Green Sungava Nepali 5

^= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

nugzLn dxŒj

/x:o ljbz] L /f]6L

lkHhf sk8f

klx/g uf]Ko s/' f

dlxdf Wofg lbP/ sfd ug]{

&= dflysf] kf7af6 ‘j’ nfus] f % j6f / ‘a’ nfu]sf % j6f zAb vfh] /] pQ/k'l:tsfdf
;f/ .

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf jfSox¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

s_ 38L cN5L eof] eg] s] ;d:of cfOk5{ <
===========================================================================================

v_ >]ofn] leQ]38LnfO{ s;/L kz| +;f ul/g\<
===========================================================================================

u_ cfdfn] >]of / >JonfO{ sg' vfg]s/' f NofOlbge' Psf] /x]5 <
===========================================================================================

3_ >Jon] leQ]38L;Fu s;/L dfkmL dfUof] <
===========================================================================================

ª_ >o] f lsg bªu\ kl/g\ <
===========================================================================================

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 101

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] xg' \ < lrg/] n]v M

s_ leQ3] 8Ln] >JonfO{ Ps yKk8 lbof] .

v_ >JonfO{ leQ]38Lsf] sfd ;lhnf] 5 h:tf] nfUof] .

u_ leQ3] 8L / >Jon] sk8f ;f6f;f6 u/] .

3_ leQ3] 8L afafcfdf;Fu l;g]df x]g{ uof] .

ª_ >Jon] cfÇgf] uNtL dx;;' u¥of] .

#= ldNg] zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s_ leQ]38L x]/ t ====================== alh;Sof] . -kfrF , rf/_

v_ ====================== lbge' Psf] xfd] js{ ug'k{ 5{ . -cfdfafafn,] ;/ld;x¿n_]

u_ leQ]38L ltdL lgs} ldlxg]tL / ====================== 5f} . -;xgzLn, nugzLn_

3_ dnfO{ leQ]38L ====================== eGg kfOFbg} . -bfO, efO_

ª_ cab]lv efOn] klg ====================== xf]djs{ ug{] /] . -afaf;Fu}, d;uF _}

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M

s_ cfdfafaf sxfaF f6 cfOkU' g'ePsf] lyPg <

v_ 38Ln] 306l} kR5] s] ahfO/xG5 <

u_ 38L sxfFaf6 cfl] n{of] <

3_ leQ]38Ln] >o] f;uF sg' s/' f l;sfOlbg eGof] <

ª_ >o] f / >Jo cfdfafaf;Fu s] xg] { hfg] eP <

%= efj lj:tf/ u/ M

a? v'?v?' xf]djs{ u/]sf] eP xg' ] lg .

^= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M

s_ >]ofn] >JonfO{ lsg l56f]l56f] xf]djs{ ug{ egs] L xg' \ <

v_ >Jon] cfkm" lsg 38L xg' ] rfxgf /fVof] <

102 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff %

u_ >Jon] dgdg} s] ;f]Rof] <

3_ >JonfO{ k5t' f] ePkl5 leQ]38Ln] s] ;Nnfx lbof] <

&= leQ]38L gf6s k9]/ ltdLn] s] lzIff kfof} < cfÇg} zn} Ldf n]v .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

;;+ f/df ;dosf] w/] } dxŒj 5 . ;dodf
g} sfd ug]{ dflg;n] ;kmntf xfl;n ug{
;S5 . xfdLn] slxNo} klg cfÇgf] sfd efl] n
jf kl5sf] nflu afFsL /fVgx' bF' g} . cN5L,
cfn:o jf l9nf;:' tL ug]{ dflg; slxNo} ;kmn
xg' ;Sbg} . xfjf lg/Gt/ rln/xG5, ¿vn]
lgoldt kmn lbO/xG5, gbLx¿ g/f]lsP/
;/f;/ alu/xG5g\ . log} kf| sl[ ts s'/fx¿af6
xfdLn] klg cfÇgf] sfd ;dodf g} ug]{ xf;} nf kfpg ;S5f}F . oxL ;dosf] dxŒjnfO{ a'¹]/
lg/Gt/ sfd ug{] dflg;x¿ g} ;+;f/df ;kmn dflg;sf] ¿kdf lrlgPsf 5g\ . xfdLn] klg
cfÇgf] u[xsfo{ ;dodf g} ug'{k5{ . w]/} vn] ]/ jf w]/} l6eL x]/]/ a:bf xfdLn] cfÇgf] sfd ;dodf
k"/f ug{ ;Sbg} fF} . ef]ln u/fnF} f egL /fvs] f] sfd efl] nkN6 xtf/xtf/ ubf{ lalug| ;S5 . To;}n]
ef]lnsf] sfd cfh / cfhsf] sfd clxn] g} ul/xfNg] afgL a;fNgk' 5{ . cfÇgf] sfd c¿n]
ul/lbcf;] \ eGg] rfxgf slxNo} /fVgx' Fb' }g . c¿df e/kg]{ dflg;nfO{ ;an} ] x]K5g\ . cfÇgf]
u[xsfo{ ;a} u//] cfPsf] ljBfyL{nfO{ u'?u?' cfdfn] klg dfof ug'x{ 'G5 . pxfFx¿af6 dfof
kfPkl5 xfdLnfO{ xf;} nf ldN5 . xf;} nfn] g} xfdLnfO{ ;kmn dfG5] agfp5F . ;kmn dfG5]sf]
;al} t/ kz| +;f xG' 5 .

s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M

cN5L, l9nf;:' tL, kf| sl[ ts, ;+;f/, k|z;+ f, xf};nf, u[xsfo{

v= 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

s= ;+;f/df ;dosf] w/] } dxŒj 5 .

v= xfdLn] cfÇgf] sfd kl5sf] nflu afsF L /fVgx' 'Fb}g .

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff % 103

u= gbLx¿ cf/fd u/]/ aU5g\ .
3= cN5L ug]{ dfG5]x¿ efUodfgL xg' ;S5g\ .
ª= ;kmn dflg;x¿sf] ;a}lt/ kz| +;f x'G5 .
u= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
!= s:tf] dflg; slxNo} ;kmn xg' ;Sbg} <
===========================================================================================
@= xfdLnfO{ lg/Gt/ sfd ug{ xf;} nf lbg] kf| sl[ ts s'/fx¿ s]s] x'g\ <
===========================================================================================
#= s:tf dflg;x¿ ;+;f/df ;kmn dflg;sf] ¿kdf lrlgPsf 5g\ <
===========================================================================================
$= xfdLn] s:tf] afgL a;fNg'k5{ <
===========================================================================================
%= ;kmntf s;/L k|fKt xG' 5 <
===========================================================================================

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 @!@ df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= klxn]sf dflg;x¿ ;dosf] hfgsf/L s;/L lnGy] <


v= klxn]klxn] afbn nfUbf ;fF¹ k/s] f] s'/f s;/L yfxf xG' Yof] <



104 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff %

u= 38Lx¿ s:tfs:tf ks| f/sf xg' ] u5g{ \ <


3= 306f3/sf] 38Ln] s] sfd u5{ <


ª= sf7df8f}Fsf] 306f3/nfO{ s;n] agfpg nufPsf x'g\ <



@= sfi] 7saf6 vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls pQ/ e/ M

s_ efn] af;s] f] ;g' ]/ ================= ePsf] yfxf xG' Yof] . -laxfgL, /flq_

v_ ================= lk6/ xg] lngn] klxnfk] 6s 38L agfP . -hdg{ Lsf, cdl] /sfsf_

u_ xftdf afFlwg] 38LnfO{ ================= elgG5 . -leQ]38L, xft]38L_

3_ 6]andf /flvg] 38LnfO{ ================= elgG5 . -6]an 38L, cfnfd{ 38L _

ª_ sf7df8f}sF f] ================= snh] df 306f3/ /xs] f] 5 . -lqrGb|, /Tg/fHo_

Jofs/0f ;Lk

jQmfn] OR5f u/s] f] efj a¹' fpg cfpg] lj|mofsf] cj:yfnfO{ OR5fy{ elgG5 .

stf{ lj|mofdf hfl] 8g] k|Too OR5fys{ lj|mof
d pm“ k9F" ÷ hfpmF
xfdL cf“} k9fF} ÷ hfcf}F
t“ P;\ k9;] \ ÷ uP;\
ltdL P k9] ÷ uP
tkfO+{ ÷ pxfF g'xf]cf];\ k9\gx' f]cf;] \ ÷ hfgx' fc] f;] \
pm cf;] \ k9f];\ ÷ hfcf;] \
pgL ÷ x¿ pmg\ k9g" \ ÷ hfpmg\

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff % 105

tnsf jfSonfO{ OR5fy{s ljm| ofdf abn M ===========================================================
s= xfdL c;n dfG5] aG5f}F . ===========================================================
v= ;fyLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ ;xofu] ug]{ 5g\ . ===========================================================
u= tF 1fgL eP/ 3/df g} ykSs a;\ . ===========================================================
3= ofu] z] dxfg\ dfG5] aGnf . ===========================================================
ª= ltdL ;wF} k|yd x'G5f} . ===========================================================
r= d ;as} f] c;n dfG5] aGg] 5' . ===========================================================
5= ltd|f] k|ult x'G5 . ===========================================================
h= ufosx¿ dL7f] uLt ufp5F g\ . ===========================================================
¹= /lagf hf8f]sf nflu sk8f aG' 5] . ===========================================================
`= tkfO+{ cfh ot} a:g'xf];\ .

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

! = tnsf] lrq x]/L ‘k:' tsfnosf] dxŒj’ zLifs{ df ;+jfb tof/ kf/ M

@= k9g\ ] afgL zLif{sdf bO' { ;fyLx¿ aLrsf] s'/fsfgL n]v .

106 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff %

ljZjsf ;ft cfZro{x¿

!= u6|] jfn -rLg_ @= /fd] /ªu\ zfnf -O6fnL_

$= dfr' lkGr' -k]?_ %= dfofg ;x/ -dl] S;sf_]

^= tfhdxn -ef/t_ #= k6] f« sf] u'nfaL cjzi] f -hf8] g{ _

&= jm| fO:6 ;flns -a|flhn_

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 107

kf7 ( sDKo6' /

cfTdsyf

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;a}n] k9 M

cfhsf] ou' xfdL ;a}nfO{
kl| jlwsf] ou' xf] . sDKo6' / rflxG5 .

a}ªs\ df sDKo'6/sf] xfdL ljBfnodf
k|ofu] x'G5 . sDKo6' / rnfpF5fF} .

108 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff %

sDKo'6/sf] ljsf;j|md

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d s] ltdLnfO{ sDKo'6/ rnfpg cfpF5 <
d sDKo'6/ s;n] agfPsf] xf] < ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d sDKo'6/af6 ss] ] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 < ltdL eGg ;S5f} <
d sDKo6' / / OG6/g]6sf aLrsf] ;DaGw s:tf] x'G5 <
d s] dflg;nfO{ sDKo6' / geO{ x'Fb}g <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d cfhsf] ljZj lj1fg / kl| jlwsf] ou' xf] .
d sDKo6' / lj1fgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw xf] .
d sDKo6' / cfhsf] ou' sf] cTofjZos ;fwg xf] .
d sDKo6' /af6 w]/} s/' fsf] hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 .
d sDKo'6/sf] ;xL pkofu] u/]df o;af6 xfdLn] w]/} 1fg kfpg ;S5f}F .
d Odn] , OG6/g6] , km];a's cflb s/' fn] sDKo'6/nfO{ axp' kof]uL agfPsf 5g\ .
d sDKo'6/df w]/} s/' f ;D¹g ;Sg] / e08f/0f ug{] Ifdtf x'G5 .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff % 109

cfhsf] ou' sDKo6' /sf] o'u xf] . cfh sDKo6' /n] dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ cToGt ;xh agfPsf]
5 . sDKo6' / ljleGg If]qdf pkofu] L xG' 5 . kf7df sDKo'6/sf] af/]df cfTdsyf lbOPsf] 5 .
cfTdsyf eg]sf] cfÇgf] af/d] f cfkmF}n] elgPsf] syf xf] . cfTdsyf sg' } klg JolQm jf j:ts' f]
af/]df nV] g ;lsG5 . cfTdsyf nV] bf h'g ljifosf] af/d] f nV] g] xf] cfk"m ToxL aGg'k5{ clg j:t'
jf JolQm :jod\ afn] ]sf] h;/L p;sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbgk' 5{ . kf7sf] cfTdsyf Wofg lbP/
k9 . o;df sDKo'6/sf] af/d] f p;n} ] af]ns] f] h;/L hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . sDKo6' / s] /x5] ,
o;n] s;/L sfd ubf{] /x5] eGg] s'/f kf7af6 ltdLx¿n] /fd/| L aˆ' g ;S5f} . ;fy,} cfTdsyf
s;/L nV] g] eGg] 1fg klg kfpg ;S5f} . sIffdf ;a}n] kfnk} fnf] kf7 k9 . yk s'/f lzIfsn]
a¹' fpg'x'g] 5 .

gfgL xf] ¤ ;Fus} f] d/] f] lrq x]/ t . ltdLx¿n] dnfO{
lrGof} < d ltdLx¿sf] 3/df, ljBfnodf, c:ktfn,
k;n, sfof{nox¿ hxfF klg xG' 5' . :ofaf;, ltdLx¿n]
dnfO{ lrgs] f /x]5f} . dnfO{ sDKo6' / eG5g\ . d cfhsf]
ljZjdf cToGt nf]slko| 5' . d/] f] of] gfd Nofl6g
efiffaf6 cfPsf] xf] . Nofl6g efiffdf sDKo'6/sf] cy{
‘u0fgf ug’'{ x'G5 . To;n} ] g]kfnLdf dnfO{ u0fsoGq jf
;;' fª\Vo klg eG5g\ . d dflg;x¿åf/f ags] f] oGq x'F .
;'?df dnfO{ ;fwf/0f lx;fa ug{] ljBt' Lo oGqsf] ¿kdf lrlgGYof] . t/ cfh d h:tf];'s} sfo{
ug{ ;S5' .

vf;u/L d bO' { tŒjn] ag]sf] xG' 5' – xf8j{ o/ / ;Ç6jo/ . dflg;x¿ ljleGg kf| u] |fdx¿
agfpF5g\ .

zAbf {y nfs] lko| M ;an} ] dg k/fpg] oGq M ;fwg
ljB'tLo M lah'nLaf6 rNg]

110 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

/ d]/f] dl:tisdf k|jz] u/fp5F g\ . o;/L agfOPsf] kf| u] |fdnfO{ ‘;Ç6jo/’ elgG5 . of] d]/f] leqL
cª\u xf] . d]/f] aflx/af6 b]lvg] cªu\ sf] :j¿k cyft{ \ z/L/ tLg v08sf] xG' 5 . tL v08x¿
xg' \ – Ogk6' , k|f;] ]l;ª / cfp6k6' . d]/f] agfj6 nuftf/ / :jrflnt eO{ lgbz{] gcg';f/
sfo{ k/" f ug]{ vfnsf] x'G5 . d/] f] z/L/sf] Ogk6' v08n] dleq ;r" gf k7fpg] sfd u5{ .
o;df lsaf]8{, dfp; cflb kb{5g\ . k|f];l] ;ª v08n] kfPsf] ;"rgfx¿nfO{ k|zfw] g ug{] sfd
u5{ . o;df ;G] 6n« kf| ];]l;ª ol' g6 ‘l;lko'’
k5{ . cfp6k'6 v08df kz| fw] g ePsf]
;r" gfnfO{ glthfsf] ¿kdf aflx/ bv] fpg]
cª\u dlg6/ kb5{ . d]/f] bl] vg] :j¿knfO{
‘xf8{jo/’ elgG5 . xf8j{ o/ljgf
;Ç6jo/sf] sg' } sfd x'Fb}g . ;Ç6jo/
geO{ d rNg ;lSbgF . To;}n] d]/f xf8{jo/
/ ;Ç6jo/ Ps} l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f xg' \ .

;g\ !*@@ lt/ dflg;n] d/] f] ljsf; u/]sf] xf] . dnfO{ ;ae} Gbf klxnf ‘rfN;{ Aofa]h’ gfd
u/s] f j1} flgsn] agfPsf x'g\ . ;?' df d/] f] ¿k cfhsf] h:tf] lyPg . 7"nf7"nf afs;x¿
h:tf d]/f cªu\ x¿ lyP . Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpdF f dnfO{ lnP/ hfg klg w/] } ufxf| ] x'GYof] .
dflg;x¿ lg/Gt/ d]/f] :j¿k kl/jtg{ u/L dnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L k|ofu] df Nofpg] s/' fsf]
vfh] Ldf nflu/xs] f 5g\ . cfh d/] f] :j¿k cg]s vfnsf] ePsf] 5 . dnfO{ dflg;x¿ 6]an' df
/fv]/ rnfpF5g\ . d/] f] of] :j¿knfO{ pgLx¿ ‘8S] ;6k’ eG5g\ . dnfO{ ¹f]nfdf af]s]/ lxF8\g
ldNg] clg hxfF rflxof] ToxLF sfvdf /fv/] vf]Ng] u/L ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] :j¿knfO{
‘Nofk6k’ eG5g\ . cr]n t d dflg;x¿sf] xTs]nfdf c6fpg yfns] f] 5' . dnfO{ dflg;x¿
xTsn] fdf /fv]/ rnfpF5g\ . d/] f] o:tf] ¿ksf] gfd ‘kfd6k’ xf] . d df]afOn kmfg] sf] ¿kdf
klg ljsf; ePsf] 5' . dflg;x¿n] dnfO{ pkof]u u//] ljleGg sfdx¿ ug{ ;lsg] oGqx¿sf]
ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ .

l;lko' jf kf| ;] ]l;ª v08 d]/f] dl:tis h:t} cªu\ xf] . o;df /flvPsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] e08f/0fsf]
nflu dd] f/] L x'G5 . o;df tYofªs\ -8f6f_x¿ e08f/0f xG' 5g\ . dflg;n] cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf]

zAbf {y dl:tis M lbdfu e08f/0f M hDdf u//] /fVg] sfd
:jrflnt M cfkmF} rNg] j1} flgs M gofF gofF s/' f kQf nufpg] dflg;
kz| fw] g M z4' agfpg] jf ldnfpg] sfd

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff % 111

;dodf ;fduL| x¿ vfN] g / ;Dkfbg ug{ ;S5 . d ljB'tLo pks/0f ePsfn] d]/f] z/L/df
ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fgfdl;gf pks/0fx¿ w/] } x'G5g\ . logLx¿sf] Pscsfd{ f ulx/f] ;DaGw
x'G5 . dflg;nfO{ z/L/sf] h'g cª\udf rf]6 nfu] klg p;}u/L b'V5 . To;}u/L d/] f ;a} kh' f{x¿
7Ls cj:yfdf /xgk' 5{ clg dfq d /fd/| L ;~rfngdf /xg ;S5' .

cfhsf] ljZjdf d cTofjZos j:t' ags] f] 5' . dflg;n] dnfO{ k|of]u u//] ;fdfGob]lv hl6n;Dd
;a} k|sf/sf sfdx¿ ug{ yfn]sf]
5 . d c:ktfndf la/fdLx¿sf] :jf:Yo
k/LIf0fsf nflu ko| f]u xG' 5' . zNolj|mofdf
8fS6/x¿nfO{ ;3fpF5' . dnfO{ pkofu]
u//] 8fS6/x¿n] dflg;sf z/L/leqsf
/f]ux¿ kQf nufpF5g\ / pkrf/ u5{g\ .
d ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿sf] ;fyL eP/
ljBfno, sn]hx¿df /dfp5F ' . aª} s\ x¿df
d geO{ sfd} xF'bg} . d/] f] k|ofu] ljgf rNg]
cfh sg' } 7fpF 5g} eGg kfpFbf dnfO{ uj{ nfU5 . d ;~rf/sf] If]qdf t j/bfg g} ePsf] 5' .
/l] 8of], l6eL, kqklqsf cflb d/] } ;xfotfn] rN5g\ . dflg;n] dnfO{ ljB'tLo xn' fssf] ¿kdf
k|ofu] u5g{ \ / Odn] rnfpF5g\ . OG6/g6] sf] ljsf; u/]/ dflg;n] cfh ljZjnfO{ g} Pp6f ;fgf]
ufphF :tf] agfPsf] 5 . ;;+ f/sf x/]s 7fpsF f ;"rgfx¿ t?' Gt kfpg OG6/g6] n] w/] } ;lhnf]
agfPsf] 5 .

dnfO{ pkofu] u/]/ 7n" f7"nf snsf/vfgfx¿df pks/0fx¿ rnfOG5g\ . xjfO{hxfh, kfgLhxfh
tyf o'4sf ;fdu|Lx¿ daf6 lgolGqt x'G5g\ . crn] t dflg;n] cfkm" h:t} oGq agfPsf] 5
– oGqdfgj . o;nfO{ klg d}n] lgb]z{ g ug{k' 5{ . dflg;x¿ d]/f] ;xof]uaf6 oGqdfgjx¿
rnfp5F g\ . pBfu] wGbf, s[lif, j}1flgs ko| fu] tyf dgf/] ~hgdf o:tf oGqdfgjx¿ pkof]u xg'
yfns] f 5g\ . d cgs] k|sf/sf kf| ]u|fdx¿ cfkm" df /fVg ;Sg] ePsfn] g} dflg;nfO{ olt w/] }

zAbf {ypks/0f M cfh} f/, ;fdu|L ;~rf/ M va/ ;r" gf cflb km}nfpg]
k'hf{ M oGq -dl] ;g_ sf] s'g} cª\u j/bfg M pkxf/
hl6n M cK7o\ f/f,] sl7g x'nfs M lr7Lkq k7fpg] 7fpF
k/LIf0f M hfFr ;r" gf M s'g} s/' fsf] hfgsf/L
o4' M n8fOF
112 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff % lgolGqt M lgoGq0f ul/Psf,] /fl] sPsf]

pkof]uL ePsf] xF' . d rnlrqx¿ lgdf{0fdf ;xof]uL ePsf] 5' . ltdLx¿n] w]/} ?lrsf ;fy xg] ]{
sf6{g' x¿ dnfO{ g} k|ofu] u//] ag]sf x'G5g\ . d]/f] ko| fu] u/]/ df};dsf] hfgsf/L lng,] ljkb\
Joj:yfkg ug]{ tyf kY[ jLaflx/sf] s'/fx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ sfddf klg dflg;x¿ w]/} cufl8
a9s] f 5g\ .

OG6/g6] ddf hf]l8Pkl5 t d/] f] dxŒj ¹g\ a9s] f] 5 . d cfhsf dflg;x¿sf] km];as' , Odn] ,
u'un, 6'O6/, ofx,' :sfOk cflb rnfpg] ;fyL ePsf] 5' . k9]n]vs] f dflg;x¿n] dfq xfO] g
;fdfGo n]vk9 ug{ hfg]sfx¿n] klg dnfO{ p;u} /L rnfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . kmf]6f,] lel8of] tyf
uLt;ª\uLtsf] lgdf{0f tyf cfbfgkb| fgdf d w/] } ;xof]uL ePsf] 5' . ;x/L If]qdf dfq xfO] g
b'u{d ufpFx¿df klg cfh d/] f] ko| f]u xg' yfn]sf] 5 .

d cfhsf] dfG5s] f] cleGg ldq ePsf] 5' . dfG5]n] dnfO{ sxfF kf] ko| fu] u/]sf] 5}g / <
dn} ] dfG5n] fO{ ;3fpg sg' } If]q afFsL 5}g . lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/, oftfoft, j1} flgs vf]h
cg';Gwfg, ahf/ dfq xf]Og† o4' df ;dt] d/] f] k|of]u xg' ] u/s] f] 5 . c¹ dflg;x¿ gofF s'/fsf]
ljsf; ubf{ klg sDKo6' / k|ljlws} ko| fu] df cfwfl/t eP/ ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . kY[ jLeGbf aflx/
cGtl/Ifsf] cWoogdf ;dt] d plQs} pkof]uL /xbF } cfPsf] 5' . d o:tf] ax'pkof]uL eP/ klg
sx] L dflg;x¿ dnfO{ dflg;s} lj?4df ko| fu] u5g{ \ . dfgjlgldt{ d dfgjs} ljgfzsf nflu
k|of]u xFb' f w/] } s'lF 8G5' . d]/f] cfljisf/ /fdf| ] sfdsf] nflu ePsf] xf] . v/fa s/' fx¿sf] k|rf/
/ ko| f]usf nflu xf]Og .

gfgLx¿ xf] ¤ ltdLx¿ dnfO{ sx] L l;Sg, s]xL hfGg ko| f]u u/ . hltv/] klg dnfO{ vfn] /] d]/f]
cufl8 ga; . o;f] ubf{ ltdLx¿sf] cfFvfnfO{ c;/ kg{ ;S5 . ltdLx¿n] dnfO{ b?' kofu] u¥of}
eg] d ltdLx¿sf] ;fyL alGbgF . dnfO{ htg u/ . d]/f] ;xL k|ofu] u/ . o;f] eof] eg] d ;w}F
ltdLx¿sf] ;fydf xg' ] 5' .

zAbf {y ljkb\ Joj:yfkg M ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ldnfpg] jf lj?4 M lj/f]wdf
;dfwfg ug]{ sfd dfgjlgld{t M dflg;n] agfPsf]
s'lF 8g' M g/fdf| ] dfGg'
cWoog M k9fO b?' kof]u M g/fd|f] sfddf pkof]u
cGtl/If M kY[ jLeGbf aflx/sf] If]q
ax'pkofu] L M w/] } sfdx¿ ug{sf] nflu pkof]uL

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 113

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

cWoog, ;~rf/, lj?4, dfgjlgldt{ , s'lF 8G5', b'?kofu] , lgolGqt, ljkb,\ cGtl/If

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M

j}1flgs, pks/0f, x'nfs, lgolGqt, ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, oGq, e08f/0f, cGtl/If

#= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M

:jrflnt, k/LIf0f, ;r" gf, Ps} l;Ssfsf bO' { kf6f, hl6n, j/bfg, o4' , ax'pkofu] L

$= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z4' kf/]/ ;f/ M

zLIff, :jf:Yo, ;+rf/, oftfoft, a}1flgs vf]h cg;' Gwfg ahf/ dfq xf]Og ow' b\ df ;dt]
d/] f] k|ofu] x'g] u/s] f] 5 .

v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ kl/If0f cf_ k/LIf0f O_ k/LIfg O_{ kl/S5]0f

@= c_ ;f]rflnt cf_ :jrfnLt O_ :jrflnt O{_ ;f]rfnLt

#= c_ jU} oflgs cf_ j}1fgLs O_ a1} flgs O{_ j}1flgs

$= c_ lagf; cf_ ljgfz O_ ljgf; O{_ ljgfif

%= tnsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf]8f ldnfpm M ljgfz
leqL kf| rLg
j1} flgs b?' kof]u
o4' c;fdfGo
;bk' of]u zflGt
ljsf; aflx/L
;fdfGo cj1} flgs
gjLg

114 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

^= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

dl:tis hfFr

kz| fw] g n8fOF

k/LIf0f pkxf/

j/bfg lbdfu

o4' k9fO

cWoog z4' agfpg] sfd

&= k9 a¹' / u/ M

b"/;~rf/ M 6f9f;Dd ;dfrf/ k¥' ofpg] sfo{ -;~rf/ Ifq] _

k/LIfs M sg' } sfdsf] hfFr ug]{ JolQm -lzIff If]q_

ph/' M Gofosf] dfu ug{] lgj]bg -sfg'g If]q_

nv] f M cfo ljj/0f -jfl0fHo If]q_

/f]a6 M oGqdfgj -lj1fg / k|ljlw_

cAan M Ps gDa/sf] jf klxnf] bhf{sf] hldg -sl[ if If]q_

sk' fi] f0f M kf}li6s tŒj sd x'Fbf nfUg] /f]u -:jf:Yo If]q_

dflysf zAbx¿ ljleGg If]qdf k|of]u x'g] / kl/efiff u/k] l5 dfq cy{ yfxf xg' ] zAb
xg' \ . cy{ yfxf kfpg kl/efiff ug{k' g]{ / ljzi] f Ifq] df k|of]u xg' ] zAbnfO{ kfl/eflifs tyf
k|fljlws zAb elgG5 .

*= tn lbOPsf kfl/eflifs ÷ k|fljlws zAbsf] cy{ kQf nufO{ tL zAbnfO{ jfSodf ko| f]u
u/ M

hdfgt, pkefQ] mf, /s]6, zNolj|mof, u?' Tjfsif{0f, e"Ifo, hLjf0f'

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff % 115

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf jfSox¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

s_ Nofl6g efiffdf sDKo'6/sf] cy{ s] xf] <
===========================================================================================

v_ sDKo6' /sf tLg v08 s]s] xg' \ <
===========================================================================================

u_ kfd6knfO{ sxfF /fv/] rnfpg ;lsG5 <
===========================================================================================

3_ sDKo6' / slxn] / s;n] agfPsf xg' \ <
===========================================================================================

ª_ sDKo'6/sf] dg lsg sFl' 8G5 <
===========================================================================================

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] x'g\ < lrg]/ n]v M

s_ sfvdf /fv]/ rnfpg ldNg] sDKo'6/ 8]S:6k xf] .

v_ sDKo6' /sf ;fduL| x¿nfO{ e08f/0f ug{] ;fwg dd] f]/L xf] .

u_ la/fdLsf] hfFr ug{ klg sDKo6' /sf] ko| f]u ul/G5 <

3_ sDKo'6/n] l9sL hftF f] rnfp5F .

ª_ sDKo6' /sf] ko| fu] ufpdF f klg x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

#= ldNg] zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s_ ===================== ltdLx¿n] dnfO{ lrgs] f /x5] f} . -wt\ ¤ ,:ofaf; ¤_

v_ xf8j{ /] / ;Ç6j/] Ps} l;Ssfsf ===================== kf6f xg' \ . -bO' { ,tLg_

u_ ===================== d/] f] dl:tish:t} cª\u xf] . -dfl] g6/, l;lko_'

116 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

3_ Od]n ljB'tLo ===================== xf] . -sfofn{ o, xn' fs_

ª_ OG6/g6] sf] k|of]un] cfh ljZj ;fgf] =============== h:t} ePsf] 5 . -ufp,F ;x/_

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ b]pm M

s_ 6]andf /fv/] rnfpg] sDKo'6/nfO{ s] elgG5 <

v_ sDKo'6/ s'g If]qdf j/bfgh:t} ePsf] 5 <

u_ dflg;h:t} oGqnfO{ s] elgG5 <

3_ kY[ jLeGbf aflx/sf] Ifq] nfO{ s] elgG5 <

ª_ s] u/]df sDKo6' / ;w}F xfdf| ] ;fydf xg' ] 5 <

%= tnsf] cg'R5b] k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

d cfhsf] dfG5]sf] cleGg ldq ePsf] 5' . dfG5n] ] dnfO{ sxfF kf] ko| f]u u/]sf] 5g} / <
d}n] dfG5n] fO{ ;3fpg sg' } If]q afsF L 5}g . lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/, oftfoft, j}1flgs vf]h
cg';Gwfg, ahf/ dfq xf]Og† o4' df ;dt] d/] f] k|ofu] xg' ] u/]sf] 5 . c¹ dflg;x¿ gofF s/' fsf]
ljsf; ubf{ klg sDKo'6/ kl| jlws} k|of]udf cfwfl/t eP/ ug{ yfns] f 5g\ . k[YjLeGbf aflx/
cGtl/Ifsf] cWoogdf ;dt] d plQs} pkofu] L /xFb} cfPsf] 5' . d o:tf] axp' kofu] L eP/ klg
sx] L dflg;x¿ dnfO{ dflg;s} lj?4df k|ofu] u5g{ \ . dfgjlgldt{ d dfgjs} ljgfzsf nflu
k|of]u x'Fbf w/] } sl'F 8G5' . d/] f] cfljisf/ /fd|f] sfdsf] nflu ePsf] xf] . v/fa s/' fx¿sf] k|rf/
/ ko| fu] sf nflu xf]Og .

s= sDKo'6/sf] k|ofu] sg' s'g If]qdf xg' ] u/]sf] 5 <

v= dflg;n] sDKo6' /nfO{ sg' Ifq] df k|of]u ugx{' Fb' g} <

^= tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ bp] m M

s= sDKo6' / s:tf]s:tf] :j¿kdf kfOG5g\ < nv] .

v= sDKo'6/sf] pkofu] sg' s'g sfdsf nflu ul/bF } cfPsf] 5 <

u= OG6/g6] hf]8k] l5 sDKo'6/af6 k|fKt x'g] ;l' jwfx¿ s]s] x'g\ <

&= ‘d sDKo6' / x'F’ lgaGw kl9;sk] l5 ltdLn] sDKo6' /sf] af/d] f s]s] s/' f yfxf kfof} < n]v .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 117

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

dflg;n] h:t} sfd ug{] oGqnfO{ oGqdfgj elgG5 .
oGqdfgj cyft{ \ /fa] 6{sf] z/L/ dfG5s] f] h:t} agfOPsf]
xG' 5 . o;sf xft, v§' f / cfn}F fx¿ klg xG' 5g\ . o;sf
xftv§' f / cGo cª\ux¿ kmnfd / /a/n] ags] f x'G5g\ .
o;sf] dl:tis eg]sf] sDKo6' / xf] . oGqdfgjn] 3/df,
sf/vfgfdf, vt] af/Ldf / sfofn{ odf klg dfG5]n] h:t}
sfd ug{ ;S5 . 3/ ;kmf ug],{ afnaflnsf;uF vN] g] / pgLx¿nfO{ dgf/] ~hg lbg,] k;n
jf 3/df cfPsf kfxg' fnfO{ :jfut ;Tsf/ ug]{ nufotsf sfdx¿ oGqdfgjn] ug{ ;S5 .
¿vaf6 kmnkm" n l6Kg], ltgLx¿nfO{ afs;df aGb ug]{, uf8Ldf r9fpg] nufotsf sfdx¿
u/]/ oGqdfgjn] sl[ ifsf] If]qdf klg ;xofu] k¥' ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljz]if u/]/ cfunfuL , e"sDk,
af9Lklx/f] h:tf k|fs[lts ljkb\df p4f/sf nflu o;sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . dflg;nfO{ vt/f xg' ]
7fpF, ulx/f vfgLx¿, wj' f,F wn' f] w]/} ePsf] 7fpFdf o;af6 sfd u/fpFbf dflg;nfO{ ;lhnf] xg' ]
u/]sf] 5 . oGqdfgjh:tf] ;xof]uL ;fwg agfpg klg sDKo'6/sf] g} dxŒjk"0f{ ofu] bfg /x]sf]
5.

s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M

oGq, dl:tis, dgf]/~hg, ljz]if, kf| s[lts, cª\u, es" Dk

v= 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

s= oGqdfgjsf] z/L/ dfG5s] f] h:t} xf85fnfn] ags] f] x'G5 .

v= oGqdfgjn] afnaflnsfnfO{ vn] fP/ a:g ;S5 .

u= oGqdfgj cfuf] nfus] f] 7fpFdf hfg 8/fpF5 .

3= oGqdfgjsf] dl:tis egs] f] sDKo6' / g} xf] .

ª= oGqdfgjn] vfgLx¿df klg sfd ug{ ;S5 .

u= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

!= oGqdfgjsf] z/L/ s;/L ag]sf] x'G5 <
===========================================================================================

118 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff %

@= oGqdfgjn] s'gs'g Ifq] df dflg;nfO{ ;3fpFb} cfPsf] 5 <
===========================================================================================

#= sl[ ifsf] Ifq] df oGqdfgjnfO{ s;/L pkof]u ul/bF } cfPsf] 5 <
===========================================================================================

$= s:tfs:tf kf| s[lts ljkb\df oGqdfgjsf] k|ofu] ul/G5 <
===========================================================================================

%= oGqdfgjsf] dV' o cª\u sg' xf] <
===========================================================================================

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 @!# df lbOPsf] cg'R5]b_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s= sDKo6' /sf] k|of]u s'gs'g If]qdf xg' ] u/]sf] 5 <


v= 3/df sDKo'6/sf] ko| f]u lsg ul/G5 <


u= sg' s'g sfof{nodf sDKo6' / clgjfoh{ :t} ePsf] 5 <


3= oftfoft sfof{nosf sDKo6' /n] s] sfd u5{g\<



;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff % 119

@= sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls pQ/ e/ M –

dxŒjk0" f,{ lx;falstfa, kl/ofh] gf, la/fdLsf]
s_ sDKo6' / cfw'lgs o'usf] ========================== pknlAw xf] .
v_ ljBfnodf lbOPsf ========================== tof/ kfg{ klg sDKo'6/ geO{ xbF' }g .
u_ a}ªs\ df ========================== /fVgsf nflu sDKo6' /sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
3_ c:ktfndf /flvPsf sDKo6' /x¿n] ubf{ ========================== hfFr ug{ w]/}

;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .

Jofs/0f ;Lk

et" sfn / To;sf kIf

;fdfGo e"t sfnn] lats] f] ;dodf sfd ePsf] a¹' fp“5 . ;fdfGo e"t sfnsf] lj|mofsf]
cGTodf P“, of}“, O;,\ of}, g'eof], of,] O{, P cflb hf]l8G5g\ .

vf ± P“ ˜ vfP“ vf ± of}“ ˜ vfof“} vf ± O;\ ˜ vfO;\

vf ± of} ˜ vfof} vf ± ge' of] ˜ vfpge' of ] vf ± of] ˜ vfof]

vf ± O{ ˜ vfO{ vf ± Og\ ˜ vfOg\ vf ± P ˜ vfP

ck0" f{ e"t sfnn] lats] f] ;dodf sfd eO/x]sf] cj:yf a'¹fp5“ . ck"0f{ kIfsf lj|mofdf t}÷b}
hfl] 8G5 eg] e"t sfnsf] ck0" f{ kIfdf t}÷b} kl5 lyP“, lyof“}, lyOg=\ == cfp5“ g\ .

vf ± b} lyP“ ˜ vfb“ } lyP“ vf ± b} lyof}“ ˜ vfFb} lyof“}

vf ± b} lyO;\ ˜ vfb“ } lyO;\ vf ± g'xb'“ } lyof] ˜ vfgx' “b' } lyof]

k"0f{ e"t sfnn] lat]sf] ;dodf sfd ;'? eP/ k"/f klg ePsf] a¹' fp“5 . k"0f{ kIfsf lj|mofdf
Psf]÷Psf÷PsL hfl] 8G5 . ck0" f{ et" sfndf Psf÷Psf÷] PsL hfl] 8Psf zAbsf] k5fl8 e"t sfn
hgfpg] lyP,“ lyof}“, lyO;\ cflb cfp5“ g\ .

120 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

vf ± Psf] lyP“ ˜ vfPsf] lyP“ vf± Psf lyof}“ ˜ vfPsf lyof}“
vf± PsL lyOg\ ˜ vfPsL lyOg\ vf ± Psf] lyof] ˜ vfPsf] lyof]

!= wft' / ;ªs\ t] sf ;xfotfn] vfnL 7fpF e/ M -u/\, ;fdfGo e"t_
s= xfdLn] ldn]/ sfd ========================== . -hf, k0" f{ e"t_
v= lxhf] d dfdf3/ ========================== .
u= v]nf8Lx¿ rf/} df km'6an ========================== . -v]n\, ck0" f{ et" _
3= tF lxhf] sxfF ========================== < -a;\, k0" f{ et" _
ª= pxfFx¿ t ========================== .
r= ltdL ;8slt/ ========================== . -;'t,\ ;fdfGo et" _
5= alxgLx¿ d~rdf klg ========================== . -8'n\, ck"0f{ e"t_
h= axQ/ ;fndf 7"nf] e"sDk ========================== . -gfr\, k0" f{ e"t_
¹= xfdL ;8s 5]pdf ========================== . -hf, k0" f{ e"t_
`= ljBfyLx{ ¿n] ;t] f lxdfn ========================== . -lx8F ,\ ck0" f{ et" _
6= s]6fs]6Lx¿n] kmf]xf/] ========================== .
7= alxgLn] t/sf/L ========================== . -bv] ,\ ;fdfGo e"t _
8= ltdL cfpFbf d l;g]df ========================== . -u/\, k"0f{ e"t _
9= pgLx¿ /fd|f lrq ========================== .
-sf6\, ;fdfGo et" _
-x]/\, ck"0f{ e"t _
-sf]/,\ ck"0f{ e"t _

@= k9\ wft'af6 ;fdfGo et" sfnsf ljm| ofx¿ agfpm .

#= ck"0f{ e"t sfnsf lj|mofx¿sf] k|of]u u//] Pp6f cgR' 5b] n]v .

$= e"t sfnsf ;a} kIfdf cfk"mn] sIff $ df u/s] f sfo{x¿sf] j0fg{ u/ .

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 121

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= lbOPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df ‘gbL’ zLif{sdf Pp6f cfTdsyf n]v M
lxdfnaf6 aUb} ¹g]{ ================ kxf8sf] af6f] xF'b} t/fOl{ t/ ¹g]{ ================
dflg;, hgfj/ / jg:kltnfO{ sfd nfUg] ================ vfg]kfgLsf] ¿kdf ================
=dl;=f=Frg==]{f=O====s====f=====n====f=l==u=b==]z====s====fk]=;=f=8} 'G==bL=/=v=t=f]N==ga] 9klafoph6{ gs'n] =Lx=¿=l=g==s=¥=of=N=fgl=Ç=] =6==ª======bv=]z=]N=n=g=]f=O==={==w====g==L=b=az] ==gs=f=p=f=] g=u= sf/}sfjdfx] aLn9fdUfgpf5] g.f]

@= kf7df lbOPsf] z}nLdf ‘dfa] fOn kmf]g’ zLifs{ df 5f]6f] cfTdsyf n]v .

ljleGg gfk tyf kl/df0f M

!))) u|fd → ! lsnfu] f| d

!))) ld6/ → ! lsnf]ld6/

!^ cfgf → ! /fk] gL

!))) ldlnln6/ → ! ln6/

@=$% ;l] G6ld6/ → ! OGr

!@ OGr → ! lkm6

122 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff %

kf7 !) eljio bl[ i6

sljtf /d]z z'e]R5'

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;an} ] k9 M

afafcfdfn] dnfO{ d pkmg| , vN] g /
grnLsg a; eGg'xG' 5 . sb' g\ xFb' }g /] .

gfOF, dn} ] af]Ng, v]Ng / xfdLn] /dfpg] :jtGqtf
plk|mg kfpg'k5{ . kfpgk' 5{ .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff % 123

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d s] ltdL 3/df w/] } rsrs u5f{} <
d ltdL plk|Fmbf afafcfdf s] eGgx' 'G5 <
d afafcfdfn] zfGt eP/ a; eGbf ltdLnfO{ lrQ aˆ' 5 t <
d ltdLn] 3/kl/jf/df s]xL kZ| g ubf{ To;sf] pQ/ kfp5F f} <
d afnaflnsfnfO{ lsg eljio bl[ i6 elgPsf] xfn] f <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d cfxf ¤ u'?cfdfn] xfdLnfO{ cfh plk|mpk|mL v]Ng lbg'eof] .
d d /dfO/{ dfO{ k9\g, nV] g / vN] g rfxG5' .
d d]/f] afafn] dnfO{ h] ;f]w] klg elglbgx' G' 5 .
d xfdL afnaflnsfn] ;a} s'/f b]Vg / aˆ' g kfpg'k5{ .
d xfF;Lv;' L /xg kfpg' afnclwsf/ xf] .
d xfdL klg :jtGqtf rfxG5fF} .
d xfdLn] :jtGqtf kfof}F eg/] gug{] sfd slxNo} ugx'{ bF' }g .

124 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff %

;Fu}sf] t:jL/ /d]z ze' ]R5s' f] xf] . logL slj tyf syfsf/ xg' \ . 5Gbdf ;G' b/
sljtf n]Vg] z'e]R5' of] ;dosf nf]slk|o slj x'g\ . logL cfk"m afFrs] f] ;dosf
ljljw lrqx¿nfO{ sljtfsf x/kmx¿df pGg l;kfn' 5g\ . kf7df /flvPsf] ‘eljio
bl[ i6’ sljtfdf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljifo agfOPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
:jtGq ¿kn] xs' {g] jftfj/0f lbg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ o;f] u/\, o;f] gu/\ eg/]
;fdfGo s'/fx¿df /f]Sbf pgLx¿sf] ljsf; ;xL 9ªu\ n] xg' kfpbF g} eGg] s'/f sljtfdf JoQm
ePsf] 5 . kf7sf] sljtf no xfn/] k9 clg eGg vf]lhPsf] s'/f aˆ' g] ko| f; u/ M

otf gu/\, ptf gu/\ ,gu/\ g5f] gl;s\ g P
otf g5f,] ptf g5f], g5f,] gx]/\ gl¹s\ g P .
x'bF g} of], x'Fb}g Tof], nl8G5 P Totf ghf
gu/\, ghf, g5f] eg] d v'lDrg] 5' ;jb{ f .

gx]g{' /] gl;Sg' /] grSrsfpg" c/]
gvN] g' /,] gs'bg\ ' /], gp7\g' /], grNg' /] .
ag]/ d"lt{ a:g' /] ykSs Ps 7fpFdf
d a9\g' s] u/L cxf] lsnf u8\of] ls kfpdf ¤

zAbf {y v'lDrg' M v'n]/ sg' } sfd ug{ gkfpg' dl" t{ M grnLsg Ps} 7fpF al;/xg,] kl| tdf
;j{bf M ;w}eF l/ lsnf M sf6F L jf sfF8f
grSrsfpg' M rsrs gug{' kfp M v'§f, uf8] f

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff % 125

cg]s kZ| g 5g\ oxf,F hjfkm 5g} cflv/
o;f] egL p;f] egL p8fpF5g\ ;a}lt/ .
5n]/ jtd{ fgdf eljio ef]ln aG5 / <
k|ofu] vfh] z"Go ef] eg] sxfF l;lsG5 / <

ls afn aGg' bfi] f xf] < ls afn aGg' >fk xf] <
ls lx8F g\ ', af]Ng', vN] g' g} lj/fd xf] ls kfk xf] <
/dfpg] 5' kfpFbf :jtGq efu] sf] xs
sxfF k'u]/ ug{' s] lnO{ ;wF} 7"nf ws <

pd/] lrGbYof] sxfF ljsf;sf] gofF ult < zAbf {y hjfkm M pQ/
eljio /Rg Bf} gofF g/fs] afn ;Gtlt . p8fpg' M lvNnL ug{', lv;L ug{'
;t' /] sd{ s] /rF" d df}g s] u/L a;"F < jt{dfg M clxn]sf] ;do
hd]/ Ps 7fpFdf d s] u/L r'nL r9F" < eljio M kl5 cfpg] ;do
u/]/ l;Sg hf eg] cjZo ug{ ;Qm5f}F zG" o M vfnL, l/Qf]
k|ToIf b]Vg kfOP ljj]s vfg{ ;Qm5f}F . >fk M ;/fk, g/fd|f] xf];\ eg]/ ul/Psf] sfdgf
;a} 7n" f ;a} a8f e/' fe'/L c/] otf lj/fd M uNtL, e'nrs'
eljio bl[ i6, ;l[ i6 xf}F gx]k afnaflnsf . ws M ;ª\sfr] , sg' } sfd ug{ 8/fpg'
xs M clwsf/, kfpg'kg]{ s'/f
126 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff % Bf} M b]pm
r'nL M r'r'/f]
kT| oIf M cfÇg} cfFvfn] bv] ]sf]
bl[ i6 M x]/fO
;[li6 M /rgf, l;hg{ f

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

grSrsfpg,' eljio, :jtGq, >fk, /r,"F cjZo, kT| oIf, b[li6, ;[li6

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M

;j{bf, d"lt,{ kfp, eljio, >fk, ws

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

v'lDrg', grSrsfpg,' lsnf, p8fpg,' xs, rn' L, bl[ i6

$= tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ lb|li6 cf_ bi[ 6L O_ b[li6 O_{ bl[ :6
O_{ >Lli6
@= c_ l;|li6 cf_ ;L| li6 O_ ;[li6 O{_ cj:o
O_{ afnaflnsf
#= c_ cjZo cf_ ca:o O_ cjio

$= c_ afnjflnsf cf_ afnafnLsf O_ jfnjflnsf

%= tnsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf8] f ldnfpm M

otf cg]s

v'lDrg' lgbf]i{ f

Ps wd{

kZ| g ptf

bfi] f k/tGq

kfk km]bL

:jtGq ck|ToIf

rn' L pQ/

kT| oIf kml} ng'

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff % 127

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

hjfkm uNtL

jt{dfg vfnL

zG" o clxn]sf] ;do

lj/fd pQ/

k|ToIf /rgf

;[li6 cfÇg} cfFvfn] b]vs] f]

&= dflysf] sljtfdf ePsf 7fpdF f– kfpdf, >fk–kfk, xs–ws h:t} cGTodf no ldn]sf
kfFr hf8] L zAb -lzIfs jf cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] ]/_ n]v .

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ afns v'lDrgs' f] sf/0f s] xf] <
===========================================================================================
v_ ykSs Ps} 7fpFdf s] a:5 <
===========================================================================================
u_ s] s/' fsf] oxfF hjfkm 5g} <
===========================================================================================
3_ s] eg]/ sfd u/fPdf afnsn] cjZo ug{ ;S5<
===========================================================================================
ª_ afnaflnsfnfO{ lsg xK] gx' 'Gg <
===========================================================================================

128 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff %

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] x'g,\ lrg]/ n]v M
s_ afnaflnsfn] h] u/] klg cleefjsn] s]xL eGb}gg\ .
v_ afnaflnsfnfO{ cleefjsn] rsrs gug{ eG5g\ .
u_ afnaflnsfn] x/]s k|Zgsf] pQ/ kfPsf xG' 5g\ .
3_ jtd{ fgdf h] u/] klg eljio /fd|} aGg ;S5 .
ª_ afnaflnsfx¿ x/s] s'/f k|ToIf bV] g / aˆ' g rfxG5g\ .
#= sljtfsf] kªl\ Qm k"/f u/ M
ls afn aGg' bfi] f xf] < ls afn aGg' ========================== xf] <
ls lxF8g\ ,' af]Ng', vN] g' g} ========================== xf] ls kfk xf] <
/dfpg] 5' kfpFbf :jtGq ef]usf] ==========================
sxfF ku' ]/ ug{' s] lnO{ ;wF} 7"nf ========================== <
$= tnsf] sljtfsf cz+ k9/] ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M
u//] l;Sg hf eg] cjZo ug{ ;Qm5f}F
k|ToIf b]Vg kfOP ljj]s vfg{ ;Qm5f}F .
;a} 7n" f ;a} a8f e/' fe'/L c/] otf
eljio b[li6, ;[li6 xfF} gx]k afnaflnsf .
s= afnaflnsfx¿ s;/L l;Sg ;Sb5g\ <
v= afnaflnsfnfO{ x]Kg gxg' ] sf/0fx¿ ss] ] xg' \ <
%= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ gu/,\ ghf, g5f] elg/xd] f afnaflnsf ;wF} s] xg' ] 5g\ <
v_ afnaflnsfnfO{ kfpdf s] u8h] :t} ePsf] 5 <
u_ o;f] / p;f] eg]/ afnaflnsfnfO{ dflg;x¿ ;al} t/ s] u5{g\ <
3_ afnaflnsfn] efU] g rfx]sf] xs sg' xf] <
ª_ x/]s s'/fdf /f]s nufOPsf afnaflnsfn] s] ug{ ;Sbg} g\ <

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff % 129

^= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s= afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ s'gs'g sfd ug{ /f]s nufOPsf] 5 <
v= afnaflnsfx¿ dgdf s]s:tf kZ| gx¿ plAhPsf 5g\ <
u= afnaflnsfnfO{ lsg eljiosf bl[ i6 elgPsf] xf] <
&= ;a} afnaflnsf ;dfg Ifdtfsf x'g g;Sg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] < cfÇgf] ljrf/ nv] .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

afnaflnsfx¿ sfrF f] df6f] h:tf xG' 5g\ . df6fa] f6 sd' fnn] ] ljleGg cfsf/sf efF8fx¿
agfPh:t} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ klg h:tf] agfpg rfÅof] To:t} agfpg ;lsG5 . afnsx¿sf]
:jefj lh1f;' ks| l[ tsf] xG' 5 . pgLx¿ tTsfn bv] s] f] s'/fdf a9L s]lGbt| xG' 5g\ . s]xL sfddf
nfus] f j]nfdf csf]{ sx] L b]v] eg] Tot}lt/ kmlsG{ 5g\ . pgLx¿df gofF s'/f hfGg], aˆ' g] ?lr
x'G5 . s6] fs6] Lx¿nfO{ sg' } klg sfddf lgif]w ugx'{ G' g . pgLx¿n] rfxs] f] s'/f ;xL 5g} eg]
of] o;sf/0f 7Ls 5}g eg/] a'¹fpgk' 5{ . afnaflnsfx¿ ;D¹fPkl5 ;D¹G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{
¹s/]{ , l/;fP/ p8fpg] ul/of] eg] To;n] afndl:tisdf gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ . afnaflnsfx¿n]
rfxs] f] s'/f ug,{ rfxs] f] s/' f x]g{ tyf l;Sg kfpg'k5{ . o;n] pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4 xG' 5 .
sg' }s'g} afnsx¿ cgfjZos lh2L klg u5g{ \ . pgLx¿sf] cgfjZos lh2LnfO{ ltd|f] of] s/' f
7Ls 5g} a? d o;f] u5'{ eg]/ cleefjsn] ;D¹fpg'k5{ . s]xL ug{ nfu] gu/\ eGg,] st} hfg
nfu] ghf eGg,] nl8G5, e"t cfpF5 cflb h:tf s/' fx¿ u//] afndl:tisnfO{ vD' Rofpgx' 'Gg .
!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
rfÅof,] lgifw] , afndl:tis, sl] Gbt| , cleefjs
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s= afnaflnsfx¿ s:tf x'G5g\ <
v= afnaflnsfdf s:tf] ?lr x'G5 <
u= s] ubf{ afnsdf g/fdf| ] c;/ k5{ <
3= cleefjsn] afnsnfO{ s;/L ;D¹fpg'k5{ <
ª= afndl:tisnfO{ s]n] vD' RofpF5 <

130 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff %

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 @!# df lbOPsf] sljtf_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

s= n;g' s;/L kmN5 <

v= efG5f lsg vNnf] x'G5 <



u= n;g' nfO{ d;nf eGg' 7Ls xf] ls xfO] g <



3= n;g' sf] af/]df xfdLn] s] s'/f hfGgk' 5{ <



ª= n;'gn] s;/L w/] }nfO{ v';L kf/]sf] 5 <



@= sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls pQ/ e/ M

s_ n;g' sf] 8Nnf] ;fgf;fgf ====================== n] ags] f] x'G5 . -lahn' f, u]8f_

v_ n;g' ====================== vfFbf klg kmfObf g} xG' 5 . -/ftf]d,} xl/ofd] _}

u_ ;s' fP/ /fv]sf] n;'g ====================== ;Dd sfd nfU5 . -kl5, cl3_

3_ n;g' ====================== h:t} dN" ojfg\ x'G5 . -kmnfd, ;'g_

ª_ lbgsf] Ps kf]6L n;g' vfPkl5 ============ aflx/} a;] klg xG' 5 . -8fS6/, df:6/_

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff % 131

Jofs/0f ;Lk

!= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] ;ª\st] sf] ;xfotfn] jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M

s= lbbLx¿ 3'Dg hfge' of] . -kl' nª\u _

v= e]8fx¿ rf/} df rb}{ 5g\ . -Psjrg_

u= pm k/LIff lbG5 . -ax'jrg_

3= nfU] gn] ] 3/ dg k/fof] . -:qLlnª\u_

ª= tF ljBfnoaf6 ;/f;/ 3/ hfG5];\ . -ky| d k?' if_

r= tF dfdf3/ hfG5;\ . -pRr cfb/_

5= xfdL vf6] fª k'us] f lyof}F . -t;] f| ] k'?if_

h= s6] L lgs} /fd/| L gfrL . -axj' rg_

¹= ;'GtnLsL gfs] gL{ eflu5] . -k'lnªu\ _

`= ;dfh;]jLn] k/' :sf/ kfof] . -axj' rg_

6= 5fqx¿ sljtf ;g' fpF5g\ . -:qLlnªu\ _

7= d 3/d} a:5' . -t;] |f] k?' if_

8= d ldlxg]t u/]/ k9\5' . -bf];f| ] k?' if_

9= Tof] a]Grdf a:of] . -ax'jrg_

0f= ltdL d/] f ;fyL xf} . -cgfb/_

132 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff %

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] x/kmx¿ yk]/ sljtf k"/f u/ M
-3§af6, cgd' lt, kL/, l¹Fuf, aflx/, ;fhL, kmfx] f]/, dL7f_]

rfpldg, dMd, kfgLk/' L ====================== vfgx' 'Gg,
====================== dfq} vfG5' d t af;L vfgf 5G' gF .

vn' f 7fpdF f w'nfd] n} f} ====================== klg x'G5,
====================== eGSof rLh vfbF f /f]uJoflwn] 5'G5 .

v;' L afF8\g] cfdfafnfO{ kfgx'{ G' g ======================,
dfUgk' 5{ ====================== hfbF f aflx/lt/ .

====================== NofPsf] Tof] vfG5' vfn] k] L7f,]
uG' b|s' , l98F f] h];'s} xf];\ 3/s} vfgf ====================== .
@= ltdLnfO{ /dfOnf] nfu]sf] s'g} Pp6f sljtf cfÇgf] sfkLdf nv] .

@% jif{ k/" f u/]kl5 – /ht hoGtL
%) jif{ k"/f u/]kl5 – :j0f{ hoGtL
&% jif{ k"/f u/]kl5 – xL/s hoGtL
!)) jif{ k"/f u/]kl5 – ztjflif{sL
!))) jif{ k/" f u/k] l5 – ;x;f| AbL

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff % 133

kf7 !! efn] af:of]

syf cgdf]ndl0f

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;a}n] k9 M

laxfg} efn] af;]sf] ;'g]/ xfdLn] lrl8of3/df
xfdf| ] lgb|f vN' of] . w]/} hgfj/ b]VofF} .

xh/' afn] dnfO{ nf]ssyf nf]ssyfdf kzk' IfLn]
;g' fpg'eof] . klg s'/fsfgL u5{g\ .

134 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ltdLn] efn] af;s] f] ;g' ]sf 5f} <
d efn] / kf]yLdf s] km/s x'G5 ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d s] ltdLn] nfs] syf ;'g]sf 5f} <
d nfs] syfdf hgfj/ / r/fx¿ klg s/' f u5{g\ eGg] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d s] xfdLn] c¿sf] gSsn ugx{' G' 5 <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

d laxfg} efn] af;]kl5 t xfdL ;as} f] lgb|f v'Nof] .
d dnfO{ xh'/cfdfn] / xh'/afn] 5§' f5'§} nfs] syf ;'gfpge' of] .
d nfs] syfdf t hgfj/ / r/fx¿ klg s'/f ubf{ /x]5g\ .
d cfÇgfk] gdf /dfpg] dflg; ;w}F ;kmn x'G5 .
d c¿;uF ePsf] s'/fnfO{ /fd|f] / cfk"m;uF ePsf] s/' fnfO{ g/fd|f] 7fGg] afgL /fd|f] xf]Og .
d hgfj/x¿af6 klg xfdL w/] } lzIff kfpg ;S5fF} .
d cfÇgfk] gnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{] afgL a;fnfF} .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 135

;uF }sf] t:jL/ cgdf]ndl0fsf] xf] . logL gk] fnL ;flxTosf uhn, sljtf tyf
syf ljwfdf snd rnfpF5g\ . logsf] ‘gbL lsgf/df pleP/’ uhn;ªu\ x| ,
‘;a't’ sljtf;ª\u|x tyf ‘gLlndf / uf9f cWF of/f’] syf;ª\u|x ks| flzt 5g\ .
k;] fn] kqsf/, cgdf]ndl0f syfdf gjLg ljifo tyf k:| tl' tsf sf/0f jtd{ fg
;dosf pTsi[ 6 syfsf/sf ¿kdf lrlgPsf 5g\ . logL lj1fg syfx¿ tyf
;fdflhs oyfyd{ f cfwfl/t syfx¿ n]Vg ?rfpF5g\ . logsf syfsf kfqx¿ gofF s/' fsf]
vfh] Ldf /dfpF5g\ . kfq, kl/jz] tyf ljifodf ljljwtf lbg' logsf] ljz]iftf xf] . kf7df lbOPsf]
‘efn] af:of’] zLifs{ sf] syf nfs] syfdf cfwfl/t syf xf] . o;df sg' } klg s'/fsf] l;sfO sf]af6
/ s;/L xG' 5 eGg] s'/fsf] /f]rs hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . efn] laxfg} af:5 . af:g] s;/L xf] eGg]
ga¹' s] f] efnn] ] s;/L af:g l;Sof] eGg] s/' f kf7df /dfOnf] tl/sfn] lbOPsf] 5 . Wofg lbP/
k9 M

of] syf dnfO{ d]/f] xh/' afn] ;'gfpg'ePsf] xf] . d/] f] xh/' afnfO{ klg pxfFsf] xh/' afn]
;'gfpg'ePsf] xf] /] .

o;/L xh/' afsf j]nfb]lv g} ;G' b} cfPsf pxL k'/fgf syfnfO{ nf]ssyf eG5g\ . of] To:t} Pp6f
nfs] syf xf] .

•

la:tf/} efns] f] l;p/ /ftf] / n/Ss kb}{ uof] . rNnf xFb' f To;sf]
7'F8 /x/nfUbf] kxFn] f] lyof] . c¿ rNnfx¿h:t} pm klg cG8faf6
hGd]sf] lyof] .

efn] r/f kh| fltdf k5{ . r/f kh| flt egs] f] k"mn cyf{t\ cG8f kfg]{
kh| flt xf] . r/f k|hfltdf hlGdg'nfO{ sf]/lng' elgG5 . o;/L km" n
sf]/Nbf kfy] L sv' /' f To;nfO{ tftf] agfP/ 5fK] b} sDtLdf !% lbg
cfy] f/f] a:5 .

zAbf {y l;p/ M efn] r/fsf] 6fpsf]df xg' ] h'/f] sf/] Ng' M rNnf lgsfNgsf nflu r/fn]
78'F M r/fsf] d'v cG8fnfO{ ttfpg'
k|hflt M s'g} ljzi] f hflt
cf]yf/f] a:g' M aRrf hGdfpgsf nflu cG8fnfO{
5f]k]/ a:g'

136 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff %

Tof] efn] ;fgfd] f ‘lrpFlrp’F ub}{ c¿ rNnf;Fu} cfdfsf] kl5kl5 s'b\Yof] . hlGdFbf o;sf]
lhpel/ kxn]F f /f}F lyP . v§' fsf gª\uf| x¿ dl;gf lyP . 7'8F 5f]6f] lyof] .

lbglbg} efn] a9b\ } hfFbf ayfgdf c¿eGbf km/s bl] vbF } uof] .

hlGdFbfsf kxn]F f /f}F ablnP/ KjfFv eP . tL kFv]6f / lhpdf ;nS{ s ldn/] a;]sf lyP . KjfFvsf]
/ª snh] L /ftf] lyof] . KjfFv 5fDbf lrKnf nfUy] .

efns] f] 6fpsf]df l;p/ knfof] . l;p/sf] cfsf/ 6f9faf6 bl] vg] lxdfnh:t} lyof] . efn] 7F'8n]
rf/f] vfGYof], ToxL eP/ cln dn} f] bl] vGYof] . lbglbg} pm alnof] / hjfg x'bF } uof] .

rNnfx¿sf] ayfgaf6 5l' §P/ pm 8/ gdfgL PSn} lx8F \g yfNof] . kv]6f / uw{gsf KjfFvx¿
km6km6fpg yfNof] . xNsf p8Fn' f¹F} u/]/ e'OF 5f8b\ } 9f6 / tuf/fx¿df a:g yfNof] .

ufpFdf c¿ efn] klg lyP . tL af:y] . la:tf/} p;nfO{ klg af:g dg nfUof] . t/ p;nfO{ s;}n]
klg af:g l;sfPsf] lyPg . p;n] klg s;/L af:g] s;}nfO{ ;fw] s] f] lyPg .

p;n] h;nfO{ ;f]w/] eP klg af:g] lg0fo{ u¥of] .

•

/ftnfO{ rf/ kx| /df afFl8Psf] xG' 5 .
efn] af:g] j]nfnfO{ /ftsf] rf}yf] kx| /
elgG5 . Tof] laxfgsf] l¹;ld;] ;do
xf] . xf], Tof] ;dodf efn] af:bf To;n]
;dosf] ;ªs\ ]t u5{ . efn] af:bf
cfpg] cfjfhnfO{ 8fsF elgG5 .

38L gx'bF f dfG5x] ¿ efns] f] 8fsF
;g' ]/ Ao¹'F Gy] . efn] ;do lyof] . hlt
jn] f 38L lyPg, 3/3/df efn] xG' Yof] . efnn] ] ;do atfpFYof] / efn]n] 38Lsf] sfd uYof]{ .

Tof] ;fgf] efn] klg af:g l;Sg klxn] 3/sf] la/fnf] ePsf] 7fpFdf uof] .

zAbf {y gª\u|f M r/fr?' ª\uLsf] gª tuf/f] M af/
sn]hL M sn]hfsf] h:tf] /ª ePsf] k|x/ M ;do
hjfg M oj' f cj:yfsf] l¹;ld; ] M ld/ld/,] laxfgLkvsf] ;do
uw{g M 3f6F L ;ª\st] M O;f/f

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff % 137

la/fnf]nfO{ efnn] ] eGof,] ‘d klg c¿ efnh] :t} laxfg $ ah] af:g rfxG5' . dnfO{ s;/L af:g]
yfxf 5}g . la/fnf] bfO, dnfO{ af:g l;sfOb]pm g ¤’

la/fnf]n] efnn] fO{ x¥] of] . cfÇgf hF'uf
rnfof] . / eGof], ‘n 7Ls 5, ef]ln laxfg
ltdL 7"nf] :j/df ‘Dofp›F ››’ u/]/ af:g" ¤’

efn] v';L eP/ kmlso{ f] . ha laxfgsf]
rfy} f] kx| / ;'? eof], efn] vf/] df la/fnfs] f]
cfjfhdf ‘Dofp›F ››DofpF’ u¥of] .

t/ 3/sf sfx] L dfG5] p;sf] cfjfhn] p7]gg\ .

xh'/afn] eGg'eof], ‘of] efn] lsg la/fnf] h;/L s/fof] xF <’

Tof] lbg pm lg/fz eof] . klxnf] lbg p;n] efn]sf] cfjfh lgsfNg ;s]g .

csf]{ lbg efn] ;'Fu'/sf] vf/] glhs rl//xs] f] lyof] . ;'Fu'/ ‘jfOsF jfOsF ’ u/]/ hf]8hf8] n]
s/fof] .

efnn] ] 7fGof], of] ;u'F /' n] dnfO{ af:g l;sfpg ;S5 . clg ;'Fu/' sf] glhs} uP/ eGof], ‘;'Fu'/ bfO,
;'uF '/ bfO, ltdLnfO{ efn] s;/L af:5 yfxf 5 <’

;u'F '/n] lxnfd] f kN6fO/fvs] f] cfÇgf] lhp p7fof] . df]6f] lhp 9ns9ns 9NsfpbF } efn] 5]pdf
cfof] . kR' 5/ lkm6lkm6 xNnfof] . clg cfÇgf] yt' 'gf] rR' rf] k/]/ s/fof,] ‘efn] eP/ Tolt af:g
klg cfpFb}g ‘jfOFs jfOFs’ u/]/ af; g .’

Effl] nkN6 laxfg efn] To;/L g} af:of] . ;'uF /' sf] ;Nnfx klg sfd nfu]g .

xh/' afn] eGge' of,] ‘of] efn] cfh lsg ;F'u/' h:tf] kf] s/fof] <’

csf]{ lbg af:g] ;Nnfx lng uf]7df uf?] ePsf] 7fpdF f k'Uof] . uf?] n] ‘afcF fFcfcF f›››’ u//] af:g
l;sfof] . To;n] klg sfd u/g] . efn] efn] h;/L af:g ;s]g .

csf]{ lbg rb{} ubf{ p;n] cfFugdf al;/xs] f] ss' /' b]Vof] . efn]n] ca ss' /' l;t ;Nnfx dfUg]
lgwf] u¥of] .

5]jd} f uP/ p;n] s's'/nfO{ ;f]Wof], ‘s's'/ bfO, ss' '/bfO, dn} ] af:g'kg]{ jn] f e}’;Sof] . t/

zAbfy{ vf/] M afvf| , ;F'u/' cflb a:g] 3/ lgwf ] M lglZrt, kSsf

138 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff %

hfg]sf] 5}g . d}n] la/fnf] bfO, ;'uF '/ bfO / uf?] bfOl;t af:g l;sF] . t/ klg d efn] h;/L af:g
;lsgF . s;/L af:g] xf]nf < ltdL ufpFel/ 8N' 5f} . efn] af:g] tl/sf yfxf 5 < yfxf 5 eg]
l;sfOb]pm g ¤’

s's/' n] efn]nfO{ x]¥of] / eGof,] ‘wt\ ¤ efn] efO ltdL t s:tf] < efn] af:g c¿l;t l;s/]
x'G5 < ls ufpsF f c¿ efn]l;t l;Sg hfpm, ls cfÇg} efn] afl;t l;s . d t s's'/ xF' .
£jfª£jfª u/]/ e'S5' . efn]n] t efn] h;/L af:g'k5{ . d ltdLnfO{ af:g l;sfpg ;lSbgF .
hfpm, efn]x¿l;t} l;Sg hfpm .’

To;kl5 pm ufpFsf] ;ae} Gbf a"9f] efn] ePsf] 7fpdF f uof] . ;a} s'/f ;'gfof] / cfk"m klg af:g
rfx]sf] atfof] .

p;sf] s'/f ;g' ]/ a"9f] efn] kv]6f km6km6fP/ xf:F of] .

clg eGof], ‘efn] efO, s's/' n] ltdLnfO{ 7Ls eGof] . efn] af:g] tl/sf efn]n] dfq} l;sfpg
;S5 . af:g' egs] f] xfdf| ] efiff xf] . ;;+ f/sf ;a} k|f0fLsf 5§' f5'§} efiff xG' 5g\ . efiff eg/]
sv' /' f ;a} af:bg} g\ lg kml] / . kfy] L sv' '/fn] af:g hflGbgF . kfy] L ‘Sjf/ Sjf/Sjf/Sjf/’ u//]
sf]/sf/] fpF5] . af:g] sfd efn]sf] xf] .’

‘s;/L af:g] t efn] bfO <’, ;fgf] efn]n] ;fW] of] .

‘dnfO{ x/] ’, 7n" f] efn]n] eGof] .

clg klxn] cfÇgf kv]6f km6k\ m6fof] . cl3kl5 u/]h:t] u¥of] . cfÇgf gªu\ |fn] hldgdf cln
a]:;/L 6]Sof] . klxn] cfÇgf] uw{gnfO{ cln tn NofPh:tf] u//] km]l/ dfly nUof] / tgSs kf¥of] .
clg leq}bl] v cfjfh lgsfNof,] ‘sv' '/L››› sfF››› ¤’

;fgf] efn]n] klg ToxL no ;dfof] / af:of] . p;sf] klg cfjfh lg:Sof,] ‘sv' '/L››› sfF››› ¤’

To; lbg efn] v';L x'bF } 3/ kmSof{] .

l5ds] sf efnx] ¿ af:g yfnk] l5 efl] nkN6 /ftsf] rf}yf] kx| /df ;fgf] efn] klg laplF ¹of] . clg
lxhf] l;s]h;/L ;'l/nf] :j/df af:of,] ‘sv' /' L››› sfF ››› ¤’
To;kl5 xh/' afn] eGg'eof], ‘cfh xfd|f] efn] klg af:of], n laxfg eof] . ca p7g\ ] j]nf eof]
x} .’

efn] dgdg} v';L eof] / x/]s l¹;ld;] laxfg To;/L g} af;]/ 38Lsf] sfd ug{ yfNof] .

zAbfy{ no M tfn, ;'/

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 139

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

gª\uf| , 5l' §P/, k|f0fL, uw{g, efiff

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M

l;p/, kh| flt, sf/] Ng', gªu\ f| , vf]/, lgwf], l¹;ld;,] k|x/

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

cfy] f/f] a:g', gªu\ f| , l¹;ld;,] tuf/f], k|x/, hjfg, sn]hL

$= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf//] ;f/ M

efn] dgdg} v'zL eof] / x/s] ¹L;ld;] ljxfg To;l/ g} af;]/ 38Lsf] sfd ug{ yfn\of] .

v_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ l¹;ldz] cf_ l¹ifld; ] O_ ¹L;ld; ] O_{ l¹;ld;]

@= c_ xh/" af cf_ xh/' jf O_ xh'/ jf O_{ xh/' af

#= c_ ;ª\st] cf_ ;s+ t] O_ zª\st] O{_ ;ªs]t

$= c_ k|fgL cf_ k|f0fL O_ k/f0fL O{_ kf| l0f

%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf]8f ldnfpm M

afSnf ] ad] ]n

lrNnf] cf/] fnL

d]n an] s' f

psfnL kftnf]

cy{ lbg

laxfg v;f| ]

/ft dT[ o'

hGd cgy{

140 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

7F8' ;do

hjfg af/

uw{g O;f/f

tuf/f] oj' f cj:yfsf]

k|x/ r/fsf] dv'

;ªs\ ]t 3f6F L

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ s:tf syfnfO{ nfs] syf eG5g\ <
===========================================================================================
v_ efn] sa] f6 hlGdPsf] lyof] <
===========================================================================================
u_ kfy] L sDtLdf slt lbg cfy] fnf] a:5 <
===========================================================================================
3_ la/fnfn] ] efn]nfO{ s;/L af:g l;sfof] <
===========================================================================================
ª_ efn] cfÇg} :j/df af;k] l5 xh/' afn] s] eGg'eof] <
===========================================================================================

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 141

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] xg' \ < lrg]/ nv] M
s_ xh/' cfdfn] syf ;'gfpg'eof] .
v_ efn] hlGdFbf p;sf] z/L/df kxF]nf /f}F lyP .
u_ efn] lbglbg} alnof] / hjfg xbF' } uof] .
3_ efn]n] e};F L;Fu uP/ af:g l;Sof] .
ª_ efn]nfO{ 7n" f] efnn] ] ;xL af6f] b]vfof] .
#= ldNg] zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M

8fFs, kv6] f, rfy} f], efiff, lhp
s_ efn] af:g] jn] fnfO{ /ftsf] ========================= k|x/ elgG5 .
v_ efn] af:bf cfpg] cfjfhnfO{ ========================= elgG5 .
u_ ;'uF '/n] lxnfd] f kN6fO/fv]sf] cfÇgf] ========================= p7fof] .
3_ efn]sf] s'/f ;g' /] a9" f] efn] ========================= km6km6fP/ a:of] .
ª_ ;+;f/sf ;a} k|f0fLsf 5§' f5'§} ========================= x'G5g\ .
$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ efn]sf v§' fsf gª\uf| s:tf lyP <
v_ efn] s'g k|hfltdf k5{ <
u_ ;'uF '/ s]df a:5 <
3_ ss' '/ sxfF al;/x]sf] lyof] <
ª_ /ftsf] s'g k|x/df efn] laplF ¹of] <
%= s;n] egs] f] xf] <
s= 7Ls 5, efl] n laxfg ltdL 7"nf] :j/df DofpFùùù u//] af:g" .
v= of] efn] cfh lsg ;uF' '/h:tf] kf] s/fof] .
u= dn} ] af:gk' g]{ jn] f e;} Sof] . t/ hfgs] f] 5g} .

142 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

3= hfpm efn]x¿l;t} l;Sg hfpm .
ª= af:g' egs] f] xfd|f] efiff xf] .
r= n laxfg eof,] ca p7g\ ] jn] f eof] x} .
^= kf7sf] cfwf/df j|md ldnfP/ nv] M
s= efnn] ] ;uF' '/;Fu cfk"mnfO{ af:g l;sfOlbg eGg',
v= s's'/n] efn]nfO{ cfÇg} afl;t af:g l;s eGg',
u= afn] laxfg ePsfn] ;an} fO{ p7\g eGg,'
3= efnn] fO{ af:g dg nfUg',
ª= efns] f] l;p/ /ftf] / n/Ss kb{} hfg' .
&= 5f6] f] pQ/ bp] m M
s= cG8faf6 lg:sbF f efn] s:tf] :j¿kdf lyof] <
v= efnn] fO{ af:g dg nfuk] l5 sfs] f;] uF ;Nnfx lng uof] <
u= efnn] fO{ ;xL ;Nnfx s;n] s] eg]/ lbof] <
*= efn] af:of] syf k9/] ltdLn] s]s] s'/f l;Sof} < nv] .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

9ª' u\ f / df6f] ldn]/ a;]sf lyP . jiff{ ofddf 7n" f]
kfgL k/]sf] jn] f 9ª' \ufn] df6fn] fO{ / df6f]n] 9'ª\ufnfO{
;dfP/ a:g] uy]{ . h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ slxNo}
vf]nfn] aufpg ;sg] . pgLx¿sf] Pstfaf6 8/fP/
Tof] 7fpdF f klx/f] hfg klg uPg . Ps lbg 9ª' u\ f
/ df6fsf] aLrdf egfeg eof] . 9'ª\ufn] d alnof]
5' eGb} df6f]nfO{ wDSofof] . df6fn] cfk"m geP;Dd
9ª' \ufsf] s]xL sfd gxg' ] eg]/ kmt' L{ ug{ yfNof] . ¹u8f olt a9\of] ls pgLx¿ Pscsf;{ Fu
glhs a:g} 5f8] . 3'ldlkm/L kml] / avf{ cfof] . cfsfzdf sfnfsfnf afbnx¿ bl] vg yfn] .
u8\ofªu8' ª' ub{} lah'nL rDSof] . d;' nwf/] kfgL k¥of] . kfgL kl//xFbf dflyaf6 e]n aUb} cfof] .

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff % 143

en] n] aufpnf ls eg/] df6f] va' ;ts{ eof] t/ p;sf] ;xf/f sfx] L gePkl5 cflv/ p;nfO{
kfgLsf] en] n] aufP/ nUof] . ptf 9ª' \uf] v'a 3dG8 u/]/ a;s] f] lyof] . df6fn] fO{ aufpg]
kfgLn] cfk"mnfO{ aufpg ;Sbg} eGg] p;nfO{ 9S' s lyof] . Psl} 5gdf 7"nf] e]n u8u\ 8fpFb} cfof]
/ 9'ªu\ fnfO{ aufP/ nUof] . aUbfaUb} 9'ª\uf] cGo 9'ªu\ fx¿;uF 7fl] sg k'Uof] / km'6/] 6'jm| f6'jm| f
eof] . o;/L Pstfsf] dxŒjnfO{ ga¹' ]/ Pscfk;df 3dG8 ubf{ df6f] / 9ª' u\ fn] b'Mv kfP .

s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M

9'ªu\ f, 3'ldlkm/L, wDSofof,] u8o\ fªu'8'ª, dxŒj, u8\u8fpFb,} ;ts{

v= hf]8f ldnfpm M

9'ªu\ fn] b'Mv kfP .

df6fn] aufof] .

lah'nL wDSofof] .

kfgL km'tL{ u¥of] .

en] n] k¥of] .

b'j}n ] rDSof] .

u= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

!= avf{ofddf df6f] / 9ª' u\ f] s;/L a:g] uy{] <
===========================================================================================

@= klx/f] hfg lsg ;s]sf] lyPg <
===========================================================================================

#= ¹u8f kbf{ 9ª' \uf / df6f]n] Pscsfn{ fO{ s] eg] <
===========================================================================================

$= avfo{ fddf s:tf] jftfj/0f b]vfk¥of] <
===========================================================================================

%= ‘Pstfsf] an’ ga'ˆbf df6f] / 9'ª\ufn] s:tf] kmn kfP <
===========================================================================================

144 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff %

;'gfO ;Lk

-k[i7 @!$ df lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M

s= dflg; s] s/' fdf /dfpgk' 5{ <

v= dflg;df s:tfs:tf Ifdtf x'G5g\ <

u= s:tf] dflg; ;kmn aGg ;S5 <

3= a9" fkfsfsf] ;Gbed{ f s'g egfO kl| ;4 5 <

ª= s:tf] dflg; c;n dflg; xf] <

@= sfi] 7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls pQ/ e/ M

s_ cfk"m;Fu ePsf] s/' fdf ================== dfGgk' 5{ . -¹G¹6, cfgGb_

v_ c¿ 3f8] f r9] eGbd} f cfk"m ================== r9g\ 'xbF' g} . -w/' L, x/' L_

u_ kT| os] dflg;df cfÇgf] 5'§} ================== x'G5 . -ljzi] ftf, b'i6tf_

3_ sfusf] kl5 bf}l8ge' Gbf klxn] cfÇgf] ================== 5fDg'k5{ . -gfs, sfg_

ª_ s'/f ;'Gg' ================== cfuf] tfKg' d'9fsf] . -a9" fsf], oj' fsf_]

Jofs/0f ;Lk

Psjrg M JolQm jf j:ts' f] Pp6f dfq ;ª\VofnfO{ Psjrg elgG5 .
h:t} M la/fnf,] sfkL, d, t“, e;F} L, snd, s6] f]
axj' rg M JolQm jf j:t'sf] PseGbf a9L ;ª\VofnfO{ ax'jrg elgG5 .
h:t} M la/fnf, sfkLx¿, xfdL, ltdLx¿, e};F Lx¿, sndx¿, s6] fx¿

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff % 145

!= tnsf jfSonfO{ axj' rg agfpm M v= ltdL /fdf| cIf/ n]V5f} .
s= d vfgf vfbF } lyPF . 3= ufO{ rf/} df rb}{ 5 .
u= s]6f] ykSs a:of] . r= ljBfyLn{ ] lrq sfb] }{ 5 .
ª= la/fnf] 5fgfdfly lx8F b\ } 5 .
v= 5f/] fx¿ ;x/df a:5g\ .
@= tnsf jfSonfO{ Psjrg agfpm M 3= Ajf;F fx¿ s/fP .
s= cfh ;fyLx¿ cfpFb} 5g\ . r= af6fx¿ km/flsnf 5g\ .
u= r/fx¿ e/' { p8] .
ª= gk] fnLx¿ :jfledfgL x'G5g\ .

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= tn lbOPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df Pp6f syf nv] M
bb=k===O'fl==;]x=={ j==n|f==] 6==f]nu==f==wf==uO==f==w{n==3==ff=O=f=bF;={ f=;]e=k=xf|fl=]x/f=ul=Lnn=w=fla=]bf=nfg=ul] ]=s' wc===l=ffb=eÇg=gs=f/=f=]x]cL=;L=aga=ff=y/'/]s]=fk=Lw]n=]/l=5f=hOu{kfg;lFbxl'{x}d8Fun=o=/g\ f=ds]]==uff=g=wgP;=f}=pss=;=6x=fL]=fo=;ua=f=f]uw:dgfbfu'gflag;] =={/|fk=g] f=ldg=uk=Lfw=P=bkf=sfng=];=f]'{=]d|f==]n;==f==fx==Ok=o{=5=fdau]='t=ff=s]lfn=pg=fsg=pu='=ngg.={']'

@= s'g} syfsf] k':ts k9 clg cfk"mnfO{ dg k/s] f] sg' } Pp6f syf sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .

ljZjdf ;ae} Gbf a9L M hd{gL
;;+ f/df ;a}eGbf a9L cfn' pTkfbg ug]{ b]z M 6f]lsof] -hfkfg_
;+;f/df ;ae} Gbf a9L vlrn{ f] ;x/ M rLg
;;+ f/df ;ae} Gbf a9L wfg pTkfbg ug{] bz] M r]/fk'GhL -ef/t_
;+;f/df ;a}eGbf a9L kfgL kg]{ 7fpF M hfkfg
;;+ f/df ;ae} Gbf a9L es" Dk hfg] bz] M af| lhn
;+;f/df ;ae} Gbf a9L hªu\ n ePsf] b]z M cdl] /sf
;+;f/df ;ae} Gbf a9L ;g' kfOg] b]z M c:6]l« nof
;;+ f/df ;a}eGbf a9L s/] f pTkfbg ug{] bz]

146 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff %

kf7 !@ dnfnf o';'kmhO{

hLjgL

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;an} ] k9 M

d ;fxl;s sfd ug{ rfxG5' . dlxnfx¿ 7n" f7n" f sfd ug{ ;S5g\ .

;a}n] k9g\ n] ]Vg] clwsf/ kfpg'k5{ . d}n] jStT[ jsnf k|ltofl] utfdf efu lnPsL lyPF .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff % 147

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ;fxl;s sfd egs] f] s] xf] <
d ltdLn] ;fxl;s sfd ug{] sg' } dlxnfnfO{ lrgs] f 5f} <
d ltdL /fdf| ] sfd ug{] dflg;sf] af/]df hfGg rfxG5f} <
d ltdLn] dnfnf o;' k' mhO{sf] gfd ;g' s] f 5f<}
d ltdLn] kfls:tfgsf] gfd ;g' ]sf 5f} <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d cfx] f] ¤ dnfnfn] s:tf] ;fxl;s sfd ul/l5g\ .
d dnfO{ klg ;fxl;s sfd ug{ dg nfUof] .
d xfdLn] ;a}sf] clwsf/sf nflu cfjfh p7fpg'k5{ .
d dnfnf xfdL ;a}sf nflu k]|/0ffsL ;|ft] xg' \ .
d dnfO{ afafn] b]zsf] nflu /fdf| ] sfd ug{ xf};nf lbg'eof] .
d xfdLn] slxNo} cGofo ;x]/ a:g'xF'b}g .
d dnfnfsf] hLjgL k9/] xfdLn] w/] } s/' f l;Sg'k5{ .

148 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff %

;+;f/df w/] } dflg;x¿ hlGdG5g\ t/ yf]/} dflg;x¿ dfq cfÇgf] c;n sfdx¿åf/f ;dfh,
/fi6« tyf ljZjdf g} rlr{t x'g kU' 5g\ . o:t} yf/] } dflg;x¿dWo] dnfnf o;' k' mhOs{ f] gfd
cu:| yfgdf cfpF5 . dnfnf ;fg} pd]/df lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] nflu ;ª\3if{ u//] ljZjd} rlr{t
eOg\ . afnaflnsfx¿sf] :jtGqt, lzIff tyf :jf:Yodfly kl| taGw nfu]sf] ;dodf lg8/ eP/
To;sf] lj/f]w ug{] dnfnf ;as} f] k/|] 0ffsf] ;f| ]t ag]sL l5g\ . kf7df dnfnfsf] afNosfn, pgsf]
lzIffbLIff, pgL afrF ]sf] ;dfh cflbsf] af/d] f hLjgLdf hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . sIffdf ;an} ]
kfnk} fnf] hLjgL k9 . yk s/' f lzIfsn] a'¹fpgx' g' ] 5 .

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