Green Sungava Nepali 2

gk] fn ;/sf/ lzIff dGqfno kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb| eQmk/' af6 :jLst[

;g' ufef

gk] fnL zª[ \vnf @

;Dkfbs afn] fO ;Lk
;g' fO ;Lk
ke| ftL ls/0f k9fO ;Lk
nv] fO ;Lk
n]vs zAb1fg
afnsG] bL| lzIf0f
gf/fo0f lg/f;L Jofjxfl/s 1fg
bLks zdf{ k|ofu] k/s cEof;

gfd : .................................................................
sIff : .......................... ;S] ;g : ......................
ljBfno : ..........................................................
cleefjssf] kmf]g g+= : .........................................

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 1

;'gufef
gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf @

;Dkfbs M k|eftL ls/0f
[email protected]

nv] s M gf/fo0f lg/f;L
[email protected]
bLks zdf{
[email protected]

k|sfzs M lu|g aS' ;
nlntk'/, gk] fn

;jf{lwsf/ M ;Dkfbs tyf nv] sx¿df

;+:s/0f M klxnf] -@)&$_
bf;] |f] -@)&%_

lrqfªs\ g M ks| fz ;dL/

u|flkmS; M kmf]s; sDKo'6/,
cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}“

[email protected]

d'b0| f M g]kfndf

/fi6« ufg

;of}“ y'u“ f km" nsf xfdL Pp6} dfnf gk] fnL
;fje{ fd} eO{ km}lnPsf d]rL dxfsfnL .

ks| l[ tsf sfl] 6sfl] 6 ;Dkbfsf] cfr“ n
jL/X¿sf /utn] :jtGq / c6n .

1fg e"ld zflGte"ld t/fO{ kxf8 lxdfn
cv08 of] Kof/f] xfdf| ] dfte[ "ld gk] fn .

axn' hflt efiff wd{ ;:+ s[lt 5g\ ljzfn
cuu| fdL /fi6« xfdf| ] ho ho g]kfn .

xfdf| ] s'/f

efiff l;sfO cToGt hl6n ljifo xf] . o;nfO{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] ?lr, Ifdtf tyf ko| fu] Ifq] sf] cfwf/df kf7o\ jm| dn]
lgb{z] g u/]sf] p2]Zosf] lgs6 /x]/ ko| f]u ug{] dfWodsf] ¿kdf k:| tt' ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf tof/ kfl/Psf]
5 . efiff l;sfOsf j|mddf kf7o\ k:' tssf] el" dsf cxd\ x'G5 . kf7\oj|mdn] lgbz]{ g u/s] f] kf7\o;fduL| nfO{
kf7o\ k:' tsn] Jojl:yt u5{ . o; z[ªv\ nfnfO{ efiff l;sfOsf ;Lkx¿ afn] fO, ;g' fO, k9fO tyf nv] fOnfO{
ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf Jojl:yt ug{ pkof]uL kf7o\ k:' tssf] ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . efiff l;sfOsf j|mddf syf,
sljtf, uLt, lgaGw, Psfªs\ L, hLjgL tyf ¿ks h:tf ljwfx¿nfO{ ke| fjsf/L dfWodsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;
zª[ v\ nfdf klg sIffut Ifdtf / :t/sf] cfwf/df ;flxTosf ljljw ljwfx¿sf] oyfl] rt ko| f]u ul/Psf] 5 .
;'gufef g]kfnLsf] o; z[ª\vnfdf kf7 5gf]6 tyf ltgsf] cEof; ljGof; ubf{ cToGt ;hutf ckgfOPsf] 5 .

kT| o]s kf7sf] cf/De k"j{sfo{af6 ul/Psf] 5 . of] ljBfyLs{ f] afn] fO ;Lk;uF ;DalGwt 5 . zAbaf6 cf/De
eP/ jfSosf] tx;Dd ku' ]sf] kj" s{ fo{df kf7;Fu ;DalGwt df}lvs kZ| gx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . kf7 k9\ge' Gbf cl3
k[i7e"ld lgdf{0fsf] ¿kdf /flvPsf o:tf kZ| gx¿sf] dfl} vs pQ/ ljBfyL{x¿af6 vf]h]/ pgLx¿sf] Wofg
kf7tkm{ cfslif{t ug{' o;sf] dn" p2]Zo xf] . o; v08df lbOPsf zAb tyf jfSox¿af6 ljBfyLs{ f] zAbfR] rf/0f
tyf jfSo jfrgsf] Ifdtfdf ljsf;sf] ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 .

kj" {k7gs} j|mddf d"n kf7sf] cf/Ed ug{'eGbf klxnf efOalxgLx¿ † eGg] v08 /flvPsf] 5 . of] ljBfyL{x¿sf]
Wofg kf7lt/ tfGg] tyf kf7kl| t pgLx¿sf] ?lr hufpg] p2]Zon] /flvPsf] xf] . o;df kf7df ;dl] 6Psf /rgfsf
;h{ssf] ;ª\lIfKt lrgf/L / tl:a/ lbOPsf] 5 . of] ljBfyLn{ fO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] eP klg cWofkgsf
jm| ddf lzIfs ldqx¿nfO{ ;dt] pTk]/| ssf] ¿kdf /xf;] \ eGg] s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbOPsf] 5 . o; v08df
;DalGwt kf7sf n]vssf] af/]df kl/ro lbP/ ljBfyLd{ f ;|i6fx¿sf] kl/ro / pgLx¿kl| t ;Ddfgsf] efj
hufpg vf]lhPsf] 5 .

d"n kf7sf] k:| tl' tsf jm| ddf kT| o]s ki[ 7df cK7\of/f zAbx¿nfO{ km/s /ªdf k|:tt' u//] ;DalGwt ki[ 7df g}
zAbfy{ /flvPsf] 5 . kf7 cg'sn" sf cfsif{s lrqx¿åf/f kf7sf] k|:t'lt ul/Psf] 5 .

cEof;nfO{ k9fO, n]vfO tyf ;'gfO ;Lk ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t eP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . cEof;sf]
cf/Dedf zAb1fg /flvPsf] 5 . o;df ;DalGwt kf7df /xs] f zAbx¿sf] z4' pRrf/0f, ltgsf] cy{, jfSodf
k|ofu] , zAb e08f/ cGut{sf kofo{ jfrL zAb, ljk/LtfyL{ zAb, cg's/0ffTds zAb cflbsf] ko| fu] ;uF ;DalGwt
cfEofl;s kZ| gx¿ /fv/] ljBfyL{sf] zAb1fgsf] clej[l4 ug]{ p2Z] o /flvPsf] 5 .

k9fO÷nv] fO ;LkcGtu{t kf7df k9]sf] s'/f l;sf?n] a'¹] ga¹' ]sf] k/LIf0f ug]{ p2]Zon] Ps jfSodf pQ/,
7Ls a7] Ls, vfnL 7fpF eg{] tyf hf8] f ldnfpg] cEof;sf ;fy} k7gafw] sf nflu k|Zgx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . o;df
;fdfGoaf6 hl6ntkms{ f] cjwf/0ffsf] cg;' /0f ul/Psf] 5 .

o;} v08df nv] fO ;Lk;uF ;DalGwt /x/] x/]s kf7df Pp6f ;xfos kf7 /flvPsf] 5 . of] kf7 d"n kf7 h;/L
lzIf0f ug]{ p2]Zon] /flvPsf] xfO] g . ;xfos kf7df cgR' 5b] , sljtf, syf tyf ;+jfb /flvPsf 5g\ . o:tf] kf7
ljBfyL{ :jod\nfO{ ;:j/ jfrg ug{ nfpg] ga'¹s] f zAbx¿sf] cy{ atfOlbg] / pgLx¿n] cfkm" n] k9s] f] cfwf/df
lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nV] g nufpg] ug{k' 5{ . o;sf] lzIf0fsf jm| ddf lzIfseGbf ljBfyL{nfO{ lj|mofzLn
agfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . ljBfyLx{ ¿n] cfkmF} k9g\ ] / cfkmnF} ] cEof; ug{] u/L o;sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 .

ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;'gfO ;Lksf] ljsf;sf nflu cEof;df Pp6f ;g' fO ;Lk v08 g} /flvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu
klg syf, sljtf, cg'R5b] nufotsf 5f6] f ;fdu|Lx¿sf] 5gf6] ul/Psf] 5 . ;'gfO ;Lksf nflu k:' tssf]
cGTodf kf7x¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . oL kf7x¿nfO{ /]s8{ u//] l;8Ldf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . pSt l;8Ldf kf7df
ePsf sljtfx¿sf] ;:j/ jfrg klg /x]sf] 5 . lzIfsnfO{ l;8L k|fKt ePkl5 l;8L ahfP/ sIffdf ;g' fpg]
/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7df lbOPsf cEof; u/fpg] p2]Zon] of] v08 /flvPsf] xf] l;8L k|Kt x'g g;ss] f] jf
ljBfnodf ahfpg] Joj:yf gePsf] cj:yfdf lzIfsn] ;DalGwt kf7 sIffdf ;'gfpg] / cEof; u/fpg] ug'{
/fd|f] xG' 5 . ;g' fO ;Lkdf ePsf] cEof; sIff sfos{ f] ko| fh] gsf nflu xf] .

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ l;h{gzLn agfpg,] pgLx¿sf] /rgfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{] p2Z] on] cEof;df l;hg{ fTds
;Lk ljz]if v08sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ljBfyL{sf] l;h{gfTds Ifdtfsf] clej[l4sf nflu sljtf, lgaGw,
hLjgL, syf cflb nv] gsf] kl/ro / cEof; lbP/ To;df ?lrk0" f{ ;xeflutfsf nflu clek]|l/t ul/Psf] 5 .
of] v08sf] cEof;kl5 ljBfyL{x¿ ljBfnodf xg' ] tyf cGo k|ltof]lutfTds lj|mofsnfkdf vn' /] ;xefuL xg'
;Sg] 5g\ .

efiff l;sfOsf jm| ddf Jofs/0fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf xG' 5 . kf7df cEof;cGtu{t Jofs/0f ;Lk eGg] v08
/flvPsf] 5 . o;df kf7\jm| dn] lgwf/{ 0f u/c] g;' f/sf Jofs/0fsf zLif{sx¿nfO{ ko| fu] k/s cEof; u/fpg]
p2Z] o /flvPsf] 5 . Jofs/0fsf] yk cEof;sf nflu xfdLn] g} tof/ kf/]sf] ;g' ufef gk] fnL Jofs/0fsf] cEof;
u/fpg ;lsg] 5 .

cEof; ljGof;sf jm| ddf clGtd v08sf] ¿kdf ;fdfGo 1fg /flvPsf] 5 . o;df ljleGg ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts,
k|fs[lts, j}1flgs tyf wfld{s ljifo;uF ;DalGwt 1fgsf s/' fx¿ ;dl] 6Psf 5g\ . of] ljBfyL{x¿sf] :jfWoogsf
nflu xf] .

lzIfs ;fyL ¤ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cEof;df ePsf ;a} v08x¿ Ps}k6s cEof; u/fpg'xb'F }g . sIffsfos{ f]
¿kdf jf u[xsfos{ f] ¿kdf Ps lbgdf Pp6f v08sf] dfq cEof; u/fpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . c¿ v08df ePsf
cEof;x¿nfO{ Ps lbgsf] nflu Pp6f v08 5gf6] u/] klg k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk eg] km/skm/s lbgdf g} cEof;
u/fpg' pko'St x'G5 .

k:' tsdf kf7sf] ¿kdf hf]hf] ;|i6fx¿sf] l;h{gf /flvPsf] 5 pxfFx¿kl| t xfdL xflb{s s[t1 5fF} . kf7sf]

ddc{ g;' f/sf] lrq agfOlbg] ks| fz ;dL/, cfsifs{ k[i7 ;+ofh] g ug{] kmf]s; sDKo'6/sf /d]z dxhg{

tyf k:' tsnfO{ cfsifs{ :j¿kdf ks| fzg ug{] lu|g a'S;k|lt ljz]if cfef/ JoSt ub{5fF} . k:| t't k':tsnfO{

efiff lzIf0fsf] nflu pkofu] L ;fduL| sf] ¿kdf tof/ kfg{] xfd|f] k|of;df lj1 kf7s, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf

cleefjsx¿af6 cfpg] ;'¹fj tyf ;Nnfx xfd|f nflu dfu{bzs{ aGg] 5g\ . cfufdL lbgdf k:' tsnfO{ c¹

k|efjsf/L agfpg kl/isf/ / kl/dfh{g ub}{ hfg] jfrf ub{5fF} . nv] s tyf ;Dkfbs

;'gufef

g]kfnL z[ª\vnf @

ljifo ;r" L

kf7 ! :jfutd\ ¤ sljtf /fdafa' ;'j]bL 7
kf7 @ nf/} f] syf uf]kLsi[ 0f 9ª' \ufgf 18
kf7 # xfdf| ] kf];fs lgaGw – 29
kf7 $ ufk] fn of]Ghg hLjgL – 40
kf7 % sfsfnfO{ lr7L lr7L – 51
kf7 ^ vfg] afgL sljtf ke| f a/fn 59
kf7 & zª\sf syf ;ljgf l;Gw ' 68
kf7 * cg/' fwf sfO] /fnf hLjgL – 78
kf7 ( ;8sdf ;'/Iff lgaGw – 87
kf7 !) gof“ ;fyL gf6s k'? nD;fn 97
kf7 !! 3fd–h"g sljtf an/fd bfxfn 107
kf7 !@ b;}“sf] nu' f syf cflGjsf lu/L 116
kf7 !# 8fk“ m] cfTdsyf – 127
kf7 !$ sdn–s;' d' syf hgsk;| fb x'dfufOF 137
kf7 !% :jefj sljtf gf/fo0f lg/f;L 147

kf7 ! :jfutd\ ⁄

sljtf /fdafa' ;'jb] L

tnsf jfSox¿ ;a}n] cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

tkfO+{nfO{ d/] f] gofF 3/df :jfut 5 . :ofaf; ¤ ltdLn] /fdf| ] sfd u/5] f} .

wGojfb, ltdLn] 7"nf] ;xofu] u¥of} . gd:t], tkfO+{ ;Gr} x'gx' G' 5 <

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 7

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• :jfutd\ eGgfn] s] aˆ' 5f} <
• ltdL ss;nfO{ gd:sf/ u5f}{ <
• nIo eg]sf] s] xf] <
• s] ltdLn] ;o" { pbfPsf] bv] s] f 5f} <

;Fus} f] an] g' df lbOPsf zAbx¿ sIffdf Ps hgfn] k9 clg ;a}n] Pp6} :j/df eg .

:jfutd\ gd:t]

gd:sf/ wGojfb

ze' sfdgf

clejfbg :ofaf;

8 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

;uF s} f] kmf]6f] /fdafa' ;j' b] Lsf] xf] . logL w]/} /fd|f sljtf n]V5g\ . ;fgf;fgf
gfgLx¿n] ;lhn} a'ˆg] u/L sljtf nV] g] ;'jb] L w/] } nf]slk|o 5g\ . gfgLx¿nfO{ dg
kg{] ljifo, no tyf ;fdfGo zAbx¿sf] ko| fu] u/]/ n]lvPsf logsf sljtfx¿
gfgLx¿s} nflu xg' \ . of] kf7df /flvPsf] :jfutd\ sljtf w]/} /fdf| ] 5 . o;df
sljn] gofF ou' nfO{ :jfut u/]sf 5g\ .

xfdL s'g} gofF s'/fnfO{ Xboaf6} :jfut u5f+{} . xfdL 3/df kfxg' fnfO{ :jfut u5f+}{ . cfkm" n]
lgDTofPsf cltlyx¿ 3/df cfpbF f pgLx¿;Fu gd| eP/ afN] 5f}F . of] dfG5]sf] ljz]if u'0f xf] .
gofF o'u cfhsf afnaflnsfx¿n] g} Nofpg] xf] . To;n} ] afnaflnsfnfO{ /fd|f] lzIff lbP/, dfof
lbP/, ;'/Iff lbP/ x'sf{pgk' 5{ eg/] sljn] ;D¹fPsf 5g\ . sf]lknfnfO{ :ofxf/ u¥of] eg] km" n
aG5 / af:gf 55{ . To:t} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ /fd/| L kfngkf]if0f u¥of] eg] eljio ;'Gb/ aG5
eGg] s'/f of] sljtfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ltdLx¿ sljtf no xfn]/ k9 . u'?n] o;sf af/d] f
yk s/' f l;sfpg'xg' ] 5 .

xfdL xfF} ;Gtlt h"gsf 3fdsf
lbn of] 1fgn] kfl] tg] 7fdsf .
:jR5 1fgljgf nIodf kU' 5 sf] ¤
:jfutd\ ¤ :jfutd\ ¤ of] gofF ou' sf] .
sfl] knfleq g} af;gf km6' 5\ /] ¤
k9\g–n]Vg ;s] bz] of] p75\ /] ¤
tL/df plEeO{ ;fu/} t5{ sf] ¤
:jfutd\ ¤ :jfutd\ ¤ of] gofF o'usf] .
/fi6s« f 9'S9s' L eGg' g} afns
lbJo gk] fnsf xfdL g} kfns .
lz/df nlso{ f] nfnL of] kj" s{ f]
:jfutd\ ¤ :jfutd\ ¤ of] gofF ou' sf]

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 9

zAbf {y ;Gtlt M ;Gtfg, 5f]/f5f]/L ;fu/ M ;d'b|
lbn M dg /fi6« M bz] , d'n's
7fd M 7fpF lbJo M t]lhnf], rlDsnf]
:jR5 M ;kmf kfns M kfngkfi] f0f ug,{] kfNgx] 'sfp{ g]
nIo M p2Z] o, k'Ug'kg]{ 7fpF lz/ M 6fpsf], r'r'/f,] cUnf] efu
ou' M hu' , ;do nfnL M 3fd em' lNsg] jn] fsf] ls/0f
tL/ M lsgf/, gbLsf] 5]p, lt/

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;kmf cIf/df tLgtLg k6s nv] M
:jR5, nIo, lbJo, km'6\5, p7\5, pleO,{ /fi6«

@= zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
kfns, nIo, ;Gtlt, lbJo lz/

#= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

;fu/ /ftf]kg

lbn ;do

ou' lsgf/

nfnL dg

tL/ ;db' |

$= dflysf] sljtfdf ePsf 3fdsf–7fdsf, km'6\5–p75\ h:t} cGTodf no ldn]sf
kfrF hf]8L zAb -lzIfs jf cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] /] _ nv] .

%= z4' kf//] ;f/ M
Zjfutd, sfk] Lnf, jfns, k'a,{ xfld

10 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

^= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
1fg, ;fu/, 3fd, afns, 9's9s' L

&= dflysf] sljtfaf6 cfwf cIf/sf] k|of]u ul/Psf s'g} kfrF j6f zAb l6k .
h:t} M ;Gtlt

!= dflysf] sljtf no xfn/] k9 .
@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

s_ ‘:jfutd’\ sljtf s;n] n]v]sf xg' \ <

v_ xfdL s;sf ;Gtlt xf}F <

u_ nIodf k'Ug s] rflxG5 <

3_ bz] s;/L dfly p7\5 <

ª_ /fi6s« f 9's9s' L sfs] f] x'g\ <

#= sljtfsf] kªl\ St k"/f u/ M
sfl] knf ============== g} af;gf ============== /] ¤
============== ;s] b]z ============== p75\ ============== ¤
$= 7Ls egfOdf -µ_ /]hf nufpm M
s_ 1fgn] lbn kfl] tG5 .
v_ dflg; 1fgljgf g} nIodf kU' g ;S5 .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 11

u_ afnsnfO{ dfof ug{k' bg{} .
3_ lsgf/df pleP/ ;fu/ tg{ ;lsbF }g .
ª_ afnaflnsf /fi6«sf 9's9s' L x'g\ .
%= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ sljtfdf s;n] s;nfO{ :jfut u/]sf 5g\ <
v_ k9g\ n]Vg ;s] s]s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
u_ g]kfnsf kfns sf] xg' \, lsg <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

:jfut ug]{ k/Dk/f dfG5]sf] k'/fgf] ;+:sf/ xf] . xfdL cfkm" eGbf 7n" fnfO{, cfkm" n]
dfGgk' g]{ dflg;nfO{ :jfut ubf{ xft hf]8]/ gd:sf/ u5f{}+ . xfdL cfÇgf] 3/df cfPsf
kfxg' fx¿nfO{ :jfut u5f+{} . ;Grf] la;Grf] ;fW] 5f}F . vfglkg u/fP/ labf u5f}{+ . xfdL
u'? tyf u?' cfdfnfO{ sIffdf :jfut u5f}+{ . sIffdf u'? jf u'?cfdf cfpFbf ;a} hgf
p7\5f}F / :jfut u5f{}+ .

:jfut ug]{ cgs] tl/sf x'G5g\ . xfdL p7/] , gd:sf/ u//] :jfut u5f+}{ . hfkfgsf
dflg;x¿ lgx'l/P/ :jfut u5{g\ . cª\uh]| x¿ xft ldnfP/ :jfut u5{g\ . sts} t}
:jfut ubf{ k"mn lbg] klg rng 5 .
kfxg' f, cfkmGt tyf cGo JolStx¿nfO{ cªs\ dfn u/]/ :jfut ug]{ rng klg kfOG5 .
dflg;nfO{ dfq xfO] g p;sf sfdx¿sf] klg :jfut ul/G5 . s;}n] eg]sf] dxŒjk0" f{
s/' fnfO{ :jfut ug{ ;lsG5 . :jfut, ;Tsf/ ug]{ afgLn] dflg;nfO{ c;n agfp5F .
dfG5] u'0fn] g} dxfg\ xg' ] xf] . :jfut ug'{ klg Pp6f c;n u0' f xf] .

12 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M
;+:sf/ JolStx¿ cª\u|h] dxŒjk0" f{
dxfg\ cªs\ dfn ;Tsf/ lgxl' /P/

@= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
s_ xfdL kfxg' fsf] :jfut s;/L u5f}{+ <
c_ ¹s' ]/ cf_ xft ldnfP/ O_ gd:sf/ u//]
v_ hfkfgLx¿ kfxg' fsf] :jfut s;/L u5g{ \ <
c_ xft ldnfP/ cf_ ¹s' ]/ O_ gd:sf/ u//]
u_ cª\u|]hx¿ kfxg' fsf] :jfut s;/L u5g{ \ <
c_ xft ldnfP/ cf_ ¹s' ]/ O_ cªs\ dfn u//]
3_ :jfut ug'{ dfG5s] f] ============ u0' f xf] .
c_ v/fa cf_ c;n O_ sx] L

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ xfdL ss;nfO{ :jfut u5f}+{ <

v_ hfkfgsf dflg;x¿ s;/L :jfut u5g{ \ <

u_ :jfut ;Tsf/ ug]{ afgLn] dflg;nfO{ s:tf] agfp5F <

3_ dflg; s]n] dxfg\ xG' 5 <


;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 13

;'gfO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !%^ df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] _

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ z'4 kf/L n]v M

zu/dfyf – cf;f –

l;Ifs – z'uf –

zfu/ – g/]; –

@= kftnf] ‘;’ ko| f]u xg' ] zAbx¿ n]v M




#= df6] f] ‘z’ k|of]u x'g] zAbx¿ nv] M





Jofs/0f ;Lk

!= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ ax'jrg agfpm M
r/f] – r/fx¿ alxgL –
5fgf] – s]6f] –
n'uf – 5f/] f] –

14 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

@= jrgsf] cfwf/df tnsf lrqx¿sf] gfd nv] .

#= pbfx/0fdf lbOPh:t} axj' rg agfpm M
d – xfdL t F –
pm – of] –

$= tnsf jfSox¿ Psjrgsf xg' \ ls axj' rgsf xg' \, lrg]/ n]v M
s_ d;Fu snd 5 .
v_ xfdLn] sfkLx¿ afs] ]sf 5f}F .
u_ pm cufl8 a:5 .
3_ ltdf| ¹fn] fx¿ /ftf 5g\ .
ª_ tF /fd|/L nV] 5;\ .

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 15

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= tnsf] lrqnfO{ kfFr jfSodf aofg u/ .

16 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ hfgs] f 5f} < 7Ls pQ/;uF hf]8f ldnfpm M
gk] fnL efiffsf cflbslj sf] xg' \ < 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj
g]kfnL efiffsf dxfslj sf] xg' \ < eLd;g] yfkf
g]kfnsf klxnf] kw| fgdGqL sf] xg' \ < gf/fo0f ufk] fn
gk] fnsf klxnf] /fi6k« lt sf] x'g\ < nIdLk;| fb b]jsf6] f
g]kfnL uLtdf :j/ ;df| 6\ eg]/ s;nfO{ lrlgG5 < efge' St cfrfo {

tn lbOPsf] tl:a/sf] dl' g gfd n]v M

kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 17

kf7 @ nf/} f]

syf ufk] Ls[i0f 9ª' \ufgf

kl' n;sf] xftdf nf}/f] 5 . s]6fs]6Lx¿ 8G8Llaof] vN] 5g\ .

a9" Lcfdf nf}/f] 6]Sg'xb'F } 5 . nf}/f]n] leQfsf] cIf/ bv] fpm .

alxgL nf}/fn] ] ;G' tnf ¹f5{] . uf]7fnf]sf] xftdf nf/} f] 5 .

18 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• ltdLn] nf}/f] bv] ]sf jf rnfPsf 5f} <
• nf}/f] sn] ] ags] f] xG' 5 <
• dflg;nfO{ nf}/f] lsg rflxG5 <
• nf}/f]sf] kmfObfsf af/d] f ltdLn] hfg]sf s'/fx¿ ;an} fO{ ;g' fpm .

tn lbOPsf zAbx¿ sIffdf Ps hgfn] p7/] k9 clg ;a}n] Pp6} :j/df eg M

nf/} f] 58L tf]Sdf l;sg{ f]

n67\ L uhaf/ cfUnf] 8G8L

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 19

;uF }sf] tl:a/ ufk] Ls[i0f 9ª' \ufgfsf] xf] . pgL ;fgf gfgLx¿sf nflu syf, sljtf
tyf gf6s n]V5g\ . ;lhnf] efiffdf gfgLx¿sf s'/fnfO{ /dfOnf] z}nLdf nV] g]
9ª' u\ fgf uLt klg nV] 5g\ . logsf uLtx¿ /l] 8of] tyf l6eLx¿df aH5g\ .

‘nf/} f’] eg]sf] n6\7L xf] . n67\ LnfO{ km/s dfG5n] ] km/s ¿kdf ko| fu] u5{g\ .
ltdLn] s]6fs6] Ln] v]Ng k|ofu] ug{] nf}/f,] el/ofn] ef/L c8o\ fpg k|ofu] ug]{ nf}/f,] a"9fa"9Lx¿n]
6]Sg k|of]u ug{] nf}/f] b]v]sf] xg' k' 5{ . syfdf nf}/f]sf] syf 5 . oxfF nf}/f] cfkmF} af]ns] f] 5 . nf/} fn] ]
cfk"mnfO{ s;n] s;/L k|of]u u¥of] eGg] s/' f atfPsf] 5 . ¿vsf] xfuF f] sfF65f6F u//] nf/} f]
agfOG5 . nf}/f]nfO{ uf]7fnfx¿n] ufOj{ :t' wkfpg ko| f]u u5{g\ . nf/} fs] f] cfTdsyf /fd/| L k9 clg
o;sf] dxŒjsf] af/d] f lzIfsaf6 yk 1fg xfl;n u/ .

uf]7fnf]n] tLgk6s xfg]kl5 d ¿vaf6 e'OFdf k5fl/PF . hldgdf ¹/]kl5 klg dnfO{
5fF6sfF6 u/] . pgn] dnfO{ lrl6Sssf] agfP .
uf]7fnfn] ] ufO{j:t';Fu} dnfO{ klg hªu\ n n}hfg yfn] . d 8G8Llaof] vN] g sfd nfu]F .
d w]/} j6f sfddf ;xof]uL aGg yfn]F .
;a} ldn/] Ps lbg 8G8Llaof] v]Nb} lyP . uf]7fnfn] ] an b]vfP/ lxsf{pFbf d xl' /{P/
vfn] fdf ku' ]“ .
dnfO{ vf]nfn] aufpg yfNof] . 9fj|m] bfOn] dnfO{ bv] 5] g\ . pgn] dnfO{ nu] / k'5kf5
kf//] tfS] df agfP . 9fs/df c8o\ fpg yfn] .
aj] fl/;] ag/] Pp6f s'gfdf ylGsPsf] d 9fjm| s] f] ;xof]uL aGg kfpFbf v';L ePF .
d}n] dgdg} uf]7fnf]nfO{ wGojfb lbPF .
9fj|m] bfOn] 3/ k'u]kl5 ef/L la;fP . pgsf] 5f]/f] /fdn] dnfO{ 6fªd'lg xfn]/ sb' fpg yfn] .

uf7] fnf] M ufOj{ :t' xg] {] dflg; ;xofu] L M ;xof]u ug]{

5f6F sf6F M ldnfpg] sfd 9fjm| ] M ef/L afS] g] dflg;

zAbf {y lrl6Ss M /fd|/L ldns] f] tfS] df M ef/L c8o\ fpg] n67\ L

lrl6Ss M /fd/| L ldn]sf] aj] fl/; ] M cnkq k/s] f]

8G8Llaof] M nfdf] 8G8Ln] 5f]6f] 8G8LnfO{ 6fª M z/L/sf] lt3f| bl] v kt} fnf;Ddsf] efu

xfg]/ pkmf//] vl] ng] v]n

20 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

/fd v';Ln] lrRofpFb} s/fP, ‘P ;fyL xf], bV] of} d/] f] ;fOsn . Zofd, r9\g cfOh .
k5fl8 a;\ .’

nf/} fs] f] k5fl8 a:b} Zofdn] eg], ‘/fd ltdf| ] ;fOsn t uhas} /x]5 .’

Zofdn] /fdnfO{ ‘ca dv' n] e'6'66' ' ub}{ rnfpm / sb' t, df6] /;fOsn klg aG5’ eGb}
pS;fP . /fd klg p;u} /L ufpFlt/ sb' ] . df]6/;fOsn b]vfpg bf}l8bF } hfbF f pgLx¿
kNnf] ufpF;Dd k'u] .

af6f]df ss' '/n] ¹lD6of] . Zofdn] pkfo lgsfn,] ‘nf}, oxL nf}/f]n] nv]6fF} .’ lxsf{pg
vfH] bf d pgLx¿sf] xftaf6 v;F] .

bj' n} fO{ ss' '/n] ¹lD6of] . ;xf/f gx'bF f pgLx¿ cflQP/ lrRofpFb} ?g yfn] . 5]j}df
cfOku' ]sf Ps j4[ n] s's'/nfO{ 9'ªu\ fn] ] lxsfO{ lbP .

ss' /' efUof] . /fdn] dnfO{ ;dft]kl5 bj' } hgf 3/ kmlsP{ . 3/ k'u/] pgn] dnfO{
sg' flt/ l;pl/P .

3D' g] afgL nfu]sf] dnfO{ r'k nfu/] s'gfdf sf]lrFbf lbSs nfUg yfNof] . b'O{ lbgkl5
ufpnF ] xh/' cfdf ‘:ofF–:of’F ub{} cfpg'eof] . pxfFn] 9fj|m] bfO;uF eGg'eof], ‘psfnf]
r9b\ } lyP,F n8]/ nf}/f] efFlrof] . ca cf]/fnf] s;/L cf]lng{ ' <’

xh'/cfdfsf s/' f /fdn] klg ;l' g/x]sf lyP . pgn] df6] /;fOsn sb' fPsf] nf}/f]
;lD¹P . pgn] eg,] ‘xh/' cfdf, nf}/f] d;Fu 5 . lbpmF < tkfOn{+ fO{ ;fyL xG' 5 lg .’

t/ d Tof] s'gfdf lyOgF . /fdn] Psl5g otfplt vfh] ], dnfO{ e]6]gg\ . pgnfO{ nfUof],
‘xh/' cfdfnfO{ lbG5' elgxfn,F] st} klg 5}g . nf} ca s] ug]{ xfn] f <’

9fjm| ] bfOn] afbF / v]bfpFbf dnfO{ af/Ldf kmfNge' Psf] lyof] . w]/a} /] rf/}lt/ vf]h]kl5
/fdn] dnfO{ e6] \6fP .

/fdn] cfuF gdf NofP/ kmfx] f/] ePsf] dnfO{ kfgLn] kvfn] . To;kl5 tn] nufP/
lrl6Sssf] agfP . /fdn] eg], ‘xh/' cfdf, lngf;] \ oL, of] nf}/f] tkfOs+{ f] ;xof]uL .’

xh/' cfdf v';L x'ge' of] . pxfFn] /fds' f] ufnf d';fb{} eGge' of], ‘/fd", of] tFh} :tf]
vfOnfUbf] / x]b{} lrl6Ss k/s] f] /x]5 . d]/f] a9" ;] sfnsf nflu uhasf] ;xf/f g} xg' ]
eof] .’ d/] f] klg v';Lsf] ;Ldf /x]g .

zAbfy{ uhasf ] M cgf}7f,] crDdsf] j4[ M a"9f]
;xf/f M e/f];f, cfwf/ lbSs M lrGtfdf 8a' s] f]

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 21

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s n]v M
wGojfb, e'OF, kNnf], 9fj|m,] lrl6Ss, 8G8Llaof]

@= zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
9fs/, 6fª, a]jfl/;], tfS] df, uhasf]

#= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

;xof]uL ef/L afS] g] JolSt

9fj|m ] d2t ug]{

j4[ /fd|/L ldnfOPsf]

;xf/f a9" f]

lrl6Ss cf8 e/f;] f

$= dflysf] syfaf6 ‘P’ / ‘o’ sf] ko| f]u ePsf kfrF kfrF j6f zAb l6k .

%= dflysf] syfdf rGb|ljGb'sf] ko| fu] ePsf s'g} kfrF j6f zAb vfh] ]/ nv] .

^= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
ufp,F v;' L, ;xof]uL, uf7] fnf,] kmf]xf/]

&= z4' kf//] nv] M
:ofd, zfly, hdLg, PtfptL, 9+u" f]

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ ‘nf/} f]’ syf s;n] nv] s] f x'g\ <


22 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

v_ nf}/f] s;n] hªu\ n nh} fg yfn] <


u_ Zofdn] /fdnfO{ s;/L pS;fP <


3_ s's'/ lsg efUof] <


ª_ 9fj|m] bfOn] afbF / v]nfpbF f nf/} f] sxfF kmfNg'ePsf] lyof] <



@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls eP 7Ls / a]7Ls eP a]7Ls nv] M
s_ nf}/f] syf an/fd bfxfnn] nv] s] f x'g\ .
v_ 9fj|m] bfOn] nf}/f]n] ef/L c8o\ fP .
u_ nf}/f]n] ufO{j:t' wkfOG5 .
3_ dflg;nfO{ nf}/f] sfd nfUbg} .
ª_ nf}/f] kfPkl5 xh'/cfdf bª\u kge{' of] .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ uf]7fnfn] s;/L nf}/f] lrl6Sssf] agfP <
v_ nf/} f]nfO{ lsg lbSs nfUg yfNof] <
u_ xh/' cfdfn] 9fjm| ] bfO;uF s] eGg'eof] <
3_ nf/} f] lsg v;' L eof] <
ª_ xh'/cfdfn] lsg nf}/f]nfO{ a'9;] sfnsf] ;xf/f eGge' of] <

$= dflg;nfO{ nf/} f] s]s] sfddf ko| fu] x'G5 < kfFr jfSodf nv] .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

8G8Llaof] g]kfnsf] k/Dk/fut vn] xf] . gk] fnsf ufpFx¿df of] w]/} nf]slk|o 5 .
uf]7fnf] hfFbf, sfdaf6 km;' {b ldNbf 8G8Llaof] vN] g] ul/G5 . of] vn] v]Ng] vf; lgod
xG' 5 . o;sf nflu vf; gfksf] hldg rflxG5 .

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 23

8G8Llaof] vn] sf nflu v]nf8Lx¿nfO{ b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf] xG' 5 . tL b'O{
;d"xdf Pp6f 8G8L ;d"x / csf{] laof] ;d"x x'G5 . cDkfP/n] l;Ssfdf Pp6f kf6f]
/f]Hg nufP/ 6; u/fp5F g\ . h;n] lhT5 p;n] g} laof] jf 8G8L ;dx" /fH] 5 .

hldgdf laof] x'Tofpgsf nflu
Kjfn agfOPsf] xG' 5† To;nfO{
vf]kL elgG5 . 8G8L ;dx" df
k/]sf vn] f8Lx¿n] kfnk} fnf]
vfk] Laf6 laof] x'Tofp5F g\ .
o;/L xT' ofOPsf] laof]nfO{ laof]
;dx" df kg{] v]nf8Lx¿n] ;dfpg]
k|of; u5{g\ . laof] ;dfltof] eg]
8G8L ;dx" sf] v]nf8L aflxl/G5 . ;dfltPg eg] vf]kLdf t];f{] kf/]/ /flvPsf] 8G8Ldf
laofn] ] xfGg k|of; ul/G5 . laofn] ] 8G8LnfO{ nfUof] eg] 8G8L ;d"xsf] vn] f8L
aflxl/G5 . 8G8Ldf nfu]g eg] 8G8Ln] laofn] fO{ pkmf/]/ xT' ofpF5 . o;/L x'TofpFbf
laof] slt k/ kU' 5 To;nfO{ 8G8Ln] vfk] L;Dd Ps 8G8L, b'O{ 8G8L eg]/ gflkG5 .
8G8L ;d"xsf ;a} v]nf8Lsf] kfnf] k'u]kl5 laof] ;dx" sf v]nf8Lx¿ 8G8L ;d"xdf
hfG5g\ . lj|ms]6df /g agfPh:t} cGTodf h'g ;dx" n] w]/} 8G8L agfp5F p;}n] lhT5 .

-lzIfs ;fyL ¤ cfÇgf gfgLx¿nfO{ 8G8Llaof] vn] sf] cEof;af6 of] kf7 a¹' fpgx' fn] f ._

!= 7Ls pQ/df -µ_ /]hf nufpm M
s_ 8G8Llaof] v]ndf vn] f8Lx¿ ========= ;dx" df aflF 8Psf xG' 5g\ .

c_ Ps cf_ bO' { O_ tLg
v_ 8G8Llaof] g]kfnsf ========= df nf]slk|o 5 .

c_ ufpdF f cf_ ;x/df O_ ahf/df

u_ 8G8Ln] laof] sxfF /fv]/ xT' ofOG5 <

c_ e'OdF f cf_ 9'ª\ufdf O_ vf]kLdf

24 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

3_ 8G8Llaof] g]kfnsf] ========= vn] xf] . O_ /fd|f]
c_ k/Dk/fut cf_ gofF

@= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
nf]slko| , km';{b, uf]7fnf,] ;dx"

#= 7Ls a7] Ls 56' \ofpm M

s_ 8G8Llaof] Ps hgfn] v]Ng ldN5 .

v_ 8G8Llaof] b'O{ ;d"xdf vl] ng] v]n xf] .

u_ 8G8Llaof] vN] bf kfn}kfnf] 8G8Ln] laof] xT' ofOG5 .

3_ 8G8Llaof] g]kfnLn] v]Ng hfGb}gg\ .

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ vf]kLaf6 x'TofOPsf] laof] ;dfltof] eg] s] x'G5 <
v_ v]nsf] ;'?df cDkfP/n] s] u5{g\ <
u_ 8G8Llaof]df s;n] lhT5 <

;'gfO ;Lk

-k[i7 !%^ df lbOPsf] cg'R5]b_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb e/ M
s_ s[ltsf] kl/jf/df ================= hgf 5g\ .
v_ sl[ tsf xh'/a'af ================= sfd ugx'{ G' 5 .
u_ s[ltsf a'af ================= ug{'xG' 5 .
3_ s[lt ================= ljBfnodf k9l\ 5g\ .

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 25

@= 7Ls eP -µ_ a7] Ls eP -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ xh'/a'af k;ndf a:g'x'G5 .
v_ aa' f ljb]z hfge' Psf] 5 .
u_ xh/' cfdf efO x]//] a:gx' 'G5 .
3_ cfdf 3/sf] sfd ug{'xG' 5 .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ sl[ tsf xh'/aa' f s] ugx{' G' 5 <

v_ s;n] k;n yfk]sf] 5 <

u_ sl[ t slt sIffdf k9\l5g\ <


Jofs/0f ;Lk

bfh' efph" uf?] ufO{

/fhf /fgL efn] kfy] L

26 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

s_ tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ :qLlnªu\ df abn M

dfdf M sfsf M aa' f M

af]sf M efn ] M s]6f ] M

v_ tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ k'lnª\udf abn M

kf7L M s]6L M lbbL M

e}F;L M dfOh " M efGhL M

u_ tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ ldNg] sf]7fdf n]v M

nf]Ug,] ;fg], ;flgdf, legfh', sfsL, cfdf, a'af, ;fgfa] a' f, 7N' ofdf, alxgL, efO,
bfh', kfy] L, sfnL

kl' nª\u :qLlnª\u

================ ================ ================ ================

================ ================ ================ ================

================ ================ ================ ================

================ ================

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= cfkm" n] hfgs] f] ;'g]sf] sg' } Pp6f syf sIffdf ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpm .
@= ltdLnfO{ s:tf] syf dg k5{ < kfrF jfSodf n]v .

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 27

s;nfO{ s] elgG5 < – lzIfs÷lzlIfsf
d ljBfnodf k9fpg] – uf7] fnf]
d ufOj{ :t' xg] {] – ls;fg
d s[lifsf] sfd ug{] – xnL
d xnf] hfT] g] – dfnL
d auFr} fsf] ;/+ If0f ug]{ – kfn]
d 3/sf] /]vb]v u/]/ a:g] – el/of
d ef/L afS] g] – ;"rLsf/
d sk8f l;pg] – k|wfgfWofks
d ljBfnosf] kd| v' – bfp/]
d bfp/f sf6]/ a]Rg]

kf7 k/" f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

28 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

kf7 # xfdf| ] kf;] fs

lgaGw

tnsf lrqx¿ Wofg lbP/ x]/ M

6f« lkmssf] kf;] fs ljBfyLs{ f] kf];fs g;s{ f] kf];fs

8fS6/sf] kf];fs dhb'/sf] kf;] fs kl' n;sf] kf];fs

;]gfsf] kf];fs kfOn6sf] kf;] fs

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 29

tfdfª

gj] f/ kf;] fs z]kf{

u'?ª yf¿

a|fÅd0f÷Ifq] L
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• ltdL s:tf] nu' f nufpF5f} <
• ltd|f] a'afn] s] nufpg'xG' 5 <
• ltdL ljBfno hfFbf s:tf] n'uf nufp5F f} <
• xfdL n'uf lsg nufp5F fF} <
tnsf zAbx¿ sIffdf Ps hgfn] k9 clg ;an} ] kfnk} fnf] eg M

sldh 3fF3/ 6fk] L ;?' jfn bf}/f
ef]6f] Hofs]6 sf]6 l:j6/ dfh] f
kGhf hfdf s6\6' uG' o'rf]nf] km6] f
uGhL l6;6{ ;6{ kfOG6 s'tf{ ;?' jfn

30 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

xhf/f}F jif{ cl3 dflg;x¿ hªu\ ndf a:y] . pgLx¿ hª\unL hgfj/x¿h:t} lyP . vfg]s/' f sfFr}
vfGy] . cf]8f/df a:y] . ¿vsf kftx¿ a]/]/ cfÇgf] nfh 5fK] y] . dfG5]n] la:tf/l} a:tf/} ljsf;
ub{} uof] . p;n] pBfu] x¿ agfof] . sk8f aG' g hfGof] . sk8faf6 cfÇgf] z/L/sf] gfkcg;' f/
nu' f l;nfpg hfGof] . ljleGg /ª / cfsf/df n'uf agfpg l;Sof] . n'uf;uF uxgf klg nufpg
yfNof] . ljleGg ks| f/sf uxgfx¿ agfP/ nfpg yfNof] . cfk"m a:g] 7fpF tyf cfÇgf] k/Dk/fsf]
cfwf/df n'ufx¿ tof/ kf/]/ cfkm" nfO{ c¿eGbf km/s bv] fpg yfNof] . o;af6 dflg;sf] kl/ro
aGof] . of] kf7df kf];fssf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . Wofg lbP/ sIffdf ;an} ] kfnk} fnf] k9 M

xfdL z/L/ 9fSg tyf cfsif{s b]lvg nu' f tyf uxgf nufpF5fF} . xfdLn] nufpg]
log} n'uf tyf uxgfx¿nfO{ klx/g elgG5 . klx/gnfO{ kf];fs klg elgG5 . xfdLn]
nufpg] kf];fs km/skm/s x'G5g\ . ;fgf gfgLx¿sf] kf;] fs tyf 7n" f dflg;x¿sf]
kf];fs leGgfleGg} x'G5 . 3/df a:bf nufpg] kf];fs tyf aflx/ hfFbf nufpg]
kf;] fs klg km/skm/s x'G5g\ .

zAbfy{ cfsif{s M cfk"mlt/ tfGg,] nfE] ofpg]
klx/g M njfO, kf;] fs

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 31

ljBfyL{x¿n] ljBfnodf nufpg] kf];fs 5'66\ } xG' 5 . ljBfyLn{ ] ljBfnon] tf]s]sf]
vf; /ªsf] kf;] fs nufpg'k5{ . sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ sdr{ f/Lx¿sf nflu klg vf;
kf];fssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG' 5 . 8fS6/n] nufpg] kf;] fs 5'6\6} x'G5 . g;{nfO{ klg
kf];fsaf6} lrlgG5 . kfOn6sf] klg ljz]if vfnsf] kf;] fs x'G5 . kl' n;, 6f« lkms
tyf ;}lgsx¿ kf;] fsaf6 lrlgG5g\ . pgLx¿n] nufpg] kf];fs ljzi] f ks| f/sf] x'g]
ePsfn] g} pgLx¿ lrlgPsf x'g\ .

xfdL df};dcg';f/ klg km/skm/s kf;] fs nufpF5fF} . udL{ dlxgfdf cln kftnf]
klx/gdf ;lhG5fF} . hf8f] dlxgfdf eg] xfdLnfO{ afSnf nu' fx¿sf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . xfdL hf8f]df Hofs6] , l:j6/, km]6f, 6fk] L, kGhf nufp5F f}F . ;fgf gfgLx¿nfO{
afSnf] ef6] f,] ;?' jfn nufP/ dfq c¿ nu' fx¿ nufOlbg] ul/G5 . udL{ dlxgfdf
xfdf| ] z/L/n] kftnf nu' fx¿ vf]H5 . oltv/] xfdL kftnf 3fF3/, ;6{, l6;6{ cflb
nufp5F f}F .

hfthfltcg';f/ klg xfdLn] nufpg] kf];fs km/skm/s xG' 5g\ . xfdf| hftLo
klx/g xfdL ljzi] f cj;/x¿df nufp5F fF} . o:tf klx/gx¿n] xfd|f] hftLo uf}/jnfO{
pRr agfpF5g\ . gj] f/, u'?ª, tfdfª, zk] f{, lnDa", du/, yf¿ nufotsf ljleGg
hfltx¿sf] cf–cfÇg} ;f+:s[lts klx/g x'G5g\ . t/fO{df a;f]jf; ug{] gk] fnLx¿sf]
cfÇg} ljzi] f klx/g 5 . ToxfFsf] xfjfkfgL tftf] ePsfn] ToxfF cln kftnf nu' fx¿
a9L ko| fu] x'G5g\ . lxdfndf w/] } lr;f] x'G5 . To;}n] ToxfsF f dflg;x¿ afSnf kf];fs
nufpF5g\ . kf];fsaf6} xfdL oL sg' hfltsf dflg; x'g\ eg]/ lrGg ;S5fF} . To;}n]
klx/g dflg;sf] klxrfg klg xf] .

xfdLn] ;w}F ;kmf nu' f nufpg'k5{ . cfÇgf] Ifdtfcg';f/ h:tf] ;lsG5 To:t} kf;] fs
nufpg] ug{'k5{ . c¿n] o:tf] nufPsf] 5 dnfO{ klg To:t} rflxG5 eg/] ¹u8f
ug{,] cleefjsx¿nfO{ bM' v lbg] ug'x{ bF' g} . k/' fg} eP klg ;kmf nu' f nufOof] eg]
;an} ] dfof u5{g\ . xfdLn] nu' f nufpFbf ldnfP/ nufpg'k5{ . kmf]xf]/ ePkl5 ;kmf
ug'{k5{ . n'uf kms' fnk] l5 7Ls 7fpdF f /fVg'k5{ . n'uf kmf]xf/] kfg{], ldnfP/ gnufpg]
dflg;nfO{ c¿n] dg k/fpFbg} g\ . gk] fnLdf Pp6f egfO g} 5, æxfdLn] klx/gsf]
lxkmfht u¥of}F eg] To;n] klg xfdf| ] OHht a9fp5F .Æ

32 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

zAbf {y sfof{no M sfd ug]{ 7fpF hftLo M hft;DaGwL, hftsf]
kfOn6 M xjfOh{ xfh rfns ;f+:s[lts M k/Dk/f jf rfnrng;DaGwL
ljzi] f M k|dv' , d'Vo klxrfg M kl/ro, lrgf/L
cfjZostf M vfFrf] cleefjs M /v] b]v ug{] JolSt
uf}/j M uj,{ 3dG8 lxkmfht M htg



!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s nv] M
cfsifs{ , ljBfno, ljBfyL,{ sfof{no, Joj:yf, z/L/

@= zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
cj;/, klxrfg, klx/g, hftLo, lxkmfht

#= dflysf] lgaGwaf6 ‘a’ / ‘j’ sf] k|ofu] ePsf kfFrkfFr cf6] f zAb vf]h]/ nv] .

$= z4' kf/]/ ;f/ M
ceLefas, b"v, la;];, otLv/] , ;l//

%= tnsf zAbx¿ /fv/] jfSo agfpm M
kmf]xf]/, dfof, gk] fnL, kf;] fs, ;wF}

^= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb nv] M
;kmf, 7Ls, kftnf], hf8f], 7n" f]

&= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

uf}/j dflyNnf]

kfOn6 vfFrf]

;f:+ s[lts xjfO{hxfh rfns

cfjZostf uj,{ 3dG8

pRr ;+:s[lt;DaGwL

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 33

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ xfdL lsg nu' f / uxgf nufp5F f}F <

v_ ljBfyLn{ ] s:tf] kf];fs nufpg'k5{ <

u_ klx/g eg]sf] s] xf] <

3_ s:tf dflg;nfO{ c¿n] dg k/fpbF }gg\ <

ª_ lxdfnsf dflg;x¿ lsg afSnf kf;] fs nufpF5g\ <


@= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a]7Ls egfOdf a7] Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ ;fgf / 7n" f dflg;x¿sf] kf;] fs leGgfleGg} xG' 5 .
v_ xfdL udL{ dlxgfdf afSnf n'uf nufpF5fF} .
u_ 8fS6/nfO{ kf];fsaf6 lrlgG5 .
3_ lxdfndf w]/} udL{ x'G5 .
ª_ xfdLn] cleefjsnfO{ bM' v lbgx' 'Fb}g .

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ ss;nfO{ 5'66\ } kf];fs rflxG5 <
v_ kf;] fsn] dflg;nfO{ s;/L lrgfp5F <
u_ xfdL ljzi] f cj;/df s:tf] kf;] fs nufp5F fF} <
3_ xfdLn] kf];fssf] lxkmfht lsg ugk{' 5{ <

$= ltdLn] nufpg] sg' } ^ j6f sk8fx¿sf] gfd n]v .

34 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

tnsf] sljtf no xfn]/ k9 M

sfnf] 6fk] L efbufpFn,] bf}/f;'?jfndfly
k6f;Ldf ;lhP/ cfOg\ d/] L ;fyL .

3n]s nufpm kf;fª ltdL uLtf u'Go'rf]nf]
aSv' nufO{ l5l/ª klg gfR5 tfdfª ;]nf] .

nvg x]/ slt /fd|f] wf]tLsldh nfpbF f
9ª' u\ |L, kmn' L, a'nfsLdf ;'GtnL /dfpFbf .

sf6] kfOG6 ;6{ / 6fO{ nfp5F ' eG5 efO
n]xª] \ufdf ;hfO{ bp] m ;fgL gfgLnfO{ .

yl/yl/ hftsf xfdL aU] n} klx/g 5
cfÇgf] e]ifei" ffnfO{ dfof ug]{ dg 5 .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s n]v M
efbufpFn] bf}/f;'?jfn k6f;L l5l/ª tfdfª
uG' or' f]nf] 9'ª\u|L an' fsL nx] ª] u\ f e]ife"iff

@= dflysf] sljtfdf ko| fu] ePsf dfly–;fyL, rfn] f]–;]nf] h:t} cGTodf no
ldns] f kfFr hf]8L zAbx¿ nv] .

#= tnsf 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
s_ bf}/f;'?jfndfly s] nufOPsf] 5 <

c_ efbufpnF ] 6fk] L cf_ kfNkfnL 6f]kL O_ cª\u|]hL 6f]k
v_ kf;fª s] nufp5F <

c_ aSv' cf_ 3n]s O_ kfOG6

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 35

u_ nvgn] s] nufPsf] 5 <
c_ bf/} f;?' jfn cf_ sf]6kfOG6 O_ wf]tLsldh
3_ ;'GtnL lsg /dfPsL 5] <
c_ uxgf nufP/ cf_ n'uf nufP/ O_ gfr/]

$= dflysf] sljtfaf6 kf;] fs a¹' fpg] zAb l6k]/ n]v M



%= lrq x]/]/ gfd n]v M

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !%^ df lbOPsf jfSox¿_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M

!= hf8] f ldnfpm M

an' fsL lz/df

d'Gb|f xftdf

lz/aGbL gfsdf

ltnx/L sfgdf

cf7F} L 3fF6Ldf

36 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

@= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6\ofpm M
s_ 9ª' u\ |L gfsdf nufOG5 .
v_ cf7}F L xftsf] cfnF} fdf nufOG5 .

u_ uxgfx¿ ;g' rfbF Laf6 aG5g\ .
3_ kfph' xftdf nufpg] uxgf xf] .
ª_ uxgfn] dflg;nfO{ /fd|f] agfpF5 .

#= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
s_ gfsdf nufpg] uxgf xf] .

c_ 9ª' u\ |L cf_ a'nfsL
v_ uxgf ============ n] agfOG5 .

c_ ;g' cf_ kmnfd
u_ afnf ============ df nufpg] uxgf xf] .

c_ v6' \6fdf cf_ xftdf
3_ l;j|mL sxfF nufOG5 <

c_ 3f6F Ldf cf_ xftdf

Jofs/0f ;Lk

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M
d dn} ] gofF nu' f nufPsf] 5' .
d d}n] gofF n'uf nufPsL 5' .
d xfdLn] gofF n'uf nufPsf 5fF} .
d t}Fn] gofF n'uf nufPsL 5];\ .
d t}Fn] gofF n'uf nufPsf] 5;\ .

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 37

d ltdLn] gofF n'uf nufPsf 5f} .
d ltdLx¿n] gofF n'uf nufPsf 5f} .
d tkfO{+n] gofF n'uf nufpg'ePsf] 5 .
d p;n] gofF n'uf nufPsf] 5 .
d p;n] gofF n'uf nufPsL 5] .
d pgn] gofF nu' f nufPsf 5g\ .
d pgn] gofF n'uf nufPsL l5g\ .
d pxfFn] gofF nu' f nufpge' Psf] 5 .
d /lhgfn] gofF nu' f nufPsL 5÷] l5g\ .
d /fhz] n] gofF nu' f nufPsf] 5 .
d pgLx¿n] gofF n'uf nufPsf 5g\ .

dflysf jfSox¿sf] zn} Ldf tnsf jfSox¿ k/" f u/ M
d ltdL kfv] /f 3'Dg uPsf 5f} .
d d kf]v/f 3D' g ================== .
d xfdL kfv] /f 3D' g ================== .
d tkfO{+ kf]v/f 3'Dg ================== .
d pm kfv] /f 3'Dg ================== .
d tF kf]v/f 3D' g ================== .
d pgL kfv] /f 3'Dg ================== .
d ;'ud kf]v/f 3'Dg ================== .
d ;'ldsf kf]v/f 3'Dg ================== .
d pgLx¿ kf]v/f 3D' g ================== .

38 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= ltdLnfO{ sg' ;dodf s:tf] kf];fs nufpg dg k5{ < bz jfSodf nv] .

@= cfÇgf] sIffsf kfrF hgf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;f]w]/ tnsf] tflnsf e/ M

jm| =;=+ ;fyLsf] gfd dg kg{] kf];fs

hf8f]df udLd{ f

!

@

#

$

%

gftf hgfpg] zAbx¿ sfsf M a'afsf] efO
km' k " M a'afsL alxgL of lbbL ;f;" M >Ldfg\ jf >LdtLsL cfdf
sfsL M sfsfsL >LdtL gGb M >Ldfgs\ L alxgL
;;'/f M >Ldfg\ jf >LdtLsf aa' f dfdf M cfdfsf] bfO jf efO
cfdfh" M >Ldfg\sL lbbL efGhf M lbbL jf alxgLsf] 5f/] f
dfOh" M dfdfsL >LdtL
efGhL M lbbL jf alxgLsL 5f]/L

kf7 k/" f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 39

kf7 $ uf]kfn ofG] hg

hLjgL

tnsf lrq / ;Fu} lbOPsf ltgsf gfd Wofg lbP/ k9 M

dfbn tanf xfdf]l{ god

lutf/ l;tf/ af;F /' L

ˆofnL bdfxf v}Fh8L

40 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• ltdLn] uLt ;'gs] f 5f} <
• uLt aGg ss] ] rflxG5 <
• ltdLnfO{ s:tf] uLt dg k5{ <
• ltdLn] s'gs'g ufosnfO{ lrg]sf 5f} <

tnsf zAbx¿ sIffdf Ps hgfn] k9 clg ;a}n] kfnk} fnf] eg M

aRr' sn} fz sfO] nL bj] L cDa/ u?' ª kmQd] fg

tf/fbj] L c?0ff nfdf gf/fo0f uf]kfn k]|dWjh kw| fg

eSt/fh cfrfo{ gfltsfhL bLks hª\ud ld/f /f0ff

1fg' /f0ff s'df/ a:g]t c?0f yfkf /fd yfkf

¹nsdfg uGwj{ bLks v/n] dw' If]qL kb| Lk/fh kf08]

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 41

s'g} dxŒjk0" f{ sfd u//] b]zsf] ;j] f ug{] JolStsf] af/d] f n]lvPsf] n]vnfO{ hLjgL elgG5 .
hLjgLdf JolStsf] hGd, afNosfn, lzIff u/s] f sfo{x¿ pNn]v ul/G5 . kf7df uf]kfn of]Ghgsf]
hLjgL lbOPsf] 5 . ef/tsf] bflh{lnªdf hlGdPsf uf]kfn of]Ghgn] gk] fndf /x/] g]kfnsf] ;j] f
u/] . pgn] g]kfnL uLt tyf ;ªu\ Ltsf] ljsf;df ljz]if sfo{ u/s] fn] g} pgnfO{ ;Ddfg ul/G5 .
dfG5] p;n] u/]sf] sfdn] lrlgG5 . uf]kfn of]Ghg klg gk] fndf w/] } lrlgPsf JolSt xg' \ . pgsf]
af/]df s]xL s/' f hLjgL k9/] / sx] L s/' f lzIfs jf cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] ]/ hfGg ;S5f} .

‘bz] n] /ut dfu] dnfO{ aln r9fpm .
?l“ bgg\ d/] L cfdf pm gk] fnsL 5f]/L ..’

b]zelStsf] efjgfn] l;Fufl/Psf] o; kª\lStsf /rgfsf/ x'g\ uf]kfn ofG] hg .
ofG] hgsf] hGd cu:6 @^, !($# sf lbg
bflh{lnªsf] ldl/s eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] lyof] .
pgsf lktfsf] gfd a'l4dfg\ of]Ghg / dftfsf]
gfd 5]s8' fN] df ofG] hg lyof] . ;fg} pd]/b]lv
uLt;ªu\ Ltkl| t cToGt ?lr /fVg] x'Fbf pgn] o;
If]qdf g} kl5 sx] L ug{] ofh] gf agfP / To;c} g';f/
cufl8 a9] . pgn] blIf0f Pl;ofnL ;ª\uLtdf
aL=P=tx;Ddsf] cWoog k"/f u/] . olt dfq geO{
pgn] gk] fnL ljifodf Pd=P= pQL0f{ u/]sf lyP . uLt;ª\uLtdf nufj /xs] f sf/0f
pgn] @)@* ;fnb]lv kb\dsGof SofDk; afuahf/df ;ªu\ Lt ljifo cWofkg ug]{
cj;/ kfP . pgL g]kfnL ;ª\uLtsf cfb/0fLo JolSt xg' \ .

zAbfy{b]zelSt M bz] kd]| nufj M Psf]xf]/f] nflu/xg]
/rgfsf/ M agfpg] dfG5] cWofkg M k9fpg] sfd
of]hgf M sfd ug{] tl/sf, pkfo cfb/0fLo M cfb/ ug{'kg{]

42 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

ax'dv' L kl| tefsf wgL JolStTj ofG] hg uLt n]vg tyf ufogsf] If]qdf klg plQs}
;ljm| o lyP . vf;u/L b]zk|]dsf] efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t ePsf uLtx¿ pgn] ufPsf
5g\ . pgsf ;h[ gfdf df6f]kl| tsf] k|]d, ks| l[ tkd]| , hftLo Pstf, cfk;L dn] ldnfk,
jL/tfsf] ;Gb]z h:tf ljifoj:t' ;dl] 6Psf xG' 5g\ .
ags] f] 5 kx/fn] of] 5ftL d]/f] ==== , d]/f] 6f]kL sn} fzsf] lz/h:tf] ====, kj" { sf]xL
klZrd 3/ ===, uNtL xhf/ x'G5g,\ ltd|fh] :tf] d6' ' d/] f] klg ==== h:tf cd/ uLtx¿
/rgf u//] pgn] gk] fnL uLt;ª\uLtsf] Ifq] nfO{ wgL agfPsf 5g\ . pgn] cfÇgf
sltko uLtdf cfkm} Fn] ;ª\uLt e/]/ ufPsf klg 5g\ .
ofG] hgn] g]kfnL uLt;ª\uLtsf dxfg\ kl| tefx¿ cDa/ u'?ª, gf/fo0f ufk] fn, c?0ff
nfdf, gfltsfhL, plbtgf/fo0f ¹f h:tf JolStx¿;uF ldn]/ w/] } sfd u/s] f lyP .
o;afx]s pgn] sfG5L, dfofk|Llt nufotsf bhg{ f}F rnlrqsf uLtdf ;dt] ;ª\uLtsf]
wg' e/]sf lyP . olt dfq geO{ pgn] clUg k/LIff, 8fFk]m r/L h:tf gf6sdf klg
;'dw/' ;ª\uLt lbPsf lyP .
g]kfnL uLt;ª\uLtsf Ifq] df
ofG] hgnfO{ uLtsf/, ;ª\uLtsf/
tyf ufossf ¿kdf lrlgG5 .
pgsf] ou' nfO{ g]kfnL ;bfaxf/
;ªu\ Ltsf] :j0f{ o'u dflgG5 .
k|jf;df hlGdP/ klg pgn] gk] fnL
uLt;ªu\ LtnfO{ lzv/df k'¥ofpg
ctn' gLo of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . o:tf dxfg\ ;ªu\ Lt1n] lqkGg jifs{ f] pd/] df
d] @), !((& df ;;+ f/af6 ;bfsf nflu labf lnP . pgL cfh xfdf| ;fd' 5}gg\ t/
klg pgsf ;h[ gfx¿dfk{mt xfdL pgnfO{ ;bf ;lD¹/xg] 5fF} .

zAbfy{ ax'dv' L k|ltef M w]/} yl/ ljifosf] 1fg ePsf] JolSt ;bfaxf/ M ;w}F /xl/xg]
ufog M ufpg] sfd kj| f; M b]zb]lv aflx/
hftLo M hftsf,] hft;DaGwL lzv/ M rr' '/f]
cd/ M slxNo} gdg]{ ctn' gLo M t'ngf ug{ g;lsg]
;'dw/' M dL7f] ;bf M ;w}F

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 43

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;kmf cIf/df tLgtLg k6s nv] M
kª\lSt, al' 4dfg\, blIf0f, kbd\ sGof, 5]s'8f]Ndf, ;ª\uLt

@= zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
cfb/0fLo, cWofkg, cd/, b]zelSt, ufos

#= z'4 kf//] n]v M
lut, aL;Pa:t,' rnrLt/, cUgL kl/5o\ f, ;ª\lut

$= dflysf] kf7af6 ‘o’ / ‘P’ nfu]sf kfFrkfFr cf]6f zAb l6k .
%= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

b]z, d'6,' g]kfnL, cfh, cfkmF}
^= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

cWofkg ;w}F /lx/xg]
cd/ bz] bl] v aflx/
;bfaxf/ k9fpg] sfd
k|jf; r'r'/f]
lzv/ slxNo} gdg]{

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ ufk] fn ofG] hgsf] hGd slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] <


44 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

v_ pgn] s'g snh] df cWofkg u/]sf lyP <


u_ ‘ags] f] 5 kx/fn] of] 5ftL d]/f] ==’ uLt s;n] nv] ]sf xg' \ <


3_ uf]kfn ofG] hgn] vf;u/L s:tf uLt ufPsf 5g\ <


ª_ uf]kfn of]Ghgn] slxn] ;;+ f/af6 labf lnP <



@= sf]i7saf6 7Ls pQ/ 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ uf]kfn of]Ghgn] ============= ;fnb]lv SofDk;df k9fP . -@)#*,@)@*_
v_ 8fkF m] r/L ============== sf] gfd xf] .
-sljtf, gf6s_
u_ ufk] fn of]Ghgsf] dftfsf] gfd ============== xf] . -5s] 8' f]Ndf, a'l4dfof_
3_ pgL ;ªu\ Ltsf/, ============== / uLtsf/ xg' \ . -gf6ssf/, ufos_
ª_ pgL ;fg} pd/] bl] v ============== k|lt ?lr /fVy] . -v]ns'b, ;ªu\ Lt_

#= 7Ls a]7Ls 56' o\ fP/ nv] M

s_ uf]kfn of]Ghg g]kfndf hlGdPsf x'g\ .

v_ pgsf lktfsf] gfd al' 4dfg dfS] tfg xf] .

u_ pgn] df]/ª SofDk;df k9fPsf lyP .

3_ pgn] rnlrqsf uLtdf klg ;ªu\ Lt e/]sf 5g\ .

ª_ ofk] fn of]Ghgn] bz] k]d| sf uLt ufPsf 5g\ .

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ cfÇgf] sfkLdf nv] M
s_ ufk] fn of]Ghgn] sf]sf];Fu ldn]/ sfd u/s] f 5g\ <
v_ ufk] fn ofG] hgsf /rgfdf ss] :tf ljifo ;dl] 6Psf 5g\ <
u_ ufk] fn of]Ghgn] /rgf u/]sf sg' } rf/ uLtsf] afn] nv] .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 45

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9M

uLt /rgf ug{] dflg;nfO{ uLtsf/, uLtdf
;ªu\ Lt eg]{ dflg;nfO{ ;ªu\ Ltsf/ tyf uLt
ufpg] dflg;nfO{ ufos elgG5 . ;j{ky| d
uLtsf/n] uLt /rgf ub{5 . To;kl5
;ª\uLtsf/n] ;ª\uLt eb5{ clg dfq ufosn]
pSt uLt ufpF5 . uLtsf/n] h'g;s' } jn] fdf hxfF
klg uLt /rgf ub5{ t/ ;ª\uLtsf/n] hg' ;'s}
jn] f hxfF klg uLtdf ;ªu\ Lt eg{ ldNbg} .
;ª\uLtsf/n] ljleGg jfBjfbgsf] ;xfotf
lnP/ :6l' 8of] of ;ªu\ Lt kf7zfnfdf uP/ uLtdf ;ªu\ Ltsf] w'g eb5{ .

;ª\uLt e/s] f] wg' df dfq ufosn] uLt ufpF5 .
sts} t} ;ª\uLtsf/ / ufos Pp6} :6l' 8of]df
a;/] uLtdf ;ª\uLt eb{} ufpg] rng klg
/xs] f] 5 . s;s} ;n} ] cfÇgf] uLtdf cfkm}Fn]
;ª\uLt e/]/ cfkm}nF ] g} ufpg] klg ub5{ g\ .
Pp6f uLt ;kmn xg' sf nflu uLt, ;ªu\ Lt /
ufog tLg} s'/f alnof x'g'kb5{ . o;/L tof/
kfl/Psf uLtx¿ PkmPd, /]l8of], 6l] nlehg,
OG6/g]6 h:tf ;~rf/sf ljleGg dfWodaf6
ahf/df cfpg] u5g{ \ clg dfq xfdL uLt ;'g/] e/k'/ cfgGb lng kfpF5fF} .

46 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s nv] M
;ªu\ Ltsf/ ;jk{ |yd jfBjfbg
:6l' 8of] 6l] nlehg OG6/g6]
;~rf/ dfWod cfgGb

@= tnsf 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ uLt ufpg] dflg;nfO{ s] elgG5 <

c_ ufos cf_ ;ª\uLtsf/ O_ uLtsf/
v_ uLtdf ;ªu\ Ltsf] wg' eg{] dflg;nfO{ s] elgG5 <

c_ ufos cf_ uLtsf/ O_ ;ª\uLtsf/
u_ ;ª\uLtsf/n] ss] f] ;xfotfn] uLtdf w'g eb5{ <

c_ jfBjfbg cf_ /l] 8of] O_ 6l] nlehg
3_ xfdL tnsf dWo] sg' af6 uLt xg] { / ;G' g ;S5f}F <

c_ /l] 8of] cf_ 6]lnkmfg] O_ 6l] nlehg

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ uLt /rgf ug{] dflg;nfO{ s] elgG5 <


v_ ;ª\uLtsf/n] s;/L uLtdf w'g eb5{ <


u_ Pp6f uLt ;kmn xg' sf nflu sg' sg' kIf alnof x'gk' 5{ <


3_ uLtsf/n] sltjn] f uLt /rgf ub{5 <


ª_ uLtx¿ s]ss] f] dfWodaf6 ahf/df cfpg] u5{g\ <





;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 47

;'gfO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !%& df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] _

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= 7Ls zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ gf/fo0f uf]kfn / uf]kfn ofG] hg ============== x'g\ . -bfhe' fO, dLt_
v_ ufk] fn of]Ghg uLtdf ;ªu\ Lt ug,]{ ufpg] / =========== uy{] .- k9\g], n]Vg_]
u_ gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf] :j/ ============== lyof] .
-;fgf,] ;'dw/' _

@= 7Ls jf a7] Ls lrg]/ nv] M

s_ uf]kfn of]Ghg / gf/fo0f ufk] fn ldNbg} y] .

v_ logLx¿ dLt lyP .

u_ uf]kfn ufG] hg ;ª\uLtsf/ x'g\ .

3_ gf/fo0f uf]kfn uLt ufpyF ] .

#= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf] :j/ s:tf] lyof] <


v_ gf/fo0f uf]kfn / uf]kfn ofG] hgsf] aLrdf s:tf] ;fOgf] lyof] <


u_ uf]kfn ofG] hg uLtdf s] uy]{ <



Jofs/0f ;Lk

!= ldNg] zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
s_ ;dL/ / ;hgf ljBfyL{ ==================== . -xf], x'g\_

48 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

v_ ¹fn] fdf lstfa ==================== . -5g,\ 5_
u_ cfsfzdf tf/fx¿ ==================== . -b]lvG5, bl] vG5g_\
3_ ;l' gtf sljtf ==================== . -nV] 5,] n]V5g_\
ª_ 5f]/L cfdf;“u ahf/ ==================== . -uO,{ uof_]
@= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ ldnfP/ n]v M
s_ ltdL 3/ uPsf 5g\ .

v_ alxgLn] dnfO{ lr7L nV] of] .

u_ cfdf laxfg rfF8} p75\ .

3_ tkfO{+ lrl8ofvfgf uO;\ .

ª_ pgLx¿ cfkm" eGbf 7n" fnfO{ cfb/ u5f+{} .


l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= ;uF s} f] afs;df ltd|f dftflktfsf] kmf]6f] 6f;F .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 49

@= cfÇgL cfdfsf] af/]df bz jfSo nv] .
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lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] tnsf JolStx¿sf] gfd n]v M

kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

50 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff @