunea Socr"atc'. pot fi cnnoscutc tc,or,:tic.,
lo-rtcle filozofic:, pcntnr to{i filozofii 8. ciar in afaleh cle meclita{ie cstc rlecesari ,5i c:rrnoarstcrera
crpericn{ci viclii pr',ac.ticc, caLe krn"rurcqte onri-rl cr-i plir.irc.
In fapt, Socratc n-a acloptat un conccpt clctclrninat ia jttste{ca gindirii qi activitirlii sale. Iil sLrsfine'a cil este,
de iclci. Irilozolia c'ilrcia cr'lric5ii-atrtciclcac,licnaitcviiat'tcatonri-ra-'af,ocsti cdlirr.rzit in intreaga sa actir'ilatr. cle glasul congtiin{t'i, cle
cx- a;a-numitul ,,dairiron". car€r rru l-a pirirsit nic'ioclatii, irn-
r iusiv nic'i nrt-.tafizica, pieclicinciu-l sir fat:I r.'r'cridatir un pas grersit.
Lll)

ansanrblu ckr problcnrr: alc r,'ielqii nrot'a)c, alc inlclcpciunii Socratc. avca obic:ciul sir colinclr strr"rziic ;i pic{t:J.ir

itJilanc. Atcnei ulmat clc clcvii s5i, printlc. carc sc aflarr nrul{i ti-
Discipolii lr.ti Socratt', atit ct:i contcr.nporar.ri lr-ti, c)
Illaton, Antistcnc. r\r'istip, lluclitl qi Xenofon, cit gi cci neri aristocra{i. Crr pclsoarrelc pe ('alc le intilnca ini{i;r
('arc ail trdit rnai tirziu, ca Aristotcl, Piron gi Timon, ar,t cotil.orbiri pc cele mai clir:erse tomc, ilr (:11r'sttl t:eirora
pretins irrr tol,ii a fi ack:r'Ir'alii continrrator"i ai nracstlului. ciruta si aflc acier,'tirul ;i sir pl'opa.qe conccplelc sale nlo-
PIaton iqi c;xpLrn-. intrcaga filozofic punincl-o in gura ir-r:
Socratc, pcrsonajul plincipal al ,,Dialogurilor;' salc *. rale. Nu arareori Socratc clcmonstla intcrloc:rttririlor sli cilr
sint lipsiti clc in{clcpciirnc gi in apr':rriclilc salt' c'rilice nrr
h-rflucn{a ir.ri Sclclatu a,sLlpra unor Lrllrcntc atit cle cli- lviiirceiialesferaumntaaqclieiopropzoilliiaticsi.ocfiiao.licIsacuraculcorlaignagrrtrrli.lofirc.
fr-'rilc. r:a csenli sc clatolcqtc fapttr)ui cI el a fost consi- Pcrsifla
cit:rat plin ginclirea qi cxcurplul vir:{ii salc ca intlucl-iipalc;r cii elaii

d-in tabfua,clcrnocl:a[ici sclavagistc.

cclor r.nai noltilc trasaturi r.lnlanc : rnotlcstia, cLu rpitareel Nn cstc clc rniralc cleci c'ir mul[i c:ontcnrporerni nu l-ari
st'tca clc cunoagter'o a aclcvilr'ultti, cir-tstca, plictcnia dczin-
inl,cles. ba l-au ;i dlrgtniurit. Printle ac€r$tia sc nrrurilr"r,
ir--r':sati, itrbirea dc oaln<.ni, curajul. spre excmplti, sc'r'iitonrl Aristofan. In pietsa sa clramatic:ri
..Norii((, scrisa'i in anr-tl .121i i.e.n., accsLa iL ironizcazii p'.:
Ploblcnra plincipalir carr.-l prcocupa pc Socr:ate cl.l Sor.lr'atc, plczcntincltr-l clrept rLn filozof ccrc':tr'rtor al stt'-
clobindir-ca rrirtrilii. Pentltr a clobincli rriltrrtr.a, spltnca el, lclor gi al norilor', calc ii tirstoar.'n5 pc zc'i cle pe tronrr-
trcbLrie sii-{i aprofLrnrltzi crrnoglin{eIc. Obicctrrl prinr:ipal lilc lol qii ptrnc in locLrl lor natula. Oi estc c'aracLt't'iza-t
al cunoaqtclii tlcbrric sir fic ornLrl insugi. $i ir"r acr-asti
orc.linc. clt' idci, pliura inclatorilc: ,,Crrrroa;tc-tc pe tin;.. totoclath cll'ept plclpovi'rrlttitorttl trnci ir:rlclcpcir.tni calc fa<ir
ir-rsLrl,i !i', cier,cni clcviza sa. Fili=t a fi rrn scop in sitrc, pritr si-l ti'itrmfc nc:dlcptatcer a*iupra drcptir[ii ;i rirstoalrrii drc'p-
lr-rl ;i rnolala *.
curioastelc' el viza lln sc()p moral, clobindirca virtrrfii. Arislofan zrrgrar,'r:5Lc clt, erltfcl trn taltlorr fctartc .alll-
(la rn-.toclir pcntnr allalca ack:rrirrtriui, Soclate pfccc- biguu asupra lui Socr-ate, atribuinclu-i, pc dc o parte"
incleletnicirile iui I)iogenc clin Apolonia, carc triiia pc
r-riza disctr{ia, capabilii .,si nro;ca:scd" ac}c'vilttl, sir-l cx- la Atena a;iltisicpoacrrtrcpail
tlagir clin conqtiinl,a olrrtrlui, nnclc ar exista ('a un clal; vremea accea ial pc dc cru celcerlaLea fcnorne-
imrrabil. i)e aici clcnumirca ckr ..maictttic:t"t'', r't'ea cc itt nclor naturii. punea pc accla;i plarl
crr sofiqtii. Contradicrfia e flagrantl, cleoarcc:e moclestul
i{r"('('e5t(' inscatttnir ..rno;irc". cercctdtor al naturii nrr putca fi una ;i accearsi pclsclani cu
Iiilozofii pinii 1a Sot'r'alc iqi irrclrcptaril atcrrtia irrtlco-

scl>i splc problcnrclc. d<' cosrnogcr,it'. Socratc a adus filo- titplsisa'$isirim;'ittirnirupitl,ilt,-llca.ivnlrrg-irtugclilitirrlro.i lcliii:l"i.lcrerdaesrccI,)aiunLpteeollveislsc, cmSaoizir,i:rirdnrtec:,,lK.eiiosrrtlerenleupsra'"(:lztdo(rcr1i)lAtiigitn!-cc6a-i
--; Itl"i-ti in r,'ia!ir rcligioirsri s-aLr gdsi1, aclcp!i ai lui Sor:t'ltc,
,,lir-n;rfi'rlrltsrisr,JratAntiii(sS'txoirtcee:;rrr'aiotIclior,rPlecllilotrlocvniipl c)idrciAtnelilscjrtotddteecl!unel.ti.5rtztciiezai viritl, ilc' excrnlpl u, t:xist;i
l'lisclir-'ii ttirdc sitrt ncfllijeaizir ir.:1ereselc proplii. crilii-rclirrr[ strirzilc 1i pic!clc pcltrri
a propoviLclui \ iala morliii.

tf, 13

ul sofist, om dcDeeedluaernlntofect,dl,bco,,IgNaloatli;irAi(taclthnrtiaiaAntl-icsaltrorfpofdasntbapanluei a;siLmrpfaetrr:r'ii.-t: c-lifer"ite in cele nlai inrpcirtantc proi:iemc. Plopol,[dujircl
atotputclnicia raliunii, sofigtii au ajr-rns sd afirme rnai
cc:r'iLe ltLmcqti. tirziu cd ea te fereqte in f,ata juclecitolilor sd cazi victimn
uncr acuzalii fbr5 scrupule, te inr,.a{d c'hiar cunr sI faci ca
r1n es?c, c€rea o cauzi neclreaptd sd triumfe asLlpra cclci dre'pte. irr fa{a
adundrii poporuh"ri, ..logosult', .,cur.intLil carc fac': sA
nui-ndrul celor dispuqi sd-t vadd pe Socrate riclic-rilizat. i,riumfc. casz.a pc car{: o slrs{ii". iii asigr-rli ploria, felicirca,
Dar qi allii l-au inrrinuit pe Socrate de a fi un adept
al sofiqtilor. Cincl tilar-ri-rl Critias, in tinrpr-rl dourniei celor bogdlia..,
treizeci de oligariri, a interzis activitatea de predarc a re-
toricii de cdtre sofiEti, intcrdictia sc refere'a gi la Socratr'" in acest stadiu, scfi;tii au fost atacali de ri scami cie
Sofiqtii clau considerati de Crilias gi de aclcp{ii sii ca irr - politicieni, scliitori .s.alirici gi al{i traciilir-rnaliEti, ('ar('
tlivizi care-qi r,ind in{elepcir-inea ol'icui pt't-ttI'r-i bani, ast'-
rrrr-ri{i fiinrl chiar cu prostituattle. considerau actlvitatea acestora daunitoai'c. incleclscbi ln
Xenofon cl:sct'ic in ,,Nlemorabile" ir-rtilnirea lui Sotlat.t
r.-r.r Clitias ;i Charicle, c'are-i itrtcrzisescr"S s5-gi propovti- rindurile tineretului" Fdrd sd fi fost sofist. Sor'r'ate a fosl
chriascd. conccp{iiic. iaacfvazajul cEici cdletorsioiofirs"m, ial in anr-rl i-139 i.e.n. a fost ti'aclus in
Socratc a -cplrs : ^.Sint irolirlit sti l'espcrt lc.gilc, rtar

pc.ntrr.l a nu comite. o infraclirtnc din nccllnoagtete aB vlea

sd allu de }a r-oi nrmitoarele : crecle{i ci interzicincl pro--
clarea oratolici ati lizal adcrrlnrl ori a{i vizat ncadevS-
r".il ? Dacd ali vizat acicvfu'r.ti, ar it-tsclnna cf, tt'ebuic si Ciieinarea in judecati
lncctdm sd spr-inenr adcvfu'ul ; i11 caz contLat", c]acii otrator-ia
In perioacla cinci Soclate cra judecal la Alerna, pr'{-rcc-
!inc de n:acier,ir. trcbuie, fircgtt', sir nc sti.ltcir.rim sl'i. scie, atit cele civile, cit Ei cele penale, eralt cleferite tri-
astfel dupl piafa Ilclilria
<plrn('nr ad('\'i-ll ltl" l'1. bLrnalului helia;li1or, denumit
Iistc oarc intcmcialii alirma{ia cd Soct'ate al fi lost
sofist ? Socratc n-a fost sofist, dc'Ei in apai:cn!;t aclilitatea
ia a!ea unclc trirsritnri c'ottrr-tnL' crlr accea a sofigtilor. Ca clin Atcna, unde gcdinlele se [ineai-L ln acr libcr'*.
9tnliricrsiafouflnia;cliii{ir,i-itSnpioio,cl'irptairct"citnacEv'iipcpiauLrrpblilrsioccepip.ooSr,lioii,cclrptarcittecqacitr'cedcclici aspoirfnie1gia.di"lctcti)paa:-rpt'le,cir"i-ni- Judecitor putea fi orice cretSlean al Alenei (rar'(-i a
lrnplinit virsta cie 30 ani. In fiecale alr. arhonIii. n]a-
gistrafii supretni ai Atenei. tr'Sgeau la sorli 6 000 cle lie-
tinrp cc sofi;1ii prcclau t'ontra plallr" cur-roEtinleic c1e pcli- iia;ti, care juciecau plin rotafie. 'lribr.tnalrtl carc l-a jrl-
rlccat pe Socrate era coirstiiiiit din ll0l. iLtciecirtot'i. Ditp"i
rica. r'ctolici Ei filozofic', del':nintl ctt tinrpul sirupli r'olol'i le.1gilc in vigoare la Atena, fiecarc parte clit-r proccs trcbr"ti:-r
venali, gata s:i dcmon;trczc orice. SJCralo pl'opovlduia sir-Ei susfind apirarea personal. :\rrocalii pr-rtear.t ccl nriili
acler'5r'ul clczintcrcsat, fili bani, tntrllttlliiL -rf, irlpiltS' si ledacteze cuvintalea dc apf,rare, pc cat-c cel impricirrat
5cascI scurenilor" sai c'otrccp!ia sa. clcspt'r,' ilir-re, Ct'r:pt.etrc, o invSla pc ciinafard pcntrr-r a o ro:-ti in fata jticlcrir-
i:inslr' Ei btirb5{ic.
L,a inccput crtrentitl sofist a ar,ut, fir[ indciaid, ttll ro] t orilor"

pozitir,. in inflorilca civilizatiei qi a cirltulii ateniene" Td' Pe vremca acrea, 1a Atcna ntt e-rista o ln:.titrilic of;-
gHduil:rcl existcrr{a adcviit'rtrjlor: rtni vct:sal-valalllle, sr:f iqtii erlalS cu menirea de a sttslinc a('Llz3rca p'-rbiici. Plinglrl;

iriblinia'"r inscnrr-rAtatca nrctoclei clc s:lecqiilnare Ei de or" i:l * lfel.enl, un !{rt1p de arheologi a de-;:"o1;r'rii: ri ir idcr:tiiicil:
Aterra, in r oltrrl nord-vestic :r1
pi,aqrcaotngeirzreasrlrcurrliat;atrci-i',.nrfu{ilioof;itzcino.[feDii]aoarrC. icncpev{eila{aitittesiloalrfliassrlctorrtfatii5uutili)lailpllicniilstlltincaaovinclidatt.'pciairiri- anlicci aliola (pi-..rtir publit ri).
r.eltigiile ttnei clddili in carer s-ill fi desfdsui'al proce:1,1 irnpoirir';r
iui Socrate. Ilste vorbii rle ci,,s'it,itr" (-.ir1d cLr c'clo:rttc). t'ldditit ir:
si.rolul iil \'I-le.i i.e .n.

14 15

pr-,i-raia 1-rcbrria intt'odr-tsil gi susfiirr.rtit tlo cct'ifcanrll vi- f:izit ale proci:sttlui . apat'a|ea lui Soc|atc, So<'r:tle pl'optlne
iiri\'rtlrraraiAacutcr-'rLoruztrzatitatttrctiolt.h'r!ilaa)lllrc'cc,prlidaaealcccinaldtlrain: cups:rcu:oorc.scbouelinlsnsupeilradocclccraacccsdlturpaaltuctaiuftiznpaalcctau' lcacicnlcca'i-aaa;ciphpaitiraatnet' o peilcapsii, Soc:r'atc' --- osirtdit l3 nlclat'tc r'[spuncle.
cJin v o tul'i lc j rt dccdtorilor pcntltt condatDnaLua ac'uz-at LtlLtl, .,Apirlarca lui Socratcu' a fost stlis.-t cle Platon Ia ciliva
at*,rrat,rtrt cla pcclepsit c:u o amcnclii dc 1 000 cle clrahrrlr ni-ri ritrpir dt'sfiltrrarca plocesllltri, fiirrd socotitl o rclatar"l
cu picrclcrca cli'epl-LilLr; dt. actizator n.riclicd a ('clor pctrccLtte, tlctlarecct ar-rtor:ul asiiil.asci la
diclia clc a aclucc sacrificii a mai fi qi r:tt intet'- ploccs. l\pirarca ltii Socratc, aga ('tln'i cste' rccl;rtl, cste 11)
zt--ilor in tcr:'rple' iltfcl in cleplina concordan[I ctt intlr:aga sa conccotic ;i
vin{i, a;a incit ar fi r{r-eu dc inclripr-rit c'ltt.tl ar: fi pi-rtui;
I)in r.aLrza nuntirr:Iui rnarc clc jrtcleciltor'i, trjllitnaj.r.rl Sot:r'at'e sif se apL're altfel impotriva iurrinuirilor ('e i s-au
sh{pb,ol-eitir-orrlnpiiuaarc,liqttri'}r,o"tar,i"altvttoc,:il-r"r-c'turienicarrlic-elit'al"aoppgicpatlrI.trrrit"zlleoiias1'arttiuitrnuldrluetdi.'toili-ilpblTi).q-eeciiprriztarcrla-o)arciacc'ar'eigsc-sus'rsauap,,Iprca-alailcrnapich]lcppioacprctentoidiurctrcc'teicnta'lsi'-irpjctcoisltlpeoltailcllpsiIcent'peaanrsnroapcftplrieetttlrnll,grlla"cttcntnrlrrili-ta'r-'t:- i.ulris. DcsfiiErit'area ploccsulLri cstc 1'c(lati"l cl:ci in <-i:1e ct--
-rrrrncaz:l cltrpir clal"clc din lrrcralt'a iui i)liitori.
nvap;".lu;i,finaitiirpnonJtIrl);liv;ut,tc"rcotdcaisi.,ir{lp.iciiccvrciirerliuurilpaopiitpur:crlootirli:cic-crvlce-cztadir'salcarci,tcnr.ub-rarllsuiuaillisinta,iapiEtatcc,sdSi,osrAeaou:turaipcutplsiritnrmasta-anat'ucraapeclriia'ra.nceocnn}tlialtauplsr'crn'ir:lit{rcli'SaeiosavotcstlPca-dlrnrnbdlaaasiititlccepoitpn"nalu,irtpv'lci'lpiXiil1ncecuaenoltsa'urrcr*on''p'fpctiotir.l'te;cen:d-r
{iJul-l'l"a,s,|,oo,icnp'uroatf.tc,'gcrhiapirrltorr4niirc:Snaollaiictq'iari tcienL"r,pfPa'i{lia'airtcojunlcarlcepcproirtococerlditltouc'cra' cur"inlarca Apiri'arca lr-ri Socrate

Opera f^olistti I)irr tlrrvirrlarca ].tLi Sot,r'ate aflilrrr c[ it:rpotr.irta. sa
crarc] a t.i"i1l.liuxS;"r;ci,,is,rr"rrc.tn,tuarrtta",u,trtl.c,cl:"rlalois,$f]ririjv-,iqzti--idrr-ic-hq-c,-i'-ic(a-,''ue(;itcu'ilnccecra'agf(,nct.acbrarccrrne.il.ics,cS$ngil{,orciryii.c,ri'-ier:rt-lpi'a.vEliitr.iien,ceEnuc.laietli:irriLtsnninac.evUluiogcacmipnarlttctlirirc:Et';li,feit,EacsiCnitcirarvlpcir.ctica9tii:rttnphtlltcacrint.lcitiian'.(lccteiiii'Vl'arvcdraco-racccsrc(-bhJclslaigillirs::qlebalai,
'inl1crrlrs1trorot-;Ari';c"tiz.c;ots:c'u;t.rtiiztnt;lia'rcioD1!tl,io-;ct,tn'r,:.ti.o,ai,ilu,cl$lia.isirtlccaoaris1,nc-tcr:qarNiklt4rilnpesullllclsustolepisnnl'itturllitg,trcatfippbcooaiiicc.itandlvrci'ircni;luriailriic"fmietrlt-paridroci,rnrtcaaisraf.attrflte!fai"'l
ulmatt-r; cele lrci pilr{i ale salc fiinci axatt: pe celc tr:ei piJ(,rprnl,i'rl,l,r.i'ioi,".-'ictua.itii.lti,a,irip,'c.cr,(rlI,icltAlttlnirLicriolt'.t""ipu'"lrttcs''ttec-iq'if"a:croia;s"acticitsipiilaliLieici-fptrtyra.ullrS,cr'rraz5pgn:roo.c\irchi*nian"ccc.revcc,sri"satol'tAvi.orountrlric'cnsilrnhtaacl..,fvpr'ihliatiIttIopon)'eiqrrlrraas-'.cori,-qp\sdIciiatrraatoc"nt-iatlc'ru-oiscLtrptti'zap:l'lncrcilzcoonnuciraoia.fclfa]tacrtalipo--'on'tlsr1rlLoancllitrtucpcttilrti1l'irilnAit-"stivttlcnurzilas:tStccy'aptiplimottolltori'Llooc-rnpsts-tr'i9aarlfaupafp,ta-esiselletifiiinircipmAb.ocfeidriuipininieecspoivtatrSraAoilrrtnu-'.afnoltgaacnyrllrnl)tratoaitpnirqsanre:.il
t"-,lrpltuior,.:i-l,t.;a,lrll,,1r,'-iril.osrtc,mj-iiii.iiiliriDa',t'ir.nr-'ili.(-,tdrr..'i",i.,t.iori,ci,.^t'l,'ii-C*fi.;ri'toaid/l-"lr\olt*lrrsit'uit]crsciplSt.isru"ar-ltLlptie-t'priiuiaei'titiirniprr'rCi"arrhdmii)Viuiiill,ettnilli"licscrlapmtcr.srjr\cldruutoiouia.pie<tliclirlreJiuno'cucDmrcli.Icd.r.t'5urc,'rilaiC'rtiirSdanlc.yitlcclni.esafunisxhoCunu(pisyj'ac-t.ulltraiuiaoticrtm'taltrrliltsiia-c:ciq,ropnticsutidldi'jaotr'rzuliu.tialllad'd\urirttttltililicooittro-lrdiria,llrpd"(:9'ei-ir{'tlticc1'-riao)l$diei'bi\tisrt'oin1i;t'iili),'ll.ri'olrI,rc\PA"a:rC"r)b'atl,illt'idiinccltlOr'+acdtolla.nll+lr;tiOiJu,r''n.I]l:ip.pi:tI-t.1l'''mcdcl'.]'tlp.1)l..(1'cic'ilo)fu,sttlLu^rcsYa'tri-(ocsrlr;cLt1'.na'll\ti.cll-rll5nc'{'l;f''nre'i1oirlliSi\t1;lsci:5neut1li--'-i-l-:-
t"o-lii'.-af;tieiJaroluirif-Pcinrraictlee.rrialist .\uilxi'tgr;.t dirr Cl*zorrrt'rltr a lost si el LI
invintritcle.rre.:rcclirrtiirrzcigiitfo..tnt'r.oilsiiLrgaldinAtcna'
Jiind condalnnat lit tnoarte,

I t-)

In acpaopieticnlefadc{aacjuuczlaerccdtporr-eilozer,ntSaioecararhteonnt.ue|_ersi t.e,siascuuzsalit-. In aplraie, Socrate a con-rbdtr-rt mai intii ceea ce consi-
nute tlera invinuiri mai vechi. El a aldtat c5 cei ce iI invinuiesr-
cie inflac{iuni poliiice, ceea ce a determinart pe nrulli de cercetarea sferelor ceregti qi a arlincuriior pdmintult-ii
;tali,Spriui,l-s"iuirncqiesrnbrd'umcllu*lusiaeniq{trrzniioiiini,aenctpra:clce'epeldslnlululce[rptncftrv,firtrniaariifundicLacSriiiai\u'oirdnrcsntceordraubaraniestcdpeuderito,seiscacaip;rcltirureeosfeealimeetlcd'uecerddiaeldiidndoericeifuendd,acfd{iacsinnELdapnie-nelztaAnd,oezemr:imd:nnilsluea;itfca.nocai igafpAgrarnttoseaeniciusn'mcrupilceetdpreairli,ecrcnrvaLeeeer'dt-peaeluIremaenniizrnn-poee$'a-f-'l'
autori si sr-rslind ci procesnl n-a avLrt un caracter politic.
Rcalitatea e.qte insi alta.

Meletos. L-vcon gi indeosebi Anlztos au fost exponen[ii avut pur Epii'esrlaiisl*pelunimas5enmuienneicai preocttplri, Socratc sptlne
|ii nic,i nu i-ln fcl de inrrdtirttlri pcntl"Li
tendinfei consenratoare a demoi,rafi:i sclavapliste. Spe-
riali de infiLtenta lui Socrate mai ales in rindurile tine-
retului. c'i voiau sd impiedice rSspindirea in continuare a
acestor idei qi si creeze in acelagi tiirrp un exemplu pentru
tofi cei carr', clnpd pererea 1or, sr-rbminan credinla stld-
nroqeasci.

FIrd incioiald, concepfiile qi activitatea h,ri Socrate, u face alL'r'c. parte a apdrdlii sale, Socrate t'clevi cir nrt
necontenind sI critice rriciile conducltorilor politici,
constituiau in perioada resp:ctirrd un pericol pentru rc- In aceastd sofiEtilor, fiincicd ,,SC par:g lrtcrrt
girnul democlaliei sclavagiste, foarte sl5bit in urma rdz- activitatc'a d'.:a inv5{itu:'i alior cla-
boiuh-ri epr,rizant cli spartanii gi mereu ameninlat c'le noi riczaprobd in sta|e sI
.l','r-rn-ros sd fie cine\ia
Iovituri de stat din partea oligarhiei ateniene. riIirrnner-rclIcinjD:l'cadliiel(teeed1pc6icttna.aolctc,Edplltee,loecptnsiiuctfcuiqiuS'iiqnc,noiutcciranr.e-soabtienaitaneEtlr.ntcScpPtboirniycainerrtt.psh:tactloiditaneraa.licarFc--elaoriiainslusncrrtfellbcbucctsraiacp-azrlcu:iprin.ddnot"lstseiccnsicdetcedalaccln{t:feiiinjrltcrcsare'"i-'laratcrt-titmcltiira'tarirt-ttiit
rirai in{elcpt. lll nu se gti_. inncscir'ltirnm{rc:tle'itp. tn. eninicl'ei l,crgnainri(t''
. De cc in aceste imprejurlri Socrate n-a fost invinuit , sic rnic. Si ai accca a rdpras
rrici
clirect de infractiur-ri politice ? Acest lucru n-a fost posil:iJ, 'itrno'rtl-o'r.:rs.Lsinl-lr1ccs-reerfi'n1lrolEtraciti1srtcp-s-uaIsamcaiundsnfcpcuuPlssvciStlhicnoieatcrr,lcc'actcteec-ziinr1:-ccrco-snncttlici:iltnL'eicac.lr]ironiplr.c,-rl-l.c' prl.lrfll-i',lal.ttlilial'
sc,:nEi-ntr1i'a"io'iuiur,onilpmarrtrca-{xionirlraoliccra,tnv--ct,elri,eci_elrcccrc;colelliipcieineasn.dsstpttceacnrarct,s.ettco-itdEAlrtincnelceiciiivan,niiconanrgtcinorit{,il:ndiatpitb--c'c'lraecaitr'euc'armmprniaa,ctr'fcaona,-iccfiltilndibsfn,caodatcsoalusucoctamptilsltmci5sccnc'slnplsifea*iccou-mcripqlccnll:iLaeeit,cnria'ticrtAiadinr'in:snrcai-li-fdlralliuci-is,cil-lnapcilegalnltcpurc:sict:'lcasttdvoIltdnidreiie:c-eeu5cpaiivVtcrt"m,'esdciclstllrl5llaniialmnlc-tissl'ni'tpiitp.onrcI'udtrialcr'ctta.ac-c'ccl-it-ueakncl*-i:
r,ieoarece, o clatS cu termiirarea rdzboiului pe-.loponeziac,
la Atena a fost adoptat un decret caue a arnnistiat toate aceasta mi*am atras ura hri 9i totodatd pe a n]ultot'a clir-rt|e'
inflac{iunile politic,:. in aceste condilii, snb imperiul
amnistie.i polit,ice generale, Socralc nu pr-itea r'i invini_rit
de infracliuni poiitice" Cu atit mai pulin putea sd formu-

leze o asemenea invinuire Anytcs, caue era ilnul din ini{ia-
torii decretulr-ri cle amnistie.

promDeiteareltafr'llu. si eSopcarraetec..dAAr-niyytotosscurerdmeiaregai,spinereascedn{SI,occroamte-
nu se-r va pr-czenta la judecatd, ci va fugi din At,:na, ca;i
in judiciard ar fi fost o simpla for.rtra-
car"c dczbalerea

litate, cleoarece pedcapsa. chiar protruii{atd, nu mai pr.rten
fi execr-rtat5 r1.

Soclate qi prietenii 1ui spcrau. dimpotriv-5, c5 rror iegi

ei invingltori in proces. Socrate ela hotdrit sI folciseascir
procesul pcntm aplrarea Ei propor,dduirca ideilor sa1c.
Achitarea nn tri:buia sI insemne pr,rr qi simplu doar scd-
pafea c1c pcd:rapsi. ci rnai clt sealnii tliurnful ideiloi' so-
craticne. l)c ac;eea Socratc nLl si-a recunoscut rrinovat in cei dc fatd...

1 a{a ir-rdcL'irtoliiarr.

1I 0() 19

ar-luiirrrNlsr{ria-mmi pii-csicfararmrc,narr,i-'irelrrc-iiLauranin;ri.t.r<.islLMtrasilrcij.un1rci.l.c.pL(rc,tt'rcraa"iumnrcilldiEonbi sipnucd{licitatri-ra.rlngcii_iir. r'rrrrt'cgtc sii fic tilifi rc,i (o au nc\,,r.ric'tlc pi,.ililps;i. ntt t'it:
l.oat'{-'a ir-rclcclin{at'c : torrrnai cci crr renunte mai blin s(f rrr\illiltLlt'it" r:r,
clovcclerau aproape c'u tolrrl lipsili dc inlelcpciunc cinrl ii ,Socratc lospitrgc si irrvin itil'ca ca rt-tr.r' t:t'r.tlt' in zt'i.
',prrnincl lui llelcLos irr fafa irrilcr:ritolitrrr.' " ,.'J'rr stts{ii t'.i
r'tt... invtif linclctul sii c'carlal in onttiriltr clir initii!i, fi.'
ccrc:ctarn clLrpI sprrsclc zculiri: pe cind al{ii, ptirirrd mai cle: t li fic t'i sint t'clt' clc pilrl ac:ttitr : sirsfii '-'I, tott.i;i,
or sirrt troi, clainronit'. tlirpr: spiist:Jt' lal-r. ttla crttrl ai
tiucl. clau oanrt,ni rrrai rlc.plini ;i ntai aproepc cl..: in{c- r.:r:r-a
lCpciirnc...:tl;. ('l'ccl in
rrrlitrit-o plin jr-u'Inrin1. Insa, tlalt'il rttltriittt'trr'e,trttrli.irrNtt,tr-'ri'aot;'laitj-''
In c,;ntinrralc Sot:r'alt: spune cti accca;;i cxpcricnlh a rrtottir', ilcrl, dr-.sigr.ll', $i <'ir t:ristit
ficut-o Ei atrrnrri cincl i-a celcctat pe- pocli gi pe rncseriaSi.
l)r.'t'srrI)rin ci o rt<'uttos1i. rlr'\'t'cnlc'c:e ttlt-l'iri I'ii:ipt.lnzi.
Soct'atc' srrltliniazt"r clc ascrnonca escnla me.toclci sakt c1., lru'clainronii sint. rlupi vt.ri. fii'zci, {ic oih'aslc alt'zt.:ilor...
i ecrcctale, cxclaminrl : .,Oamcnilor, ccl rnai in{cktpt dintr'r
voi esle accia carc. ca gi Soc'rate, gi-,a ciat seanra ci cl nti \/r';,;i rlttr', N'iclrtt.os, r.'i nu c c'l.r pittir-rl,ir ca tit:;lt fi. fiLtrrrl
I ;lr:t,ostirr pir.ir <.Lr alt girrd <it'r.it a 1t'is-lpiti silr nc;tiintl r..r

lr

preluir:gte ninric in cc privc;tc iscusin{a cle a crinoa;t(. irrr.inrrir',.' pl'l1.nr vrco ilr-lt'r,riraiii l iili'alc tlt' ic{t' si-rlri
aclcr,,drlrl" ls. CLt altc ctrvintc, onrul nu s(' poal,n (icclaril :rilrici. A11lt:l <'unl iti inl'iiiprri c'i ai i:rrtt'it tonvingtr pr'
niciociati mul{urnit, clc ccca cc clrnoa$tc, r'i trr-btric sii cr:r'-
cctc,ze trrcr'?rt pc.ntru a erfla aclcvi-rru]. ,'inc\-il, rilic'it clc slab la ('ur{{:1 , r'ii al c}itgi r;ttt c't't'ilt: it.t t:t:it'
.,1rii'it,r rerlc ;i clivinr-', tlar n rr t'i'ctle cii
Apirlinclu-sc impotliva,.inr.inrrililor r.nai vcc'hi'i, So- cx jstih spit'itt' ;i
/,1'i 2 'i ':t' .
clatc a afil'lnat, irr cscrrtt-r, qi1 n fost crhcrnat in jttckrcatil
fiinclc'ir a c:r'itic'at vic:iilc gi glc;clilc frLrnlalilor politici <lirr Soi:r'alt,nLr si'nrttll,ttrrrr';ic in,si-r r'rr lcspingcrt,a ir-.r,'i.:-rui-
lilor' <'alc i s-atr arlrrs. Jill ('xpr.ruc ilt l'ata iuclt'<'atolilru' sii
Atora. o i;1i11,1:fi1'51 profcsirrr-rc clc crcdir-r!i).
In cc plivc;tc irrvinuitca (:r"r Soclalc i-at' t'orttpc p(' ti-
nr:r'i. ar nesor:oti zt'ii in carc crcclc cctatea;i s-at irtr:hina -l\r'iitincl ci"l nll rn lt.rrrrnta ja irlcilr';i ia lt'tir,itatca s:l
rl.: f t'jt'a tlttgnranilol sii, r'l spulte : .,latii trrr ildttvJr sta-
la altc zcit;i{i noi, in crrvintarca ckr apirralt' -sc aratt"r cir 1ot'lrit', <'ci.irlcni atcnit:ni : cllictur.r iu' clc'clt' r'int.r'a cii-tr,i
toatc accstc invinuiri sir-rt cle ascmcnea lipsitc' clc tctnci. linclrti I'ic'clintr'-trrr inrlrrrlcl pr'opriri
ilxprrninclrr-gi apalalca ctr pt,ivirt' la iurrjnrriliier susti- slroor'att{iti.t lrir-rc fic tlirr rp,ioal{tarnc-'a tlr'buir'.
nritr-' in fafa jrrclccirtorilor cle il{ckrtos. Socralc ii aclt.r'sc'azi"r l:Lrn, stiip!r.rrilrri siitr t.l
ac'cstLria nullt('t'oasc ir-rh'r'ltir.i, prrnintirr-l irr marr.r' in- rlrrpii piii'or'c'a ur('a, sI lirrnini-r pc loi.', sir ir-rtnrntt, eilicr-
s.-r lru p.r:t:gctr. l'a!a <lt'ninri<'. nic'i c'lrial
curciilttr-t-r. r;lltl'itrr'rr'r.oiraliltt't,'. rrrtt-irai rlc r-rt'i'ir-rstr'... l'a1ir
alat'it
soc'at. clcur.rstrc'azir in fa{a jrrclc.tito'ilo' .ir .ici A; siivir';i, birrbali ai ,\tt'nt'i. ('('\'a ul'oazlrir'<iltlir rtr-a;
aocliant'falLnre-anIaatrrtrrrtciinntttr::nntliioana-sti 11s1'11oii iir-relctrrl I' nrr.r clt' rr<,rartc sarr clc altt. plin'1,-'idii."., sI mi tt'tn tit'
tincrctLrl, alunt,i ; rlar:ri. Lotr.rgi, tt.roaItt' tot'rnai ar'rurr t incl. rltrp;i d i,iiin{a ;i inl<'ltsul trtci.t,
a. nu cstc lcgc:
rirrpir ca'c c,i pcrcrtlcar't-rsliitfitcr.cjLbrculicacastirpofi.ctr:"lutua.\irrna.rfcn.oi;a';pi;r;.rc;scii
zlLrl insrrli r.ni-a ponrnciL sir nLr iriiir-sc aitf't'l clecit ca itt-"
fi,'ii r.ciit-.. lritol al in!elt'pc'i rrnii. r'a nct'rrlnriit i'('r'c'ctiiior ai s;t.rflcttilrri

irr particrrlar. ;i ficLrt si in[clcagii. rrtcLr;i al t'clorlalli. r\r fi clin paltc-rni ('('\'a intl-atlc'r'lt:.
niv.itl'Iairl"niA, ficca'icrclcaicnsricpn.ccucc.ltalcir-n.s(i'cc'cetirfl.r,r"crrrrlia:-tca'a\.Irrieirrlvretfnritiic.ltislrses..ciatSlcrmoa'coti,rrrii.calgi.utt'c,rlrq'sninpcrac"ilrlzra-lirc,sicr:rL.aor,,iiiInnfinlvur.ii_grreladittcatkuc,l-ac. ;ri1rlirrrc',oilrtar'ctz-in,rtifiti'iifqniiicnakdt'Licr'nni<rr-'-aitr1pt ccfir'rr.tlclctl.rpili-utr tzrrcc-ila.t'lntltpoiLalttttrc'itarl'q;ciiittpar:t5rllllafipt(o''ilrn'Liri''nzrt,.'i3iillo(ii't:'tl
l'ilc tale: ir-i sr.ltirrrb, rni cluc'i la .i Lrrlccatii, untlc 1:gca po- :,irrt ir-rt-:lt'pl firtr"r sl fiLr...

2l ])at'ir itr:trrn tni-ati cl:r clnrt-ttirl :i rt-ir1i da c'r't'zal:t' lrtl
'\t'tt'tos, ('alc a spi,rs ct-"r \au r)ir tt r'blria clirt t ap:rtr .lol'i-titti

-!t

sii fiu adLrs aci, satl, odati adius. n-arn al'td soartd ci<-'clt grlcocalca'sriiirimtjalnoaa:cnrn,lncaiet1ep-cnIicraalciirnndemi{prpiaoelotictaaeseprnraetteiueeca-c'ncpdiaredcarclhccalLgdiuitg-irt-Srrciriurntoi,mncdsdrdteaicnets-pi;znriSlil*ia.nc1ainrcifcaatoaponsclinauitcnsrlsaanstd.rnviiiiri$nl1ncgsiaaridttcltcnitd-Lslii-i'riavanalircreq-eefslsijaictcl-dsufoocrrr.-ta,:qr'ti:--litl
rnoaltea, clccarecc, clac;l scap, clopi,ii rrogh'i care alt urmat
rinniir-6a!5li.tsuprritlneeluaciesSteoacr:aStcocsreatev,onrustarisccauldtden-trctd, edaAcndyctoiesc,i
ili dirl clri-rmul, dar sd nr-r te nmuami ianidfeiloleztonfieczeiq, tiiadred-aaczfi
cu cercetdrile taie, vremc stlpinirca oligat'hicit.
inainte sd In ir-rclieierca p-ftaimcc':rir-pigirirr{mi ianiicutrrr:ninilittioriai lesa1jrc-r,dSeoctl:troatt'ti-1'olrl'
ic apuci iarlqi de aceasta te r:om osindi Ia moarte; dac5,
prccum spllneam! m-a1,,i llibera ctt aceastd condilie, e1'1 r'rplicat clecc nu
s,ji conl.lar obicci.Iui pot.ivit cilttia ac6za{ii acitlceatt iir
i--ag rdspunde : Cet5leni ai Atenei, imi sinteli dragi Ei va fala iudt'citorilor, pentiu a Ic stirni nila, copiii lot', r'ttclc
iubesc, insi mI voi suprtne zeultti mai degrabd decit vott5'
CitS r'l'emc mai am suflare qi sint in putere, nu voi inceta 5i plietcni ccalercgivalivrscaattirSciirocaoiepici,lepjaecrL:im,aim. procics' S':fro-
iseirgfiiioinzoc{eazle, "ssipru,5ndlnaduui-ni ddcumpniuoribgiciesidulpmreeduic:oOric, ucieml im-aa1i
Socrate,
nixos Ei Ment';<euos, t-r-a atlLts pc nitri r-Lnltl pentt'u a*i iln-
rcnlianrterestoaatm, aeln'ic, etuluieEmtiahitereninaunm; ite;inti cetd{eanttl celr'ri tSplruo'.tc''"rsli,alNsitn6ettnt*itri-pni,ncpcnijtniutc,tiilrcnfsriiionrit-acrr.l,trcrtttz:riair. .'rici'au;c. lribstiiplrcrrebjilauei!cissatariu;AnctueLnlt'csf|tieir-' :r'ii'o.r-':lFx;acelannntlil'icr-tri
br-in
in{el:pciunc 9i
nai
puterc. Nu-!i c'stc ruqine si te ingrijeqti aqa mLrlt de averi.
r:eiutincl sE lc tot sporeEti, ca 9i de numeLe qi cle vaz-a ta',
iar pe cle altai parte de cugetul ti.u, de adcvitr, Ce suflet qi r instea mca, a voasttii ;i a intlcgultii sfat, cll Iltt gi;t'sc
rlr, cuviinlir sa fac asta ia r,jrsta 1.nca, cu tt'clcr.rtuL li ntt-
cle ielui curn i5 Ie faci mai clesivirqite sd nlt te *cinchi-
lrrclc nrcLt...
scgti la fel ?..." 21. Lirsind di:opaile ir-rsd cctle cc pt-ivcsc fainra, cLI ll'J
rir'isc-sc:. alcr:icni, cb-i ch"lpt sir tc- rogi clc judecilor Ei .si
Socrate explicd apoi in fa{a tribr"rnalului cie ce s*a .r'irpi plir"r rirgin-rin!i, ci sir-l ldrnr-rregti 9i sir-l convingi i
airfinut de 1a poiiticd : dacd s-ar fi apucat si paltiripe la rrlrllcdpotaatrcanupccluelta'Lcct ehaaEtiarculcrij.'-rcciiccciatosruIrljuaccleorlo:c ca sd jcltfcascil
viala politica, de mult cra pierdLrt gi n-ar nlai fi lt;st d:,
[o1os nici comur-ritdfii ateniene. uici sie=sj. clrrpi ca; i'-1 e
I)ar, clupS cum am mai ar'5l"at, Sccrate ltu ei'a indife-
r-crnt fafl de viala politicS. El gi-a exprimat convir.igerc'a ,ilr>trrridlta'clttrl'anlaltLlLccrp'iiriilitv'lacargcfiaa. c1jr):-etpraiclut'cprienl;aitc,r:ln)rulicic,iunr-irioci iisnvetrt-rr't'iracs:pJi"itllctnj-cr'a-is, victi'ilrIclirIsinavral-i
pseIntrtnrucredzreepctaatseimEipvlurinpdai:tsicXlilraArr,rtnirlrtd teafir,
c'5, lr"rptind ('a olrl liril,i intr-ircolo; r:iici lrici ttnii, r-rici ccilal!i lr-atrr ler;pci'1--r
ncccsar
cra
politic.
In splijinrrl aceslei afilrna!ii, Socrate a.n'iititr'9te r;i n-a iist [t'l pi'-:ta1'"u...i; i'1.
r:at'c cielitrt-::ic' concis' ir-itr-o fril'rtl'-t
:Lvut niciodatd vreo dregdtoric, dar a fLinl'{ionat o.latI ca Cuvir,tc in(c'k'pie, inclator:jI'c a ot'ici-trlti jtrcl:i'itol'ilir:
judecltor in proc:sul intent,at celol zece stratoqi c::ll'e nr.l rio.irvi|qitI. principala

inmormintaser'5 osta;ii cdzLr!i in ltrpta pe mane. $i' cleli a riratc. tiurpnlilc I
fost sr-rpus 1a prcsiuni pLrternice din partea oan:r'nilol pt-r- Di-ipd inchcicrca accslci pliilrc cr'rvintari dc apirt'arc'
irrclcciitolii efectucazf, votal'ca. Din trncLc iridical,ii cu-
litici, ameninlat cu inchiscare qi cl-riar ctt nlost'lea, el I
i'iir-nas nestrdmutat la pdrelea cd mai rler{rabd trehLrie sri 1;r'insc in partca a clor-ra a ,,Apologici;;r'cics'.: ci la incepit -
infrunte orice primejdie, impreund cu legea Ei cr-t clrc,p* trrl votiirii r-tici a citrcea partc din jLrclecStori
r-ru l-arr gJrsit'
virrovat pe Soclatr:. caro ta spunL'nlai tirzir"t: ...'.Tot nr.!
tatera, clecit s5 accepte hotdriri nedrepte de Lc'an'ra lan{u- 'intl nrical fa!i1 cle fuleietos. &tai llr-rlt; dupii
mor:fii. Acca,qta s-a intintplal irni aclritat, nLtnlai cir sitrl ac1:iiat fa{t'r de cl. cii,
rilor sau a pc vt'em:a sti- tlal c
pinirii demclcratice. pali:, nu li-
Dar qi oligarhii l-ati srrpits pc Soiraie la presiurii 9i
o,-'ct

21

rlrulril. p.'rlr.lr iicirarlr r';i, rie n-al l'i cvtlt al?iLitri pc Alrytcs sscaartpur.trpieScircioccicanerttCji5ttreicirlnrcicEic:titiirptazoerfr-ri'inrli mtssrterr'lilp.aIrtr-{ceiitllei1'.ion1,a^ont(vl't'isic'icg{r1'tte'arii,nccrpL-irci(i'rp'gi.rjrrri"rr"ct'l:'ldi.irnccDdclaiacrrtiovi5i'niiu,<:Lf'iricnvliAllaln-{nrir\i.ii'
Si Lyr;n. :l al fi tlt:h:-: il -cii pJirtcascit atrrencla de o uric de
r,'iit'r n-ai- f'j ciobint,iit nici ;l crincea pat"tc clirl scama cle irnprciriraft'a c5 procr.sLrl trcbr.iia s6 sc tcrmint
clliihme',

\ (ri l t t'I" -",

I)ar, in r-n'nle si.il"r-tin{elor rlepttse der acLrzalor"i, So'-:rate in ci-rrsu1 ttuci singLrt'c-: zilr.r'
r..ctc pini la urlnft r{r'-'ial'at r.inor.at ctt 281 votttri con*
Clel osinclit sc inlr"':atrlir : t't' aitc:cva al' pttl.ca cclc'? C)
i.r a 230. inchisoare, (:a sir-;i pc[r'cac'ti viaItr ('3 1-olr
peclcapsi cti
bsinclit ? Amcncla, ca si stc;l itrc:his pinii cincl \ra pLltL'a
pccleeii,rl t;cii.pat;retcirinrncc-calicpacilienri-aisanilitcsAc:iiti:cfinrcttatrcitno-'inc5sio:hldu'ialrirlsi?:t"sSiasr ctitahcism-irbicluilniln,clcoic'rtaiti;aLrrr\i]lrirstsirLtiaiti,
Stcralc i;i prnpr.lue {.r podc;rpsi} caprrrr6ga.Iiqznnccticnf*ifn.Ai,.iacAgla,porSconiois,tec{,i'rniaionctfclcettrr:aid'lr'itiinipasrtlciiicclpcalcuar'slrptcillsei?cri taeprtllirl',iit'ter5cailsacclcp'irct:loinsttt''uiiptloicnllii,i-,lsSicci{r.r.:

Sorrlalc. rrsi r:tlll, i:i clill 1loll cLlt"illlttl plntr:tr a-5i plo-

"XlrlrIlc)rorppie,:'crlc,ratp,s.iL-.;, i.-:aj i;ri ri'i1p1li,r;tti,l''itLltc1letri:piictocllicislpll.lsaa(vceat!trlIInloi.l!ii-i ct'ailc celc o amenciri clt' i.r'r:izcii t1r,' trtinc.

bilitakla sii rlclit:i'l'u.{{' In ccntinttarc j Lrctre i';ilorii r:olcazi"i pi'ntllr apliciirui:
ii plontriil,alir. L:ii pt.iit'aii cloal' rclLa, alcgincl inil'c pc<leapsa ullci pccJepsc. So(ir:lle cslc coll tlaniirlt la lTl(.)artc (rLI
p.r:oprrsii cir.' cle ctil:o1adte'lcel*ar'a(lcrrtlitiitcli'r''adte':
et(:t.tzar"e $iloi rr.epal'ipi:]'ac-prpsrlasir c,LI I'l6l vct,-'ri.
i'entr"tt
a sr'hpa
;rcuzatolii r;ri. Sr;t'r;rii'al li trt'bLril sii-qii plc'rptrnti o atltl
iii:rc.trlil'llitplrsiil.rr-,,qrrar-v'alil,',.-ri-aa"ricigei!pi1iic.lifr,ilioox\:iiairtl,opc'ani1lt.c1'ltlt'na:rioi\rfci::ti'ilaii piuc"''

ctca'pi'tsla.i,'1q)li'(Ji,p',ti,s,alli,crl'.;^l;itilttzpaiut'c:i. aLurl('i, Soclatc sliclcazai trilltr- Iiirspunsul cr:ltri osilrclit la mriarLe
rrpllir'ria{Lri'sclr(rp'prit;ltl.i;lo'rreItr;iril.icpitrs,bi:Lttir'riil.rLttL'tt1aNis.piilt-'rrlso,,i'ioii;t;,iiiliirsia-s:;iic{i,f;\-ri:rttrlliilrin,ig:tc.'t'crkilp.Lt''aaoI'ptliclirsas(.h)i<pnv'itaiia'r"irrtL[irrop'zCitpabltrorci-lcatasiie-tpIc'clnsalf:Lilirilcr'bift-ilisnt,tt,rcpeOLpt'vtrtrbcc:!iiLEl[rlrrittt{tltq-iirtti
pt,.,tt.,, iirinc rrr.li,-rai r-{ar lL r,str: pirt'jr,i1ri t1e:5lrin[el6r nlcle, I)trpir piontt nfatlc';t pr(li p:ici t'Lt ntoitt'tctt, Soc'ratc izr clir-l
Llt,-i tre.ilr-rit, ir.rsj tntili orn si-rrai care si:ivi|EcEtc binclc ai rroLL curr'i nlii.l. 1\rli'esinr,lLt-rt: at'ti<l"a tiinh'c jr,tclc'c:Itliiri c'altr
at"c ncvlrir.r st'i iriii;,rsr'd in llniqri-c pentrtt a vit pr-ttea clat in-
eicmntrt'i ? Nirrric lra'L rr.imel'it. l-iirLbati atenicni, clc-ciL cn i.-au tronctrarnnat, cl spt.tt. r,' plinLtr-' altelc : ..Iir.t plcc s1-tr',.r
.[:x.] un asl{r'i cli: oill s;'r-1 ir|tinili irr pl"itanertt, t-l]ai dcglabi:i rcrnlirtotncairsntpecl,e1oapshioncsaditti,ttctciiaii:tsrarc"c.ci,Pli'"copHatailci(ca.cdoiiisraiiit5l;ci taitict;ilictrlttr.li'rrcLaboircl.ilriii:.ir''r-aisl-iitrflsi.enc-'.r:)iatrsr'..-'l
ci*:r:it pe acela clintre l'oi cal'er iinrple qi cleci cil in 1ur:i't,lt'i1c aceslca a fost o ntlisltri".
ar fi ci;tigat premitrl ier Dac'ir crc'dci,i crturr"'a c'li Lrriginrl r;anlcni ve[i inlzittrla p..
,rJactciSLi uod'iceleraitolr:icit:l[rt)p'ic?itl:tecctll'.ni".$(cir"*rai.ecn;i.srfilrilepllco,p-duinrpcritcacttsna'rYaasftifccloansifcolltt-- cci cc vil inus;lri cii nLl dr-tccli o v'iatir c'institi' nLr jLrcic'-
t:iifi binc...cl.
i C,linslcii ctr,-, li ii illiit:iiinL in i:l'ilencLr sc ittot'dil trltt:riri pt rr-
Vorbind apoi ,iuclcciiioliicr care l'l-aLt \rotat contra si't.
1.1'r-r rnc'r'itc iiq'1;,sf!.ic iiitir ite i,-:i.r.ric'
Soc:latc ic c-rplici conr-'rpiia sa dcspl"c moarte' cl:sprr
:4 Itiatra cie apoi. N'Ioaltera c:ste petlh'rl S<.rclratr-' oli tln vi:

" \lonedi din Cireci:r

zt!

acldeininc tAilinpirl5ecuaLt care ciuleazi vc;nic, oli o cirlatorie tra locul
au rnrtrit. Lui Socrate
tuturor r:elor carc
ii sr-rricl ambele ipotezc : eI va fi fcricit Ei inti--un caz, ;i
ini.r'-altr.rl.
Cuvintarea se incheie cu rttgdrlinica lui Soclai.e c5trc
cct5lenii Ater-rci cle a-i ccir.tca copiii in spiritul conccp-

!iilor saic.
Estc neincloieinic ca Socralc a fost condanrnat fa

ncalte i-ru nttnai pcntlu cc-incepliilc qi activitatea sa, ci
i;i-irscalicnlccanuczinacchoipmupitocrtadrSiioscaraletcirs-rIfaslcafijudcoemcdptoorrtialotra. lEtf-set-le.
Circi ccca cc agteptar,r judccltolii at' fi insemnat o rene-
p-arc a irrtlegii salc rriel;i qi opcle,
I)rrpd pror:iltnlalea condaundl'ii ia moar'le-', scntinfa n;r
pr.it?a fi executat5 clc indati:1, cleoarcce nici o cxectitarc
iapilall l.rti sc pulca ccufepctctrlearpininiidlalaseinltboiairl:cileercd'ainriaDser'tllf:ii'
de citrtenlir-tnc, animate de discutii
plecat tr;c'ntai alr-tnci plietcnii c'ilol a Ii s-a ingdcluit s5-i
:siptimini
?\u ulmat.
f ilozc.rficc p,-t,:tatc c'r,t

r,i zitczc.
In agleptalca c'rc'c.ttit'ii scntinfei. plictenii, c'iar' ;i
aiutoritai,ilc, i-aLt oferil h-ri Socratc pcsibilitatea sI L-va-
c1ezc. gi ri s: cleparte clo rlle;ra. Su'
adaposte'as:ii t.tt-r(let'a sc piirea insi o impor""
puncl'ca fa{ir
ctc LcgiIL: in I'igoalc i
tairlir ir-r,ialcx'irt: nrorali. Ill a refr,tzat sd-Ei.saiveze viala
in ac't:st {ci gi a lt;ir-tt cirpa cu otravd in prezt-'nla }-}lllllirro-
gilol siri pliclcrri;i allepl,i, zguduili cic plins qi pe c,alc iol
cl tiruta sa-i )iLri;teasci. lia ar-ir-rl li99 i.c.t-t.
:, i\loaltt'a lilozc,frrltri t.t-:l ittscmnal irrsii slir;itrt1 clisptr-
tt'il in jLir Lrl ploiticn.tc'i soct'alici-tc.
I)e pilcla, PoLic'r'atc, r.lin inslrcinaLtla coitdltcelii cleilro..
cla{ioi il--tricne. a prrlllical la sctrl't tir:rir cltrpi moaltca lrri H

Socr atc o litc'r'art' in c'alc' t'iiltla sJt jListif icc sclrtin!a dc CJ
cd
('oltLlaltiilat r'.
oc)
Acc'astii luc:t'alt: r'c11cr,:tit tcr-rdinlcle polilicc alc tleil-to-
cr':iilici ai-enilnc 1n pr.'rioacla tind. dupi inft'ingc'rca sufc- U)
riti in lirzbojlrl pciopencziac. sc iuccrc5 nr-r nurnai si st'
rcstabilcascii Lnpcl'iul alenian, da| Ei unitati:a intet'nir e' 5
cctai\ii. i;'rti'cclcr":a clcplinii irr conilucf,torii statttl.ui. Ot'ga-
nizatqr:,ii pr.occ:;ul rri n-ar.r urrtrti|jt nurlrai Cotrdantnat'ca. ltii OJ

zodL

?6

Solrate, ci gi a trrhu'cl' icnclin{r'ior iic sr-tbrtr.irrare a olin.. 1i. .PLaLun. op. til.. P. 0.
..iLritii existcntc :'i.
llste insl ir-rdoiclnic clar:i nroaltea lui Socratc a acius I i, /biclctn,.p. 1!.
l.Iil avantaj rcal or:ganizatorilor" proccsr:lui. l\{inia po-
polrrltti nri i-;l c'r'r:{at dc loc. l)iogcr:c l-aei'fiu conseilneazi Diagc.nes {.aerlios. c}'p. i1"., il. .iii?"
r:i rltrpl nroaltea lui Soclate' ,.aie'nienii s-alr cirit..., incit 1.4. NIainr .tlcinricl. ."Sr,rl.<i:ri-cs, Sein \!'tri< ul:d scine g''-'.sctrichtiiche
ilrrc:hisela tcrcn'.rrile clc cxclr.'i1ii qi gin-rnaziile, cxilar:I p':
rucrrzatori, iilr pc l\'lt:lctos itr osinclirf, l.a rnoartc. In cinstea .StellLr,nrj", \'ei1:rg I. fl- t j' &'[oirr-, 'fii{lingen, 1911i. p' 'l?i'
Itti Soi:r'atc r-idicarir o slatujc clc blonz, opcri a ltri l,ysip, Pltt()n. op. tii",. p.4-
qi o aqczart) in sala clc pr:'ocesiuni. Iar Anytos, ajuns tra
-[{eraclca, a fost alungat clc loctti'"ot'ii oragului in aceca;i ll.tidern, p. tJ.
2.i..." r3.
Soclatc a fost condanrnat. Ia t.r-roarte ; cl a pierdttl plo- loirlcrn. o. !t
lcsul intentat inrpotliva sa. dat' a ciqtigat stiltta corttcnr- ,lbidcm, p, ll.
nloranilor sai ;i a gcne|a!iilor Lrrltlitoatr-. ltrldcnr, p. tlr.
lbiclcnr. p. i7.

lbirlt:,rr. i;.2t\.
lLirl, rri. gr.'Jl.

/t-rirllnt, p. l:r.
(-ltruL:;t ,,1. fI"" op. l ir . r:. lil -llr';
I)ir-rccnr's Lrrtllic.'ri, o1: i:1i.. Xl. liig.

N {) l'It

X. I{. ,\1nr;r'si Ir. Eittt(l:t..,O;rct'c", r;ol. }. Ilditr-rla dc slat }tr'lttril
litr)r'irturri pc,li1.i|ii. lliluur('f ti, 1lll7, p. 100.

l. C'itirt clr-rpi V. V. Stt'ulLe ;i D. P" ]ialli.sl.ttt;" .,(it't't:irr anticS'',
liditrira stiintif jt'ir, llurrulcqti, 19il}. p. 1128"

11. ))irttlt'nes Laertios. ,,1)csplc vieliic ;i dr:t tlinclc filo;z-rf ilor.",
tlld. clir-r 1. gt'r'alit dc Cl. 1. llalmrrs, llditulu Acitili,'ntit'i 1?.P.1?.'
l:iriCr.r|t'sli. ll)iill, 1t. t{jJ-16:1.

1. I)io11r:trt's Leartios, o1;. cit.. p. 163.
5. lttidarn. p. l6;-ltitj.
ti- l)Itttrnt. ..1)ia.lctr1uri". Flclitura pcntru litrli-i1.i-trir univt.lsrtli, ]:luru-

les1j. I$6{l- p. l}01 si ttlrrr.
7. Clt,r()7rst rltltotL H(rtttcttrr. ,.Soi lrrlcs. -r\{itr.r. irnd Nf it,h., Iitc two

Suo llic .\pologics oI Xt'nophon", Rolrtlcclge anL Keg:rlr Ptrul,
Londm, 19J7, p. 1{it).
E. {-'hlrrtrsf A. H,. o1t. cit., p. 1.96.
9. -.tl /loc('l?i.(,/u. ,,1\{tindstilel }{o)dor;i!rr"" Ccrniu[i, 1933, p. :3.
xtl ,.xellophotl I')rihtlertrngctt lttt Soll'aies" iil)crtrogcll vol] ioi'trttt-
ncs ll'ntsclrt'i. ;\l,trdcnric trIcriag" 8cr'1i:r, ):);r5, p. i1.

4D

a o plrila noui-l ca suspectl ci<,: erezie. Iar in cc ne pi'ir:cgte
nci. r'r ciiin,. ioi.l clritolir'i noastre pastorale gi din glija
Ioana d'Arc F{' a lntiiri ,:u olii'r.' plet clctlinfai cr-.Etind, arn considerrat

Fi'ocesul condamndrii ;i proccsul reabilitlril cie
ca tlebuie sd cercctt-u'n ac'esle fapte qi sI proceddrn cri
ioanei d'Ar:c, fecioai:a din Orl6ans c'hibzr.rinli in confornritatc' cr-r cirepiul gi cr,r rafi'lnea.
In consecin!a, alr-r r"erut clin partea noastrii domnilcr
conte dc Bourgogne gi contc Jean dc Lr"txembour-g si
piedoa pr-' aceastd femeie jirrisrlic{iei noaslre spirituale
spre a fi judecati ; qi preaserenissimui gi preacre;tinul
prir-r!, stAplnuJ. nostni, regele I'ienrir: al l,'rautci gi Angliei,
le-a cemt gi el, la lindr-rl siu, acelagi lucru. in inten{ia dc
a contribui la intdrirea credinlei catolice, domnii conii
acceptarE cu br.rnlvoin!5 de a pleda prizoniera lor nron-
seniorului regeh,ri nostru, iar providen{a-sa regaIS. arzind
'de dorinla de a sprijini credinla atlcvf,r:atd, ne-o pr"ed[ la
rindr,rl s6u. Dupi care v{'neral,.ilrrl consiliu clo canonici clin
Rouen, :xcr"citind aclministlalia spilitLrali, a binevoit s;l
ne acorcle dleptui cle a rezida in a-cest ola; in vedet'ea
instnririi pr"ocesult-li; chiar inaintc de a intenta procedr,tra
..Noi. I)ir-'rr'c, plin mizclitroi'clic clivirtir cpiscop cie Bcai.r- r'ontra accstei femei, am considerat ca oportltn de a nc
Lc il4aistrc, din ot'clirrttl cil.rrgt)r'ilcr'
t'ais, ;i cirlugfu'ul Jean cie rlagistt'ti1 Jcan Ct'avcient, in- consfiitui in modul cel rnai scrios Ei gindit, cu savanli Ei
exper'[i in clrcpt canonic Ei laic, care in aceastl cetate
pr-ellicatoli, insirrcina!i Rouen, prin gralia clotlnultti, sc gdscau
r:lrizitor clc clcclinlii ;i al pcn-et'siti!ii ct't'tit'c pcntr:tr llc- pe atltnci ln
gatr rl I''r'an{t'i...
Proviclcnla a i'oit ca o fcme'ic, Ioatra. nirrt'riti obi;nuit abLrndenfd...(' l.
l't'c'joala. sI fic prinsd fdciitir pt'izonic'r:ii de ostaqi rc'nrt--
nriii pe raza Ei Aceastd oldonanll, plin care s-a dcschis Ia inceputlrl
cliocczei Ei a juriscliclici noastr-c. in niLtuella-*c
loculi sc liispindisl cleja zr.ollul r'5 acttastd felrtcitt, uitinrl a.nuLui 1431 procesul inc'hizitorial inlcr-rtat Ioan:i cl'.r1.rc,
t'li' ck.nrnitatca cur-cnitir sexultti ci, clt-' toalai rr-rqinca, ca gi riumitd Ei Fecioara din Olleans, o inrrinr.riegte nurnai
cle loatir pucloarca fct.nininS, pttt:ta, pt'iutl'-o dcfot'trlat''-' r:enlru faptul ci obignuia sd poai'te imbriciminte bdlbS-
teascS Ei cI a ficr-rt afirmalii contrare credinlei catolice.
tu-ricir 9i nronstntoasi, itrtbricarnintc nc-potliviiir, convL'- fdrd a prcciza ce anumc afirmatii au stirrrit clezapro-
nabili:r tloar birltalilor ; sc spLllle ct"t infttlrlut'area ci lll(lrqo
pir-rir intr-acolo, inc:it inclrdzneqte sir suslin5 afirmalii con* l:area,,pilzitorilor r:r'edin{ei,aclevirate".

tlalc rnai mttl.tor tcze alc crcclinlci catolicc. Accstc clitnc' T)c ce asenrenea fapte ar-r prorroc'at pini Ei irrtcrr:entin
sc- spLu-rc, 1c-a cottris ntt ntu.uai in cadt'ttl clior:cz-ci noastrL'. pcrso,naii a rcge'lui llenlic al Vl-lca al Angliei, in nunrelr:
ci;i in rrrrrlt.r altc plr{i alc rcgatului. Cind elc au ajttns cdluia pe \:r'elrrea ac'iea englczii st,dpinear,r teritorii in-

tinse ale pamintului fr.ancez ? Doar simplul fapt cil nr-unita

la crrnositin{a nragistt'r.tlui univclsitS{ii ti cirlugilLrhri femeie Ioana obi;nuia sd poarte haine bdrbdteqti ?
.liirc;tc, realiiatea era cu totul aita. Pcntr:u a o in[t-'-
llartin Billotin, r'ical gc'ncral al monscniorulr-ti inchizitor", 1ege. sd facEnr o sticc:in1.ir ittcursi unc'
aci'stc inalte pcrsoane ari obligat pc dornnii contc de Botrl'- istor:ia acelor

qo[Jl'rc Ai contc Jcan clc ,r-r::ctlrbottrg' carc o clc'{incarl, rl'': t.impr,rri,

30

F'i'arrria in tinrpul llzbc;iului cle o sutir clc ani pr.rtril fi il-rcoronrit, nii'i 1a Peit'is ;i nici ia Rcirtrs, ol'alc
lrr'trpatc cic :ntlt.zi.
p(afr{l'''l'laaas:at'll.rartlofotri(snzasl'c'ai!.t'laztiil<nlirli.,,i:sari\air-i(,i.an-iisi'IIu-ctI1i'llln-li.('l'Jargta''l'.ci'lrrI'rc.,z'_alalrzilil{iuti.'alorFaaoa'i.rrtlraa.rt.prirlnrul\irarzr<n,i,t''qira,r,iii'rl't,lcirtr.r,epirc'ni1,itrl1.ii,rs,tr,:,tirIrrc,;r,r.litii,'i,,tli.r(,ii',l(),ait,r}il,1.,lir.,lJl31truii;r,ai1,,rlr,,r,;,if,r,..rrs,a..oi,.iu,l,,r:it.,|,,rr.,,fctil,atc,ritirT.".l-lrilI,;"clr"r,ir"'k,ii..,'atq:,g.iri,.i,J,rccr;-rtj,g')',.-arri,ieri,.,rr"l;i{,o,,.iri Rlzlroiul indciungat a pustiit tt:r'itolii intinsc clin
ilran{a. Pattrri lalgi alc poptrla{ici tr'hiar,r sub teroarc.a in-
cendiiior', jafurilor ;i asasirratr'1or'. Oragelc qi satcle Fran-
{ei crau bintuite dc foamctc, de holcrl ;i dc cium5, ti-
lanii n-avcau ce lccolta: haitt'lc rJt'lupi
Ia Palis. arr pirtruns pin;i

In acreEti ani rlc glelt. irrc'cli.ari a apz-rrrrt Ioana cl'Ar.c,
al cirrci ltllm(' rra de,r,r'ni irr lrranfa simltolul luptei de cli-
;t'alqrItir.\altitlirrta'zciilglorilcilro*l.'lrs)'''rclli,taarralllaa<llao.n''ri..;<.'iv.riir'rIlc\zttlnV>n;nvrIrl]rt'":lr'car-3li'lcgzJi)t{L:li_icogrhs[r-llItl'r'ior-cc..ictct\crr-analeria'-rnra'rri'latpctkg.nia7irr.i.fir'rc''rnr,.lrciiala'lial.tc')''iirtrra.l,rfrtitrti1tigoqrrfjrlopr'i:ii'ca.t;t_t,r,litc,ll'iioaa'r.,ccrcln'a-th1ra.\pcrrllgi'I_'Li,a/ertilrc-fclr'.s,c.r>ini<a.o''rr'rnI'gp-.r6zrial.'.rrleao;,ls'kfrios.jsr"r\lraitiik.t.'i.tcr*srp,'('rirtall'tt'c,trticin'rtc.'aiorrrlri.;f(rclgt]r'glcs.'ooCgarr'r:air{ui'tii,,ontrul'rtitcr.rpr's,Luncsira'i;,iii'siirllnr.arniaf'irr'nrc.otriuq,rss'-aiiic.(rc'9ircris'is'lirugi)teirilrslrrn'cfai.tn.tLluCiassr.n',rr.rtnr.acr,a.,ln...-ir.,'<ti'*,tJjrla.rLoEr{lnir..nlrib.lrriri,ltorluircn.lcr*cataoi.irrtknt'r'.nioi,jori,drii<'tar.rrrr,rn_n.'ica,ptrilrltoarl<rrtr1,.:fr.cci...-rgiariaorrrl:rii4aitigr5l.igcra.reLin.cror'iejii,1ic.lnpa,.rtrlt,a'trrpfgaeriuaiailli.tccrrr0a\l!rire,roia,aft.\ilqrIl-{i.l<.rtiaiac'ierg-'tiriIpic'iiaiai,nJrurilrquaXrslrtidcao.''.r.ir.rrcr."ccrVi,-]],il.as,rcrtr.Vrroic.eg.p,,icir,iaioa_.htetor,"iir't.\ei_rn.n.ai"lci.tr,r:.J,l,cclci:-rrccrco.',"rltt,i0's.cIU,,laaitcr.giaa,'uailpft,+'dap'tl_rriarie.,bl:rlcri'nc,,or.Irnjiiclarl.lc:r.lduc,a"coeotVa*ic.coa.1rg,,l.-l"sa(rv'ips3cr,L,za'ha-irA"ara.oi,"iiooo,.rtntnltuit,:t\nzdtliatr*'trriiol:,i,rt,',irSfrrrr'is,rrii,oarrVnilroiraa'i.anadri.;isol_rrr..iguf'ac'ltrl,ct'bI-rrrrg1ttucir.crriolIo-trpgn,"ia,ioi.a;_,i'i,Lti,Li"iasrrrn'rgi,gartc.N*,e,'Anl(ripaii,.r,r.tIjc.n:fr;1l"gro:.flrrrl-ccii'n-rc."riaaflr.,.iii,rirti-l-t',c.,.,prt',i.,,"n,t.,.mr'H',,;r,.llIgf'rc.';rsIr,r,Jc,i,rr.t,iiiriIl;iia.itp,"tyil;.c.ilL"ncli,,n'_r,;'c,,gr;f;rii'cr,l-tlru....,n,'"rr,n;rrtrrr.l"u:l,irc;;i,li"i;rr]i,rri..t_;.;iuf;irirJ.,rzii;ri,',J;a,.,"lii,i:l.,-ra,;f,l1.i,t".iljii.,l,aii;,r:_;',_;.r-,,ill:,,,i:i,-, lnlarc na{ionalir.
Ioana s-a nlscrrt la ti ianLralie 141 2 intr.-o fanrilie di_'
tilirint'agnoi scpliondaf)roiindrrei'nl.ta)rz.irTaai tc[ol mcui.nJca.i.cc'Il'uincis'u'ca]'AIo1acn,aea1apruimnli!t
dc ia mama sa, Isabc.Ile, nlscutii llomi'e, o c.ducafic pro-
frrncl t'cligioasd, clar n-a irtvirtat si scr.ie. gi nici si citeascl.
illalilc frlrlintiu'i care sfigiarr Irranta au girsit un ecou
pr.rtc.rnic in srlflctul tinc.r'ci f1e6tca. nFiircct'rsacvncsaibvilhedEt.ineiixcauitaetal,-

t'a susfinca clc la virsta dl
loacintccrl<'rmclnigaiuoss,iralfuirpnrticncirlncpiotsr-fiinvatacNrrlgalregzairlo:crtapeEni atr1u!i
sfinli

elibe-
l'arca qi unific;rlr.a patriei salc, a I'ran{c.i, srrb cirntuirce
rcgclui lcgitin-r, Clalol al VII-lca.
Irigula Ioanci cl'Ar,c t-ru cstc. rrn t'az izolat in acca pe-
rioadd a istor:ici poporr:lui I'ranccz. Liriagelc sr:ferinfe ale
niirselor poprrlalc ari dns la apari[ia unol fcnornt'nc asenli-
;lai in toaLc provinc'iile Fran{ei. Ilegitrnca de
'nbi"arqtotainr"ir.. cal'c a avut rlt' inclurat nenor:ociri deose.-
a Ioanci.
bit dc glclr. ric pc urlna rirzltoiului, a <:trnoscrrt numcroasc
cttzrrri do t'r<iist.n p<lpular', clc oarnt'ni sinrpli cale s-ar-r ri-
riicat la )upti"r inrpotriva cotropitorilor cnglezi gi a sLrs{inI-

l.olilrlr lol flancr:zi.
In flrrr-rtea palLizirnilor'. r'cc'r'utali clin linrlul !fu'anilor,
e:iflbuiralikrr, piclrarilor', t.inrplaliirlr. tlbrhr:arilor Ei cleli-
<.'ilol irrfct'ioli. sc giiseau aclcsca nobili. carc avoau mai
tr-,irlti t'rpcrilrrlii inililaril. in lrrpla irnpotriva cotlopito-
lilol sc cinrt'nta soliciariti.rlr'a rnasclor popttlat'e.

I-irr.gi localitatt'a N't'arrl'<'lriitcau sr. afla un stcljar, dentr-
n.rit ..stc"ialirl pallizarrilor"'. Lrncli: al.u fost spi nzrtrali rnul{i
C-.lalIo)lrrapiirV,nIIr-,lac.atc, aa lfloii :tcaprr.,olt.alal ln\'ra-rrr.-,,,au.. pr:ir{lrr rn'stt.'rit'i'. trtrp'r,itrlli clin [-'rorrici]t: rrremii ail
al }.r.an{ci,',tar-n_,i linthrlilc popol"ul ui
L"onscllllrr'lI laptcli' c|0'it tt ajt' tiu'antrllti c:ttrtosc:l'it stlb nu-

32

33

rnr.'ljr de Grand Fer.rdt, preclrm gi rczistenlla dirzd a Lorui- i.oii,.;c"-,ifn'u?aa;ni-ns"nii"uot.ilt,far"lip.cCin"tl,if:toouaLJ"il'lt.tt,etiu"txi"tImi"rcoi.'6Hgtmanprii-'biiuoatriroocnti,'frucii,,'ari"a"'gA,laiarcre:cdrn2niaruBipIirciitdcicmrpztcs'taIilatts]ca-oLrio'tterii.cdenz'u'ugfirn1r'iltpgcc4ezicla3aei0'lc,cz,rectiierncnloogaldgiaranlnc\lpalsaczned,ailucnucdolttlz'lcaA-rraos-,rrtpcicnnl'sale-"uata'sIint'auelc'girlrntdeaeniciz*znteur"ltltrll-'-'r';^
1,ol'ilor ola;Lrlui La I-l,ciclrr:1.[r.. r;"rFi'iCo;fr-i;-et,;u0ertr'0irrillrvle0".Teg;tdC,;oni;c"ra,itt,t;uusii:eccl,t;aopthit'Izoi1lasReinc]old.oian.t'erpti1cruuaali-l'nlLtoeutprrcgil.""hlcePtoonilziruute,rititru,aoriH"eunreiiuapCnmlrcalcailiricrdmcicAataartpirt-ol-oocn'aVat,uriItiict-'nvl-}putaeuiivsiaeecfl'rnocoalCgpeanlarocanecrzade--l"diu1iroori.draeCgyi'.A'au1ajnrtllulc-ll*-a-'
I)in acele vlemuri se rc.lateazd qi nlrmeroase intimpldri
aasne.nVrEenxiliona,-ruencdeejeci dpleutrg.eircduleLainurpeindturAenaqdueetiiilngadinRij.iotn,"rlst
ciliva partizani in retragere, transportind pe geful 1or.
car"e pirea a fi pe ntoarte.
rdnit, Jeannequin de Villetls, rdnit cdlugirulLii, (.are iI

l?artizanii ii incredin{ard pe
ascunsc. gi i1 vindeci :1.
Sint consemnatet gi cazuri de eroism feminin. in lLlp-
tele cie la Amiens au fosl rrinite tleizeci de ferrrei. Ilirr
acele rzrenruri ne sint tlansmise faptele de
unei oarccare Jeanne Flachette. Ei arrn_. ale:

In aceasti atmosf'eld cle largd rezistcrr{i popr-riari im-
potriva englezilor s-a matur.izat gi personalilatca tinelei
Ioana d'Alc. c,hon ; acesta se fotosi impotriva Ioanei cl'Arc ;i clc spriiinr-ri

La inceputul anr-rlui 1429, Ioana d'Arc a rcugit sd con.- univer:siti{ii din paris, d" ur..*.,,rea acleptl c.reelinc,l'a:i5 a
r,ingi pe unul din cdp<,rteniile arn-ratei flance_.2e, cipitanul
lcgclui Angiici.
\inratuilcnoiulclcuct''us,r:sgeenleio. rEcaler,llcanrridira.icro.engt'ei.si,ns;o"rr-aignr"rrlijClolchri;naosnciina
seclet, imbldcatd in haine bilbitcgti. la 6 rnartic 1429, iar: Procesul impotriva Ioanei d'Arc

Sttvcr"anut, iinpr.esior-rat cle personalil.atca tinert:i fclt., i_; I-a 21 lebruarie 1431, in capcla regali a casteXrilui r'tit-r
incrcdinfai comancla unor trlipe. Ctu accst plilc,j. k-lai,a ll Rcr',tcn, a inceput plima fazi a proccsLllui, a1a-numitul pln-
doveclit rA gtic sd se or.ir.rntczi i,-, culiselc incilc'itr.,alc cultii
regale, lrnde se ciocneau nul]tct.oa,se intclesc conlra-
dictolri.

ConduEi de Ioana d'Arc, osta;ii francczi ar-r rerr5it J.a 29 e'ers preparatoriu,
apriiie 1429 sd pdtrundi in ora;Lrl Or"lcans. .,ilincl pc engle-:zi Tribur-rah_rl ofa Cotltpu-s din: r..ronscniotul Fierltl cart-
la inceputul lunii mai si sc rc'tlagd rle sub zidulilc oraSulrri, r'iror-r, cpiscop cle l3cauvais, cloctor ln teotrogie, liri"ntiai' in
care fuscse supus unLii asccliu dc sase luni. . di'ept canonic, r:onsiiicr aI plcascrenissimului qi pr'carlel*
linr-rlr,ri rcge aI Angliei' pre;edintclL' completuhii d.e jucle-
Ioan,a d'Arc se dovedi a fi un conducltor miiitar capabil r*td ; vt:neraltiltrl n-)agistru Jean cl'Estivier, eairdhic cle

gi tenace, avind o influenla insuflelitoare asupla ostalilor.

Sub comanda ei, trupele franc.czc au invins almata engleze Bcauvais ;i clc Bayellx' promotor satr procurol: general al
magistml Jean de 1a }-ontainc', licen{iat in
in citeva lupte imp,ortante. inc'lusiv in bdt5lia dr. la Paia"y procesuir-ii;
ia 1B iuni,e 1429. Dupd elil-rcrarera ora;ului Reims, locul clt: drept canonic:, consiliel-, comisar $i cxaminator al pr'or:{:'-
sutiii. l\Iembrii tribunalr"rlui erau asistafi ele numero;l
incoronare al regilor Fran{ei, Ioana d'Arc i1 inso{i pet (larol s'peIcnivallii;atitdinc1tceoploregi;ced;iinctclrlcepttrcibarnrnonaiLcu. l'.ri sI clcprrni iurS-
aI VII-lea 1a catedralS, unde acesta a fost incoronat in ziira
dc 17 iLrlic. niint pe evangGhc cd va spunc adevirul la toate intrebi-

Ioana d'Arc continua sI lrrpie im1:otliva cnglcziior, cle:ii lile cc i se vor prine, Ioana d'Arc rirspnnse ;
cerc'rrrilo fc.Lrdale cle Ia c'ultca lr.'qclrri. r'are' urildr'(:au iln
compromis cu enqlczii, ciqtigatr o tot mai mare infJuenfd.

34

-* Nu Stitr fu-r cr,pl'rrinfil v'a'c[i sd.nri intcrcgaii. troaie ;ue;an;;te;ls[eiii;dion;bt;rifcinbf[udc.ilicnpiupltsaljclittcionar:acicuc.|tstzrA-atcltecui lroatl;lliixtoisrrc'Luoulrqr.itsiilir.icnttIec'r|arirrlg1catasto-totr',t.ti'-nt:i-;
vor fi intrcbiri tra carr nLr vir l'oi l'Sspunder a,
Pre;edintcle i-a acir-rs ia cunogbinfi cI intrcblirile sc vot'
referi la problcnie cte r;r'e.dinx;ii neligioasii qi i-a atras aten- nci.liigcrci"JIIJlooeltlu"ataaaccimnnllCccaaEccchiiiu::ttafotCcLotprctrrarcluac:i1lcdluoTe-r::rcTro,AedcAyhcieiaibelss-mitrcr,tilraliyc-efcti.oillt,aicts.lLl.oiotutaIcraan)vnaScnaacoura'ol;miozi.npaietliitc-alrDle{rdpIccacicanissm-lRitt.saie,crCusiarcdhpnfnmaasiasurtltbetl?l-cuomsc)(tincrziirziilpl{ataeiim't'o/-cntilnloootraciin'rscf$caa'i
fia cd ii este interzis sii pilraseasch f[r5 pcrni*riunea Lnstatr,-
fei inchisoarera cast*ir-iliii rtin {:ilr,lcn.
*Ia-trNi luirsapcr'.ctnespul lnIiccia. ro:r'i:n:ilrclictir:. DarJl 'r'oi i.:t'ada, liirrleni
nr1 va pr,rtca sa nrA i;lr.'inoi't1leasca ele a-nti fi tri-rciat crc-
din{a, fiindca nr-r cin'iit-lra:;n,.):tin,::'ri:riiiisiltarr"llfcidlriinirl:ar pro-
terstez inrpotrir,-a I'rlcioc{at5. $i tuamcl0r. : Oat'e fctncilc' onorabilcl alt: oralc'lor nrt
r:aic nli-;lr-l il*sf; Juclccitorirl

p1-1SC. a- tingcau cr-r inclclc trol inclul pc carc-il P-u{a1?. r-ncl(', dal-
au atins rnlinilc
Ilpiscroprrl CaLrr:hull: L\i iirir;cri,at sh cr,adezi rie l;l:l I-oana : NIultc fcrnci ;i inclclc
trrr-rltc oli clirr alt.t- inli,iisorl lrnCr. ai fost cic{ir"iilt5, trcana ! rcpicslijtruncarrl'utr.uDc;lsctii.huuiui;Lomrniinalccaicnailh9inl;lc.eioctirmtpxcIntctl4arnc-cacariamstluainItaa.lo''fearonsrtilsiicci-ccialt;e-ecqi;ldcaiilfrlfrcil,canaciilnftlciparcthucosptzorcac:citial'lineedriurtil-alirernrfc.ctircalt}zaantlolaprlcircltirl,ldllerxccecra"tn:ai'ominaarstticcl-lcl'rca*ac'ripa'tnsleoo'irpalnctittstpsc'lcclulioolrfaccpiitcxcstlria----l
I)c accea tc-am inr'.1t1";;t in fiar:c p,.'ntru ca sE fii r':-ui }:irie

pdziti.

Ioana : Il] foal't,-r ;ii:ii'.

as vlLra s^o fac...
Intci'ogatoliLri alu;:ai:r,.i a conliilLral gi iL: zilcic ril'rlr"{-
loalc. Ioana a fost oLriigatir. sh rlspirnci;i la ni-,nunriiratc in-
noi intcrogatorii.
trebdri in icgiitrrri (,-r rriuralia. r'r'cdiLrfa ei rciigioas5,
vccleniiLe pe caro i".r ar.ra, h,rgSluliLr salc cu regelc Carr-,.[ Ccte ;isc intc''gato'ii coi.plc'lcnta'c au
a1 Vli-le:r, atitrtclinra ci lLaii cle cli';ei'se gr^upiri politice ctrire ii);i'P1|i?nmulairntitccrloagiantcohriisuosa-racarcdfier-rrict ainsctclcluolseclbci ar''r-tt loc intrc
F-ran!a, fapttil dc ai pLn'h 'inrbrlirarnintc bfu'birteasc;1. Acr-r-
la Ifoucn'
zeta a l'Jrspr.ins {k a:irrxrriri'a 1a intlrbirilr: r'cteliloal'E 1;: J.a inlprr-ljulii-
ule in carc loanl a fost factrtl pt'izoniclir' Apoi ca a fost
artir,itatca sa rniiitar;,. intcrogatii ciin r-rou cu pIiYirC la r''iziunilc ci lcligioasc ;i tra
l,'nr-rl clin juclec;itori :i iritlci;aL-o clac,:i ;iriiitarii rral't.)
faph-ri cle a fi lcncgat li blestcmat pc cllrmnczclt : a fost in-
lLrptaselJr sub cun-landa ei ;i.-aLr firciLt rn"senti;c ilr-rp5 in:;igna ti'cbati ;i tlcsprc inccrcalca dc cvadarc din tcnlnilii ;i itn-
ll'iclmintca blrbitcascil pc calc o pulla'
t:i. Ioana i'iispttnse c"ri r-ln;r c-iinti'i: ci ;i-au ticut ascrnenc;t

insemnc pc saLin ,alb, cu iLori clc crin. Se.r.rsul inttebiililol' pusc in cursul intcrogatoliulr"ri ctlm-

JticleciitoluI c; irrh'ci:Jr apoi rtracii s. afil'rnat ct"r li'iseinnc"li'
copiaLc cl,,ipI a1c cj td1.r.ri-,alr nor"Or'? picmcntar arr r.c-'lcvat ci jr-rclcclto|ii Ioanei consiclerau ca
itrsrificientr: cktrrrcntr:lc cle' r.inor,hfic stabilite in cu|sr-rl pr.i-
loana rlspunsc :
asu-p-iaLecngslepzuiinocf ai"nr;i{osutaiI;i1aor'rr)rr-;rca,r,niri1iipi rcirs.liii-ntis*vftdliiciir.il
irrpotriva 1or'. crii".ej rtiinnrtrticrtlDurrorccilgi;inanicttieoncir'ioii{rngiialamclto'olInromiLoatpa.nlscaml nfta'unfiiafltrtcsljccu'sccelencpgdluctosznii,rslirn-orbcinautcrrsru:uzblairlt'rc:ltilplrcr-nrltLrrtil

lupta

Judecirtorlrl : l,e-a!i spus sil poartc inscmnele cLt curai
pentrn a avea ncroc ?
--Aic:tcztttvreoclaiiip'iniiazic:Izirrclcsirrtl:iruin-
Iorna : I-e-am spus, ceea co s-a intilnplat ;i se rra mai
intirnpla. Lr..rrfionale ?
Prin intr:ebiriic pl'ivinctr insernnE-,Lc, judccitolr:1 a incct'."
Ioana : N-atlr ;tiLrt dc a;a ccrta'

{)'i

Jb

Judecdtolttl : Dc untle ai ;tiut cii -<finta l'lcatclira ,ci
..,1inta lVlargarcta ii ulisc pe cnglezi ?

Ioana:-Eie iulrcsc ccc-a cc tlotlnul nostnt iirlrelte si
r-ilisc ceea ce dumnczeu uld;tc.
clumnezeu ii tirlqte pe t'nglczi
Juclecdtorul : $i ? lu:L
Ioana: Nu;tir,r nimic cr-t prir,ile la ir,rbirea oli
tll'a

clurnnozeu fald dc cnglczi sair ce va facc cr.r sufletsiie
aiocre;loclalarca;trieuvobrinfei ci lol fi sco;i din Irlanfa cu excep{la
omolili ;i cai cii,rmnczcLt ta acolda r;ir:-

toria francezilor impotriva engle'zilor 5.
Ace'ste lr'rspunsuli, ca qi ttrtrncloasc altL- dcclalalii aie
Icianci, pr.rn in ]rirrind cLu'ajui ;i patriotisttrrtl tinerci fc1,c.

ual'e lrLr s-a tcm'.rt s6-i infrLrnte pc acleptii invcterafi 3i trn-

glczi1or.

A doua zi clLrpii incireielca intcrogaloliLilLii t onlploi'llcr1,-

tar', la 18 martie 1431, membrii ;i asister-rtii trilt',tuah,tirti

s-au adunat la. re;edinfa pr"c;eclintclui L"auchrrt-r. ltcesta r:

licut o scurt5 expLurct'c asupla con{inr.rtului' inicl'ogato-
riilor ;i a dat citile anr-rmitor pasaje clin ritsprrnsurilc- actt-

zatci, extrase la cerclea sa dc cltrc exper{i. Etr a invitat

apoi pc. cei prezenli sd stuciiczc nlatorialLrl ;i sir-;i f,orntcz,:
o pdrere pind joia ulmitoale, cind trc'buia si li sc r:omunict:
un annmit nunrlr cle articole in prir.in{a ciroi'a a\-cail ra"t

:;c pronunle.

La 26 martie, la le;cdinla prcqe-dinleliti lribunaitri;.ri,
rnembrii instanlei au inceput si clc.termine articoleh' iJL'

l:aza cfu'ora promoton-rl plocesului rilnra sir follt.tult'ze' r"r-

chizitoriril impotriva acuzatei.

Proccdula pleparatolie liind iucheiatli, pul t'ii si ilti.'r.'iillii
pr occsul propriu zis in tnate rie dc creclin{i.

Tribunalul a aprer:iat cir articolclct p,rozclttate rie pr"o-
motol erau binl alcf,tr.ritc. Acttzata ttlt:ra si litr interogatil
ia proces in temr:iu} lor' ; dacI, dupa cc' i se a:L'irsg urf, a\ er"-
lismcnt, ca rcfriza si rdspuncl;i, alticolul respt.;tiv rrrnra sJr
fie considcrat ca rccLrnoscr.rt ;i admis.
$cdin{a din ziua urrnltoale a avut ioc in p}'uz.enta arLi-

zatei. Nlcrnblii tribunalului aLr eitit recl:iziloliul plomrrto-
rulri, care folrnulase invinuilca irr Saizeci. ;i rlouf, cle al'li-
Ioena d'Arc. clc In,:res. cale, constitrdnd fitcale citc un cap dt acuzare.
l\Iiercuri 28 maltic air fost citite acuzatci ccic ;:aiz'3iji

39

;i doui cic punctc ale rcchizilorittlLti, prcc:clatc cie ltu prc- noscut cler laipl compctcn{a 9i cllcptul jtideclior:ilor ei dc a
o" j"tr1d"cca.
ambul in care se ar5ta printre altele : numitd in invinltil"e: clc ,,vrlijitr;ric' sttpcrsi"tii ;i
obi;,n,,.u.AitcFesetciaocatrau,rmsddfrieeltpericna femeia loana.
r.'oi, juclecltori, declaratei n:crci d-"i-vi_u-iz"Niiil'i.c(pg(l,''i!vaDecugaztcaeetaurnisiip"nn'nris-acu: siltrtat miinile s;*ierimflcirtrtdt cc[t-t
rnintea, altrst L,lcrti nu l-am provocat.e:tl ;i nr-t
vr'6-

jitoare-ghicitoare, pseucloprofetS, itrvocatoare de spirite
icle gi clcscinbdtoare, propSvldttitoare dc sitperstifii, prac-
ticantd cie actc lragice, rdu ginclitoare in cledirlfa catolicS, voia tnca. N1-anl fcrit pc cit am pirlLrt'
schismaticd..., rdt6;ite, sacrilegd, idolatrii, apostatS, birfi- l.ih,Ap-liopi-.'nu.rCfia".rgE'circ'i"n.FoEt"-t".nfdar;,alrrrl;,*Jg.uo".l"r;^iiuaoicm1nitn,cp'Sctlia:a'zi.snoAo.cir'ta"ii"rerlst,rrsntct.aiiclsrziaidmecttrlspcuercisaot.uutlRat'I,nrri-llaia:p:us1aeiipOa-iuiflmaidciuam,iilprecdn.Un'll-pceici^svnadraaaisr;-iccbcnma$iantn-alcoiocsep.ilI-rtualuzaiortii.ttiacacrocana.ivgrsnl.iirruaeisataurcicitsatnrpilcIrgtia:aoeelatErirni-,alic'aeldiurcieoednlcaacen,sz,naealltitaergedcnisltue.u-raerpc-acrre:n5r-er-lcviccaaLpsgbgeipitpea-aEifi'ta'nilca-rLnbttcodcitiiccu<-nlirilcmurreosl:lic,cneitgc;ru:li'smgrrrsiqlrc:-alIrutierat'eaullcis'rr.rvgnncrtreeea;cJcailiir'rgntspii:ldrItazia:iic*znditlticr,abLarersc:ir;muronn'ciapmi,nrsrgiraeiitadsfeudtlaalpetate,5lptttusliacsaaiec'-st-i

pt;oidaacrieis, Efbiinecllrii"clrooinalfsisrdd-r.ie.innslcsaaehntadctafSalosadtSse5, .bslriandszgfveelmdotaimttooeaanrreees,actul9ulbii udlirip'lltmsoiuatfer,ezreictal homrrii dc I3onrgogne gi ceilal{i supr-r;i ai regat'ltii rrrt-i vor

i'u;ine pent.ru a nu avca decenl;a cr:venitit sexrilui ei ;i a fo-
losi in mod irevcrenlios o imbrhr:Sminte insolit6;i a aclopta
calitatea clc r5zboinic, vinovatd de atiica crirne in faqa lui
c'lumnezcu gi a oarnenilor', incSlcdtoare a iegiiol divinc 9i
rraturale, ca gi a disciplinci ecleziastice, ingeldtoare de sn-
ca, iu displc'lul iui clttmne-
t'erani Ei de popoare, acceptinc.tr expunincl miinile .1i imbr:A-

zeu, si fic vencratl gi adorat6,
cimintea sa pentru a fi s5rutate ; uzurpatoale a onorurilor
a cultului tlirzin, crctic6 (sau ce1 pr-r{,in foartc suspect;i de:
"e<riezie) ; Ei ca sd fie pentrr.t aceste cr'ime pedepsitd pc'trivi'a
canoanelor ;i legilor( 6"
folmulate impotrirra loanei in ca- J-a-r ia;scu."ltaprett,u"tiE'gfi"ieacuvzaartereabcuui s5-i supunir cr'r for fa' pitr:ii'
Capetelc de acuzale pril'ire ia incdicat'ca
drul rechizitorir-rlui erau mai plecise clecit intrchirile ce
i-au fost puse prin i.nterogatoriu. I-o-a-'n_a- declar'5
Dupd citireb fieclrui cap de sctrz&re , Ioana d'Arc tre- : pe con'telc dc Bourgognc, cla' l-anl
In ce-l
prive;tc sE incheic prrcc'
prin scrisoare Ef pt'irl ambasadori avcln nc\'oic ':rste
buia sd r5spundS Ia invinuirea respectivd. Rdspunsur:ile ei, somat prive;tc pe engleti' pacea de care
crinscmnatc in docurncntele procesultti, sint dcmne Ei piiiee
de incredere in cauza pentru care lupta. i"
ace"eea-ici ei s5 plece in {ara lor, iu Anglia
PrimuL articol din rechizitoriu sc refcrca tra compete nla La al doudzeci qi cinciiea capdt dc ! incutrpata

acuzarc,

tribr-rnalului. a declarat : tn caznl cincl ntt I'oia'l

L._a acest artlcol loana a declarat: papa de 1a Roma, sb f-acdApmaccee, reurtasmd se incheie pace ;
Cred cb pdrintele nostru sfint,
hotdritd sI lupt.
ilupi terminarea rechizitoriuf i, metnl:rii t'ibunalului,
cppdizsicocpreiidEini lcaecilaatlo{ilics5luqjitiodrei ai bisericii au misitrnea de a ta care s-alr aldturat qi alli experfi ln drept catronic qi laic'
a pedepsi pe coi ce qreses{-" s-au aclunat la 2 aprilie pentru a examina $i a hoteiri asu-
Dar in ce ind priveste qi in ce priveste actole mele, eu nu
md voi supune decit bisericii cenrhii, adici lui dumnezeu, i;.;:;;par;tsicuolreiloa1re ilate d'e acuzat'i laaucaellees;'adsicnzemcai t?eiri{a"l.'ru"Trl
fecioarei Vtaria, sfintilor si sfin{ilol paradisului.
rechizitoriuhti. Ei
gasnrinat dculsprczece articole rezutnate, consicleratc ca
Crecl cu fermitate cA n-am greEit impotriva cledinlci {ilnC es*n1ia}e pentru invinuirea acuzatei.
noastre cregtine Ei nici n-a$ voi sd gregesc impotriva ei 7.
Acest rlspuns clemonstre'azd c5 loana d'Arc n-a recil- I-a l3 apriie 1431, rnembrii tribunalului, asista{i cl;

4r, 4L

citi'"'a cxpt:r'li in t*oiogie, s-au rlepiasal la lnrhisoaru"a (j,i: .te l i,iirirltatr a de tei,ic:gie ii de Ia Faciiltat.ea clc t'll:pt
Icanei, care cra bdlnavi, qi i-au ar"h'csat o :Jadrllonestai'e carr.rnic din cadrul iinir,ersitiitii cjiii Paris I-au r{rilacta[
cclliiiri;iriri,'.r,rirroega.latorc"eiii,ec{alorettdl$eprflctzste,"sceetaart'ri,ai(n'aslme irsiie,luilnnaatceesct.xst,rr:at-srpe.
caritabili", reccmanclindLi-i sd sc sr-rpunli hist:l"icj.i. l\ipmbrii tribunalului ar.l examirrat ac'r:st aliz gi I-au

Intrucii" accasti ain:olrcst,alr: n-a proc.lus cfc.ctl:} scontiit ar'r'r,i;t.;it IiuI lt::r;et'tc', ltctirind pe baza iui d(]sfii;urarea

asupra acuzatei, la 2 mai triJ:itnalui i-a acilr:sat un ai doil*ir

avt:rtisrncnt.

Nici acesta i-i-a at'i.tt vl'eo inLli,itnli aslr;:r'a. a.'iiz;li{:i1 r.L':ri in i-i,,r'i1.ir-rLrar ct aa(upztoa{{iceisstlilurie, vEini ial.npiienlcealseda se aclrese'ze rln
fulnent*ui. lctIlt;oniia-rjnuarc,,oledrca5fict.oiilnli:iasrin.araincr:accntpieenrf:aaic't:oo-oal,n,:rsioIponurcr:aruirrl;ci.c'li:i{t-.cirrrnr: lliui1}i;;ari"s-:ue-- adeviritlui i;i a
nin!5 sufletul qi tclcrul temporar rrrpili prin s;".r'i tinta l,rli.ini ilrt.lcrnn corporale. iar ap:i, dupii
,<piriltiale qi se in':heie, fixindit-se o deliber.irr
sai',;-riri pro(csLtl sd
mair-iIr., zi pentru
n 'iilliarca scntinlr-'i.
4itor jude.ciitori s. Arrr',,i tiLtirn indr:mn, care figure:azri in actcle llrocesu-
La 9 mai. Ioana a losl adr-isa in lala t,r'iltiinalr,liul, adu- lui ,,ultjmi acimonesiare car:itabi1d
nai in or.trele: tur:n al caste.Lr,rlui ctin. I:ir:ttln. 'ttr:r'le fiis,.'si:r:'ii srib denumirea de
inair,!r'a ploi-ruttlirii sentin!ei(', purtind data cle miercuri
prc.gdtite inslmmcrrtcl"c clc t.ollur;i. ?i: n,ei 1431. r'uprinde cele douisprezece articole rezu-
linr.rlclin cc:leziasticii tril-r..rnalr-rlrri ;c arJlcsr] i:,ri-
nral.r,r. rlilai'i:lc dc glr-lpul cle spc'cia1i9ti din insdrcir-rarea
zate-i- : To{i acclqti olil'iaii plrzcn!i siirt clispitii ta eLin r-rr'- tt li;ir;rairihti. r'tilcrincli-i-se, in escir!5, inr,inuir"ile in;irate
elinul monsenionilui pre;cchnte :,;1 jrc. sllpund la toi:tilrii i r i'rr,'i'iizitirriu.
r\drn",:nc-clalea a tost cititb de magistrul Pierr:e iVlau-
pentl'u a te l"eaduce pe calea ;i ia re,lunca;tct"ea aclcl'5- trii',r. ranonic' al bisclicii din Rottcn.
ruiul qi ca astfel sd poli obtinc ,.:alvarca sul'1e.fi:lui ,c,i a
cor:pului, pe cal'e inr,en{irie tale niiirr'ini,resr: le-a'.i i"l.i-r.rc- []rri:ii ce a telminat citirea docitmcntu).ui, magistrul a
i{i1inii:1:uir.,ii-il,ut'ra''rr:irll-'1lrcrpr:' risIoiasrrr1o'j,esa,iir(ns:rLufiip:lztocallifetniActilirsanibidaumvnineaecrldot6iisptctni't'izllrc;u{inn' iataaersclreo-alrr,pmrecaeialdigia-eiasptutareulfnlco, trsiln$tsleiaclcseisurgeuse---
irir-r{ai grar,'. si-i prozinte ornagii pentru imparlialital.ea sa, maniles-

Ioana r'Sspunse :
._ Nici clacir imi r"c!i rupe. nspittmti'tbr.li:nieim;iit:inmi avicn'tillbllcto.af,rri
sufle|-rl din corp nu t-i voi
clacd m5 r'e!i consti'inge sd vorbcsr'" voi afirma tot tinlpi,ri
taia prin zelul de'pus pentru salvar:ea sufletului acuzatei'
ci m-a{i constrins prin forii sii r,'olbescl}. Datoritd acc-stui ze1, tribunalul a !i-
Proccsul-r.crbaI cle 5cclinfi nien{iontazlri cir, .,evincn ca ;i a corpului si,ru. Universitatea din Paris, ,,flac5ri 4
in veclerc sufletlll impic'tlit. a1 actuatei si carar'tcllli r'iis- nut sd consulte'
5i
tuturor gtiin{elor Ei extirpatoare de erori".
pur:sur"i1or salc, noi, sus-nllmitii jr,rclechtoli, temindu-ne k.rana d'Arc i*a rdspuns cd ceea ce a spus totdeanna
qi a sr-rsfinut gi la proces vrea si suslind .,si acum. ,,Daci
ca supliciilc tortur:ii sI nu-i .fie' dec:it de rin siab pr"ofit,
am det'is clc a amirra aplicar"ea lor pinii .":r:rn sttidia pro*
blc.ma mai amplu".
La" 72 mai tribru"raiul. aprcciind cir ar fi o gre;eaiii i:i iri r:ltliittl judecalii aS vedea focul arzind -focrs-rplu9siecahciaur-
vicieze printr-o pr:orcdttrii de accst gerr *lri1 proces alit z.aia --'- gi c51du1 prcgdtit pentru a inteti
de bine pus la punct", a hotlrit ci nu crG cozul s-o dai:;i m-aq afla in mijlocul focului..., n-aq putea spLrne
su- nirr.ii: a.ltceva ; aq susline pind la moarte ceea ce am spus
puni pe Ioana la torturi r:ir lrcbuia proceclat ilrt rron-
tinuarc ca 1i pini atunc:i. ;i I0 Pl'lrces" 10.

In ;eclin{a urmitoare a lriirunal';}lti, }a }9 nlai, i:l:e- St,ntinla a fost pronr.rntatS in ziua de 24 la cimi-
tirul mAr-iSstirii Saint-Ouen.
qedintelc a clispirs sii se citcasci ;li'izul pe cat:e profesorii Acuzata se afla pe un e;afod.

+2

h,Ial3istruL (ir-rillaurntr [,]r'at'cl. cloclol in tcologic, i-a Preqcdintc.lc a rcfcL'it dt'splc inrletnnurilc care [use-
aclt'csat loanci irrci o acltnoncstat'c sok'tnir6. prtbllcair pc care
Dupir ce a(iLlzata a rclluzat clin nou sii-;i lccr-tnoascii serl adrcsate Ioanci ci'Alc ;i retractarca
a ficut-o. ,,Dar __ spttsc e1 irr continrrarc u-rmeaat,alareivnesntiit-
farpta a5icslairt-q<i'iit'icretrascotrcrztinctcsir-drsellilninciltiilvec, .pIrIeI;eaclicntirt.i.tlcc- lcC-.aiar-ro- asupra lor in noptile ;i zilele carc alr
clrr.rn a rcalirma at:estc spiliter .1i
nrarc partc din ca, r'ind dcodati, pl,' nca;tt'ptatr', Ioalla garea diavolului, pcntru cr["r
accstc voci i s-au iimrrbfirrafic;iarrtn.;ini tic-aaulcimir:irni,rint imr,aci amaultrec'1cuua*t
i[ in*t-rcVrurpcsaeu, strigind c:u clc.spc.rarc : vintdri. Arun<'inci
sir rcspcct tot c'cea cc imbrlcdnrinte,a Lrai'l-r;-'rteascai, Iii, scniolii jritiecitoli, lu
jr-rclccirtorii ;i biscriea
r.'or zit'<,' ;i lor hotdri ! \ioi ast'r-tlta intr"u totnl de orcli.*
t-rtrl ;i clt: r,'oirlla lor ! Irltrr-rc'it rt'prezclrtatt{ii biscricii anuuztdulbabcrbcisrtkc):rr's;c1ri.i;ri,i asu-arccii'tuit:irtlelacecitarc1ri-:aoltralgi iirnssitc-orisiuLlt fi-
a{irmi cii revcla[iilc nrc].c nrr
ztlto, nll \:r'{}au sit it' srrs{in ctrc

ItrNcl'tliur iscilpsullsl"fiinjrrrrtccl'c;ciltnoi<lil:ci lcrrc;-i abjurare'0.
DupI cr-n'iirtrrl pi'clctlil'rtclr-ri, iinlr,rmtrlf tliirunaltrltti 9t
rnamt'i noilstrr., slinta biscricir I ;rsisten{ii att clccis ci Ioana ci'Alc s-a firct-tL i'iLioratd de
leciciivS, rcclzincl in orczie, si, c:a atalc. potrir-it ch'cpttrlui
Apoi, in plczor{;r meu'rbrilor tljbunaltrlui ;i a r"rnci
mabairu-iramliual{siam. ircdpcr.ctilncdricfoi r;mi upolaprc-r'lca'iqisc,-aarc.'Littizt.ata a prontrrr{at ;i rafiur-rii, ulmcazii 1s4d31l.icinc]pcifat,fra'ili\i./ijer-urdxc<*-'iitohrlualruciirl6aicclirrr.
N'Iielctrli ll0 m:ri
-ln corrtirrrarc'. prcseciintele a dat r.itirc Ia alti scir- Rorren, lirigi biserica Saint-S;ILl\'.rrrr" La ola norrir ciimi-
tinlti. plir-r can' tlibrtnalul cclcziastic' t.onclanrnir acuzatir treala crau aclunati jriclecirtorii, ascsorii, trupclc garrr;"-
st}arcuatseccrnianlaicfpiartcpscci ardrcira'.p{siirIir.-frliagciipcltiei'nrcicml-capclclicnlu:;rs.:.ac.(ll'jcitt;;.ii tristcfii,
apa nrr rlrai .,pcn- zoaneli engiezc ;i o ma|c mullimc clc ci:tirieni.
sai sir\.ir'- foarra cl'Arc sc alla pc. o estlatlil.

Astfcl s-a inchcial proc'esrrl pt:oplirr-zis in matclit, clt-' \{agistrul t\icolas \{icii, doc:tor in ti:ologic. cxpitst o
pledicd pe tc'ma plirnci scr."isrx'i a apostoli-tltti. Pavel c'tjtrc
crt:dirrlir irnpotrir:a lclanci cl'r\r'r'. Procnsul s-a bazat tloar
colinteni, r:apitolttl XII : .,T)a<ri"r rlrr lllrln.blrr sri lfclii, triii
pt' intcrogiitulirrl a< rrzatci ; n-a lost asl.ultat lti(.i 1l11 mcmbrii srrferir cu c'lii.
ntart<-x'. Ciiiitiroi: c'ii,i jr rlocl solcmrL scl1-
.l)al Apoi pleqsec'liniclc
r-ru tnrt'uri"i cli:r'it patrtr ziir' rlt' la tclminarL'a tinfa :
(:r)sului plopriu-zis. t'irrc[ ]a 2tl nriri tril;irnalrri cra llro- ,,...Dc c'itc- ori t'i"e;rla
nott achurat la irrt'hisoalca Ioanc'i <.lin Roucn. ir:r[cr:l,c;uri r".L cltrava ;sa pcstilcn-
clirr fiala rin mcmbrtr al bisei
icii gi ii translr:r-rnrf intr'-r.ilr adcpi
Plt:lcclir-itcli: (lauc'lron a supus-o unui sc'r-rrt intrrro- al satanei, este rrc<:e'sar si sil irnpiedir:e cr: zcl arzdtol

gatr,rliu. Ioana t'ra imbr-icati in irair-rc bitrbiitcsti. La in- col-itagiunca pelnicioasd care se rispinclr,,1:tc' a:iupla crclor-
tlcbirilt' r'c i-au trch'csat, ea a dcrrlarat. ciupl (:uln s-ir
t:onsc'rnnelt ir-r clor'rtmcntr:lc olitialc. (.i"r pl'oltrtnfase (,Lt pa- Ialte pil'li din corpul sfint al iui IIrisius. irrvir!itulilc
tlt-t ziit' in rrrmi I'olmula clt' abjrrralt: niunai dc tttilma siinlilor piirin{i au prcscris sii fie extirpatc din mijlocui
ccior credir-rcioli eleticii invetei'a{i dcc?t s:'r sc lasr-' s;i sc
c;aioclului, pt'rrtnr a-r,;i salva r,iata. fi r,otisirlerli:l t:ir;i-a incrilze'asci acest ven;n de viper5 ia silrui pioasei noas-

tridat pr'.in arcasta clcclinla, aclcviiru.l. Ita spllse. clc esc- trc maici, biseric:a, pentrtr malelc pericol eri tclol cre-
mcrlca. (ri"l n-a .l'ft'ut |rimit. c.ont|a iui clurnnczcrr ori a
clinciclli.
Din accst rnotiv, noi, Pierre. prin n:rizci:icorclie ciir"'ini
c'r'r'clin!r'i. <';h a fost c'onsilins;i sii tctlac:tezc 5i cir clc faltt g. Gi criarltu'egrSernJt,i:aillnc:lheizNitoiarisatr1e,p"e'ricna'errsai-l
rrici n-a inlr-'lcs ('(i('a cc i s-a c.itit clin lounula clc altiu- cpiscop cle Bc'auvais,
insign-ei, doctor Jean
l-aI'clJ. --; Tribunalul ecleziasti.c nu puicit proirunlo o scrrtin'9i--r cie con-
d:rmnirre la moarte.
A doua zi. la 29 mai. tribunaltrl s-a intlr.r-rit clin nort
in <'apcla 1:alatrrlui alhicpisr'opal clirr Iioucln.

!t -t 45

tilii o:cticc ;i in mocl spciial icrilclrn.graotc1l :o,i'bitiil;unra.rcietslli-ecpiro.oa'-r,.cas", Fror:csul de reabiiita-re

tc. clet:larijm loana, nurnilS
sc:hismaticii, idolatri, i]-rvocatuarc cle ciiavol ctc...
ehicCleuntiocaiotrc:laa{t:iL.isnteafa, tl,ianicncc.llosi'({.-era1l.rc:t q.i l-lisr.l'ica uu se ir:- Isioria i;i r:rrna cr.trsul. Frar-rcr'zir au coirtinr,lai- sii tii.1.;',e
Llor(,sc si se intoar.'ci;_
la sinul ti, nr:i am r'r'czut t.if ai lovc-:tit, in rnottr sinccr 1nr1-rot.l'iva ocr-rpanfilor cngiezi.

1,a lB ani dupA arderca pc rug a Ioanci d'r\r:c, it-r
ziua cle 1.0 noiembrie 1il4l 4o9l,argeugl cRleouCeanr-oplea1caVreIi-aIretnaatEei*lea
zaiiluinpl'arncocrol pliuloblri<;:i ; cljnreJol talc. ictrat't:rt'r dr,: tinc: ir-rtr-r: iiii'ut intrarea solemnd
1r'iLirt'r,,zc iI erlibc.raserf, de sub dominalia clr: treizeci de
a\'ind in vcclctlc c'i tu zti protnis dc a rni a englezilor.
.nLt nlai circica r,il'iodata iir pIt.ai; .tlirld iu lcilclc. tittu,ti
q:5 la instjgat ca autolr:irii t.ltr-rr:'rJr ,.ir..hi)tit,.:lor: 5i oi Fl,,ie ;,
nzipustinclu-sc i11 inima ta pt.trtni ar ir,. st-clur:c, lLr ar le- {,llillcrarea Rouenului olleri h,ri Calol a1 \,'II-Ica pcsi-
i;rli|aica cerce.tdrji nemijlocite a clocrtrmentekrr proccsului
r-enit..,, r-roi tt-- (li:'clal'aln <lin ncll pa>ii:ili clc exr'omuni- ,ulr rriamnirii Ioarr <.i d'Arc.
f'arer pc ('are ai a.lras-o as,-ll-)r'a ta, r,:r,icli.,'isi.ir in crr:r,iIc
tale ;i c:'elir:i; prin a'.r.'asli str'r-itinti"i, rroi, r:onslitlrjii in i'.lgc'le, Iire nehotdritd ;i molaticS, in timpul proco-
tlibunal, ilccialirm t'ir tu trebtric r;ii {ii st,oasi clin lindu} :rrlr.ri lrr.ipotriva Ioanei d'Alc n-a incercat nici s-o sal\'ezr',
t:reclinr:irtfiloi' l;ist,i'itii (.e iut n.ra.rniti'rr iliicr:tat, peuti't.t r:a s.:i nir:i s-r,.r ajute ir-r rrreun {cl. Ac'um insd, sub presir-tlca
nu in.tctrtc'zi in njci lrn fc,i pu r:cila1i,i ln('lltilt'i. ti'cbuie si t,.r;i:;iei populare, el i;i manifesta buniroinla Iaid de n'Le-
nitl"ia eroinei.
fii clcsp5r'1.itd clc bislr-ic;i ;i abar.rcionaL;i in r-r'.ri:ii:lc jr.iilc-
ciitor:t-rlLri laic. La i5 ferbruarie 1450 re'gele a cleJcgat pcr consilierttl
sirir, ClLliilaurnc f3orrillc, sd erfectr-ieze o anclretS cti Pririi r'.:
ppoliri.rilt"efomni lutcet'irli'a-citrrrcraaaprim'u<:.cesntau-]iil;)itrr'scatloiirrnti;l:r, aplitc i;r1.i dc tinr: .iLrdcla.ta ki pr-c-,cr.sul Ioanci d'Arc.
n-icntui pcniL.cn{ci" r;).
1siit-c1lai rf:iici s:c:rrn,lnmr'ilnci:;t,rracltevsiair(a:rtae-j Ilolille i-a asc uitat pe asesorii procc:strlui cale mai
ci'arr ir-r viati"t, notarii, ugierii ;i mai mul{i martoli; re-
pictAerzciirtpi'rec.aa(r'c:.c:pali:asivtldii:uair.ajuiiclcl<,-';.r:rloeliL'jrcluziialsatiiccre,it!c'ialtlal,.si.'dl'"{iir-p)trl'l}-*
zriital"u] arlchctc-i saie a fost trarrsmis consiliului regai.
tcau impunc o pr,.r'lcapsit c:oi'poral;i ml'g?ird ,r:iriir ia ','ir- l).ri tirri nrai tirziu. o noul crc-rccl:are s-a iniliat clc car-
<l ir la l it Ciriil lerimc cl'I'-slr;trtcvillc'. Aci'astzi cercetare a ck.s-
sale ilc: siirgc. r'cpc'r:rt nrultt' r'it'ii iuridicc, incit a der,'enit posibild incre-
In pro:,csui Tc;aLrei tl'Arc irrsi, lair L:,,.r'a unei plolc'clr-ui de rcvizttire ;i cle anltlare a
miii plorrrur{at nici o s,..lri.itrlir. .iiiili:-'rii,rlrrti n-a
( {,i,'L{liirnl.riirii pr:onun{ate c',:rntra Ioane:i d'Arc.
1lr tr,ri:-cr intir, rnarna Ioanci d'Arc:, Isabellc, cale tr'5ia
linalezii crau atit cic gribii;i r,ir irrt'itciLr laittiala ct-l rt lr':r".ti ia Ot icari,i, a los'c sfriluitd sef adreseze papii Ca-
Ioana, intit n-ar.r mai I'espllrjtat pr,:ccdura plrscrisa. Dr';i ii:; ! ai III-le,a o ('c,rere de leabilitare, carc: a fost primitii
jrirlert'iitorrri laic, Jehan Salvaing, era |';li riairil.
prcz-r\t')t ;i Ioana a .1'r>tl'r'i. Ja 7 noiembrie 145ir, a inceput la catedrala
fost i'orrclush in fafa iui, tcrninllu-sc Niitre-l):inrri dil"r Palis prr:cesuI de reabilitarc a ]-r-ranci
<-lc enillezi. jr-rdc<'i-
torul n-a indra"rznil sii intirzic e.xt'i.u{ia prirr pritnultlalpa
lrnei soni.iri{e. Astlcl, englezii ail ciiirului Iiri
.oi'e(lat-o lui Carr d',\r't'
rl r'.onchrnuarc l"olntalii Ia rnt;artr'. ;l al In flrta artriepiscoprrlrri cie Reims, Jean Jorivenel. a
Prin ttl idelca loalli)i d'Al'<', a(Jl"ttlalii
VII-loa voiau stlicr-lmcounllripirur;irnn'idli r!lie pc a.'t\ta, ca unill (. are epi-{('()t,ulLli r-ie i)alis Ciuillarrme, a rnagistrului Jean I}.16-
a accr'ldc.t atit unci r:r;rjitoati' .dlirtice, li;rl, ir,r trizitr:r' :rl t:l'c<lirrici, itrcoi-r.iittati clc o asisten!:5 nrr-
n!('r'f iai:i, s-:r prt'zt'[tat Isal.rt'llc rl'Arc', rrirr]ui;a defunctului
unci lar'latane. ;ni u5tni-ta'roslui siililnculat{ciegr(ilreina-
loatra a lost arsi ilc: 1,1a .)il lrrg. Jatrlrit's <l'Alr' ;i mama It;ilrLt'i,
In rir,ciul asistenlei se aliau

4fi '4tr1

i';ilirii la;r:i;i tii biscri<:ii, curc. cir,tpi'r Isabellc, au voi'ltit in t3) acuzata ela nrir-ror'5 ; or, nLl sc poate pr-onun{a o
i'artoarca ci ;i au dcnr.rnlat (:arar'lcnrl nclcliai al plocc'sLl- ..crrtintir impotriva uqror ntittol'i lipsili dc apirirtor' :
Lui, alc c:ir't'i tlor.rrlmcntc autcrtticc Ic citiscra"r ir-r intl'c- 9) tincrclca. lipsa rlc cxperien![, sldbiciunea serttltli
gimo,si r:aro r('lc\:au: r'lolctu!ii, abuz dc ptrtclc;i pasiuirc tlcixiat sir-i indt'mlrc pc judcc'itori la moderalic : prima
tenclcnfir.iirsir a juclccitulilor' ; rlgorilc' tenrr-:ifci, ale lar-r- scntinfti nu trebuia si c'ompot'te nir:i abjurart.r. nici tcm-
tft:rilriillro:rp5aizacilc: lirtrr;sclot' impnsc a{iuzatci, rnir:.1avji}c ;i ritti- r-ri{a pc vialir ; scntilr!a pentru rt'<:iclir'5 nu cra l'alabili!,
liilor', plinc r,'aractcr:'r-rl viclcan Ei al:uziv al intclogato- a('r.rzata ncfiind rccidir,istti in t'rezie : ea rrit'i n-a in{cles
clc ir-rtr:r:'rupcli Ei digr:csiuni ncoiti;nttite : Jirlrnula cit abiularc in iimba latini ;
anrt'rtiniirr:i inrpol:iva anrrmitr,r aicsoli, inscr'liuni 10) prc;cclintclc tlibunalultti a faisifii'at at'te clin pro-
false ;
abjLrralic oblinirtir plin fi-,r:lir ; ala-zisa r:t:t:idivir. (rcr.;. carc crau in favoarca acuzatc-'i :

Vcu'bilririi au :;ul)iiniat irr sr'hirnb sinrplitatL-.i. IL)anei, )1 J tcl.' tlout"tsprczcc'c artit'cile pt'rzcr-rtale jtrdec'iltori-
sirrcclitatr'a r'(.cun()iicLltd r'.hiar dc citrc t1i:gn:eitrii ci, l'ap- lor r'lau ttn ,sir cle tnint'irtni :
tclc strlc mirr.'!c pentru binclc. rcgalrtlui 1.'r'arr{ci.
12) in cchtia a(:Ltzatc'i arr .[ost. intr'<-rdu;i furi ;tilt'a ei
s-itI.iantr1n2rrclictccl.rr.i.brl-urtinc,aliatrll.ral,l'aalmtriilajarhric.lp'ris\rcro: pcrJ-t'alrril'ctplilnczIclotrtttacntii, spioni. ('al'c all incitat-o sii nu se supunit bise'ricii, sptt-
prin tnirgistltri .I:rr.lrltrcs l,\-lri<r;rrcs, cai-iiu.ric ch-. lloncn ; par- ninclu-i ci siLrt tlimi;i cie' c'ijirc adcplii ci clin lrlarrta ;
tca atclr,t'r'sli, iitiicl cpis(ropul rlo lll.iiuvilis, rbscl-rti, a fost in sf ir';it. i s-a sttstras a(iuzatci imbrit'imintca clt' fcmcitr.
pcntnt t'a ca sir fic c'onstt-insf, sii imbrac't'<lin nou p(.cca
citatl rlin rrou pcntrll a sL' infir{i;a la 1i dccctnbric. biirbitcast'ili. t'alc-i r,ra intc.rzisi"r ta.
lrr arcirsti"r 't.i :;-a plczcntat lnagistrtrl (iuiiJartmc Pr'6-
vostcau, ('ir lnirnclatar al fami]ici d'r\r:r, asistat cle ma- tirmitonrl tt'rmcn a lost [i-xat pcntrr.r 20 dctcmbrie.
h-raintca rlcsc'hiclcrii scdinfci s-a infifi;at tlibunalu-
gistlui Pit't'r'e trlaurgicr'. Itri magistrul Jcan de (iou1's, <tanonici dt' lloucn. in nu-
lil a <'-rpLrs ilr rlor.ritspr'('z(,ce prrnr:tc vit'ii lc pr'{)e ('sil- rrt'1e mo;tcr-ritorilol dcf unr'tului Pir:rrc Cettchot-r. Eost
Iui tlr. < r-rnrlantr-ritlt', ;i arrtrrnt: : zt'pt'nistcaotpu<nlcinRsce'.ra'iusvianis.c'aaplct-rsi cepsipscucnpeadpcrLinistriecuasl.tc;lie a
irrlla1c)'{aiut ur-zrai tpar'rrttct'n;il-rarliLatlvcultioct:lolznilliir iliul ;i nir:i n-a : pt'e-
rlt. }lc;tr-rr.ais c(ruris .,Am
; prinrit iLrli-rrmal.ii privind ('L,rc'rea cle anularc a pro(:clsu-
hri intcntat rle maqistrul Piel'rr-. ('auclton. in timpul riz-
2) r'irai'ui inr'ltizii.ortr.lLti a forl supus la prcsirrrri pcn- boiulrri clus impotliva cnglcziior'. Ioane:i Ft't'iclara. care
tttt a so<'oti la irrtr.ltlt-'ialir ercr-tzaliar irr nril',r:r'ic d,j (:re- pc atur-rr'i u'a <.lc partea rcgclui nostrrr. c'tr toate cir ca era
clintl;
iJ) Ioana a r-t'r'uzat rkr rnai mr.tltc ori p: cpiscop ca consiclcratii tlc r'itrc mai-marii rt'gattrltri pi<lasI. intcgri

fiincl chrSnralrul ..rl rlc rnt>altc: ;i c'atr-rlit'i"r.
4) ar'uzeia a I'icut apel in mod nxllrcs irt p:rpii 5i la In nrtmclc nrcrr. (la si al nro;tcr-iitorilor .srrs-r'rttmitrrlrri
t'pisi:op, acltit' la t'rrrro;tir-r{i-r. afirm ;i di'r'lal c'ii ntr sint
consiliul g<'nc'r'al. cdlora trcbuia sir l'i,-r dc'l'crili ;' intc.r'csat in a<castir afar'elc ;i r'5 rrr.r am irrternlia si apir
r';tliclitatt'a plot'csttltri. nici so"rtin{ckr Ia
5) o r'auzir prir,irrcl rcvolalii sr-.<:r'cLc cstc rlc (ompe- (rat'c a clat loc,
tc'n{-a cxclt-tsivri a scaunului apostoiic;
6) trn rcgim dc' tcmrrili atit cie groazni(, (:a :i vio- potrir it t'clor ar,tzitc ;i infclesc dr.r minc. (fiindc'ir pc vlc-'-
lt.rr!e'lt', ct'liir,alcazir cr-r t.ortrrra cirrcl sint aplicalc rrrtci rn('a a(r('ca a\;canl patru satt c'irrt'i ani. fralii nrci Cratr r.nic:i,
arl{ii nir'i nu s{r nist,usclir int'i), loana a lost tlinrisii in
pcrsoalre tir-rt.r'c ;i in materit: clc clcclirifir : c.lt. art ca Lrf- jr-rckrtatij cclr:ziast.ir'ir clatoritd urii plc ('al'o o r"rtrlrcau im-
rnitle itrrulillca sentin{ci :
potriva t'i cltr;nranii rt'gt:lr-ri nostnr ;i ia instigarca accs-
7) acr.rzatci tlrl;r"ria sil i sc acru'dc clrcptr-rl ilt'a fi a;-ri- tt,1 9...

ratii ilc irn avocat ;

1l!

C.t'tial in rnc,,cl c,\ror-es r.ii plocesr-rl nu 1tc poate fi irn-
i)uiat rnic o|i toei-czilo| clelunci'ului episcop ii1 viItLlti.'a
an-inisti,.ri g(,'ileroase ciecr"ctatA de rcgele nciiLi r,r cil plrl;:-
jLi i ci;i;r,r'iit'ii \r-rlmancliei, de proteclia cilci:r nc l;Ltr'iiit-il;t
aLr io!ii : r'-.r. r.lotnnilor'. ca si nu ne rnai citali, Iiincit'! cu
lo!ii ervcn-r intl,r-rfia si nu ne in{5!i;5nr...".
Tril:unaLr-r'l a aprobat acea:jti cerel"e, ciupl r.atc s-a d,-'s-
r.iris 5iriirria:;cilt.rrrnir in marca sali a palatulur a:lr;-
i'piri'oi:ai.
Iicr'larnairtii. aclicir famiiia d'Arc, au prt;*'r:i;it o sLrt.i
r-rnu clt altico.le. c:arc analizau viciile primuiLri p: -,'. L,s alii
ca o a;rtlreiri r.i;r'o-
'ir-r tI')rr'o1;rrn'ivot,tsotlru: lIoarmcea,ructittr5ibi ufonnadluul.lui
[Lrnclati sir fac:ir clrcptate ; ar ti r.rtil, arita t'i, ,;i-r ].!' r'Lr-
It'a.grr in ftrr ma{ii asupra r-ielii si o}rjceiuri.Loi' Ican,-.1, i:,,r
l,si asrrpla ge,nczei misiiir-rii sale, sI fie ar-rcultlli malitrri
potlir iI plo<'crir-rr'ii.
TlibLrnalLrl a aclmis ac'casti cefcl'e ;i a insi:ii'iin;ii rloi
e lc.riti din clioccza Toul sd audiczt' marrtor-ii dil clior.t',:it
rc.spcr tilir pe baza unui chcstirrnar. Aiti'i'rt'ia oi r.ir.,r-iai:i
clc tlibuiral a fost efc.ctuatd la lorLri dc ciouililirr al 1r'a-
nci. apci la Orlcans, Paris ;i fior-ri'n. -
Tlibr-tnalul a cxaminat de asemcrlra ma'Lr.rr'lallti iirl'r;r--
rnitrii pre:rlabilc, ca rczr.tltat al ant'ltctt'i cfcc'{rratc rit.riii- {j
clii'raiuL Guiliaurne d'Estoutevillr: in 14Jl la, l},ricn, I:
r t.r:'sul ar'cstei allchcte prealabile, mal'torii ilttet ()gilti iril :!,
roirlitrnat toatet i:iciile prccesului de condalnltal'(..
nrlr
Plintle' martc.rri se a-ila ;i magistrul Guillar-rnrr, \lan-
'.ltc.rn. nbtal al cur!ii arhiepiscopaLc ciin Rout,r'r . r-inul rlirr {?
gle fie'rii plocesttlui clc condamnare, c'arc a (till inl'ormii(ii
rcler antc r'r,r privirc la clesfS;urare a ipi o( (.su lr-i tlc r.orr - ,a,
clilmnare, <lcclalind printre altele :,,...Du1.rir pirc'r't.a nrt'a.
rl:rc'il loana cia de partea englczilor, n,-l s-ar Ii plorcrlat u
impotlir-a ci crr atita ser,.eritate... _a.r
llpiscoptil clc Beauvais !inca partca engi,-'zilor : arll
Iltttut (ronstata c5, chiar inainte cle a cLu-roallt: ( aLlzil, It)i'illa ll

.[usesc pttsti in liare ; dupi desc'hit.lr.'r'r'a proc'.'sllitli, t]tr.'lc1.l trl
incdtu;at5, ea a fost incredin{atir pazt'i a l.ratru cr',gLt'zi"
po care cpiscopul qi inchizitorul t:r'cdinfci i-.'r irtsitt"r,inat 4"
s-o pezeascd cr.r strlsnicie. Ea a fost tratati cLr crrr:,rirnt'; -d
.[a s{irSitul prclcesnlui i s-au arirtat instrurrierrteie de tor-
O
IJ

rJ

!
oil

ii0

luli. Pulta atunti o irnbrticittninte biirbirteasc'5 Ei sc plin- asemrnca fcmLlie in rnijlot r-rl ]ur', ci at' [i t'rnor''at-o in tr-roc]
gera ciir nu inch'irzncrste s-o clczltrace, dc tearnir c:a iu timpnl cttira"rlicl;ligr'o;;CiAlsca-naczGblcct.mihistriucaa;naptippaletrtnoforeaas-rai{atcpaiaclrico'ocFc[alnpcjclsetariiatp:ntrirtrocautnrslantcazarc5tccct(i-laiaraoIrid,lcoccicOnluciesrIriiOotsamcfcara*c'al}nn.lccc"rsac"tuo''nCipsrtlcito'',nilu''crAitn;clcircsrl''"cascotuUaasrqcnle-bioiiiilsaartlc:'mualtc'siarr(p:::tLasrrl-tuil'-a-i
nr:plii oamc.r"rii cic pazi sir n-o r,iolczc. O ciat[ ori chiar
cie cloui oi:i ca si-a plins episcopului de Beauvais, subin- tmiJii"r;iu*arlil;i.iricq,i"ci\i.'l*ii'l"ilc,io'pp_l.'ic"j;i,cli_r'ruui,rerl;t,nuca","il1irs''-iil,".fr-i;riottla-s"i,:ni3',,c.i,..iurarr_c,no"aataa.i""lif5,i;iucisDr"cmi._d]orlraiiIip,pmlatotc.ginoia;''rorOnu"rilloalgtui-iiaaeiuintincnnOs-rguriaprtzlttt'aiciuclsan-crtc.a'tncrr-.anit'artcuo:cili.tpar.scitr,sctut'ifar(niapD'iiirc;usi,:iaaclr.trsnultfi;aisu-aru:et.tgciccss,oil<oi-ep;rrtait"il.cj;cir.ta,rcpinishz'lii'lrsita.t-Iltaiaciirsot"lm;i$anncs'tisnrplir-etanta_i'uasi'bicniibl"iriaiinlrra:,iitznaur,.ltnc(,tdaau.alaa.rict:iiotl,atiittrlciunnntiIiutlr-pett.mrosl-'Pcl.c<tael'adaort;(-lu--a'lc'i.lai'';tantap1innt'"ssarfrinl.(ic'eacraiuurcra,'trsatrcat"iatrtlalliti'rlruugletll<al"'c'(cea-t:(ict.irsrxii'nrl'cunyoia(aoc.tu:rt'iamc'\'lcabsltUtvaabT-cl'"lrnudodi'cinzrjtorocnicr''rmce-ulddoctrin-ltri'l.a(ettcrlrt;liircioila'i'crrt-tnl\tlrtIvc.cslidt]lcla'lcriig,apza<naalrlu':scaalical(lcmcacAiall]s-taminllctltlrznoacjp1itcrotl'rtt'.tlittttu'lnltroit'too'.scalLglllnicuslg]t?asaclcttlg-isL'aci'tlllppsml'lvsr*tmacuit'ccaacr'ilaii?aezl!ntcteal'scg1fc*1tlllstltta-trlldrlozta'p11:pioltl:atflaB)3o'.,'iocoat(tlrm.''sg''rp:lcnlacall:iv1ol-tm.'tal"lr'osiel'1r1ous]Ltci-'Icztssltl,-:a;j1s!ltca"a'la'--r'
cXsiii':arpizztfniutiocn'liiunalalrisv;fniinrmttiasgo-isortirrra.-'ripohllroci zxNeimi.c.o.alLati-rsr, Loiseler-tr ci unr.rl ditl
{a,i:jo.lcrsi.ftaoAitu'ims-rtt,uta,iDl;c'rbii(.,uu.utrcftitarrclaIcrorttutil,ttlt':dpu' ;ipiirts,tlitt;tsrttoattritclstpr:l.-aia'tt:lo;aAttilItaniolr'atap:nIniilinlcat*'grt'a1isintrii'rzctt'ituil'iarS'lrrpltl]aItt';rlla-)l''rariSrSrr.r-raacr'ici'ilrnuctltztli--tiIlli',orroolirtrut'lnprpsai.lctairrtip;rltliric'cl:s]'-ita-til
timpLtl procesu|.ri. itr
litr;u.ut\_arutitc,.l.r.rtl,-.rolorntt'zt(cta,il'ucu;zcarif.i,uulr.lIraio-.int.lanrucrlio'irttiazrintnj,ai ^Irtiriiir'r;L,c-,o;.t'i'iii.ii=,r;ip1tc"t,rc..(ir.r,l,ltor'-iu'l.paoo(a:stzart-acAi$ltiia.fciiciitlaioa$mrtfinotautcri':luttmruitiilo0t'rcSslgitanoceisenrlucltcs-{is-Jctl-tc'a'ittroari-nirsnos"-l-'.i
pe atunci, magistnttl.
Jean dc lti For-rtainc, cale il inl:cttia pe cpiscopul clc Beau- .,
i"",'aairslr';cinu[r,:ar!:aiirccloarsniisntiacra:niri rIs{aiemcabracrdzdicI":alaprPoiccersrepe;i' ]'tartin
').j
ciriugd-
vizitat-o pc Ioana
aL'auLin"cIrch.aisnoaIlc'erh;'.lmaisiStrcca, {si uclbeincr'o:hni-zrpitaosri,utarct1, ei uat 1'4r111ri15-s si-t
st supnnir bisericii, Iiiuclrrir altfcl ct'a in pericol clc moarte"
['ipisc'opul clc Reauvais ;i sciiioluI clc \4iat'u,ick (gencrai
5i poiitician cnglez. -- n.a.) aflirtd desprc accastd vizitd
s-au suplrat ; ca urtnal'e. magistr:ul dc la I'or-,.tainc a trc-
buit sd lugd ; altlcl ar ii fosl in primejdie cle moarle ;
q-rei cloj cilugiili ar' {i lost ;i ei in pcriccl clc moartc dacit
riiuglrrrl Jcan lc Niaistrc, calt: it-istnirncnta pr"ocesrtl, l:rt
i-ar' Ii luat sr.tb proiecIia ca(i r;.
Un alt maltor, Isambard clc la Picrr('. ('al"c par"ticipast
;p.,ir.".rc.:1Lc'irln,adiaiptdlaoinscttcfrese:ul ljculcidrlereccc''roiormtuodptaLi,tcrztcncaanrfcca,pfitsancftuo[ 'ptdtuterliscdinepgitBc'izeuiatru;e\araalillstiei"'leacua:
antrmifi cloctor:i engiezi, tlin spirit cle riizbunare ; allii' ca
parizicnii, clin spirit clc ci;tig ; ial allii de teamb fa!5 de
sLlbir-rc,hizitor ;i clc' alte pel'soanLr, pe care nr-l rni le mai
arnintcsc. Iotu[ luscsc clirijat de regele Angliei" cle car-
clinalul clc Wincircstcr'. c1c contclc dc Warurick. carc' ai-t
plaiit chcltuieLile pt"ot'r'sultti...oo 16.
N{artorul Marlin l-advenu, c5h-lgir' 9i lost lector dc
tcologie in mai mr-il.ie miinSstiri, a arf,'tat printre altele :
au prciccdat astfel impotriva ntlmitci Iciana
,,...Eriglezii oricArr.ri drept. fiindcl aveau fai;a dc numita

ln rlisprclul
Itoeaanlaegoertelttai mloitatleteribciil'5e,;tdinat(orerigtdclleapFtrualnulieci'd-_eat{l.ian'c,)a9piaart-t
ul'm5rit-o <:u o urii cie moarte ; r,izind in acest fel pe re-
gelc foartc cre;tin in persoanir pcntrtt a se fi incredinlat

i:stfcl. unei femei blestemate..." 1?.
Preotul Dom Thonlas Marie a spus in depozilia sa de
enartoL : ,,...Ant irnpresia cir, dacl englezii ar Ii avut o

69

(:arc so Lemcau c'a ea sA rru puni in lnale pericol pe oa- ,trintir- carc unui a krsl lernis int']'rizitcl'ult'li. un allltl le-
me.nii regeJ.ui, a pon-urcit sd se deschid5 poarta cle Bour-
gogne, ca qi o mici poartS aldtr-rri adteactuarlnourltu{'il-rll)pusr 1Pgo,n,ts,i gelui Angliei .1i al tr-eilea episcropului cle Beaul'ais. Acestc'
a irecut apa cu ostaEii pentm a ,lremplari ar: fost ii'rtorrrnite' clupai o minutl irl iirnba fran-
Ile care englezii iI delineau pe atunci. Osta;ii regclui au
('cz;, l'cdattata clc'asL'lflclttra cle ti, pe tarc o prcciase iu-
sr-rslinut atacul de la plima or5 pinl Ia miczul noplii :;i tlllilorilor.
Ioana a fost rlnitir : a fost nevoie sd i se dca la o palte
I s-a aratal trral'torrilu; \ el.,iitlnea. llanc'<-'zit 1i a lost

iritr"cbat c'e ittseamnd cuvintcle' .,Nota" Lare se vctleatl
i,r I'runtea r'i+"on'a insi:r'isur:i.
armura pentru a-i ingriji rana ; dupi ce a {ost pansala, aiorsdtsapqulreisseca'iittitnmt,iul lctleinlasparliamcellec'cllenztcbraotcg.arito;r.irill
se reechipd gi se duse Ia asait. care nu conleni dc la zolir h,IancLrotl
zilei. in sfirgit. strada a fost cuceriti ; Ioana sc a{la me- ale
reu in mijlocttl osta-silor, indernninclu-i sd aibi curaj Si ioanc'i a
,1,iIl:ur.-trrgp,lrriiri-trnn.rtar,t:\,ieaz,a(.iorl,tlr"nricln:oirtl.a'aiicntnaiactcapl'eietiaclaaurecagc'tbr:r'rao:("}ss'euetttciLieri:.rn.itir\l'ttatnitraiegirdrldiuleepcpio.tIa.lroct'Suaiioneenil'rttsr'gg.apaiuat-s'<tpl'trerrtraoatetatlitcp,alecatc,ppaoloiii.e:r-lcrozaci'i'laiicnierllcct-a"
s.i nu dea inapoi...

['e\/Sa.-aiaidr snaotaspeteaarae;riaodaem-aecnuiimre-gioealru"tienauprroeaupgi]i;ri sd faci
ei picr-
durd speranla sd cucetreasca forh"ll. Ioana, c'u t,oatl' ac,-rs-
'i j'rstilrt alt o t.i.
tea, continua sd le promit6 ca r,or: avc.a for|-tl i;r ziua ,roenlul"izn,Eattuasr"rrien*m--a-im,asspuplmuinnsion.ctcilck:iciin.5rcl,lacc'lLltalarlga-lcnfitelrrns' ci;rt\a:uarciflsaociu'ea\'Iozafi',dttii'nhtreo,nt:or'n'iot.-i'
aceea. Osta;ii regelui s-au pregdtit pentrtr ur'I nou asait ;
vdzind aceasta. englezii, inspiimintafi, n-au mai ir-Lclrret
sI reziste; au fost inecali aproapc cu tolii ; clin partca
engleze n-a existat nici o apirarL. in fala atacujni. A t'loua scciirld, aginrgs<1'laacsn.tze{ia',1,iraniutis'ulti'nhcgiimtdbesaxatilsa}toaic-unaalcuri.lt.c';oiinrtlsar-atairrcindatirffiuiti.'ndtrittiptinfiitirzt:'i-<toli-
zi toate for{e}e engleze de ascdiu sc re Lrirgcall sifll: TJr';tt l- di{ rispr-rnsttrils: Ioanei ;i pcntru cl unii prctin-
genay ;i Nie.ung.". ,'uo,-ru,ie
in continuare, insoiitl de osta;ii regelui, Ioar:a a scsit ciup)l cnm an:l tlonsemnat eti'
cle eloi
in fala localitatii Jargt-'au, carc a lost luata prii'r atait ; zuiLinci ilifitultate sti:iam ,,l{ota'" in
rnuili englezi att c'azut prizonieri ;i prlntre ei contele de rXeau cd ea nlt rispunsesc
Sufloil< ;i Pole. Apoi, dupd despresurarea Oi"icansulu.i ;i ilcolo und.r irri apdrea o
fl't:nte, pcntru t,a ea sil fie I'eintcrcgati ;i e'a ambigr-titatea
victoriiie sale, Ioana a mers cu osta5ii in fa{a regclui, cai:e
";i disparJ... atlusi-r Ia llottt:n;i r-ru la Par"is' tlc'c'i, cleoa|occ
Ea a fost
se afla pe atunci Ia 'I'ours Ei s-a iLrat hotii'irea ca reg;(:'le rcgi'lc' ,,\ngliei sLr afla }a Rort'"n cu plincipalii siri c'otrsi-
sd la Reims pentru a
meargS fi incoronat. In fi'untea ar- tiori... En!lczii erau cei tarc clirijau proces\rl pc- t'h-cl-
matei gi in tovdrd;ia troanei, r'egc,le se apropie de Tro,vcs,
sca-arepsr-eadparteidnatm, Eiiindielearceogloelluai,Cinhalsolnirs',;ict alrae tttiala lor... Toata lumca sc lclne? sf clisplatl cnglezilor
cie asemcllca
Fnc-ims, uride salr {'pi$copului,,. ]eratla a {tist copleSil[ ck'
[n timprrl procestlii.ri. dc cliversc lleiuri ; aproape
regele nostru a fost incoronat in plczc'nla mela; fjind'5 -o
eram pajul Ioaneiu dupd cum v-afli splrs, sliitr:airr lr|lcu lr1u1!ime cle interogatorii
ii-t'

cll ea...tt 18. liecare dimir:ica{ai era o ;edin!5 cru lnterogatorii ;i ea clura
La 12 mai 1456 a fost reinterogat magistrul (iuillaume aproape trei sau patru ore ; citeorlatd se cxtritgcau dirr
Manchon, gre{ier in primr-r} pro('cs inrS:oh'iva loanci cl'r\ri', cliciaialiite lcanci anumite e'hcstiuni delicatc 5i dist'uta-
asupl'a t.rnol plobJ.tm'-. pro('ccitrraii., cal'c aLl pus in Iu- bile, asirpra cairora, elupir prinz, era ciin nor'r inter''rgatii
rnind :ispccte esen{iale ale por'i'sniui d.- t'onclsmnafe. tin'rp <1e cloul sau trei ore. Acleseori
fJrinti'c a.lteie, mai'torul a aldtaL c'ti proccsul-r'crbal al inrtrogatoriu la alttrl, sirhimbitrdu-se se trecea {g 16 un
primulul proces a fost redactat de el in trei exemplare, suiliectttl ; ea ris-

i);)

54

I)un3e Lu irll rnai pLriir-,;r in: {.c,lVc1-a:tn'iLl trniris: p,suinasvclaa o me:moric .r\cestr:a cliu irlmii ar: cltrt'cclit. incompetcu{a jut'ic.lit'it a epi-
rrtifelerltd ; aclest,a sc'<tpnlui cic tr]caul'ais, scr,cr'itat,r,:a ;i subicctivjsnLll siri,
lpurlcil accastri itr- legirnul sinistrtt al ietnr,ifci, relttzul cie a {inc scatna dt'
tr'':barc ilr alt ior'"; ori spuir(';r: ,,i\{ii rcfel la cclc notatc inioc'are.a cotnpctt'n{ei scaunuhti papal cler cltt'c a('uzatt-t
s-!;- grerfie'l"'. aclir.a {a minc...
.1i clc rccr.tzalca clc cirit'e ea a jttdecittorilor, amcninlirilc
Durninit'a ulurdto:li'c, in zir.ra Slintei Tr-initi:rfi. am fost 5i pr"csirrnile txett;itat!- asrlpra sttbincrltizitot'iLltli, t-i<'itrirca
E ircrnat cLr c'oicgii nrri ia r astcluI clitr flotrcn cle ciitrc
cOiscop -qi t'orrti,ic de \\:aIivi<'l(; SL.Sptlrlgg 1';"1 lpgpS l'ec:i- amlIJ:ie'niicin'i;tnieoraaolsgciapatolcaltiirilntriicsro.cliea'irl'lccalclriizdairic)vcuc[z, 5idnriifi..i[ric:uuaallt;ii;liilccslte'mftertcuin:lfftiaup.ntiilc'aatbnjatrr-i
tiir,'asc in tlczi<.' si r-';i a ir"nbri<':lt clitr lior.r hairrl'bdlbdtersti; ,4tcttti lcrlactat cl-r .Jean Rlehal, inchizitolul Iiran[t'i,
r'lnd airrnscrlrr', in rrurte. i'tlglczii. lt rrurn;il clc peste cinci-
irLrri si irr:rlrnefi. ir,('-:r1-l asalt'rt, nrrnrinclrr-nr tt'irdirtoli;i ronchiclt' t'i rlin prc,cc'st-tl clc c:ouclamnatc l'ciesc ci"t atit iiI
iirigincl r't"r ne-aui lrLrrtal 11€'nlLrliiumitol la pr'oces. liri am icncl, cii gi folmal si'ntin[a pronur-r{atd itnpctrit'a accstci
1ti;ir"rt:1-lttlristr'i(ropa!'rpcrltiln: miiniic lor'<lcclt i.l,r gleu;i tretmtirinci
rl'Ll-r 1'trrio;i. c,r'r.'rl. iiirck'li ca n-a IosT I;'ct ioar"e dolctlcltc o nccir"r:ptatc r-.iditir.
,ali:r rlupi plin.ra st,r'Llint,ir. L,a 7 iuiic 14116 tlil>rir:aiul retitrit in sala ln.rl'e a pala'
A rcnpairsicloi piit-rrlictlira;izoaitl lulrti ailtiepistopnlLri ilc Rot'lr:n, colnpLls clin arl'riepiscoptlI
i.,:rit cl<lri',t zi. clin r.rldinriL r:or"rtcllii, anr cir: Ileirns, Jcan, cpisc'oqtttl clc Palis, Cluillaitme. episcopttl
ia c'astcl. r,rnciL i-i-tis cnku:nCfoaut tsaenrc-eitsin,faI-iipchliarrrccl 'a;ircinacul-rliozistot rctrllecJ'lca'arautcBtr-crthilca,l,uaevparloa--
il,ll"ottrorti'Iira'orn'oclnuksc'lrpiiinclier sir intru {iiri
\\,-llr''uvitli tltrpil ermclfiiic clir"r aiun;
iinii iipcrct''i;ltoeiliiia;1nrrc'iat-*dv{ar bile, inexistentc ;i r-iea\'or-iitc sentiuleic primuhri ploces, ca'
la inr:hisoalr-'. ultcle i-ant gis;it pe ;i abjurarea $i toatc ceielaltc acte dc exe("tltarL' ca viciatc,
altc p{.rr'\oanr'. Ioatra a {ost lrrtrcbatr-r Iiincl vorba cle dol, calcmnic ir-rclic'ialir. tnintiut-rii. cfoarc
crr a rchtat. ac'eastir !inr-rtd bilbitcasc5.
{,la r'5sp,.rnsc c:ti a ploccciart astlel pcnLlLr a-;i apdra pLrri-
i..rica : in hainr., cle' fcmeric nu e1'a in sigulanld printre rriaTnrifiebsr,trlndacltrcl iarcpctle'1cilacriactfacplct. asemenea c;r ur-ttrrita loaua,
1:aznir:ii siii, t alc r-oia,.r si alctrteze la pucioarea eti ; cle
eir';-st lucnt sc piiilscsr rlu rnai lnultc ori cpiscopului ;i pi)rJntii cr ;i ceicialtc rucle nLi sint atinsc de nit'i o infa-
tt{rc-arn. tienlrtmi; ii.inuiilccie^c1iiitionlliri.'-oaminicn}triiseca,a. lici pt'omiscserd sI o pre- nic. ci trcbuie considelali cr"rra{i ;i ncr.Stiimali.
a bisericii gi si Prin sentirrla tl'il-.itrraluh-li se mai hotiiri ca in pia!a
lase o
fcmt:ic cLr clirr-.a: ea aci5.rrgi:r c5. clacii ciomrrii iLrciocltori Vicu:r-N{archc, po lorrttl tincic fusese arsl Ioar}a, si Ii:
;rl bincvoi s-lr piasczc intr-urr lc.c sigur uncie ntr tlebuia
-i.r se tc'anrii, ca era gata si reia imbrdcftnintca de fc- riclicati o cnlce pentl'Lr a ctor-niza memolia ci.

lril:ic.,,. in rrr pr"ir.e.;tc lestui-.. ca spLtnca cd nu inlelcsese:
.rlmir clin formirla de abjur'are; tot ce a l5cut a fos! de
lrita ior:uir-ri, r'irzinclu-l pc cllitu preg5tit cu cdrllta sa....i 10.
I)upI inchc.it,rea ascultdrii maltorilor, tribunalul a ti- Epilog

ruL r:iteva ;edinte in curstil lunii irrnii: 14-6 per.tnr a Loana cl'-Alc estc croina nai;:orrallt a li'r'arrtci. ir-r 1894
exalnina rnaterialc-lc adunatc la Domremy, Vaucouleurs, i:iscrica catolicd a dec'larat-o vencrat5. in l$09 prealc'-
C)r'lcans, Paris ;i Iiorren qi a consr.rltat riril/a prelat,i cu ritild gi in 192C shntii.

g:r'l'vile la aspect.ele iuriclice ale proiesulrri de .'o'lclrrmllare. f)ar c'e atitudine a avtll Sfintril Scaurt in timpul J:ro-
Rczumincl oplniile rl.xprirnai.e de ar'nstj pre!ali, ma- cr,.sulni clc conclamnarcr car-e a dura'u triai binc cle trci
itisirul Jean Brehal a lolmulat nou5 ('a" toie prrvjrld fon-
tr ulni ?
clul procesului ;i cioudsprezeco prirrind pl"obleme de formd.
5i
;lt)

Irapar NJaltin al V-lca a fost infolmat despre tot te 14. lbirlen, p. 144.
st'ir-rtin-rpla cu Ioana d'Arc;e.l n-a intervei:rit ii'rs5 in nici 75. Ihidem, p. 155-157.
un {cl. cleqi ac'uzata a conti:stat cornpetenla judecdtoriior
siii, cclir-id si lie jucictalii cle Sfinlr,il Scaun. 16. lbictem,p. 185-1S8.
17. Ibidem, p. 195-197.
Io;;na cl'/\r-r:, care incd in timpul scurtei sale vieli a IB. Ibidem, p. 273-276.
dcvcnit lcljeildai'a. a fost reabrlitatd curind dupd moar*
tca ci glolicasl alrt de ct'rtle autoritSfiie laice', cit qi cele t9. Ibitlem, p. 308-317.

eclczia::tir c. rjloalcr:c ierni,aaginr.e'oanla"icneuasttesiirlirtarlniacscc-.damtietted'etl Au mai fosL consultate urmitoarele lr-rcrdri :
sirnplir in gi ", ,,I-Iachette", P,rris. 1923,
anrloaica" Hanataur Gabriel. ,,Jc'arnne d'At i Jeatrne d'Arc", (i:rllinriird,
in c'r:ir;tiinia u-r:rsclor priprrlai:e. Bra:;illaclL llabert,
Chiar ;i in c:itr,rlele clu;manilor patrici sale, sr-tpttsi ,,Lc ploc6s de
ir-idc.lr-trg unol gllle pi'esiurri nrcllaii.. ;i fizicc. ea n-a re-
nrrnlat sir lupte pentlu .Lii-.ertatr,:a poporLllui sIu s;i a rI- Palis, 1949.

n-ias dr,:-.a iuugui vcacur"jlor explc:sia cirago:;iei de patr'ie,
a lrrr.]iriui ;i a c'r'oismuliii i;cpr-r1ar:.

NO1'D

1.,,Lt'pIor-'i's ic t'ottclitnlntrlion el 1t prui:cs dc l-€'h:rbililalion dr

Jt::ult-tcr cl'.r\r't;", tr;riucelc. prezcirtat'e qi adnotarc de RayrnoirC
t)urse l, Ediiirrls Dcniicl, Pirlis. 19b9, p. 23-24'
2. 1[i,.:ltelel Jttlc;. .,Je;-ittlle tl^,\rc". l.ibrairic Griind, l)ar-]s' l1)il'

1-.. 1i3 l. q.,i lIr', i.. |.r,. l.'d;rr ltl J

3. ljotii.s.sr.;urt1111..,,,,7rritiur,.,.Jr.iit.tne
.1,.r.;u..rc:rlS lltunis. P;ir_i_s, I!155. p. 2l

tlallnroitil {)urscl, o1;. r'it.. p. ?7.

Iltidt:ttt, y:. i.);)-

lbidtrt, p. 111-1):.

1bidcrrr. p. 9ii.

ibidcnt, p. J0;i.

Ibiclern. p. lOti.

/ bidcrn. p. I I 7- I 13.

ibitlern. p. l?0.

lltid.ent, p. 72i).

I(tidcrn, p. 128.

5B

Galileo Galilei (lajiiei, t,.ittirLrl Gelileli s-a t-t'nrarc'at irlCi ciili tiilct'elc
fdleuoa,eiiiLs*nO"eatllt'ri-neionsuicc,itiara,iipcltaastcL:dlaiat-alLtaeiiLncciciitsvli'ttcuerpm'i:cl;ocictizaettetcica:atsLp;aier.iciiit-nramelo<erilsss{cccal.biira.pitcpicit'cl'lclt'arsritl'li'oliillniitrrsacatr-cstuiIaaucrsdil-trac.a

n'rl[]icii1a. at|ris c-lr matt'tr-laticit
TlnSrLrl Galileo sc sirtr{t-a lr:ish
r;l cie {izicii; nu implinist- i:iotlitzeci cle ani c'iiici. iu l5SiJ'
iCi*ialiiIinitcocorirrCirnrlarilaailtceciteaazsrci-illtcepiilcri1umap:rr-lrip.riyielrer.i,or"aisaidtaiollcsatt;'iSilaccidriitci.csriiirplscrai.lirerr.lrrr-lrliiaieo'i'zlJoislaic"
iirisioic'licii, cotrsicleralii pe ati.rnt'i ck: ic'r"r'u:,-irt' cf i('iale (ra

[la;ri a o1'ic:dIeri;tiirl!e. Dar iir 1oc'rtl ir-:sr-t-'irii dogrnatice

atrtcjcitiaatneuLlor*cIiitnr.aAnricsetosic.coi..Bcrlploi-nlsaen'crliecii.aticiraitirlc'ihli'ii ck' pel'ipa-

(lalilco st:

'lii--rri"isieinutnaesaporcmoublusri:rc'rle'atgietiiSnqi aexrpiLerriceslntcfii,sidr isntadbiril-c;ai st"csil:"lI1tc3ot(':iiii
a,,ip" raiocrlucneo.stt:ir-rsl 5t.cloeriaclch:ceirl-itociccelnintriet:x;ipaerlitelni {C5':.rl:Icnr-cniilc,c' lt' ati-trr.r-'i
In 1585 s-a rnutat la Filer:rze, r-rnde ;i*a r'ontirrr-ral slu-
jilco\,laCtciamlialel"iica'ipana,le{iczaic'iuanr-i,tiatastnt'oanlogmin,clliilro:izinot('a;irclitaera:cilltL,tsGuat--l dltLtIlaculniisitlpaicddertuelapi5;tapeiiucraaccudavceeritmrneiqcdpaeiortldeaiirdcsigelfteosiargesfjAicutuugltets,auSecrtr{asLnioilazfzietanfiexatamidcmneeiancipltzaiiifaec'iiia-liercn$l,i;niteiiit':t\:nii'rrrut-iceiir2crflcnLoiirclcot,-i':r.rasi.nifi,t,,iPlaianGiittcctlLrcialrztiiilirliirnrieretrc'iaill1lltiv5s-i9ui-as]a9ic--
aport uria; la progr:esul ;tiinlei ;i r:trlturii.
ptiijnriSaloplriar-5isttlisiilncqlriiuitiutcitlro'v.ri.PeerleiIis;ciiul-enaicleciiltergcerlicccalcetrcienrxutrrrc:ilraccgictaaet'vicciaamtsiart-ircpcrr-era'acrcS,'--a a rcuglt si fie numit prolesor cle matr:matica ltr {inivcr'-
tionale alc r'krultti nu l-att putut irnpicdicra sa ini!iczcr
ccr:cctili matcmatit'r' carc vor r,lucc Ia calculul infinitc-
dziinnraaml i;cialaluci'aAlt'rttilsutloptcr'ol bcaubdiliintlatimloirc.all]maodincrlonctiu, iat in fizici--r siLatea cliu Pisa, Galilei pt'irnea o relllulttl'alic de uttmai
pe an, in timp ce un profeso| de rrrilciicitri aYea
cnun{,at GLr de scuzi universitate 2 000 de sctlzi
plir-:c'ipir-rl incrlici ;i al rclatir:it5lii, a clcscopcrit lcgilc tti- aceea;i anual. De acreea
dcrii liber:c a corpulilor ;i pe plan inclinat. Icgilc corplr- la
lilot aluncate, a fr-tnc'lamcntal ;tiinfa rczisier-r{ei matcl'ia- Cialiico i;i compieta veniturile prin meditalii tru stLtde'n-
lclor' ;i a lircut clesc.'opcriri ir,'optic'i ;i ar:u-rticir. ln astr:o- [ii, prccurn ;i prin leclii de matematici 5i dc tehnici r-ni-
r-ronrie a dczvoltat c:oncerplia hclioccntlici a irri Clopc'l'nic, Iitar5, ccea ce se cerea ?n acea \rreme cle La urL irlat(:ma-

a clcscopcrit satcii{ii lui Itrpitcr'. fazclc planctei Venus, tician 1"
pctr:le solalc ;i lota{ia Soarcitri in jtrn-r} axei saic, penlrtt
a rru amir-rti clelit plincipalcir: aspct'tct alc at'tivitirtii salc ltreste ci{iva ani, Galilci a fost $umit profestu' ia LIni-
l'e:'sitatea din Padova, unde a predat Lln curs clc me-
nrult illtt,ralt'. canici. In aceastl perioadS, atenlia lui Galilei se in-
i\iscut in rit'asul P.isa clin noitlrtl Itiliit'i irr lit(i4 in i'ai- clrcant:i spre astronomie. In 1604 se cl:scopcr:5 o nouS
stea, foarte str5lucitoare" Festc t11-} at1, Gaiilco Claliiei

n.rilia unui enrincnt mttzician si ntatt't.rratir:iau, \''it'tt't:tlztt * Discipol all lui Aristotel"

iil0

ccliemreogr-irrs-itnreilaozr5cce5runluoiu.acosntesaidneurinadpaacrelinstefalupmt giissuebflulpnlraarded,
in fai'oarea sistemului copernician. Frin aceastl afirma-
lp^aliiPeciorc'tiGesnrpii'arsvtintaliicttltuerSlnco, auliiamnlusitoiinenbctigriolaSu,strrcSnivrnooiapaglcrtaoeuonblnreiicill,lgidaccietIesctlnbeuuitlsierpeuleeArlirciirlnpauisvamtcitroeatiitttinieocdlleiiecur9dna-siii;,ecPdocteoinunoiseaiadmjrudeeeencruaper,t-,l

PEmintului.
in 16011 Gaiilei a aflat la Venelia de inventarea lttne-
tei in Eiandria. Sesizind insemndtatea descoperirii, GaIi-
le'o o aprofuncleazd Ei reugegte sd construiascd o lunet5
perfer,liinatd, pe care a oferit-o
Republicii Venelia. Apoi
b conslruit o lunetS care mbrea de 400 de ori, cu ajutorul
cdreia a ccinstatat c5 stelele erau mai multe decit se credea"

ContiuLrincir.r-si munca, in 1610 a reu;it sd creeze o lr.t*
netir c'are mdrea aproape de 1 000 de oli, dindu-i posi-
biliiatca dezvoltdrii crercetdrilor sale astronomice'
Dar atmoslera din Italia nu ela propice pentru ase-
:i#il. menra cr:r'r'etii'i. De'clinul Rena;terii ;i tensiunea retri-
gir-,asil in continul c're;tere au erercitat o influenli nc-
t';rsir rurdo 9-a tristttt (lalilci la l)isu asupla vic{ii cuiturale ;i asupra invirliimintului
larlivir SpiritLrl din Padorra i1 inlbu;ea
ofi,iat. cle la Universitatea
pr' (1aLilci. Scnatul rrenetian s-a ofcrit s5-1 angaiczc
G;rLilco s-ar fi simlit mai Ia largul sitr $i
in mccliul laic qi

cosmopolit al Veneliei. Dar Galilei avea aite planuri. trl
voia sii se angajeze in serviciul ducelui de tr'irenze, Co-
simo al Il-iea de Medici.
intr-o scrisoare adresatd prietenuiui sdu Belisario
Vinta, secretar de stat aI marelui ducat Firenze, el i-a
impirt:i$it cd ar realiza mult mai mult ir-r ;tiinta daci ar
fi scuttt de indatoririle catedrei de la Padova 9i ;iin-acaeixi--
primat dorinta de a servi pe ducele dc Fircr,zc
tate nu numai de matematician, ci gi de lilozof : ,,Sint
hotirii... si-mi asigur o situalic in viitor ;i nizuicst' dirr
toatc putcriie sd duc la bun sfirsit frLictclc cfrlrttri'ilor ;i
sttrcliilol mele din trecut, de Ia care as plltea spcra o oarc'-
cale'gloi'ic... Opcrelc pe carc va tt'olltri sit lc rcaiizcz s'irrl
in piirx'ipal clouii carfi : ..Dc sistcm:rta scrt cor-rstit'.ttiotrt'
univclsi" (Dcsple sistcmui ori alt'ittiitca urrivclstrlr-ti),
concerpt imens ;i complet de fiiozofie, astronolxie ;i gt'ti-

53

1-i:r(,lrir)" ;i *Dt' nlot,u l0t'ali" il)t:sprc trri; ar tt"llit.ilctri'itlir"'ll'iji]' lro-l1iilla.egiunni,ivperorsfeilsaorcrl,r]Edi eplansdtr"$oil:olan:iRcridl.oegniaa. 5i Ptclcr.'a. iar
;tiinla p(] clc-e[-nt|cgul dcscopclitii
lto'rtii 5i tit' l.ioiogna, {t:sea
un complot impairiva lui imp:.'euni: cu aili aricpgi ai cice-
'p,at.rl,iinmim'Inpru-nr.rrll,cual,inti'"cec,ltri'ir*"..isrPilil;itrr(ioi)rsofzlic.zpori:iPcti<sirci'oiin.ia'.i.arr'"4:rcrrrriir.napstlaua\irruirairtilnilntl\ui.lnltvrasg.ctilnlrc.iroflecciaalcozccrll)tl:cct('m:ltLca'-orslln('p:so;l'tipcriocillrlrlciliitriinlrrariltsai:L--:' trinei aristcLelice.
DacE n*a"r fi rer4it si-gi asi.qure sprijinitori puternici,
Clalilei se putee a;;tepla sd fie impins in negrtra uit[rii
qi sd-Ei rradb noile planete ,ocxtirpate de pe cer((, dupi
currr ameninta l"{agini s.
,,I)ragul meu Kepler __. scria Galilei rnarelui astro-
il*,ipl'tniaactiatail!o".lozi";,ela;i'arau.;pc1iu,c6,i5iir,t(cIir0rf<ciaar,tctC"icnrj-c'iizol*ilecclsci''l,tlTcta'dociisu'siaatccrmpioairtnncliaatoariram,mpuCrricic-ilmlioic{ucas,c-iit'marcl}a\lt'coatIttseclcudapmoiilo.tpa:sicI,,"tltt-i\:.rtilica:rieli'saiascant,a.ltltc'se;iltp5oia'irmiibo{Iaii'fiili)tilpn'olisturrozo'itriao:fl-u-lf}s*rn}.atai'-t3-r noir] de Ia Fraga, care L-a suslinut itnotcdlepa5uiinnaar-e-, ce pdrere
cplrui'czainttttaluia'lopsoti:airnratr,l-c' lclt.nttu:rm'ai'necilnttt*iit,u.Siatctil,'.:Slcidmr'-c'cr'l.itt:tcset-',\r1ini--i viperd
ave{i ctrespre fnvtil,:trii care cu o de
au refusat ?n mcd ccrLstant s6 arunce o prirrile prin ochca*
llul meu ? Ce trei"-uie s5 ginCirn clesple asemenea lucruri ?
T'rebuie sb plinge:n ori sd ridem ?o'a.
GalilEi s-a buciri';at fu:s5 cle simpatia gi de sprijinutr
r::crcui'ilor largi al* cpiniei pui:Lice.
Despre ocheanul s5u sr] r'orbea pretulincleni, i se de-
dicau ocle, epigrameo snr":.ete gi albe lilcrdri literare. Soric-
t:iustt. inr:cpc l.abt'itrarca ltit-retello| ii-l s(jrie -:i ii*lca nobilitror discr-lta cXespre descoperirile sale la re-

(lonr:omitt'nt
tr,.iurinjoiirStc"rntilluiutlt.ocn*la.s-lotr.tittrr.aisltuN,S)tcuuaairnitorcrp.p-lrcl:maaitl.niu.scl*nnp'.t'icc<pticttrrc:u,inlsrcicsnciusspilnooilvaloliatinrrcr:teuc;c,lsiul.cfciatoz1i'inac6tcm1lcj0ruc'tlncnluu-iillclo\aS\crtroncccallnplcrccisl:alcsrsr-'tpt.iic;'tini'lri:nlittai
r:niruiitre ei moncir.ne, isaer porfp,scprri.nrlcldiseerilnnd pe stri1.zi. Vestca
elespre nor"il r',riracol lumea inlreagi.
,,,Slel'.:le casei l\,fec,lici" (satelitii lui lupiter), din mcment
ca elau sprijinite prin pr"estigirii acestei familii, aveau cie

ActiVitatca astforlomului a stirnit insii opozitia t'r-'t't'tt- acurlr cl existenlr6 aprcape ohligatorie.

lil<x' t'onset-\'atoare' c'lcricalc 5i lait'c' Fe lingir aceasta, o::ir-'ine obser"va planeta Ir:1:itcr prin
t,iiii."r,t"Er--,"r.oii.tl-rGt,t.r*'r"tn-",'aplti''i-to,irci,i"clni,aoerpa'.c;ir.jrec*lnisirrz'ui-tionrrsiccr5cqtli-eaunrlaplaltcmrapcppiruc'tafrutcsc)cg.St,rocaeccclclai'ectllu-actrtpipcmi-a\tlrrri('..t'cv'"bilpnririlnn.eert(tt'rrlt1iinl.lantol4rlcnsi lft;imcicilicnlzraup-Srnrtrliititrilcl'liaiir'tlcrloi.t:urilrrcic.cn"1rc,l5pj"tmtrlcSti'(sraltiai:t'tareantt'i:onlui..il'n1llc{lrtt-'artriiltni,'rl,i:]ninir:is.rt-c--tl
o,:.hr:anul lui Gaiilei ccnstata existenfa unr"li sistcnr solar
In eniniaaturi, Supra"fala Lunii, vilznt5 prin ochean, era
pcdocc";ic,retredce,larci..urtrnc)ea5ignilnuo:b.peurxelisspitofdunnoalnnctt6leifse;cre,rnrl5r{6Eilzers-6rrt-eirbiprs:tedanlulitminalidcieoi,nrpslricmceirlr'alerr:snec-
stitul,ia firir:5 a Lr:nii ,si a Fdmintului. Deosel:jrea, o,l'ir:ial
[]ci <s'aerr-gr iniicipotaorsiric*'rajitrirgiflti'iuilt(t'cl'aeuLcmlra,cirsciltct'giit-ralrbtiiitiirirnolctr:staotrlirii.l' stabilit;i cle cosmologia traclilionaldo intre lr:mea cerL'asca
(ialilto qi lumen p6in?nteasc6 dispSrea cu totul.

Galilei scria Lui Giuliano rle l\{edici, arnbasack:rul fLo*
lcntin la Fr-aga, Le L i.anuarie tr611 : ,,Arrl demoilstrat in
rr'ri't'rsita'lior: clt' pc 1:t.rz-i!ia tlc lil'z.f ;i c)t' matt:n'la1r-
ciarn ptirnar al nrocl cert cloud l..ucruri rnari, a:iupra c6rora au existat pind
altcfci-ia1e scr,rrli;simo, prictcn 5i prrrtt'.llr alum dr-rbii in ccncepliil.e mar"ilor genii atre lumii. Una este

eil ttnui nt<-rttarh. duct:lt: dtl 'foscarla. tl]ar'lit'161() tltdltrra ancucseesecAront:ela,gnteeteline sminotdionaeteceisnaturnienccjausreul; cealait5 cii Ve-
PlOir-ctrrl t:nrrntal tlc (ialilc,o irr Soarei.ui, ca ,5i
,ui.l"iptrr."i*ir,u,l,9irtpti,.tc'1lg;,'i,jasst'listicilrirn.lsurras.rttl..si ttl,itinitlcci)loti's,s1iri:,b'i'ljartrtrr,ktliq:a1isir'trtit",ir'rrl"ltia'-srli,ititirilr'i':trl'sisi-ncarPci."r!:i'l''iLts:iti'rlta.tl;-tt toate cclelaite pJ.rineten Xucru presuplls de pilagorieni,
Copcl'nic, Kepler gi de m.inen dar nu suficient cle dr:ve-

bD

t-!+

uti:iri;ir,i,Ic.l"air*5"a. p,clLrsn:;prbtiiral-isiiiiaagtdtoiliunrui{el(i.alacotlirlnectioitnrsLttmlanuislass"lcisrpitslrlaonatserezt"neaiupJzeuiaicsKot.eppell"ne}r-'
cic;ri rircpt igrroranJi si ttra lor crr:gtea o dati cu succesul
arrn;rielfvinvre+aarsaaenrvuiolui)iuill.icluo-ir;'.:mc(,}tii,aiialikms'ii:raaiacpcLc::rpc:itvaKiitz,ttptctleacrleqinilai di ionitncnen1ipa5u-9l!'7o,oa:sa,t,rrC;yir,-t
cltictrina itri (lope-'nti(1, L'aretr mi-a pelnlis apoi sii clc'scop;ir
cqcaairuN$zeoe.:'pr.lieirt iasniill-cire,o-itrnplcjuircobaiaiscic:,tufieiaininloccm..l,c,pi:dutosarli"npIailgntliriiarJiiclal r;--iluase neexpii-
urmti n-am in-
r-:hiar dc soarl'a
rniirelrli no:;i::rt maestru Oopcr:nic..' A; avca curaitll sii
prezint in st'r:is ieleiie nTclc clacii ar cxista suficicnt'e p':i:-
aoilnc calc si ginrJeascit ca <-lomr.ria-r'oLtslri, cla| penlr'u
c;i nu csl.c ;:.;a prc:fcr s,i a5tr:pli( $.

ripto,;rrcalili,ail*r's$rittl;r;acrci:itdsiCoevfinlitrra:isir:rr.:rl;p-nsilililrcristcri:ctt.iaeli,;.si:liiirre:air:sca::t;irv:rn-irvlut,tttv'til:r;i;orl-:cacrs{liib:lr.iheli:lict;ii:t:ln;dntctaiiitirict,i'':]1alc;:p.fiiiuairna::nhhrillnc'!ioiiiilain.,p1rde-n1igi;'c1"aiI'cci1pi;rl11"icl1;iapclortl-iil.rrl'tipi'trtc'si''eci;ps'ii1lrJet'n:*zIrrj.'oalliellnznro'lprf:rjoo.itioi]siicx'"---'
Aiitlirlirt*a advct'iiariltl:: itii {.ialilci a fu:st inirspli'Lir de

$urrrsi-rl .,ltt1,'t;1ui e,rpl.ic:r, i:al'c anlt:t-iinfa sii 1e sl;i"pt: plels-

tiXirrl. ll rvita \t jl ai:(}rl}cilc:t ..r}ezash'tr", inviillalii cl'at-r
pfn{r"u
flitl,;r rir .iar;"i t;r'itrc, sti lil'.,u1'gii r'liilr' 1a ljiir-rti't Stl'ip"iu-'l.i'
le-riia.',c,,*1r.r,s,,tiditte: riallllcnlt'ci:tl.inttasitcii.,,anlcuJnpuoteniin, iLpli:rr:Air:t;rr\u1fi{c:'illteapuptrcoacc<plrcot--l
v:allrrtarrria.io{aiiin"pltirlo:,lp'cvo(ir,:ril-lirllinIiilinnapculori..lroriirvc;ta.lriifio:irlaoeatrnprc:cnlillicicozj;rreirtis-ittpi:Lltrr'crrL'rilirti:rt1i|iti:'li-.roJi-)udagirs;'pirL,i,,t,iurt"irct-
natoli"- ii*tir:iri sir llim*r-riczc co11[-t]zia oSli'ici 1:uhiice
'{-,':rl,tiu a pulea i':iai b:nc tlisinrula propri;l lelr^eonftt:qir:'
bt:ecrntti.trt"orv-re'nt::'se5t',cJd*cpiinci:ritircigezi|?a'a'dtcialiciiiii si-i sc rir"it:ntcze ?ir aceastil

iLlscse stirnili ip i:i:l lnai

$r'rlilt grait. pi:evctlca c;:i tclr,'le lui (ls'tilei lLlr \"or ii bine

Se pulca
ptcrrim,pi.lr,rcarciiie,attil.oitnpsrc.tntclrirnaicaapbloisb*ai'irre-:.iiincasloulilrlc:ifie. ]ae cirrt'i tiE:nrc
pioase a in-
iaia i'depair'c5i:ii sr.rl:iti: a limilclor
r:eprit in;--r,:'i se nascii, Galiiec Calitrci, de Susi-elrnana'
,lunnji, p* cerc llarical ii r,'a e-"rpl'itna nrai
a(,cl s,:l:l,ji:ir:nt

ii6

tirziu prin cuviirtele : ,,TEcerea eterns a spaiiil.or ildinite silldu-"*e iricler:sebi acc.ltr.lia. ryi nri in limba latind, ar:acle-
micd, infeieesii nutnai clE r:n ccrc lc-st::ins de oameni. cu
md insp5imint5" T. innlte stuciii. Il1 rcsSlii:.gea icirt'a uni-'i cast* spiriiuale care
Biserica catolicil sus{iuea constant icleea cd nu t{cpinde sii aib5 dlei:t"ul clc a rronopcliza iclcil*,
Galileo igi didea scamt ci desr'c,perii'i1e sale ating in-
de nici un sistem filozolic ori a1 qliiniei qi nu are intenlia cleaprr:ape prlobie:;lcl+ crcriinlti reLigioase. Dar astronomii
sd sprijine vreunul prin ariicritslca ci. Ilar, cu tcate aces- clin cach'r-rl ordinulL.ri ie;:uiliir:r nlr ss pl'on,.mlaser5 lnc6
desclri:;. Cristoforc Clavic, su"cericruL l"or'* ar,'ea gaptezcci-
tea, era inCcr:bgte ct.tnoscttt pc vrctncs lui Gaiilei ci ili- qiclci clc ani qi ni.l sc putca spcre clin p;rrica sa in llici un
caz o ti"ecelc pc fal;h rie partca ideilor lui Cn1:ernic ; dar
serica catoiicii Ei-a accrcial favorurile Llnui anumit sistcn'l slrrccsor.til llil cere qi..} cic:rctnl:i.1, G::l.cn't:*r:gcr, []r,rtea sS ac-
ccpte, trci:t;-lt, neiile t.c::c.
filozcfir, scolasticii. Iar: pr:en'ris;1e ;i concluzille acesteja Abia stebilit 1a triieu,:c, {ii"rl";l;:i se gri'rbi sli*;i asigure
crau lcgate cle la bun incep-rlt ci,: o serie cle prejud':cdli bunfivoinla llornei. Tn nieriie X011 a ficuli o cilfitorie in
cctatea etcrn[ .1i a {*:t p::irlil c:n inlelegere cle eutoritii{i"
Ecoi rri1rpsoeil,e':rigjlA*nu!eilt-i't'erlrc;Lnliliunialeier*i uclcecrnicsrilrclr.r,i:lirio: hcl.aenfilioeiile,opficrier;,indcci Amba.sadorul florcntin La R.omrl a :nnijlccit 5i o audienld
a.ceeagi impartaiifJt ca cclc st;.'',alr:. li:rurp'llr:lvir, giiin!el* .[a papd. Gahleo a pr",irnit asigui;:rri din paltea an:.basadc-
rului cr-r prir'lre la scntimcntele papii" favorabil.e lui.
neturii, inci usiv malemai.ice ;i fir'ira, cl"alt consirl*rate ca
dnsroi.mrcuip:nulcii.ceain:rtcpcrlr:celltickri'ld:cretri.it,c'clllieirnl,piactul'clJ'.itililaiilnitpogu:a"iccul.*ltr5st5'tu.1"pa1ti-uit':mcicnairltri+cr;:aj5tlteiei-rl'ri;-tririceic':.,s,scIebnii
ce st c]i:riL",':a:ri'i ti: ni;r.icr::atii e ::i cll li.:c l'.rcrr::ri cilriilase" ':r.

Una clin prrsonaLit;ifile infir-leirte iil r:ercu,rile papalc,
r:ardiiraLul Bellarmino, a ccl'Iit infr:rma1r.i. eXe la iezuil;i cu
pril'.ii'e la tczclc hli tialilci qi a prirnit nhsXlt-lrlsul cd lrou-
AC.vei"snrii lui {iaiil{:'c l;otitci* lil *.'int: t5.tilc dcmon:tra-te c1,: ccheanul iui trebutie considerate
palr:lccr',.;nLlirrl:iiriilli'i-a.ac:;ot:u:olpllr',ommii:;iLi:r.i-ulriiiisi piliriitrrila;ildctnr,ucg"ls"rcalenraa.r;<1cer:ussittul'ita"llli,aii
Irr ceic ciin uirrrri, c'laiirit;). il-'tr.:r"rlilil.iii nlJirli'-: t"'ii''c
peri;:u, r-rc:lc cllilr:op:iiri, adr,'cr.'rilti'ii h,ri il;.ii'lair s-iiit rjlc:g si ti':l.ia:;c[. Ca]cirl*l.e lor se bazar-l pe urr slri,r:in al celu-
sii i:orrreasci la ail.,tr. Al:rlii.r1 e" Ii:ii cl,cr'inn;al r-ie ttlr e:ilric
tirii:r, Irranccsro ,!iizi, caie iu J.Llirl'iii.i:il sa ,.Iliancla llli:r' pr.lt' [igu::ai.ir' qi conrreniicnill" .I]Il:lilltnl trcbuja cou-
e',;'rro- sir-lc'r'at imr:bil in r;i:r:truL ar:*-.r;trri sistern" iar cerul r:a fiiild
in
llonric;r" {lrIcc}i.l:rlir: i;',tl:cnctriiiiii ii'rr:crta s:i ia ir: tlciiiicirc in mi;r:;rrc. /lcc:rta L.i"a ,.ad'rf iill-liit c,xpel"itni;ei ;i a1 bu-
tr.:zi:ie lui Ci"li.lcc.. 1\cr:il:,1 insa nit ,':-a angajat p,:iutl;c5 nu).ui-sitr,f, confilrnn [ In S iil-lta Scr"iplltr;'r.

cu Sizi 9i nu a ::caclio:iai in nici ttn ft l' In accst tir-ri:, C:i;t1i1i,i a primil r.ln spl'ijin putclriil :
Fr-riiir mai tireiu, un anul-ifo Loclc--'iro ckli'e Coionibc, Acaderaia dri i,iii,-rli din ll"oma i-a cnr:p+;at ca mrllllbrll
lpmupboliir.i:iIr,'uanrlr,,iSDcis;-c,oriiirsFoiircncinntiru:ol-.rltir),miturtocadl"c:l,lafir"iIie:;d:r:all'oum(Deisiocii-tisl'se
cilir:i rlin Slinta Scliptt-trd, a iur:crcat sd crecze o situr:{ic cu tnari onoruri, olcl'indn*i rnu nr.tm&i n-lix carc cic plie-
teili cle increctrcre, ci qi o tribullil pcntj:tl propagalea id*i-
lor saLe. F'r'e'der"ico Cesi, marclliz de rr,Icnticelii, for"ldalo*
clifir:iia pentru erlcp{ii iui Copei:nic. rul acesiei academ.i.i" a cievenlt r.rnr:i" ciin ce,i mai bruri
Ii: ttlmiittll'ii c.lcuirzeci c.lc arli ilil gr.jlc frlrr:iniairi, Gc'- prietcni
liirli*oca;r.ei-aa e:rplimat iiir:ile gi prii"il':"*o vasl d car"csponr'l'':ni;5, pdtrungi Ecilesfrectmniairni taisintrruiqGtiiantr{iiifeici. h{cinhrii aracletniei erau
fcio'sil c]lt'erse {o;:rne cr,e exprincre, c'le la lulli:ilri
;i prcinr-ri';tu ccru:ctdrilc
bszate pe experienld, pe stuiiiul natiln.i.i.
nalirtitfire-r,iisai:clicernc:railtijrl:oatlceJr::licnziiialsaticgncr,"lisi o1r;ir:orrci.aruzi{oaiiprrilue1. I{1 a si"ir- Evitincl ccrntrover"scle zadalnicc eu pri.,'rirr:: la pl'incipii,

c} i;i t'c- Gniiico punea accet"itr,rl pe dcmcns;trafrii.
da"cta scricrile in limba iiail.al:5, lrr li;:rba poporuluri, aeh'i-'*

69

6B

l)r:pri tirsl..",r,ti.ii r:tiitulioils,r;.,nir,ialc ir-r i6lr). tialiji:o ir,g!1a. ri -;.1\'ritil cliit'tlri-i tli'tittti.r';-ll"iiiti. inr i...ilrit't:i"liii:ri'la
i l,:ir-ii il:..r;i':,riirr.i.ii'irir4tl:t;lrijrtl;lzitCitu{:iitl}i.tiril.'ti'llt<iit,,isr,i)lrl:,ir;."ui_ii,-t$, {ct liijii"piSi(i!S, Crittlnf(}alij'iiti-- ijrr lir l'atlr)\'it irtt llr-!tllis('1-ri'iri;trt::ri iri l<ii'tti ltii (i:rilic'i,
llr iJ.is;r r-tllntir-tll st.iti.ir'trtilor rll' tititi.t'i't'i:ttii li t t 1.'-{r';1 13r' ai
u; u j',ila

:';rir-.ii'!tii it::,:uit Ur:r.t;tiilr. pl't'rl'i.ill St.itrr,,itict., r'r;i.ilt_u,i {rpa,.,{_} ('r'Ll',,'(:,...
r'iir'<.rrttVi,...;,1:,i ii.i.i lrr'r,ri ;..i|.'si.rria.,\stl'r,l A ir_r:l rlovt.,tlitii
i'rlti|i,;,t S()i.it'(.jt.li si lrtlilritit;h s(- (l{,t.rrgit tlo j:r (,i}noat.,rjlrl AL;ri'trl Ilrltliittil' (iil-i pi.l1 l-{.'ii t'ir:i'tii'.ri s-i] (li'('lallftlL lii
slli'iilri'.i:'t;-irirtl':iiilitil.r:,i.rrl;.rstpat'irj.jJ.'pr,ti.ittiir'.irt'riiit;,.i,;,i.r'l,r-)ttr1rala,.lll'irllirtiarri.iii.irl.:iil(ttlarli,lrtl:.i-i .on- llii dt'i't'rtrblic l{i l"l .'ft'tr-il-rt;.r:;tr ('itt't'itti, ttrr 1lt'i:ol allll)jiio:r
liilti r'ii|r: ir-rr't'it ir ltrL'r'('it sil €rtl'ir.qi ii-l{''lii:i iltjilpi il sa, il r-tiJ{,s-
1r',;ri'iit ric 1:i.'itrlt\'{)litli lti:i,.'r'ir'ii ,Suntir.Njlrria \ott'llt: ilt;ilt'
rLflirrIirir,':ri'r:i.lsil;tiIrlpr;lti'i'iiti,'.jr<s-.)x(iii'1'l_:.",tr.'fit.-'riZiitl'tSsii.'i'lri riliirii-;'-rii.ri.l_I-jrt1rrliri,,rl,iltitiit;(ir prs)lc.lrilriiti,..i,itjri:.,..r:i_jrl irlr.i irr rlolnt'rrittl iis1.r-()11(il]li( i. 'L'l'tllt Soar-i'itri it.l-rohii, tr'trill
tr l)tltcfrni(;1, r'slc. fiil'ii irrtl,-ii;rlii, t'rL'tit;-i. ('1'(ril (:i:
( i;tlii.i i!'rii (,\ ar...tris(, lli; tilirltii : t:1 i'il t 'rt itLctrtaLt tlil'r'rlli illll{)li
."]st,uri;-l e lltlt:l ('ll 1'.rrllll-}1('.;\1.roi, aIi-r'trtu
rii.ttrotrstllt::ii)iti sLr:itl.i r_, ril
iii.'.il:,1 1_;r.'ir;r l:,.,1;,.,.,,..,.. r'1, niiil,.i'littir a t':,Lt' o itt'iir iliriitolitir. iitl t-:r:rtt'i'iiirlit ilrl.i l"
in ;nlir.- cli lttil.oti ai lr.liiriiil ct't'z.iil()t', \'{,1' ii t':rplriilll!i tiiri 1.t,:ri,i"
iri'1,.-rt.nri lillr,rirar.i.iritr
.Jriro iiuliti.r-i1 i" rii.ily:r.t' pi'i('lLr r.roiitrir,. i:riit,lil ai..r
lic lljlll sLrl; J-)iiti"onti.iul :\curi.'nrit'i rl.i l_;;ri.j. jl ilr:z'.;rlrr;,: lrics; i;.r ('r-r-rl1 i nc.
('iaLilt'i rnLt.ri'i1.ir,.tri,r s;i-i ir,tllplirtci:i iilit-ilt:;iti i r;iiL'i;.rit'
1r,-: iialilci lii arlclrt l'irtir i,rl irri ('oltrri'rrir.. iil ;rtt.ii:,1.r lrrr,r., llr-r inrlrLrtlirra i;tliimtri;tluliir;r'siri. l)lri'p:'jliitttrti sitrt (lt'l.ri'
gc iii'itnri l-'rl,ltli'rr ui'initt tiiril r.;i irr_iitir it,,;.i,.,r. q,ir11r',q1;1 r tl1.t.: jor-;clalolul .\t'iti.i,'rniei tli'-i i.iilct'i, 1-a s[,.iii-lit s:i Iir'IJi'ir-
)': i,)(ilfi.l t'llrlijiil lit ii'.'slrii,.i.t'ili ll tlli icr.riL, l.t:lr,.ll,(.:iilll;ii. ir\rllt-{) (:Il cilr(i!l)iriLtl llt'ii;ir'-
c|'r'rl. irrir'-o rlist'ri'qir.' lli-, (ia1'c A li ti'zt'ic lrri (lo-
].;-r si.ir':if,rrl iinitlrri 1i.{r;i,l.l}j .:jr,,li],ini iiL.r1ar'rr;i{'r.rrl"tr,,ir't .i,i,l'.'Lrriirli.ni,i;ru- niirro. at'r'sLii ii r:otnrinic'a:;t' lLii (lc si <
iii.i:l('. ilt r',;tirL \ii.i t;ii.r r'ot-lsiclt'lah-' cl'{rtt('c li ( ai iLlr'('i} clt:'illl'c Illil('al't'ii
1,rr'r'rrit' r;iut csle Iiir.'ii tittbitr ('olttl'al'ii pl'('('i'1')l('lol"lil'irrl*i
r.rii,s1.iti 1ii l.'il.l:,..c. a iliril- irrili;i iir.;l tl i:r.ilr..irrl z:ilr:,i ;lor... f irn-,irrtlrlLri
i.il.,r:;:1, ol'-';,.-' iil il.. aill!:. oit r:L;ilr' ir.,.rl.. l),, ill.l i',,j r:i lir i'it.ltttli. ('r'si i5i sfatrri:r pl'icir'llLll -.,ii lil:i.' r'a lrtt't ltt'ii,-:
Ii)lr .;i

t.;rili':tilli.i 1r.r;lr;i,iil:;r' i.lir;i.r'ji ii ( irtoJjrrr.. r.i,tiriirrillrrl 1:ji,jlar'- sir ;:ii, lirr i:ir,r'usr'ti.
:1:iriir, ii irir,r.i-lril- Illl'ri{il-rill st-t-) lltsl),.,r..irr,..:r, I),: ( ii,lii: j. Inllc tirnp insi lup'ia intirotrir-a lLii (irlili'i ltttt irl"tr-
r:;;!.it-Jl (,zl( r' ani iii 1u.ti-!.1, (.ill.(lini.llitlui i-i.r |,1 nl(jiu-('. 1.a 7 l'c'br u;liic 1615 1;r't'ottrl l-orini ii tritti; tti'.
ri.r.,,',:iriL ,:lr.r ilr;l (iL,irtrilt iirrl:<,rtlila ('o[]r'rIlic'isrr.ilrtl l;,1 S{irrtrrl olit irt, r;r;;ii-
lt;rtliv'i"llii stitLir;li:i 1'.riirr (.i,Ir'L) l'ili).r.,,iui (;ir.,i.rl;t,ii., i]l.rirrl
:iLi,:r,s,.: r'riiiti:r!In;iL ilt iu,l,'r(':t t)r\ i,r,;. lli'il;,r.l.iti;lr-t nul Ini'hiz.it;ei. liri iriil sit pelliitir atrrLr si () ((iili(' r s;r-l'i-
ii rt-.iittliill r.ti.t ,.i)it;,tit,l,ii.ii". (,lliil -{i-r rl.ii srrrii lrti (.laiilci < lrl.r'c pt'ir't{-'tltll. siir.t ('aslclli. Lr:l
ririiiill;.r ( iiii (iiltilci, l-Itiirit sii riirL ii jir r,l :ri,ll- irli i'l
clrii i.iliri'i._1. llrlril'i<at i'lriirr c'it,:.:r'a ('Ltvintc'irr art'stir ({)l)i(t illltl'tl il-t
'rii::;r'ti "r:;i,l--lll- atltol-Lil sr't"isor-ii.
o :ii,rLi,iii| ( c,rlliJro1llito fJe ixlt"csalir lrri (la;.tt'lli
1rr scliso;rr"r.'il
r;;.i i()ilr'f. la 2l dctt'rirblii'l{ilj'i,,
1:iti'c 1trn1.i, (;::lilli rrr-lii.irrill';;i-5i iir,.:..'llll'iiji:ilt'. Tii.
ii-o si'r'i:;i)iirrt ii(ir'('sulii iit iit) ilrlir: ltilJ lrri ('r:si, r:i a;rri,-r: fi(ri(,a'ii(i)lr2i.lrii1l'i('s(i'siiutet^,(a:aiirlr\i"g'{irtaialjttl(tlllzsrii:tirptk.t,''Str,rictnrlt'iittptltlltrllitrri-ipirtlattLltci('iptaotdiiitt)ticna(.gtllcz'oliirsfri<(,-''rttiltr:ititr'l1t)l'lri'riro-i-l
sli clr-,1'jttt i'i; .;r'
"ri .{Nt }triilil'l{i,)]"ri:;.lltriii: iririt: iit'i.tnjiit 1ati1'e] sii rli' 1rl;irlt:.,tt) i.r t i,r:a tll'cli irttcrpr-ctirrilc t'i. I)colrli-'t c Striptr.tla t'sit' se:t'isii 1lt:t'l-
si i)tr,lr)rial r-ioi, f.l {,iiic ili'|r.t-
r.Ai .,i iii'()t1tr,-,{liii}1 .iiltr.,1e'r tr,tl iloi'Li'l.i iil r.r.tr:a (i(l C-I t'} i,i'i.';;1, trri nrttltinr(). mulL'.r cxpt'csii tlit't ctl s'iuL irr ilparrtlii--r clcl-rav1,"
<lc adcviir... Avirrcl in vcclcrc c'ir clottri ntlcviilttri tlrl sc pol
r,iti1. tliq; { ii A:i;t .,,a Ii i1,-;ii ]:iltr 1i ;li altl'-.i...,,. ('o11lr-irzit(', tlebttic c:a inlcrprctatcrii irri,cicpfi sit $iscirst i;
;\,.1.';:lii li.ri tial iir,'i i;t ilul-liillr.ili.t. l,a iiit'r.tr.rz.r,t, i.lr: ililr.ili,
li ::i.;iit'il nili-l-li:i UI ir:'lrri' {.11:.r.t ill.r-i}ttsitr.l'i i.:ri sliidir,r:,-t lilii.rr,.- selrcul aclel,iirat ari tcxtr:1or sfinte-'5i sii lc pilr:l'1 clt'a{-:orL}
c'u foi'ron'rcnelc natttt'ii... ALtt<iritatc'a Sn'illLttr-ii sc cslirltit:
-r-r-,:l-ir i,| iii tl;:;: srr-: lrltlrirl tir:i.'",i .r':ti',i..i{i, rr:1 (,o:t t.lr-. la }lrp rtiitnai astii)ra ai'lir'olt'1or: i:t'ilirtcl ci'ctlitrla. nrt rsi 111 pl'(,*

iii lt

ca:r()ra sintern clo- ciJi',toi'ie, ia.r la 13 nr:icrnixic a apirui in fala iruchiz:iio-
rtrlui clin Fircn;.:e. $i ei a c.lcsi:iinriit inclriziioiultti cie a
ii auzit alil pe mGiaglril'ej,i,iacrircrr.ylii'uellcc'sr't'ieaimi accbcislt,r-crieae, asucsetr,rncrvirci-l
iic
r'ii P:imirr1-ul
clr:iit, era o clcct.rini cliai:ret,ral. opusr'I adcr:iratci 1cr:i.ogii

;i fiio:iofii.
ill ziul uln-lili(iiii:il, la i4 no;cubi'ie, a fctst intcrr:gat
c'lc inchizito.r: :;i {}irinnr);izo Altil\ranti, pai-'oh al casir,'Lr,ilrti
citrc i,irz:isc 5i ei cie 1a Gatil::c i;ir, po-
1tr:irr:iirt;ciacriofiLl.rr"'i;:rr'rr,:ni iilnil,i
Ccperrltir.:, Pirnic.i.ul se ml;ui qi Sca-
rCi':irelilic:osleriniri-,hr-i,1in-rii.cPaiao:liioci,litall.1a,i"ai:li,n1:uiugsa-t;rrl'ilail1iacicnr,ss*ird'rl,'ii'ri.'iil-ttcl
str:c,nissiniuLi.'i p;rincipe i-il l'irc';lroi.

Inchizi] iir ii: i.ll'.; iiie i',liirluliiir: cr.ticsr: dc all;tlpi.,rrro1]i]l Llin lrircrize arr f,.;st
tr':ruise la P.cir-ia. Ii-rllri,ritorui, <'arc. le e:;antiiri in p:ri*
i::clc. zilc aii: lunli decciiii;r"il, a fictit r}i'ct'sc sLtJ;li,;j':r'i
;cilr;isirai.i'cuii:.rnlreiir'iG1i;rrl:itneliasr:cgianfii'iaj. lix". Fc pl.qrna n:-t:-riiiri:i'e cliii
sr-1SIa]s'tcr-rrilitccfirr::aii-llria-aitci,rr.ritpiiic'r:icl1inirt',rliiiirri ;ii;n,hi,r:ep;iisitrr:-o,rp.iui lcc*le p:sa
nriirca cc i sit ailurca hir Glrliii:i. inr,,i- corivccatorul exi-lei'!i1ol" pcntt'lr

claia clc 2li fcl;i'uc.i:ic 16lii. se cit:;ii;ui:a in cacl'r:1 sccretri-
Dinccghi itz.i:iaiotini a1l:,roCccir.iliiiliclai afl;rsc cite ccva. IIi a irirnis o
ctli_t"it:jeAcmrahriiesi:cai,sricsFc'iti{i:;_';.-t<tjiliti^jl,cl1.aitr-itl;taitit"crli1mi ,,ct.:.:r;tt,iss,,attiri:ittoi;p_i:irllir-r:i1C_cii,lsr;,!i..i,..liL,r-:icti,iitti.it;;:i..rrsrt;.1_:.r.,itr1rcfl,,r;,ipirp"igri.ci-l lui
col-ric a si:iisolii salc cJitre C:rsiclli la ltor.ra prntlu a {i
rr:misi car-ciinal'r"ihri Feliarrnirlo (ra sil-l c.lc1:u:rir la clcsar'.
Dar acec.sti sc'risoare, iiin'lii-rati liri Rc'lie1'miilo c:iL' Ccsi,
cc_hilrils:cttoltpc,.tli,ll:ptpi.:t:.irli'ririlro.,,lli,,iSc.;,.i'sriiral .Llti,,,rl,"iilpcii:L:.i.:ll;i.t ,l .,riicr.t,r.t,. Iititii in_ rru atunso La cJcsalul In<:liizi!,iei, i;iidr: e rilnt':g niittiili uo-
t.i.,,r_ili i;;.;-;,i.,,nr; d*pe*iaa*frai.gi:tL;ii'{rirc1rec;rittrail0litril;)rciiii,L-.oall;lrvilnnicirli,*iiti.os:atiri,:cl:i,lioLsrrt
Cii eSti: ili5rptts si,.--i i-;ili.ilii:;.:,r iii1i,.'r,-:cir.i1 ll it:':,iir-itrti;l::[.
c:ipltsL1 <lt pr"r'i:sili.-i r:l-rit. I.r :tt (rli,f 1;l,.lr,.r.ir lt ir c ,'iir-r1ir
lll.ri3nii, a cicilr:'1,'i c:l t.t i)-r,.iirilii itrt sg iitril-ri:i l.r1;tczci:i si pri';: rr
pcaic n:i:c,ir c.i-r i,';al;tlr-t. ir-r r.-:ni:itirair.(-., lLrr>'La caiidiisi cle le
llorir:r
Igvrici,liim'LpttitcrrpclLoiIrctiol"'lni'trir'i,rsl'laoaLinill,;,it,!niC:e'oi:;ctl1rc.,-,,i::'liir1,.,.]rl-a.il;it-ilii!irror'ir'neidnili(ai;;;rnlIa.dir'b.'V.ipisrelCc'lcprl,uia-u-i.Lne!,il,acinnE,tracidgoeie:is,irli.rp.leL',Lio',rr-tr,t-lal..ciegtlra':ca,.1<cs'.ioliapu:nlilstilrltiiootlrtirirn.ea{flIfneiir'tLii;rrLiltr"nicll.iglicd'nl:zgrein)pC,,i.ilorhii.;lp,:eiolri-i-*r,
AI-'ilici.)i:i('{ri:lu}, 1:r- r"ilr.jr:i s:.r17. 1--.'. fo:r-,i2 ritirlttr::il de
tarriill cle c!:i c cii:iclri,r'.. tlc','i,;rli iit
r-lclicale. l'r':r"ri,ir.rra ii( i.rrli.'i ,iiii.'r"ini

iaIaauICclilcrnIfCincilria-lscru(latirirrllt."cei!z.cipsilti.lr.irrrri,iii,'fciii::I.lrLr:ii'fl.ljllilsjlii:iirrrijninnpr,:ritriI-1irc^-cgoc'.r1il'Cii11rrol::SriCclSi'calirrrii.ci:,1oili1i.rfiii-hltzr,ii;:,oiaaiir';!qip1iI,.iiij.rriirlJnr,..ito,.(gl:t.iir^,i )l,ii:iit,.i;;r1;1lr,t,.r_-.,.-;iir;i,.r-l(rri,,.1rii.rir..:a.i.,'1rr(.rll,:i_li.ltp.',zC:l,ic.lraCl-Lcl tcili-€ d('ii-iii'j"Iiilc. Tocn:lti <1c acerca er;r consic.l:r'lrt dr: c:-itle pi'o-
tr:st:in{i ct pritrciprailtl ,,i.rimis i,rl cij;rvo}uit:i", lndt'csllri de suptt-
5!i crcdincriosi iii fcgelLli Anp.lici. fu, l:rvemi:lt 1-orirlrcj se rct:i.tcau
si se cinti.ir: icl iilui dc vclsuri satirii:e pe seaina sil.
llella.rmino :;e ir-inrtc;p:i:rriiv:.ing{iaclrcn' ar:i;'-"trzmicaitisciicbtielollic-saertci,,;r1re:l'ecr;rti'rnn-1ili
de nrxtemiitici. Ilal
ir\illt o pdlcl'e dcr:scbitir <-1c cea a coi-rtcnncraniicir siii cli.n lindui
{lar-'lini clemhri ; lnai;cnlttic.icnii ela'r, dcsiijur, olntcni u1.ili, <l:rr in cs.:r"ri,ir
car: i-€Lr li a vl.l.iril fi cj,,.,:tri: r,ilt i:i.,rot l{iii.:.t:,-,cs, sinrplirti, tcir:icicr-ri de tr,rl.ie p:'ca n:ot1c-std ca si Ii se a+-r-ibuic cl-
i:r-l l;r'tiiILtial. si :'tii,,.i :rl r l,ri .l"rl l,:r-,. i"i,;t n"-.i paciltitca dc a icielci:1c ;i so1;,r!iorrc pro'Dlerne r:r-r ad,li'*r;"lt cclrt-
a fost cd.t;ri citci-a lur-ri cic zi!c, i*trr-rr.rir s-.;i ;iilar !'{;r-o
plexe.

72 73

clirrTp,:aiJltc1Lar:ic:rc'uirricb:rii1c.;1c6it1ri5d. t(rl;rI."liilicr:rit.zi:itila' ratupallt'trrri'.lii.:-cei ilrntitlii;rlqtitrtjrrt1l;'-il lJr,:t'r'ctr-rl t fos| publir. lli ln i n-l;rrtii: 1i lt'imirl iilriti-
Lir-nll. u:i,tur.ilr_x' in 1Oil'.rr pili'1ii,r. i.,Li r)t r.iii-riri rl,' ;t-L i;ii.llr-: irl l:;rli-
r.arrr (,I_t toli{ii siIilt.|;ca. (iiii"!il|1 ir-rir.:t'zis,i-'aLr lOsi {ri}lli;:--r-

ir', qeciinta Oonglcgalici clin lfJ ft'l;rttnlil 1.616' tar"ili- tltlr.l r-litl lji:r'r"rrii ;ri clin i'riirlit'rteli'
rialrri 6r'cli11a clcl zl t'hr-:siit tlit:;t pi'!l',.r9irr pr' (.irliiri, r'i,r'ili:ialtrl- i;1':li:r'r'trri;''l;''lli
J,lollal.nt ino a pr(iplrs la 1';-r cit-.1 p1l.t,r;u'j,-' 1a p;rlalii sirt. unili', i. tr,it'i:rt'trii1
d(ririrt'r.'.i(itnil;i a c'clut expt:rtlilcir r'alifit;ilila tlrlt:llirralti
c,itast: ia iii ilvi.lf ij;ril.t
a pr,l-iicmci. La 19 fcbi'r-ialic 16i0 au fcisl (:otit'c-r('iiii t:;r- t.r.rr;.rjsirt.gltri g.ttrri'r'ai irl I1e.Iizilit'i, sc1.;izi. ].-a
liLiratolii Sfintrrlr-ri olir:iu pet-rtrtt a sc ill'onr'tn!a c'u prii'il"a r'u p|iVjIit lit L'l'ot'ilt' opirliiio| sirl.l, i-n t"'r'tr'lru
J.a trirt:lc lLri (,liililci. t,ii ft,,,.[uig s;i-i ii: allilntler:L',zc. Gali]r'i pllnirlrlrr-i li ii l-]r't]-
tr lqlsirrilit
rrrii; Ll-l 5g r;u1)Ltr-.i,6l:t,iirinil clel .i;t l']r'lllt't'ttitro o ai,icli:rir'rrii
Tcxtul sLtpus tretlzrrlii calilir:tlttirilor cl'a trrtt'tr-itol'ttl ; t'ii n-a ;ibjrtrcl li l'l-il piil:lli'. pcnittlii!'r, ti i s-ii t'r.rirllt;r!t;'i
1. Soali:kt cstil ('cntr'.t1 ltrmii 5i' iu t:oiui'riir!i-r, irnollil
misca:"c kir'alir. ,lr;ill ho1-iililca Clci-riil'tlgtrlici ..Inilrrxtllrti'' Follivil {iii{'r''.{
ck-. tlrrt,,tr.i:llt l;.,ri (lojliil-iitr r"u piir. ilt lir nrilr'alta i);-rnf l-i1 , ilt;i
2. I'iiminl.itl nu lLlnrii, nit:i iniobil' ci
r:ritc ci.fill.tlil sc ,,'slc |oi-tii':irli iii r'llci Sr:rii:turi ;i tir: it{"1!ili; rrLt ili;:itr i'i

l:iilcii ra Lln intleg c'u tnist'arc clit-tl'nil. srrst.iriril;"t.
Tt:ok-rgii se adllnari dulrir i:alrll zlle 1a ola I tliuri-
il(]Lll,,a. I'rlima p::opozi!.jc a losl. clcclarati:l ii.l ur-ial-rimii'ate
ccilcion.irri<:r.1-rc*t:lcodp-^tri.,;tczd,iecerea filr:zr.,li<: absurc1a;i f,rmal el:'etici"l.

itr nrocl cxprcs itl t-6r-tLte pltuc'lcl
Slinla St-liptrrrd, atit in sctrsul ci lilcral,
pl'etarca dlrtir de pr:c'o{-i 5i cle invii{a"'i. cil ;i irr ir-itt'r- "u'.iiri:l isi Lttttl, i; ll t l';':,i

A clorta frazl a {ost det'laral'ir, cle asrull't"ii:ra in rtL'ra- .tlililiiii-l1rItni.i'rari:ictlo'inurp1:ri-itri'iil'titiiraairnr"i'li,lli.;(tliiiicailaIlititiaittl''lriiililnt:(aii.(ri(lrat.atib'il;-iriia-.atri'.ti,ii"t;ri;'lLliti;'"c,i.'ii'riri,il.-zr'it.iiit.';J.tlL)ti]r1ltt,.rl;1t,l;\iJ'l,rlltis.'1l;ii;!,t:r';r:,t.tii.lrri;,,1-,.*i

eJ-'iiiicrniziotafitcc,5ciainmecre"itpinrdivca;ctcccaa;ci leccr'n;izlurtlt'tir-r'olilnogpicu,nf-ti:itndde vt:<lcl'c

rlc ase-

rrirnca eronatii ;i sr-rb aspec'tul crc'tlinllci.
{i\nnrirtacJrtlgroiiii.;,,puit."iiicctnnirii.iuancgnciaeiaifrnicls.ieaiiisr-ctald"aloe-ctlooaearr-idxrlIo'mncoraccoecuhnseitcztievspiitise'cietazl(ir€,pJi'laiaLalalpiilsl2{ei'di5l.i'rir.lBirtf3-tcc1:rboltlrarr-;trotit'tamirsaliiicrtin-tt,locilrlcicsaclaLC'llrpgi]r(rno)ilpmt'tc:riz.:i-ilac-'
si ai:a*4oiiezc opinia ce fLrscse calili.ati t:rr-ruati ;i .ttru- srri'it'Li,i,t-cr'ii ,-it'pi'iu:a'.ii:;tt ritrtitirl.c'tl itjLii,.Ir'it ittL|r.';r,i-tiiii i,'i-'-

qilirist;i. N.-a irrLctai. i.olLtr;;i sl"r itil'i'.-'zt. i l-.iltit-riiitlc,lrl-":ji !;i.ii-
rliii'.' r'tt pli'. il'r: la nlirtr'i1.tiilr-: It'ili'i];ri,.'ii ;i 1a 1-r1"6i1lr';';1;; il---
ilir-,itrzin"ie!'it-,r'. lll i;i gt)sr';,i l'oi.isoltii,: ;i i'r via!a nir';.iii:'
in r;ila sa tiii'r Iltllosgr.ralclo.
-1.-irrl sli rl Viitt.t'nzio. Ltit pi(lrclll-rri:r:i. ii p1 o\'{i('il r:t'l:i;i-
t''ar ir t'r'cdin!ci. cel'i : (.ialili.'o i:;i nra;liit's1 a toai.li aLct {iLitrr.'* pil'tt:i rrli i'ir1:l
ric lsiin.ilrtli'l-iitr...jliisrnr:irs.cnr.ll'ii:;ocrlirr,rlciil'l:i;'1iiltl'citili.cl{ti:)ii:riitil}uir;';g(oti:tlitl{'i.ii'frr;'rlcll,aiitit:ltrii.aail'iitf.llrittr',slccit-.rr;'ijLs!r'c:ii,:zpt;'iil'lit.lt'it'.'t.vl:'lL-i'til,,'"r.1ii
icnar"rld',oiannas3leLtrrmlinBa!5cr,tlilcas'-|,mainiinuoaqteachloirnctliafrerisrricitrapcticiimletoirpltaurrblSliiecaeratr(e'colraargrtci'tcliocgcaariet,itc;uii-,, nu c'i Ia!a tlc ta1-ir. r'j:',itr:i{) salil;i itrrl-:lra tilii-
uir -,'\l'r.'r.:tri iil:;pii'a:ri.lfil ri i,it'
l'.ti cmis dc Congregalfia ,,Inclexului((, privind interziccrea i'oi-i'sili)irilr:ilili.
'ruror c."rtfi contfarc Creclitrlci catolicc, pr:intre care $i opc- l-rs.e;ll.:c;'l."li.i)iit'itl'qi utiiltient
rele lui Copcr:nic. Numcie lui Clalileo nn cste insS' nrcu-
tji:oreuorrttuilnuiaFcocsstcaclreincircct,lininNsccaiptimolel: a {ost prohibi'l'i lttcrarea iirh'r: i iiil jkri ;i i.iir a tit. P(.trtt'tl ;r li r:riti i.r,lli'ollp(l ,-.X." ,tiir
ti*i;]{'i isi niuLii rrtti ii}r;.it.i rrjiii:tili tl:.1;-liit'iliti lilrc;i:\i."i:ili;'i.
dcspre teolia lui Coper- (lalilti uir',:ri'a :ii sc arl.'i;.;tt';:c trt:1:iat t-l;:rt'i lurli ai;-

nic, pitblicatir in al'lLll pre('cclc1:it. sill'iic'.,.itr:i'L o nti::.1;-.1" e!.i.lr pl'ii-i (ji.)i-]sh;n!]L'1"c'', sl'Li:,le o'1

fLr^T r/i

irr a!ctc.Fr,soiii=ilrcpteiiriio|a-riliIrl;i:llin*"u'1ir;.:r':eteir., ,,{iindcl f6rd aceasla clin Europa, dar {Jrban al. VI[-1ea era preocutr]at mai rnult

]:rr1 de aspectr,rl teatral al ftrnc{iei sale.

Ilarr^ ei:ia trcctisclir ciLri ar:i cl:.' ciiirl fusese actmonr:sLat Cincl unul clin cardinalii sai i-a pus lui Urban al VtrII-
aiit elr: sc-r:{:r fi []alilei inccpu sI scnriczc clin nou terenul
clr rnuil-ii ri;rc'rtnlspi:cfie" trca, in mod diplornatic aEicionpdcirrencicti,spmroublul'ie, mpaapaanaulddraiit de-
In 1618 arhidute-e tr-,r:opc.kl de Ar-rstria ii ccru ,,ceva cretului de interdiclie un

clin sr'r'icriie si,il'.." 5i Ca:iii,';o r':-a eziiat sir-i trimi+"ii pe cca rlspuns evaziv.. G_a.iilco se ntatlrxiza intre timp ideea unei
mai irich'iiznei:i,i'r clintle ocer.iila, rnemoliul despre fiuxul In mintea iui
1uc;:5ri importante, pe care o ccncepuse incd prin 1610'
re.iluxul iiriirii. rci,iactat in :.lpiralc:a teoriei iiri Copernic. tru:inticolnineteunn{ijv.cenrsai'osi(i-Di edseparetislli.sutel n,-,iDuleosrisi tealn,cladttauirseeauucncinvsetri--
,"i In atelaqi an, ai;cn1ia oi:inici pr-rbtrice riin lial.ia a f,:st sului). Dupi emiterea ciecr"etu.lui din 1616, Galiiei n-a in-
cirJ,znit sd reia icieea e,cestei lucr"irri decit prin 1630, cincl a
atrasir rle eparili* unci ccinc-'le, inlei'prertatir indccbcstc ca
o n;;rnjfesi'alt: a si-l;:5::irrii rlir,inc. LIn inr';itat iezuit, Grassi, clenumit-o ,,Ilialcgr:l ilespre cqlc dor,r;l sisteme priircipaie
a pr.,btli:at cu accst prilr:j o llrcrilre despre comete, Ln c,.:ie
a iiirclcat sih ccmbr.tb incii o clatd copelnicismul. Galilci
dc;i arrca un 1:unct *,'cclere ale lumii(r, clupd ce intr*o fazli a.::rterioalii o intitu).ase ,,Dia-
i-lu. r'oia sa rirspr-.lrci5 direct, a apArili la I'irenz* cle
lllcrare logr,rl clespre liuxnri Ei reflir-:<nri'("
binc contui'f;t, Llar iir 1619 o Galiiei cc:rsiiiera aceastd trr.lc::are c.a oFera principaid
..:rirn;:f-d clc h'fiirio Cir"dclucci, ,,Disccrso delle comete" (Llis-
a rrietii salc, in care punea fatl in fa!il ceie dor-rd sistcme
clrrs cltspre conieti). in carr-' adcvlratr-rL antol cla ugcr de
rl:('lurc:icut in persoana lui Galileo. principaie de a concepe lumea I sistcmul ptolcr:reic Ei cc)"

1-,ur:r'a.rea a forl priririti fai.orabll la Roma. fiindcij se copernician.

cio'"'cclea cii Gi:liiei estc ctrispus sii-;i lilnileze pr"eocupiirile La 3 mai 1630 Galileo sosi iardgi Ia llon:a, aducindu*Ei
rxoua h-lcrar:e spi:e a o suiiune apr:oblrii sui?rcn1e. La scurt
La rui.iiecte ircimisibile. timp d-r-rp6 sosirea sa prirni camunicdri plic,"rte. tirban al
I;r august 1623, carcli.na.lul h',Iafferi Ba:iher-ini a fcst
al'-'i; pap5, srull rlumele de Url:an al \rill-lca. Ga1l1r:i qi VcaIiIt-elzeealeasdapfrioebpaltepzeroniteactetuilnnt,rc-1oi,alofogrumJ.r6.d.{(sstirilixc,t cr-l condifia
prir:trr-iii s5i crau fe::ici!i. Noul papir era rncml:rlt aI l\.ra- nedefinitd,
si i se schiiiri:e titlui g.i sd se tclmine cu r.,in argument in
rilnri,,'i dci Lin'":r'i rii consir-icrat ca atlept al ncii qtiinfa. L-l favoarea atotputerniciei h-lj. clrtittue""rc'.t ; l*stlttr a fost Ldsat
ap.r'iiir:.l 6221 Cialileo a sosil din nou la Roma, aducinci c,r
".'1 ci noiiii cre;llie, un mic cchean, cu ajutor"ul ciruia ,,1u- Fe searna cenzolilor.
ri'Lr.r'iic mici sc prtc-ar-r vedca d: aproapc". nI a fost pt'iruit
clc pi;pil, clar si-a ciat in curind se&fiia cd nrl rit&i avea X,a sfirqitrll luni.i. iunie, Gali}cj st-' ititoa::cc la Iiircnzen
i;:-a ier:e cu losiul caldiiral trlarberirei. ci cu papa Ur-baa qtiir:C cd in tinrpul cSid'Lrliior ma.ri cic vald la Roma nrt
se puiea ara:rja nimic. El jrllcrrtioira sI revind la llcma
al \'Iil*lea. toet.mi'ra, dupir ce ar fi riat o altii reeiactarc prcfe{ei ;i can-
cli-iziilcr Lucrirrii sale, potrivit indicaiiiloi priniiti:.
La scurt tinrp dLrpi i:rtcrarcerea sa la Fjrernzc a aflat
lJoui papf, nu fEcea parte din vecltea noblllme f'eu- vestea clureroash a mor:lii pi'inr-:ii:rlr,ri Cesi , bunul sd"u prie-
cl;:15 ; cl eparfinr:a uneri familii de principi inercan'.i)i, ca
;i i\,'Ieciici, care intraserb ln rindril nobilimii doar de ci- ten gi sfetnic.
tcla generafii. Sr.tea de pr:tere ii orgoliul s5u latcnt se In perioacla ulm5ioare, in calca publicir:ii noii lucriri
a lui Galilci, clatoritd incleosebi intrigi).cr iczrtilil"oi, se r:i-
nlanifr.:ritarS cr-rrincl clupd alegerea sa, ca Ei car"acterul sJiu dicard nlinroiodlsc dificultiti. L,';criuea a fsst toluEi ti;:d-
imi:ctuosn coleric qi suspicics. riti La Florenla in fel:ruarie 1632, sub titlul ,,Tlialog$ sopra
in aceastri perioa.dd a lnceput pr:sliitorul rdzJ:oi de i due massirai sistcmi clel mondo" (Dinlcg clespre ccie rloud
tr'*izcci dc ani, c;tre a adns atitea nenorocili multor tdii sjstcrne principa.lc aic iun:ii). D*Ei i;i cliiclr"rse aprobarea

?6 lt

prritr"Lr lirc'r'alc';i llli {-l..riiiei sili) f ii;,;i)t'ir';.lc ar:iir:tit.l. irrl.r-':r tirlli. liir:;r.r.r11-rt itt{ri)ti'r,t, (illijit.:i iliL,:lcsr {lil gl'{rii?li-i,cilii
;:'t,, i.l;.., ii iitillui i. , 'ir:".
t:*lrr-oihirc cu $nillir'adcrl'iri f ir.rr,.:ni.in i:: J.ioirra" tiirl-rii ;,r-t,- iirii'-tl $r':'i:,;tiil: i' il,.ii.fi.ii:r i iit'clir'',li,li:'.ti ir;.i'iirt:ilsili: .l-li]i'-
riiia r:lir:iii. palll rii-a cx1:r'in'ili. clr:iticoliliii fa{ir ckr:;crir.,Li'ir,
Iiri Cia1ii<:i ;i il'cc'rr i:liilri la alirliririll;ili rrr Inc'hiziiit" iri:rii',i, lr'Jl()1.itl lliiltii. .i ;i i'r I'L.ii. s1:,..i"i i;rlii ;t't:rii lri:' i;:'uti-
Iczuiiii, singtrri i rlir.r t:ariiill Valicanullli c:ffr'r ilri l-)ii'l.tii , jitri, j;i'ilii.il iil i.,.rl'", j i,"it:',i.;i. !1;:1 ;i,.-1 Ii; i.irl lllri. i-ialulil.;i
cii.ca:;<,it:;i ir;i irrlr-'lirlgiii lr.rci;tttl ir.ii (ia1ilci. tlctlorrs-
sil. ,,llr.iri l"i;1.;'i ii r'i'lt i'r,trl'l,r,i'l'{,ri,;.i i1-r;:i:itil)i)l'i(t I'ii;cr'iirl;fil- i
It'irlli pa1"'ii cra -ir:lrrgrrl raii(;1ri,rn-t'-.llt, a1 1r-ti (laliir'i. ;rpiir"r'iii, ,:r.tlrilii irr,-i:ii;,.ji,,:;'iui,'. iii: ;lli1't'1. r.iliilr'i ii lil';,i1'lll tli rln ir.ir
,tlril tlitt iil'.'i'iiLii":ti:ll{'ll-il l;'ii,it'i:t ili iril:i lli-i it:l iri;';t';:i.t'a
{i)r1.l.oi'lfris;i. irir crir dirr:iL o sus!inci'r-. ii s;i.ilcrnrrir"li |(i}irrr-- r';ii-l;ljli"t. 1'-j ir sllii i.l.rlt ,:ii' i,l:lli)l( il{. i.i. :,ii iic ;ltir.'lrll3i, .la
nlc;ian" iri r'cnsl,i,intli, iczrrilii i;i mobilizura toaic forir,:ir-:
in;lr'cas.iii Jupiii c<-rrrll'a ijcii'tr: nr.,i, cl.r'c pi'r'ic1 il,iir-r biuri:Lr: i"ll'r'uzr'. pi'lrint ii itlr 1,i:rr.ti;ri:; rrirl;.r'lii c.tliii"ol'i,ri l;r il.c;riti:.
i',.r' rr:rrr'., ,..-,'.r,i r t'tii.i-i;ira]1l I''!'il:_r(jL':i(j{J irJ;_tll,:,.:t'iiii ii r"c,-
irrfiLlrnii'i leri il riiil('ij1-r.il s1:ilitcicrr:. ;i:i:,r,,sc ir'i'i:.;i);,llL'lr l.iri. ( lltiiir'i, li i"lil trl pi: r-'i:t llrlllaililil'ic11

Irril'ii;.ili-' ic;rrii!iltrl' t,r'lirr flrvoti,:;r1"r, ii clc irlpi ljr-ri'iii'i';t ;;Ljr-ir)'iili'i':,,i:t r.ii.,:lri i'ilirl i:r.1,.l,''"'rtt'i.t:t,ii:1-li'r.ii:ir,'ttl;l rliscltl.ii:',i
r';i lticl';rll'l irri (iali1t,o e,i;r sclisri sLrir f<.ii'llra unof (:i)i1\,ro::.- nr lrltiit-.tL ('{rjtiij'itrji}!i(. a !iiintr,il:ti;.ilir'iu, iiLt,.:rii) ii{rvi;;r.)
irlr'1 .ln1ic li-t:i i-.cr-siiant.: S;l1"'ittii, ad,-,Ft ai i,rrril!irtutii lti
( lojlr-rliiilr. Sirgii,iio, lrnrirl rioi'nic s;-r c'r.rno;,rscrl'r atii.,r'l'r.il.tr"'ile ,lr' ;111- r';.,spirir:; r..li:. rl ;-..i i'i r ili.:.'r:1.:i:'" ;i.'('s(l1".ll t-ltri;-"1 ll l->;,'*
Iiturii ;i {'irir' \'r'r,;r si obitLtit t,.xplir'a';i i. i r;t.ltL trr',-litrr.ti iil,.t. itl :l|tii r.'r);rli;t'.''1.i;i.ii1j'' r;i.
iirl i'ilcr.:oiri'i irar.li{ ir;r'rair, si'lla:;licrr. ;i Sinrptir-:iri, a{.irrll-
{l)r'l\i)i'i.i}'r.rt} lLri ( il..lii,'i irl iilltlit iLLsi'sP pi'i'crlri:iiil i1*"
ll'i'i'r'*1..-*ili. ;ij<,1r;1,-r llrl l.-l lirilrr al Vili..it'il. :;i llrlrttir" .l" f ilirrl
Aiiir'r's:iiii lui Iia]ih,o lrii llti.iurri,p'Llilcs'itci-]lir:lllir--''iiin(gil;liil<ir'ci Ur'- 3 rir.:z'il'iilrf pi'ii*
i:a;"i e.1 Vi-II-lL,;i lii. rit l;rpl, ') ('l-i]l];si(' L1':iirrr'rli:iil:r;irr'lrliiliiti'.i,'li.'l't\t;r,i1'irs'ilr'irl, tirll";'i t c si.lpll5'J liiliiii t)ll
rl:- i,ri.,.';rta i;'r rr i,1'r.jl,
Xr:'cz;iirlii slirrla sa pitr:riiiinir, ('(,l.a r,c krr,rla jn n-rli,l clcoscJlii
il-i rrarril";rtr':r 1;;ritii. 1.a;rcr:a.clo sr'iniii adti'.rgu.r'i,":i o selie lttng ;'l.por t clr-splt iriilr'-'l.it { llli..,'. Ill ilf c:ril. f itiJ{ii't, l".i-
lr;siil F1i'liniji::lii ii i'r'gllt,illt lrti {lalijrri l;i l r;r-'i'jr; {ritt'ti'il
cii.,a,,,Lirirts'a,.niir'(-'irl:u.;ict'lriiir,,'\ir;rosltiliiiac,ii iiri Ur'l:i.rn al \/III--lca in lcl.:,rtiile-r 1';:il':"t sa1 ii illi-ii;i1:i't,,i:;lit.rit l'tl"t'.r.itii;i. ill t;';r inviitiril, rlr.';-l ii
1.'r'arr{ii si;lfic siiltc, (:cca
c{i a iic:- x-rris j11 gilt'lt l-tnilj rti.gititjl) i:rI'i.lrr.!Ui,lltrrit.) iit fAr"'();lt't.'$ ir-'1r':iitli'
r,rrrirlr.riit pr'()iirila i;a clisltozilii'. I.);rgra consiclrle a;:;.r'i{.ia iu,
'"rririi lLri (lalilci tit o nriira irlvitrrlti il.-rillrptll"i'r iurpcliir,;r, .rli,c.'j:-ill i:t'nt.r'i.t il ili,r'r r;tr;t;til itiLl,'l it:ir,iltiilatla Si:L:t.'r'1l.li :',i
lirt;bil:i.;:ici.r l]iitrirrir.rl;ii ri i;rl ir.f.{.'it1li'ilt1 r.lrt o..f'r i:,:l;:iir'lrb
Ix r':loliii'i r:tili-' sii ntc. :rrr.,sll fii:-;tli1 tii l'iri'}rir":rl iltti: ii. ('u:r.ti:;ilt ,r ,,t.tttt'iti:; 1*i.or.lil{.,l
{iiililiri ii.;i-iola d,l firpl cat';ii'tctr.LrL ri:al, conirlr:t, rilr frr , i jit,rla:{'lt 1,rit'.r,a ili ini-l,','i:l"ili.ii lllt,l.l t.-:il ii illrl';rt i;rt, i';j
i:,:rll tir: al trri;i,r'irrii Iaiii1ic,,.', IiC ...tli'r. o r,ollStd(-'id ca o inSLi.- ir:'l:,irrt.ri vi'r.ro r,;lili1.;"iit'.
irilitt si:pr';ina1"irl'il.l;"r 1i ririrLili. lil nir 1n1,tr1cs,-,liit ca intlL. ;,'iinqrilr-ri ii.rl:l ji:,],inli irilrrrii'1. !r.1 (:ill,llill'fi \'l11l\irti: lr:i

i-r;"i:tart.;--r lifiirlci Sc'riptLrli (hvr:uisc o pr'lti:ir.rr-iii pr.riitilir" t'iirliii'i iir- Ii l'o:tL ir'!{'irit'i,ir':--ai :ii)lllitiiLri {ll1l liiiii. lii-it uirirl:;
i.A il,:casiir c,l'r-tclil;.:ir'. rlt,:;i lilrjrit ri;rir'l)" illcjl)hliior' (:()rllilii'i
[r,ll l<. i.],"-'r'i.-:LrIu:is,ii 1:rnIrrr cr:i nrini1,ia{i. r'r';,1i;.;$r.t'i's;tt'i ittr,'"':':.rii:;rii iri. lrri i-'iiiiilto. l-)irt i-rlri"lr'i- ric
rir.r-ir,ii'.ililjr-lir:. jt"ir.'iiritil'i'i-i ir:r1;r;lii.*''ll iLri (ial'ili-'i l:lt li j":

Iiir:hizi{ia clecian;cazii un nou pfoces c:ilr':,t i.', illl li'i ;'it;i
X,a 1 ortombr-ie 1632 inciiizitrrrul ,clin l'ir':rri.c 1-a vi,- "
J'.")il,irrr-i]liitr';,r ttl::ju1ii licirli'tt ,i,i{lLi?liii-i}t';i lrii Llalilc,i ix
'r:ital pc Claliiei gi l-a ir:riifat in nroel formatr in nrimelc
liiintului o{icii-r s[ s;c prczin're la llonra in tci'rlcrl c'le c; r,.rrij:jl-rl in nicr* t'ii, 11i: inllt. 1r.1,i i,{ra ol:'iinilstl ail{,ot'irlalia
,Lir: til;iir'. T'ollili" ia i,ii r,ririlicilrirl'it, {.ir:L:iiir l11 V.liJ-i'::a l-;r
7t, 11 rtft:l't:;iil liil illt-illii:'ieilo;'rrl iloi'cr-ttilr l;r \ii.i1.jr'alr ('ii j'111 pflll.f
rii"! iiii ir.iritiiil Iiiiriti,l!1.irri {rttl;ri} llli t.lliil :'i, {'i;l', i'iinri ti

acesta qi-a cdlcat legdmintul din anrll 16tr6, tiincl pasibil ,rpfai=oi-it"mJiE"*.teabiili,ititriv"i"iainairzrituziieltci:{h.Gli,srira:apiLdui1clniel3leoo'iufarqeEipbr-ziar'ierenici1ainiiarnci;{eeici prt1lirauie6nt,3ri^}3ccm.clciil/:ellracl'cosuzcarriiidilLoea"eaacttlaloeeopsbldrcac{eripunnFrdt*ain'rttecuaaunrV-ldsretaocots.liiaie--t
si fie arestat imediat.
In convorbir"ca cu am!:asadorul fl"oreirtin, papa a sil-
biinlat cd tot c€ ,spusesc cu privire la Galilei constituia
cjeccamrlatd un sccret aI Inchizi{iei gi l-a infori'nat dr"rar
tlin respect fa{5 de prin,cipcle de Firenze. trr'ocedeul lui
Urban al VIiI-lea 'constituia ln reaiitate un lnod cr.e a r:anul"ui.
sr.lgera principelui si sc dcscotoroseascl clc Galilei inainte
de a fi sanc{ionat printr*c conclarnnare 11:zonorant6. i;lcu!tltlnrirct:aclp"sfgiA;r"Cut"loi'Inlr5;ipa:n;p:,iibldt,apcLa,icu;cs:it1Lniate.acrrc,ia,iIaviailc*aicir-iarisnortvp,pln?qitllvtoitoliilrniicotterccrrg,cicercaeoira:nlalnusatajaillp'nlifniipiiSlta:i'ibuiriaptt-;erli'ccuclsichlnaeteplcl*izcerorlilcoeibtaaLoimpl,qicrnris"oiritneicrcada.i-asillelttpccea' ircnldtaac;,otsr{l1LpaIlii.eienisolil3mttiomcelercailgv-liiuq:fciasi:lilnitcneo:Npalditar:qic1iiLtmia.ip.icri"*uleleiet*
La 23 septenrbr"ie Congrega{ia genera}fi a stabilit c6
?G:raielileGi a;il-ilaeiinacfpricriartnaitncgcaajardnec-natudl oculian 1616" La 1,9 noiem- ligl,.tnvins"
corevotare. De astd
datii eI a trimis un certificat semnaL cle trci medici, care trnter:ogatcliui lui Gaiii:i a- itictpt-rl 1a i2 aplil:c 1{i3'l
atesta c5 suferd rle amcleli frecvente, de .nelancolie ipo- innr:iplr.aizlni1trt,eiii""Spfll"nctoirtlru-lriVoinficcieup, zd' cIvfT.ra!hco-claun.iccoltarrFisiarcrunlzgueonlaer,;:c1aa'ti
hcnd.ricS, de slcmac, ctre cir-rrcr-i in tot cerr"pui Ei c5 orice
fircca parte cXin orCinul dcminjcar:ilol'.
infiuen!5 de ordi:l exiclil. poato constitui o primcjdie evi-
de.ntI pentru viata sa. .tn prima zi" Calilci s-a inf5ligrt ln rr'cr] oficial l-a Sfin-
Sfintnl oficiu a raispr:ns printr-o not15 ch.einare, cl-l t i;i e,fici,-r, r-tride, pol.riviL' r'eg*'arlcrtl-uJ'r-ii, acuzalii ersit
ar:Xtarea cd acest fel cle scrirle nu putea fi acceptat, gi in 'riir,t*nrnilati qi izcle!i 1:inir lo sfirgitr:i pi'<.rcr':;r-' Ltli'
cazul unei noi ncp::ezenld.ri un comisar i:rsc{ii de rneclic
va fi trirnis pentru a-1" adi:ce pe Galilei 1a }Xoma in c5.tttqe. Din pricilre stlrii fizice a lliilrirllrltii sii'"'xrt 9i a pres-
viata gi ciac6 o nou5 arninare l'a fi tiginlui pr:incipci.'';i rle Fir:crlze, hii f:ialii';c i :;-a p+i'mis in
Dacd ii c::a in pericol
icnodn.astiidrecreatsdelrtcaceasfalard,inelsi"truaetiilaebdr-eri transportat l.a Rom.a rliii,{ ctr tlitr,rl exceptiona.l sJr locuia-",r:ii ir.rtr*it: a1:al"1"atllenl,
a putea suporia c5l5-
tc:"ia. Dar, ln crice caz, ln. st;rre de arest gi cu cd1.uqe. lil.na'l irr nc'co.gi clddire cu lrii:hizifin,, in *plopicrcil Va-
?n aceste cor"lr-lilii lnsugi pt'incipcl: dc Firenze, llcitt*
dlirznincl sei-1" in{runle pe pap6, l-a sffiLuit pt Gaiiiei s5 li''- 0r, itlr-li .

5:lcce " el llu s-a clezis rli: trr5trinr"rL siiu fiiazof, ctlill ii ti.linrl int1,11:at ia incepi;tr-il ir']rir:r"*g;rlci'ii-lir-ri dnrji il',li

'ft:ti.r.;i pc'ati:t im;rllina peiltrui ce a fcst 'clicn'itt 1a }r'orr:le, Caiilci
sugcrast: pap;r. I-a oferit ltii Galilei propl-ia sa tr'5sur6
1:entrr.r c5.Lirtorie gi ca reryedill{d pali:tul ambaradei sele din i:',l:iiruns cir p:,'.sr"ipr-tne c;t a tast circila'u ca s;i clca sor:o-
Rcms ; 'cle asurtnea a dat insl,l'uc{iuni ambasac'troruh.Li sf,t'l tieal* c1c riii.itna sa carte tipirritd, sr:rilr6 $ui,r fcrm6 cle clia*
de i.a llcrma sfi"-l apere pe Galilei pind ,,in e:ctrctnis((" icg, r;irc ilatcezf clespre constitui|ea 1''ir'li'i, aciitli llespic
cel* rior.i,i sisieme plin.:ipale , ,ricspIC egczilt'cn cerltlrilot:
Fapa era convirLs cd invdfetul din tr"ilcnzc, travestit in
rie$minlLll cie su5:us crcclincios. mobilizase lrr::potril'a bi*
sericii crtolic: for{ele gindirii laice qi provocase tr.iLbur&ri qi a eicr:cnlelcr acelloi'a.
in spir'lte. Cel pufin sub acest aspect spera {-",lrban
ai VtrItr*lea s6*5i restabileascd prestigiul g;rav atins cle in- nfao{,a5X.l,cnG6r:Lacril6zili-ctioiraii-p6tlasipr-fuianneisn:ctlaaerfhtiera-amt iaantpivct'aiiznculalcccoir'innctdsinticiiiagvreaaiaifiss-piaturisenicfri[tn--
succcsele multiXrle ale ac{iunilor sale pe toate front';r'ile. tipat cr-lnoscrita cartc, tipdritb la Fircnze in 1632' Galilei
Iira decis s5-1" infringd pe C'laiiiei qi sd-l umii.eascS in n:od
a u*.''.trn"r,.rrt lticrarea ca fiincl scrisi cle el" Apoi a pr"ecizat
f\r,Lli^

80

C[ A CoutCptll ('iU i!(]il 1a 1.'ir.,'l:u c, -lilt1: ri.r ;i,.rr.c-c,]uisirt.c_ {'r','r{'.ii toi-,,Ii'aiirii: in i-lci:,ir. l-t.;.:i'. Clt,itlrrlii;l:ii.i fi'i;i'rrr-l rii.,.arr.i

::(tcc ani. i,'L la1;ollttl 1ol tiil:.it' ri::l lr,,rlr-r1 iirt'r'illiri;il.

ir';1nrlt"i^jcnci;eItlunii.grltaccrle.ert;tribrpra:1i:llriit'!rc,s:c':llljirta.li:,ji.pt:>iiiliniriilclicaitli'irlriLiliJinpzt-liaacacri rIlijfLrrtl.siri:s-ancailo.lltcri1,t'liol:riir'ii,ri;l,r,1nril:iliinirr.i,uitrirr.i1:,riit:n1il.'.rilir[irr"iiio.i:lir.ruti:r..:iri;;lul_,cu'riniirsrL.siciSl.li;luircr;'irarl(.r(],i.o:::clirio;rr,il,i.ir.ii.i.ijrrt,i,;rair;ri_--; iril Itrtr-c timp zili'k.l tlltr,iirr 1i (liililr,i astr:1rl-:r in 1..;ii.ri;r.i,,
rir' tcaltir. rl:ii' ;i ri.. i:-ilt".-l ,-.il-r-
iri;ri1l ,'i. cirjr-rrriL 1ti! nr,lriliti
i fizic'r', ilt' -st iirtirii si clr. tirtlcli itllrloLr-tirr;ilr,.
ri^l i,';r i:i{l tilrilii: (itlilr'i it fo:;i (()lt\'()(,lit riil.i n{irr ln

i'l',lr iii-
i lrizitoliior" ;i 1n'Llcir-rt rlatti nrli itit) ('c1.o cl<,: rlclliil;,ri.
irllolyili!oril'.a;te'a''i{rc'iiriil--(iaajiJ.a}.<1rlI-on';li.liirscriit.lt[l.r.zclrxcrt.ir'tprllcrrrii(ri!i.f'r'':,caipL1r:.(:l(oi-1,tl1lor.;''licrtr.ii.jitlil'l..idri:iii..ll.;ri:.r:ir.:.li.r.1,Ltil;:.,rlr,'.iol.p..lpL-',cL,iirrJLir.trai,.iiri..rrn.,rr,\liirrii,-:r'ioii ,rnir.(:.t"r;,.rotr.il;istil.:iii.'ui;)1ril,f.;ria:_,iii-.,- 1'-[ n i'iispr.rns plinIr-o litrrgti ricr'larillir-r iri c,trlt, \(. l'('{ii..i-
i)(,ll(ril r.'iirtir.'itl rlc illi:liic'iriikr ci,i sc ]rtI)r'L;salr. 1)iti-'ii aiCl":-'.
inr'lLlpatrilLLi i:i-;r sl"lr:; sii plt:ir', rlill cl s-a inl.rii.s tlirr cititr'r-r
:1i a liicrrL o rli-...'larir{ic su1)iil-'-}r'r'rialii. in ( i}t'c (.i]1 (,il (iriii.-
l'Li l'sLtl slinl-LriLii tr'ilrrrnal pcrrit'Lr tr sc rlr,lra,r'lisa ric iliilr,rii;:
-{}-(i.i'{r-Cslifrocc;}-iL.l'-r(irjiillLi;lrrri.rL,llr,taaiol'ei icn(illiai;-rlri.illil;liit}sri'rosai-lit]il!rr.l';,i.:-.t.jrtl.titi/r.1.i1iiol.trl.'iui_i ,ii1rl1lri.;.i1tttrii1rr,.iri,a.cr1i.l;,,l1_rorii.l_lrr.liitr,:i,;.,i,;;r_riit.ts'la,ii r,t'oitiilr. clc' t:atc t'iir ilvini.rr ir{iL. .\silr-'1 irrt lrizilol ii it,.i t,i,-
!lirlri. r'r;r-ift,sir.rrrcit p(' ('at(' o tlot'i.atr.
-p1{sll:alrl;:tl'tiir.rt:iiticii.i_}r'ar'(ur('ai(:1piiii.;1p:(r,.ir.i.r!\iirtit.lit.liiii,SirlJrlCLrcla:-ii(lil..lir(l,(i)r,'iri(rr-.'i-.(ti''rlll!il(il:1,ipi1l:trr','.liti;irar,aiui(lili.i;.riiir..}_ti.irili:i:r;i:r(1:tl,iaiLrctl-i;ia1.r'iisLil.tloi-iiirt,lr:;rr,.i..Llaui(n(rl.,aiiiprir.ilL,it]i,lesLioto,i.ai)tjIluti'liir,tc.ltlnilrl{1j.uf;;rj_.tili..i-li;ll,;i_ir1tt'zl:it:ii;,.::_,iti i )iri:ir at't'si. tiilt{ r'()[j.'itolirr, irrt'liii:ilorrij lrilt,irzulla i-;..
:'L'riilli!i pc al'rr;:erl artrltirsallt'i flolt'r,'Lirrc.
i,a l{) rriri (lalilci a losi. ('L-an\'o(i-}1 clin noir ln firlli {ri-
L 1liz.iliL.i, rrutlc l;'ilc'r-rzrrota i-a itllr.is lll i.Lir-xr;iint;i rli, 1:or.t.i-
f il. ptlrlrrtl rrrii, i s-aLr ac()1'dat opt zilc pct)tru a-;i pi-t'tiii.i

lu'olr.r. ;\ crl-rliirut aploh:rlr'er t'ir c,lriiiiiia sri.r ll.;lr;rirli rr.r::- ir 1r ii r';r ir: ii. (laljlci r'u1"li'inc1L'i-tir tri'i l-rlrnc:l.,' :
:;ttsi i'i:,iri ir';r..1i lt ril.l.';-;i pr.:nir rr lt ii ._,ii,rirl, iit li1;1il. i;-.s,-r" iri.. tlr' a llala rrri;t l-irc;.1 I)iinrinllrltir,
,('ilrt:iil i,piricltrirti rir-- ltr;1r'l'ir ('ill.r. i:tlr.r. iir,r1;, t,_il ,'\t'rtzatiil<' i;-lrpriii iva lrri
iz.lttir.;.rist, - - ini:iri<;rlr:a olciil'uiirri
iiolil ci] o igrotr:zli :
-it;;:i piil.i!i, iljrriil-(' lr:i:r'iilci-l la ji,(rnri.i, tinr a cirl,inut'.ir,i ,,i iu lrioci gr'rqit i,i alriltuit {t.nonrtnirl 111;',11'g1lt. irl.rlriji*
.t;i i:c |r.tlrzItii ln tr-,r,,1 rr r.Lr;llilr.; rit, ,; p(,i.:;i)lliti (lc (,i.,ii Jltiii
r1r'i,li i(ilriil.ri';i;ltr,i.ri.rr,iili,i:tl.i,irtlali, l'ilt.tr:ll', si lirl,ii So:u'i'lui tci l,-ri:('ariii iririiriniiiiiLi ;
lli.r.il;' ai anirrri,t Lic iig-t.rrttu'i:i.tiujitr(lrSlrrll.irl;tlii.l-:.l - t-i,.l a. t('spcLlal rtldiniri (() i sr-a r-lat in lii lii rir.ir nr.i
. a,r St.r :usiiiri.. prr,.povii<lrii oli a1:iit;r'in nir.i rrrr Ii'1, 1:r,irr viu gr::.ri
Siil::r,i ,.,r'i irr sit'is. opini;-r t'r Solrlclt,irtroJtil c-.;tr.tr.rrtiiri lLiilii, i::
:sirii-t\1r--rr'1io1u-s.,i;ii'iLlur,tiljr;rrll,j'iillil;j-":,,i,t(t,i,lrJi)tt-'rr1'i'i,i,l.iiuii,oitl.', n;,1tr;ltli|.ti,1,iii,iit..rs.to,i.il;(l)tlii.)ljt.iili!:.:iii,ii!t.;r_l r. I:iil 1ri'iirrinLr.rI s;c ini'ii'tl::,rIc ilt irrlrrl siiu.
.,rr''tlli: ril;t j.;ir ;r,,,,.
;\rli'r,l a ililrirs (,;ii.lir.{r i;i
ilirs ti :l iaiivr' t-rr.itii.;loci'il r:u ir^rrili,inralor.Lrl J,rrr_rilini. ,-.iir.r. ir r\<'r.'r;', rlii-r ru ltu p'Ltn('L tlll:riitr sir corrstil.rrir, 1;i'in<:iq.reirii
1:;!,'ilr.i,l. ltri'r'tii'ii. tt's;.rr,t''"itij 1,.,n-li:i jr.ri'ii.iir: al ac:tiziir'ii ; or', rlccl'r.'trrl ciin .1Li l{j rrrr r:on.-
ii;t,jti,: iirl.lrl in lt,q..ii:il,ri l,ri t.i_
r-ianririrsc fornral iuc'rililc, LLri Copelr-ric' ;i Cerlilt'i put,(,fi s:1,
t,Lr r,rtssijjlrr,ir_,:rit3l1.,tr,rl.i.lc riir,_ llir'Su|.ailr-ri ('i"r (l is('ulafcil l11\'i-itAtLrrii c'opcrnir'icnc. nrr e(li' iI
F,r.rj ii ilt. tl;ii,c rlc Jitr.t::jt r.r ii pi.iiiil- irlr ii sitr,l.lr. r rirliii. l)c altlcl. qi lur lriziliar i;i rllclcii scanra c;-"r tlclli.'f l.ri
,.i'ririil'Lilt'iiitil'iiii'ilrt,'ii1i"zZ-j-lic,i,,\'ri{'i;9rrrs'litaliii1;it9lrrlr:'=i(l)tr1.jir.*'igllrii,ipr;.4.oogtlaililoiritil.qiini,i.il..j .ip,pLl':,irii1i,t;t;.ilir,rr'si\iltr.iiir:;rlri1i,i,t.l:r,.,,:i
clin 1(i1t-i conslitr"tia r-rumili o milsLrrl adrlinistr-atii l.l qi nii.i

xirirll;1;1'. ilr <';ir.u tir.i:ititll .ir lr*.i':.1;1 r,i!:1ii tiLi r-til:',i.-i.lltlilr;r.;rr il 1;apa, nir'i c'orrr-'iliLrl nli 1'.ras':ii vleo holiu'ilc ir-r 31'','ii1'.:i

rll:lirril.ltl. ir,:titit' iili<tr..i;isr,, rll.ii' lc*li rri stt:;tiniil, i:r.r pr;r";.,,ir:i: il'ol.rlcrti;i.
.11 ;i;j,:.it';ii. l:li il frr:;t clr:t,l:rt.;;t i,r,,:.,,i,:E rltt :t-rt:.:t-)i.,(.f Lir. ;l ;,t Ac'rtz:alotii Irri Li&lilci voiaLt sii cloi'cclca:ic:ii rir coir:rcc"iri!.li

i':i c1 a inclilcat r1tr ol'di;r {r,r'ntiri. al S{int,.rlili iic'lr.tii si i,.i

ir:; ilr-',r:rii s'.-'{)p ilu 1'{'('1.11'! la r:n ialp.

E"i

Se qtie cd Ia 26 februarie 1"616 Gatrilei a fost adrnonestnt cat in cdmaqa albir a pei'riien'fitror, el era ingenuncheat in
fala jiiclecdtorilcr in tinrp ce i se citee sent'inla'
din ordinul papei de c6tre cerclinaLui Beliarlnino in pre- ci el fu$sse
zenla lui Segizi, cr:i-nisarul general 6| Inchizifici. Despre in- Ji;iiecilcrii rsle'-r:r'-t iir cupr:in";lil sentililr:i
deplinirea acestr-ii ordin papal, Bellarmino a raportat la a;tccijip;etiidl;aitrot;o"rictii;icirieri"tCecErr*,i^n;ini:ii;arrilp,a-ee,:iaosiutsililcfehrai;at:lieiiticbitgiscausciii5amnsatrcutiopltacp1oprbcr5rrd6cetiiatiiiotcii','ifincplrcieSn.i'ierr'aprliaf:.tliictrz"rr',c-crit'cnrFa]t{iilo"ce'rrii'.cti:lmieo"ci:Stiaeu'cineccr5a-rlltsrn"rrrcsio"li,alaul,eiiar.:it:l;rC'i|ise.'ccLrs.o,ilmla'lieaicsnn. ettagmfCic:nci'c:poiuerl,rgc:i,na;itcatrrDsscili{Ectiti;ailccilaitpztouica.licaoL,ni,:llncleE:gpanic'ic*cicc:iciteetalrseprnnliltu;nexotetiruivIau.at,l6lGquL'uccgGmiaolulrtuu'na*lnllisiti----,-'
cicni*lc'ait'ris'ru,l":{jpiinroterei sSuhc"rd-inptljiu!d_eE-i'
3 rnartie 1$1,6, ardtind cd Gaiilei s-a declar.at de acnrd eu

'cotnunicarea cc i se fScnse.
In aceastii situa{ic nu mai era nevoi.: ca $sg:zl sH ariie*

seze lui Gaiilei un aveltisrnent formal din partca Incl:izi-
{iei. T'otu,si, i11 1fr33, pentru a fllndalt:enta invinuiriLc,
acuzatorii all susiinut e:I Segizi a adresa'L un asernel:ctA

avertisment 1ui Galilci elc fa{;i cu Beliarmino l"a 16 fe.bi"r.ia*
rie 1616" $i pcnilr-i a*Ei tlr-r,redi afir"malia au rEcu,rs ls .uril
tl*"-t *r,.,"o-:i clcictrin;i faiirl ;i
fals. La crdi.n,.-rl papii cli:r 25 februarie l-610 pi'ir.ind adrnc* clt toaid apiraica plezcntaiir
ciil.arii alt rairaas convinEi de vincvitfia sa,
nestarca 1ui Gali.':o, ar* at.ilqat uiterir:r nlr rapclL ciin car"e I)c ar'cca, s,3 spltlic irr scnlinfl, ,,rJccl;rt"iitr ci-l tu, z:isLltr'
pt;rtlu rncriYrlc a::'iit.alc la pi'ci.rt:s-qi tlirrtr-irisil:^cir:
reieEca cE gi Scgi;ri a arli"csai lrri Caiilcc lr:r avcriisnrent Calilei, l:iai sr.ts, te-ai Jlitr-lt' vi*r:r,'at i* fa{;r acestui Sfinr
fclrmal. Iar con:uJ.t-tniii lr:rhieifiei pen1.r'u fundaincni"area
vino-.'itiei li-ii Galileo s-an refciil in 161i3 qi 1* a':est ,,i:lo- tine c:i
oficiLi clel ei'czic, allLiirl'i cle a fi sr-rliinut eri creu;r"tt in
cument(i. Acest raport falsificai ir-a fcst pi"e;cniaL 1'.d Ca* rioct,;,'in;r falsii qi tnntiar5 c*k:i tlin slinttl: scriptur:i, dupil
carr: *'ica|elc ar fi cr:ntiuL l')I1.r:';it'ltuliri gi nn sc r:riqcl ctre
lilei ln cursuL p:'occsr-ririi. l-a ri;sirt'i'i sp;.-e ilpllLs, iar |i=rinirriui se trigrii qi nu e ccntrul
Este cazul" sd an:intim aici cI actelc plc'ccsuluii 1ui Ga- l"r-lraii gi cli se Iriai prni.e s'"rslinc 9i ai:ir:a ca proi::lbilii o
pirrerc clttpii r;i: a f*.';t d:tlaiati .5i ceiiilii';r ch'cpi: contrat'ii
lilec Galilei s-alr aflat secole d.e-a rinciul in arh:va ;cci-etfr Siiil]tei S,-:ripi.iii'i. tlin il.: tcnr':lln{ii, *li cr:i;rul in tc;ll'c coia'-
a Vaticar:.uh-li qi n-au putLrt fi consultate tle l:iograf:ii lui ;:ulile qi pcai:p:;clc s{iniclc'i" c;liloafic 1i ;ric aLhr' legi qc*
Galilei, Al:ia in ultiureie d:cenii au fcsi ccrcetaie acest* pri,.ruiiigat,-' clitrh'n il110r ElittlI{:'nL}a clil-
acte. Istol'ici cu leniln:e- ca EmiI Wohln ills, iXudoli l,5rn- nei.ale l:" sli|.]dtlc
iincv'.:'ii. i*r.rllLu:ii1i tli:ci:t, l:tt ir'i'lla 5i ci"r-'llin!a
mel, Giorgio cle ,Santillanet Ei C. Jaucil air eiaborat ciivcrse Silt io.'l;'t
sinccrii, ;ib;uri in fnia noas'Li'6, llir:'i:tr-'mi li clispieir'rir:+i'l
ipoteze cu privile ii: gcnr:za acestr-ri ,,rapcl"t{', clar.' tr"r{i slnt eroril* ryi errziii* cle nai rius 5aipocri-;ict$r;}ia|rildI.nfl'ofir.lir'L't'lqpi cel.cca.'i:i'ie:

c]e a.corci cH cstc voi:']ra de' un dccunicnl felsificai la. Inl'i.* conLrarj l-.i;oi'icij crrtclii:c Ei

nuirea prir:rcipald ili-rpolriva hti Ge"iileo se ]::.za rirci pe ni!ni-u1v$ir;iriiiro,tnc:piirrt",ci,ti,"oii:t'rijni'lrure:oe4nclni*aiccm,laic.ip:s<st,ii'iifi:iiset,ei ;.ingstlrca|vfziicis5ruii npnii'i'il:i-:'"rr:rli-ili':;j'il;lii;'olr-::'a-inrscfp,itixcri{rlnioira-tli:i''acri1.<s!-iirit-
tin clocr.riirenl felsificat. guriicr l.ui G;rlitri:o Gaiii*i"

Procedula instmc{ir;nerlir cla jncirciaiS qi dtr'-rsaru-i a losi Acesi Siint cficiu te coficlamtld ia iilchi'r("{11'c qi inlptlne
drept poc;rin{ii c'a timp clc il-ci atri sI spr-:i o claiit pc sirp''
transmis Ccnglega{iei" { tirrnlirl cei Sapta g:sainii de pacilin{i, ri;':i:ri.'iircllt-nu c}rOp-

In tcmciul rapoltului. Inchiz:ifici, Sfinia Congrtgafie, il

pi'eziclatir de pa;:5 1a Quliinal, urma sf, prcnun{e }rotii.iirea i

in proc:sul ltti Galilei. I

La 22 ilinie diminee-r[a, f]aiilcj. a fost condi:s c;ll.are pe I

eatirul trnchizi{ici in sala nf,are a mdniistit"ii don:inicane
Santa Maria, situatd in centrul Romei, r-rnde erau aduna{i
care"linahi Sfi;:tr-rlul o{iciu in Congregalie plenan6. hnl:ri*-

s5

DT

tr lL rlc: n tr;,.ii:f:r-;f il, sciriirri::r s;ru irri;"rt',tln toLal oli par'giirL i;r:rig,,"i'::'r,-,ist{p.'i-trLfi'l;siilrcitipi'tc:ri'rrt:lrzti,ciai1i" rr'1oai lciilcvnor-itttclarusrrlacsllcl.l{-ir'Srefiil-trnt elctit
pt<"ir,';:sclr,. ;i po<:ilir:'it'k cit: nrni si.is.
oficii-t

SpLtncrtr, rrc pt'ctil iln'1illn, rli-iltr siolttit-r1i:l, t_lr:r-'iir;'rili-r, rir.iTo- L;rir :'rli tii r;L tJin iolal ltrtclt.' tlrir v'tli gisi.
n;:nt gi ne lL-zor\,'iln o'r'j.'r &lt rn<-rii ;i I-,,rlntit nlai l.rtlrc FL) ller ittltucnt'a jttr' c;iarpcrr'r-nruirisl -sailulnimclepplllisnt5:sicmpies<elc1'-'a9-rnittrlel--
r:ur':r ic*a1." tclL' -r'i)fir-rlica. r,r,l toiri,r: tti'r-lcl:si:lc oficii-l gi, ciacir t'oi coutt:tltcni vrcuneie
irt jtit'iiini'tcli-' ulclc satl 1a ccea cc st5-
I]-oi, cnr"dirralii clc rlai jt:s..""i; (irlnt'i.r-zi sc-mniiirlla a il,.ir','rl,'ac,'''t Sfl
gaplc' c.til"diri;rli). ili.r p'orrrii;itr.iii' ;i
it;,ltrrr.riirl,i-,,rpu|orn.lotrrrclrg;laetrt,-'nlcaiicvsoiiinstrl:ipk,tin(rcailloaAntoL)a;tci rplccdLa'pltsccLcclisSpio"zliili;t
n)L-'tnci"ilionrt cii, tlin cci zc'i:r,.r'alrlitri'rli r'iil',.r ('rlirpll-
;nri'"r.r SfinlLli qlijr.'iLr. tlt:j ari lt.'lluzrt si"i srrllsllit: scirlin!a
qi r:iti papa, carc a plt;i'ot'itt ac(.ilst;r jirclcli;1Jr tsi:r iilr',.Ft:-ii, ii..,.'r'air' fi fa'tictrli-r'e l,nlpot.r'il'a Llllor ascm'Jnoil'de-
ca scntir'i;a s;i fii: n-il i(.at iir.rt'rt'rrli.
pl'ir st'trtrriitrtll pr 9,r,-r,ci ii-r cxt't'Lr1.ii:, i'alif si:r.riinitr i;rrl-Li'rApLs,i,tri.rlat,pkf'ls.'l,aipl-il:lc-i:ir:cinlir'ia;natlCa"jrilrialrsc:llillsaid'ilrsilirriir,l;mt1nciccrazubaciiri[pr:ltrr:'cSiiilp]ii,riaa-airliJimoccstltnitcp1.llles'oal{optin,l'ratilaeiminlcl'Vpii'eLloa}nmguhlii{snjL'qjli.'i
oi,lr i,'.

Xlirpi citircla scntinlci hii Ci"rljl,'.i i s-a pi'r::zr-.nla.', fcr'-
nn,.rlit de rcrlcgiilo, iaVrjnrc:1t,'ritnzqiocn(rlin;rti:iirlcirlir-c1l,irrr'loi':ii1lu.i i:zi,.,.lirirr.t ( i:iii-
leo, fii.rl i'iposatr.llui riil,l s()n1rra1 accasl:r abjr-rI'allc Ei a1r1 spus-o cur'lnL ('t1 cti\iint
cL;ittl n zitta dt' 22 itinic 1(ilili'
in I i r.in-rir, la t|a-inits ii r'r'b,,ln{i'',*t'ttar' i sits, sr-'lnilii^'c{ ctl
clc 70 clr: alri, chcrirat pc'rsorial in iurlrrcatir si in.qt'niin<:h.t:iit l,lrr. {ii,ililr.0 {ii'jlili.j, lr.l]jt alrjuf iii, (|a tliai
in;iinlca rrcrasli'ir. t:nrinentissin.ti Ei l r\,'r'r'{.rnciirsilli r,al'rlii'i*:i
ai bisslit'ii c:r'i..;ruinc' ru-:ivcr:sitlc, inlririzitcl'i {itnr-r'aii rtiirtr"r,i nti l.ia i)i',Pt ir,"' r".
iltl'Llgiilalci ci'cz-ii, ai,inri in fa!a or'iriloi' rlr'i sfii':lele {}vi.rir-
gheiii, pc cai'Lr le aling cu nriiniic niclc plopi'ii. irrl li illi:
clcziit nl(:i'ert, ci'r.'cl itcltrlr,ci r::u;t.irrtulr,il llii. Lltttril-r,,lzll r,,ri
(iI'{'i'itl sii in'.,iiior ir: tot {:{:)ca cL. ri':,rllclti-i, prci-iirii 1i irr-
v;:{:i s;111:r|e llis,.ri ii'ir cai"olic'ii gi aprts"oiiirti. Pe l;ilir l'ii riir S'i 1i-rLugi se lliitca1.."
ar-'r.s1. Sf i*i olii'iri arn fusL jliLlcci.tl ri 1.r:t'l;r.iii. :i.: p,irii-i(-rs:
'p;ilclca falsli t.il l:ji-.,i-'u"r:lc ai'fi t't'r:lrul ir-lnrii qi ni.r si.:11iirii::! rlcj:lo?t"r0irrc.c'l1ekst)cca.0pinr'rb:i.rj'1ir-'tr1tii1tlpipat.le'ri.tcrcatl&lLsr''ie;ri'-rilcirtrciflti(rirrilrlll-iitrlstc0'ri'riuj1eoil1rrl:"o'aiu''s1]c!;linl{lrritialtal eavpriol'"'tr;:talri.-i.
,1,i J?lit:rir-rltrl nrr c tcrrti Ltl iurr:ii ;ri :ic r.ri::r(:i ;i r.ri,t t:riii 1;r;i
srl srr:;!i.ir, si aip:ir;i sii inviti iu r',i:'i irn:r-rr:ci, riir.'i v.,l'lr:1,
ri,ili irr -..t1'r.iii, i'tr r:asiri fals;r clr:cllini.l 5i, r-1ui;Jr cc nr-alrl ir{.,rit-
r;iit'; t'i stis-zi"cit cicltrit.t:) {:rsto ca}irtlilr',i. }:ilinti'i Sl'r'il:fr-lr"i, non-lici.
Irli:piit:a,,$i tolrrli sc uli''j(::lii' c:lliar cl;rt:t'l n1l a f{r"iL r{)s'-
t.e:ir.:1i arir sr'r'is 9i arit ci;il l;i t'artc iit c.alc ail ira'iiit litir cle Claliici. c,i de dis|ipolii siii, conll,itliia Llll rislrrlii$!
[xa'til;iiJl i]or'tririir r-i,rji'r. t on{.lan"l-i1la-1;rili:'rlii arn srtsti;.r li -o. ;ln-r Lr:si silt1:oliziticl acler,Sr'rr1, calC ntl {ei!a 63-
ilirbl ait ;i irlinrrit cic clc.zit., cliilrtlilij fapl-lilrri {r:"1 ai)l sLltlirrlli poalc fi asfitlils in
qri at:r r:rt'zLit r'ir So:.r'r:lc c ccrrhr..tl lurnii,<i s i;rrobil, iiit'P,:t*
:lrirtrri r;u r.sic (iL'i.r1]'iil si st: ntisli-i. ntct1i10r.
rJ'.' ;-rl'gcli, cloiincl sii,s1-r'rg cll;t mil:lilc r.ntir.:r.'nilrl.rr* insr-t;i G;rliir:a a scris nlai tirzitr pc nlargines
De alttcl
r.li"ltli elxcniplar al ,,1)ie1r:gr-r1rri(' : ,,,..Bigali dc seam6' tr:(}-
\r.ri::rti.i i\ -cj a or ir'irt iti cic:i1.in ill'r:,plt"r',llirrr..ios al,t,ltrtli bi;.lr- logi, cir, r'oincl sir faccfi pioblcrne c1c cr-eclirrld dirr chc'stiulri
iairi i:t ilr t.1rl e'risicrr'"ii asiri:r'a lr.lrtit, i'll irri;lh siircr:r'i sli t.; r:-. rcicr"iloarc la n"liqcarca oli ncrliqcarea Soar?h-ri ,si P5rnir:r'-
,(il:lla nr'ill'.rfiit'tiil ailjilr'. lll'rsl.ttir si iiri.L.rt r.i'o:'iic qi c:,ti.iii,: tului. vi cxiluncli pcricoltlltii cle a tlebui' po-ate'
r..1i: tit;ri si,j:,r +i, irl r;r'ni:i:';tJ, ulirc eitl-i ci'ilal.(', crt:zi: s,,i pni'ir'.,. cu timfiul

cu:'ti.l'elli sl'iniLli hi.r,.'r'ir:i q.i jLrr li ili viitoL.nu i,rii nrai i'x- Pr;iirtcnoinr:Ldi.arrl nsdUalri-f1i:xc,Lritarur crczie pc acci care afirmii acLlm c*
Firnc iili.'i r,r:iii:,r1, nii,i jn si'ti'is ali,fcJ ijl irit.r'uli ij(:ill.f il (.i.;;i: cu
Soar"cle se ll-li$cf, in jtrtr'tL h-tl'

.'1it a){

tinrpul zic, cincl, in nicd rafiona.i sau inrptts, r'ii I r fi rli:' pun:zilcare pcntru a da caz-r:iL.ri Clai::ci <l soiii!'ie ciarli qX
monstlet cd F*nii-rtul se n:iiicil, iar Soa.r'ele Itd ne-
clesihisii" 16. l::rai il:iii r.;i:-lirc;3ie lll rirreir-11 parti*
r*l.:tt...:\.^+ciL,r 17 Accasta ;r p:ovor';il

X)up;-r cond*iilnarL\, Gelilci s-a afl"at su.b sup;:avepliierta ctiirpea"cnllcilogr"-,Eei .-pln'-itiitaupri-lai -lu;ieiilpi crrii:iiir iL inct:r'caLca i'rl:-ri:r'icii cato-

perrnanenlir a Incliiziiici. In clerembiie 1633 i s*a iuEi"rlluit c:lr ]]ral rjlairlatlce .ti l::ai
sir se mr-itc le Arcclri, ui:rde a lcciiit pind Ia moartcal sa. rrr'2irrtr (rr'rli'i si:," !r':,,i1-e iu Liir':-;i.ii e:"istt.rilci saic'

Deqi api'oape c::h, Galilec conlinua sd r.runceas:*. lqi
puse la pLrnci una din c*le mai i;npcrtantc iucr'5r:i, ,,I)i**
Ioguri eirlpra qtiintclor noi(c, in ca::e funrlaincteta plinci-
triile rnecanicii ciasice. I"{enrtscris'.t1 ecestei Ir-rcrdri a. fost
).' /) rr: 1l
tritnis in 163{} 1l:-l (ijenCa, {arir piotcrtanl5, uride nu Li'ea
in{hrsnfS cei"lZr.rila Ir"ic}rizl{i*i, cdilcluir-ri Ilkevier, carc o 1 (liclc,rdo dc ,5'r:r;iiileria. ,,FfOr:e$$o tl Gaiileo'oo "AI'ngtrdo frtrcir.1a'
inpi"Li'ulic$ I {i"'r8. tir..r'i, l\4il;inl, liill0, p.. ii3"

La Al'cch'i, Gslilci continua sii hcr:*zc cu disripolii si1i, t tir,r;gio tlc Striltiiiai;:o. Op" cit., p. 32.
fi:lii:ienii Tolicelli gi Viviar"ri, qi p.r."iir-iea rrizitcle a nLitrie- D. Jbirlc;rr., p. !3.
I-oti-de pcr"s{lnaiilSii al'a epocii, printre car:e filozoful eirgiez
.ll;iden.
T'hoi:ias l-Iobh*s ;i i:octuL englez John hTiltrr:r. 5. lbiJr;r" p. 40.
fiaiiici a niurit in ].6ii2 ; cler-ul catolic n-a pei'mis a'lunci
$. 1biCenr.
sii f"'e inrtron:rlr:.-ilrt tn biser"ica Santa Croce diir Fii'enzc,
dr-rF;l cril-.: cloi'ise Ca1i1ei. Csemintele sale au fost clc:1-.,tls,: 7. lbir!::tit, 1t" 43,
ln aceasth r:i-cerit;i;r}:ia in 1737, ciupii lin secoL cle Ia n-ioar'* l biiic;;t.

lea sa. t. !lLi'.!c;:,", p. 'li.
1 "-, {:i"rLlilta Cttliici. ,.i)is.ii;,;uri i',:irrrir, ;iiin{c}or troi", Erlllt-tra Ac$-
,Ahii;rarca in::ittsi Lui Galilei n-a avut efcctul sccniat
tli: si:f.itirnl p:-,g;ai. foate spir"iteie ineintate a1e vrc:nii :-a;: C*rrici 11.F.Ii,., Rucu;:!:1.ii, ji;u-i, 1:. ,{7.
scliriai'irat cn nre::'cic sa.vant, al cdt"r-ii nums a dl",'enii
i;i cie in;;i:rt;rt, r-'are crcicqie caleri !1 I birieiir,
sir-i-,boh.il oilul Etiinl;') pieciicilor impuse rie for'lele
ci::cia tulr.it'cr" J:. Gicrgio d.e ,5atit-iliar^La, cp. cit., p. :lg3 fi rlrrn.
prc,gresuli.ii iii lbit:-,::;t, p. 424-*4!i.

r*t rog r';riii-'. 11. ,!)riliuni.nclr.ct' 6?'ritf. ,,Ili'r Fail Gaiilci. Iirs Llrum:,r dcr \tiiisscn-
-H.ei:r:'i:t':ut.tni,ii cir:n.riui ratolic sc simi in zileie ncash'r-' scliaft", i,'Ell Dcuts..'l:er' \rer'lilg cir'r trVissrilsr:ii. i . n, i? crlin,
i;i cailte e--<pliurfii in legiiiriri cu ca::ul {ialilco l{i{1"1, p. 15C-131.
ctrlir,;aii rat'c ftrnlal nr-r cste nici azl re;r-bi1itat, tleri rirtils
G;:lilci, Ii Clit;tgio rie ,Str.ittilknt,o, oi:. c;t., p. 519*"$[)7.
sal{: alr fost scot;e ctin,-Indexti in 1S3-5, iar ii"l ii}S4 pspa 16. t i;llilo:r, p. 56ll-571.
1r"r.',:1 al \rl-iea a irLifiaL ciria:.' pr-rblicalea ttnei hicgiafii cfi-
ci;iLc a n'inlchri s31.'iL11l. i,'. tlilrL dupi $ta!,tn l}ilnn. ,.dilliico Galilei'', Ijtliii,i'a t,:irnicS.
L* a Ealca confct'in!5 a fi:zicitiiiloi: iaulta{i ai Pi'r:rniu-
Ii:i la Linri:rr"r (ALisiria) in ','a.ra ar:u- ;1 IiLrr:,rre;"i, 1It7, p. 140.
Ticird, c&re a avitt loc
Iul 1"96S, carc.linal*l catc,lic aI Vienci, Kdrrig a fircilt urrn6- I ,.Dcr Si:ierjel", Flambulg, nr. lE din B iulie 1363, p. BB-89.
tcai'ca cici:lalelie in fala ihiltrilor: s:!l./;inti : ,'I)npI ultimele 1 Ali rnai lost coiisultaie ulrrriitoarr-.le iuci:Jri:

n-tc;r t.iisittfii cr-r pepa Paul aI Vl-lea sint in nlilsurii sI t\less,;;,17..y8 liay16,,.['Luries gulil4cnnes, Ilerrniinn, Paris, 19S6.
cirrlar in fa{a arestili for cI se t'ti ltta o inifiativl e/.;res- iltit:it Schdrztbeclc, ,,Claliieo Galilci", Iiirl,tcn un:1 l,oening, ilerlin,

I

il

8E

s! pinlr:fi. fiorpir] el'a ?ntins pcstc pt'itgtrl uriei rrli c"rst'ir !ls'
asigLti'a lcgitr.r-r'a riiil6'c pr;iviliit :ii
i,rr',.icr.rir t:at',aG, r:;rt'i:
Familia Calas c nrilgai:ir: ditr spat,r:lr,l plir":iiii:i"
irnlrl dil-r lr:i pre'zr-'n!i pilc'ii ill 54r'airti si"t c'ltel-::tt'1iI'r mc*
,iir,. Iligr,t.r: |irlas 1-a lri.Luat. Ili dlltdr:r'1 i[r ;hir".trgLrl Liitt'sr,:1,
ri(' afilc J-itit iti.lr,is ia f irt,a lo,lttltli.
{.'iri|il|grrl. <'ranriliincl ro|ptrl jtti l\1al'c-rlnioin:' ir'i:l-

,,ial;i t'ii nici pLilsrrl, uii:i itrinla nLt-i ltti'ti bat; tcrl'piti t'r'a

i; r.'i rr s u lli'i,i t.
,r,ilii]o:irir)t.r'iIirr1m"i:ftailit,aii:nrir.ih:clrlao,pipt;.r:rr.il.r.l',lirllr-ct\rr:a.ii-snsitit:.al:ie*;rllnltiai.rnril:soih;irrr'ii"r.sti:irit;tsltihlicctiacrral:li'iit1f'.i)is..(;4t:til(iler:*lpolinr':q.rlloii-tiasan'c"ir-s'fniri';c:ctl:'lulttl.'rlrtii:rIccla'il;trtlpitacrcailunriili!alilgiriat(cl''tgnrit,tlt.llltiilltni;issil-".-
1 r,1.ii {.iti1.r-il..tJirtrrri sil-i i1 :;i1.gc lr-ri i\larr'--r\t-ttoii.tt" tittpl't e'r.l;r-:
i:.ir ubic,.jLrl. (]r.ir'ssc i-a |ispuns cii o pIea 1"it'zitt : r'rlur!iir,:"
i;:r ii sc tnai ia s!irgr,1.
Inlrlri'it nlt gisjso pe I|tipril r:xtitilinat rrit'i o 1'Alli !r;r\[
ail:,ir.riuiii,rrlrririLirit:ririaioiti.,,l.,$r,Jiz,scrc;lont1'veiEo.ir1irc-t(,il,ilrirl,r-'cnarrri\jlrl\rt.i,iai'It,ajt,ra.|{nlri.r:ltrra-r.Ailo.tslngis"tiio,tlr.rd'i-aria1crtae.csciInicllictt:,'flsitlcrirss.i:hl''ti.!err1sbiiarrt'tit;c'tafft*lnirttrtqt\al:tt'itiotll'taLeiftcts}'taaoct1pIiniiiinrriisn'l|iirlp:Lliiri<i:I-;l''iriiimiltiiilll1t!--''
T,;r 13 r-.c:lorni,r'it' 1?01, oi"esirl "I-oitit,tisc din sLrclttl li"ratr-
t,ci, capitallr pl'orrir-it:ii'i L.an1-lLrcti<:u'. a {os1- si'<'nii ttttiti et,(,*
lr.intnt ncuarncirma asillirnni}L'r:aerrctao,'.ttl'ii;1i :minliLarlgiullr-li'irpiin<ilitninliLtzroilci:'lac:
I,i,';"iii':;ilt,,irJ.irrih,jl,.,r{taul-rliiltrlr:itrro'ziionil-Ll'1' irasit-a[1r;:siitrtslits1'st',rc.irt:atrl'ctrg;Ir1iri]ai-lritn'",t.l:r'-IiIr)i':taii':1r'i1li.itl1i1siisrr;ip:iri-.t1(slici,'tszt'rasl ssse.lpo:aiuil':t',,:kcr:li*-i
l1{r;r::itrc
llra c scal'i:l dc loamnlh ciiJrlLrroash, r:incl pc l-lr"tc r.leg
Filalicls (sL:acia Ar.rraliJor'), ir-r plin r:t'r, lru cornclc'ial aI
c,:a9lr1lLi, rru pLr{in inainte dr: oi a zolc sii' alrzilir sir:igirtcr

r{iu rasa famiLici Clalas. ,,'.,;r;,rr1o;rita'Jnlt-.ltLr1itril"t"aorliiu'crf.n,"rlt:.iatiri;fil't;,i:i:lirplll'ti,:':fiaaiifi:rirztirr.,tir^rlirIl'izalliit'tri:*':iij,li:iicrlcLialliariatrli,ric,Jrt-r'.rlati.a:''Traii.)itlirrrro:-'r':,iA1b, i'rrjnl'iac:g1l'oa[L-i]li:ailres1afrisa;iii.'.Iilalaitflnjtlaitsirrtn''llslC!lcciclic!lt'rl'r[la':l':ii'.ii-:jct:ii.ii,c-li

Lrtnrca d:: pcl strar]ii s-a atlr-rnal. 1n fl1;a c;r:rei. Lllitlilc;-;
e1'a r.Jna ciin c'clc ntai r,'ccrl'ri, crr o {ai,rclI lnltttos orllitrt'1ert.-
'i ;ltir qi crt citrr doui feli'stre 1ar fit'c;tt'c clirr c'i'1<.: dor-iir etaji:,

d,,a paltcr, lingl poar'1i, se afla pliir,ilia ltri Jt'an Calar.
colncr-ciant clc icxtile, ial alittLtt'i prir;iiiia clojtoltritti Flon.
Cineva clin cci adrrn:rfi in {afa casci;i-a luat inir:ra irr rtri-Lt,ir llriltliliu, iltcal'clc {la.l;isii. fiinrl pt ol'c''stan!i -' t1''t i
etrin{i.51 l:iitu la rrq;i. Dirpa un titrtl:, i.iga sc cir:scl'risc qii lrr *,.ipirllirdr*:i.' l:rcrrra rle o i'nrot'lrti,'ttn'c - *il''-'-
ciltolicii

frr,la mr,rllimii a apiu"ut Pirrrr: Calns. fitil mai t.:tic: fll cc- I :or,rl;,ir.r, irr l.cnrr,.iul trnci ir-:gi rlin 17116, sI ob[inii un pi'iil]i:1;
mcrcianti-rh.rj, caic sh-igir cri dcsl:oratc : ,,\,rrni!i sii-1 r'c- iic lnl}i.intal'c d'itr paitca jtltli'i:;,itorrll rli de 1:oii!ii:, fittit'irii':
rli'fi pc sir:marnr.rl meu fr:at: l]-lort" 1. I ji.r .ai's in olagu) iloirlousc o r,:lc'.il-aLt nt. liistl'tlriii ti-,i::ii-

l\{ul!in,ca a clal nival5 ln casi:r p-r-inlr-uir cirloat' qi ir;" I ripaii, rr.rrrri{i .,c;rpi*Loli}i'1. tlo r;pt. ctit'.i itlrrt':lf ili
pi'irr.irlic zili la lun:iina canriclclor, intlns pe potlca, pr' La Toriloltss cei:itotilii, in ilc i'tl isLlili.i,'. ('ir r. --
T\tiarc*Ar"itoine Ca1as, fir-r1 rrrai trrarc al cot.trer:c'iarr1,it1Lti, i:lt ittncl,ii cie i:r::)11,ie, d* anr'l i-ttimiir
iii:L:r"iical doal in cirlna;ir ;i pirnialoni" incil'Eat cu ci{,t"l1iri
rt'li Xi

;n)ll

9il

stan$d cle juclecatd reuilillnea lor se numea ..consistoriu'n,
care cra pre;iclatS de unul dintre ei. Fiecare capiinrrtr
ev(:a pe lingd el, ca atiistcnt, un ofiler clc justifie gi pclifie.

Cliar"isacie se angaiS si anttnie aui"orif";ifilc' Ili a lost
ilisofit dc l,a*,.alsse, fiul tiirui avoc;it cu,noscut din r:ra;,
plietcir al i;inerjlor Calas, calc in acea seald fu::se invi-
tair-ri lu: la cin5.
Cci cl"ci l*an ir:tilirit pc stradl pe giefierul Saver:i'j qi
iurple r:ni1 c:tt acc3tfi au pl.ecat la ascs':nil l\I':n1''er. &{o-
nyci: ei:. as:slcntLtl capitcr,llitlili Tiavirl dc Reaucliifi..11e, $il-
ui i i; h.r i rr ab:; *r:'f a a'"'ocel tti i-l lr;l:;tt..
f coi r -"i :;'i.olit Bcn.liiriEi-;e, aflild !nti-c .t.irnp c;i il

lli.rr.icl dc t'iL:a ir"ti
CaJas cle pe l?,ue clcs; FiL;liic;:s s-a tli:scopciit i:n t':ri1,]vitl,
,";-a iit-r"J:t'iical it:r gr;ii-:i, s-a clirs.la pliri;iric,,-ci, tririi:d ci-i i:l
cll;iva solciali dii pcli{ia municipalI, s-a cicp}a::al 1;. iai'*

lornLrii, nnde inc.":pu a;:rhelLe.
Cons.i-atind cz-r lifi:l"t-At-llcire g ntoLt, e:l i+ cc.'nrrcLal ti{l
irrci;iiii tlci nreriici pcntrr-r a efr:clua o c-xpeitizii. Ar-'lqtie
ar-r f:li'i,rt clrrpii scurt tintp un r'.apori vcrl;ai, in r:arl: e'.i
arr=rt;rl cir i:e t:ai1tvr1l nI-1 exist;r liirri o u.1-lil;itle luliir" nrd
riiri" rili cotrluzjliiri arpet'cillL', ti"ln:aq;r clrn ric,-rl fcin;rl-5,
r:oi.lfr..ra nciit'i'nnjat;-:i. Vesla Ei h:rina ru.crl-itli.li t'rrlr iiltpli-'
turiill cu g:riji Ei airzate la loc vizibil i;e o ti:;qilca.
clc lhauc1rigtie a a','itl
Dilviri iir:Ficsia t'J; li,.l!:"il- irtrtii*
liti fusr::t i:r enja.t. inaint: ric so:;iria p':irc:rrlillt:r siliitlr,l"
ccr.r.c;! 1,.2i slr..piri.l:,.; fi';.i cl,'t,'tt'"-,lr'ii .i;; ',':l'"; fl"r-
lir.s. ELn,.rj.irlr. iiij Dnvirtr nii pirlca si:t nu liir: ii::ilircirtiltir ci*
zvoi"llil cal-c r:ii'ur-ila in or."aE cJ intie lr,{ar-c-,t1*litlilli: 1i lcii'r-t"[
farnilili C;las B.r e;,iir;le rttl <lr;:elo:'cl iu prriL;lci'i* rr:li-
gic;se. tr'iliniiia Cal;.rs r:::n p:',:terit;iiitit, i;rr h{;-:i:c-,ar"lil'uilli:
se pregirtca sir il"eacii lit ca'Lolicisin.

De ia 'nuir ii:cr-'pr-r'L clersliqlrlnl'ea ailciic'tr'i a frri ilr{lr-r-

enlat6 de pasinnile politx:e*i"cligioa:ie, cic confl"ili.rrl ci!ntre
cetotrici ryi plotcstanli, cat'c luase foi'i;:c ricoseJ-rit r.le rio*
Ientc in orareul. Tculor,isc.

Fr:ejuclecSfile reliiiioasc au afiu.t c plcfuncl5 iniit'rli:'c
nu llu:xai asttpia atituclinii jr-rilerirtoi"ilor, Car s*er'r reriinlit
qi ri-:ai tirziu in nr-rrlcloasele ltiliilii isto::ice. iii-r:rale *i
I'umi.{ia girsind colprrl l:lari'Attoirre Calas Inlils pe spittt" 6llspatr:rgice, sc::isc tlt:s;p::e tregcclia farnili*i Caias, chiar

Vignrtii cie Ch. Iiiscrr, pini in zilcle ncastre 3"

9l]

ntrlr(dlotinmfiliicatLclrulnractleigiinosa5cci-aa girsii. lc'lLL1 ;i in i'r.rritci-r1;r.i'iilt: r:ili'u'ici":\L'i it-isii nLl aLt pntLrt rczista sne'lrgilat rlaimntptzc9ivaiiltllial;ii-
ili fa{a c:asli rlc 1:i: llile at.iiiposhrl ei ari flc,str.
s::iili ,l'jclJpetratat tseai .scD1a:rreddru:aplcl ucecoi;nidipi;iiiarirssdirlfi, aprct'ilt jr-Ltlc tt't'i 1i
r.lr:s }i'ilatier'.s, c1e uncle sl arririi'i sh'igirk-' ra : ..:\ci'1li lrLr- rr:ir,:rlir,'i!i. liutrtinil cc)or riciEi t:ste
qtrlcrio{i otriolit fltrl pltr'trit a-1 irripictiii'i:l sir 1-r'{':1t':i ,j^ii
u il i t iicisn"rsii;-aau. r.lr"il'i mii. d.
FalXam:r-rh:I tliir 'I't;Lrlor,lst: nrt a ittat nitri o rrriisulii int-
rirr--.lyila asasipi]or'. c:i, tiimpotyit,i, a concjanlpat la tttriel'tt:
p;' p;:otc:;tarn{ii t-'ilrc scipaserit dc tnJiccl. IroIltIiit: c'ai.tilic*
icofnrsziiccl,,:rn';:titnrt:5i-tat'ir:iclspt,|olllticts'satci1ln'rllilaote' rrliil:icmt';artlitllianSrri,lii'ifio!irrtlnl'ii'itlsic'lll
{"Jn coii {1j'c1' rr'r1i gir-rs ind t : 1 i'l r-rgat irlr

(lr

l.iri!trl.
Iu pt'r'itrari,.rlc rtlrl-rr"rloau'r,r. itu'rtitolii protcsi.an!i cclr',sli-
Ploviircia ,Lar-rgiLcilric: qi iiitit:t.r::cl;i ol;irqui. Tc,rrloiiic' airt 1.i.iiau o rnir-rot'itaic dispri:luit.-"1 ryi pclscc'irtat.It dc arr1"r-lri'iiili
fost, 1 n c]ccLu's Lt1 sr:t:oiciul sr'L'na ui'il)t: si ngt-'r"t-rase inc:ili r-:ruri
,ri tle mr:jcriterk:a r:atolicii a tculoirsi,.'nilor. Piu'latnctrltll
l'r,1igioasc. rlin 'l'c',riousc a irrstituit o sallliiioat'c alrltal.ii, calc :t\''ca loij
in rr.girurilc mt'riclior.iale ale Fr';intr'i. cicl'tt1 crtoiir: se
ir';i rin o opoz:j iic rn;ri rric clcr:i L ir-r alt<.' pi.r'fi, ctl ilrtl t:-. 1l: j1i7crll:rr,ai'ni,inarn,1ivcrrrnsarir'eoau nrasiiclului r.lin 1itjJ. ziLra anir.'r';-
sr:i:rilc inainlc clc apat'i[ia cal vir"ristrr-t1tii. A:ll.fc], spi'e pilcliL. priic.j cic a!it,arc a r-rlii impot.ri',;:r
i,.it

tar-clinalul pcra.iriouilriccrIt{tce-'njarciii,"renpIirscsoppledpeiiAtnlbinatnrioli,ieasFt1iu'olic'l:}.1!i'rr;ihl-'. p; *ic-rtar-,!,i1o:'. (lirvel'nr.r1 dc lit irarjs a incclcat zaclalnjrl

lli 11ti1 o r:ri eibt,iri:r inle.i'ziccrra alestci,,siri:f,lor:'ii'.
pcil.r-ir.a salazinilr'lr' nrcrcilir-lcio5i. c'i in intct'ic.rliri ft'rirtt,li, In 1?d2, ;riruL cincl a ar"'.rt loc jr-iilecalca firllilici Ct'ria;,
inlpr:li'iva,,cr-t'licilcir'' ilin Toulolisr. in mi't:ttra in a'ai'c
Ilulousirnii i1i nrauifcstilLl opozitia fr!i cle clerul ctit.oli',,', sr. siil-riilr:rca la l'oLrltiusc cll un fast clcosc.bil a doria arri-
1i r.:r'sarc scL'rilarii a nriccli;lrri clin 15ii2. iiste scrnnifical.i';
i:'Iciti';1 qi ap,rcsivitaLr'r a. r'stiria. in tirrlprrl cr:ui:iadcirli .c-:l 1rc;rfu'u attnusfcra ile intolcraril.ir rcligicasii clln lfoilloil:,.t)
':r.:i;iliai lrclic,ri:itnilisnil-rib;tiiitio.ta','rz:.ciu,ruinael:Beibj?lt.i a\ica si aibi ioc |i cu tr
inliin{ai. la 'I'oirlt:rr.rt: C'onlrcria c:a!"rtlici a pe nitcnfilol:. (at"-' l,]c liJilli:1, in 1?ii2. anul fa{;ill pcntru .flamilia Oalas, Ja

al,':3. sir ir--acc ttn lol fL,n-tcst st.ttc cle;rni ntai lit'zitt' cll
I-u"iiliul anrrlrctilii cauzci rirorfii lrri l,Ialc-Antci rrc' Calns.
Tl tr212 la Torrloiise au {ost puse bazelc Or:dinului frai,iltrr tl i.l-c;rrlelits;,'a'.r trtai ilvrtt lill ,qi rlllc pr'{lc(rsc "tatlt,1;.1111';1i{i.\r'i'J*
]lrrr(iit'ittori, carc att piimil, clin plltt':a papii Gt"ig;olre al la trrt-,at
1l{-lcr,r salcina cic s ini}cplini funrfiile ir"rchiziliei qi ci:ri' J1 i.r.iir).1, :lilLi;i'i:.i;l-sr: i-t-t t'r.ritili.ili:riiil i

r.i.r asa-cinat in auii ttrtttatr-rri mii ile oaur-ni cicclalil!i

t,.'t'iir:i 5.
In 15G2. cL1 zi'cc ani inainlca nopfii sflnttllr-ri llarl.t;lo-
nrr.'rr clc lar Palis. cincl att fost r-rci'si in trrasir locuilol'i dls J'r.nll C;iias li.[]iimi]j* sa
l'rligie protcstanlii, la 'fouiotl,rs 6 s11:l1f loc un evclliolcnl
ioi itit <Jc singcrcs. C'atolicii att atacat tin c.rt:giti fr:irtbrrt IJ"oir.il fanrilici, i:ri-il.i'ii-ti r1 .Ican C;.rias. L'itJ t' alr'a 1a a.i l
irrolcstanl, atilmincl ci rlcfuncta fuscsc catclicil, I'ii irilfi* rlatii (}3 clc ani, cra caln-ciLlcr"at in ora? ca tln olll bogai;'
F'o irr:gih cr::nrcr!itl LLt ic)ii;1{.1 se oi.'llpe ;i cu alte afalt:11",
iraiit coda\irttl, ccca ('c a pro\-ocat o inciiiclal:c. PopLile[iit FiYiliI-l'lii:iri{.-'Lirtll;'iti,,"tjoJltit'llLnt1{,:laglon,qsoqnir.di er'it'li"}rJlF.l}a.'s(-c'&' 1)cEi c,orncllciant
catnlicl, in.stigalir clc prcoli. s-a artrnc,aL asLlpra plolcs- rlr-j
inlcligcrlt ;i. sr:
llrn!ilol', care i* t'clrasclilr, balicaillntli't-sc itr cliiciilea pt'i- Lrx

9"1

u/r

t:,,')

irprti:ia. in genc:'al, cii igi picrcbe rcpede cr"irrpatui. in I)*sfirpura::ea anchelei
crl ll1 iv:rgte reiatiile salc cu cei crloi fii cu caril triia in
casl, niiituriile clin cul'stll anchei,ei au fost l"l.cLi,rind i'cial.r,l'ea anchclel, t'r-'r'L.iritii ia ci:1:ii:ii.li':i iir';ii'i{
coni.r'aclicl.orii.
Unii. r:'rartori ii p;:r:zenteu ca pc rin p;irinte alarqat de copiii
sdi, aternt qi tanclru, iar aifii, din-.pctri,;lt, clrcpt, un zhir, i1i: :l1:lsiLarlliChrTigat;i{'c',-;}h3ruttcinriencqi iarc*'hcsibt'i;tlrcia:iaamsirli:plaiaCcilc.lJ'[--oti:""riir:ili'i,l'iiiplr,[;l;ti1,i:1,+-
ficind adesea scene penibile, lndcosebi iui l!{alc-Antoine
atuSnucibiccicntdivissrmi, i.;rl,-cinr'bed$etescdl'i-csi'perae hii Jcan lii Srri.r inflLirnIa atntosl:;'ri 511:"lct"a"ie qi a ]:0,*iii;i11ri ;',Ll..l-
fiul s*-r
{-'a).as apale ,si n;:lL: in faia ca:iul", Dar.icl de Xitilr-lclt'iqi.:l' n ar{L-,piat. t1i-'iji:l,in"l-
illarc-A.nloine. cl;it;-=. tacit, t'cliir,tut:a rl asasii'lt.li nri a:n:il:rii lill i\illi-'\:i*
Scriilorui Athanase Cociuerel, de pilCI, il prezirrtd ca pe Lr..ir:e Lrr:LrLtic cliutaii pi-iuirc {:i,ri ir.r sc afl.ar,l ill r;1,':r iir llli-r'-
un neurastenic, nn i&.lat, un cleclasat, caie la virsta cle tr:r:rr i.ii1 cirril I'irti,inia [ic{:r,rC.n:.-qi: ]:';il'5 liil t',rt'lr:'ii;r:il ill:li ilr'.-
dondzeci qi opt cle ani nlt era inci in starc sir*gi ciqlige
existe::r{,a. hfarc Chassaigne, ciin-ipotlir,ii. srii:li:ria ci era rk'apl'cape ior:iti si*'lrqil'ii fnplti 1.:i:ni-l'i-t a 'dr'5{-:l.1jr:i illlire
un tinir prezentabil, inait gi fir-riuos, r;ispi:cfniircl piofel* cli ia,i-n. icrnaiiv|ceiiliniittrcltpri;.ric:rir't.:oira1i.ih:licl';:e.riittl+c1ltiptt'tril:cirrs'.:c:r,l;ii1tlr*r".ili;liei-i1ol;'ittlr-:.rjii,:,jlirirusr'z[lrci"ii]i:inljl.,litii'l1l-':ii;.lr,:i'i,liniri-iirrr:ll:.li.jli,,-
siunea de comeri:iant :;imiindu-se a1.Ll-,s dc ple';ctt1:iri
inteiecti:aic. vrind sii r"lcsirii:ri avccat. Lla;:. l:cntlr: a ga,l
tea inscrie ,al":a ne,.,oie se ,lu- 1a itrrcptrl s-ai"i 1:ir:i-rlr.rt itl tl;.od iL'+', c::ri-'il. r) :':,"ile
in ba;:or,r, It'inlc-Antoine cle itn cl cul'c pr.ilt-'ar-l i1c'inonrit'ff. irq:','irli-;', iiii;l f:l:.ii;''li {-'el-
,iq'Lfcl tlc
ccienrdtifiacaatvduitnlo'ccar=teras.gIicfui l rezi-rliat cii e crdio1ic, in pcr;c,aiie clt pl'obc
l;u qi pr.tii:att liLt,:r 1e alliali:;l a-cl*',i"ii'iiiill.
e.reniincnt, l,{a::r:-Arrtcine fiii"-'-isl: CoipLrI ntinstrflcqil a1 r'icl.iil:ti a 'l[]'i'[ i'll:l]iii :lll I ;ili:i ia

unele pr"egdtiri pentru tlecrirea sa la cal,oiicism. tL'ti'ri:L.{Itc-i1-,rr;;rtl.c'Lidlrbrrai,lld* itit,h'trcl'i":dot-,rtrt::in.l.thirg--:iLlinlpdeeraii':cl,"l'icpi't;rtirtr;-ic,];.i;i,t"il-tttrrl-l"lrirbp.jti'aji"i''.l.1-ia1'"1'piii'i-ii:"i'i.'i::ri'r.ii.,tir'ri;l'"'l'lr'l'l;;r-
Clcnvertilea lui h{arc-Antoine era cia rrltfel r.in pns la 1c'gair:, trcbLr.ia sii-L intucmea,:l'it 1;i ta;ii 1'"i-l-tilliL.

care toul.alisir,:nii se agl.epl,ari mei cle nii-r1t" clcaar:ece un al"t I-,:r p.'itrliir . r' a i nccpr-Ll il:llil;1itil3 rf-riri:''ji{if'r:r3-r.u,'l:fll;;lr'r' 'i'r''-lr':"'iltl
arlLr;ri qi tinLll;i c1c llapl ir: r-:;iale 1.ii'1 ;"lc:rit.
fin a1 familiei Cal.as, I-criil;, fiic'.rse ac::iagi iut,ru cir cl {ii'a
ani in urm5, clin ai:cli:a;i r:':ctivr: lle carc i,-' a.,-cfr in v*l'lels
Ei hiar"c-Antoinc.
ltci'ltttPsttilt,isnfcamnfii:aiciiriat;ctilsi:iirctra":ili':amfrr.:a:,;rLlulai":lIiar:l;I;it'tl-i''ra"C)fliiii'lrls-t]rJsri5l. lI:qrliIi:i"li"ai'-,i"::'1g';:;i':llLi;i:ri',r{':ililtlr]iriitji"l::--'-:'i'rrlr'i.';lfii)i:'|1':1.i-;'
Ir.ru existd ins;i prcl:c ci ploiei:tui. cle ccnr-crli;:er i:l lni
f,"Iarc-Antcine ar fi pi:'r:;vo';at con"flict* ir: s;ilrr-il {ari:ilie-.i.
Ilirnpotrir,5, chiar gi cci r:arc s,.istin v.inovi:iiia irii Jc.an

Calas in r.lciderea fii.rlr-ri iiirlt, ca scriiton.ll h{rilr {l1:*.::raigne, il.npygr,Lt:it ir: :;Ll{rngltl'iil tlc ls r..:i,ain.1. ir:llli. . 14'] 11 1::;1 "i'lii;ql;;5:i
aratl cd tatbi. ar fi intenlionat s5-qi trirnitii fi,-rl la lraris, cloi :l'il, hIai'c-r\.1;.loritrt si []ir:l'l'i:" iiIiilrl i;i
':.iitl\;iri'ii la

uncle celtificair.rl de catoiicism se pul"ca cbtine mff.i lcsne, pl tinitrr-d Lal.raY-esr.
in!ckgind c5 l\{arc*ilnioine trcbtii: sd tllr;,ili lal crloli- tr)uph cinh, J:ii'l:'inii Cali,t:,, iDii::"t'::t'ii -l-'aia!:!:'.::-iirri l:r-
t:'at: ltrtr'-o slLi-t t:aurtrii, iar lr'lal"r*Alltr-1Lne a pLr:i'ili., Lll;o*
cism pcntru a puica face caricr"[ 3. I'ind cle ia claj. Cinrl i:este !-- il nrc i-ilr.'a,r's.'.e ll ii:a: sX
fiie qtie de asenlenca cI h{al'c-Antr:inu, cLr toate plr:iec- piclc atasa, {il-rl slu n-tai nlit, .Fic.'r'r'r", a ir:ta1 r-; 'ir:r"iii "1i.

tele saic. cle convertire la catolicisrn, parl,ii'ipa rcgi.rlat la i*a inso{il" I)ar. lnttratii rlup5 ue sti c'iilr}ilii rli iir"ri ur:
slujbele religir:ase proteslante publice, cit ;i la ceie clin
c.adrul familiei, ceea ce int6reqte convingcr':a c{ in sinr-rl ulcat ciin nor.l la eiaj gi Fiti'l't * r*lalel l,irl"iir-ri,'lrii i'.i"t l*4,
gliYrsit pe bfarc-Anioir:ic ir:rlinll. nlct'to tn p:"iil'illi;.r, i-,rta l-{i]r€
f,amiliei Calas nu p5.trunsese conflictr-rl religicsn pe care
rnoartea lui Marc-Antoine ii ascu{i intle cels cLtud tal.:el'e stradli fiind inctilat[,
.I:an Cala** a T;'tai ilcclai'at ci"t i"ll-lL el'l;l lrir:l l t1'-:ltli-iltti.'
din Flanfa 6i din alte {dli ale lluropei.
mire fa!il e1': r.lec,r'clatr-i1 sllu filt.

$6

ilii.".,'itl tli- I} fir.rcl:'iguc ii ?r;t.r't:bl apui. clirci'lt, r]aci dc ln (LJ
un tilrp nL! {-')icri{.'il,ase pt'csil-ini 1l rrr,r-',;i r:ilinuia fiul r-iin
ciir]zc *'cr.linqri s*lc, tclxlinili;-sc sa nu il't:lr-::h la c;rk:licrisnl. L)
i.a accasLii ir-:i;r'cr':aro, r-:alacleli:;'r.ic[ cu J:r'ivile ia tcnrlinfir
aiir:Ilclc:i, Jcrrrr {lalas a rliit ri;r liispi.ii:s ('atci{r)i'jc lleg:rli'i !.}. ,{3

.qi

'.{1 al

N)

,:: r.i

l\Iai {,ir:ritr, Jr:an Calas, .tl;u't.r-ri'isii:el in r:aclritl aiir:1lr:Lr:i
cli J'iul siil,r:l-& spilrzrrt';il, a ri.llr,rtat cii la pl'inrr.tl in'ruroga-
tulili nu spuijciie aelrviilrrl, Jiiin,,k:i sjirui'ir1'-.r'r:il liii 14iu't- ::: .::
A;;t(o-i:ureilaillfieilnezlrc.xr-loorg-itiilpi rarclccl ldact-ci"cicslpart,.inc:e;rur;'ii
inh:caga {r,iiliilie. i' lJ,

ir-i,.rritirrc. ,:-
lI*rnilia a incclca'c sil disiilr".llcz* siii1i(-'i(lclci,r Iiii I'Ialc-
lS.n'coinr," fiinric;i gtiar-r cii t.r'rrpul sir:iririgalului ur'l1i,r iti iie ,,, i:
:,]:', cLt

,,, on

$r.tpus rin{li pi'oL-cditri iirgrozitoalc. ,,(l;i{J$vrril.ui:i i :;tr .tiict,'a .': 4t
]:: N,]
riil pr.'{){rcf;, sc clispirnea cot"lfiscai'ca ar;r.r'ii roirri urolt. r'oi'rllil
,iui cl'a i,ii:il prin olaii cLr ful,a in jos, iiiiiiluii, r,1c 3ro1:rrir'.l;ia l: +-

fnni,rtizal.;i. l5

l)Ltpii plinui intcrergiltrtliir tir-i fosi. ic[inr.ifi i-lc lniriit:i;i- :i:::j d,
tol' Jean qi Ficli'r Calas, cioanrna [';:li;:.s :;i ur
scl.vi Lo;-ir:ej$ i.i,n:
J*nrureitt:, pr*ciirlr ;.i t!r-riinrl l-;ir.'g;i55i.-, ir,vil-irlr ri 1or. l; *l:
i.,.

('ii1;,! ',:, -.2:
_
,l,.,,.:l ru
fn gn"lr:;'a), sc corlsiilll.i ci ar.r-.st;i,,.lil o;..c\jctll.jr ii ir ccj,tr
einr:-i pcr:scl;fitrl it llosl clcc.isii itr consisl.rrril', r,Lr lr ii-;;ljrr."il,ll{.r: 'd

c-{e nnlii;ri u}t vr)t.,,\ccas'Lii inrprcjr.iralc r:i1 r*-" ilila.,ri-. l't_-i:{tr!t- :j: (,

sl,itlti cr.r 1:r'r'rizre, fiinr.lci cioi:uu:r:nilr) i.r:rpr:iriiv li.l ll{t!1- :.:. i:,
..Q
[r r-.;l ee:,:ir pr] (riipitolil.ii prt:uen !i,
{'iJ"al
Srrtr'*: i,irrl s-a efcc'Lr.r..:it gi r:xp:-.r:tjza ;lcilir.ro*ie;ia};"r. !n ',ri 0
g{'raasta sc Lrol-},scnlll.eazri cJ rnr-.clil:ii au c-lanrin:rt lttinir',,ios :r,:l .lI
ci)i'pu.l., l+l.u girsit firr:i nic:i o ritn;i, clal cu o aniirlc.itiii li*
vidJ la git, rtr'^ aploxim;liiv irn. cr.n:titt(:t;,u gi jum;ii.nle "J
grcsillr{", in fo;:lu;i cle cu:c, cale in pil::'ilca
elivizatil in doi-ii-l r'&lnilli pe ficcale-' spalc se in. itir", tu
par:tr: a g1li,u1..ri, sr:ollinrl
r {-l
{s:r;Lrl::ivl ifiioEii-aseecrleet{ciei'mpienantapseqni:cpdeirg:iusr'i;i ryi avind fa[a tividii, .L!
cir ,:1, fiind
consiriclt-.
irir:;i viu, fic s*a ripin:4ural, fie a .fost ..,lpir.lznlat tlc aliii
t:ii rt fr,uric cir,lbiii, care s-a rhsiicrul, pc pir:lile };rteralo aie rr 0
{;it,uitti rii at imFlinlat acoio iti:t1::'r,:ntc1e dr,rbie. jnJ
bilpc'l'trira n:cclico-lcgali cor:r'irise rf, ivii:rr:-Antoii-rc ritl .: f:
frncssr EL],qlunlatr r:i spin;ci.u'al .,tle cii|.'e si;:rs: ir-r;lifi oli rle
citt.e al,r,iiii ls. r. ,-j
J.,al a-Litop;;i,a,:;i:{}i-:-vri,ijr.ri ilii r\'1ai;:r'-Autcjnr: s-:iu g;:sit Ln
Ft(f,i]'li't{.' r"t:,:1i:'rr:'ilcl ;llitrir,:irtt lr:l' tle .!i. r:irlit r'oriiirrrii A f$n:iliei ,, l.:i
:!i
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