Iodine
• Body normally contains 20 to 30 mg of iodine
• >75% in the thyroid gland
• the rest in lactating mammary gland, gastric mucosa & blood
Function
• Only known function of iodine
• is as an integral part of thyroid hormones
• Thyroid hormones are essential for life as they regulate key
biochemical reactions
• especially protein synthesis and enzymatic activities
Sources
• Iodine occurs in variable amounts in food & drinking water
• Seafoods such as clams, oysters, sardines, prawns, seaweeds etc. are
rich in iodine
• Other methods of increasing iodine intake is through:
• adding iodine to water supplies & use of iodide tablets , iodized salt
RNI (2017)
Deficiency
• Goiter: enlargement of thyroid gland
• usually, the earliest symptom of iodine
deficiency
• Enlargement of thyroid gland
• Results from overstimulation of the thyroid
gland by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
• as the body attempts to produce thyroid hormones
despite the lack of available iodine
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
Toxicity
• Hyperthyroidism
• One of the causes is excess iodine
• Increased activity of the thyroid gland
• Characterized by weight loss, rapid
heartbeat, appetite fluctuations, bulging
eyes
Zinc (Zn)
• The total body zinc content ~2 g in adults
• approximately 1.5 g in women to 2.5 g in men
• ~90% in muscle and bone and the rest is distributed in other organs
such as prostate, liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, skin, lung, brain,
heart, and pancreas
Functions
• Participate in reactions involving either synthesis or degradation of
major metabolites
• CHO, lipid, proteins
• A necessary structural component of DNA-binding proteins that
contains zinc fingers.
• Intracellular regulatory ion
• Plays a central role in the immune system
Sources
• Most abundant in foods high in protein such as organ meats, meat,
poultry, fish and shellfish and lesser amounts in eggs and dairy
products
• Nuts, seeds, legumes and whole grain cereals (especially bran and
germ) have relatively high zinc content.
RNI (2017)
Deficiency
• Growth retardation
• Delayed sexual maturation
• Skin lesions
• Immune deficiencies
• Hypogeusia
• reduced ability to taste things
Tolerable upper intake levels
Toxicity
• Acute toxicity
• metallic taste, gastric distress, dizziness, vomiting, nausea, abdominal cramps
and bloody diarrhea
• Chronic effects
• Result in reduction of immune functions and HDL cholesterol and impairment
of copper status.
• Severe neurological diseases attributable to copper deficiency are also
associated with chronic high zinc intakes
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BAHAN KURSUS PENINGKATAN PENGAJAR KV
8-9 SEPT 2021
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