Green Sungava Nepali 2

kf7 % sfsfnfO{ lr7L

lr7L

tnsf lrq x]/ clg ;uF } lbOPsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

alxgL lr7L nV] b} 5] . pm vfddf lr7L xfNb} 5] .

xn' fsLn] lr7L Nofof] . sfsfn] lr7L kfpg'eof] .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 51

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• ;x/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
• ;x/df ss] ] x'G5g\ <
• ltdLn] s;n} fO{ lr7L n]vs] f 5f} <
• lr7L lsg nl] vG5 <

tnsf zAb tyf zAb;dx" x¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M

cfb/0fLo kh" gLo Kof/f] w/] } w]/} ;D¹gf

;fb/ k0| ffd Gofgf] dfof ;fb/ 9fu]

52 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

cfÇgf] dgsf] s/' f cfk"meGbf 6f9f ePsfx¿nfO{ n]v]/ a¹' fpg] dfWod lr7L xf] . cfkmGt tyf
;fyLx¿nfO{ lr7L nl] vG5 . lr7L nV] g] vf; tl/sf xG' 5 . lr7Lsf] efiff klg ;flxlTos x'G5 .
cfk"mnfO{ dgdf nfus] f] s'/f al' ¹g] efiffdf nV] gk' 5{ . lr7L n]Vbf ;'?df 7u] fgf / ldlt /flvG5 .
s;nfO{ lr7L n]vs] f] xf]† p;nfO{ ;Daf]wg u//] clejfbg u/]kl5 ;Grfl] a;Grf] nV] g'k5{ . lr7Ldf
dV' o s'/f n]lv;sk] l5 cGTodf n]Vg] dfG5s] f] lr7L kfpg] dfG5;] uF sf] ;DaGw vn' fpg'k5{ . lr7L
k/" f ePkl5 vfd agfpgk' 5{ . lr7L s;/L n]lvG5 eGg] aˆ' g tnsf] lr7L Wofg lbP/ k9 M

jgsfF8f, a}t8L
@)&$÷)#÷!)
cfb/0fLo sfsf
gd:sf/ ¤
d oxfF ;Gr} 5' . cfzf 5 tkfO{+ klg ToxfF ;Gr} x'g'xG' 5 . tkfO{+ ;x/ hfg'ePsf]
w/] } eof] . sfsf, tkfO{n+ fO{ bO' { jif{bl] v ge]6\bf b'Mv nfu]sf] 5 . crn] d :sn' hfg
yfns] L 5' . ljBfnodf d]/f w/] } ;fyLx¿ klg 5g\ . d k/LIffdf k|yd xG' 5' . u?' tyf
u'?cfdfx¿ klg w]/} dfofn' x'gx' 'G5 . 3/df klg dg nufP/ k95\ ' . cfdfa'afnfO{ bM' v
lbGgF . cfdfaa' f klg tkfO{+nfO{ ;lD¹/xgx' G' 5 . xh'/cfdfnfO{ t tkfO+s{ f] ;fx}| Gof;f| ]
nfus] f] 5 . ‘;x/ uPsf] sfG5f] o;kfln klg cfPg’ eGgx' G' 5 . ;x/df tkfO{s+ f] k9fO
s:tf] 5 < ca t k9fO klg ;lsg nfUof] xf]nf . tkfO{+ OlGhlgo/ ePkl5 dfq ufpF
cfpgx' 'G5 /†] aa' fn] eGge' Psf] . To;f] gug{;' \ g k9fO g;lsP klg o;kfln b;}Fdf
ufpF cfpg'xf];\ x} . dnfO{ tkfO+{;Fu w/] } s/' f ug'{ 5 . ;x/sf] af/d] f w/] } s'/f hfGg] /
;'Gg] OR5f 5 . b;F}df tkfO{;+ Fu 3'd/] /dfOnf] ug{ dg 5 . d]/f ;fyLx¿ ;x/sf] af/d] f
s/' f u5{g\ . pgLx¿sf] s/' f ;g' ]/ cfk"m klg hfg kfP x'GYof] eGg] nfU5 . sfsfaf6
ToxfFsf] af/d] f hfg]/ ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpg kfpFbf dnfO{ klg /dfOnf] nfU5 lg .
n]Vbfn]Vb} lr7L t nfdf] kf] eP5 . tkfO+{ cfÇgf] Wofg /fVg'xf]nf . lr7L klg nV] b}
ug{x' f]nf . cfhnfO{ olQ . afsF L s'/f csf{] kqdf u/f}nF f .
tkfOs{+ L Kof/L elthL

;'uGwf lji6

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 53

vfdsf] gdg' f

k7fpg] kfpg]
;'uGwf lji6 u0f]z lji6
jgsfF8f– #, a}t8L gofF afgZ] j/
dxfsfnL c~rn, sf=d=kf #$, sf7df8f}F
jfUdtL c~rn, g]kfn
g]kfn

zAbf {y cfb/0fLo M cfb/ ug{ of]Uo dfofn' M dfof ug]{
k/LIff M hfrF Gof;|f] M g/dfOnf] efjgf
k|yd M klxnf] OlGhlgo/ M ejg, kn' cflbsf] gS;f
u?' M lzIfs, k9fpg] dflg;
u?' cfdf M lzlIfsf, k9fpg] dlxnf agfpg] dflg;

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
ky| d, o;kfln, ;fx,|} jif{, OR5f, tkfO{,+ sIff

@= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
k/LIff, k|yd, Gof;|f,] cfb/0fLo, u?'

#= tnsf zAb /fv]/ jfSo agfpm M
;Gr}, bM' v, u'?, dfofn', cfzf

54 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

$= z'4 kf/]/ nv] M
/dfOn{ f,] pmlg, bv" , zfly, zx/, rLl7

%= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
;x/, u'?, ;Gr,} cfzf, w/] }

^= dflysf] lr7Laf6 rGb|ljGb'sf] ko| f]u ePsf sg' } kfFr cf]6f zAb vfh] /] nv] .

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ ;u' Gwfn] sfsfnfO{ slxn] lr7L n]v]sL lyO{ <

v_ xh/' cfdf s] eGg'x'G5 <

u_ a'afn] sfsf slxn] cfpg] s/' f atfpg'ePsf] 5 <

3_ ;fyLx¿ ss] f] af/]df s/' f u5{g\<

ª_ xh'/cfdfnfO{ s;sf] Gof;|f] nfu]sf] 5 <


@= 7Ls a7] Ls 56' o\ fpm M
s_ sfsfnfO{ lr7L afafn] n]Vge' Psf] xf] .
v_ u'?u'?cfdfx¿ klg w]/} dfofn' xg' 'xG' 5 .
u_ ;'uGwf 3/df klg dg nufP/ k9\5] .
3_ sfsf;uF e6] gePsfn] ;u' GwfnfO{ v;' L nfus] f] 5 .
ª_ sfsfnfO{ lr7L jgsf8F f at} 8Laf6 nl] vPsf] 5 .

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 55

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

lr7L n]Vg]n] sfkLsf] bflxg]lt/ l;/fgdf sxfF a;]/ lr7L nv] s] f] xf] eGg] a¹' fpg
7]ufgf nV] g'k5{ . 7]ufgfsf] 7Lsdl' g lr7L nl] vPsf] lbgsf] ldlt nV] g'k5{ . ba] ]l| t/
cln tn Ps x/km 5f]8]/ ;Dafw] g ugk{' 5{, h:t}M cfb/0fLo sfsf . ;Dafw] geGbf
tNnf] x/kmdf clejfbg n]Vg'k5{, h:t} gd:sf/, ;fb/ k0| ffd cflb .
clejfbg u/k] l5 k"0fl{ j/fd /fv]/ Ps x/km 5f]8\gk' 5{ clg h;nfO{ lr7L n]vs] f] xf] .
p;sf] ;Grfl] a;Grf]sf] af/d] f ;fW] g'k5{ . o;kl5 cfk"mnfO{ eGg dg nfus] f s/' fx¿
l;nl;nf ldnfP/ nV] gk' 5{ . JolStut s/' fx¿, kfl/jfl/s va/ cflb n]lvPsf] o:tf]
lr7LnfO{ 3/fo;L lr7L elgG5 . lr7L n]Vbf Pp6} cgR' 5b] df gnv] ]/ km/skm/s
cgR' 5]bdf nV] bf /fd|f] xG' 5 . klxnf] cgR' 5]bdf ;Grf] la;Grf], bf;] f| ] cgR' 5]bdf eGg
vf]lhPsf] d'Vo s/' f / t];f| ] cg'R5]bdf ;dfkgsf jfSox¿ n]Vg'k5{ .
o;/L lr7L n]lv;s]kl5 cGTodf lr7L kfpg] dfG5];uF sf] cfÇgf] gftf v'nfpgk' 5{,
h:t}M tkfO{+sL Kof/L elthL, tkfO+{sf] Kof/f] efGhf cflb .

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !%& df lbOPsf] cg'R5]b_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M

!= ;x/df xg' ] dV' od'Vo kfrF s/' fx¿ n]v .
======================= ======================= =======================
======================= =======================

@= ldNg] zAb /fv]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
km/flsnf ;l' jwf ufpF le8ef8
s_ ;x/df dflg;x¿sf] ================== x'G5 .

56 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

v_ ;x/df oftfoftsf] ================== xG' 5 .
u_ ;x/df dflg;x¿ ================== af6 cfpF5g\ .
3_ ;x/sf ;8s ================== x'G5g\ .

#= 7Ls a]7Ls 56' o\ fpm M
s_ ufpFdf 7N" 7n" f ejg x'G5g\ .
v_ s;n} ] ;x/df Jofkf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ .
u_ ;x/df w]/} ;'ljwf ePsf c:ktfn kfObF }gg\ .
3_ ;x/df oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿ e]l6G5g\ .

$= dflg;x¿ lsg ;x/ hfG5g\ <

Jofs/0f ;Lk

!= ;dx" a'¹fpg] zAbdf ufn] f] - _ 3/] f nufpm M

s_ 3/ kzk' ltgfy lxdfn tf“tL v;' L
dfof
v_ g]kfn dfG5] ayfg kfgL l/;
xfQL
u_ lstfa bz] y'kf| ] ;g' ;u/dfyf

3_ bof ¹K' kf] df6f ] a'4

ª_ ;x/ nx/ wg t]n

@= ljBfnodf ltdLn] ko| f]u ug{] ;fdfgx¿sf] gfd n]v M





;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 57

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= ltdL cfk"m ;'uGwf lji6sf] sfsf ag]/ ;u' GwfnfO{ lr7L nv] .
@= cfÇgf] sIffsf] s'g} ;fyLnfO{ hGdlbgsf] ze' sfdgf lbg kq n]v .

lr7Ldf s;nfO{ ;Daf]wg÷clejfbg ubf{ s] nV] g] <

s;nfO{ < s:tf] ;Daf]wg < s:tf] clejfbg <

aa' f, cfdfnfO{ kh" gLo aa' f÷cfdf ;fb/ k0| ffd
;fb/ k|0ffd, gd:sf/
sfsf, sfsL cfb/0fLo sfsf÷sfsL gd:sf/
gd:sf/÷k0| ffd
dfdf, dfOh" cfb/0fLo dfdf÷dfOh" dL7f] ;D¹gf

bfh', efph" cfb/0fLo, >4]o

;fyL Kof/f] ;fyL

kf7 k"/f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

58 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

kf7 ^ vfg] afgL

sljtf k|ef a/fn

tnsf jfSox¿ ;an} ] cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

tLt] s/]nf cdnf x/f{]

;fu xl/of] t/sf/L kmnk"mn

ld7fO{ vfgf ;kmf kfgL

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 59

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• s] ltdL vfgf vfg] jn] fdf ¹u8f u5f}{ <
• dnfO{ of] vfgf dg kb{g} eGg] ltd|f] afgL 5 ls 5}g <
• ltdLnfO{ s:tf] vfgf dg kbg{} <
• ltdL s] vfg ?rfpF5f} <

jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M
• 3/df agfPsf] vfgf :j:y xG' 5 .
• aflx/sf] vfgfn] /fu] nfUg ;S5 .
• vfgf vfg] an] fdf lkgx'{ G' g .
• o:tf] vfG5' / p:tf] vfGgF eGg'xG' g .
• xfdf| ] z/L/nfO{ ;a} :jfb rflxG5 .
• ;a} s'/f ;Gtn' g ldnfP/ vfgk' 5{ .
• xfdLn] ul' nof,] gl' gnf], cldnf,] kL/f], tLtf] tyf 6/f]{ klg vfgk' 5{ .
• o;/L ;a} :jfb 7Ls dfqfdf vfP /fu] nfUbg} .

60 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

;Fus} f] tl:a/ ke| f a/fnsf] xf] . logL of] kf7df /flvPsf] ‘vfg] afgL’ sljtfsf]
/rgfsf/ x'g\ . logL sljtf tyf syf n]lV5g\ . kf7df /flvPsf] ‘vfg] afgL’
sljtfdf s] s:tf s'/fx¿ vfg'k5{ eGg] s/' f nl] vPsf] 5 . vfgs] /' f gdL7f]
eg/] xfdL vfg dfGb}gfF} . u'lnof] tyf gl' gnf] vfg]s'/f dfq vfgfn] xfdf| ] :jf:Yo
/fdf| ] x'Fb}g . lha|fd] f dL7f] geP klg xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ tLtf], 6/f],{ kL/f,] cldnf] ;a}
:jfbsf] cfjZostf kb5{ . To;}n] vfg]s/' f s'g dL7f] 5 eGg] xfO] g ls sg' :jf:Yosf] nflu /fdf| ]
5 eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbgk' 5{ . yk s/' f sljtf k9/] a¹' M

u'lnof] / g'lgnf] xfd|f lktf–kv' f{n]
dfq} vfgx' 'Fb}g gLdsf] kfgL lkpyF ]
tLtf] 6/f{] vfof] eg] z/L/sf sL/f df/L
/f]un] sN} o} 5'Fb}g . nfdf] cfo' lhpyF ] .

x/f,]{ a/f{,] cdnf tLtf] 6/f{] u'lnof]
tfhf tLt] s/n] f ld;fP/ vfpmF
vfg'k5{ gv'DRofO{ ;fyL;fyL ldn]/
gfs, d'v, k/]nf . oxL uLTf ufpmF .
:jfb dfq /f]Hg] t
x'G5 w/] } /fu] L
pkrf/ ubf{ub}{
dfG5] aG5 hfu] L .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 61

zAbf {y lktf M aa' f lhpyF ] M afFRy]
k'vf{ M afa'afh] x/f] { M cldnf] / 6/f{] xg' ] Ps ks| f/sf] h8La6' L
sN} o } M slxNo} a/f {] M Ps ks| f/sf] h8La'6L
/fu] L M /fu] nfu]sf,] la/fdL gl' gnf] M gg' xfn]sf]
cfo ' M pd]/ cdnf M cldnf] xg' ] Ps hª\unL kmn
6/f {] M Ps k|sf/sf] :jfb

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s nv] M
6/f{], z/L/, :jfb, gv'DRofO,{ :jfb

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
hfu] L, cfo,' k'vf{, /fu] L, cdnf

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
dfG5], /f]u, ul' nof,] ;fyL, pkrf/

$= dflysf] sljtfdf k|ofu] ePsf lkpyF –] lhpyF ,] hf]uL–/fu] L h:t} cGTodf no
ldns] f kfFr hf]8L zAb n]v .

%= z4' kf//] n]v M
u'nLof], Plx, lut, xfd/f, x"b}g, kflg

^= dflysf] sljtfaf6 cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf sg' } ^ j6f zAb l6k .

62 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= kf7sf] sljtf no xfn/] k9 .
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

s_ ‘vfg] afgL’ sljtf s;n] nv] ]sf x'g\ <

v_ xfd|f lktfk'vf{n] s]sf] kfgL lkpFy] <

u_ w/] } :jfb dfq /fH] g] dfG5] s:tf] x'G5 <

3_ s:tf rLh vfPdf /f]un] slxNo} 5b'F }g <

ª_ xfdf| lktfk'vf{ s;/L nfdf] cfo' lhpyF ] <


#= sljtfsf] kªl\ St k"/f u/ M
:jfb ================= /f]Hg] =================
================= /fu] L
pkrf/ =================
================= hf]uL .

$= 7Ls a]7Ls 56' o\ fpm M
s_ xfdLn] ul' nof] / g'lgnf] dfq vfg'k5{ .
v_ sljtfdf dL7f s/' f dfq vfgk' 5{ elgPsf] 5 .
u_ xfdLn] vfFbf d'v vD' Rofpg'xF'b}g .
3_ :jfb dfq /fH] g] dfG5] alnof] xG' 5 .
ª_ tLtf] 6/f]{ / ul' nof] ld;fP/ vfgk' 5{ .

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 63

tnsf] ;"rgf Wofg lbP/ k9 M

cToGt h?/L ;r" gf ¤¤
udL{ dlxgfdf /fu] sf sL6f0fx' ¿ w]/} kml} nG5g\ . kmf]xf]/, ;8]uns] f vfg]s'/f, kfgL
cflbsf sf/0f /f]u ;fg]{ sL6f0fx' ¿ alnof x'G5g\ . /f]u km}ng] ;Defjgf w]/} xG' 5 .
To;n} ] lgDg s'/fx¿df ljzi] f Wofg lbgk' 5{ M
• vfgf vfgc' l3, vfgf vfPkl5 tyf lb;flk;fa u/k] l5 ;kmf;uF ;fag' kfgLn]

xft w'g'k5{ .
• kfgL pdfn/] , lkmN6/ u//] jf kfgL z4' ug]{ cfi} fwL /fv/] dfq lkpg'k5{ .
• af;L vfgs] '/f vfg'x'Gg .
• kmnk"mn tyf xl/of t/sf/Lx¿ /fd/| L kvfn]/ dfq vfgk' 5{ .
• ahf/df g5fk] L /flvPsf vfg]s/' fx¿ vfg'x'Fb}g .
• Kofs6] df ePsf tof/L vfhf ;s;] Dd ko| f]u ug{x' 'Gg .

gk] fn ;/sf/
:jf:Yo ljefu

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M

sL6f0f'x¿ km}lnG5g \ ;Defjgf wg' 'k5{

lkmN6/ z'4 lkpg'k5{ Kofs6]

udL{ Wofg tof/L cfi} fwL

@= 7Ls egfOdf -µ_ /h] f nufpm M

s_ hf8f] dlxgfdf /f]usf sL6f0f' w]/} km}lnG5g\ .
v_ vfgf vfgc' l3 xft w'g'k5{ .
u_ kfgL pdfn/] jf lkmN6/ u//] dfq lkpgk' 5{ .
3_ af;L vfgs] '/f vfg'x'G5 .
ª_ hxfF h] kfof] ToxLF vfgx' b'F }g .

64 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

#= 7Ls zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ ================ dlxgfdf ;?jf /f]usf] 8/ x'G5 .
v_ kfgL ================ lkpgk' 5{ . -hf8f,] udL{_

-pdfn]/, gpdfnL_
u_ vfgf vfg'cl3 ;fag' kfgLn] ================ w'g'k5{ . -dv' , xft_
3_ ================ vfgs] /' f vfg'x'Gg .
-af;L, ;fhL_
ª_ kmnk"mnx¿ /fd|/L ================ dfq vfgk' 5{ . -kvfn]/, sf6/] _

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ /f]usf sL6f0f' s] sf/0f ;5g{ \ <
v_ :j:y /xg s:tf] kfgL lkpgk' 5{ <
u_ s:tf] vfgs] '/f vfgx' 'Gg <
3_ /fu] af6 aRg s]s] ugk{' 5{ <

;'gfO ;Lk

-k[i7 !%& df lbOPsf] sljtf_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= ltdLn] ev{/} ;'gs] f] sljtfaf6 kmnkm" nsf] gfd n]v .
======================== ======================== ========================
======================== ======================== ========================
@= ltdLn] ev{/} ;'gs] f] sljtfaf6 t/sf/Lsf] gfd nv] .
======================== ======================== ========================
======================== ======================== ========================

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 65

#= sljtf km]l/ ;g' clg tnsf] kª\lSt k"/f u/ M
;fu ================ sfpnL ================ / ufFh/
vfGg ================ x'Gg x} ================ hfG5 hfuF / .

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ s]n] z/L/ :j:y /fV5 <


v_ s] gvfP hfuF / 36\5 <


u_ cfFvf tl] hnf] agfpg s] vfg'k5{ <



Jofs/0f ;Lk

!= tnsf jfSox¿df ldNg] ;jg{ fd zAb e/ M -d, pm, ltdL_
s_ =================== ldlxgt] u//] k9\5 .

v_ =================== cfÇgf] sfd u/ . -pm, t,F ltdL_

u_ =================== ahf/ uPsf 5g\ . -ltdLx¿, pgLx¿, xfdL_

3_ =================== xf6 eg{ hfg'ePsf] 5 . -pxfFx¿, xfdLx¿, ltdLx¿_

ª_ =================== u[xsfo{ ul/;\ < -p;n], tn}F ,] dn} _]

@= lbOPsf] pbfx/0f x]/ clg tnsf zAbx¿ /fv/] jfSo agfpm M
h:t} M d – d cfÇgf] sfd cfkmF} u5{' .
d, xfdL, ltdL, tkfO{,+ pm

66 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] vfg]s'/fsf] af/]df kfFr jfSo n]v .
========================================================================================
========================================================================================
========================================================================================
========================================================================================

ld7fOs{ f gfdx¿ t/sf/Lsf gfdx¿ kmnkm" nsf gfdx¿

/;a/L, nfndf]xg, sfpnL, cfn,' eG6f, :ofp, ;'Gtnf, s/] f,

h]/L, bw" a/L, k8] f, /fdtfl] /of, ;nud, aGbf, gf:kftL, cfFk,

a/kmL, vj' f, u'bF kfs, l;dL, af8] L, uf]ne8F] f, d]jf, eO' Fs6x/, vah'{ f,

dgef]u, n88\ ' dn' f, km;L{, nfs} f, s6x/, cªu\ /' , cgf/, cf?,

lrlrG8f], s/]nf, k/j/, ;fu lnRrL, efu] 6]

kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 67

kf7 & zªs\ f

syf ;ljgf l;Gw'

tnsf lrq;Fu} lbOPsf jfSox¿ ;an} ] cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

d cfÇgf] ;fdfgsf] ;/' Iff cfkmF} u5'{ . d;uF sfkL, snd, l;;fsnd
/ lstfax¿ 5g\ .

d ;fyLx¿;Fu a;]/ lrq agfp5F ' . lrq agfpgsf nflu d;uF
l;;fsnd / /ªx¿ 5g\ .
68 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

ljBfyLs{ f ;fdfgx¿

l;;fsnd 86k]g snd

;fk{g/ /a/ lstfa sfkL

¹fn] f

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• s] ltdLnfO{ lrq agfpg cfp5F <
• ltdL ;fyLnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u u5f{} <
• s] ltdf| ;fdfgx¿ sIffdf x/fpg] u5g{ \ <
• cfÇgf ;fdfgx¿ x/fpbF f ltdL s;/L kmn] f kf5f{} <
• zªs\ f ug'{ /fdf| ] s/' f xf] ls xfO] g <

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 69

;uF s} f] t:jL/ ;ljgf l;Gw'sf] xf] . logL syfsf/ x'g\ . ;fgf;fgf gfgLx¿ tyf
7n" f dflg;x¿sf nflu klg logn] syf nv] ]sL 5g\ . gfgLx¿nfO{ ljifo agfP/
n]lvPsf logsf syfx¿ ;/n 5g\ .

‘zª\sf’ syfdf ljBfnodf ;fyLx¿sf aLrdf sx] L ed| xg' ;S5 . slxns] fxLF
cfÇg} uNtLsf sf/0f sfd lalu|Psf] x'G5 t/ ;fyLnfO{ bf]if nufpg] ul/G5 .
zª\sfsf] e/df s;n} fO{ bf]ifL dfGgx' 'Gg . s/' f] s] xf] eGg] kSsf geO{ c¿nfO{ bf]if nufpg'x'Gg .
syfdf crg{ f / ;D¹gfsf aLrdf o:t} sx] L ePsf] 5 . vf;df ePsf] s] /x5] , aˆ' g tnsf] syf
Wofg lbP/ k9 M

cr{gf / ;D¹gf ldNg] ;fyLx¿ xg' \ . pgLx¿ ;Fu} :sn' cfp5F g\ ;Fu} 3/ kmlsG{ 5g\ .
lbp;F f] :s'nsf] vfhf vfg] ;dodf vfhf vfbF f 3/af6 NofPsf] vfhf klg Pscsf;{ Fu
af8F /] dfq vfG5g\ . k9fOdf klg pgLx¿ cfk"mn] hfg]sf] s/' f csf{nfO{ l;sfpF5g\ .
crg{ f cªu\ ]|hL ljifodf hfGg] l5g\ eg] ;D¹gf ul0ftdf . cª\uh]| Lsf] Jofs/0f
ga'ˆbf ;D¹gfn] crg{ f;uF ;xof]u lng] u/]sL l5g\ . To:t} ul0ftsf] ga¹' ]sf] lx;fa
crg{ fn] ;D¹gf;uF ;fW] g] ul5g{ \ . pgLx¿ Pscsf{;Fu c;fWo} ldN5g\ .

pgLx¿ ldns] f] b]v]/ ;fyLx¿ ;a} hgf crDd dfGg] u/]sf 5g\ . To;f] t s]xL
s'ljrf/ ePsf ;fyLx¿ klg :sn' / 5/l5ds] df 5g\ . pgLx¿ crg{ f / ;D¹gfsf]
¹u8f s;/L u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg] s/' f ;fl] r/xG5g\ .

Ps lbg ;D¹gf / crg{ f sIffd} lrq agfO/x]sf lyP . pgLx¿ cltl/St ljm| ofsnfk

cGtu{t lrq agfpg] / /ª eg{] ljifosf] sIffdf lyP . cr{gfn] l5/la/] /ª ePsf]

l;;fsnd NofPsL lyOg\ . To; l;;fsndsf] aflx/L sjr dfq To:tf] lyof], nV] g

eg] c¿ l;;fsndn] h:t} /ªn] n]VYof] .

zAbfy{ lbp;F f ] M lbgsf] ;do cltl/St M yk, ;xfos
crDd M cfZro{ ljm| ofsnfk M sfdx¿
sl' jrf/ M g/fdf| ] ljrf/ l5/la/] M yl/yl/sf /ªx¿ ldl;Psf]
:s'n M ljBfno sjr M aflx/L vf]n
5/l5ds] M jNnf]kNnf] 3/ ukm M s'/fsfgL

70 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

;D¹gfsf] l;;fsnd eg] ;fwf gLnf] lyof] . sIff ;lsPkl5 b'j} hgf cfÇgf ;fdfgx¿
¹fn] fdf /fv]/ ukm ub{} 3/lt/ lxF8] . w]/h} ;f] bj' s} f] ukm k9fOnv] fOs} ljifodf xG' Yof] .

crg{ fn] 3/ uP/ ¹f]nf x]l/g\ . pgsf] /ªu\ Lg l;;fsnd t ¹fn] fdf 5g} . ¹fn] fd}
x'g'kg{] l;;fsnd t ¤ v}, 5g} .
cr{gf 5Ss kl/g\ . sxfF uof] xf]nf <
l;;fsndsf] xftv'6\6f ePsf] eP kf]
lxF8g\ ', a? s;n} ] nUof] xfn] f . pgsf]
dgdf o:t—} o:t} ts{gfx¿ cfP .

ef]lnkN6 3/af6 lgl:sPkl5 crg{ f
;wh}F ;f] ;D¹gfnfO{ s'g{] u/s] f] 7fpdF f
s'g{ yflng\ . Psl} 5g s/' k] l5 ;D¹gf klg ToxL 7fpFdf cfOk'lug\ . pgLx¿ ukm
ub}{ :s'n hfg yfn] . crg{ fn] l;;fsnd x/fPsf] af/] ;D¹gfnfO{ sx] L elggg\ .
l;;fsnd w/] } dxuF f] vfnsf] xf]Og t}klg pgsf] dg eg] stfstf cldnf] ePsf]
lyof] .

:sn' df d;Ljfnf sndn] nV] gk' Yof]{ . lrq agfpbF f / lrÅg nufpFbf dfq xf]
l;;fsnd rflxg] . u'?cfdfn] k9fpFbf ;D¹gfn] l;;fsnd l¹lsg\ . l;;fsnd
7o\ fSs} crg{ fsf] h:t} lyof] . kSs} of] d]/} l;;fsnd xf], eGg] crg{ fnfO{ nfUof] .
pgn] ;fyLnfO{ rf]/Lsf] bf]if nufpg] lxDdt ul/gg\ t}klg ;D¹gfkl| t crg{ fsf] dgdf
3[0ff kb} f eof] . o:tf klg ;fyL eGg] h:tf s'/fx¿ pgsf] dgdf v]Ng yfn] .

sIffsf] clGtd 306L nfUof] . ‘rf/] ;Fu klg sf]xL lx8F \5 < cfhbl] v d ;D¹gf;Fu
lxF8\lbgF’, crg{ fn] ;f]lrg\ . To;}j]nf s[i0f eGg] ;fyL cr{gf ePsf] 7fpFdf cfP / eg,]
æltd|f] sx] L ;fdfg lxhf] :s'ndf 56' ]sf] lyof] <Æ

æv}, l;;fsnd 5'6]sf] lyof] ls <Æ, csdsfpFb} cr{gfn] elgg,\ æx/] t of] ltd}| xf] h:tf]

zAbf {y s'g { M klvg{ bf]if M uNtL
dxFuf] M w]/} k;} f kg]{ 3[0ff M x]nf

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 71

nfU5 . ltdLn] lxhf] o:t} l;;fsndn] lrq agfO/xs] f] b]vs] f] lyPF .Æ si[ 0fn] eg] .

æxf] ¤ xf] ¤¤ of] d]/} xg' 'k5{ . lxh} x/fPsf] lyof] .Æ cr{gfn] elgg\ .

æP d}n] klg lxhf] ltd|f]h:t} l;;fsnd lsg]sL lyPF .Æ ;D¹gfn] ¹f]nfaf6 To:t}
l;;fsnd lgsflng\ .

ca eg] cr{gfsf] ;a} e|d x6\of] . ahf/df p:t}—p:t} ;fdfgx¿ w]/} xbF' f /x]5g\ .
p:t} ;fdfg bV] b}df, a'ˆb} ga'¹L, To:tf] ;fdfg d]/f] dfq xG' 5 eGg] ;f]Rg' uNtL /x]5 .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s n]v M
cªu\ h]| L, ul0ft, 5Ss, 7o\ fSs,} 30[ ff, lx8F l\ bgF

@= zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
lbpF;f,] sl' jrf/, 5/l5d]s, cltl/St, l5/la/,] ukm, dxFuf]

#= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

crDd s'/fsfgL

sl' jrf/ afx]s

cltl/St vfn]

sjr g/fd|f] efjgf

ukm cfZro{

$= dflysf] syfaf6 ‘P’ / ‘o’ sf] k|ofu] ePsf kfrF kfFr j6f zAb l6k .

%= dflysf] syfdf rGb|ljGbs' f] k|ofu] ePsf sg' } kfFr j6f zAb vf]h/] nv] .

72 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

^= tnsf zAb /fv/] jfSo agfpm M
crDd, :sn' , lj|mofsnfk, sjr, sg' ,{ bf]if, 30[ ff

&= z4' kf//] n]v M
lj;o, lz;fsnd, xftv6' 6f, ef]nLkN6, csdsfpb}

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ cr{gf / ;D¹gf sxfF hfG5g\ <

v_ cr{gf / ;D¹gfn] /fdf| ;] Fu hfg]sf ljifox¿ s'gsg' x'g\ <

u_ ;D¹gfsf] l;;fsnd s:tf] lyof] <

3_ s;n] s;nfO{ rf/] sf] zª\sf u¥of] <

ª_ ;D¹gfn] ¹f]nfaf6 s] lgsfnL <


@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls eP 7Ls / a]7Ls eP a]7Ls n]v M
s_ ;D¹gf / cr{gf Pscfk;df lgs} ldN5g\ .
v_ ;fyLx¿ ;D¹gf / crg{ fsf aLrdf ¹u8f u/fpg rfxbF g} g\ .
u_ ;D¹gfsf] l;;fsnd x/fPsf] lyof] .
3_ ljBfnodf l;;fsndn] nV] gk' Yof]{ .
ª_ l;;fsnd si[ 0fn] e6] \6fPsf] lyof] .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 73

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ crg{ f / ;D¹gf Pscfk;df s:tf] Jojxf/ u5{g\ <
v_ ;fyLx¿ cr{gf / ;D¹gfsf aLrdf s] ug{ rfxG5g\<
u_ cr{gf 3/df uPkl5 lsg 5Ss kl/g\ <
3_ crg{ f lsg ;D¹gf;Fu lxF8\g rfxFlbgg\ <
ª_ xfdLn] s:tf s'/f ;f]Rgx' F'b}g <

$= crg{ f / ;D¹gfsf] ;DaGw s:tf] lyof] < kfrF jfSodf nv] .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

sIffdf w]/} k|sf/sf ;fyLx¿ x'G5g\ . sfx] L ldng;f/ xG' 5g\ eg] sf]xL
3dG8L . sf]xL ;fyL ;xof]uL :jefjsf xG' 5g\ eg] sf]xL cfÇgf] dfq :jfy{ x]/]/
sfd u5g{ \ . xfdLx¿ ;xofu] L :jefjsf]
xg' 'k5{ . ;a;} uF ldNgk' 5{ . cfkm" n]
ghfg]sf s'/fx¿ ;fyL;uF ;fW] g'k5{ .
;fyLn] s]xL s/' f ghfg/] ;f]w]df cfk"mn]
l;sfOlbg'k5{ . k/LIffsf] ;dodf eg]
l;sfOdfUg' jf l;sfOlbg'x'Fbg} . slxns] fxLF
;fyLx¿sf] s'g} ;fdfg e]6\6fPdf
kmsfO{ lbg'k5{ . s;sf] ;fdfg xf] eGg] yfxf gePdf lzIfsnfO{ lbgk' 5{ . ;fyLefOx¿sf
aLrdf slxNo} ¹¹} u8f ugx'{ 'Fb}g . ;fyLsf ;fgfltgf uNtLnfO{ dfkm ul/lbg'k5{ .

;fyLx¿;Fu cfk"mn] h:tf] Jojxf/ ul/G5 cfkm" n] klg pgLx¿af6 To:t} Jojxf/
kfOG5 . ;fyLeGbf cfk"m s;/L a9L hfGg] xg' ] eGg] rfxgf /fVg' /fdf| ] s'/f xf] t/
p;n] ghfgf;] \ eGg] efjgf rflxF /fVgx' b'F }g . cfk"mn] hfgs] f] s'/f ;fyLnfO{ l;sfOlbP/
slxNo} 3f6f xb'F }g . 1fg hlt afFl8G5, Tolt g} a9\b} hfG5 .

sIffdf slxns] fxLF cfÇgf] ;fdfg x/fpg ;S5 . Tof] ;fdfg 3/df klg 5'6]sf]
x'g;S5 . cfÇgf] ¹f]nfdf st} gb]lvg] u/L ns' s] f] xg' ;S5 . slxns] fxLF sg' } ;fyLnfO{

74 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

lbPsf] s/' f cfkm" n] lal;P{ sf] klg xg' ;S5 . ;a} s/' f a¹' ]/ dfq ;fyLefOx¿nfO{
;fW] g'k5{ . ;fyLx¿n] klg ¹l' SsP/ jf cfÇgf] h:t} 7fg]/ ¹f]nfdf /fvs] f xg' ;S5g\ .
cfÇgf] h:tf] ;fdfg c¿sf] klg x'g;S5 . ;a} s/' f a'¹/] dfq} ;fyL;Fu Jojxf/
ug'k{ 5{ . s'/} ga'¹L zªs\ f u/]/ ;fyL;uF g/fdf| ] Jojxf/ slxNo} ugx{' Fb' }g .

-lzIfs ;fyL ¤ cfÇgf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ ldng;f/ s;/L aGg] eGg] ljifodf hfgsf/L lbFb} of] ;xfos kf7sf] cEof; u/fpgx' fn] f ._

!= 7Ls pQ/df -µ_ /]hf nufpm M
s_ sIffdf ;a} ;fyLx¿ ============ :jefjsf x'G5g\ .

c_ Pp6} cf_ ljleGg O_ bO' { ks| f/sf]
v_ xfdLx¿ ============ :jefjsf] x'gk' 5{ .

c_ ;xof]uL cf_ c;xof]uL O_ ljlrq
u_ cfk"mn] hfgs] f] s/' f ;fyLnfO{ ============ l;sfOlbgx' 'bF }g <

c_ 3/df cf_ k/LIffdf O_ sIffdf
3_ ============ hlt aflF 8G5 Tolt g} a9\b} hfG5 .

c_ c1fg cf_ 1fg O_ l/;

@= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
3dG8L, Jojxf/, 1fg, zª\sf

#= 7Ls a7] Ls 56' o\ fpm M
s_ xfd|f w]/} ;fyLx¿ 3dG8L xG' 5g\ .
v_ 1fg hlt afFl8G5, Tolt g} a9\5 .
u_ ;fyLn] cfk"mn] eGbf w/] } hfGg' /fd|f] xf]Og .
3_ cfÇgf] ;fdfg x/fPdf ;fyLsf] ¹f]nf vf]tlnxfNgk' 5{ .

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ sIffsf]7fdf ;fyLx¿ ss] :tf :jefjsf xG' 5g\ <
v_ s'g} ;fdfg e]l6Pdf xfdLn] s] ug{k' 5{ <
u_ 1fg s;/L ;f6f;f6 ug{ ;lsG5 <

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 75

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !%* df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] _

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb e/ M
s_ /tg =============== sIffdf k95\ .
v_ /tg cfÇgf ;fduL| x¿ =============== df /fV5 .
u_ /tg d;L snd, l;;fsnd =============== u[xsfos{ f ;a} sfkLx¿
slxNo} 56' fpFb}g .
3_ p;n] ;fyLx¿ / =============== af6 w]/} dfof kfPsf] 5 .

@= 7Ls eP -µ_ a7] Ls eP -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ /tgsf ;fdfgx¿sf] lxkmfht cfdfn] ul/lbgx' 'G5 .
v_ /tg cfÇgf] ux[ sfo{ cfkm}F u5{ .
u_ sIffdf 7ufxf ljBfyL{sf] gfddf /tgsf] gfd cfpbF }g .
3_ /tgnfO{ ;an} ] dfof ubg{} g\ .

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ /tg ljBfno hfg] j]nf s] u5{ <
v_ /tg;Fu ePsf zl} Ifs ;fduL| x¿ s]s] xg' \ <
u_ /tgn] ss;af6 dfof kfPsf] 5 <

Jofs/0f ;Lk

!= tfl] sPcg;' f/ gfd zAbx¿ n]v M
s_ dflg;nfO{ a¹' fpg] gfd

v_ hgfj/nfO{ a'¹fpg] gfd


76 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

u_ gbLnfO{ a¹' fpg] gfd


3_ 7fpnF fO{ a'¹fpg] gfd



@= gfd a'¹fpg] zAbdf ufn] f] 3/] f nufpm M
ltdL
s_ /l;nf] Pp6f lxdfn s/] f
tkfO+{ slxn]
v_ xfdL ;'gf}nf ] dfly yf]/}
;a} kxFn] f]
u_ cfdf klxnf ] t;] |f]

3_ bf;] |f ] af3

ª_ /d]z pgL

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= ljBfno hfFbf ltdL ss] ] ;fdu|L lnP/ hfG5f} < nv] .
@= cfkm" nfO{ dg kg{] Pp6f syf ;fyLnfO{ ;'gfpm .

s] sxfF a:5 < ufOj{ :t' – uf]7
r/f] – uF'8 afv|f – vf]/
e8] f – e8] Luf7] xfQL – xfQL;f/
k/j] f – u~h d;' f ] – b'nf]
3f]8f – tan] f sldnf – uf]nf]
df}/L – 3f/
dfs/' f – hfnf] ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 77

kf7 * cg'/fwf sfO] /fnf

hLjgL

tnsf lrqx¿ Wofg lbP/ x]/ M

db/ 6/] ];f tn' ;Ldx] / >]i7 dxfTdf ufGwL

Çnf]/]G; gfOl6ªu\ ]n l;:6/ lgd{nf bofjL/l;+x s+;sf/

78 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff @

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• ;dfh;]jf eg]sf] s] xf] <
• ;dfh;]jf ug{] dflg;nfO{ s] elgG5 <
• r]nLa6] L a]rlavg egs] f] s] xf] <
• ltdLn] ;fgf gfgLx¿ al] rPsf] ;dfrf/ ;'g]sf 5f} <

tnsf zAbx¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M cf]vn9'ªu\ f p4f/
;ªj\ m| ldt sflnDkfª] bflhl{ nª k|f/lDes kg' :yf{kgf
;ª\3;+:yf ;j:{ j ?Dhf6f/

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @ 79

xfdL a:g] 7fpnF fO{ 3/ elgG5 . 3/3/ ldn]/ l5ds] aG5 . l5ds] l5ds] ldn/] ;dfh aG5 .
;dfhdf w/] y} l/sf dflg;x¿ x'G5g\ . sf]xL /fdf| x'G5g\ t sfx] L v/fa klg xG' 5g\ . ;dfhdf
sg' } dflg;n] ;dfhsf] enfOsf nflu sx] L sfd u5{ eg] p;nfO{ ;an} ] ?rfp5F g\ . sg' } dxŒjk"0f{
sfd ug{] dflg;sf] af/d] f hfgsf/L lbg nl] vPsf] s/' fnfO{ hLjgL elgG5 . of] kf7 klg hLjgL
xf] . o;df cg'/fwf sfO] /fnfsf] af/d] f hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . cg'/fwf sf]O/fnfn] ;dfhsf]
;j] f u/s] L l5g\ . To;}n] pgsf] hLjgL n]lvPsf] xf] . cg'/fwf sfO] /fnf sf] xg' \ < pgn] ss] ] ul/g\
< eGg] aˆ' g kf7sf] hLjgL Wofg lbP/ k9 . lzIfsaf6 pgsf] af/]df yk s/' fx¿ l;Sg klg
;Sg] 5f} .

cg/' fwf sfO] /fnfsf] hGd ;g\ !($( clkn| !$ tfl/vsf
lbg cfv] n9ª' \uf lhNnfsf] ?Dhf6f/ eGg] 7fpdF f ePsf]
lyof] . pgsf lktfsf] gfd kt| fkl;+x u'?ª / dftfsf] gfd
nIdL u'?ª lyof] . pgsf lktf ;}lgs s0f{n] lyP .

cg/' fwf sf]O/fnfn] bflh{lnªsf] sflnDkfª] df /x]sf] ;]G6
hf];]km :s'naf6 k|f/lDes lzIff cfh{g ul/g\ . ljBfno
txsf] k9fO ;s]kl5 pgn] sfn] sftfdf laP;Ddsf]
cWoog ul/g\ .

;fgb} ]lv ;dfh;]jf ug{ OR5's sfO] /fnf db/ 6/] ;] fsf] k]|/0ff kfPkl5 o; If]qdf
nfUg c¹ pT;flxt eOg\ . aL; jif;{ Dd lzIf0f k;] fdf ;n+ Ug eP/ pgn] ljleGg
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lzIffsf] 3fdn] l;uF f/]sL lyOg\ . ljBfno txsf] k9fO ;sk] l5
pgn] sf]nsftfdf laP;Ddsf] cWoog ul/g\ .

zAbf {y s0f]n{ M ;g] fsf] dflyNnf] kbsf] sdr{ f/L ;dfh;j] f M ;dfhsf] ;]jf
bflhl{ nª M ef/tsf] Ps 7fpsF f] gfd pT;flxt M pT;fxn] el/Psf,] s'g}
k|f/lDes M ;'?sf]
cfhg{ M kfpg], kf| Kt ug{] sfd sfd ug{ ;'l/Psf]
sf]nsftf M ef/tsf] Ps 7fpFsf] gfd OR5's M OR5f /fVg]
k/|] 0ff M xf};nf

80 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

;g\ !((# df pgn] dfOtL g]kfnsf] :yfkgf ul/g\ . pSt ;+:yfsf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv
g} pgn] P8;\ ;ªj\ m| ldt dlxnf / afnaflnsfx¿sf] lxtdf sfd ug{ yflng\ . pgn]
al] rPsf r]nLa]6L, cgfy afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ p4f/ ug{sf nflu ljleGg k'g:yfk{ gf
s]Gb|x¿ vfn] s] L l5g\ . olt dfq geO{ dfgj ;j] f g} ;j:{ j 7fGg] sfO] /fnfn]
la/fdLx¿sf] pkrf/ ug{sf nflu c:ktfn;d]t ;~rfng ub{} cfPsL l5g\ . ljBfno
vfn] ]/ pgn] lgDgju{sf zfl] ift, kLl8t tyf ;8s afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k9\g] cj;/
kb| fg u/s] L l5g\ .

lb]gz] sfO] /fnf;uF j}jflxs ;DaGwdf uflF ;Pkl5 klg cg'/fwf sf]O/fnf Pp6f Ifq] df
dfq geO{ ljleGg Ifq] df ;lj|mo /xFb} cfPsL l5g\ . ;dfh;j] f, lzIff, :jf:Yo cflbsf
If]qdf ;ljm| o sf]O/fnf dGqL;dt] ePsL lyOg\ . xfn;Dd pgn] dfOtL g]kfnsf]
dfWodaf6 !@,))) eGbf a9L rn] La6] Lsf] p4f/ ul/;ss] L l5g\ .

JolStut :jfyn{ fO{ e'n/] ;dfh;j] fdf nfus] f sf/0f sf]O/fnfnfO{ bz] tyf ljbz] sf
ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] ;Ddfg / k/' :sf/ kb| fg u/]sf 5g\ . xfn;Dd pgn] ¹G8}
tLg bhg{ eGbf a9L k'/:sf/x¿ kf| Kt ul/;s]sL l5g\ . ;g\ @)!) gfe] ]Da/df pgL
l;PgPg lx/f] aGg ;kmn eOg\ . cfh;Dd klg pgL ;dfh;j] fdf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
nflu/x]sL l5g\ . pgLaf6 xfdL ;a}n] ;dfh;j] fdf nfUg] k|]/0ff kfPsf 5fF} .

zAbf {y :yfkgfsfn M ;'? u/]sf] ;do k'g:yfk{ gf s]Gb| M cnkq k/s] fnfO{
;ªj\ |mldt M /fu] ;/]sf] ;xofu] u/]/ /flvg] 7fpF
cgfy M afa'cfdf gePsf
p4f/ M cfkt\df k/s] fnfO{ ;xofu] ug]{ lgDgju{ M ul/a
zfl] ift M cGofodf k/]sf
sfd kLl8t M b'Mvdf k/s] f]
;j{:j M ;a}yfs] ;ljm| o M sfddf nflu/x]sf]

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M
;:+ yf, pSt, ;DaGw, nIdL, cfv] n9ª' u\ f, ?Dhf6f/, :jf:Yo

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 81

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
k|f/lDes, pT;flxt, cgfy, p4f/, lgDgju{, k/]| 0ff, OR5s'

#= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
afnaflnsf, 3fd, bz] , pkrf/, ;kmn, ;lj|mo, k|]/0ff

$= z4' kf/]/ n]v M
aLb];, zGrfng, zlS/o, jLleGg, caz/

%= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
lbg, ;fgf], b]z, dfgj, lxt, a9L

^= dflysf] hLjgLaf6 ‘a’ / ‘j’ k|ofu] ePsf kfFrkfrF zAb vfh] ]/ nv] .

&= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

;j{:j kL8fdf k/s] f]

kLl8t ;ay} f]s

cfh{g ug'{ rnfpg] sfd

ljleGg k|fKt ug{'

;~rfng yl/yl/

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ cg'/fwf sfO] /fnfsf] hGd sxfF ePsf] lyof] <

v_ pgn] sxfFaf6 k|f/lDes lzIff cfhg{ ul/g\ <


82 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

u_ dfOtL gk] fnsf] :yfkgf slxn] eof] <


3_ pgL slxn] l;PgPg lx/f] aGg ;kmn eOg\ <



@= 7Ls a7] Ls 56' o\ fpm M

s_ cg/' fwf sfO] /fnf sflnDkf]ªdf hGd]sL xg' \ .

v_ pgsL cfdfsf] gfd nIdL u'?ª xf] .

u_ pgn] Pp6f klg k/' :sf/ kfPsL 5}gg\ .
3_ pgnfO{ bz] ljb]zsf ljleGg ;ª\3 ;:+ yfx¿n] ;Ddfg

u/s] f 5g\ .

ª_ pgL ;dfh;]jfdf lg/Gt/ nflu/x]sL l5g\ .

#= 7Ls pQ/sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

lktfsf] gfd lbg]z sf]O/fnf

k|]/0ff kfPsf] JolSt dfOtL g]kfn

nfU] g]sf] gfd k|tfkl;+x u'?ª

cWoog u/]sf] ljBfno db/ 6/] ];f

pgn] vf]n]sf] ;:+ yf ;]G6 hf;] k] m

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ cg/' fwf sf]O/fnfn] sxfaF f6 lzIff k|fKt ul/g\ <
v_ cg/' fwf sfO] /fnfn] s]s] sfd u/]sL l5g\ <
u_ pgnfO{ ss;n] k'/:sf/ kb| fg u/]sf 5g\ <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

;dfhsf dflg;x¿sf] enfOsf nflu lgM:jfy{ ¿kdf ul/g] Tofu jf ;j] fnfO{

;dfh;j] f elgG5 . vf;df nfe kf| lKtsf lglDt geO{ bLgb'MvL, ul/a, c;xfo, 6x' /' f

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff @ 83

cflbsf] lxtsf nflu ul/g] sfon{ fO{ ;dfh;j] f elgG5 . ;dfh;j] f ug]{ dflg;nfO{
;;+ f/df ;a}n] k'H5g\ . ;dfh;]jf ug]{ dflg;n] cfÇgf] kmfObf xb] }{g . c¿sf] lxtsf
nflu cfÇgf] ;DklQ / ;do vr{ ug{] dflg; g} ;dfh;]jL xf] . dflg;n] cfhg{ u/s] f]
;DklQsf] sx] L lx:;f ;dfh;]jfdf vlr{g] u/] pm d//] uP klg ;bf cd/ /xG5 .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
k|flKt, cfh{g, bLgb'MvL, c;xfo, ;DklQ, vlrg{ ]

@= 7Ls egfOdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
s_ nfe k|flKtsf nflu ;dfh;j] f ul/G5 .
v_ dflg;n] cfÇgf] ;DklQsf] sx] L lx:;f ;]jfdf vlr{gk' 5{ .
u_ ;dfh;j] f ug{] dflg;nfO{ s;}n] k'Hb}g .
3_ ;dfh;j] fn] dflg;nfO{ cd/ agfpF5 .

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ;dfh;j] f egs] f] s] xf] <
v_ ;a}n] s;nfO{ k'U5g\ <
u_ dflg;n] s] u/] cd/ x'G5 <

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !%* df lbOPsf] sljtf_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= sljtf ;'g clg ldNg] zAb e//] vfnL 7fpF k"/f u/ M
s_ ================ v]nfpbF f xft sf6\5 .
v_ plk|mpkm| L v]Nbf ================ .
u_ l6eL w/] } xb] f{ ================ b'V5 .
3_ af6f] sf6\bf ================ x]gk{' 5{ .

84 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

@= sljtf kml] / ;'g clg tnsf kª\lSt k/" f u/ M
xh/' cfdf eGg'xG' 5 ‘==================================’
================================== 6fpsf] b'V5 gfgL .

#= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ xft slxn] wg' k' 5{ <


v_ slxn] afN] g'xG' g <


u_ c1fgsf bn' f s;/L 6fNgk' 5{ <

Jofs/0f ;Lk

!= tnsf lj|mofx¿nfO{ e"t sfndf abn M
h:t} M hfG5 – uof]

k95\ fF } a:5g \

vN] 5;\ afN] 5 '

;'G5f} vfg'xG' 5

gfR5] ufpFl5g \

@= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ pbfx/0fdf bv] fOPh:t} u/L eljiot\ sfndf kl/jtg{ u/ M

h:t} M d 3/ hfG5' . – d 3/ hfg] 5' .

s_ xfdL syf ;'G5f}F .

v_ ltdL uLt ufpF5f} .

u_ tF kf]v/f hfG5;\ .

3_ pm lstfa ¹f]nfdf /fV5 .

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 85

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= cleefjs jf lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] tnsf zLifs{ df bzbz jfSo n]v M

s_ dnfO{ dg kg{] dflg; v_ d]/f] g]kfnL lzIfs

tnsf] hfgsf/L Wofg lbP/ k9 M

!= :j/ ;d|f6 \ gf/fo0f uf]kfn

@= cflbslj efge' St cfrfo{

#= dxfslj nIdLk;| fb bj] sf]6f

$= oj' fslj df]tL/fd e66\

%= ;u/dfyf r9g\ ] klxnf] t]lGhª gf]u]{ z]kf{ / P8dG8 lxnf/L

^= ;u/dfyf r9\g] klxnf] dlxnf hg' sf] tfaO] {

&= ;u/dfyf r9\g] klxnf] gk] fnL dlxnf kf;fªNxfd' z]kf {

*= gk] fnsf klxnf] k|wfgdGqL eLd;g] yfkf

kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

86 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

kf7 ( ;8sdf ;'/Iff

lgaGw

tnsf lrqx¿ Wofg lbP/ x]/ M

6f« lkms aQL 6f« lkms k'ln; ha] |f jm| l;ª

cfsf;] kn' 6f« lkms lrÅg b'3{6gf

;8sdf uf8Lx¿ hgrt] gfdn" s sfo{jm| d

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @ 87

xjfO{hxfh oftfoftsf /n]
a; ;fwgx¿ 6s«

lhk ;fOsn

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
• ltdLn] s'gsg' ;jf/L ;fwgdf r9/] ofqf u/]sf 5f}<
• s] ltdLnfO{ oftfoftsf] lgodsf] af/d] f yfxf 5<
• ltdL ;8sdf stfk6\l6af6 lxF85\ f}<
• ltdLn] ;8s b3' {6gf ePsf] af/d] f ;g' ]sf jf b]vs] f 5f} ls <
tnsf zAbx¿ sIffdf Ps hgfn] k9 clg ;a}n] kfnk} fnf] eg M

;8s uf]/6] f] ;8s k6] L 8f« Oe/ /ftf] aQL
af6f] 3f8] ]6f] cfsf;] kn' sG8S6/ kxn]F f] aQL
dfu{ rfs] h]af| jm| l;ª ¹fn] ª' u\ ] k'n xl/of] aQL
s'n;] f] uNnL 6«flkms lgod sa] 'nsf/ 6«flkms kx| /L

88 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff @

Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpdF f hfg xfdLnfO{ af6f] rflxG5 . af6fs] f ljleGg ks| f/ x'G5g\ . df6] /,
uf8L u8' g\ ] af6fn] fO{ ;8s elgG5 . ;8sdf w]/} uf8L u8' 5\ g\ . ;8sdf Wofg lbOPg eg] b'36{ gf
xg' ;S5 . b'36{ gfaf6 hf]lug xfdLn] ljleGg pkfo ckgfpgk' 5{ . tfl] sPsf] 7fpdF f lx8F \gk' 5{ .
;8sdf hyfefjL rNg], bug' {] ug{'x'Gg . ljrf/ k'¥ofOPg eg] b'3{6gfdf k/]/ Hofg hfg] tyf
cª\ueªu\ xg' ] 8/ x'G5 . To;n} ] ;8sdf kb} n lxF8\g] tyf df6] / rnfpg] bj' n} ] cToGt ;fjwfgL
ckgfpg'k5{ . ;8sdf s] s:tf ;fjwfgL ckgfpgk' 5{ eGg] aˆ' g tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

dflg;x¿ k}bn lxF8\g] af6fn] fO{ uf]/6] f] elgG5 . 3f8] f lxF8\g] af6f]nfO{ 3f]8]6f]
elgG5 . To;/L g} uf8L lx8F g\ ] af6f]nfO{ ;8s elgG5 . ;8sdf df6] /, 6s« , 6]Dk,'
sf/, ;fOsn, l/S;f cflb ;jf/L;fwgx¿ ul' 8/x]sf x'G5g\ . xfdL klg slxn]sfxLF
uf8Ldf ofqf u5f{F} . ;8ssf] af6f] eP/ k}bn cfx] f]/bf]xf/] klg u5f}F{ . ;8sdf
uf8Lx¿ u'8fpFbf jf kb} n lxF8b\ f ckgfOg] ;/' IffnfO{ ;8s ;/' Iff elgG5 . ;8sdf
lxF8\bf xfdL ;8snfO{ bflxg] kf/]/ lxF8g\ 'k5{ . cyft{ \ cfÇgf] afofF xft htfk6\l6 5
xfdL Tot}af6 lx8F g\ k' 5{ / uf8L rnfpFbf klg ToxL lgoddf rnfpg'k5{ . /f]8df
jf/kf/ ubf{ kb} n ofq'n] h]a|fjm| l;ªsf] k|of]u ugk'{ 5{ . cfsf;]kn' ePsf] 7fpdF f
;fx] L k'naf6 cfjthfjt ugk{' 5{ . ;fy} 6f« lkms aQL ePsf] 7fpdF f ;f] aQLsf] ko| fu]
ug{k' 5{ . xtf/df ;8s jf/kf/ ug{x' F'b}g .
;8sdf lx8F \bf jf uf8L rnfpFbf xf]l;of/L gckgfPdf b'36{ gf x'g;S5 . ljk/Lt
lbzfaf6 cfPsf uf8Lx¿ Pscfk;df 7fl] SsP/, k5fl8af6 cfPsf] uf8Ln] dflg;
jf csf{] uf8LnfO{ 7Ss/ lbPdf b3' 6{ gf xg' ;S5 . To;u} /L ;8sdf jf/kf/ ubf{ klg

zAbf {y uf]/]6f] M dflg;x¿ lx8F g\ ] ;fgf] af6f] h]a|fjm| l;ª M ;8sdf dflg;x¿nfO{
3f]8]6f ] M 3f]8f, vRr8 lx8F \g] af6f] ;8s jf/kf/ ug{ agfOPsf]
;jf/L;fwg M uf8L ;t] f] /ªsf] nfOg
k}bn M v'66\ fn]
cfx] f/] bf]xf/] M cfpg] hfg] sfd cfsf;] k'n M ;8ssf] dflyk6l\ 6 dflgx¿
afof F M b]al]| t/ lx8F g\ sf] nflu agfOPsf] k'n

ljk/Lt lbzf M pN6f] lbzf

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 89

b'3{6gf lglDtg ;S5 . kb} n ofqn' ] ;8ssf] k6] Laf6 glx8F L uf8Lx¿ lxF8\g] dfua{ f6
lxF8\gfn] klg w/] } b'3{6gfx¿ x'g] u/s] f 5g\ . uf8L rnfpg] dflg;n] ;8s lgodsf]
kfngf gug]{ jf dfbskbfy{ ;j] g u/L uf8L rnfpgfn] b'3{6gf xg' ] u/s] f 36gfx¿
/]l8of] jf 6l] nlehgaf6 k|;f/0f eO/x]sf xG' 5g\ .
olt x'bF fxF'b} klg dflgx¿n] xfl] ;of/L gckgfpg' pgLx¿sf] sdhf]/L jf x]nrSo| fOF
xf] .
b'3{6gf ePdf cª\ueª\u xg' s' f ;fy} Hofg} hfg] vt/f klg xg' ;S5 . b3' {6gf ePkl5
k5t' fpge' Gbf b3' 6{ gf g} x'g glbg' a;] x'G5 . xfdLn] o:tf b3' 6{ gfx¿nfO{ /fS] g
jf sd ug{ ;S5fF} . ;8s ;/' Iffsf lgodx¿ cfk"mn] yfxfkfO{ /fVg] / c¿nfO{
klg To;af/] atfpg] ug'k{ 5{ . xfdLn] ;8s ;/' Iffsf ¥ofnLx¿ lgsfNgs' f ;fy}
hgrt] gfd"ns sfoj{ m| dx¿ klg cfof]hgf ug{ ;S5fF} . ;8s ;/' Iff xfdL ;as} f]
;f¹f bfloTj xf] .

zAbf {y dfbskbfy{ M hf8F /S;L h:tf z/L/nfO{ xflg ¥ofnL M hn' ';
ug]{ vfnsf lkpg] kbfy{ hgr]tgfdn" s M dflg;x¿nfO{ 1fg

xfl] ;of/L M ;fjwfgL lbg] vfnsf]
cª\ueª\u M xft, v6' 6\ f, 6fpsf] cflb bfloTj M lhDdj] f/L

cªu\ x¿ efFlrg] jf km'6g\ ] sfd

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s nv]
;jf/L;fwg, cfx] /bf]x/, ha] |fj|ml;ª, cªu\ eªu\ , hgrt] gfdn" s

@= zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
uf/] 6] f], afofF, ljk/Lt, xf]l;of/L, bfloTj

90 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @

#= tn cy{ lbOPsf 5g,\ vfnL 7fpFdf zAb nv] M
=============== ˜ v6' \6fn]
=============== ˜ ;8ssf] dflyk6\l6 dflg;x¿ lxF8\gsf nflu agfOPsf] kn'
=============== ˜ pN6f] lbzf
=============== ˜ dflg;x¿nfO{ 1fg lbg] vfnsf]
=============== ˜ lhDd]jf/L

$= dflysf] syfaf6 ‘P’ / ‘o’ sf] ko| fu] ePsf kfFrkfrF j6f zAb l6k .
%= dflysf] syfdf rGbl| jGb'sf] k|of]u ePsf sg' } kfFr j6f zAb vf]h/] nv] .
^= tnsf zAb /fv/] jfSo agfpm M

3f]86] f], ha] |fjm| l;ª,cfsf;] kn' , dfbskbfy{,¥ofnL
&= z4' kf/]/ nv] M

b'/36gf, cu+ e+u, sf/s] |d, ;/' S5\of, 6f/flkms

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ s:tf] af6fn] fO{ uf/] ]6f] elgG5<

v_ /f]8 jf/kf/ ubf{ xfdLn] s]sf] ko| fu] ugk'{ 5{ <

u_ dfbskbfy{ egs] f] s] xf] <

3_ 6]lnlehgaf6 s]s:tf s/' fx¿ k;| f/0f eO/xs] f xG' 5g\ <

ª_ xfdL ;as} f] bfloTj s] xf] <


;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff @ 91

@= 7Ls pQ/ 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ xfdL kb} n lx8F \bf ;8snfO{ ====================== k6\l6 kf/]/ lx8F g\ k' 5{ .
-bfofF, afofF, cufl8_
v_ ;8s jf/kf/ ubf{ ====================== sf] ko| fu] ugk{' b}{g .
-cfsf;] k'n, ¹f]nª' u\ ] k'n, h]a|fjm| l;ª_
u_ ====================== lxF8\bf b'3{6gf xg' ;S5 .
-xtf/df, la:tf/}, xft p7fP/_
3_ b3' 6{ gfn] ====================== Hofg klg hfg ;S5 .
-dflg;sf,] ;8ssf,] cfsf;] kn' sf_]
ª_ ;8s ;'/Iff ====================== bfloTj xfO] g .
-xfdL ;a}sf,] 6«flkms k|x/Lsf,] kz'sf]_

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ ;8sdf u8' g\ ] s'g} kfrF j6f uf8Lsf gfd n]v .
v_ ;8s jf/kf/ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s/' fx¿ ss] ] xg' <\
u_ b3' {6gf x'g] sf/0fx¿ ss] ] xg' \ <
3_ ;8s b'36{ gfn] ss] ] s/' fsf] xflg x'g;S5 <
ª_ ;8s b'36{ gfnfO{ /fS] g] pkfox¿ ss] ] xg' \ <

$= ;8sdf lx8F \bf jf ;8s jf/kf/ ubf{ ckgfpg'kg{] ;fjwfgL s]s] x'g\ < kfFr
jfSodf n]v .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

;8s jf rfs] x¿df ;t] f] 6fk] L / gLnf] kf];fs nufP/ plePsf ;/' IffsdL{x¿nfO{
6f« lkms kx| /L elgG5 . 6f« lkms kx| /Ln] ;8sdf u8' \g] uf8Lx¿nfO{ ljz]if lgu/fgL
ul//xs] f xG' 5g\ .
6f« lkms kx| /L;Fu uf8L u8' fO/x]sf rfnsx¿nfO{ lgbz]{ g ug{ l;7L xG' 5 . pgLx¿nfO{
oftfoftsf lgodx¿sf] af/d] f /fdf| ] hfgsf/L x'G5 . ;jf/L rfnsn] unt tl/sfn]

92 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff @

uf8L rnfpbF f x'g] b'36{ gfnfO{ /f]Sg
jf sd ug{ 6f« lkms k|x/Lsf] dxŒjk0" f{
e"ldsf /x]sf] xG' 5 . uf8L rnfpg]
dflg;x¿ ;a};Fu ;jf/L rfns
cg'dlt kq -nfO;G] ;_ gx'g klg
;S5 . sfx] L dflg;x¿ /fd|f];uF
uf8L rnfpg ghfgL uf8L rnfpbF f
b'36{ gfdf k/]sf klg x'g ;S5g\ . tL
;a}sf] hfrF a¹' ug{] 6f« lkms k|x/Lsf] sfd xf] . lgod ljk/Lt uf8L rnfpgn] fO{
sfg'gcg';f/ sfoa{ fxL ug{] klg pgLx¿s} sfd xf] .
6«flkms k|x/Ln] af6f] la/fP/ cndlnPsf dflg;x¿nfO{ af6f] bv] fOlbG5g\ .
bl[ i6ljxLg, ckfª\u, j[4 tyf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;8sdf jf/kf/ ug{ d2t u5g{ \ .
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e"sDk af9L klx/f] b'36{ gf ;'gfdL cfunfuL
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nfU5 .
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clxn] u?' cfPkl5 ;a} s'/f gegL==== .
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yfN5, ;a}n] lh:sfpF5g\ ._

zAbf {y n'/] M b'Anf] kftnf] ldNsfOlbg' M kmflnlbg'
es'g{' M s6' g\ '

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tfGg vfH] 5g\ . lgdn{ ¹g\¹g\ ?G5 .
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;/f]h M tnF fO{ s] dtna o;sf] <
lkl| tsf M ;/fh] ltdL t s:tf] dfG5] ¤ lar/f, pm klg t ;fyL xf] lg xfdf| ] .
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lk|ltsf M u?' af ¤ p;sf] gfd

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