Green Sungava Nepali 2

lk|ltsf M xg} Aof/] u?' af, ;/f]hn] 6fpsfd] f s6' s] f] xf] clg df6f] klg xflNbPsf] .
lzIfs M sfs] f] ldn]/ o;nfO{ s'6s] f] < ;a} cufl8 cfcf] . -cf?;, nIdL, ddtf cufl8

cfpF5g\ ._
lzIfs M lsg s6' ]sf] ltdLx¿n] lgd{nnfO{ < lgd{n klg t ltdLx¿s} ;fyL xf] lg
cf?; M o:tf] kmfx] f/] L klg xfd|f] ;fyL xG' 5 t <
-lzIfsn] lgdn{ nfO{ cufl8 af]nfpgx' 'G5 . lgd{n cufl8 cfpF5 ._
lzIfs M lgdn{ lsg o:tf] kmf]xf/] nu' f nufP/ cfPsf] :s'n <
-lgdn{ sx] L afN] bg} . ;Fs' ;F's dfq} ul//x]sf] 5 ._
lkl| tsf M u'?af, pm;uF sk8f g} 5g} ToxL eP/ xf]nf .
lzIfs M xf] lgd{n < -lgd{n xf] eg]/ d'G6f] xNnfpF5 ._ n 7Ls} 5 ef]lnaf6 cfdfnfO{ eg/]

kf];fs wf]P/ ;kmf eP/ cfpg] x} .
lgdn{ M x;,\ x'G5 u'?af .
lzIfs M x/] , bM' vdf k/s] f] ;fyLnfO{ ;xofu] ug{k' 5{ . p;nfO{ s'6\g,] lh:sfpg] ugx{' Fb' }g

x} .
lk|ltsf M d}n] t cl3 g} eg]sf] ;/ s;}n] dfg]gg\ .
lzIfs M x]/, b'Mv / ljkt\ eg]sf] ;a}nfO{ kg{ ;S5 . b'Mvdf k/s] f] jn] f ;an} fO{ ;Sbf]

;xofu] ugk'{ 5,{ b'Mv kfPsf] 5 eg/] x]Kgx' b'F g} . ;fyL;fyL ¹u8f ug'{x'bF g} .
;/f]h, ca lgd{nnfO{ o;/L lh:sfpgx' F'b}g . lgdn{ klg ltdLx¿sf] ;fyL xf] .
;fyLnfO{ ;a} ldn]/ k9\g'k5{ . ghfgs] f] s/' f Pscsf{;uF ;fW] gk' 5{ . x]Kg], ufnL
ug],{ g/fd|f] eGg] ug'{x'bF }g n .
-;an} ] Ps} :j/df xG' 5 eG5g\ . ;/f]h, cf?;, nIdL, ddtf ;a} cfP/
lgd{nnfO{ cuF fnf] xfN5g\ / dfkmL dfU5g\ . cfcfÇgf] sfg ;dfp5F g\ ._
lzIfs M ca lgd{nnfO{ ;an} ] dfof ug{" . lgdn{ ltdLx¿sf] gofF ;fyL .
-;a}n] x'G5 u?' af eg/] tfnL ahfpF5g\ ._
-kbf{ v:5 ._

zAbf {y ljkt\ M cfkt\, ;d:of dfkmL M Ifdf
k/s] f] cj:yf tfnL M yk8L

cuF fnf] xfNg' M unf ldnfpg'

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 101

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;kmf cIf/df tLgtLg k6s nv] M
sIffleq, a]Grdf, ljBfyL{, e'OF, lh:sfp5F g\, cFufnf]

@= zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
esg' ,'{ yk8L, es" Dk, cuF fnf] xfNg,' tfnL

#= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

n/' ] cfkt\

ldNsfOlbg ' l5d]s

6f]n kmflnlbg'

ljkt \ yk8L

tfnL b'Anf] kftnf]

$= z4' kf/]/ ;f/ M
ljBfly{, e'O, e'sDk, b'v, ;fly

%= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
;'Fs;F's, ¹g\¹g\, 8/fO8{ /fO{, es'5{, dfof

^= dflysf] gf6saf6 cfwf cIf/sf] ko| f]u ul/Psf s'g} kfFr j6f zAb l6k .

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= dflysf] gf6sdf h:t} ltdL klg ;/f]h, lgdn{ , ddtf, cf?;, lkl| tsf / lzIfs
eP/ sIffdf gf6ssf] zn} Ldf ;j+ fb u/ .

102 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ lgd{nsf] 6fpsfd] f df6f] xfNg ;/f]hnfO{ s;n] nufof] <

v_ ;/f]hn] lkl| tsfnfO{ lsg af6f]df es'5{' egs] f] xf] <

u_ lsg ;a} hgf yk8L ahfP/ xfF:5g\ <

3_ ;/ cfpFbf lgd{n s;/L /f]O/x]sf] lyof] <

ª_ xfdLn] b'Mvdf k/s] f] ;fyLnfO{ s] ugk{' 5{ <


#= s;n] egs] f] xf] < nv] M
s_ cfO] n/' ] t/] f] gfd s] xf] <
v_ cfF;;' Fu} l;Fufg klg cfof] .
u_ s;n] s6' ]sf] o;nfO{ <
3_ pm;Fu sk8f g} 5}g ToxL eP/ xf]nf .
ª_ ;fyL;fyL ¹u8f ugx{' b'F g} .

$= 7Ls egfOdf -µ_ /h] f nufpm M
s_ lgdn{ n] ;/f]hsf] 6fpsf]df df6f] xflnlbof] .
v_ lkl| tsfn] nIdLnfO{ af6fd] f s'65\ ' egL .
u_ lgdn{ sf] 3/ es" Dkn] elTsPsf] lyof] .
3_ cf?;, nIdL / ddtf cufl8 cfP .
ª_ lzIfsn] lgd{nnfO{ ;as} f] gofF ;fyL eGge' of] .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 103

%= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ sIffdf gofF cfPsf] ljBfyLn{ fO{ cGo ljBfyL{n] s:tf] Jojxf/ u/<]
v_ lk|ltsfn] lzIfsnfO{ gofF ljBfyL{sf] kl/ro s;/L lbO{ <
u_ lzIfsn] ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ s] eg/] ;D¹fpge' of] <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

xfdLn] ;fyLnfO{ /fdf| ] Jojxf/ ugk{' 5{ . ;fyLefO cfÇgf] kl/jf/sf dfG5] h:t} x'g\ .
;fyLx¿;Fu slxNo} ¹}¹u8f ugx'{ b'F }g . ;fyLx¿ sf]xL gofF xG' 5g\ eg] sf]xL klxn]bl] v g}
lrg]sf xg' ;S5g\ . xfdLn] gofF ;fyLnfO{ xK] g'xbF' g} , p;nfO{ yfxf gePsf] s'/f l;sfOlbg'k5{ .
sIffdf sfx] L ;fyL /fdf| ] :jefjsf xG' 5g\ eg] sfx] L g/fd|f] :jefjsf klg x'g ;S5g\ .
xfdLn] ;a} ;fyLkl| t ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ . sg' } ;fyLn] g/fd|f sk8f nufP/ cfPsf]
5 eg] p;nfO{ xK] g'x'bF g} . sfx] L ;fyL k9\gnV] g w/] } l;kfn' x'G5g\ eg] sfx] L sdhf]/ klg
x'g ;S5g\ . sdhf]/ ;fyLnfO{ xK] g] jf xn] f ug'{x'Fbg} . a? ghfg]sf] s'/f l;sfOlbg'k5{ .
sf]xL ;fyL ckfªu\ 5g\ eg] ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Sbf] ;xofu] ugk{' 5{ . ;fyLnfO{ ltdL jf tkfOF{
eGg'k5{ . tF eg]/ afN] g'x'bF g} .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M

slxNo } kl/jf/ Jojxf/ :jefj

l;kfn' sdhf/] ckfªu\ ;fyLefO

@= 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
s_ ;fyLefOx¿ ================== dfG5]h:t} xg' \ .

c_ aflx/sf cf_ k/fO{ O_ kl/jf/sf

v_ ;fyLx¿;Fu slxNo} ================== ug'{x'Fb}g .

c_ ¹¹} u8f cf_ ;/;kmfO O_ d]nldnfk

u_ xfdLn] ;a} ;fyLx¿k|lt /fdf| ] ================== ugk'{ b5{ .

c_ Jojxf/ cf_ ¹u8f O_ bof

104 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

3_ ;fyLn] ghfg]sf] s/' f ================== . O_ eufOlbgk' 5 {
c_ afn] fOlbgk' 5{ cf_ l;sfOlbg'k5{

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ;fyLefOkl| t xfdLn] s:tf] Jojxf/ ugk{' 5{ <
v_ xfdLn] gofF ;fyLk|lt s:tf] Jojxf/ ugk'{ 5{ <
u_ k9fOnv] fOdf sdhf/] ;fyLk|lt xfdLn] s:tf] Jojxf/ ug{'k5{<
3_ xfdLn] ;fyL;Fu afN] bf s:tf] zAb ko| f]u ug{k' 5{ <

;'gfO ;Lk

-k[i7 !%( df lbOPsf] ;j+ fb_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ gf]u]n{ fO{ g]kfnL efiffsf ;fy} ================== efiff klg cfpF5 .
v_ dfgaxfb/' u?' ªnfO{ g]kfnL efiffsf ;fy} ============== klg afN] g cfpF5 .
u_ efOsfhL dxhg{ nfO{ g]kfnL efiff / ============== efiff klg afN] g cfpF5 .
3_ bj] gGbg rfw} /Ln] gk] fnL efiff / ============== efiff klg afN] g hfg]sf]
5.
ª_ lht]Gb| ofbj g]kfnL efiffsf ;fy} ================== efiff klg af]Nb5 .

@= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ gfu] s]{ f] 3/ tfKn]hª' df xf] .
v_ dfgaxfb/' u?' ªsf] 3/ kjt{ df kb{5 .
u_ efOsfhL dxhg{ sf] 3/ eStk'/df 5 .
3_ bj] gGbg rf}w/Lsf] 3/ bfª xf] .
ª_ lhtG] b| ofbjsf] 3/ ;nf{xLdf kb{5 .

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 105

#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ klxnf] snfsf/n] cfÇgf] kl/ro s] eg/] lbPsf 5g\ .

v_ dfgaxfb'/ u'?ªn] s'gs'g efiff af]Ng hfg]sf 5g\ .

u_ bj] gGbg rf}w/Lsf] 3/ sxfF xf] <


l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= es" Dksf af/]df ;l' gtf / ;'jf;sf aLrsf] 5f]6f] s/' fsfgL -;+jfb_ tof/
kf/ .

@= sIffdf ;fyL;uF ldn/] ‘e"sDkaf6 aRg s] ug{ ;lsG5 <’ eGg] ljifodf kfn}
kfnf s'/fsfgL k|:tt' u/ .

ltdLn] s'gsg' af6] x¿nfO{ lrg]sf 5f} < 7Ls pQ/;uF hf8] f ldnfpm M

s/] f gl/jn e'OFs6x/ ;Nnf nfnLu/'F f;

kf7 k"/f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

106 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

kf7 !! 3fd–hg"

sljtf an/fd bfxfn

tnsf jfSox¿ ;an} ] cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

3fdn] lbgdf hg" n] /ftdf ;o" { k"j{af6 pbfpF5 .
pHofnf] lbG5 . ks| fz 55{ .

d cfÇgf] b]zsf] lrq xfdLn] cfÇgf] ei] fei" ffnfO{ xfdLn] cfÇgf] nIodf
cfkm}F sf5] {' . dfof ugk{' 5{ . cfkmF} lx8F g\ k' 5{ .

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 107

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• s] ltdLn] laxfgdf ;"o{ pbfPsf] bv] s] f 5f} <
• s] ltdLn] cfsfzdf hg" nfus] f] b]v]sf 5f} <
• ltdLn] cfÇgf] hLjg s;/L latfpg] eg]/ slxNo} ;f]r]sf 5f} <
• nIo eg]sf] s] xf] < s] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <

afs;df lbOPsf zAbx¿ sIffdf Ps hgfn] k9 clg ;a}n] Pp6} :j/df eg M
h"g 3fd nIo Hof]lt ei] f bz] hLjg zLtn

108 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

;Fus} f] tl:a/ an/fd bfxfnsf] xf] . pgL slj xg' \ . pgn] ;fgf gfgLx¿ tyf
7n" f dflg;x¿sf nflu sljtf n]vs] f 5g\ . logL 5Gbdf sljtf n]V5g\ . 5Gbdf
n]lvPsf] sljtf dL7f] no xfn]/ jfrg ug{ ldN5 . of] kf7df lbOPsf] 3fdh"g
sljtfdf dflg; s:tf] xg' 'k5{ eGg] s'/f l;sfOPsf] 5 . o;df /fd|f] sfd u/]/
cfÇgf] gfd /fVgk' g{] s/' f l;sfOPsf] 5 . sljn] sljtfdf s]s] eGg vf]h]sf 5g\
aˆ' g tnsf] sljtf no xfn/] k9 . sljtfdf s] elgPsf] 5 lzIfsn] /fd/| L a'¹fpg'x'g] 5 .

k'nS' s gq] pl3F|bf
¹n' S' s 3fd ¹'lNsFbf .
d sf]5'{ lrq b]zsf]
5 Kof/ cfÇg' ei] fsf] .

d Hof]lt 55'{ 3fd¹F}
d Hof]lt 55'{ h"g¹}F .
b'j} d x]5'{ dfl:t/
xF'b}g e6] cflv/ .

d 3fd¹}F 5' ¹Ndn zAbf {y pl3bF| f M v'Nbf
d hg" ¹F} 5' zLtn . ¹l' NsbF f M pbfpbF f
ag/] Hofl] t lblGbg Kof/ M dfof
latfOlbG5' hLjg . cfÇg' M cfÇgf]
dfl:t/ M dflylt/
hxfF 5 cfh ;]lknf] lblGbg M kT| os] lbg
ToxfF d aG5' /flknf] ;]lknf M 5fofdf k/s] f
lnP/ nIo ;fydf /flknf M k|sfz kfPsf, tft]sf
d h"g aG5' /ftdf . nIo M p2Z] o

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 109

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
k'n'Ss, ¹'n'Ss, ¹'lNsFbf, pl3F|bf, dfl:t/, ¹Ndn, zLtn, nIo, hg"

@= zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
¹l' NsFbf, cfÇg', lblGbg, /flknf, 3fd

#= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
pl3bF| f, nIo, dfl:t/, ;]lknf, Kof/,

$= z'4 kf/]/ nv] M
e;] , h'g, cfvL/, ;Ltn, lhag

%= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb;uF hf8] f ldnfpm M

Kof/ tlNt/

dfl:t/ lbg

hLjg 3[0ff

;l] knf] d/0f

/ft /flknf]

^= kn' S' s, ¹'n'Ssh:t} c¿ kfrF j6f zAbx¿ lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] nv] .

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ ‘3fd–hg" ’ sljtf s;n] /rgf u/s] f xg' \ <


110 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

v_ 3fd s;/L ¹'lNsG5 <

u_ d s]nfO{ Kof/ u5'{ <

3_ 3fd / hg' s:tfs:tf 5g\ <

ª_ d s;/L hLjg latfpF5' <

@= 7Ls a7] Ls 56' \ofpm M
s_ ;fF¹df 3fd ¹'n'Ss ¹'lNsG5 .
v_ 3fd / hg" tnlt/ pbfpF5g\ .
u_ 3fd / hg" sf] ;wF} e]63f6 x'G5 .
3_ d ;fydf nIo lnP/ lx8F 5\ ' .
ª_ d lbgdf h"gh:t} aGg rfxG5' .
#= sljtfsf] kª\lSt k/" f u/ M
d =============== 5' ¹Ndn
d hg" ¹}F 5' =============== .
=============== Hofl] t lblGbg
latfOlbG5' =============== .
$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ sljtfdf sljn] hg" / 3fdn] h:t} s] ug]{ s/' f atfPsf 5g\ <
v_ sljtfdf hLjg s;/L latfpg] s'/f ul/Psf] 5 <
u_ xfdLn] s:tf] nIo lngk' 5{ <

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 111

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

3fdnfO{ ;o" { klg elgG5 . 3fdn] of] ;;+ f/el/ pHofnf] 55{ / Gofgf] lbG5 . 3fd
laxfg kj" a{ f6 pbfp5F / ;f¹F df klZrddf uP/ c:tfp5F . To;u} /L h"gnfO{ rGb|df
klg elgG5 . hg" /fltsf] j]nfdf cfsfzdf b]lvG5 . h"g ;w}Fel/ Pp6} cfsf/sf]
xb'F g} . k"l0f{dfsf] /ftdf of] lgs} 7"nf] b]lvG5 . hg" n] pHofnf] lbP klg 3fdn] h:t}
tfk jf Gofgf] lbbF }g . xfd|f] bz] sf] ¹G8fdf h"g / 3fd b'js} f lrÅg 5g\ . h;/L
3fd 7Ls ;dodf pbfP/ 7Ls ;dodf c:tfpF5, To;}u/L xfdLx¿n] klg ;dodf g}
cfÇgf] sfd k"/f ugk'{ 5{ .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s sfkLdf n]v M
kj" ,{ klZrd, k"l0fd{ f, ¹G8f, c:tfp5F , cfsfz, ;weF} l/

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ 3fdsf] csf{] gfd s] xf] <
v_ 3fd sxfaF f6 pbfP/ sxfF uP/ c:tfpF5 <
u_ h"gn] sltv/] k|sfz lbG5 <
3_ xfd|f] bz] sf] ¹G8fdf ss] ]sf lrÅgx¿ 5g\ <
ª_ h"g / 3fdaf6 xfdLn] s'gsg' s'/f l;Sg'k5{ <

#= sfi] 7saf6 5fgL vfnL 7fpFdf pkoS' t zAb e/ M
s_ 3fdn] ;+;f/el/ =============== 55{ .
-pHofnf,] cFWof/f,] wfg_
v_ hg" =============== cfsfzdf bl] vG5 . -/ftdf, lbgdf, ;wF}el/_
u_ xfd|f] b]zsf] =============== h"g / 3fd bj' }] 5g\ .

-k;} fdf, gS;fdf, ¹G8fdf_
3_ xfdLn] ;dodf g} cfÇgf] sfd =============== ugk{' 5{ .

-cf/De, ;dfKt, k"/f_

112 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

;'gfO ;Lk

-k[i7 !%( df lbOPsf] hfgsf/L_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6\ofP/ nv] M
s_ g]kfndf sf8F ]Eofs'/ kfOG5 .
v_ gk] fndf suF f? kfOG5 .
u_ g]kfndf of;f{u'Daf kfOG5 .
3_ g]kfndf cS6f]k; kfOFbg} .

@= gk] fndf kfOg] s/' fx¿ n]v M



#= gk] fndf gkfOg] s'/fx¿ nv] M



$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

s_ g]kfndf sg' s'g af6] x¿ kfObF }gg\ <

v_ g]kfndf kfOg] r/f / hgfj/x¿sf] gfd n]v .

u_ gk] fndf sg' s'g hgfj/x¿ kfOFbg} g\ <


;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 113

Jofs/0f ;Lk

!= ldNg] zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M

s_ lkl6Ss xfjf rNg'

v_ Kof66\ 3'Dg'

u_ kmgkmgL kfgL aUg'

3_ snsn km'6g\ '

ª_ l;l/l;/L efFlrg'

@= ldNg] zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-3636L, yrSs, w'?w'?, d';S' s, h?' Ss_
s_ xfdL a]Grdf ===================== a:5fF} .
v_ ;fgL alxgL ===================== ?lG5g\ .
u_ efOn] b"w ===================== lkof] .
3_ u?' cfdf sIffdf cfpbF f xfdL ===================== p75\ f}F .
ª_ d/] f /fdf| cIf/ bv] ]/ u?' ===================== xf:F g'eof] .

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
s_ v?' v? ===============================================================
v_ ;6' 'Ss ===============================================================
u_ n';'Ss ===============================================================
3_ d;' 'Ss ===============================================================
ª_ e/' { ===============================================================

114 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= tnsf] lrqnfO{ kfrF jfSodf aofg u/ M

gk] fnsf sx] L lxdfnx¿ / gbLx¿sf gfd M

lxdfnx¿ gbLx¿

;u/dfyf sf];L

s~rghª3\ f s0ff{nL

df5fk'R5]« sfnL

dgf:n' dxfsfnL

wf}nflul/ /fktL

dsfn' e]/L

NxfT] ;] afudtL

lgnlul/ lqz"nL

cGgk0" ff { gf/fo0fL

clk tdf/]

nfª6fª ;]tL

uf}/Lzªs\ / d:ofª{ \bL

kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 115

kf7 !@ b;s“} f] n'uf

syf cflGjsf lu/L

tnsf jfSox¿ ;an} ] cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

aa' fn] 5f/] LnfO{ nu' f NofOlbge' of] . ;fgLn] gofF n'uf nufO{ .

xfdL b;F}df lkª v]N5f}F . gfgLx¿ ahf/ 3'Dg uPsf 5g\ .

116 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• ltdL b;}F s;/L dgfp5F f} <
• ltdLn] b;Fd} f gofF nu' f lsGg] u/]sf 5f} <
• xfdL nu' f lsg nufpF5f}F <
• n'uf gofF g} xg' 'k5{ ls k'/fgf] eP klg sfd rN5 <

afs;df lbOPsf zAbx¿ sIffdf Ps hgfn] k9 clg ;a}n] Pp6} :j/df eg .

b;}F ltxf/ hgk} "l0f{df s[i0fhGdfi6dL ;fpg] ;ªj\ |mflGt

ufO{hfqf OGb|hfqf lzj/flq 3f8] ]hfqf df3L÷df3] ;ªj\ |mflGt

Ob Nxf];f/ ljm| :d; 57 uf/} f kj{

a4' hoGtL s;' c] f}F;L tLh >Lk~rdL pFwf}nL÷peF f}nL

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 117

;uF } lbOPsf] t:jL/ cflGasf lu/Lsf] xf] . logL ltdLx¿ h:tf ;fgf gfgLx¿sf]
ljifodf syf nV] g] syfsf/ xg' \ . b;sF} f] n'uf logsf] w/] } /fdf| ] afnsyf xf] .
b;F} g]kfnLx¿sf] 7"nf] rf8 xf] . b;d}F f gofF n'uf lsGg], dL7f] dl;gf] vfg] ul/G5 .
ltdLx¿nfO{ klg b;d}F f cfdfaa' fx¿n] gofF n'uf lslglbgx' G' 5 . slxn]sfxLF nu' f
lslglbg'ePg eg] b'Mv dfGgx' 'Gg . cfkm" ;uF ePsf] ;kmf n'uf nufP/ klg rf8
/dfOnf;] Fu dgfpg ;lsG5 . of] syfdf klg Pp6L gfgLn] k};f geP/ aa' fn] n'uf glslglbPsf]
yfxf kfPkl5 p;n] k'/fg} nu' f nufP/ b;F} dgfPsL 5] . aa' fcfdfnfO{ lkgx{' 'Gg eGg] s'/f of]
syfnf] l;sfPsf] 5 . syf /fd/| L k9 clg l;sfpg vfl] hPsf] s'/f aˆ' g] ko| f; u/ M

kfx] f]/ ;fnsf] s/' f xf] . b;}F cfO;ss] f] lyof] . ;a} ;fyLx¿n] gofF nu' f lslg;ss] f
lyP . c¹ ljdnfn] t Pshf/] dfq x}g, bO' b{ O' { hf]/ n'uf lsg]sL lyO{ . ljdnf d/] L
l5ds] L xf] . p;sf a'af ;x/df hflu/ vfg'xG' 5 . d/] f a'af ls;fg x'gx' G' 5 . pxfF
vt] L ug'{xG' 5 .
dn} ] b;Fs} f] rf/kfrF lbg clu;Dd klg
nu' f lsgs] L lyOgF . c¿ j]nf t aa' fn]
clns cufl8 g} lslglbgx' G' Yof] . To;/L
l9nf] u/s] f] dnfO{ yfxf lyPg .
km" nkftLsf] lbg eg] d}n] a'afnfO{ n'uf
lslglbgx' f];\ eGg] ljrf/ u/F] lsgls
;a} ;fyLn] n'uf lslg;ss] fn] dnfO{
slxn] lsgfF}, slxn] lsgfF} eO/xs] f]
lyof] . a'af ;fF¹df 3/ cfpg'eof] . dn} ] ‘a'af’ dfq s] egs] L lyPF . pxfF t PSsfl;
l/;fP/ dnfO{ ufnL kf] ug{ nfUge' of] . d 8/fpge' Gbf klg crDd k/]F lsgls aa' f
l/;fPsf] dnfO{ yfxf lyPg . a'afsf] l/; ef]ln zfGt xfn] f / s'/f u/fF}nf eg]/ d
;t' ]F . efl] nkN6 d p7b\ f t aa' f cfdf;Fu kf] l/;fO/xge' Psf] lyof] . o;/L aa' f t
lbg k|ltlbg ljgfsf/0f l/;fpFb} hfge' of] .

118 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

dnfO{ v} lsg xf], aa' fsf] dgdf kL/ ePh:tf] nfUof] . pxfF olt l/;fO/xge' Psf] lyof]
ls dnfO{ t ;f]Wg] cf6F klg cfPg .
nu' f lsGg] ;do klg uO;s]sf] lyof] . ef]ln 6Lsf yfKg] lbg lyof] . ;fF¹df d lkª
vn] /] kms{b+ f aa' f / cfdf efG5fdf s/' f ul//xge' Psf] lyof] .
aa' f eGb} xg' x' G' Yof,] ‘Pp6L 5f/] L xf] tk} lg nu' f lslglbg ;lsgF . s] ug{] c¿ jn] f
afnL /fd|f] xG' Yof] / lslglbGy]F . o;kfln g afnL /fdf| ] eof] g t C0f g} kfOof] .’
cf]xf] ¤ aa' f s:tf] ;d:ofdf x'gx' b'F f] /x]5 . dnfO{ n'uf lslglbg gkfPsf]df pxfnF fO{
slt w]/} lrGtf /x5] . ca t dn} ] aa' f l/;fpg'sf] sf/0f klg yfxf kfPF t/ dnfO{
g/dfOnf] nfUof] . a'afn] of] s'/f lsg eGge' Pg < ;D¹fPsf] eP t d al' ¹xfNyF] lg ¤
dnfO{ gofF n'ufeGbf klg aa' fn] ;frF f] s/' f geg]sf]df lrQ bV' of] . o;kfln afnL
/fd|f] ePg† csf]k{ 6s lslglbG5' eGge' Psf] eP d dflgxfNyF] lg ¤
efl] nkN6 aa' f lgs} lvGg bl] vgx' 'GYof] . d eg] laxfg} gx' fP/ kfx] f]/ b;}Fdf l;nfPsf]
n'uf nufP/ l7Ss k/F] .
‘xg] ;{' \ t aa' f s:tf] /fdf| ] 5 x} of]
nu' f ¤ o;kfln klg gofF g} 5 .’ dn} ]
n'uf b]vfpbF } egF] . a'af dn} ] g/fdf| ] dfG5'
ls eg]/ lrlGtt xg' 'xb'F f] /x]5 t/ d]/f]
xlF ;nf] dx' f/ bv] /] aa' fsf] cg'xf/ klg
xFl;nf] eof] . 1fgL 5f/] L eGb} sfvdf
lnge' of] .
‘dnfO{ n'uf glslglbPsfn] ] x}g t/ Pp6f s'/fn] eg] d l/;fPsf] 5' .’ dn} ] 7l' :sFb} egF] .
‘s] s'/fn] <’ aa' fn] 5Ss k/]/ ;f]Wge' of] .
‘tkfO{+nfO{ To:tf] ;d:of k/]sf] /x5] t/ dnfO{ lsg geGge' Psf] < dnfO{ klxnf g}

zAbf {y afnL M v]tLkftL lvGg M bM' vL
o;kfln M o;k6s lrlGtt M lrGtfdf k/s] f]
C0f M c¿nfO{ ltgk'{ g{] k};f xFl;nf] M v;' L, b]lvg]
lrQ bV' g' M dg bV' g', lrGtf nfUg' 7'l:sg' M l/;fpg'

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 119

eGg'ePsf] eP tkfOn+{ ] kL/ lng} kb{}gYof] ¤’ d}n] nfl8Psf] :j/df eg]F .
‘xf] / < ltdL slt 1fgL 5f]/L ¤ t/ ltdL ;fg} 5f} eg]/ gegs] f] .’ a'afn] eGge' of] .
‘;fgL eP klg d klg kl/jf/sf] ;b:o x'F . To;}n] tkfO+n{ ] d;uF klg 3/sf] ;d:of
eGgk' 5{ lg . ;d:of geg]/ To;/L l/;fpg kfOG5 t <’ d}n] k|Zg ub}{ aa' fnfO{ x]/]F .
‘kfObF }g . ca d ltdLnfO{ klg 3/sf s'/f eG5' .’ a'afn] xf:F b} eGg'eof] .

Psl5gkl5 t 6Lsf nufpg] ;fOtsf] ;do klg eof] . aa' fn] cfdf / dnfO{
6Lsf nufOlbge' of] . xfdLn] b;}sF f afFsL lbg va' /dfOnf] u/]/ latfof}F .

zAbf {y nfl8Psf ] M Kof/f] aGg vfh] s] f] v'a M w/] }, Hofb}
;fOt M s'g} sfd ug{] /fd|f] ;do

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
ls;fg, o;kfln, lrlGtt, 6Lsf, ;d:of, 1fgL

@= zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
o;kfln, lrQ b'Vg,' lvGg, 7l' :sg', ;fOt

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
b;F,} ca, xlF ;nf], gofF, ef]ln, n'uf

$= z'4 kf//] n]v M
aj" f, ;fGt, oSsf;L, klt{lbg, PtL

%= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb nv] M
/dfOnf], cl3, gof,F kZ| g, bM' v, /fd|f,] ;f¹F

^= dflysf] syfaf6 cfwf cIf/sf] k|of]u ePsf bz j6f zAbx¿ l6k / cfÇgf]
sfkLdf n]v . h:t} M crDd

120 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ ‘b;F}sf] n'uf’ syf s;n] /rgf u/]sf x'g\ <

v_ ljdnfsf aa' f s] ug{'xG' 5 <

u_ ‘Pp6L 5f/] L xf,] tk} lg nu' f lslglbg ;lsg’F of] egfO s;sf] xf] <

3_ aa' fn] ss;nfO{ 6Lsf nufOlbg'eof] <

ª_ ljdnfn] slt j6f n'uf lsg]sL lyO{ <


@= 7Ls jf a7] Ls 56' \ofpm M
s_ ‘b;F}sf] nu' f’ syf kfl/hftn] nv] ]sL xg' \ .
v_ km" nkftLsf] lbg 5f/] Ln] aa' fnfO{ gofF nu' f lslglbg cg/' fw] u/L .
u_ 5f]/Ln] b;dF} f gofFgofF nu' f nufpg kfO{ .
3_ 5f]/Lsf] xFl;nf] dx' f/ bv] ]/ aa' fsf] cgx' f/ xlF ;nf] eof] .
ª_ a'af ;f¹F df 3/ cfpg'eof] .

#= tnsf] egfO s;n] s;nfO{ eg]sf] xf] <
s_ st} C0f klg kfOPg .
v_ ;fgL eP klg d kl/jf/sf] ;b:o xF' .
u_ ca d ltdLnfO{ klg 3/sf s'/f eG5' .
3_ x]g{;' \ t aa' f s:tf] /fd|f] 5 x} of] nu' f .

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 121

$= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ aa' fn] efG5fdf cfdf;Fu ss] ] eGg'ePsf] lyof] <
v_ 5f]/Ln] afaf;uF s:tf kZ| gx¿ u/L <
u_ a'af lsg l/;fpg'ePsf] lyof] <
3_ 5f]/Ln] aa' f l/;fpg'ePsf] s/' f s;/L yfxf kfO{ <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

g]kfnLx¿sf 7n" f rf8dWo] ltxf/nfO{ klg Ps dflgG5 . o;nfO{ odk~rs klg
elgG5 . ltxf/ wd' wfd;Fu kfFr lbg;Dd dgfOG5 . ltxf/sf] klxnf] lbg sfusf] kh" f
ul/G5 / p;nfO{ vfg lbOG5 . ltxf/sf] bf;] |f] lbg s's/' ltxf/ xf] . pSt lbg s's/' nfO{
k"hf u/]/ dfnf nufOG5 / dL7fdL7f vfgs] '/f vfg lbOG5 . ltxf/sf] t;] f| ] lbg ufO{
ltxf/ kb{5 . of] lbg laxfg ljzi] fu/L ufO{sf] k"hf ul/G5 / p;nfO{ klg dL7fdL7f
vfg]s'/f tyf kmnkm" n vj' fOG5 . ;f]xL lbg ;f¹F df wgwfGosL nIdLnfO{ leœofOG5
/ wgsL b]jLsf] ¿kdf nIdLsf] kh" f ul/G5 . ltxf/sf] rf}yf] lbg uf?] ltxf/ kb5{ . of]
lbg uf]j4{g kj{t / uf?] sf] k"hf ul/G5 . uf]?nfO{ klg of] lbg dL7fdL7f vfg]s'/f /
kmnk"mn v'jfOG5 . ltxf/sf] clGtd lbg cyf{t\ kfFrfF} lbg efO6Lsf kb{5 . pSt lbg
lbbLalxgLx¿n] cfÇgf bfh'efOnfO{ ;Kt/ªu\ L 6Lsf / dvdnLsf] dfnf nufOlbG5g\
clg dL7fdL7f vfg]s'/f vfg lbG5g\ . bfh'efOn] klg cfÇgf lbbLalxgLnfO{ blIf0ff
lbG5g\ / cfzLjf{b yfKb5g\ . o;/L g]kfnL ;dfhdf ltxf/ dgfOG5 .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s sfkLdf nv] M
uf]j4{g, ljz]ifu/L, t];f| ], kh" f, odk~rs, wgwfGo, ;Kt/ªu\ L

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ ltxf/ slt lbg;Dd dgfOG5 <
v_ ltxf/sf] bf];|f] lbg ss] f] kh" f ul/G5 <
u_ nIdLk"hf slxn] kb{5 <
3_ ltxf/sf] clGtd lbg s;n] s;nfO{ 6Lsf nufOlbG5g\ <
ª_ ltxf/sf] klxnf] lbg s;sf] k"hf ul/G5 <

122 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

#= sf]i7saf6 5fgL vfnL 7fpdF f pko'St zAb e/ M
s_ g]kfnLx¿sf 7n" f rf8dWo] ============= klg Ps xf] . -gofF jif,{ ltxf/_
v_ nIdLk"hfsf] lbg wgwfGosL b]jL ========== nfO{ leœofOG5 .- b'uf{, nIdL_
u_ ltxf/sf] kfrF fF} lbg ============= kb5{ . -efO6Lsf, uf]j4g{ k"hf_
3_ ltxf/sf] rfy} f] lbg ============= kh" f ul/G5 .
-e}F;Lsf,] uf?] sf_]

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !%( df lbOPsf] hfgsf/L_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6o\ fP/ nv] M
s_ xfdLn] aflx/sf] vfgf dfq vfgk' 5{ .
v_ slxn]sfxLF l6eL xg] {'xG' 5 .
u_ cfdfa'af;uF 7n" f] :j/n] af]Ngk' 5{ .
3_ slxNo} ;fFrf] afN] g'xG' g .

@= ug{ xg' ] s'/fx¿ n]v M



#= ug{ gxg' ] s/' fx¿ n]v M




;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 123

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ s;n] egs] f] s/' f dfGgk' 5{ <


v_ s] vfg an ug'x{ G' g <


u_ cfÇgf] ;fdfgnfO{ s] ug{'k5{ <



Jofs/0f ;Lk

!= tnsf pN6f]kfN6f] ePsf zAbx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ jfSo agfpm M
s_ v]tdf sfd pgLx¿ ub}{ 5g\ .
v_ xf“} g]kfnL xfdL ;a} .
u_ w/] } 5g\ cfsfzdf tf/fx¿ .
3_ w]/} ldNg] xg' ;fyL cfef / s/0f .
ª_ dg kg{] ltdLnfO{ nufpm sk8f .

@= ;Fu}sf] sf]7faf6 ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fp“ e/ M k6Ss}
s_ ltdLx¿ ====================== cfÇgf] sfd u5f{} . clt
v_ ljlgtf ====================== k//] a;]sL 5] . k9\g
u_ ;'ud ====================== dg ubg{} . lrl6Ss
3_ k'sf/ ====================== /fd|f lrq sfY] of{] . v?' v'?
ª_ ltd|f] cIf/ ====================== /fdf| ] ePg .

124 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= tnsf] lrq x/] clg Pp6f ;G' b/ syf agfpm M

! @
# $

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 125

!= ltdLn] hfg]sf] s'g} Pp6f syf sIffdf ;a}nfO{ ;g' fpm .

s] slxn] k5{ < – jz} fv ! ut]
– gofF jif{ – jz} fv kl" 0fd{ f
– a'4 hoGtL – kmfug' &
– kh| ftGq lbj; – j}zfv !!
– nf]stGq lbj; – h]7 !%
– u0ftGq lbj; – c;f/ @(
– efg' hoGtL – d] !
– dhb'/ lbj; – ebf} @(
– afnlbj; – c;f]h #
– ;+ljwfg lbj;

kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

126 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

kf7 !# 8f“km]

cfTdsyf

tnsf jfSox¿ ;a}n] cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d/] f] 6fpsf]df l;p/ 5 . d/] f] z/L/ gf/} ªu\ L 5 .

d of] bz] sf] uf/} j x'F . d g]kfnsf] /fli6o« r/f x'F .

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 127

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• ltdLn] nfnLu'/fF; b]v]sf 5f} <
• ltdLn] kxf8 bv] ]sf 5f} <
• r/fn] s] vfG5 <
• ltdLnfO{ s'gsg' r/f dg k5{ <

sIffdf ;an} ] cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M
• gk] fndf w]/} yl/sf r/fx¿ kfOG5g\ .
• sfF8]Eofs'/ g]kfndf dfq kfOg] r/f xf] .
• r/fx¿ hªu\ nsf uxgf xg' \ .
• sg' } r/f ;fgf x'G5g\ t sg' } 7"nf xG' 5g\ .
• sg' } r/f zfsfxf/L xG' 5g\ s'g} df;+ fxf/L x'G5g\ .
• r/fx¿sf] l;sf/ ug{x' 'Gg . r/fnfO{ dfof ug'k{ 5{ .
• y'g]/ /fVbf r/fx¿ /dfpFbg} g\ .
• r/fx¿ v'nf cfsfzdf p8\g dg k/fpF5g\ .

128 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

cfÇgf] af/d] f cfkm}Fn] nv] s] f] hfgsf/LnfO{ cfTdsyf elgG5 . cfTdsyfdf cfÇgf] af/]df ;a}
s/' f cfkmFn} ] elgG5 . cfTdsyf n]Vbf s]sf] nV] g] xf] cfkm" ToxL aGgk' 5{ / To;n} ] afn] s] f] h;/L
nV] gk' 5{ . of] kf7df 8fkF m]sf] cfTdsyf /flvPsf] 5 . o;df 8fFkm] afn] s] f] 5 . o;n] cfÇgf] af/d] f
w/] } s/' f atfPsf] 5 . oxfF 8fkF m]n] cfkm" sxfF a:5, s] vfG5 h:tf ;a} s'/f egs] f] 5 . 8fkF m] s:tf]
r/f xf]† p;sf] :jefj s:tf] xG' 5† 8fkF mn] fO{ s] s'/fsf] ;d:of 5 eGg] s/' f kf7df lbOPsf] 5 .
kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9, 8fkF m]sf af/]df sIffdf lzIfsn] w]/} s'/f a¹' fpgx' g' ] 5 .

gfgL xf] ¤ ltdLx¿n] dnfO{ lrg]sf 5f} < d 8fFkm] xF' . d xl/of] / cfsf;] /ª ldl;Psf]
/ªu\ Lla/ª\uL x'G5' . d g]kfn, ef/t, adf{, ltAat tyf ckmuflg:tfgsf pRr kxf8L
tyf lxdfnL Ifq] df kfOG5' . nfnLu'/fF; km'Ng] jgkfvfdf pkm| Fb} /dfpg ?rfpg] d
c¿ r/fx¿n] h:tf] u'F8 agfP/ al:bgF .

cfÇgf] 56' 6\ } u8'F gx'g] ePsfn] d s'g} Ps
7fpFdf a:g ?rfpGgF . dnfO{ lxdfn tyf
kxf8sf hªu\ nx¿df 8N' b} gfRg dg
nfU5 . dnfO{ cª\u|h] Ldf ‘lxdfnog df]gfn’
tyf ‘nf]kmf]kmf/] ;’ eG5g\ . c¿ r/fx¿sf]
h:t} d]/f] klg efn] / kfy] L u/L bO' { j6f hft
x'G5 . d]/f] efn] hfltsf] jhg b'O{ lsnf]eGbf
cln a9L xG' 5 eg] kf]yL hfltsf] jhg efns] f]
eGbf cln sd x'G5 .

d/] f] efn] hfltsf] 6fpsf]df /ª\uLrª\uL kªv\ f
h:tf] l;p/ x'G5 . kf]yL hfltsf] /ª cln
km/s xG' 5 . d]/f] z/L/df gf}y/L /ª x'g] ePsfn] dnfO{ gf/} ªu\ L 8fFkm] klg elgG5 .
d nfnLu'/f;F k'mNg] hªu\ ndf sL/fkm6o\ fª\u|f, afF;sf] tfdf tyf af]6la?jfsf slnnf

zAbfy{ /ªu\ Lla/ªu\ L M w]/} yl/sf] /ª ldl;Psf]

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 129

d'gf vfg ?rfp5F ' . c¿ r/fx¿n] cfÇgf] u8'F df k'mn kf5{g\ . xfdL eg] df6fd] f g}
k'mn kf5f+{} / aRrf sf/] N5fF} .

d g]kfnsf] /fli6o« r/f xF' . dnfO{ gk] fndf ;/+ If0f
u/]/ /flvPsf] 5 . d/] f] rf]/L l;sf/L ug'n{ fO{ ck/fw
dflgG5 . d ;+;f/df cToGt yf]/} ;ª\Vofdf 5' . d
dfG5s] f nflu k|sl[ tsf] ;'Gb/ pkxf/ xF' . dnfO{
dflg;x¿n] w]/} dfof u5{g\ . dflg;x¿ ;a} c;n
x'G5g\ eGg] 5g} . sx] L dflg;x¿ v/fa klg x'G5g\ .
v/fa dflg;x¿ d]/f] l;sf/ u5g{ \ . dnfO{ df/]/ d]/f]
df;' a]R5g\ . d]/f] df;' w]/} dxFuf] xg' ] ePsfn] klg d
c;'/lIft ePsf] xF' .

dnfO{ dflg;n] dfof u5{ eg] dflg;n] g} ljgfz klg u5{ . d a:g] hª\un ljgfz
u5{ clg dnfO{ g/dfOnf] nfU5 . dnfO{ dflg;af6 dfq xf]Og† c¿ r/f tyf
hgfj/x¿af6 klg vt/f 5 . afh, lu4 h:tf r/fx¿ tyf efn,' :ofn h:tf
hgfj/x¿ d]/f zq' x'g\ .

dnfO{ kT| oIf bV] g] g]kfnLx¿ cToGt sd 5g\ . s;}n] lrl8of3/df bv] ]sf xfn] fg\ gq
dnfO{ w/] }n] bv] ]sf xF'bg} g\ . d hªu\ ndf 8/fP/ afRF gk' /s] f] 5 . dnfO{ dfof ug{,] d/] f]
3/ ljgfz gug{,] d/] f] rf/] Ll;sf/L gug{] xf] eg] d ;w}F /xg] 5' . gq d]/f] ljgfz eP/
dflg;n] dnfO{ kmf]6fd] f dfq xg] {] lbg klg cfpg ;S5 . To;}n] gfgL xf] ¤ ltdLx¿
dnfO{ w]/} dfof u/ x} .

zAbfy{ dg' f M ;;fgf la?jf afh M ;fgf r/fx¿nfO{ dfg]{
sf]/Ng' M cG8faf6 rNnf lgsfNg' Ps k|sf/sf] r/f
/fli6«o r/f M bz] sf] dV' o r/f
;/+ If0f M /Iff, ;/' Iff kT| oIf M ;fdG' g], ;f]¹}
c;/' lIft M vt/fdf k/]sf] lrl8of3/ M hgfj/ tyf
ljgfz M lalu|Psf] cj:yf, gfz
lu4 M Ps k|sf/sf] l;sf/L r/f r/fx¿nfO{ ;'/Iff u/]/
/fVg] 7fpF

130 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M
k|ToIf, hª\un, ljgfz, km6\ofªu\ |f, cToGt, /fli6o«

@= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
;/+ If0f, uF8' , pRr, sf]/Ng', c;/' lIft

#= z'4 kf/]/ nv] M
czn, dfofF, k/sLlt{, lr8Lof3/, cu+ ]h| L

$= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb nv] M
sd, lbg, g/dfOnf], v/fa, dxuF f], rf]/

%= dflysf] cfTdsyfaf6 ‘P’ / ‘o’ k|of]u ePsf kfFrkfFr j6f zAb vfh] ]/ nv] .
^= tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf ufn] f] - _ 3]/f nufpm M

zq' gk] fln ctG] t dnfO
;w} t;] n} ] xl/of] kf]ly
snLnf gq w]/O rfl] /
&= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
3/, r/f,] cfÇgf], u8'F , vt/f
*= tnsf dWo] gldNg] zAbdf uf]nf] 3/] f nufpm M
g]kfn ef/t ltAat 8fFkm]
d}gf h/' ]nL sfO] nL ds}
af3 efn ' :ofn afh
nfnLu'/f;F afh lu4 k/j] f

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 131

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ 8fFkm] sxfF kfOG5 <

v_ 8fkF m]nfO{ cªu\ ]h| Ldf s] elgG5 <

u_ 8fkF m] s:tf] /ªsf] x'G5 <

3_ 8fkF m] lsg c;'/lIft ag]sf] xf] <

ª_ 8fkF m]sf zq' sfs] f] xg' \ <


@= 7Ls jf a]7Ls 5'6\ofpm M
s_ efn] 8fFkms] f] jhg # lsnf] xG' 5 .
v_ 8fFkm] c¿ r/fh:tf] uF'8 agfP/ a:b}g .
u_ kf]yL 8fkF m]sf] lz/df l;p/ xG' 5 .
3_ 8fFkm] u/' fF; k'mNg] hªu\ ndf kfOG5 .
ª_ 8fFkm]n] c¿ hgfj/sf] l;sf/ u5{ .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ 8fFkm] g]kfnsf] s'g 7fpFdf kfOG5 <
v_ 8fFkmn] ] s]s] vfG5 <
u_ 8fFkm] s:tf] bl] vG5 <
3_ 8fkF mn] fO{ lsg dfof ugk{' 5{ <

132 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

rd/] f] Ps k|sf/sf] cgf}7f] hLj xf] . of]
xb] f{ r/f h:t} x'G5 . o;sf] z/L/df 7n" f
b'O{ j6f kv6] f klg xG' 5g\ . t/ o;n] r/fn]
h;/L cG8f kfb{}g . o;n] ufO,{ e}F;L, afv|f,
dflg; cflbn] h:t} aRrf hGdfp5F . cfÇgf
;GtfgnfO{ bw" klg r';fpF5 . ;GtfgnfO{ bw"
r;' fpg] hLjnfO{ :tgwf/L hLj elgG5 . of]
hLj r/fh:t} u/L cfsfzdf p8\g klg ;S5 . rd/] fsf] zf/Ll/s agfj6 rª\ufh:t}
b]lvG5 . To;n] ubf{ klg o;nfO{ cfsfzdf ;lhn};Fu p8g\ d2t k'Ub5 .
rd/] fsf ltvf kv]6fx¿ xG' 5g\ . oL kv6] fx¿ ¹G8} dflg;sf xft / kfv'/f;Fu}
ldNbfhN' bf xG' 5g\ . vfgkfgsf cfwf/df rd]/fx¿ b'O{ k|sf/sf xG' 5g\, df+;fxf/L /
kmnfxf/L . df+;fxf/L rd/] fn] sL/fkm6\ofª\uf| dfq vfG5 . kmnfxf/L rd/] fn] kmnkm" n
dfq vfG5 . df+;fxf/L rd/] f] kmnfxf/LeGbf cln ;fgf] x'G5 .
rd/] fx¿ ljleGg cfsf/ / /ªx¿df kfOG5g\ . ljz]ifu/L logLx¿ sfnf] / v/} f]
/ªsf x'G5g\ t/ sx] L rd/] fx¿ eg] kx]nF f] rlDsnf] /ªsf, sx] L rfFbL /ªsf, sx] L
;'Gtnf /ªsf / sx] L ;t] f] clg v/} f] /ªsf klg xG' 5g\ . rd/] fx¿ ljz]ifu/L ¿v /
afF;sf ˆofªx¿df 6fpsf] tn u/L ¹'lG8P/ a:g] ub{5g\ . rK] 6f] k/]sf] 6fpsf] ePsf]
of] hLj /ftsf] ;dodf a9L ;lj|mo /xG5 .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M

cgf}7f] zf/Ll/s sL/fkm6\ofª\u|f

kmnfxf/L df+;fxf/L ljzi] fu/L

rlDsnf ] kxF]nf] ˆofªx¿

¹l' G8P/ ;lj|mo rlDsnf]

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 133

@= 7Ls jf a7] Ls 56' \ofP/ n]v M
s_ rd]/fn] km' n kf5{ .
v_ rd/] f] dfG5]n] h:t} u/L ;Gtfg hGdfpg] hLj xf] .
u_ rd/] f] 3fF; vfg] hLj xf] .
3_ rd/] f] lbgdf a9L ;ljm| o xG' 5 .
ª_ rd]/fsf] 6fpsf] rK] 6f] x'G5 .

#= vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb e/ M
s_ kmnkm" n dfq vfg] rd/] fn] fO{ =================== elgG5 .
v_ ;GtfgnfO{ b"w r';fpg] hLjnfO{ =================== hLj elgG5 .
u_ rd/] f]sf =================== kv6] fx¿ x'G5g\ .
3_ rd/] f]sf] cfsf/ =================== h:t} bl] vG5 .
ª_ rd/] fx¿ =================== sf] ;dodf a9L ;lj|mo xG' 5g\ .

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ rd]/f]sf kv]6f s:tf x'G5g\ <
v_ vfgkfgsf cfwf/df rd]/fx¿ slt k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ <
u_ rd]/fx¿ s] s:tf /ªsf x'G5g\ <

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 !^) df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] _

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= ldNg] zAb /fv]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ lxdfnL k|bz] g]kfnsf] =================== lt/ 5 .
v_ =================== k|bz] w]/} 7n" f] 5 .
u_ g]kfnsf] blIf0flt/ =================== k|b]z 5 .
3_ t/fO{df w]/} cGg =================== x'G5 .

134 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

@= cl3sf] cg'R5b] km]l/ Psk6s ;'g clg 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

s_ g]kfndf slt k|sf/sf 7fpFx¿ 5g\ <

c_ Ps cf_ bO' { O_ tLg

v_ lxdfndf a:g] dflg;nfO{ s] elgG5 <

c_ kxf8L cf_ lxdfnL O_ dw;] L

u_ ;ae} Gbf w]/} dflg;x¿ sg' k|bz] df a;fj] f; u5g{ \<

c_ lxdfnL cf_ kxf8L O_ t/fO{
3_ gbLx¿ sxfaF f6 lgl:sG5g\ .

c_ lxdfn cf_ kxf8 O_ t/fO{

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ g]kfnsf] pQ/lt/ s:tf] 7fpF 5 <


v_ gk] fnnfO{ sg' s'g kb| ]zdf aflF 8Psf] 5 <


u_ gbLx¿ sxfaF f6 lg:s/] sxfF kU' 5g\<



Jofs/0f ;Lk

!= pbfx/0fdf lbOPh:t} tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jtg{ u/ M
/fd ljBfno hfG5 . – /fd ljBfno hfFbg} .
s_ alxgL l6eL x5] ]{ . ====================================================
v_ efO ux[ sfo{ u5{ . ====================================================
u_ cfdfn] vfgf ksfpge' of] . ==================================================
3_ d}n] 8fFkm] b]v]sf] 5' . ====================================================
ª_ /lagfn] sfd kfOg\ . ====================================================

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 135

@= tnsf jfSox¿sf] jrg kl/jtg{ u/ M
r/fx¿ rf/f] vfFb} 5g\ . – r/f] rf/f] vfbF } 5 .
s_ ltdLx¿ ux[ sfo{ u5f}{ . ============================================
v_ rf}/df ufO{x¿ rb{} 5g\ . ============================================
u_ xfdL ahf/ hfG5fF} . ============================================
3_ pgLx¿ gofF n'uf nufp5F g\ . ============================================
ª_ s]6fx¿ rsrs u5g{ \ . ============================================

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= ltdLn] hfgs] f] sg' } Pp6f r/fsf] af/d] f kfrF jfSo nv] .
@= ltdLnfO{ yfxf ePsf sg' } bz j6f r/fx¿sf] gfd nv] .

;ae} Gbf 7n" f] r/f – cl:6«r
;a}eGbf ;fgf] r/f – lkm:6f]
hldgdf a:g] ;a}eGbf 7n" f] hLj – xfQL
;ae} Gbf cUnf] hLj – lh/fkm
;;+ f/sf] ;a}eGbf 7n" f] hLj – Åjn] df5f
;a}eGbf l56f] s'bg\ ] hLj – lrtj' f

kf7 k/" f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

136 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

kf7 !$ sdn–s;' 'd

syf hgsk|;fb x'dfufO+{

tnsf jfSox¿ ;a}n] cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

d cfdfnfO{ ;f]w/] dfq d 3/aflx/ hfbF f afafnfO{
vfgs] /' f vfG5' . ;f]w]/ dfq hfg] u5'{ .

xfdLn] slxNo} ¹6' f] afN] g'x'Fbg} . ltdL rf]/L gu/ x} .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 137

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• s] ltdLnfO{ ;fOsn rnfpg cfp5F <
• 3/df l6eL vf]Ng] j]nfdf ltdL cfdfafnfO{ ;f]W5f} <
• n's/] rf]/]/ jf c¿sf] cfFvf 5n]/ s'g} sfd u/]sf 5f} <
• ltdLn] slxNo} ¹6' f] afn] ]sf 5f} <

tn xfdLn] ;fg}b]lv hfGg'kg{] s'/fx¿ 5g,\ Wofg lbP/ kfnk} fnf] k9 M
• k9g\ hfGgk' 5{ .
• /fd|f cIf/ n]Vg hfGgk' 5{ .
• ;'Gb/ lrq agfpg hfGgk' 5{ .
• ;fOsn rnfpg hfGg'k5{ .
• gfRg / ufpg klg hfGgk' 5{ .

138 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

;Fu}sf] t:jL/ hgsk|;fb xd' fufO+s{ f] xf] . logL afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu /fdf| syf
nV] g] syfsf/ xg' \ . sdn–s';'d syfdf b'O{ ;fyLx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf]
5 . ;fyLn] ;fyLnfO{ /fdf| s/' f dfq l;sfpg'k5{ . oxfF klg s';'dn] sdnnfO{
/fd|f] s/' f l;sfPsf] 5 . kl/jf/sf 7n" f dflg;x¿sf] ;fdfg rnfpFbf g;fw] L
rnfpg'xGg . slxn]sfxLF dxŒjk"0f{ ;fdfgx¿ lau|g ;S5g\ . To;}n] ;f]w/]
cgd' lt lnP/ dfq rnfpg'k5{ eGg] s'/f of] syfdf l;sfOPsf] 5 . tn lbOPsf] syf Wofg lbP/
k9 clg eGg vfl] hPsf] s'/f a'ˆg] ko| f; u/ .

sdnsf] 3/ ;fF3'/f] uNnLdf lyof] . sdn
kf7zfnfdf k9g\ hfGYof] . sdnsf]
cfgLafgL / k9fO /fdf| ] lyof] .
sdnnfO{ ;fOsn r9g\ ] ;f]v lyof] .
sdnsf] 3/df Pp6f ;fOsn lyof] . sdn
Tof] ;fOsn r9g\ vf]HYof] . t/ ;fOsndf
hlxn] klg tfNrf df/s] f] xG' Yof] .
Ps lbg sdnn] ;fOsnsf] tfNrf vn' }
bV] of] . p;n] rf6] fsf7] f x]¥of] . ;a} a'OuF ndf lyP . sdnn] la:tf/} ;fOsn aflx/
lgsfNof] . PskN6 kml] / ˆofnlt/ x]¥of] .
sdnnfO{ cfÇgf afa'n] ˆofnaf6 vf]s]¹F} nfUof] . sdn x8a8fof] . ;fOsn leQfdf
uP/ hf]ltof] . sdn n8\of] . ;fOsn klN6of] / sdn lylrof] .
sdn ;fOsn kG5fpbF } la:tf/} p7\of] . kml] / jl/kl/ x¥] of] . nu' f 6S6Sofof] .
;fOsn p7fof] . hlGh/ vl' :sP5 . To;nfO{ ldnfof] / kml] / ;fOsn bf8} fpg yfNof] .

zAbfy{ uNnL M ;f3F '/f] af6f] aO' uF n M k'/fgf] 3/sf] ;a}eGbf
kf7zfnf M ljBfno dflysf] tnf
;fv] M ?lr, OR5f, rfxgf leQf
x8a8fpg ' M cflQg' hlGh/ M 3/sf] kvfn{ , uf/fs] f] 5p]
M ;fªn\ f], rg]

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 139

Psl5gkl5 e¥ofªaf6 sfx] L cf]n]s{ f] zAb cfof] . sdn x8a8fof], kml] / ;fOsn
leQfdf 7fl] sof] .
cln k/ sdnsf] ;fyL s';'d klg v]ln/xs] f] lyof] . p;n] sdn x8a8fPsf],
dNofsdn' 's u/s] f] / ;fOsn leQfdf 7f]lsPsf] bV] of] . To;kl5 s;' 'd sdnlt/
cfof] / ;fW] of] – æsdn ¤ ltdLn] lsg o;/L ;fOsn r9Øf <Æ sdnn] eGof] – æla:tf/}
af]n ¤ afn] ;'Gg'xfn] f ¤Æ s';'dn] eGof] – æTo;f] eP ltdLn] af;Fu g;fw] L r9o\ f xf] <Æ
sdnn] eGof] – xf] .Æ s;' d' n] eGof] – æx/] sdn ¤ af;uF ;f]w]/ dfq} r9\gk' 5{ .Æ sdnn]
eGof] – æafn] hn} ] klg ;fOsndf
tfNrf dfg{x' G' 5 .Æ s;' d' n] eGof] –
ætfNrf df/]sf] ltdLn] r9fn} f eg/]
xf]Og .Æ sdnn] eGof] – æTo;f] eP
lsg df¥of t <Æ s;' d' n] xfF:t} eGof]
– æTolt klg s:tf] ga'ˆof, rf/] L
xf]nf, x/fpnf eg]/ s] ¤Æ
s';d' ;Fu ePsf] s'/fsfgLkl5 sdn
sx] L 3fl] /of] / eGof] – ædn} ] ;fw] ]F eg]
afn] dnfO{ ;fOsn lbg'xG' 5 t <Æ s';d' n] eGof] – æxfdf| ] afn] t ;fw] k] l5, afnfO{ st}
sfddf hfg' 5g} eg] lbg] u¥of 5 .Æ
Tof] lbg sdnn] km]l/ ;fOsn r9]g, la:tf/} leq nu/] /fVof] . csf]{ lbg s;' 'dn] eg]¹F}
af;Fu uP/ ;fW] of] – æPsl5g ;fOsn r9fF} x} af <Æ sdnsf af Psl5g 3f]l/P /
sdnnfO{ eg] –æTof] 1fg ltdLnfO{ s;/L cfof] <Æ sdnn] eGof] – æs;' 'dn] klg
p;sf] af;Fu ;fw] /] r9g\ ] u¥of 5 /] ¤Æ
sdnsf] s'/f ;g' ]/ af v;' L eP . pgn] sdnnfO{ ;fOsn r9g\ lbP . To; lbgb]lv
sdnn] af;Fu ;f]w]/ dfq} ;fOsn r9g\ yfNof] . o;f] ubf{ sdnsf] dgdf klxn]h:tf]
8/ nfUg 5f8o\ f] .

zAbfy{ 3fl] /g' M ;fr] ]/ a:g,' Psfx] f]/f] x'g'

140 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
tfNrf, ˆofn, e¥ofª, dNofsdn' s' , leq

@= zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
hlGh/, aO' uF n, kf7zfnf, ;f]v, uNnL,

#= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
;fOsn, 3/, afgL, ;fyL, kml] /

$= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb nv] M
leq, la:tf/}, v;' L, lbg, 1fg

%= z'4 kf//] n]v M
;u, rf]l/, sfl] x, oskN6, a'Oun

^= dflysf] syfaf6 rGb|ljGb'sf] k|ofu] ePsf s'g} kfrF j6f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ sdnsf] 3/ sxfF lyof] <

v_ sdnsf] cfgLafgL s:tf] lyof] <

u_ ;fOsndf lsg tfNrf dfl/Psf] lyof] <

3_ sdnsf] ;fOsn s;/L leQfdf 7fl] sGYof] <


;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 141

ª_ af lsg v';L eP <


@= s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f] xf] <
s_ ‘tfNrf df/s] f] ltdLn] r9fn} f eg]/ xf]Og .’
v_ ‘la:tf/} af]n . afn] ;G' gx' f]nf .’
u_ ‘To;f] eP ltdLn] af;uF g;f]wL r9o\ f xf] .’
3_ ‘Tof] 1fg ltdLnfO{ s;/L cfof] <’

#= 7Ls jf a]7Ls 56' \ofpm M
s_ ‘sdn–s;' d' ’ syf hgsk;| fb xd' fufOn{+ ] nv] s] f x'g\ .
v_ ;fOsn rnfpbF f sdn slxNo} klg n8]sf] lyPg .
u_ sdnnfO{ ;fOsn r9\g] ;fv] lyof] .
3_ s;' 'dn] p;sf af;Fu ;f]w]/ ;fOsn r9\g] u/]sf] 5 .
ª_ sdnsf] 3/df Pp6f df6] /;fOsn lyof] .

$= sf]i7saf6 ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpFdf nv] M
s_ sdnnfO{ cfÇgf] afa'n] ˆofnaf6 ================= ¹F} nfUof] .- vfs] ,] y's]_
v_ To; lbgb]lv sdnn] ================= ;Fu ;f]w/] dfq} ;fOsn r9g\

yfNof] . -cfdf,af_
u_ sdn ================= hfGYof] . -kf7zfnfdf k9\g, vt] df sfd ug{_
3_ Ps lbg ================= n] ;fOsnsf] tfNrf vn' } bV] of] . -sdn, s';'d_
ª_ Psl5gkl5 e¥ofªaf6 sf]xL ================= cfjfh cfof] .

-pSn]sf], cfn] s]{ f_]

%= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M

s_ sdn lsg af/Daf/ ;fOsnaf6 n8g\ ] uYof]{ <
v_ sdnsf] dgdf s;/L 8/ nfUg 5f8o\ f] <
u_ ‘sdn–s;' d' ’ syf k9]/ s] lzIff kfof} <

142 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

tnsf] a; l6s6 /fd|/L k9 M

dsfn' oftfoft ;j] f

snªs\ L, sf7df8f}F a; g=+ M af @ v ^#^$

kmfg] g+= )!–$@*!(&@, )!–$@&&%%@

ofqLsf] gfd M =/==f=d==j==b==g====o==f=b==j===
a; r9\g] 7fpFM =s==n===ª=\s===L=,==s==f=7==d==f=8= f}F cfn] g{ ] 7fpMF ======O==6==x==/==L=======
a; r9g\ cfOk'Ug'kg]{ ;do M ;feF m & M )) ah]
a; 56' \g] ;do M ;fFem &M#) ah]
lajm| L ePsf] l6s6 lkmtf{ xg' ] 5}g . cfÇgf] ;fdfgsf] ;'/Iff cfkm}F ug'{kg]{ 5 .

!= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb e/ M
s_ of] l6s6 ========================== oftfoft ;j] fsf] xf] .
v_ a;sf] gDa/ ========================== /x5] .
u_ /fdjbg ofbj ========================== hfFb} 5 .
3_ a; ========================== af6 O6x/L hfFb} 5 .

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ of] l6s6 s;n] sf6s] f] xf] <
v_ dsfn' oftfoft sxfF 5 <
u_ /fdjbg ofbjn] sg' l;6 kfPsf] 5 <
3_ /fdjbg sg' 7fpaF f6 a; r9b\ } 5 <

#= dflysf] l6s6df lbOPsf b'O{ j6f ;r" gf ss] ] x'g\ <

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 143

;'gfO ;Lk

-k[i7 !^) df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M

!= ldNg] zAb e//] jfSo k/" f u/ M
s_ /fi6n« fO{ lrgfpg] lrÅgnfO{ ========================== lrÅg elgG5 .
v_ g]kfnsf] /fli6o« kIfL ========================== xf] .
u_ /fli6o« lrÅgx¿n] ========================== lrgfp5F g\ .
3_ xfdf| ] /fli6o« hgfj/ ========================== xf] .

@= 7Ls jf a7] Ls 56' o\ fP/ n]v M
s_ gk] fnsf] s'g} /fli6«o lrÅg 5g} .
v_ b]znfO{ lrgfpg] lrÅg /fli6o« lrÅg xf] .
u_ ufO{ xfdf| ] /fli6o« hgfj/ xf] .
3_ /fli6o« lrÅgsf] ;Ddfg ug'{kbg{} .

#= cgR' 5]b km]l/ ;g' clg tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ gk] fnsf] /fli6o« k"mnsf] gfd s] xf] <

v_ gk] fnsf] /fli6o« r/fsf] gfd s] xf] <

u_ g]kfnsf c¿ bO' { /fli6«o lrÅgx¿ nv] .

3_ /fli6«o lrÅgn] s] u5{ <


144 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

Jofs/0f ;Lk

zAbe08f/

!= p:t} cy{ lbg] tnsf zAbx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M

ldq – ;fyL dfgj – dfG5] dftf – cfdf
j[4 – a"9f]
u'? – lzIfs lktf – aa' f w/0fL – wtL{
k'qL – 5f]/L
ljzfn – 7n" f] aufg – au}Frf o'4 – n8fOF
;do – j]nf
k'ik – km" n k'q – 5f]/f]

lz/ – 6fpsf] uug – cfsfz

zzL – rGbd| f j:q – sk8f

@= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbsf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

es" Dk a"9f]

j4[ kl/ro

klxrfg e'OrF fnf]

kf7zfnf lzIfs

u?' ljBfno

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= ;fOsn zLifs{ df ;ft x/km;Ddsf] cg'R5b] nv] .
@= ltdLnfO{ dg k/]sf] Pp6f syf sIffdf ;an} fO{ ;'gfpm .

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 145

tnsf ufpFvfg] syfx¿ k9 M – cG8f
d aflx/ ;'g leq rfFbL s] xf] < – 5ftf
d Psv'66\ ] bfO bn} fdf gc6fO{ s] xf] < – r:df
d sfgdf ;dfP/ gfsdf a:g] s] xf] < – Njfª
d 6fpsf] lgsfn]/ lhp vfg] s] xf] < – 3fd
d 5 pm ;;+ f/ pHofnf], 5}g pm ;+;f/} cFWof/f] s] xf] < – d'nf
d rfFbLsf] 7s] Ldf :ofpnfsf] lasf{] s] xf] <

lrqdf /ª e/M

kf7 k"/f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

146 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

kf7 !% :jefj

sljtf gf/fo0f lg/f;L

tnsf jfSox¿ ;an} ] cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d ljBfnoaf6 cfPkl5 d 3/aflx/ hfFbf afafnfO{
Psl5g dfq vN] 5' . ;fw] /] dfq hfg] u5'{ .

d ;kmf kfgL lkpF5' . s] ltdL cfÇgf lstfasfkLsf]
;/' Iff cfkmF} u5f}{ <

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 147

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• ltdL cfÇgf ;fyLx¿;uF s:tf] Jojxf/ u5f}{ <
• ltdL ljBfno hfbF f cfÇgf] ¹f]nf cfkm}F afS] 5f} t <
• ltdf| ;fyLx¿n] ltdLnfO{ dfof u5{g<\

afs;df lbOPsf zAbx¿ sIffdf Ps hgfn] k9 clg ;a}n] Pp6} :j/df eg .
k:' ts ;ªu\ t ldq ¹f]nf ;Hhg 1fgL pkbz]

148 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

;uF } lbOPsf] tl:a/ gf/fo0f lg/f;Lsf] xf] . logL slj x'g\ . afnaflnsfn] a'ˆg] ;/n
efiffdf sljtf nV] g] lg/f;L 7n" f dfl;gx¿sf nflu klg /fd|f sljtf n]V5g\ .
:jefj sljtfdf afnaflnsfsf] :jefj s:tf] xg' 'k5{ eGg] s'/f l;sfOPsf] 5 .
o;df s] ug{x' 'G5 / s] ug'x{ 'Gg eGg] s/' f /fd/| L atfOPsf] 5 . c;n :jefj
ePsf dflg;x¿nfO{ g} ;an} ] dg k/fp5F g\ . To;n} ] w]/} k9\g,] 7"nfn] egs] f]
dfGg], c;n sfd ug{] :jefj ePsf] dflg; kl5 uP/ 7"nf] dflg; aGg ;S5 eGg] s/' f sljtfdf
elgPsf] 5 . sljtf ;a}n] kfn}kfnf] no xfn]/ k9 . yk s'/f lzIfsn] a'¹fpgx' g' ] 5 .

vn] ]/ Joy}{ lbg sf6g\ 'x'Gg
kmf]xf/] dn} f slxNo} d 5G' gF .
5/]/ af:gf d xF' k"mn k'mN5'
;fyLx¿sf ;Fudf d x'G5' .

u//] lh2L ca lkg'x{ 'Gg
sfx] Ls;}sf] cl3 lug{x' 'Gg
5fgL ttfO{ lkpg] 5' kfgL
aGg] 5' cfkm}F ;asf] d 1fgL .

tlD;GgF s}No} ¹u8f d ug{ zAbf {y Joy{ } M To;}
le//] ¹fn] f d t hfG5' k9\g ;Fudf M ;fydf
;fyL;x]nL;Fu dn] hf8] \5' lh2L M l9kL, s/
v/fasf] ;ª\ut ug{ 5f8] 5\ ' . lkg{ ' M b'Mv lbg'
lug '{ M csfs{ f] cufl8 ¹'Sg', n8g\ '
lstfa d/] f] lxtsf] 5 ;fyL ;xn] L M ;fyL
/fdf| ] k9] a9\5' d r95\ ' dfly . lxt M enfO
/f]O{s/fO{ d t b'Mv lbGgF leGg M km/s
dfG5x] ¿Dff d t aG5' leGg .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 149

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
lh2L, leGg, Joy,{} slxNo}, dfly

@= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
lkg{,' lxt, leGg, lhb\bL, lug{'

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
kfgL, bM' v, ;ª\ut, ;kmf, ;fyL

$= z4' kf//] n]v M
dft/}, cfkmgf], dOnf, sLtfj

%= sljtfdf k|ofu] ePsf k'mN5'–e'N5', h:t} cGTodf p:t} ;l' gg] cGo kfrF hf8] L
zAbx¿ vf]h/] nv] .

^= dflysf] sljtfaf6 cfwf cIf/ hf]l8Psf kfFr j6f zAb nv] .

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ :jefj sljtf s;n] nv] ]sf xg' \ <

v_ s] u//] lbg sf6\gx' 'Gg <

u_ xfdL s:tf] dflg; aGg'k5{ <


150 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @