Green Sungava Nepali 5

aflnsf lzIffsf af/d] f nV] g yflng\ . o;kl5 t :jftdf tflnjfgLx¿sf] cTofrf/ c¹ a9\g
yfNof] . ToxfsF f :sn' x¿ k"0f{ ¿kn] aGb eP .

dnfnfsf] kl/jf/ klg ufpF 5f]8]/ cs}{ ;x/df
cfkmGtsf] 3/df uP/ a:of] . dnfnf cfÇgf lktf;uF
aflnsf lzIffsf] af/]df j[Qlrq agfpg] sfddf
;lj|mo eOg\ . jQ[ lrq ;fjh{ lgs ePkl5 logL
c¹ a9L rrf{df /lxg\ . kfls:tfgL ;g] fn]
tflnjfgLx¿nfO{ :jftaf6 x6fPkl5 logsf] kl/jf/
kml] / ufpF kmls{of] . o;} j|mddf lzIffsf] clwsf/df
;lj|mo /xs] L dnfnf dfly uf]nL kx| f/ ePsf] lyof] . o;
36gfkl5 pgL sf]dfdf k'lug\ . kfls:tfg ;/sf/n]
pgnfO{ pkrf/sf nflu jn] fot k7fof] . nfdf] ;dosf] pkrf/kl5 pgsf] :jf:Yodf ;'wf/
eof] . :j:y ePkl5 dnfnfn] j]nfotL dxf/fgLnfO{ el] 6g\ . ;g\ @)!# df cd]l/sfsf] xfa{8{
ljZjljBfnodf logn] lbPsf] efif0fsf] cToGt k|z;+ f ePsf] lyof] . lognfO{ cdl] /sL /fi6k« lt
af/fs cfa] fdf;uF e]6\g] cj;/ klg k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

8fS6/ aGg] OR5f afs] s] L, lj1fgdf cToGt ?lr ePsL dnfnf cfÇgf] lktfsf] cGofosf]
lj/fw] ug{] :jefjaf6 ke| fljt eP/ ;fdflhs sfo{df ;ljm| o eOg\ . lzIffsf] clwsf/sf nflu
;fg} pd/] df 7"nf] sfo{ ul/g\ . kfls:tfgL ;/sf/n] pgnfO{ ;g\ @)!! df ‘/fli6«o o'jf zflGt
k'/:sf/’n] ;Ddflgt u¥of] . lg8/ tyf cfTdljZjf;L dnfnfnfO{ ;g\ @)!# df ‘cGt/f{li6o« afn
zflGt k'/:sf/’ kb| fg ul/of] . k/' :sf/af6 kf| Kt krf; xhf/ 8n/ :s'nx¿sf] k'glg{df{0fsf
nflu k|bfg u/]/ logn] cfkm" df /x]sf] lzIff;j] fsf] efj k:| t't ul/g\ . logn] ;g\ @)!# d}
dl] S;sf]df ;dfgtf k'/:sf/ tyf ;o+ 'Qm /fi6« ;ª3\ af6 dfgjclwsf/ k/' :sf/ kfOg\ . ;o+ 'Qm
/fi6«;ª3\ n] dnfnfsf] dfWodaf6 lzIffsf] kr| f/ ug]{ p2Z] on] logsf] !^ cf}F hGdf]T;jnfO{
;;+ f/e/ ‘dnfnf 8’] sf ¿kdf dgfpg] 3fi] f0ff u/s] f] lyof] .

s]6Lx¿nfO{ ljBfno hfg k|ltaGw nufOPsf] ;dodf dlxnf tyf lzIffsf] nflu jsfnt u/]/
;;+ f/df lrlgPsL dnfnf cfÇgf] k|v/ jSt[Tj Ifdtf tyf lg8/ :jefjsf sf/0f ;kmn eOg\ .

zAbf {y cTofrf/ M g/fdf| ] Jojxf/ cfTdljZjf;L M cfkmFd} f ljZjf; ug{]
jQ[ lrq M vf; ljifodf agfOPsf] 5f6] f] rnlrq jsfnt M sg' } s'/fsf] kIfdf afN] g] sfd
;ljm| o M s'g} sfddf nfluk/]sf] kv| / M tl] hnf]

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff % 151

;g\ @)!$ df ;;+ f/s} ;ae} Gbf 7"nf] k/' :sf/ ‘gfa] n] zflGt k'/:sf/’af6 ;Ddflgt ePkl5
dnfnf o';k' mhO{ ;;+ f/el/ g} k|/] 0ffsf] ;f| t] sf] ¿kdf lrlgg kl' ug\ . logn] nv] s] f] ‘cfO Pd
dnfnf’ gfds k:' ts w]/} efiffdf cgj' fb ePsf] 5 . of] ;+;f/e/ 7n" f] ;ª\Vofdf lajm| L xg' ]
k':tsdf k5{ . cfh w/] } b]zx¿ dnfnfnfO{ cfÇgf] b]zdf :jfut ug{ rfxG5g\ . cdl] /sf tyf
o/' fk] sf ljleGg bz] x¿n] lognfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf 5g\ . logL lktfsf] OR5fcg;' f/ /fhgLltdf
nfu/] ;dfh / /fi6s« f nflu ljzi] f b]g lbg rfxlG5g\ . lktfn] lbPsf] c;n lzIffnfO{ u|x0f u/]/
;dfhsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ ofu] bfg lbg] dnfnfnfO{ O{Zj/n] nfdf] hLjg lbpmg\ .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M
:jtGqtfkd|] L, lhofpl2g, Pl] txfl;s, ko6{ sLo, cª\u]h| L, jStT[ j, ;ªV\ of, laj|mL
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M
cª\sz' , pT;j, lkFh8f, ;fj{hlgs, cTofrf/, j[Qlrq, cfTdljZjf;L
#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
lj|mofsnfk, ;d'bfodf, /fhgLlt1, ljr/0f ug'{, ;ljm| o xg' '
$= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf//] ;f/ M
k/Ljf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿ ;l' t;sk] l5 lolg 5f]/L;u /fhgLtLsf lj;odf 5nkmn u//]

a:y] .
v_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
!= c_ /fhgLlt1 cf_ /fhlglt1 O_ /fhgLtL1 O_{ /fhgLlt1F
@= c_ cfTdlj:jf;L cf_ cfTdljZjf;L O_ cfTdljijf;L O{_ cfTdljZjfl;
#= c_ ko{6lso cf_ k/6] lso O_ ko{6lsP O{_ ko6{ sLo
$= c_ P}ltxfl;s cf_ cOltxfl;s O_ Pl] txfl;s O_{ P]ltxflzs

152 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff %

%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M

zflGt sfo/

;fx;L c;'/Iff

;lhnf ] k/tGq

;'/Iff czflGt

;ljm| o c;lhnf]

:jtGq lglijm| o

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

;Tsf/ t]lhnf]

s6ft} L bl} gsL

8fo/L ;Ddfg

jsfnt sf6/] 36fpg] sfd

k|v/ cfjfh p7fpg] sfd

&= tn lbOPsf] kf7sf] cgR' 5b] k9 / lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M

dnfnfsf] kl/jf/ klg ufpF 5f]8]/ cs{} ;x/df cfkmGtsf] 3/df uP/ a:of] . dnfnf cfÇgf
lktf;Fu aflnsf lzIffsf] af/]df jQ[ lrq agfpg] sfddf ;ljm| o eOg\ . jQ[ lrq ;fj{hlgs
ePkl5 logL c¹ a9L rrfd{ f /lxg\ . kfls:tfgL ;g] fn] tflnafgLx¿nfO{ :jftaf6 x6fPkl5
logsf] kl/jf/ kml] / ufpF kmls{of] . o;} jm| ddf lzIffsf] clwsf/df ;ljm| o /xs] L dnfnfdfly
ufn] L k|xf/ ePsf] lyof] . o; 36gfkl5 pgL sfd] fdf k'lug\ . kfls:tfg ;/sf/n] pgnfO{
pkrf/sf nflu jn] fot k7fof] . nfdf] ;dosf] pkrf/kl5 pgsf] :jf:Yodf ;w' f/ eof] . :j:y
ePkl5 dnfnfn] jn] fotL dxf/fgLnfO{ e]l6g\ . ;g\ @)!# df cd]l/sfsf] xfa8{ { ljZjljBfnodf
logn] lbPsf] efif0fsf] cToGt k|z;+ f ePsf] lyof] . lognfO{ cdl] /sL /fi6«klt af/fs cfa] fdf;Fu
e]6\g] cj;/ klg kf| Kt ePsf] lyof] .

s= dflysf] cgR' 5b] af6 kfrF j6f gfd zAb l6k .
=================, =================, =================, =================, =================

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff % 153

v= cg'R5b] af6 kfFr j6f ‘a’ nfus] f zAb / kfrF j6f ‘j’ nfu]sf zAb l6k .
=================, =================, =================, =================, =================

=================, =================, =================, =================, =================

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf jfSox¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ dfG5] s:tf] eP/ afFRg rfxG5 <
===========================================================================================
v_ dnfnf o;' k' mhOs{ f] hGd slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] <
===========================================================================================
u_ dnfnfsf lktfsf] gfd s] xf] / pgn] sg' :sn' vfn] ] <
===========================================================================================
3_ dnfnfn] s'g ljifodf jSt[tf k|:tt' ul/g\ <
===========================================================================================
ª_ dnfnf ;g\ @)!$ df sg' k/' :sf/af6 ;Ddflgt eOg\ <
===========================================================================================
@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] x'g\ < lrg]/ n]v M
s_ dnfnfn] tflnjfgLnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sL lyOg\ .
v_ dnfnf /fdf| ] efif0f ug{ ;lS5g\ .
u_ dnfnfnfO{ tflnjfgLx¿n] ufn] L xfg] .
3_ dnfnf rlr{t 8fS6/ x'g\ .
ª_ ‘cfO{ Pd dnfnf’ lgs} rlrt{ k':ts xf] .

154 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff %

#= ldNg] zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s_ ldª\uf/] f kfls:tfgsf] ================= ;x/ xf] . -ko6{ sLo, Jofkfl/s_

v_ dnfnfsf afafn] 5f]/L klg ============= xf;] \ eGg] rfxs] f lyP . -n8fs', axfb'/_

u_ :jft pkTosf ================= cfÇgf] sAhfdf lnPsf lyP . -tflnjfgLx¿n],

kfls:tfgLx¿n_]
3_ ================= df dnfnf afN] g] snfsf] ljsf;sf nflu tflnd lnOg\ .

-;g\ @)!), ;g\ @))(_

ª_ pgsf] ================= hGdfT] ;jnfO{ ‘dnfnf 8’] sf ¿kdf dgfOPsf] lyof] .

-!^ cfF,} !% cf_F}

$= hf]8f ldnfpm M

;g\ !((& cGt/f{li6o« afn zflGt k/' :sf/

;g\ @))* gf]an] zflGt k/' :sf/

;g\ @))( dnfnfsf] hGd

;g\ @)!! jStT[ jsnfsf] k|:t'lt

;g\ @)!# afN] g] snfsf] tflnd

;g\ @)!$ /fli6«o oj' f zflGt k/' :sf/

%= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M

s_ dnfnf o';k' mhO{ / pgsf afaf s] ljifodf s/' f uy]{ <

v_ dnfnfn] aflnsf lzIffsf af/]df s] agfOg\ <

u_ dnfnfnfO{ pkrf/sf nflu sxfF k7fOPsf] lyof] <

3_ dnfnfn] cfkm" s] aGg] OR5f afs] ]sL lyOg\ <

ª_ w/] } b]zsf dflg;x¿ dnfnfnfO{ cfÇgf] b]zdf s] ug{ rfxG5g\ <

^= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ bp] m M

s_ dflg; s:tf] :jefjsf] k|f0fL xf] <

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff % 155

v_ dnfnf o;' k' mhO{sf] afNosfn s;/L laTof] <
u_ dnfnf s:tf] kl| tef ePsL dlxnf x'g\ <
3_ dnfnfn] kfPsf k/' :sf/x¿ s]s] x'g\ <
&= dnfnf o';k' mhO{ gfds hLjgL k9k] l5 ltdf| ] dgdf nfu]sf s'/fx¿ cfÇg} zAbdf nv] .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

;+;f/sf sltko afnaflnsfx¿ ;fgb} l] v ;fx;L, k/fjm| dL, lg8/ / cfTdljZjf;L xG' 5g\ .
xg' ] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft eg]¹}F eljiodf /fdf| ] sfd ug]{ afnaflnsfx¿ ;fgb} ]lv /fd|f] u0' f
/ :jefjn] oQ' m x'G5g\ . To:tf afnaflnsfx¿dWo] s;n} ] kl/jf/af6 k/|] 0ff kfpg] u5g{ \ eg]
s;n} ] ;fyLefO jf cfkmGtaf6 ;fx;L / l;h{gzLn x'g l;s]sf x'G5g\ . Pp6} afnsn] klg
;dfh jf /fi6«sf nflu pNnv] gLo sfd u/]sf w]/} pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . sltko afnaflnsfn]
pTs[i6 sfd u//] ‘lulgh as' ckm b cf]N8’df ;d]t gfd n]vfpg ;kmn ePsf x'G5g\ .
sltko afnaflnsfn] dL7f] uLt ufP/ jf ;G' b/ gT[ o k|:t't u//] w]/} bzs{ / >f]tfsf] dg lhTg
;kmn x'G5g\ . s}of}F afnaflnsfn] ;fg} pd/] df syf, sljtf h:tf ;flxlTos /rgf tof/ u//]
kf7sx¿sf] dg lhTg ;kmn ePsf] klg bV] g ;G' g kfOG5 . ;;+ f/sf s}ofF} afnaflnsfx¿n]
;fg} pd]/df ljleGg vn] s'bdf pTsi[ 6 k|bz{g u//] ;an} fO{ cfZro{rlst agfPsf klg x'G5g\ .
To:tf ;a}vfn] afnaflnsf kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«sf OHht / uxgf xg' \ .
s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
k/fj|mdL, cfTdljZjf;L, l;h{gzLn, pTs[i6, g[To, k|bz{gL, cfZror{ lst
v= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
s= ;a} afnaflnsfx¿ ;fg}bl] v ;fx;L x'G5g\ .
v= afnaflnsfx¿n] ;fyLefOaf6 klg k|/] 0ff kfPsf xG' 5g\ .
u= afnaflnsfx¿n] dfa] fOndf ud] vn] /] klg ;a}sf] dg lhTg ;S5g\ .
3= afnaflnsfx¿n] klg ;flxTo /rgf ug{ ;S5g\ .
ª= kl| tefzfnL afnaflnsfx¿ /fi6s« f uxgf x'g\ .

156 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff %

u= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
!= s:tf afnaflnsfx¿ ;fg}blv k|ltefzfnL x'G5g\ <
===========================================================================================
@= afnaflnsfx¿n] ss;af6 k]|/0ff kfPsf x'G5g\ <
===========================================================================================
#= s:tf afnaflnsf ‘lulgh a's ckm b cf]N8’df gfd nv] fpg ;kmn xG' 5g\ <
===========================================================================================
$= afnaflnsfsf ;DaGwdf ss] :tf s'/fx¿ b]Vg ;'Gg kfOG5 <
===========================================================================================
%= s:tf afnaflnsfn] ;a}nfO{ cfZro{rlst agfPsf xG' 5g\ <
===========================================================================================

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 @!$ df lbOPsf] cg'R5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= dfG5] s;sf sf/0f b'MvL / kLl8t 5g\ <
v= s:tf] s'/f lrGtfhgs s'/f xf] <
u= dflg;nfO{ lsg ;d:of k/]sf] 5 <
3= ;a} b]zdf s:tf] cj:yf 5g} <
ª= s:tf] s'/f bM' vnfUbf] s/' f xf] <
@= sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls pQ/ e/ M

lgbf{i] f, Hofg, ul/a, sfg'gx¿, sfnf
s_ uf]/f hfltn] ======================= hfltnfO{ g/fdf| ] Jojxf/ uy]{ .

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff % 157

v_ dfG5n] ] dfG5]nfO{ ======================= eg]/ xfR] ofp5F g\ .
u_ o4' sf sf/0fn] dflg;n] ======================= u'dfpg'k/s] f] 5 .
3_ k9g\ n] ]Vg] / lx8F 8'n ug{ kfpgk' g{] ======================= ags] f 5g\ .
ª_ 36gfsf] l;sf/ ======================= dflg;x¿ x'g' b'MvnfUbf] s'/f xf] .

Jofs/0f ;Lk

k?' if M k'?if tLg ks| f/sf x'G5g\ M

!= klxnf] k?' if M klxnf] k?' ifn] af]Ng] JolQmnfO{ a¹' fp“5 . klxnf] k?' ifdf d, xfdL k5g{ \ .

@= bf];|f] k?' if M bf];f| ] k'?ifn] ;G' g] JolQmnfO{ a¹' fp“5 . o;df t,F ltdL, tkfO{+ k5g{ \ .

#= t;] |f] k?' if M t;] |f] k'?ifn] jQmf / >ft] fsf] s/' fsfgLsf] ljifonfO{ a'¹fp“5 . o;df pm,
pgL, pxfF kb5{ g\ .

sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] ;ªs\ ]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M

s= d u[xsfo{ u5{' . -bf;] |f] k?' if_ v= ltdL sxfF uPsf lyof} < -t;] f| ] k?' if_

u= pxfFn] uLt ufpg'eof] . -bf;] f| ] k'?if_ 3= tF es'G8f] v]N5;\ . -klxnf] k?' if_

ª= pgLx¿ Od]n rnfp5F g\ . -klxnf] k'?if_ r= To;n] eg]sf] dfgg] . -bf;] |f] k'?if_

5= tkfO{+ efif0f ug{x' G' 5 . -t;] f| ] k'?if_ h= pm syf k95\ . -klxnf] k'?if_

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= ltdLn] lrgs] f] s'g} ;fx;L JolQmsf] hLjgL n]v .
@= tnsf a'bF fx¿sf] cfwf/df ;fx;L afns sdn gk] fnLn] u/]sf] sfdsf] j0fg{ u/ M
;+;f/df ;fgf;fgf afnaflnsfx¿ klg w]/} ;fx;L xg' ' – To:tf ;fx;L afnsdWos] f

Ps sdn g]kfnL– kf]v/fsf] ;]tL gbLsf] vf]rdf cf/fwgf gfd u/]sL aflnsf v:g–' vfF]r

158 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff %

lgs} ulx/f] ePsfn] lgsfNg ufx|f] x'g–' cfdL{sf] p4f/ 6fn] Ln] klg aflnsfsf] p4f/ ug{
g;Sg'– vfFr] df hfg] 7fpF ;f3F /' f] ePsfn] 7n" f dfG5]x¿ l5g{ g;Sg'– aflnsfsf] p4f/
ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf k'Ug'– !@ jifs{ f afns sdn gk] fnLn] lxDdt ug–'{ tn v;]sL
aflnsfnfO{ cfÇg} alxgLh:t} 7fGg'– arfpg rfxg–' cfÇgf bfh;' Fu cf1f lnP/ vfFr] df
hfg' – aflnsfsf] p4f/ ug{' – ;a} dflg;x¿ cfZror{ lst x'g–' sdn gk] fnL – /fli6o«
afn kl| tef k/' :sf/åf/f ;Ddflgt x'g' – ;fx;L g]kfnL afnssf] ¿kdf kl/lrt .

#= ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] s'g} Ps JolQmsf] af/d] f Pp6f cgR' 5]b n]v .

ljleGg b]zsf /fli6«o km" nx¿ M

g]kfnsf] /fli6o« k"mn M nfnLu'/fF; km| fG;sf] /fli6«o k"mn M lnnL

kfls:tfgsf] /fli6o« k"mn M hl:dg dnl] ;ofsf] /fli6«o k"mn M rfOlgh lxla:s;

d]lS;sfs] f] /fli6«o km" n M bflÅnof ef/tsf] /fli6o« k"mn M sdn

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff % 159

kf7 !# b'ªg\ fu9L

;+:d/0f

o'j/fh gof“3/]

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;an} ] k9 M

xfdL gofF 7fpFdf d cfÇgf] ofqfsf] ljj/0f
3'Dg uofF} . 8fo/Ldf nV] b} 5' .

xfdL psfnf] r9o\ f}F . bª' g\ fu9Laf6 ;'Gb/
b[Zo b]lvG5 .
160 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff %

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ltdL ofqfdf uPsf 5f} <
d ltdLnfO{ ofqfdf hfg dg nfU5 <
d kbofqf eg]sf] s] xf] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d ltdLn] bª' g\ fu9Lsf] gfd ;'g]sf 5f} <
d ;:+ d/0f egs] f] s] xf], ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

d cfxf ¤ b'ªg\ fu9Lsf] b[Zo slt ;'Gb/ /x5] .
d pkm\ ¤ psfnf] af6f] lx8F \bf w]/} yflsof] .
d nf}glg ¤ lrKnf] af6fd] f lx8F b\ f d t lrKn/] k'N6ª' afhL vfPF .
d cfDd} ¤ d]/f] v§' fdf h'sfn] 6fs] 5] .
d cf]xf] ¤ hª\uaxfb'/n] s:tf] sl7g 7fpFdf o4' u/s] f /x5] g\ .
d s7} ¤ ul/ax¿n] s:tf] b'Mv kfPsf /x]5g\ .
d nf} x} ;fyL xf] ¤ xfdL klg 3D' g hfg'k5{ .

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff % 161

;Fus} f] t:jL/ o'j/fh gof3“ /]sf] xf] . logL gk] fnL ;flxTodf lgaGwsf/sf ¿kdf
;'kl/lrt 5g\ . logsf sf7df8f}nF fO{ sf]/f{, Ps xftsf] tfnL, 3fdsf] rD' ag,
xl/of] /fxbfgL nufotsf sl[ tx¿ ks| flzt 5g\ . logL cfÇgf lgaGwdf ;dfhsf
ljljw vfn] ;d:ofx¿sf] lrq ptf5{g\ . ‘Ps xftsf] tfnL’sf nflu dbg
k/' :sf/ kfPsf gofF3/]sf] oxfF ;d]l6Psf] ‘bª' g\ fu9L’ ofqf ;+:d/0f xf] . kf7df
l;Gwk' fNrfs] lhNnfdf kg{] b'ªg\ fu9L ed| 0fsf jm| ddf lgaGwsf/n] cg'ej u/]sf s/' fx¿sf] rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, b'ªg\ fu9Lsf] af/d] f w/] } hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . bª' \gfu9L g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s
dxŒjsf] :yfg xf] . of] ko{6sLo dxŒjsf] 7fpFsf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'g ;S5 . kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9
clg b'ª\gfu9Lsf] af/d] f 1fg xfl;n u/ M

nfrf{ ku' k] l5 af6f] 5l' §of] .

xfdL sf7df8faF} f6 l;Gw'kfNrfs] sf]
bª' g\ fu9L uPsf lyof}F . laxfgbl] v bu/' s] f]
af6f] tftfk] fgLlt/ uof] . snsn u/L aUg]
ef6] ]sf];Lsf] tL/t} L/sf] af6f] pQ/lt/, xfdL
nfUofF} blIf0flt/ .

7n" f–7n" f kxf8, vfr]F , rk] / 8f8F fnfO{ 5f8] /] xfdL nfrfk{ fl/sf] ufplF t/ k:ofF} .

d;uF b'O{ hgf tGg/] L ;fyL 5g—\ pQd e§/fO{ / /fhLj vqL . oL bj' } efO;Fu dnfO{ 8N' g, 3D' g
/ lxF8\g kfpbF f ;fx}| cfglGbt / ;'/lIft ePsf] nfU5 .

d k|foM 3d' lkm/ ug{ ?rfp5F ' . d]/f] oxL :jefjnfO{ logn] ;3fPsf 5g\ . 3D' g} eg]/ xfdL
b'ª\gfu9L uPsf xf}F .

avfs{ f] jn] f 5 . ef]6]sf];Lsf] pn{+bf] e]nsf 5fndf xfdL Psl5g x/fofF} . xl/of 8f8F f, kxf8
l5rfn] ]/ gbL a]:;/L ulh{O{–ulhO{ { alu/x]5 . sfgel/ w/] } yl/sf cfjfh yl' kP| .

zAbf {y bu'/s] f M bfl} 8Psf en] M vfn] f vf]N;fdf pn/{] au]sf] kfgL,
vfr]F M bO' { j6f 8fF8fsf aLrsf] efu, r]k af9L
rk] M b'O{ j6f 8fF8fsf aLrsf] efu,
l5rfn] ]/ M kf/ u//]
vf]Fr

162 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff %

vf]nfsf] tL/ lgs} lxF8]kl5 b'dLyfª kl' uP5 . dsa} f/Lsf aLrdf Pp6f 3/ e]l6of] . xfdL clt
g} ef]sfPsf lyofF} .
‘vfgs] '/f sx] L ksfpg ;lsG5 ls <’
;fyLx¿n] a"9LcfdfnfO{ ;f]w] .
‘rfprfp, la:s6' vfg' g ¤’
3/klt cfdfn] elgg\ .

xfdLn] ufpdF f cfP/ klg ;x/df Kofs ul/Psf vfgs] /' f gvfg] eGofF} .

‘5 eg] ds}, e6df;, u'Gbs|' vfpmF g ¤’
d}n] klg cg'/fw] ;fy egF] .

Psl5gkl5 kf]n]sf ds} xfdf| cl3lNt/ cfOku' ] . d lgs} v';L ePF . g'gv';f{gL;uF xl/of kfn] ]sf
ds} dHhfn] vfofF} . clg af6f] nfUofF} .

¹/L k/]/ htftt} lrKnf] 5 . kml] / h'sf nfu/] xft, v§' f, sO' g]6fel/ /ut en' en' fO/x]Yof] . kfgL
kl//Åof=] ==kl//Åof] .

;fyLx¿ lgsk} N6 lrKn/] k5fl/P . dn} ] klg w]/} v]k kN' 6'ªafhL vfPF .

af6f] lgs} cK7\of/f] /x5] . lgs} ufx|f];Fu vx/] vfn] f t/L xfdL dfly 8fF8fsf] a:tLdf k'UofF} .

af6f] sf6\bf ;fyLx¿ cf}wL x;F fpyF ] . 8fF8d} f ku' k] l5 xfdLn] rft} f/Ldf ysfO df¥of}F .

3l/ kfgL kYof]{, 3l/ lah'nL rlDsGYof] . sO' /f]n] klg xfdLnfO{ ;//{ 5f]P/ uO/xGYof] . af6fel/
h'sfn] 6f]s/] clt g} x}/fg u¥of] .

dl;gf s6] fs6] L h'sfn] 6fs] s] f 7fpdF f sGofpbF } l;:gf]sf ˆofªaf6 kft l6lk/xs] f bV] bf g/fdf| ]
nfUYof] . tL vfnL v'§fdf plePsf lyP .

xfdL kf6Ls'jf k'u]5f}F . af6f] lgs} lrKnf] / ;f3F /' f] ePsfn] xfdLnfO{ kfOn} ;fg{ d'l:sn eO/xs] f]
lyof] . yfs]/ v'a} uns] f lyof}F .

zAbf {y ¹/L M jiff{ lahn' L M afbn nfu]sf] j]nfdf cfsfzdf
hs' f M kf| 0fLsf] 5fnfdf d'v hf]t]/ l;:gf] l¹lnSs rDsg] k|sfz
ˆofª
/ut r':g] lz/ k'R5/n] 6s] L M laˆg] / kfN] g] ;]tf, ltvf / g/d
lxF8g\ ] sL/f] sfF8f xg' ] 3f;F hftsf] af]6
s'Og6] f M 3D' tL
k'N6ª' afhL vfg' M n8\g', klN6g' M ¹f8L, w]/} la?jf ePsf] 7fpF

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff % 163

kftnf a:tLdf zk] f{ hflt a:bf /x]5g\ . 3f;F sf6\g,] bfp/f vfH] gx] ¿;Fu klg lgs} e6] eof] .
kfgL bs{/] , xfjf nfu/] hf8f] klg va' } eof] .

lgs} dfly ku' k] l5 xfdLnfO{ sO' /fn] 5f]Kof] . £jfKk–£jfKk s'O/f] cfpYF of] . kfl/kl§sf k'mdfr],
kfªl;k,'{ km' lNkªs6L ufpFx¿ xftn} ] 5f]Og] u/L bl] vGy] . tL klg ;t] fDd] s'O/f]n] ubf{ 3l/
glhs, 3l/ 6f9f xg' kU' y] .

xfdL ;fx|} ef]sfPsf lyofF} . lbpF;f] eO;s]sf] lyof] .

Pp6f 3/sf] lkF9Ldf k'u]/ ysfO dfg{ yfNofF} . 7n" f] cfFug ePsf] Tof] 3/df tLgrf/ j6f ˆofKn]
ef6] ] s's/' lyP . s's/' e'Sbf ufpF g} yls{GYof] .

o;f] 3/leq lrxfPsf] t a"9L cfd} /lxl5g\ . pgnfO{ ‘efs] fPsf 5f,}F So} vfg kfP x'GYof]’ egF]
dn} ] . s]xL l5gdf cfn' pl;g]/ DxG] bf] cfdfn] NofOlbOg\ . xfdL g'g;uF n]sfnL cfn' vfg yfNof}F .
Hofb} dL7f] nfu]/ dn} ] t b'O{ bfgf cfn' vNtLd} xfn,F] e/] af6f]sf nflu .

xfdL xfF:b,} /dfpFb} af6f] s6fpg nfUofF} . slt 7f8f] psfnL < pkm\ ¤ lgs} ufxf| ] eof] dnfO{ .

af6fd] f l6Dd/' sf ˆofª y'k|} lyP . z]kf{ efiffdf l6Dd'/nfO{ ofdf{l;ª elgG5 . oxfF of] a9L kmNg]
xg' fn] o; ufpsF f] gfpF g} ofdf{l;ª ePsf] /x5] .

xfdL nDs]sf–nDss] } lyofF} .

af6f]sf bfof–F afofF dfg] lgs} el] 6P . 3/sf cfuF gdf nª' b\ / kmkm{/fPsf] ;fx}| /fd|f] bl] vGYof] .

af6fd] f yD' a] z]kf{ e]l6P . pgL ufpsF f hfgsf/ JolQm /x]5g\ . pgs} ;fy nfu/] xfdL
b'ªg\ fu9Llt/ nfUof}F .

kj" –{ pQ/ eP/ lgs} af6f] lx8F k] l5 ;f¹F kv u9L k'Uof}F . of] Pp6f lsNnf /x]5 . hª\uaxfb'/
/f0ffsf] kfnfdf ltAat;uF n8g\ sf] nflu of] u9L agfOPsf] /x]5 .

jl/kl/ ljleGg yl/sf s8f 9ª' u\ fn] 3]/f xfnL df¹}df ulx/f] vfN8f] agfOPsf] /x]5 . oxfF
af?b, tfk] nufotsf ljleGg xltof/ rnfpg] u/]sf] k|df0f bl] vGYof] .

bª' \gfu9L eg]/ klg otfsf dflg;x¿n] of] 7fpnF fO{ eGbf /x]5g\ .

zAbf {y bs/]{ M rsf{] ¹/L k//] ˆofKn] M nfdfnfdf /f}F ePsf]
sO' /f ] M ;t] f] afbn u9L M ;]gf jf xltof/ /flvPsf] ;fgf]
lkF9L M 3/sf] k6] L, bnfg
7fpF

164 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff %

hªu\ axfb/' sf kfnfdf ltAat / gk] fnsf] lgs} 7n" f] o'4 ePsf] /x]5 . Tof] j]nf ltAat 5'§} bz]
lyof] . of] 7fpaF f6 gk] fnL ee" fusf] ;'/Iffsf lglDt lgs} 7n" f] tfk] rnfOPsf] /x5] .

5j] d} f Pp6f lznfnv] ;dt] /flvPsf] lyof] . To;df ljjm| d ;j+ t\ !(!@ df o; lsNnfsf]
;+/If0f ul/Psf] / cGo w/] } dxŒjk"0f,{ Pl] txfl;s tYo pNnv] ul/Psf] /x]5 .

;fdl/s dxŒjsf] of] 7fpF kf| s[lts / efu} f]lns lx;fan] klg Pl] txfl;s /x]5 . lgs} cUnf]
7fpFdf ePsf] xg' fn] klg o; j/k/af6 y'k|} dgf]/d 7fpxF ¿ b]Vg ;lsG5 .

xl/of / cUnf kxf8df ;]tf s'O/fn] 5fK] g] / b]vfpg] ul//xs] f] lyof] . d tL ;G' b/ b[Zoaf6 lgs}
g} k|efljt eO/x]sf] lyPF . ljleGg xltof/ /flvg] e"ldut sIf x]b{}, tf]k /flvg] ;?' ª xb] {} xfdL
u9L5j] }sf] ufpFdf /flt jf; a:of}F .

ef6] s] f];Lsf] tL/d} f gk] fnL ;x/ ltlKnª lyof] ¹ndNn . Tof]eGbf c¹ k/sf 8fF8fdf ltAatL
;x/ vf;f ¹g} ¹ls¹sfp lyof] .

Pslbg] kbofqfsf] ¿kdf xfdL klg 3'Dg hfcfF} g b'ªg\ fu9L ¤

zAbf {y af?b M la:kmf6] s kbfy{ e"ldut M n'lsl5kL
lznfnv] M 9'ª\ufdf n]lvPsf] n]v vf;f M g]kfn / ltAatsf] l;dfgfdf
P]ltxfl;s M Oltxf;;uF ;DalGwt
;fdl/s M n8fO;F uF ;DaGwL /xs] f] ;'Gb/ ;x/
kbofqf M k}bn ofqf

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 165

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

bª' g\ fu9L, l;Gwk' fNrf]s, ulhO{ ulhO{ {, k'N6'ªafhL, kfl/kl§, ltAat, hª\uaxfb/'

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M

vfrF] , e]n, s'Og6] f, ¹fª, af?b, ;fdl/s, el" dut

#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M

l5rfn] ]/, bs{g', kN' 6ª' afhL vfg', ˆofKn,] vf;f, kbofqf, lznfnv]

$= s_ tnsf jfSonfO{ z4' kf//] ;f/ M

af6f] gLs} cÇ7o\ f/f] /x5] . lgs} uf/f];u vx/] vfn] f tl/ xfld dfly 8f8fsf]
a:tLdf kU' ofF}

v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ__ nufpm M

!= c_ cl3NtL/ cf_ clulNt/ O_ c3LlNt/ O_{ cl3lNt/

@= c_ h+uaxfb/' cf_ hª\uaxfb/' O_ hªu\ jxfb/' O{_ hª\ujxfb/'

#= c_ ;fdl/s cf_ zfdl/s O_ ;fd/Ls O{_ ;dl/s

$= c_ l;nfn]v cf_ lznfnv] O_ zLnfnv] O_{ ;Lnfn]v

%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M

lz/ ljkGg

psfnf] vn' f

:ju{ la:dft

;DkGg bn' {e

xif{ gs{

;n' e cf]/fnf]

aGb kfp

166 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

bug' {' jiff{

rk] kfN] g] la?jf

¹/L ks| fz

h'sf vfrF]

lahn' L bf}8g'

l;:gf ] k|f0fLsf] /ut r':g] sL/f

&= tn lbOPsf] kf7sf] cg'R5]b k9 / lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M

o;f] 3/leq lrxfPsf] t a9" L cfd} /lxl5g\ . pgnfO{ ‘efs] fPsf 5f},F So} vfg kfP xG' Yof’]
eg]F d}n] . sx] Ll5gdf cfn' pl;g]/ Dx]Gbf] cfdfn] NofOlbOg\ . xfdL gg' ;Fu n]sfnL cfn'
vfg yfNofF} . Hofb} dL7f] nfu/] d}n] t bO' { bfgf cfn' vNtLd} xfnF], e/] af6f]sf nflu .

s= dflysf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/ j6f ljz]if0f zAb l6k M
== ===============, =================, =================, =================, =================

v= dflysf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/ j6f rGbl| jGb' - F _ nfu]sf zAb l6k M
== ===============, =================, =================, =================, =================

u= dflysf] cg'R5]bsf] rf}yf] jfSo s'g sfnsf] xf] < klxrfg u/L nv] .

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf jfSox¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ bª' g\ fu9L ofqf ;:+ d/0fsf n]vs sf] x'g\ <
===========================================================================================
v_ n]vs;Fu /x]sf b'O{ hgf tGg]/L sf]sf] xg' \ <
===========================================================================================

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 167

u_ n]vsx¿n] b'dLyfª ku' ]kl5 s] vfP <
===========================================================================================

3_ nv] snfO{ s] s/' f bV] bf g/fdf| ] nfUof] <
===========================================================================================

ª_ bª' g\ fu9Lsf] lsNnf lsg agfOPsf] /x]5 <
===========================================================================================

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] xg' \ < lrg/] nv] M

s_ nv] sx¿nfO{ s'O/fn] ] 5fK] of] .

v_ nv] sx¿n] Kofs u/s] f] vfgs] '/f vfP .

u_ ofqfdf h'sfn] 6fs] ]/ x}/fg agfof] .

3_ kftnf a:tLdf du/ u'?ª hflt a:bf /x5] g\ .

ª_ ltAat 5'§} b]z lyPg .

#= ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ n]vsx¿nfO{ ================= 6f]s/] x}/fg agfof] .
v_ n]vsx¿nfO{ ================= hf8f] eof] . -h'df| n,] hs' fn]_

-lxpF k/]/, kfgL k//] _
u_ z]kf{ efiffdf l6Dd/' nfO{ ================= elgG5 . -of;fu{ 'Daf, ofdfl{ ;ª_
3_ lj=;=+ ============ df bª' g\ fu9L lsNnfsf] ;+/If0f ul/Psf] /x]5 . -!(!@, !(!#_
ª_ ef6] ]sf;] Lsf] tL/df gk] fnL ;x/ ================= lyof] . -ˆoflKnª, ltlKnª_

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M

s_ s'g gbL ulh{Ou{ lhO{ { alu/xs] f] lyof] <

v_ ds}af/Lsf aLrdf Pp6f s] el] 6of] <

u_ kftfn a:tLdf s'g hflt a:bf /x5] g\ <

3_ nv] sx¿ xf:F b} /dfpbF } s] s6fpg yfn] <

ª_ 3/sf] cfuF gdf s] kmkm{/fPsf] b]lvGYof] <

168 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

%= ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ bp] m M
s_ nv] sx¿n] ofqf ;'? u/]kl5 kf6Lsj' f k'Ubf;Dd s]s:tf s/' f bv] ] <
v_ kf6Ls'jfaf6 cufl8 a9k] l5 n]vsx¿n] s:tf] cg'ej u/] <
^= bª' g\ fu9L ;+:d/0f kl9;sk] l5 ltdf| ] dgdf nfu]sf s'/fx¿ cfÇg} zAbdf aofg u/ .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

d'lQmgfy tLy:{ yn lxGb' tyf af4} dfuL{x¿sf] nflu Ps dxŒjk"0f{ tLy:{ yn xf] . of] tLy{:yn
lxdfnL lhNnf d:' tfªsf] sfvdf /xs] f] 5 . of] tLy{:yn #* ;o ld6/ prfOdf /xs] f] x'gfn]
o;nfO{ afbndflysf] dlGb/ klg elgG5 . of] tLy:{ yn zflnu|fd eujfg\sf] gfdn] k|l;4 /xs] f]
5 . zflnu|fd kljq lznf xf] . kf}/fl0fs dfGotfx¿df zflnuf| d lznfdf lji0f'sf] lgjf;
x'G5 . of] dV' o ¿kdf sfnLu08sL gbLdf kfOG5 . sfnLu08sL gbLsf] pb\ud:yn klg oxL
7fpF xf] . oxfF /x]sf !)* wf/f / tftf]kfgLdf :gfg ugfn{ ] dl' Qm k|fKt x'g] dfq xfO] g† ljleGg
5fnfsf] /f]u, afy / ul] :6s« klg lgsf] x'G5 . d'lQmgfysf] ofqf hl6n /xs] f] 5 t}klg xhf/fF}
wdf{jnDaLx¿ oxfF tLy{ ug{ cfp5F g\ . kf]v/faf6 ag] L xbF' } o; 7fpFsf] ofqf ug{ ;lsG5 .
s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
af}4dfuL{, dxŒjk0" f,{ tLy{:yn, zflnuf| d, d'lQmgfy, ul] :6s« , wdfj{ nDaL
v= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
s= zflnuf| d tLy:{ yn DofUbL lhNnfdf cjl:yt 5 .
v= dl' QmgfynfO{ afbndflysf] dlGb/ elgG5 .
u= sfnLu08sL gbLdf zflnu|fd kfOG5g\ .
3= tftfk] fgLdf gx' fpFbf ;a} /f]u lgsf] x'G5 .
ª= dl' Qmgfysf] ofqf ;lhnf] 5 .
u= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
!= dl' Qmgfy sg' sg' wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] nflu kl| ;4 tLy{:yn xf] <
===========================================================================================

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff % 169

@= d'lQmgfynfO{ lsg afbndflysf] dlGb/ elgPsf] xf] <
===========================================================================================

#= zflnuf| d sxfF kfOG5 <
===========================================================================================

$= !)* wf/f / tftf] kfgLdf :gfg ugf{n] s] kmfObf xG' 5 <
===========================================================================================

%= d'lQmgfy hfg] d'Vo dfu{ s'g xf] <
===========================================================================================

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 @!$ df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= lh/Lsf] ljsf; s:tf] 5 <
v= lh/Lsf] ljsf;df l:j; ;/sf/n] s] u/]sf] 5 <
u= lh/Lsf] ;f}Gbo{ s;/L a9]sf] 5 <
3= lh/Ldf r}tjz} fv / k';df3sf] s:tf] bZ[ o bl] vG5 <

ª= lh/L 3D' g] pko'Qm ;do s'g xf] <

@= sfi] 7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls pQ/ e/ M
s_ ======================== ;/sf/n] lh/Lsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

-Go'lhNofG8, l:j6\h/NofG8,_

v_ w/] } 8f8F fsfF8fdf ======================== ul/Psf] 5 . -lrofvt] L, skmLv]tL_

u_ lh/Lsf] ======================== lrof ljZjk|l;4 5 . -dg' f, cyf]{8S;_

3_ lrh sf/vfgfdf pTkflbt lrhn] /fd|f] ================= kfPsf] 5 . -k;} f, ahf/_

ª_ lh/Ldf ======================== hfltsf] a;fj] f; /xs] f] 5 . -z]kf{, lh/]n_

170 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff %

Jofs/0f ;Lk

eljiot\ sfn / To;sf kIf

;fdfGo eljiot\ sfn M ;fdfGo eljiotn\ ] kl5sf] ;dodf sfd xg' ] 5 eGg] a¹' fp“5 . ;fdfGo
eljiot\ sfnsf ljm| ofdf g] 5,' g]5f“}, g] 5;,\ g] 5;] \, g] 5f}, gx' 'g] 5, g] 5, g] 5], g] 5g\ cflb
hf]l8G5g\ .

bv] \± g] 5' ˜ bV] g] 5' k9\± g] 5f}“ ˜ k9\g] 5f “} x]/\ ± g] 5;\ ˜ x]g{] 5;\

xf;F \ ± g] 5f} ˜ xfF:g] 5f} cfp ± g'x'g] 5 ˜ cfpgx' g' ] 5 bv] fp ± g5] ˜ bv] fpg] 5

/f]s\ ± g]5 ˜ /f]Sg] 5 ;t' \ ± g]5g\ ˜ ;T' g] 5g\ ns' fp±g] l5g\˜ns' fp g] l5g\

ck0" f{ eljiot\ sfn M ck"0f{ eljiot\n] kl5sf] ;dodf sfd ;?' x'g] t/ k"/f gx'g] a'¹fp“5 .
ck0" f{ eljiot\sf lj|mofdf t}÷b} kl5 x'g] 5,' xg' ] 5f,“} xg' ] 5;\ cflb cfp“5g\ .

n]v\± b} xg' ] 5' ˜ nV] b} x'g] 5' klv{ ± b} x'g] 5f}“ ˜ klvF{b} x'g] 5f“}

af]nfp± b} xg' ] 5;\ ˜ af]nfpbF } x'g] 5;\ xf;F \ ± t} xg' ] 5f} ˜ xfF:t} x'g] 5f}

;dfp ± b} x'g] 5 ˜ ;dfp“b} xg' ] 5 hft] \ ± b} x'g] 5g\ ˜ hfT] b} xg' ] 5g\

k"0f{ eljiot\ sfn M k"0f{ eljiotn\ ] kl5sf] ;dodf sfd ;'? eP/ k/" f klg ePsf] a¹' fpg]
ljm| ofsf] cj:yfnfO{ a'¹fp“5 . ljm| ofdf Psf÷Psf÷] PsL hf]l8P/ To;sf] kl5 eljiot\ sfn
a'¹fpg] xg' ] 5', xg' ] 5f}“ cflb cfPdf k"0f{ eljiot\ sfn xG' 5 .

n]v\± Psf] x'g] 5;\ ˜ n]v]sf] xg' ] 5;\ ;'g\ ± Psf x'g] 5f}“ ˜ ;g' s] f x'g] 5f “}

hf ± ge' Psf] x'g] 5 ˜ hfg'ePsf] xg' ] 5 k9±\ Psf] x'g] 5' ˜ k9s] f] x'g] 5'

vf]s\ ± PsL x'g] l5g\ ˜ vfs] ]sL x'g] l5g\ sf6\ ± Psf xg' ] 5g\ ˜ sf6]sf xg' ] 5g\

!= wft' / ;ª\st] sf] ;xfotfn] vfnL 7fpF e/ M -hf, ;fdfGo eljiot_\
s= d efl] n lh/L 3D' g ======================= . -k9,\ k"0f{ eljiot_\
v= xfdL csf{] jif{ ^ sIffdf ======================= . -e]6,\ k0" f{ eljiot_\
u= tF}n] xfdLnfO{ ======================= .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff % 171

3= ljBfyL{x¿ ======================= . -/dfp, ck0" f{ eljiot_\
ª= kl;{ cfdfn] dnfO{ ======================= . -3d' fp, ;fdfGo eljiot_\
r= b;Fd} f afaf ljb]zaf6 ======================= .
5= s]6fs]6Lx¿ /f]6] lkª ======================= . -cfp, k0" f{ eljiot_\
h= d eljiodf 7"nf] dfG5] ======================= . -vn] \, ck0" f{ eljiot\_
-ag\, ;fdfGo eljiot\_

@= eljiot\ sfnsf ;a} kIfsf] k|of]u u/L ^ jfSodf cfk"mn] eljiodf ug]{ sfdsf] j0f{g
u/ .

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= cfk"mn] 3d' ]sf] sg' } 7fpsF f] ofqf ;:+ d/0f nv] /] lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/sf] cfwf/df Pp6f ;+:d/0f n]v M
s_ ltdL s'g 7fpF 3'Dg uPsf 5f} <
v_ ToxfF sf];Fu slxn] uof}<
u_ ToxfF slt lbg a:of}<
3_ sf]sf];uF e]63f6 u¥of}, s]s] bV] of} / s]s] l;Sof<}
ª_ Tof] 7fpFsf] d'Vo ljzi] ftf s] /x5] <

s'g tfn sxf“ s'g tfn sxf“
/f/f tfn M d'u'
;]– kmfS] ;'G8f] tfn M 8f]Nkf km]jf tfn M sf:sL
uf];fOsF 0' 8 M /;'jf
an' a'n tfn M ;v' t{] ;TojtL tfn M kfNkf
a]ugf; tfn M sf:sL
bw" s0' 8 M ;fn] 'v'Da'

gGbefph" tfn M lrtjg

R5f] /f]Nkf tfn M bfn] vf

172 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

kf7 !$ d]/f] b]z

sljtf

bLk]Gb| clwsf/L

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;an} ] k9 M

dnfO{ d/] f] b]z kf| 0feGbf g]kfn xfdL ;a}sf]
Kof/f] nfU5 . ;f¹f km" naf/L xf] .

xfdL b]zsf /Ifs xf}F . d/] f] b]znfO{ ;"on{ ]
pHofnf] agfpF5 .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 173

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ltdL cfÇgf] bz] nfO{ dfof u5f{} <
d s] ltdL ljZj 3D' g rfxG5f} <
d s] ltdLn] laxfg ;o" fb]{ o ePsf] bv] ]sf 5f} <
d s;nfO{ jL/of]4f elgG5 <
d xfdf| ] b]zsf] /Iff s;n] u5{ <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

d :ofaf; ¤ ltdLn] bz] sf] lxt x'g] sfd u/]5f} .
d d d]/f] b]zdf ljZj vf]Hg rfxG5' .
d b]znfO{ dfof ug{] dflg;sf] slxNo} g/fd|f] xbF' }g .
d cfÇgf] hGdel" d :jue{ Gbf klg dxfg\ x'G5 .
d b]zsf] df6f] g} d]/f] kf| 0f xf] .
d ;"os{ f] k|sfzn] d/] f] bz] rDsG5 .
d xfdL of] bz] sf] /Iff ug]{ l;kfxL xfF} .

174 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

;uF s} f] t:jL/ bLk]Gb| clwsf/Lsf] xf] . logL 5Gbdf /fd|f sljtf n]V5g\ . k|s[lt,
;:+ sl[ t tyf jtd{ fgsf ljljw kIfx¿sf] lrq0f ul/Psf logsf sljtfx¿ w/] }
;G' b/ x'G5g\ . logsf] j|mflGt / sljtf zLif{ssf] sljtf;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5 .
kf7df /flvPsf] ‘d / d]/f] bz] ’ zLifs{ sf] sljtfdf sljn] b]zkl| tsf] cfÇgf]
st{Jo ;lD¹Psf 5g\ . b]zn] xfdLnfO{ w/] } s/' f lbPsf] 5 . b]z eg]sf] JolQmsf]
klxrfg xf] . To;n} ] bz] nfO{ dfof ug{' gful/sx¿sf] st{Jo xf] . sljtfdf klg slj bz]
ljsf;df cfkm" nfO{ ;dlk{t u/fpg rfxG5g\ . kv' fx{ ¿n] Tofu / alnbfgåf/f b]zsf] /Iff u/] .
o;nfO{ hfu] fpg' xfd|f] stJ{ o xf] eGg] s/' f sljtfdf JoQm ePsf] 5 . sljtf no xfn/] k9 .
sljtfsf] af/]df yk s/' f sIffdf lzIfsaf6 l;s .

xf;F Lxf;F L k0" f{df k0" f{ /fh] F" .zAbf {ysfJo M sljtf
d/] f] Kof/f] bz] d} ljZj vf]h"F .. oTg M k|oTg, k|of;
km'Nb} ¹'Nb} k'iksf afu e} d . sLlt{ M Voflt
aUb} hfpFm sfJosf efj¹}F d .. z}n M kjt{ , kxf8

hfpm ;f/f ljZj 8N' b} ltdL x] . ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff % 175
cfÇgf] cfÇg} x'G5 g]kfn ;D¹] ..
d]/f] ;fgf] oTg xf] ljZj 3D' g] .
3D' b} hfbF f sLlt{n] zn} rD' g] ..

k"0f{ M k/" f, ;Dk0" f{
ljZj M ;+;f/
k'ik M km" n
afu M auFr} f

zAbf {yh:n] 5ftLdf ;wF} bz] af]S5 . :j0f{ M ;g'
To:s} 5ftLdf ToxL bz] afN] 5 .. cfef M ls/0f, k|sfz, Hofl] t
df6f] xf] of] b]zsf] k|f0f d/] f] . of]4f M n8fs'
df6f]n] g} cl:dtf aG5 d]/f] .. ;kt" M c;n 5f]/f]
k;| t" M 5f/] f], ;Gtfg
¹'NsL nfnL ;"o{ vfN] 5g\ laxfgL . 8G8f M nf}/f,] 8G8L
xfF;f] leq} kmN' 5 of] lhGbufgL .. /Qm¹G8f M /ftf] ¹G8f
eb}{ dL7f] /ªu\ d':sfg d}n] .
hh] ] 5}gg\ tL ;a} /R5' d}n] ..

d]/f] ofqf x'G5 Tof] ;"o{h:t} .
rDss] f tL :j0f{ ;fG} bo{ To:t} ..
h:sf] cfefn] oxL b]z rDsf];\ .
h:sf] dfofn] oxL bz] nDsf];\ ..

xfdL g} xfF} jL/ of]4f ;kt" .
hf]ufO{ of] /fi6« afS] g] k|;t" ..
xfdL af]S5fF} bz] sf lglDt 8G8f .
xf:F t} 5f]K5fF} jL/n] /Qm¹G8f ..

h:n] M h;n]
To:s} M To;s}
cl:dtf M OHht
nfnL M laxfg pbfpbF fsf] 3fd
lhGbufgL M hLjgL, lhGbuL
d:' sfg M x;F fO
/R5' M /rgf jf l;h{gf u5'{

176 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff %

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

k0" f,{ sfJo, sLlt,{ /ª\u, /R5,' :j0f,{ /fi6«, 8G8f, ¹G8f

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M

ljZj, afu, oTg, cl:dtf, lhGbufgL, of4] f

#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M

k0" f{, sfJo, d:' sfg, cfef, /Qm¹G8f, ;k"t, 8G8f

$= tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ k0' f{ cf_ k0" f{ O_ kg" { O{_ kg" {

@= c_ lslt { cf_ sLlt{ O_ sLtL{ O_{ ls/l\ t

#= c_ z}n cf_ ;n} O_ ;On O_{ if}n

$= c_ /Qm¹08f cf_ /Qm¹G8f O_ /Qm¹g\bf O_{ /Qm¹G8f

%= tnsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAbsf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

otf cg]s

vl' Drg' lgbf{]if

Ps wd{
kZ| g ptf

bfi] f k/tGq
kfk km]bL

:jtGq ck|ToIf
r'nL pQ/

k|ToIf kml} ng'

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff % 177

^= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

k'ik /ftf]kg

sLlt{ l;hg{ f ug {'

z}n k"mn

nfnL ;'g

/Rg ' Voflt

:j0f{ kjt{

&= dflysf] sljtfdf ePsf /f]h–F" vf]h"F, 3'Dg]–r'Dg], laxfgL– lhGbufgL h:t} cGTodf no
ldn]sf kfFr hf]8L zAb -lzIfs jf cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] /] _ nv] .

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

s_ slj cfÇgf] bz] df s] vfH] g rfxG5g\ <
===========================================================================================

v_ sljn] sxfF 3D' g] oTg u/]sf 5g\ <
===========================================================================================

u_ s;sf] 5ftLdf bz] af]N5 <
===========================================================================================

3_ lhGbufgL sxfF km'N5<
===========================================================================================

ª_ sljn] xfdL g]kfnLnfO{ s:tf ;kt" sf ¿kdf lrgfPsf 5g\ <
===========================================================================================

r_ d]/f] b]z sljtfsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ <
===========================================================================================

178 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] xg' \, lrg]/ n]v M
s_ sljn] ljZjdf b]z vfh] ]sf 5g\ .
v_ sljn] xfdLnfO{ ljZje/ 8'Ng egs] f 5g\ .
u_ sljn] bz] sf] df6fn] ] bz] jf;Lsf] OHht a9\g] eg]sf 5g\ .
3_ sljsf] ofqf ;o" {h:t} rlDsnf] xG' 5 .
ª_ xfdL bz] jf;LnfO{ bM' v lbg 8G8f afS] 5fF} .
#= sljtfsf] kª\lQm k/" f u/ M
xf;F Lxf;F L k"0fd{ f ======================= /f]hF" .
======================= Kof/f] bz] d} ljZj vfh] F" ..
km'Nb} ¹N' b} k'iksf ======================= e} d .
aUb} hfpFm sfJosf efj¹F} ======================= ..
$ = tnsf] sljtfsf c+z k9/] ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ bp] m M
xfdL g} xfF} jL/ of]4f ;k"t .
hfu] fO{ of] /fi6« af]Sg] ;k"t ..
xfdL af]S5f}F b]zsf lglDt 8G8f .
xf:F t} 5f]K5fF} jL/n] /Qm¹G8f ..
s= xfdL jL/ gk] fnLx¿n] /fi6s« f nflu s] sfd ug{k' 5{ <
v= xfdLn] 8G8f / ¹G8f lsg afS] gk' 5{ <
%= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ slj s]sf] efjh:t} aUg rfxG5g\ <

v_ slj sLlt{ sdfP/ s] rD' g rfxG5g\ <
u_ b]zsf] k|f0f s] xf] <
3_ of] lhGbufgL sl] eq kmN' 5 <
ª_ s] s'/fn] b]z rDsG5 <

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff % 179

^= 5f]6f] pQ/ b]pm .

s= sljn] sljtfdf cfÇgf s:tf OR5fx¿ JoQm u/s] f 5g\ <

v= sljn] b]zeQmx¿nfO{ s] ;Nnfx lbPsf 5g\ <

&= d/] f] bz] sljtfdf sljn] bz] nfO{ s;/L dfof ug'k{ 5{ eg]sf 5g\ <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

bz] nfO{ dfof ug]{ dflg;nfO{ b]zeQm elgG5 .
cfk"m hGds] f] 7fpnF fO{ ;a}n] dfof ug'{k5{ . bz] n]
xfd|f] klxrfgnfO{ arfpF5 . cfÇgf] bz] nfO{
dfof gug{] dflg;nfO{ s;}n] klg ;Ddfg
ubg{} g\ . eujfg\ /fdn] ;g' ;} g' sf] nª\sf lht/]
klg To;nfO{ 5f8/] cfÇg} bz] df kmls{Psf lyP . cfÇgf efO nId0fn] ;g' sf] nª\sf g5f8] fF}
bfh' eg]sf lyP . t/ /fdn] hGd lbg] cfdf / hGdel" d :ju;{ dfg xg' ] s/' f atfPkl5 pgLx¿
cfÇgf] bz] df kmls{Psf lyP . slj afns[i0f ;dn] ul/a bz] sf dfG5] klg bz] eQm ePdf
slxNo} efs] n] dg{k' b}g{ egs] f 5g\ . xfdLn] cfÇgf] b]znfO{ g} ljZj b]Vg ;Sgk' 5{ . cfÇgf] bz]
/ bz] jf;Lsf] s'enf] lrtfpgx' 'Fbg} . xfdf| afpafh]n] of] bz] sf nflu 7"nf] of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ .
pgLx¿sf] /ut / kl;gfn] xfdf| ] b]z ag]sf] xf] eGg] s/' fnfO{ xfdLn] slxNo} la;g{ 'xbF' g} . cfÇgf]
bz] sf] l;dfgf /Iffsf nflu xfdL ;wF} tTk/ /xg'k5{ . cfÇgf] bz] sf] ljsf;sf nflu xfdL x/bd
nflu/xg'k5{ . cfÇgf] bz] df c¿n] cfP/ ljsf; ul/lbbF }g . xfdLn] cfÇg} xftn] cfÇgf] bz] nfO{
agfpgk' 5{ . xfdL klg ;Rrf b]zeQm sxnfOgk' 5{ .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M

bz] eQm, klxrfg, eujfg,\ nª\sf, hGde"ld, bz] jf;L, /Iff, ljsf;

@= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
s= bz] nfO{ dfof ug{] dflg;nfO{ b]zeQm elgG5 .
v= eujfg\ /fdn] nª\sf lht]sf lyP .
u= nId0fn] /fdnfO{ nª\sf 5f]8]/ hfcfF} eg]sf lyP .
3= xfdLn] cfÇgf] bz] sf] s'enf] lrtfpgk' 5{ .
ª= xfdL klg ;Rrf b]zeQm sxnfOg'k5{ .

180 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff %

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
!= xfd|f] klxrfg s;n] arfpF5 <
===========================================================================================
@= /fdn] nId0f;Fu s] s'/f atfPsf lyP <
===========================================================================================
#= slj afnsi[ 0f ;dn] s] egs] f 5g<\
===========================================================================================
$= xfdLn] cfÇgf] b]znfO{ s:tf] bV] g'k5<{
===========================================================================================
%= xfdL s] sfdsf nflu x/bd nflu/xgk' 5{ <
===========================================================================================

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 @!% df lbOPsf] uLt_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= k"mnsf] cfvF fn] xb] f{ ;;+ f/ s:tf] bl] vG5 <


v= xfdf| ] lrQ s:tf] x'g'k5{ <


u= /fdf| ] cfvF fdf s] v'N5 <



;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 181

3= ;V' vf kftdf s] ;'Ggk' 5{ <


ª= sfF8fsf] cfvF fn] x]bf{ ;;+ f/ s:tf] bl] vG5 <



@= sfi] 7saf6 vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls pQ/ e/ M

s_ j:t'cg';f/sf] ========================= ¹l' NsG5 . -5fof, dfof_

v_ xfdf| ] k}tfnfn] ========================= dgx'{ 'bF }g . -xL/f, sL/f_

u_ ========================= h'g b]v]F sfnf] /ftd} f . -6x6x, l¹lnldnL_

3_ ;ª\nf] kftdf ========================= vN' 5 . -;ªn\ f] ;;+ f/, wldnf] ;+;f/_

ª_ xfdf| ] ========================= z4' xg' 'k5{ . -lxQ, lrQ_

Jofs/0f ;Lk

;Defjgfy{ M -hf_
-e]6_\
!= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf wft'sf ;xfotfn] tnsf jfSonfO{ ;Defjgfyd{ f abn M -xf;F _\
s= d ef]ln dfdf3/ ========================= . -cfp_
v= xfdL ;fyLx¿nfO{ ========================= . -Nofp_
u= ltdLx¿ va' ========================= .
3= alxgL kfgL lnP/ ========================= .
ª= afafn] gofF lstfa ========================= .

@= tnsf jfSonfO{ ;Defjgfyd{ f kl/jtg{ u/ M

s= efl] n kfgL kg{] 5 .

v= xfdLx¿sf] ef]ln e]6 xg' ] 5 .

182 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

u= cfdf vfgf ksfpgx' 'G5 .
3= alxgL ux[ sfo{ u5{] .
ª= ko6{ sx¿n] lxdfn bv] ] .
r= pgLx¿ rGbf| lul/ hfG5g\ .
5= cfdf /fdfo0f k9\gx' 'G5 .
h= ;'g}gf ;'Gtnf vflG5g\ .
¹= ltdL lxdfn bV] g] 5f} .

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= d]/f] b]z zLifs{ df sljtf nv] /] lzIfsnfO{ ;'gfpm .
@= ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] s'g} s'g} sljtf jfrg u/]/ jf uLt ufP/ ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .

g]kfnsf ljleGg 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿ M @= sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg
!= gk] fn 6]lnlehg $= ;u/dfyf 6l] nlehg
#= PleGoh' 6]lnlehg ^= l6eL 68' ]
%= Pla;L 6l] nlehg *= Goh' 6j\ fG6L kmf]/
&= Od]h 6l] nlehg !)= P; 6l] nlehg
(= g]kfn jfg 6l] nlehg !@= lxdfno 6]lnlehg
!!= c/lgsf] 6l] nlehg

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff % 183

kf7 !% lzIffladf

syf

uLtf lqkf7L

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;a}n] k9 M

hfl] vdaf6 /fxt kfpg xfdLn] lgoldt :jf:Yo
ladf u/fcfF} . k/LIf0f u/fpgk' 5{ .

b3' {6gfaf6 aRg ;fjwfg ;a}n] k9\g kfpg'k5{ .
xg' k' 5{ .

184 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d hf]lvd egs] f] s] xf] < ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d ltdLnfO{ ladfsf] af/d] f s] yfxf 5<
d s] ltdLnfO{ b'3{6gf jf cfunfuLsf] af/]df hfgsf/L 5 <
d dflg;n] ladf lsg u5{g\ xf]nf <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

d ladfn] dflg;nfO{ /fxt lbG5 .
d hf]lvdaf6 d'Qm xg' ladf u/fpg' cfjZos xG' 5 .
d ladfsf] af/d] f xfdLn] hfGg] sfl] ;; ug{'k5{ .
d xfd|f] hLjg x/]s ;do hf]lvddf /x]sf] xG' 5 .
d cfunfuL, b3' {6gf cflbaf6 gi6 ePsf] s/' fsf] Ifltk"lt{ ladfaf6 kfpg ;lsG5 .

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 185

;Fus} f] t:jL/ uLtf lqkf7Lsf] xf] . logL slj, syfsf/ tyf uLtsf/ x'g\ .
;dfhsf ljleGg 36gfx¿sf] lrq0f ub}{ dfgjLo hLjgsf ljljw kIfx¿sf] rrf{
ug]{ syfsf/ lqkf7Lsf] kf7df /flvPsf] ‘lzIffladf’ syf ;fdflhs r]tgfdf
cfwfl/t 5 . of] syfsf] dfWodaf6 syfsf/n] ladfsf] dxŒjsf] af/d] f rrf{
u/]sL l5g\ . cfktl\ jkt\ tyf b'3{6gfx¿ dfG5s] f] hLjgdf cfO/xG5g\ . ljleGg
b'36{ gfx¿df wg;DklQx¿sf] gf]S;fgL xg' ;S5 . ;dodf g} ljrf/ u¥of] / ladf ul/of] eg]
kl/cfpg] ;d:ofx¿sf] Joj:yfkg xG' 5 / ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'G5 . kf7 /fd|/L k9 ltdLx¿nfO{
lzIfsn] yk s'/f l;sfpgx' 'g] 5 .

;'hgsf] lk7\od'F f lk7f}nLsf] Ps ef/L :ofpnf lyof,] clhtn] k5fl8af6 lk7f}nLsf xl/of
bfgfx¿ ;?' /{ ;S' ofo{ f] . efs] n] cl3af6} luHofO;s]sf] ;'hg ¹G8}n] n8\of] . clhtn] c¹
luHofpbF } eGof,] æcfO] ¤ :sn' hfg] jn] fdf 3fF;sf] ef/Ln] lyr]/ uF8o\ fn} f aGnf;\ ¤Æ p;sf
jl/kl/ lxFl8/x]sf c¿ s]6fs6] Lx¿ klg l7ª\ª pleP/ xf:F g yfn] .

clhtsf] o:tf] Jojxf/n] ;'hgsf] cf7–gf}
jifs{ f] lszf/] dg b'Vg;Dd bV' of] . s]6fx¿
:s'nsf] kf];fsdf ;lhP/ lx8F ]sf] ;'hgnfO{
v'a /fdf| ] nfu]sf] lyof] . ‘cfÇgf t ;a} n'uf
v/fgL ex} fn’] ;D¹/] p;sf cfvF f el/P . 89]/
sfag{ k]k/h:tf] ePsf lstfasf kfgfx¿
s;/L xfjfdf p8g\ yfn]sf lyP, p;nfO{ d6' d' f
cK7o\ f/f] eP/ cfof] . p;n] lgGofp/f] cg'xf/ lnP/ cfuF g 6S] of] . cfdf eGb} xg' 'x'GYof], æca
t hLjgdf slxNo} ;'v gcfpg] g} eof], o:tf] vfg]v]Ng] jn] fdf dn} ] eg] 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ ef]sefs] }
/fVg'kg{] ef] . k9fpg] nv] fpg] / ofU] o dflg; agfpg] s/' f t ¹g\ ===.Æ

zAbf {y lk7fn} L M kmn nfUg] Ps ks| f/sf] ¿v, u8F \of}nf M df6f]df a:g] / df6f] vfP/ afRF g]
:ofpnf ;tLao/ ls/f

M ufO{j:t'nfO{ v'jfpg] xfuF f;lxtsf]
3fF;, 8fn]3f;F

186 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff %

a'af ;x/lt/ ‘sx] L sfuhkq ldnfpg' 5’ eg/] lg:sge' Psf] kmls{ge' Psf] lyPg . lar/L
cfdf ¤ dlxgf lbgcl3 6s' L 9n]/ 89]sf] v/sf] 5fgfd] 'lg cfF;s' f] la:sg' nufP/ a;]sL l5g\ .
cf]t gkfPsf] avf{ dlxgf sDtL ;f:tLn] lat]g . 5f]/f5f]/Lsf eljiosf] s'g} of]hgf afFsL lyPg
clxn] . gofF ;kgf b]Vg] cf6F klg s;/L cfcf];\ / of] cfufs] f] x'/Ln] dg p8fPsf] jn] f .

;h' gnfO{ cfÇgf] :s'nsf] af6f] la/fgf] ePsf] lyof] . alxgLnfO{ o;kfln egf{ ug]{ ofh] gf lyof] .
cfkmF} 8f¥] ofpbF } :sn' nh} fpFnf eGg] p;sf] /x/ klg /x/} x'g] eof] . ;'hg cfuf]sf cufl8 kfgL
klg aGg ;sg] , sj] n ltvf{ kf] aGof] p;sf] hLjg .

;h' gnfO{ /ftL l9nf;] Dd lgbf| gk/s] f] cfdfn] yfxf kfpge' Psf] lyof] . t/ pm sltjn] f lgbfof] of]
rflxF pxfnF fO{ yfxf ePg . cfkm" klg lgbfPsf] xf] ls xfO] g olsg lyPg . of] ;fgf] ufO{uf7] sf]
jf;df ;f; kmg] '{ klg t sl7g sfd lyof] . laxfgLkv ;h' g lrRofof,] æd uF8\of}nf xfO] g, d
klg :sn' hfG5' .Æ p;sf xTs]nf s;}nfO{ s'6Fn' fh:t} u/L d'6\7Ldf afl6Psf lyP . cfdfn]
p;nfO{ ¹S¹sfP/ p7fpge' of] . pm lapFl¹P/ cfdfsf] 5ftLdf 6flF ;P/ ?g yfNof] . cfdfn]
la:tf/} p;sf] skfn d;' fg{e' of] / eGge' of], æafa' ¤ lrGtf gu/, d ltdLx¿sf nflu s]xL
pkfo lgsfN5' .Æ ;h' gn] ?Gr] :j/df eGof], æcfdf ¤ ca alxgL / d slxn] klg :s'n hfg
kfpbF g} fF} xlu ¤Æ

cfdfnfO{ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] of] kL8f c;Åo eO;ss] f] lyof] . pxfFn] /fte/ dgdf cg]syl/sf
ofh] gf agfpg'eof] . 3/;Fu} 89]/ ;lsPsf]
ls/fgf k;n k'gM ;~rfng ug]{ ;fr] fO klg
cfof], t/ s;/L < klxn] k;n yfKbf lnPsf]
C0f klg t r'Qmf ePsf] lyPg . 6fn] fP/}
/ft latk] l5 s]xL pkfo el] 6G5 ls < ;fr] ]/
laxfg pxfF 3/dl' gsf] t];f]{ af6f] x'bF } df]8af6
cl3 a9\g'eof] . ;'hgn] cfFvLˆofnaf6 n's/]
cfdf uPsf] x]l//Åof] .

kNnf3] /sf wgaxfb'/ sfsfsf] bnfgdf
laxfg}b]lv /]l8of] 3lGs/x]sf] lyof] .

zAbf {y ;f:tL M x/} fg bnfg M 3/sf] d"n 9fs] f cufl8sf] v'nf

c;Åo M ;xg gSg] efu

cfFvLˆofn M ;;fgf Kjfn xg' ] k/Dk/fut ˆofn

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff % 187

zAbf {y;ft ahs] f] ;dfrf/ cfpg'cl3 Pp6f lj1fkg ;wF} aHYof] M

‘ladf u/fF} hfl] vdaf6 dl' Qm kfOG5,
;d:ofdf cl3 a9\g h'lQm rflxG5 .
hLjg ladf, pBfu] , s[lif lzIffdf 5 ladf

u/L vfg rfxgn] fO{ ss] f] 5 / ;Ldf===<’

cl3kl5 Tolt jf:tf gu/s] f] Tof] uLtlt/ cfh cfdfsf] Wofg tflgof] . /fli6o« ladf ;ldltn]
tof/ kf/]sf] of] lj1fkgn] PSsfl; sx] L ePh:tf] kf] eof] . lah'nL rDs]h:tf] dfq} eP klg
clnslt pHofnf] cfzf lnP/ pxfF wgaxfb/' sfsfsf] cfFuglt/ plSnge' of] . wgaxfb'/ s]xL
k9]nv] s] f / a¹' ]sf dflg; lyP . pgn] ;f]w], æ/df efph" ¤ s] sfdn] cfpg'eof] < clg 3/
Jofkf/sf af/d] f sx] L ljrf/ ug'e{ of] ls < cF, bfO lg < ;x/af6 kmlsg{ e' of] t <Æ

æv} afa' ¤ d t s]xL ;Nnfx / ;xofu] klg kfp5F ' ls eg]/ otf cfPsL . 5f]/f5f/] LnfO{ k9g\
k7fpg g;ss] f] lrGtfn] vfg;' Dd vfO;Sof] . ePsf] ;a} 8l9xfNof] . pxfF klg oqf lbg eof,]
c¹} kms{ge' Psf] 5g} .Æ

ækmsg{ x' f]nf ca PsbO' { lbgdf .Æ

æclg afa,' cl3 /l] 8ofn] ] s]===s] /], Tof] uLt eGb} lyof] lg===. c,F ladf===ul/vfg rfxg]=== xf]
o:t} s] s] . of] ladf eg]sf] s] xf] lg afa' <Æ

æP ¤ efph", ;fFRrL tkfO{+sf] 3/ / k;nsf] klg ladf u/]sf lyofF} lg xfdL bfhe' fO ldn]/
;x/ uf’sf] j]nfdf . of] t kl/cfpg] b'3{6gf / hfl] vdaf6 aRg ul/g] /fd|f] sfd kf] xf] t
efph" ¤ bfOn] tkfOn+{ fO{ eGg Eofpg'ePg5 Sof/] . bfO klg slxn] t x:' ;' g} eOlbgx' G5 . o:tf]
dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f t 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ a¹' fO/fVgk' 5{ lg ¤Æ

oltGhn] ;Dd ‘cfdf s]xL gegL sxfF hfge' Psf] xf]nf’ eg]/ ;'hg pxfnF fO{ k5\ofpFb} cfO;ss] f]
lyof] . pm cfdf / wgaxfb/' sfsfsf s/' f ;'lg/xs] f] lyof] . sfsfn] eGge' of,] æ;x/ hfg] j]nf
;a} sfuhkq pxfnF ] oxLaF f6 lnP/ hfge' Psf] xf] . wGg ¤ pj]nf ds} xfF 5'6]sf] x'bF f kf] Tof] ladf
u/s] f] sfuh 3/;uF } 89g\ kfPg5 t ¤Æ

ladf M hLjg jf Joj;fodf cfOkg{] xflg hf]lvd M xflggfS] ;fgL x'g ;Sg] 8/ ePsf]
jf gfS] ;fgL sd ug{ Ifltk"lt;{ lxt x:' ;' M d"v{, l;NnL, xf;] gePsf]
ul/Psf] ;D¹ft} f

188 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

;h' gnfO{ aNn yfxf ef] . p;sf aa' fn] 3/ 89]sf] sx] L lbgkl5 xftn] v/fgL kG5fpFb} ss] ]
vfh] h] :tf] uge{' Psf] lyof] . sx] L gkfPkl5 Ps d'67\ L v/fgL p7fP/ PSn} afl] n/xg'ePsf] lyof] .
;h' gn] olt dfq ;'g]sf] lyof], æTof] sfuh dfq hfu] fpg ;s]sf] eP===.Æ jf:tjdf Tof] ladfsf]
sfuh wgaxfb'/ sfsfsf] 3/df kmn] f k/k] l5 a'af slt v;' L x'g'eof] xfn] f eGg] sNkgfn]
;h' gnfO{ cfgGb nUof] .

æs] xG' 5 t ca Tof] ladfn] afa' <Æ cfdfn] ;f]Wge' of] .

æ9'Ss x'gf];\ efph", hf]lvdsf] bfaL u/]kl5 5fglag u/L ladf sDkgLn] Ifltkl" t{ /sd lbG5
lg ca . oxL sfdsf nflu bfO ;x/df cNdlnge' Psf] xfn] f . hfg] j]nf d;Fu ‘Iflt ljj/0fsf]
olt kd| f0f eP kU' bg} t efO’ eg]/ sfuhkq ldnfpg cfpg'ePsf] lyof] .Æ

;h' gn] aLrd} f ;fl] wxfNof,] æsfsf ca xfd|f] 3/ / k;n lkmtf{ cfp5F xf] .Æ

æxf] afa' ¤ ltdLn] 7Ls aˆ' of} . ca of] gi6 ePsf] 3/ / k;nsf] ;fdfgsf] Ifltkl" t{ /sd ladfn]
a]xf5] { . clg 3/ / k;n kml] / agfpg ;lsPg t ¤Æ

æclg t d klg :sn' hfg kfpF5' xlu cfdf ¤Æ ;'hgsf] cgx' f/df pHofnfs] f] rds b]v]/ sfsf
bªu\ kg'e{ of] . wgaxfb/' sfsfn] km]l/ yKge' of], æ/df efph" ¤ ca 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fOsf nflu
xfO:s'n;Dd t ;/sf/n] klg s]xL ;l' jwf lbPs} 5 . afFsL bM' v;v' u//] k9fpg ;lsG5 g} .
a? pRrlzIffsf nflu eg/] sx] L hfu] f8 ug'{ a;] xfn] f . To;}n] ‘lzIffladf’ eGg] klg x'G5 .
5f]/fsf] nflu bzjif]{ / 5f/] L cln ;fgL ePsLn] kGw|jif]{ lzIffladf u/L ltgnfO{ k9fpg] efl] nsf]
vrs{ f] aGbf]a:t cfh} ul//fVg' /fdf| ] .Æ

wgaxfb'/ sfsfsf s/' f ;g' ]/ cfdfsf dgdf cf6F / hf;] b'j} knfof] . pxfFn] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf]
lzIffladfsf] lhDd]jf/L rflxF cfkm}nF ] lng] ljrf/ ug'{eof,] æwgaxfb'/ afa' ¤ o;kfln uf]7af/Ldf
uf]ne8F] f /fK] 5' . clnslt C0f ;xofu] sf] cfzf u/s] L 5' .Æ

wgaxfb/' sfsf ;'hgsf] cgx' f/df x/] ]/ d';'Ss xfF:g'eof] .

zAbf {y Ifltkl" t { M Iflt ePsf] j:ts' f] ;§fdf lbOg] hfu] f8 M art, hfu] fpg] sfd
/sd

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff % 189

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;kmf cIf/df tLgtLg k6s nv] M

luHofpFb}, cK7\of/f,] 8f¥] ofpFb,} u8F o\ f}nf, ¹S¹sfP/, c;Åo, cfvF Lˆofn,Ifltkl" t{

@= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M

:ofpnf, ;f:tL, cfvF Lˆofn, hf]lvd, Ifltkl" t{

#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M

ladf, luHofpg', ¹S¹sfpg', c;Åo, Ifltkl" t{

$= s_ z4' kf/]/ nv] M

cfdfn] eGg'eof] wgaxfb'/ afa' o;kfln uf]7af/Ldf ufn] e8] f /fK] 5' . clnstL l/0f
zxofu] sf] cf;f u/]sL 5'

v_ z'4 zAb lrg]/ uf]nf] 3/] f nufpm M

!= c= ljdf cf= aLdf O= ladf
O= 5l] tkl" t{
@= c=Ifltk"lt{ cf= Ifltk'lt{ O= ;r+ fng
O= lj1fkg
#= c= ;~rfng cf= ;Grfng

$= c= ljUofkg cf= la1fkg

%= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M

/fd|f], cfF;,' ;kgf, la/fgf], cfuf,] cfzf, ;xof]u, v';L

^= dflysf] kf7af6 ‘P’ / ‘o’ k|of]u ePsf kfrF kfrF j6f zAbx¿ l6k .

&= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

u8F o\ fn} f dv" {

lk7fn} L df6f]df a:g] sL/f

c;Åo 3/sf] d"n 9f]sf cufl8sf] vn' f efu

bnfg ;xg g;Sg]

x':; ' ;tLao/

190 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff %

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] .
s_ ;h' gsf] lk7o\ d'F f s] lyof]<
v_ ;h' gsf a'af sxfF hfge' Psf] lyof] <
u_ ;'hgn] sxfF ns' /] cfdf uPsf] af6f] x]l//Åof]<
3_ cfdfn] ladfsf] lj1fkg sa] f6 ;G' ge' of] <
ª_ ladfsf] sfuh sxfF kmn] f k¥of] <
@= 7Ls a7] Ls 5'6o\ fP/ n]v M
s_ clhtnfO{ ;h' gn] luHofPsf] lyof] .
v_ lah'nL ;6{ eP/ cfunfuL ePsf] lyof] .
u_ ;h' gnfO{ cfÇgf] :s'nsf] af6f] la/fgf] ePsf] lyof] .
3_ ;h' gsf afafn] 3/ / k;nsf] ladf u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] .
ª_ ladf u/fPsf sfuhkq cfunfuLdf k/L hns] f lyP .
#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ;h' gsf ;fyLx¿n] ;h' gnfO{ luHofP/ lsg xfF;] <
v_ ;h' gsf cfFvf lsg el/P <
u_ ;'hgn] lsg :sn' hfg kfPsf] lyPg<
3_ ;h' gsL cfdfn] wgaxfb'/ sfsf;uF s] s/' f /fVge' of] <
ª_ wgaxfb'/ sfsfn] cfdfnfO{ s] ;Nnfx lbg'eof<]
$= ‘lzIffladf’ eGg] kf7af6 ltdLn] s] lzIff kfof}< nv] .
%= s;n] s;nfO{ eg]sf] xf] <
s= :sn' hfg] jn] fdf 3f;F sf] ef/Ln] lyr/] uF8\of}nf aGnf;\ .
v= ca t hLjgdf slxNo} ;v' gcfpg] g} eof] .

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff % 191

u= d u8\ofn} f xf]Og d klg :sn' hfG5' .

3= ca of] gi6 ePsf] 3/ / k;nsf] ;fdfgsf] Ifltkl" t{ /sd ladfn] u5{ .

ª= clnslt C0f ;xof]usf] cfzf u/s] L 5' .

^= lzIffladf syf k9L tnsf 36gfnfO{ jm| d ldnfP/ n]v M

d cfdfn] ;h' gnfO{ d;' fb{} lrGtf gug{ eGg',

d wgaxfb'/ sfsfsf] s'/f ;'g]/ cfdfsf] cf6F / hf;] b'j} knfpg',

d ;'hgsf] cgx' f/df pHofnf] rds b]lvg,'

d ;h' gn] lgGofp/f] cgx' f/ lnP/ cfuF gdf 6]Sg',

d ;h' g lgbfpg g;Sg' .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9

dfG5s] f] hLjgdf ljklQsf] 7"nf]
;Defjgf x'G5 . dfG5]sf] hLjgsf]
s'g} e/ 5g} . dflg;nfO{ /fu] nfUg
;S5† b3' {6gf xg' ;S5 . Jofkf/df
cfunfuL / rf/] L x'g ;S5 . o:tf]
;d:of hLjgdf cfO/xG5 . hLjgdf
cfpg] o:tf] ;fgf7] "nf] gfS] ;fgLnfO{ cfk;L ;xofu] / ;D¹f}tfsf cfwf/df Ifltkl" t{ kb| fg ul/g]
Joj:yfnfO{ ladf elgG5 . ladfdf hf]lvdaf6 d'lQm vf]lhG5 . ladf ug{' eg]sf] hf]lvd 36fpg]
Pp6f pkfo xf] . ladfsf] ;D¹ft} f b'O{ kIfsf aLrdf x'G5 . ladf ubf{ sDkgL / ladf ug{]
JolQmsf aLrdf ;D¹f}tf x'G5 . ladf ug]{ JolQmnfO{ laldt elgG5 . laldtn] ladfsf nflu
lglZrt cjlwdf tf]lsPsf] /sd sDkgLnfO{ a'¹fpF5 . o;/L lgoldt ladf /sd a'¹fPsf]
JolQmn] ladf u/s] f] j:t'df xflggf]S;fgL ePdf sDkgLnfO{ hfgsf/L lbG5 . To;sf] hfFrkl5
ladf sDkgLn] Ifltk"lt{ lbG5 . hLjg ladf / lghL{jg ladf u//] ladf b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
dflg;n] cfÇgf] jf kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:osf] hLjgsf] ladf u/]sf] 5 eg] Tof] hLjg ladf x'G5
clg cfÇgf] ;DklQ tyf Joj;fosf] ladf u/]sf] 5 eg] Tof] lghL{jg ladf xG' 5 . ladf hf]lvdaf6
aRg] alnof] ;xf/f xf] .

192 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff %

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s n]v M

ljklQ, Jofkf/, ;D¹ft} f, hfrF , lglZrt, gf]S;fgL, lghLj{ g

@= tnsf /h] f -µ_ lrÅg nufpm M

s_ dfG5]sf] hLjgdf s] s/' fsf] a9L ;Defjgf xG' 5 <

c_ ljklQ cf_ ladf O_ sDkgL

v_ ladfdf hf]lvdaf6 s] vf]lhG5 <

c_ h'lQm cf_ dl' Qm O_ 3s' L{

u_ ladf ug{] JolQmnfO{ s] elgG5<

c_ ljds cf_ ljldt O_ ;Lldt

3_ Ifltkl" t{ s;n] lbG5 <

c_ JolQmn ] cf_ ;/sf/n ] O_ sDkgLn]

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M

s_ dflg;sf] hLjgdf s:tfs:tf ;d:of cfO/xG5g\ <
===========================================================================================

v_ ladf egs] f] s] xf] <
===========================================================================================

u_ ladf ubf{ ss;sf aLr ;D¹ft} f x'G5 <
===========================================================================================

3_ xflggfS] ;fgL eP gePsf] hfrF s;n] u5{ <
===========================================================================================

ª_ lghLj{ g ladf eg]sf] s] xf] <
===========================================================================================

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff % 193

;'gfO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 @!% df lbOPsf] cg'R5]b_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s= b3' 6{ gfnfO{ lsg eljtJo elgPsf] xf] <



v= ;8ssf aLrdf s;/L b'3{6gf x'g] ub{5 <



u= kxf8L dfu{sf s] s:tf b3' 6{ gfsf va/ ;'Gg] ul/G5 <



3= s:tf] 7fpFdf ;fOsn l;Sgx' 'Fbg} <



ª= sxfaF f6 af6f] jf/kf/ ugk{' 5{ <



@= ldNg] zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M

k]6L, ;fjwfg, ;x/df, 7Ss/, l9nf]
s_ ufpdF f eGbf a9L b'36{ gf ========================= x'g] u5{ .
v_ lx8F s] f dfG5]nfO{ uf8Ln] ========================= lbP/ klg b'36{ gf xg' ] u5{ .
u_ b'3{6gfaf6 aRgsf nflu ;ts{ / ========================= x'gk' b{5 .
3_ af6f] lx8F b\ f kb} n ========================= af6 lxF8\g'kb{5 .
ª_ l9nf] uP cjZo k'luG5, ========================= uP eGg ;lsGg .

194 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

Jofs/0f ;Lk

ljelQm ;ft ks| f/sf 5g\ .

ljelQm lr≈g jfSo

k|ydf ljelQm n], af6 cfdfn] vfgf ksfpge' of] .

låtLof ljelQm nfO{ d}n] efOnfO{ af]nfPF .

tt[ Lof ljelQm n,] åf/f, af6 efOn] rDrfn] eft vfof] .
afaf hxfhaf6 cfpge' of] .
rt'yL{ ljelQm nfO,{ nflu, lglDt
bfhn' ] dnfO{ v]nf}gf NofOlbg'eof] .
k~rdL ljelQm bl] v, af6 lbbLn] d/] f lglDt sfkL NofOlbge' of] .

ifi7L ljelQm sf,] sf, ls, /f,] d lxhf] a'6jnb]lv cfPF .
;KtdL ljelQm /f, /L, gf], gf, gL alxgL lxhf]af6 va' k9b\ } l5g\ .
df, dfly
d/] f] ;fyL, cfÇgf] 5f/] f, /fdsf ;fyLx¿
/dfsL 5f]/L, d/] f afaf

d 3/df g} lyPF .

!= vfnL 7fpFdf cfjZos ljelQm e/ M

s= /dz] :ofp sf6o\ f] . v= cf]7 xf;F f] Nofpgk' 5{ .

u= ¿v cfkF v:of] . 3= bz ah] xfd|f] sfo{j|md ;?' xG' 5 .

ª= d alxgL rsn]6 lbG5' .

@= tn lbOPsf ljelQm k|ofu] u/L jfSo agfpm M
d n] M ==========================================================================================

d nfO{ M = =========================================================================================

d af6 M ==========================================================================================

d bl] v M ==========================================================================================

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff % 195

d df M ==========================================================================================
d sf] M = =========================================================================================
d sf M = =========================================================================================

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= tnsf ab'F fx¿sf] cfwf/df syf tof/ kf/ M
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!= gk] fnsf kd| 'v kqklqsfx¿ M

uf]/vfkq sflGtk'/ gful/s
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kf7 !^ kfgL3§

lgaGw

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

kfgLaf6 lahn' L kfgLaf6 l;rF fO
lgsfNg ;lsG5 . ug{ ;lsG5 .

kfgLaf6 3§ rnfpg ;lsG5 . d}n] kfgL3§ b]Vg kfPF lg .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff % 197

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ltdL ufpF jf ;x/ sxfF a:5f} <
d s] ltdLn] kfgL3§ bv] ]sf 5f} <
d uxF'af6 kL7f] jf wfgaf6 rfdn s;/L agfOG5, ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d ltdL gofgF ofF s/' fsf] af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg rfxG5f} <
d afafcfdfn] ltdLnfO{ gofF s/' fx¿ bv] fpg sxfF n}hfge' Psf] 5 <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d cfxf ¤ cfh xfdLn] gofF 7fpdF f uP/ gofF s'/f b]Vg kfof} .
d dn} ] hnljBt' \ pTkfbg u[xsf] cjnf]sg ug{] dfs} f kfPF .
d xfdLnfO{ ljBfnoaf6 zl} Ifs ed| 0fdf nh} fg] s/' f x'bF } 5 .
d labfsf] j]nfdf gofF gofF 7fpFdf hfg / ToxfFsf] cjnf]sg ug{ kfpgk' 5{ .
d ;'g]sf] s'/feGbf bv] s] f] s'/f clj:d/0fLo xb'F f] /x]5 .
d kfgLaf6 dflg;n] w/] } kmfObf lng ;S5 .
d lk:g,] s'6g\ ] ;fwgx¿ l9sL, hfFtf], 3§, ldn cflb xg' \ .

198 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff %

g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljleGg ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u / k|rng 5 . o:tf ;fwgx¿ cr]n x/fpg yfns] f 5g\ .
xfdL cr]n cln a9L cfwl' gs xFb' } 5fF} . o;y{ xfd|f cfÇgf dfl} ns j:t'x¿sf] ko| f]unfO{ 5f8] /] cfw'lgs
;fwgsf] ko| f]udf /dfpg yfns] f 5f}F . xfdf| ufpF3/df l9sL, hftF f], gfDnf,] esf/L, xnf,] hj' f nufotsf
;fwgx¿sf] k|ofu] x'G5g\ . kf7df kfgL3§sf] af/d] f hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . kfgL3§ eg]sf] s] xf] <
o;n] s;/L dflg;nfO{ ;xof]u u5{ < o;sf] agf]6 s:tf] x'G5 < h:tf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ of] kf7 k9k] l5
kfOG5 . cr]n 3§sf] ko| f]u lsg 3l6/xs] f] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L klg of] kf7af6 kfOG5 . sIffdf
;a} hgfn] kfn}kfnf] of] kf7 k9 clg ga¹' ]sf s/' fx¿ lzIfsaf6 a¹' M

o;kfln hf8f] labfdf xfdL ;kl/jf/ ufpF uPsf lyof}F . Ps xKtfsf] ufpF a;fOdf dn} ] w/] } s/' f
bv] ]F . dn} ] gfd klg g;'gs] f w/] } s/' fx¿ kT| oIf bv] /] cfPF . ;fRF r} xfdL ;x/sf] /d¹d tyf
cfwl' gs ;fwgx¿sf] ko| fu] df olt w]/} cNdlnP5fF} ls xfdf| cfÇgf df}lns k/Dk/f, k|frLg
;Dkbfx¿sf] af/d] f eN' g yfn]5fF} . d ;x/d} hGd,]F xs' ]+{ . slxn]sfxLF dfq ufpF kU' 5' . To;f] t d
;fgf] ePsfn] PSn} hfg klg ;lSbgF clg cfdfa'afsf] ;do ldnfP/ hfgk' 5{ . b;F}df eg] xfdL
;wF} ufpF k'U5fF} . b;F}sf] /d¹d, cfkmGtx¿;uF sf] e6] 3f6 cflbn] gofF s'/f hfGg]l;Sg] df}sf
Tolt x'bF g} . o;kflnsf] hf8f] labf eg] d/] f nflu w]/} cy{df pknlAwk0" f{ /Åof] .

ufpF uPsf] efl] nkN6 xh/' af / d/] L cfdf ef/L
af]s/] 3/af6 lgl:sg nfUge' Psf] lyof] . d klg ;uF }
hfG5' eg/] cg'/f]w u/F] . xh/' afn] Pp6f ¹f]nfdf uxF'
afS] g'ePsf] lyof] . cfdfn] af/] fdf ds} xfn/] gfDnf]n]
afS] g'eof] . ‘n lxF8\ t lx8F ’\ eg]/ xh'/afn] dnfO{ cl3
nufpg'eof] . xfdL ufpFaf6 tn ¹¥ofF} . sxfF hfg
nfu]sf] xf]nf eGg] ;f]Rb} d lxF8F] . s]xLl5g cf/] fnf]

zAbf {y ;kl/jf/ M ;Dk0" f{ kl/jf/;lxt ;Dkbf M ;DklQ
kT| oIf M cfÇg} cfvF fn] b]v]sf] pknlAwk"0f { M kmfObfhgs
/d¹d M /dfOnf] ef/L M ef/ ePsf], af]s/] nh} fg'kg{] ;fdfg
dfl} ns M c¿af6 gSsn gul/Psf], cfÇg} gfDnf] M 8f]sf] cyjf sg' } ef/LnfO{ afS] g]
kf| rLg M k'/fgf]
8f/] L h:tf] ;fwg

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 199

¹/k] l5 xfdL vn] fsf] 5]pdf kU' ofF} . vf]nfkfl/ Pp6f 5fkf| ] /x5] . xfdL ToxL 5fk|f]df kU' ofF} .
xh/' afn] d/] f] xft ;dft/] leq nfg'eof] . leq s]xL dflg;x¿ lyP . cfdfn] ef/L la;fpge' of] .
xh'/afn] klg ¹fn] f /fVge' of] . ToxfF Pp6f 7n" f] 9ª' u\ f a]:;/L 3'ld/x]sf] lyof] .

d}n] cgf7} f] dfg]/ x/] s] f] bv] ]/ xh'/afn] eGge' of] – of] kfgL3§ xf] . 3§ egs] f] cGg lkg/] kL7f]
agfpg] oGq xf] . kfgLaf6 rNg] 3§ ePsfn] o;nfO{ kfgL3§ elgPsf] xf] . xh'/af eGgx' Fb' }
lyof] – o;sf] k|ofu] af6 ds,} ux,F' sf]bf], kmfk/, hf} h:tf vfBkbfyx{ ¿ lk:g] ul/G5 . ljzi] fu/L
gk] fnsf] kxf8L e]usf ufpFx¿df o;sf] k|ofu] x'G5 . gk] fnsf w]/} ufpdF f lahn' Lsf] ;'ljwf
k'us] f] 5}g . lahn' L k'us] f] 7fpdF f klg ldnsf] Joj:yf 5g} . To;}n] ufpsF f dflg;x¿sf] bl} gs
cfjZostfsf nflu kfgL3§ w]/} pkofu] L xG' 5 . 3§df xfdf| ] kfnf] cfPsf] lyPg . xh/' af, cfdf
/ d aflx/ lgl:sof}F . 3§sf] 7Ls d'lg 5o\ f/{ u//] ¹/s] f] kfgLsf] 7n" f] kmfx] f]/f /x5] . 3§ ePsf]
5fk|fs] f] d'lgaf6 Toqf] kfgL cfPsf] bv] /] d 5Ss k/]F .

d}n] cgf}7f] dfgs] f] b]v/] cfdfn] ‘cfOh d tnF fO{ 3§ s;/L rN5 eGg] b]vfp5F ’' eGge' of] . cfdf
/ d 3§ ePsf] 5fk|fe] Gbf dfly plSnofF} . Pp6f sn' f]el/ kfgL aus] f] /x]5 . s'nfs] f] 5p] af6
xfdL vfn] f;Dd k'UofF} . vf]nfdf 9ª' u\ fx¿n] kfgL y'g]/ sn' fd] f k7fOPsf] /x]5 . Tof] b]v]kl5
xfdL km]l/ s'nfs'n} 5fkf| s] f] dfly kU' ofF} . sf7sf] 7"nf] 8F'8nfO{ 7f8f] kf/]/ 5fk|fs] f] leqaf6 tn
k7fOPsf] /x]5 . sn' fs] f] kfgL ToxL 88F' af6 l;w} tn ¹/]sf] bv] fP/ cfdfn] eGg'eof,] ‘oxL
8'F8df uPsf] kfgLn] tnsf] 3§ 3d' fpF5 .’ d]/f] dgdf kfgLn] 9ª' u\ fnfO{ s;/L 3'dfpg] /x]5
eGg] s'/fsf] lh1f;f a9\of] . xfdL tn ¹¥of}F .

cfdfn] 8'F8af6 ¹/]sf] kfgLsf] kmf]xf/] f b]vfpFb} eGge' of] – ‘ToxfF sf7sf] d9' f] b]lv;\, /fd/| L x/] \
t . xf,] Tof] d'9f]df vf]k]/ sf7sf kmns] x¿ 7fl] sPsf 5g\ . of] 3§sf] dbfgL xf] . 8F'8af6 ¹/]sf]
kfgLsf] kmf]xf/] f dbfgLsf] kftfdf 7f]lsG5 / Tof] kmggg 3D' 5 .’ cfdf ;g' fpg'x'Fb} lyof] . aLrd} f
xh'/af af]Ng'eof] – dfly 3l' d/xs] f] af6'nf] 9'ªu\ fsf] d'lg Toq} csf{] 9'ª\uf xG' 5 . dflysf]
9ª' u\ f 3'ld/x]sf] b]lv;\ lg† xf], Tof] 9ª' \ufnfO{ dbfgL;uF hf]l8Psf] xG' 5 . dbfgLdf kmnfdsf]
dfgL sl;Psf] x'G5 . tn}F ] hftF f] t bv] s] f] 5;\ lg . hfFtfd] f tnsf] 9'ªu\ f eO' Fdf u8s] f] x'G5 clg

zAbf {y 5fk|f] M ¹'kf| ,] ¹k' 8L 88'F M kfgL aUgsf nflu agfOPsf] afF;sf]
bl} gs M kT| o]s lbg ;fwg
s'nf] M vfn] faf6 gbLnfO{ l;rF fO jf cGo
lh1f;f M hfGg] rfxgf
sfdsf nflu nh} fg] dfu,{ ;fgf] d9' f] M 7"nf] sf7
vf]nf] dbfgL M bxL dYg] ;fwg

200 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %