Grammar-4-2077-press pdf

Listening Practice

Repeat after your teacher.

A AN THE NO ARTICLE

a bag an outgoing girl the best some milk

a cat an igloo the universe some dust

a bat an elf the Geeta five liter oil

a mat an ice-cream the harmonium two spoonful sugar

a chipboard an anchor the second last Sunday

a can an ink bottle the Kathmandu Post black colour

a monkey an interesting story the Taj Mahal white hair

Grammar Focus: Indefinite Article: A/An

 ‘A’ is used before singular countable nouns starting with consonant
sound.

I have a cell phone.

He has a car.

It is a cricket ball.

My brother has brought a parrot.

This is a table.

She is a smart girl.

This is a pen.

That is a tree.

I have a toy.

They have a servants.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 51

 ‘An’ is used before singular countable nouns starting with vowel
sound.

Have you seen an ox?

She is an intelligent girl.

He is an oaf person.

I have seen an iceberg.

He is an absurd person.

We have seen an eagle.

 A/AN is used before consonant and vowel sound not the letter.

He is a unique person.

It takes an hour to reach there.

He is an obedient child.

An oarsman rows a boat.

It is a useful room.

A son is an heir of his father.

 Some words starting with O and E are pronounced as consonant
sound and come with ‘a’.

a ewe a ewer a eucalyptus tree a eugenicist

a eulogy a euro a Eurasian boy a European friend

a one eyed man a Eurocrat a one rupee note a one-way ticket

a one legged man a one horned rhino a one sided man

 We use ‘a’ or ‘an’ with the words that start with ‘u’.

a unary method a unicellular organism a unicorn a unicycle

a uniform a unilateral decision a union a unit

a university a useless person an ugly girl an umbrella

an ultimatum an umbilical cord an umpire an uncle

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 We use ‘an’ if ‘H’ is silent in the following words.

an heir an heiress an heirloom an hourly plan

an honest man an honourable teacher an hour an honour

 ‘A’ or ‘an’ is not used before plural and uncountable noun.

a caps a butter an eggs

a chairs a water an umbrellas

a fans an ice an oranges
 But article is used if uncountable noun is measured in quantity.

a glass of water a liter oil a kg sugar a spoonful salt
a can of juice a fistful of sugar
a cup of tea a gallon of kerosene

Instant Practice

Fill in the gaps with ‘a’ or ‘an’ where necessary.

____ oarlock ____hammer ____mat

____ oasis ____sharpener ____hen

____ oatcake ____eraser ____bag

____ oatmeal carpet ____doll` ____kite

____ obdurate attitude ____inkpot ____fan

____ obituary notice ____pencil ____axe

____ occasion ____cup ____engineer

____ occupant ____dog ____ant

____ occupier ____airport ____inspector

____ obelisk tree ____insect ____egg

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 53

Instant Practice

Write the name of the following pictures using ‘a’ or ‘an’.

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Grammar Focus: Definite Article: THE

THE is used before:
 object or group of objects when it is unique or considered to be unique:

the earth the sea the sky the equator the stars

 a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause:

the girl in blue the man with the banner

the boy that I met the place where I met him

 a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second
time:

I bought a pen yesterday. The pen writes well.

He gave me a watch. The watch is made in Japan.

There is a car. The car is red.
 parts of the house: the kitchen, the bedroom, the restroom, the guestroom,
the living room, etc.
 ordinal numbers: the first, the third, the fifth, etc.
 superlatives and only:

the finest the best day the only way the worst boy the most exciting
scene, the highest, the smallest, the only son, etc.

 name of inventions: He invented the Television. Who invented the mobile?

 daybreaks: the evening, the morning, the afternoon

 adjectives: the poor, the young, the rich, the deaf, etc

THE is used before the names of:

 organs of human body: the heart, the head, the ear, the nose, etc.
 plural names of countries: the UK, the USA, the Philippines, etc.
 political parties: the UML, the Republican, the R.P.P, etc.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 55

 religious books/groups: the Ramayana, the Bible, the Quran, the Hindus,
the Muslims, etc.
 repeated nouns: There is a dog in my house. The dog is very faithful. She
bought a pencil yesterday. She lost the pencil.
 rivers, seas, oceans: the Gandaki, the Nile, the Red sea, the Indian Ocean,
etc.
 musical instruments: the flute, the piano, the harmonium, the guitar, etc.
 museums and libraries: the Chhauni museum, the national museum, the
British library, etc.
 mountain Ranges: the Churia range, the Himalayas, the Annapurna range
 hotels, theaters: the Soaltee, the Barahai Movies, etc.
 historical buildings: the Taj Mahal, the Kathmandu Mall, the Buddha Mall,
etc.
 groups of Islands: the British Ilres, the West Indies, etc.
 family names and castes: the Limbus, the Magars, the Chhetries, etc.
 deserts: the Sahara, the Thar, etc.
 canals: the Gandak Canal, the Panama Canal, etc.
 directions: the east, the north, the west, the south, etc.

Grammar Focus: : No Article

THE is not used before:
 meals: I have my breakfast at 8. He eats his lunch in school canteen.
 plural nouns: Horses are animals.
 possessive + noun: This is my house. That is his car.
 proper nouns: He lives in Kathmandu. They saw Mahindra at the bus
station.

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 school, church, temple, market and college if they are for primary
purpose: She goes to hospital every day. He has gone to school to study.

 uncountable nouns: Dogs looks after our house. Beer is a drink.

 material nouns: Gold is an expensive metal.

 languages: He speaks English fluently. Can you speak Dutch?

 games and sports: I play football every day. Does he know how to play

basketball?

 festivals: Hindus celebrate Dashain. Christians enjoy Christmas.

 days and months: My son was born on Sunday. He died on Wednesday.

 colours: I like red most. Blue is his favourite colour.

 academic subjects: I am good at English. She likes science very much.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the gaps with a, an or the where necessary. 57
1. I saw _____one eyed man yesterday.
2. There is ______orchard near my house.
3. _____ young are very energetic.
4. There is _____nest in that tree.
5. Have you seen _____owl?
6. _____ stars twinkle at night.
7. She is _____beautiful girl.
8. Social Studies is _____interesting subject.
9. _____ president is staying at _____ Soaltee Hotel.
10. Gold is _____useful metal.
11. I bought _____inkstand last Saturday.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

12. _____ place where I met him is Kalanki.
13. He gave me _____big orange.
14. _____cockroach is _____insect.
15. _____ man with _____ banner is our leader.
16. He gave me a wristwatch. _____ wristwatch is made in Japan.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the gaps with a, an or the where necessary.
1. I am _____Nepali boy.
2. Eman is _____angry boy.
3. Who invented _____ mobile?
4. We played _____bingo game.
5. I have _____idea.
6. We visited _____ Taj Mahal last week.
7. I have bought _____pair of shoes today.
8. The municipality has set up _____eggplant.
9. We saw that movie in _____ Barahai Movies.
10. We have moved to _____new house.
11. This is _____ink pen.
12. This is _____ only way to go to school.
13. I live in _____clean house.
14. This is _____empty room.
15. There is a van. _____ van is red.
16. _____ earth is a living planet.

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3ASSESS YOURSELF 59

Fill in the gaps with a, an or the where necessary.
1. This is _____broken teapot.
2. The monkey is _____ape.
3. There is a kite flying in _____ sky.
4. He is eating _____sweet apple.
5. The pointed piece of ice is called _____icicle.
6. _____ Chhetries are brave.
7. I am sitting on _____couch.
8. My uncle is _____engineer.
9. _____ Chhauni Museum is in Chhauni.
10. She is _____brave woman.
11. Go and buy _____envelope. I need to post this letter.
12. _____ Buddha Mall is not so popular.
13. I have _____five rupee coin.
14. He died of _____illness.
15. _____boy that I met yesterday was his brother.
16. He invented _____ Television.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the gaps with a, an or the where necessary.
1. What is that? Is that _____ mug?
2. A tall decorated container is called _____urn.
3. _____ Bible is a holy book.
4. My father is _____businessman.
5. Rajesh Hamal is _____actor.
6. Sagarmatha lies in _____ north of Nepal.
7. My uncle is _____gentle man.
8. Mohan is _____architect.
9. My friend died because he was drowned in _____ sea.
10. She is _____dentist.
11. Picasso is _____artist.
12. My father reads _____ Ramayana in the evening.
13. Nabin is _____mechanic.
14. _____eagle eyed tourist found a wallet on the way to his journey.
15. Mr. Krishal is _____ second boy of this class.
16. Have you ever heard about _____ equator?

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5ASSESS YOURSELF 61

Fill in the gaps with a, an or the where necessary.
1. I am _____unique person.
2. It is _____old model car.
3. I bought a marker yesterday. _____marker writes well.
4. He is buying _____teddy bear.
5. She is _____innocent child.
6. I am flying to Pokhara in _____ afternoon.
7. Mr. Rai is _____doctor.
8. She is _____unintelligent person.
9. He is working in _____ living room now.
10. He has bought _____white shirt.
11. We live in _____isolated house.
12. _____ Kathmandu Mall is very busy.
13. He lives in _____small flat.
14. _____ant bit me last week.
15. _____ heart circulates blood.
16. He is _____ worst boy of our class.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Vocabulary in Use

Choose the right word for the given pictures.

board bored

bow bough

boy buoy

flower flour

made maid

meat meet

missed mist

right write

tail tale

throne thrown

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GET ADJECTIVES 5
STARTED
Chapter

Read the following story.

Long ago there lived an angry king. He was an old
person. He was originally a German by birth. He
lived in a big city. He had two wives and three sons.
He had many soldiers too. He used to drink in a
silver cup. He had a golden plate to eat food.

Once he asked his young guards to put his intelligent
minister in prison. The wise minister had argued
with the angry king on some law and order issue.
One day, the emperor made a visit to the prison. The
minister was lost in his own world. The king said to
him, “I will release you on one condition. You need to bring me a unique horse.
Find me a horse of green colour.” The minister was astonished at this nonsense
demand. However, he agreed at that awkward condition.

A week later, the minister came to the beautiful palace. “Have you found
the strange colour horse?” the king asked. “Yes, my Lord,” the minister
replied. “But I will show you the horse on an auspicious day.” The king
agreed. “Let me know the next happy day.” The minister replied, “I will show
you the horse on any day, other than Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, Friday or Saturday.” The king burst out laughing. He was not clever
enough to understand it. In fact, he was outsmarted by his shrewd minister.
He decided very fast and asked the guards to release the minister. He was
released and promoted to the next higher position.

Do In the above given story, the coloured words are adjectives.
you They describe a person or thing. They qualify nouns or
Know? pronouns.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 63

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given story.
a. How was the king?
b. How were the guards and the minister?
c. What colour horse did the king ask his minister to bring?
d. What was the minister astonished at?
e. Who outsmarted the king?

Quick An adjective is a word that modifies, or qualifies, a noun or pronoun,
Tip in one of three forms of comparative degree: positive strong,
beautiful, comparative stronger, more beautiful, or superlative
strongest, most beautiful.

Read the following sentences. It is an adjective of quality.
Long ago there lived an angry king. It is an adjective of age.
He was an old person. It is an adjective of nationality.
He was originally a German by birth. It is an adjective of size.
He lived in a big city. It is an adjective of number.
He had two wives and three sons. It is an adjective of quantity.
He had many soldiers too. It is an adjective of material.
He used to drink in a silver cup. It is an adjective of colour.
Find me a horse of green colour.

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Listening Practice

Repeat these words after your teacher.

Types of Adjectives

Quality: happy, sad, old, young, adult, hard, soft, lonely, strong, dull,
intelligent, easy, difficult, good, bad, honest, obedient, silly, friendly,
brave, angry, smart, handsome, stupid, foolish, etc.

Quantity: empty, few, full, heavy, many, numerous, abundant, etc.

Number: one, two, three, four, two hundred, five thousands, ten lakhs, etc.

Size: small, long, short, thin, tall, fat, etc.

Material: leather, cotton, woolen, plastic, golden, etc.

Colour: red, green, white, blue, brown, yellow, black, etc.

Instant Practice

Underline the adjectives in the following sentences.
1. We live in a small house.
2. My sister has a pointed nose.

3. The angry king ate in a golden plate.

4. She has many friends.
5. I have a happy family.
6. Mr. Harry is an intelligent student.
7. It is a wooden chair.
8. The elephant was very large.

9. Don’t touch it. It is very hot.

10. I am not a healthy person. I often become sick.
11. Be an honest person.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 65

12. There lived a wise king.

13. This highway is very wide.

14. I am not strong enough to carry this load.

15. Be careful while crossing the road.

Instant Practice

Ask your friend and answer the following questions using adjectives.

A: What colour is the car?

B: _________________________



A: How is the girl?

B: ___________________________



A: How is the boy running?

B: ________________________

A: How is the building?
B: ________________________



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A: How many flowers, butterflies and birds are there?
B: ________________________

A: What is the bus made of?
B: ________________________




A: How are the quills?
B: ________________________


A: How is the sky?
B: ________________________

Grammar Focus : Comparison of Adjectives

Look at the following pictures and read the given sentences.

A B C
C is the longest of all.
A is long. B is longer than A.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 67

A B C

A is big. B is bigger than A. C is the biggest of all

A B C

1 rupee is a little amount. 50 paisa is less than 1 rupee. 25 paisa it the least amount.



A B C

Rs. 50 is a great amount. Rs. 100 is greater than 50 rupees. Rs. 500 is the greatest amount.

Quick The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the
Tip comparative, and the superlative. We use positive degree if there
is no comparison in quality. We use the comparative for comparing
two things. The word ‘than’ frequently accompanies the comparative.
The inflected suffixes-er, -ier and more are used in comparison.
We use ‘the’ superlative for comparing three or more things. The word
the precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes-est, -iest and most
are used in comparison.

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Instant Practice

Look at the following pictures and answer the following questions.

A: Which is small? A: Which is smaller? A: Which is the smallest
B: ______________. B: ______________. of all?

B: ______________.

A: Which is expensive? A: Which is more A: Which is the most
B: ________________.
expensive? expensive of all?

B: ________________. B: ________________.

A: Which runs fast? A: Which runs faster? A: Which is the fastest of
B: _______________. B: _______________. all?

B: _______________.

A: Which is cheap? A: Which is cheaper? A: Which is the cheapest
B: ____________. B: ____________. of all?

B: ____________.

A: Which is comfortable? A: Which is more A: Which is the most

comfortable? comfortable of all?

B: ________________. B: ________________. B: ________________.

Grammar Focus: Formation of Comparative and Superlative

1. Adjective + -er / -est: Adjective of one syllable adds-er in the comparative
form and -est in superlative form.

Positive Comparative Superlative

cheap cheaper cheapest

cold colder coldest

hard harder hardest

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 69

old older oldest

sharp sharper sharpest
2. Adjective + -r/-st: One syllable adjectives ending in -e add -r in the
comparative form and -st in the superlative form.
Positive Comparative Superlative
large larger largest
brave braver bravest
fine finer finest
nice nicer nicest
true truer truest
3. Double Consonant + -er\-est.
Positive Comparative Superlative
big bigger biggest
hot hotter hottest
sad sadder saddest
slim slimmer slimmest
wet wetter wettest
4. i + -er/-est: If a one- syllable adjective ends in consonant + -y,- y is changed
into -i when -er/ -est is added.
Positive Comparative Superlative
dry drier driest
happy happier happiest
heavy heavier heaviest

pretty prettier prettiest

ugly uglier ugliest
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5. Irregular comparatives and superlatives.

Positive Comparative Superlative

much more most

little less least

good better best

far further farthest

bad worse worst

6. Adjectives of more than two syllables form their comparative/superlative
by adding more to the comparative form and most in the superlative.

Positive Comparative Superlative

cheerful more cheerful most cheerful

exciting more exciting most exciting

expensive more expensive most expensive

useul more useful most useful

valuable more valuable most valuable

Instant Practice

Complete the following table.

Positive Comparative Superlative
able
active
black
brave
bright
clever
costly
dear

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 71

dirty
dry
easy
exciting
few
heavy
hot
large
long
lucky
mad
merry
near
popular
pretty
rich
short
smart
strange
sweet
ugly
wise

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline adjectives in the following sentences.

1. There is an empty room upstairs.

2. We did not find the joke amusing.

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3. I see the sea very rough today.
4. This park is clean and green.
5. Many people exercise to keep healthy.
6. Don’t be crazy.
7. It is windy today.
8. My handwriting is very neat.
9. His drawing is beautiful.
10. I think these eggs are rotten.
11. It’s a hot summer.
12. James was absent because he was ill.
13. Man Bahadur is very quiet today.
14. That problem is too difficult.
15. We are all bored. There isn’t anything to do.
16. You are so kind.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline adjectives in the following sentences and write their opposite
meanings too.
1. Kamana is a tall girl.
2. I am so weak that I cannot carry this load.
3. My brother is very young.
4. This is a narrow street.
5. Rose is very beautiful.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 73

6. I have bought an expensive camera.

7. This is a useful room.

8. It is safe to cross the road at zebra crossing.

9. Her sister is very thin.

10. Dirty water spreads diseases.

11. He is a difficult person.

12. The story has a happy ending.

13. The condition of the poor is miserable.

14. This is a valuable herb.

15. They live in a dark house.

16. An apple has a sweet taste.

Word Opposite Word Opposite

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct adjective to complete the following paragraphs.
1. Travelling by bicycle is a very _____ way to see the countryside. First of all
it’s _____, and secondly it’s _____. Also, you don’t have to worry about parking
your car or waiting a _____ time for a bus. It’s _____ too! However, in the city

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there are lots of disadvantages. There’s a lot of traffic, which is _____ and ____,
and also there aren’t enough _____ places on the road for bicycles to use. If you
cycle to work in the rain, you will be very ____ when you arrive. This might be a
problem if you have to look _____ at work. Despite the disadvantages, thousands

of people travel by bicycle every day. Try it for a week – you might like it!

dangerous, dirty, special, wet, smart, good, cheap, clean, long, healthy

2. My parents were too _____. They were always _____ about me and my two
brothers all the time. Our parents both had _____ childhoods so they wanted
ours to be _____. Every minute of our lives was spent doing ____ things.
We never got ______time to be kids just playing on our bikes in the street.
What they didn’t understand was that we didn’t want our childhood to
be ____. We wanted it to be _____. We were spoilt and I don’t think that they
taught us working for things is _____. I learned it only when I left home all of
______and started to spend my own money!

important, great, sufficient, careful, worried, terrible, perfect, expensive, normal,
sudden

4ASSESS YOURSELF 75

Choose the correct word to complete the following sentences.
1. She is _____than her sister. (clever, more cleverer)
2. His room is _____than theirs. (clean, cleaner)
3. Sonam is a _____man. He has a lot of money. (rich, richer)
4. Jestha is the _____month of a year. (first, second)
5. Honey is _____than sugar. (sweet, sweeter)
6. Dayan has eaten _____apples today. (many, much)
7. Sagarmatha is the _____peak in the world. (high, highest)
8. Kathmandu is the _____city in Nepal. (big, biggest)

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

9. Iron is _____than wood. (strong, stronger)
10. Nepalese people are _____than American. (poor, poorer)
11. I live in the _____part of the country. (poor, poorest)
12. Cycling is _____than sleeping. (healthy, healthier)
13. Mina is the _____student of this class. (clever, cleverest)
14. My brother is _____than me. (better, good)
15. We are _____ today than yesterday. (more tired, most tired)
16. My friend Gems is _____than his friend Tom. (helpful, more helpful)
17. He is a very _____ person. (friendly, friendlier)
18. Mina is _____ than Manisha. (ugly, uglier)

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Compare the following pictures using the given words.

1. (big) :_______________________________________________

2. (small) :_______________________________________________

3. (faithful) :_______________________________________________

4. (intelligent) :_______________________________________________

5. (useful) :_______________________________________________

6. (clean) :_______________________________________________

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1. (big) :_______________________________________________
2. (small) : _______________________________________________
3. (cheap) :_______________________________________________
4. (expensive) :_______________________________________________
5. (useful) :_______________________________________________
6. (portable) : _______________________________________________

1. (large) :_______________________________________________

2. (tiny) :_______________________________________________

3. (fierce) :_______________________________________________

4. (attractive) :_______________________________________________

5. (valuable ) :_______________________________________________

6. (funny) :_______________________________________________

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 77

Vocabulary in Use

Choose the right word for the given pictures.
brake break

fur fir
gait gate

grate great
arc ark

hair hare
herd heard
bare bear

dear deer

here hear

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GET ADVERBS 6
STARTED
Chapter

Read the following text.

Some people believe that only work is important.

This is not always true. Work and rest are equally

important. It is really important that work is done to

make our living. We never say that today I have nothing Work
to do. We have always something to do every day.
Rest

We say yesterday I could not finish my work. I have to

complete it today at any cost. If a work is not finished

today, we are determined to do it tomorrow. Regular unrest makes us tired

slowly and gradually. We often do not have time to do exercise both inside and

outside of our house. We seldom go for hiking or long walks. It is important

that we must work only certain hours and take a rest for certain hours. Balance

between the work and rest normally makes us healthy. Therefore, work and

rest are equally important for all of us.

Do In the above given text, the coloured words are adverbs. They
you are modifiers.
Know?

Speaking Practice

Say what words are adverbs in the following sentences.
a. Regular unrest makes us tired slowly and gradually.
b. We often do not have time to do exercise both inside and outside of our
house.
c. If a work is not finished today, we are determined to do it tomorrow.
d. Work and rest are equally important.
e. It is really important that work is done to make our living.
f. We never say that today I have nothing to do.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 79

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another
Quick adverb. Adverbs may indicate place or direction, time, degree, manner,

Tip and belief or doubt. Like adjectives, they too may be comparative.

Read the following sentences.
I ran fast. It tells the manner.
It is raining outside. It tells the place.
We are going to movie tonight. It tells the time.
He always works hard. It tells the frequency.
I am extremely sorry for being late. It tells the degree.

An adverb tells us more about a verb. It describes or modifies the
Quick verb in some way. Many adverbs end with the suffix –ly but not all.

Tip Adverbs often tell us how something happened.

Listening Practice

Repeat these adverbs after your teacher.

Where When How Often How What Extent
Place Time Frequency Manner Degree
about after annually accidentally absolutely
above already daily angrily almost
anywhere before ever anxiously badly
around early fortnightly awkwardly barely
away fast frequently badly completely
back just generally blindly deeply
behind late hourly boldly enough
below later monthly bravely entirely
down next never busily fairly
elsewhere now nightly calmly far
everywhere previously normally carelessly fully

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here since occasionally cheerfully greatly
clearly how
in the room soon often closely indeed
courageously just
inside still quarterly cruelly least
easily little
nearby then rarely equally most
eventually much
off today regularly exactly nearly

on the table tomorrow seldom

outside tonight sometimes

over yesterday usually

under yet weekly

Grammar Focus: Types of Adverb

Adverbs of Manner

I came to meet him accidentally.

He spoke to me angrily.

The boy was punished badly.

Don’t trust on anyone blindly.

Please speak clearly.

I can do it easily.

The words like accidently, angrily, badly, blindly, clearly and
Quick easily are manner adverbs. They describe the manner in which

Tip actions are done.

Adverbs of Place
You can park your bike anywhere.
There is a cat sitting behind the house.
We are fine here and hope you are also fine there.
We were all sitting in the room.
Some students are still inside the classroom.
It is raining outside.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 81

Quick The words like anywhere, behind, there, here, in the room, inside
Tip and outside are place adverbs. They describe the place of an action.

Adverbs of Time
It is very hot today.
My sister came from the USA yesterday.
What are you doing tomorrow?
The baby is sleeping now.
He hasn’t completed his homework yet.
I have already seen that movie.

Quick The words like today, yesterday, tomorrow, now, yet and already
Tip are time adverbs. They describe the time of an action.

Adverbs of Frequency
She often sends me message.
They always go for morning walk.
He never speaks the truth.
I visit my parents once a month.
This is a monthly magazine.
The milkman delivers milk every day.

Quick The words like often, always, never, once a month, monthly and
Tip every day are frequency adverbs. They describe the frequency of an
action.

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Adverbs of Degree
As he is very sick, he is in hospital.
Almost all students failed the exam.
You should not entirely depend on others.
The weather is fairly good today.
I am completely free now.
I am deeply shocked at his death.

Quick The words like very, almost, entirely, fairly, completely and deeply
Tip are adverbs of degree. They describe the extent or degree of an
action.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline adverbs in the following sentences. 83
1. The boys are playing upstairs.
2. The dog is in the garden.
3. It is very sunny outside but cold inside.
4. Tortoises walk slowly.
5. The accident happened near the highway.
6. I go to temple twice a week.
7. The sea is very stormy.
8. I am pretty well today.
9. She always wakes up at 6 in the morning.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

10. I often watch TV after dinner.
11. He seldom goes to bed before 10:00.
12. I sometimes read a book in the evenings.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline adverbs in the following sentences.
1. What time do you normally go to bed?
2. We frequently go out at weekends.
3. I rarely go to the gym.
4. I hardly ever read the newspaper.
5. My mother calls me daily to make sure that we are ok.
6. Parent’s day is held annually in every school.
7. I normally get good marks in exam.
8. We usually go to cinema on Saturday.
9. I occasionally eat Chinese food.
10. The fire is extremely hot.
11. She gratefully accepted money from her mother.
12. The dog curiously wandered around yard.
13. Rohan does everything sincerely.
14. Please write legibly. I couldnot understand it.
15. He is adequately talented.

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3ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline adverbs in the following sentences.
1. I am eagerly waiting for the test scores.
2. The students have recently visited the zoo.
3. The ball landed somewhere in the land.
4. Please spell the word correctly.
5. He always speaks politely.
6. She ran quickly.
7. The teacher has almost finished his lecture.
8. Unfortunately, there is no more food for us.
9. I generally like to eat hot dogs.
10. He swims well.
11. She is running slowly.
12. We spoke softly to everyone.
13. Kaman plays the flute beautifully.
14. The dog is chewing the bone greedily.
15. She has not arrived yet.

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following adjectives into adverbs by adding –ly.

angry _________ anxious _________ bad _________

brave _________ busy _________ calm _________

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 85

careful _________ careless _________ certain _________
correct _________ curious _________ eager _________
easy _________ excited _________ sad _________
fortunate_________ furious _________ gentle _________
glad _________ happy _________ honest _________
hungry _________ immediate _________ jealous _________
kind _________ lazy _________ loud _________
natural _________ nervous _________ painful_________
patient _________ perfect _________ playful_________
polite _________ quick _________ quiet _________

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Find any eight adverbs and use them in your own sentences.

I was reading a recently made advert for a newly launched mobile phone on
a particular day, which clearly described the aforementioned object as an ‘aid
to convenience’. As a techno-phobic who does not have a mobile phone, still
less an on-line connection, I was extremely intrigued by the quite amazing
confidence of this claim. For the very reason I do not have a mobile phone is
that I don’t want to be at someone else’s back and call almost all 24 hours a
day. But apparently there are plenty of sane adults out there who do. Actually, I
know plenty of people who bought their phone on the strict understanding that it
was to be used for emergencies only. But the sinister thing gradually took over
their lives, to the point where it seems they can barely live without it. Giving a
mobile phone to a very restless child makes even less sense. Parents lose their
heavenly freedom and the children significantly lose the ability to take care
of themselves.

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Vocabulary in Use

Choose the right word for the given pictures.
bean been

beach beech

die dye
bee be
berry bury
boar bore
cent sent

check cheque

ewe you
I eye
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 87

GET SENTENCES 7
STARTED
Chapter

Read the following set of sentences.

First Set Second Set
Bats are mammals. any oranges got have you

They are the only mammals that can changed have you phone number your

fly. do work you where

There are nearly 1,000 species of bats.
do you him know
They are found in all kinds of habitats.
cars both to decided we the sell
Bats live in tropical rain forests.
you what think do
Bats live in cold climate where trees
what done is now being
are not grown.

They lower their body temperature to
save energy.

Do The words in the first set make sense but the second set has
you jumbled words that do not make sense.
Know?

Speaking Practice

Answer the following questions.
a. Are the words arranged in order in the first set?
b. Are the words arranged in order in the second set?
c. Which of the sets gives us complete meaning?
d. What do the sentences in the first set have in common?
e. Why does the second set not give any meaning?

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Quick A group of words that give complete meaning or make sense is
Tip called a sentence. It starts with capital letter, ends with punctuation
and the words are arranged in proper order.

Instant Practice

Arrange the following group of words to make sentences.

a. any oranges got have you. __________________________

b. changed have you phone number your. __________________________

c. do work you where. __________________________

d. do you him know. __________________________

e. cars both to decided we the sell. __________________________

f. you what think do. __________________________

g. what done is now being. __________________________

Look and read.

Letters E H N A C P A L Words the well flute Sentence He can play
he play. the flute well.
YEHTFULE
TELWl

Quick Letters are combined to form words. Words are combined to form
Tip sentences. Words in sentences have to be ordered properly to give full
meaning. Thus, a sentence is a group of words set together to make
complete sense.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 89

Look at the following sentences.

Every sentence The sun rises in the east. Sentences end with full
starts with the Are you typing this letter? stop (.), question mark
capital letter. Help the poor. (?) or exclamation mark
What a cute baby it is! depending upon their
types.

Instant Practice

Tick the sentences that give complete meaning and cross those that do
not.
1. Do I turn right or left from here?
2. I have to buy a new copy.
3. Give us milk cow.
4. Tom, can you see that brown fox ?
5. My teacher asked me to correct the sum.
6. Was writing him a he letter.
7. May I have two apples?
8. They rice are eating.
9. The king bought an elephant.
10. The pen he bought is black.

Instant Practice

Arrange the following group of words to make complete sentences.
1. do you how do.
2. any got have you problems.
3. want lunch when to do you have.
4. you here have before been.

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5. you do ok feel.
6. is son his intelligent.
7. a father businessperson is my.
8. house my has beautiful a garden.
9. crying the is baby now.
10. what you now are doing.

Instant Practice

Rewrite the following sentences making their first letters capital with
correct punctuation marks.
1. hasn’t he arrived yet
2. how we laughed
3. they accepted the court’s decision
4. do you like to play
5. how quickly the time passed
6. they arrived shortly after 5
7. how lucky you are
8. they met at the agreed time
9. what a nice photo
10. how warm the water is
11. are you fine today
12. she died on a Tuesday
13. she accused him of lying
14. does your brother love travelling
15. she agreed to let me go early

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 91

Grammar Focus: Types of Sentences

Affirmative
I have many toys.
Dharma has been to Pokhara twice.
I’ve ridden on a horse.
We always talk about diseases.
The shop has been decorated.
I’ve always known about you and Dina

Quick An affirmative sentence starts with a noun or pronoun as a subject and
Tip ends with a full stop. It says ‘yes’.

Negative
I do not have any toys.
Dharma has not been to Pokhara twice.
I’ve not ridden on a horse.
We never talk about diseases.
The shop has not been decorated.
I’ve never known about you and Dina.

Quick A negative sentence starts with a noun or pronoun as a subject and
Tip ends with a full stop. It says ‘no’.

Interrogative
Do I have any toys?
Has Dharma been to Pokhara twice?

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Have I ridden on a horse?
Do we ever talk about diseases?
Has the shop been decorated?
Have I ever known about you and Dina?

Quick An interrogative sentence start with what or how and ends with a
question mark (?) instead of a full stop. It asks questions. It starts with
Tip auxiliary verb or WH words.

Imperative
Listen carefully!
Be quiet!
Please help me.
Never insult your friends.
Don’t smoke here.
Let me do it.

Quick An imperative sentence starts with a verb. It also starts with don’t,
Tip please, never, let, etc. and ends with a full stop. It can also end with an
exclamation point (!) if the order is very firm.

Exclamatory
What a journey we had!
What idiots we’ve been!
What a stupid mistake you made!
How lovely flowers these are!
How lucky!
How lovely roses!

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 93

Quick An exclamatory sentence starts with what or how and ends with an
exclamation point (!) instead of a full stop. It expresses our inner
Tip feelings.

Instant Practice

Write what type the following sentences are.
1. We put candles on his birthday cake.
2. What a pleasant man Mr. Manoj is!
3. Come here.
4. He is not eating an apple pie.
5. How intelligent John is!
6. I spent the morning in the park.
7. When is your birthday?
8. Help me please.
9. Is that your pen?
10. Listen to your mother.
11. Sandy picked flowers from the garden.
12. She did not get up early in the morning.
13. The teacher did not write on the whiteboard.
14. Was he present in the class yesterday?
15. What a sad story grandfather told us!
16. Sing a song.
17. Nothing has happened to me.
18. Are those your books?
19. Who is your English teacher?

20. What an idea !

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Instant Practice

Look at the following pictures and make any six sentences.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Rewrite the following sentences making their first letters capital with
correct punctuation marks.
1. the principal gave him the prize
2. what expensive shoes these are
3. someone knocked at the door
4. the dog ran after the cat
5. what good whisky this is
6. the fox hid behind the bushes
7. my uncle came from Islamabad

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 95

8. the bug did not crawl under the rug
9. she does not throw a stone at the window
10. did they shake hands when they met
11. do we stick paper together with glue
12. how difficult exercises these are
13. do whatever you like
14. never be late again
15. help me, please

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Arrange the following group of words to make complete sentences.
1. do what you living for do a
2. do who you are think you
3. want who to you do to speak
4. watching does enjoy she films old
5. what been have doing you
6. being are the looked them by children after
7. cricket they fond playing of are
8. does her have what she hand in
9. English he a to wanted teacher be of
10. height she slim is and average of
11. his he to had dinner started just eat
12. where you do live
13. where you have been
14. which you films seen have
15. you do to have ask

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3ASSESS YOURSELF 97

Write what type the following sentences are.
1. Are the men old?
2. He was once on TV.
3. How exciting the movie was!
4. I never went skiing.
5. How expensive these shoes are!
6. Can’t we do something about the problem?
7. How many women were there at the party last Saturday?
8. There is not much milk left.
9. Is the table clean?
10. Have you travelled recently?
11. Drink milk every morning.
12. Spell your first name.
13. How difficult these exercises are!
14. Don’t go there tomorrow.
15. Study hard every day.
16. What an ugly bird!
17. Please help me.
18. Must you sing a song?
19. I did not see anything there.
20. Say no to drugs.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I am an honest boy. I am not an honest boy. Am I an honest boy?
We are students. You had not called me.
He has called me. May it rain today?
She was a spy. I could not type fast.
They were at the party. Should I help her?
You had called me.
I can draw a picture.
It may rain today.
I do my work.
He does his homework.
We did it at once.
She is a wise person.
I could type fast.
We would go there.
I should help her.

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I watch TV. I do not watch TV. Do I watch TV?
We play a game.

You sing songs.

He dances well.

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She prepares tea. I did not eat an apple. Did I eat an apple?
I ate an apple. I won’t go home. Will I go home?
We called him.
They invited us.
You called me a liar.
She helped me.
I will go home.
He will read stories.
She will cut grass.
They will swim fast.
You will be sad.

6ASSESS YOURSELF

Observe the following information and write what Nabin likes and
dislikes.

Likes Dislikes
read story books read comics
eat out at restaurants eat at friend’s
help people in need being insulted
eat hot dog eat spicy food
play football play basketball
sing pop songs sing folk songs

Nabin likes travelling to new places. He does not like travelling to familiar places.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 99

Vocabulary in Use

Choose the right word for the given pictures.

stake steak

steal steel

vain vein

write right

yoke yolk

yore your
wood would

way weigh
waist waste

weak week

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