Grammar-4-2077-press pdf

Grammar Focus: Simple Past Tense

Read the following sentences.

I went to the zoo yesterday.

I saw many animals there.

I observed many birds.

I took photograph of animals and birds.

I ate an ice-cream.

I also had an elephant ride.

I rowed on a boat.

Do The coloured words went, saw, observed, took, ate, had and
you rowed tell us past actions. They are in simple past tense. The
Know? structure of simple past tense is Sub + V2 + Obj.

Speaking Practice

Answer the following questions.
1. What did you do yesterday?
______________________
2. Where did you buy this dress?
______________________
3. What did you eat at the party?
______________________
4. How did you go to school?
______________________
5. When did you wake up this morning?
______________________

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 151

6. What game did you play on Saturday?
______________________
7. Why did you go to hospital?
______________________
8. Who called you yesterday?
______________________
9. How did you go to market?
______________________
10. Why did you come late?
______________________

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.
I ate an apple yesterday.
She called me at midnight.
The cow died in the river.
We won the match.
They scolded us.
Madam gave us bonus at Dashain.
The plane landed heavily.
They killed a snake.
He bought a new dress.
I painted the house blue.

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G Frammar ocus: Use of Simple Past Tense

My father brought me a calculator yesterday.
We went to the zoo on Saturday.
The earthquake took place in 2072.
I passed class two 2 years ago.
We visited Illam last month.

Quick This tense is used to describe the completed actions some time ago in
Tip the past.

Instant Practice

Change these sentences into simple past tense.
1. I play table tennis.
2. We finish our work.
3. He writes a poem.
4. She goes to the market.
5. It has some sense.
6. They use this room quite often.
7. You worship god.
8. Kaman scolds his brother.
9. Rekha invites her friend.
10. Anup cheats in the exam.
11. These boys work hard.
12. Those girls run fast.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 153

Instant Practice

Write the simple past tense of these verbs on the blanks.

1. take ____________ 7. tell ____________

2. walk ____________ 8. write ____________

3. rain ____________ 9. sit ____________

4. shut ____________ 10. read ____________

5. open ____________ 11. close ____________

6. cry ____________ 12. cook ____________

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with was or were.

1. Don’t blame him. It ________ my mistake.

2. There ________ a lot of people at our party yesterday.

3. What _______ you doing at this time yesterday?

4. He ________ sick yesterday.

5. There ________ a small lake here many years ago.

6. We ________ the champions last year.

7. It ____really interesting programme.

8. Mom and Dad ________ on vacation last week.

9. The weather ________ fine this morning.

10. Where is James? He ________ here just now.

Grammar Focus: Simple Future Tense

Read the following sentences.

I will go to the fun park tomorrow.

I will have a lot of fun there.

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I will play different games.
I will eat an ice-cream.
I will take photos.
I will write a poem.
I will compose a song.

Do The coloured words will go, will have, will play, will eat,
you will take, will write and will compose tell us future actions.
Know? They are in simple future tense. The structure of simple
future tense is Sub + Will/Shall + V1 + Obj.

Speaking Practice

Answer the following questions.
1. What will you do tonight?
______________________
2. What will you do tomorrow?
______________________
3. What will you do on Saturday?
______________________
4. Where will you go during holidays?
______________________
5. What will you do at Dashain?
______________________
6. What will you do on parent’s day?
______________________

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 155

7. What will you do on your birthday?
______________________
8. What will you do at Christmas?
______________________

Instant Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.
1. It will rain tomorrow.
2. They will help us.
3. She will invite them at the party.
4. He will marry next month.
5. We will visit the Taj Mahal next year.
6. I will join computer class next month.
7. I will call you later.
8. We will go abroad in August.
9. What will you do next week?
10. Will you come tomorrow?

Grammar Focus : Use of Simple Future Tense

I will take a bath tonight.
We will fly kites at Dashain.
They will dance at the party.
My father will come in May.
It will snow tomorrow.
I will be twelve years next year.
You will complete this course next month.
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Quick Simple future tense is used to describe the future actions. The time is
Tip after the time of speaking in the future.

Instant Practice

Change these sentences into simple future tense.

1. Anup cheats in the exam.

2. He writes a story.

3. I play table tennis.

4. It has some meaning.

5. Kaman scolds his brother.

6. Binisha invites her friend.

7. She goes to the market.

8. They use this room quite often.

9. We finish our work.

10. You worship god.

Instant Practice

Tomorrow it is Saturday. Look at the following table and write what
each of them will do.

Mohan go to Dakshinkali temple
Monika visit the zoo
Manoj play cricket with friends
Manisha stay at home
Manish attend a party
Mitra learn cycling

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 157

Mandeep play football

Mandira clean the room

Mehar help parents in the farm

Melisha watch TV

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences with correct verb forms in simple
future tense.

1. Hem ______ to his village next week. (go)

2. The students _____a game. (play)

3. I ______ police if I see shop lifting. (call)

4. Maya______ good marks in exam. (score)

5. We ______ The Taj Mahal next year. (visit)

6. The teacher ______ about our culture tomorrow. (ask)

7. Naina______ at the party. (dance)

8. I______ a computer. (buy)

9. Riya ______ her best dress at the party. (wear)

10. We ______ our class on Teacher’s Day. (decorate)

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences using appropriate forms of the verbs
given in the brackets.
1. He ——– (go) to that place every year.
2. Water ——— (boil) at 100 degree Celsius.
3. My child usually ——– (go) to school by bus.

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4. I —— (watch) a movie now.
5. We —— (go) to Mumbai last year.
6. This bag ——– (contain) flour.
7. Now I ——— (think) of quitting the job.
8. Birds ——— (live) in nests.
9. My sister ——— (work) abroad.
10. I ——— (type) at the moment.
11. I ——— never (hear) such nonsense.
12. We _____ an accident yesterday. (get)
13. They _____out. (go)
14. Mina _____the exam. (pass)
15. Ram _____ a lot of noise in class. (make)

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Rewrite the following sentences using the tense indicated in the
brackets.

1. He will do his work with diligence. (Simple present)

2. I followed his instructions. (Simple future)

3. You eat an apple. (Present continuous)

4. I will not allow this to happen. (Simple past)

5. My trip to the USA was successful. (Simple present)

6. He worked very hard. (Simple Future)

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 159

7. I will never raise any demand. (Present perfect)
8. He walked out of the room without looking at anybody. (Simple future)
9. He is crying at the top of his voice. (Past perfect)
10. They sang song. (Simple present)
11. I will never have betrayed my country. (Simple future)
12. John broke his leg. (Present perfect)
13. I know it is not the right thing to do. (Simple past)
14. We buy vegetables from the market. (Present perfect)

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with the correct simple past tense of the verbs in
parentheses.
1. She ___________ home alone. (go)
2. The wind ___________ throughout the night. (blow)
3. An apple ___________ on his head. (drop)
4. The Princess’s ball ___________ into the well. (roll)
5. A frog ______ into the well and ________ it back to her. (jump / bring)
6. Jack ___________ the highest grade in his English class. (get)
7. The party ___________ at 8:00 P.M. (begin)
8. He __________ his old car and __________ a new one. (sell/buy)
9. Jack ___________ up the ladder carefully. (climb)

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10. Who ___________ all the windows? (shut)
11. The police ___________ the criminal. (catch)
12. He ___________ married last year. (get)

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with the present progressive tense of the verbs in
parentheses.
1. They ________________ the roller-coaster ride. (enjoy)
2. Jill ________________ her hair. (wash)
3. It ________________ dark. (get)
4. The dentist ________________ Sue’s teeth. (examine)
5. The train ________________ through the tunnel. (pass)
6. The men _______________ very hard in the sun. (work)
7. What _________ the theater _________ today? (show)
8. We ________________ a snowman. (make)
9. The plane ________________ above the clouds. (fly)
10. The teachers ________________ a meeting. (have)
11. The boys ___________ outside. (fight)
12. My father ___________in the field. (work)
13. Krishala ___________ her friends. (call)
14. The dog ___________continuously.(bark)
15. These cows ___________in the field.(graze)

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Vocabulary in Use
Choose the right word for the given pictures.
bell belle
cord chord
goat got
bald bawled
ball bawl
feat feet
flea flee
flew flu
fore four
idle idol

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GET PREPOSITIONS 12
STARTED
Chapter

Read the following description.

Anne Frank was born in Frankfurt, Germany, on
June 12, 1929. Her family was Jewish. In 1933,
the Nazi Party came to power in Germany.
The Nazis blamed Jews for the nation’s
problems and began a campaign against Jews.
The Frank family moved to Amsterdam in
the Netherlands to escape the Nazis. But in
1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, and
Jewish people there began to suffer under
anti-Jewish policies.

Anne’s father prepared a hiding place for
his family. He sealed off several rooms at the back of his office building, and
he covered the entrance with a movable bookcase. In July 1942, Anne, her
mother and father, her sister Margot, and four Jewish friends stepped
behind the bookcase into the hidden rooms. The Frank family and their
friends stayed shut away in secret for over two years. Anne started to write
a diary to tolerate pain and fear. She was very good at expressing her thoughts
and feelings in words.

Anne was 13 when she started to write. Throughout her time in hiding,
Anne maintained her faith in human nature. She wrote, “In spite of everything,
I still believe that people are really good at heart.” In 1944, the Frank family’s
hiding place was betrayed to the German secret police. Anne was sent to the
Bergen-Belsen prison camp in Germany. She died at the camp in 1945 at the age
of 15.

Do In the above given description, the coloured words are
you prepositions. They are used before a noun or pronoun to show,
Know? time, place, position or method.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 163

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. Where was Anne Frank born?
b. When was Anne Frank born?
c. When did Nazi Party come to power in Germany?
d. Where and at what age did Anne die?
e. How old was she when she started to write?

Quick Words that combine with a noun or pronoun to form a phrase are
Tip termed as prepositions. They show relationship.

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.


The egg are in the nest.
The jug is on the table.


A bear is in the jungle. A man is sitting under a tree.

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The girl is under the tree. There is a key in a lock.

The clock is on the wall.
The ball is under the table.
Instant Practice The cat is beside/by the armchair.
The table is between the chair and the
armchair.
The carpet is on the floor.
The lamp is on the table.
The flowers are in the vase.

Underline the prepositions in the following sentences.
1. The man fell off the ladder.
2. We have dinner at 7:30 P.M.
3. Tom was born on a Friday.
4. There are seven days in a week.
5. Sue is running after her dog.
6. Several people are waiting at the bus stop.
7. I received a letter from Sara yesterday.
8. Why are you still in bed?
9. We get up in the morning.
10. I have been in the same class since first grade.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 165

Grammar Focus: Preposition of Time

AT: specific time IN: non specific time ON: days, date
at 2:00 pm and occasion
at 5 o’clock during a day: in the on Sunday
at dawn morning, in the afternoon, in on Monday
at dusk the evening on Saturdays
at noon on May 23, 2018
at night month: in January on April 10, 2019
at sunrise on Parents’ Day
at sunset year: in 2018 on Mother’s Day
at dinnertime
season: in summer

long period of time: in the
next century, in the past,

in 10 years

Read the following sentences.
I always visit her at 3:00 pm.
He called me at night.
What was he doing at dinnertime?
My brother goes to college in the morning.
I was born in May.
His father died in 2017.
It is cold in winter.
People lived in cave in the past.
My birthday is on Friday.
She got married on 23rd April, 2012.
It is holiday on Saturday.
I met him on labourer’s day.
It was very lovely on that day.

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Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with on, in or at.
1. I always sleep ____9 pm.
2. She was born_____ 23rd May, 2014.
3. He got married _____2012.
4. We just talked ____noon.
5. What work do you do ___the evening?
6. I am going to my home___ Friday.
7. It is very cold ___winter.
8. I will call you ___my birthday.
9. He called me___ night.
10. People worship cow ____Tihar.

Grammar Focus: Preposition of Place and Location

There are books in The bridge is over
the bag. the river.

There is a carpet on The teacher
the floor. is among the
students.
Two buses hit
against each other. The bird is flying
above the river.

She is walking The man is walking
through the door.
towards the

temple.

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The dog is walking The old man is
around the tree. walking along the
road.
The table is near
the bedroom. The girl is walking
across the bridge.
There is a dog
under the table. The students are
inside the room.
The boy is hiding
behind the tree. The teacher is
going out of the
The bank is in front class.
of the temple.
The boy is diving
The snake came into the swimming
from the hole. pool.

The boy is standing
beside his father.

The dog is sitting He is standing at
between the boys. the door.

Instant Practice

Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions of place and direction.
1. The cats are ____the room.
2. The girl is standing ____the door.
3. The clothes are hanging ____the wall.

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4. The dog is standing ____the man. 169
5. The thief ran _____the forest.
6. My brother is walking ____the road.
7. One dog is running ____the bridge.
8. Students are studying ____their classroom.
9. The dog is sitting ____two men.
10. Distribute these papers ____the friends.

Grammar Focus: Words Followed by Preposition

1. He accused me of taking money.
2. I’m addicted to drugs.
3. I’m afraid of snakes.
4. Sorry, I don’t agree with you.
5. We agree on most subjects but not politics.
6. Are you allergic to anything?
7. I’m very angry at/with you.
8. I feel anxious about the interview.
9. I’m ashamed of what I did last Saturday.
10. I am aware of the problem.
11. I am really bad at swimming.
12. This movie is based on a rural village.
13. That does not belong to you. It’s mine.
14. I am trying to concentrate on my work.
15. The exam consists of listening and speaking.
16. I am disappointed with the film.
17. He is interested in writing poems.
18. I’m involved in a few organizations.
19. Don’t be jealous of others.
20. She is very kind to children.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Instant Practice

Look at the following pictures and fill in the gaps with correct
prepositions.

The cat is _____table. The copies are ___the The cat is ___the
bag. kitchen.

The baby is _____two The boy is The baby is ____the
men.
standing_____ the class. room.

The books are ___the The beggar is ____of the The dog is walking ____
table.
school. the tree.

The bag is ___ the table. She is moving ____ the The thermometer is

temple. ____ his mouth.

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1ASSESS YOURSELF 171

Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the box.
by near on at between in around into up behind
1. The bus arrived ________ 8:30 A.M.
2. The children are swimming ________ the pool.
3. There’s a picture ________ the wall.
4. There is a fence ________ the house.
5. Granny is sitting ________ fire.
6. Harold is hiding ________ the chair.
7. Jack climbed ________ the beanstalk.
8. We divided the candy ________ us.
9. I dived ______ the river.
10. Don’t go too ________ the edge.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions.
1. Autumn begins _____ September. (in, on)
2. Breakfast is served ____ seven o’clock. (at, in)
3. Dad always keeps his wallet _____ the drawer. (on, in)
4. Dad gets home about six _____ the evening. (at, in)
5. It has not rained at all____ two weeks.(since, for)
6. It’s always hot ___ summer. (in, on)
7. Jane is jumping ____ the pool.(in, into)

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

8. Joe arrived ____ me. (after, than)
9. Many shops close ___Sundays. (in, on)
10. The books fell ____ the shelf. (of, off)
11. The horse jumped ____ the hurdle. (under, over)
12. The movie starts ____ two in the afternoon. (at, in)
13. The school is____ the park. (near, on)
14. The trees lose their leaves ____ winter. (in, on)
15. There is a long mirror ___the wall. (in, on)
16. There’s a big balloon ___ the sky. (in, on)
17. They were married ____ 1990. (in, on)
18. We always wash our hands ___ meals. (before, in)
19. We go to bed ___ night. (at, in)
20. We watched the World Cup game ____2:00 A.M. (until, at)

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.
1. He was born ______ January. (on, in)
2. Kaman bought a guitar____Tihar. (in, at)
3. We have a holiday _____Sunday. (in, on)
4. The teacher is _____the class. (nearby, in front of)
5. What did you do ____ lunchtime yesterday? (in, at)
6. Distribute these sweets ____the friends. (between, among)
7. He sits _____Ratan and Gagan in class. (between, among)
8. It is hot _____summer. (on, in)
9. He is walking____ the highway. (along, across)
10. The dog is running _____the bridge. (along, across)

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4ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.
1. The cat is sitting ____ the top of house. (on, in)
2. The buffalo is ____ the pond. (at, near)
3. The lake is ____two trees. (among, between)
4. The air is blowing ____ the twings. (in, at)
5. The boys are playing ____the ground. (in, at)
6. The man is riding ____ the horse. (on, in)
7. The house is ____ the garden. (between, beside)
8. The kids are playing ____ their toys. (with, for)
9. People are working ____the field. (on, in)
10. He is ____ the car race. (on, in)

Vocabulary in Use

Choose the right word for the given pictures.

I, eye pale, pail

hair, hare aunt, ant
ring, wring meat, meet
bawl, ball sent, cent

plane, plain horse, hoarse

flour, flower knows, nose

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GET CONJUNCTIONS 13
STARTED
Chapter

Read the following letter.

Gongabu, Kathmandu

May 20, 2020

Dear Prakriti,

I am pretty well here and I hope the same there. I got your lovely letter yesterday.
As you had asked me about the poem book you sent me, I am talking about it
now.

I really liked the poem book. It is a very good book for children. I often say one
of the poems while I am skipping. I’ve been saying that poem since I was six but
now I say it in the new version. I read the book so that I can learn to recite all
poems. My brother sometimes reads us poems when we have finished our work.
My brother also likes to read a poem because it is his pleasant hobby.

Though I’m not good at writing poems, I like writing it. I feel better if nobody
bothers me when writing. Recently I have written some poems. Do you like to read
a poem on our school or myself? Please keep on writing to me.

With best wishes,

Yours best friend,

Pranabi

Do In the given letter, the coloured words are conjunctions.
you They are also called connectors. They connect two different
Know? ideas.

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Speaking Practice

:
Say what words are connectives in the following sentences.
a. I am pretty well here and I hope the same there.
b. I often say one of the poems while I am skipping.
c. I’ve been saying that poem since I was six but now I say it in the new
version.
d. I read the book so that I can learn to recite all poems.
e. My brother sometimes reads us poems when we have finished our work.
f. My brother also likes to read a poem because it is his pleasant hobby.
g. Though I’m not good at writing poems, I like writing it.
h. I feel better if nobody bothers me when writing.
i. Do you like to read a poem on our school or myself?

Quick Conjunctions are the words that connect sentences, clauses, phrases,
Tip or words, and sometimes paragraphs. They can also be used to avoid
repetition of grammatical phrases.

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher. 175
Grandpa is old but very fit.
Although Grandpa is old, he’s very fit.
Even though the weather was sunny, it was cold.
While the bus is slower than the train, it’s cheaper.
Though this computer is very old, it is very reliable.
The movie was neither funny nor interesting.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

You can do your homework either now or after dinner.
Let’s write down the address so we don’t forget it.
John took a map so that he wouldn’t get lost.
People stand back as the train goes through the station.
As soon as you’ve finished your homework, let me see it.
In case you forget the number, I’ve written it on this piece of paper.
Since you have finished your homework, you can help me make dinner.

Instant Practice

Underline conjunctions in the following sentences.
1. Before you leave the house, be sure that you’ve got your bag.
2. After I went to bed, I heard a strange noise downstairs.
3. We’ve moved to a new house since I last wrote to you.
4. Until the rice is cooked, we can’t eat dinner.
5. I’ll call you when I get home.
6. While we’re waiting for the bus, let’s play a game.
7. Mom switched off the TV as it was past my bedtime.
8. John finished his homework before dinner to watch TV.
9. I hid the comics under the bed so that nobody could find them.
10. In order to get to sleep, he reads a really boring book at bedtime.
11. This computer is very old but reliable.
12. Does the sauce taste sweet or sour?
13. He drinks tea as well as coffee.
14. As I have no money, I need a job.
15. You will not pass unless you work hard.

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Grammar Focus: Different Types of Conjunctions

Conjunctions of Time
Take the toy out of the box before you throw the box away.
I usually do my homework after I have my dinner.
Since the new teacher arrived, we all enjoy our work more.
You can’t watch TV until you’ve done your homework.
When the wind blows, the branches on the tree bend.
Dad watches TV while he does his exercises.
As the president’s vehicle goes past, everybody waves.
We went inside as soon as it started to rain.

Quick The conjunctions before, after, since, until, when, while, as and as
Tip soon as are used to say when something happens. They are called
conjunctions of time.

Conjunctions of Place
Does anybody know where Mr. Carter lives?
Where the road is narrow, big trucks can’t get through.
The dog follows Andrew wherever he goes.
Wherever there are mountains, you will also find streams.

Quick The conjunctions where and wherever are used to talk about places.
Tip They are called conjunctions of place.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 177

Conjunctions of Reason
I sat down because I was feeling tired.
Because we arrived late, we missed the beginning of the play.
I took an apple since it was the only fruit in the bowl.
As you’re my best friend, I’ll lend you my new bike.
Take an umbrella in case it rains.

Quick The conjunctions because, since, as and in case tell why someone
Tip does something. They are called conjunctions of reason.

Conjunctions of Purpose
The children are wearing hats so they won’t get sunburned.
We left early so that we wouldn’t be late.
She goes jogging every morning in order to keep fit.
We go to school to study.

Quick The conjunctions so, so that, in order to and to tell what the purpose
Tip of something is. They are called conjunctions of purpose.

Grammar Focus: And, But, Because, Or

Use AND to link words that are similar.
The president visited towns and cities across the country.
We buy fruit and vegetables at the grocery store.
Our house is warm and comfortable.
The weather was cold and windy.
Several cars and trucks are running in the street.

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Use BUT to link words that are different and do not normally go
together.

He works quickly but neatly.

The teacher is firm but fair with the children.

Karate is tiring but fun.

We want a vacation that’s interesting but relaxing.

The musicians are young but very talented.
Use BECAUSE to show reasons.

I stayed at home because I was not feeling well.

I will get good result because I am working hard.

She cannot see because she is blind.

Gita is late because she missed the bus.

She is going to hospital because she is not feeling well.
Use OR to talk about choices.
You can have a soda or lemonade.
Would you like pasta or rice?
Do we turn right or left?
Is your sister older or younger than you?
Do they ride bikes or cars?
Conjunctions that join Sentences

Mom is working in the garden. Dad is busy in the kitchen.

Mom is working in the garden and Dad is busy in the kitchen.

Mira phoned her friend Anna. She wasn’t at home.

Mira phoned her friend Anna but she wasn’t at home.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 179

Would you like to go to the movies? Shall we go for a burger?
Would you like to go to the movies or shall we go for a burger?
Sabina baked the cake. She decorated it.
Sabina not only baked the cake, but also decorated it.
They visited Sydney. They also visited Hong Kong and Tokyo.
They visited Sydney, as well as Hong Kong and Tokyo.
Trisha ran faster than Hem. He ran faster than Dinesh too.
Trisha ran faster than both Hem and Dinesh.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete these sentences with and, but, because and or.
1. I asked for some bread ________ butter.
2. Mr. ________ Mrs. Chhetri have three children.
3. He is drinking hot water ______ he is suffering from cold.
4. Mina is a good singer ________ a poor dancer.
5. We wish you a Merry Christmas ________ a Happy New Year.
6. She is sad ______she failed the exam.
7. Is their new baby a boy ________ a girl?
8. The dictionary has 1000 words ________ 200 drawings.
9. Sita is taller than Nita ________ shorter than Mira.
10. Are you going by train ________ by bus?
11. Hurry up ______ you’ll be late for school!
12. The bus is slower than the train _____ it’s cheaper.

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2ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct conjunction to complete these sentences.
when while as before after since until as soon as
1. Jack always brushes his teeth ________ he has eaten a meal.
2. It started to rain ________ the children were playing in the garden.
3. Let’s go home ________ it gets dark.
4. Give this letter to Anne ________ you see her.
5. She has known Joyal ________ he was a child.
6. The party began at 8:00 P.M. and lasted ________ midnight.
7. Alina looked unhappy ________ she walked in.
8. The children went inside _____the bell rang.

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose correct conjunction for each blank space.
1. Dad painted the walls white ____ make the room look brighter. (in order to, so
that)

2. The weather was sunny _____cold. (but, so)

3. Who is cooking the dinner, Mom _____Dad? (and, or)

4. Sam is playing football ____Eric is reading a book. (or, and)

5. I switched on the TV ____there were no interesting programs on. (and, but)

6. Dad ____ washed the car____ polished it. (not only…..but also, whether…
or)

7. He was crying ____he lost his school bag. (but, because)

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 181

8. Winter is cold ____summer is hot. (but, or)
9. ____he is hard working, he always fails. (Because, Although)
10. We lost the match, _____we played well. (though, because)

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Join the following pair of sentences using the given conjunctions in
brackets.
1. I am a boy. She is a girl. (but)
2. She studies in grade three. Her brother studies in grade four. (and)
3. Milk is white. Tea is black. (but)
4. He is crying. He lost his tiffin box. (because)
5. It is very hot. They are working in the field. (although)
6. I go to school. I study there. (in order to)
7. You can have tea. You can have coffee. (or)
8. He went to market. He could buy clothes. (so that)
9. He received my letter. He hasn’t read it. (but)
10. You can sit in sofa. You can sit in chair. (or)
11. He was late for school. He missed his school bus. (because)
12. I have a pen. I have a pencil. (and)
13. It rained heavily. They continued working. (though)
14. Rita is honest. Renu is ill mannered. (but)
15. She plays football. She plays badminton. (as well as )

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Vocabulary in Use

Choose the correct word to complete the following sentences.

1. I _______her everyday and she never says hello to me.

a. see b. am seeing c. will see d. saw

2. What is the name of that picture which you _______on the wall?

a. look at b. is looking at c. are looking at d. looked at

3. My desk is a _______; I should clean it.

a. messy b. slob c. mess d. sloppy

4. I like pencils _______ than pens.

a. best b. the best c. better d. more good

5. My old job was _______ than this one.

a. more easier b. easiest c. more easy d. easier

6. My father is very_______.

a. nice b. nicer c. nicest d. much nice

7. She likes _______running.

a. go b. to go c. gone d. goes

8. He _______his bicycle every day.

a. ride b. ridden c. rides d. to ride

9. There _______a race next week.

a. to be b. was c. will be d. are

10. Flowers _______good.

a. stink b. feel c. smell d.watch

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 183

GET STORY WRITING 14
STARTED
Chapter

According to Abrams, “A short story is a brief work of prose fiction, and most of
the terms for analyzing the component elements, the types and the various narrative
techniques of the novel are applicable to the short stories as well.”

Remember a good story has a beginning, a problem, a solution to the problem,
and an ending. Follow these tips to write a story:
 Decide who the characters are.
 Who is going to be in the story?
 What sort of characters are they?
 Where and when your story is going to take place. This is called the setting.
 What is going to happen in your story?
 What is the main event?
 What type of story is it?
 A summary of what happens in the story.
 The events in the story which is known as the plot.
 How it all ends and how the problem is solved.
 What type of ending? Happy or sad?

Read the following sample story.

THE HUNGRY FOX

Once upon a time, there lived a fox in the jungle. The fox was
very hungry. The fox went around looking for food. The fox
suddenly could sense the smell of food around there. As the
fox went around, she saw a lot of bread and some meat left in
a cave near a tree. Someone had left it there to take it later. If
any hungry animal found food, it would be happy.

So, the fox entered the cave and started eating the food. After
that, the fox wanted to go out of the cave but she stayed there
because too much eating made her stomach swell. Then, she
started howling.

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After a while, an elephant passed by the tree. Having seen the elephant, the fox
requested him to help her and take her out of the cave. But, her swollen stomach
was not letting her go out. Then the elephant asked the fox how she happened to
be in that awful situation. The fox told all story. Hearing the story, the elephant
said to her, “You are greedy and now you are in trouble.” The elephant advised
the fox to stay there for some days. “Lack of food will thin you down and then
you can come out easily.” The elephant added, “If you had eaten less food, you
wouldn’t have been in this condition.”
Moral: Greed is the cause of suffering.

THE BEST FRIEND

One day an elephant wandered into a forest in search of
friends. He saw a monkey on a tree.

“Will you be my friend?” asked the elephant. “You are too big.
You cannot swing from trees like me,” replied the monkey.

Next, the elephant met a rabbit. He asked him to be his
friends. But the rabbit said, “You are too big to play in my burrow!” Then the
elephant met a frog. “Will you be my friend?” he asked. “How can I?” asked the
frog. “You are too big to leap about like me.” The elephant was upset. He met a
fox next. “Will you be my friend?” he asked the fox. The fox said, “Sorry, sir, you
are too big.”

The next day, the elephant saw all the animals in the forest running for their lives.
The elephant asked them what the matter was. The animals all ran away to hide.
The elephant wondered what he could do to save everyone in the forest.

Meanwhile, the tiger kept eating up whoever he could find. The elephant walked
up to the tiger and said, “Please, Mr. Tiger do not eat up these poor animals.”
“Mind your own business!” growled the tiger. The elephant had no choice and
wanted to give the tiger a hefty kick. The frightened tiger ran for his life. The
elephant ambled back into the forest to announce the good news to everyone.

All the animals thanked the elephant. They felt very sorry for not accepting
request of friendship from the elephant. Finally all of them promised to be friend
forever.

Moral: The best friend is the one who helps in need.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 185

THE LION AND THE MOUSE

It happened many years ago. There lived a lion in a certain
forest. It used to fall asleep in its lair after its prey every day.
The lion was very bad tempered.

One day, the lion asleep in his lair was awoken up by a mouse
running over his face. Losing his temper, he seized it with his
paw and was about to kill it. The mouse, terrified, sadly asked him to save its life.
“Please let me go,” it cried. “One day I will repay you for your kindness,” it said.
The idea of so small creature ever being able to do anything for him amused the
lion so much that he laughed aloud, and good –humouredly let it go.

Delighted with the lion for saving his life, the mouse promised to repay the lion’s
kindness. One day, the lion got entangled in a net which had been spread for game
by some hunters and the mouse heard and recognized his roars of anger and ran
to the spot. Without more ado, it set to work to bite the ropes with its teeth, and
succeeded before long in setting the lion free there.

“You laughed at me when I promised I would repay you; but now you see even
a mouse can help a lion,” said the mouse to the lion. The lion became mightily
pleased with the mouse. They became friends and lived happily forever
thereafter.

Moral: Even a mouse can help a lion.

THE PORCUPINE AND THE SNAKES

It all happened a long time ago. There lived a porcupine in a
certain forest. A family of snakes lived in a certain cave of the
same forest. One day, the porcupine reached a cave wandering
in search of a safe home. When he entered the cave, he found
a snake family residing there.

The porcupine requested the snakes to provide him with some place to stay in the
cave very respectfully. The snakes were kind and gentle enough. They allowed
the po rcupine to share the cave with them. Soon the snakes found difficult and
painful to stay with the porcupine because the sharp prickly quills of the porcupine
were hurting their soft skin.

The snakes requested the porcupine to leave the place. However, the porcupine
said slyly, “I am very much comfortable here. If you have inconvenience staying
here, you can leave the place and stay elsewhere.” Seeing no other way out, the
poor snakes left the cave with heavy heart to save them from the prickly quills of
the porcupine.

Moral: Don’t trust anyone without understanding them.

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Exercise

1. Rearrange the sentences and make a complete story. The title and moral
is given.

The Ant and the Grasshopper

But he could not find anything.

But the ant ate some food and worked
hard to collect enough food for
winter.

He starved a lot and realized his
mistake.

He wandered in the cold in search of
food.

On a pleasant summer morning day, there were leaves, flowers and fruits
everywhere.

She stayed in her house happily.

She told the grasshopper to store some food in the house for winter.

The ant ate the food she had stored.

The grasshopper ate his favourite leaves, wandered here and there and slept
soundly.

The grasshopper did not care because he was lazy.

The grasshopper had nothing to eat.

There were no leaves, flowers or fruits.

They were an ant and a grasshopper.

Two friends lived in a garden.

When winter came, it became cold.

Moral: Work hard and save something for future.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 187

2. Rearrange the sentences and make a complete story. The title and moral
is given.

The Thirsty Crow
As more and more pebbles filled the jug, the water level kept rising.
He felt very weak and almost lost all
hope.
He flew straight down to see if there was
any water inside.
He started picking up the pebbles one by
one, dropping each into the jug.
He suddenly had a good idea.
He wandered around different places but he could not find any water.
One hot day, a thirsty crow flew all over the fields looking for water.
Sadly, he found that the neck of the jug was too narrow.
Soon it was high enough for the crow to drink.
Suddenly, he saw a water jug below the tree.
The crow thought hard for a while.
The crow tried to push his head into the jug.
The plan of the crow worked well.
Then looking around it, he saw some pebbles.
Then, he tried to push the jug to tilt for water to flow out but the jug was too
heavy.
Yes, he could see some water inside the jug!
Moral: Where there is will, there is a way.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

3. Rearrange the paragraphs and make a complete story. The title and
moral is given.

The Peacock and the Crow

He expressed his thoughts to
the swan. “Actually,” the swan
replied, “I was feeling that I was
the happiest bird around until I saw
a parrot, which has two colours. I
now think the parrot is the happiest
bird around the world in creation.”
The crow then approached the
parrot. The parrot explained, “I
lived a very happy life until I saw a
peacock. I have only two colours, but the peacock has multiple colours.”

The peacock then replied, “I always thought that I was the most beautiful and
happy bird on the planet. But because of my beauty, I am entrapped in this zoo. I
have examined the zoo very carefully, and I have realized that the crow is the only
bird not kept in a cage. So for past few days I have been thinking that if I were a
crow, I could happily roam everywhere.”

The crow then visited a peacock in the zoo and saw that hundreds of people had
gathered to see him. After the people had left, the crow approached the peacock.
“Dear peacock,” the crow said, “you are so beautiful. Every day thousands of
people come to see you. When people see me, they immediately shoo me away. I
think you are the happiest bird on the planet.”

A crow lived in the forest and was absolutely satisfied in life. But one day he saw
a swan. “This swan is so white and I am so black,” he thought. “This swan must
be the happiest bird in the world,” he said to himself.

Moral: Every creature on earth is unique.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 189

GET 12
STARTED
PARAGRAPH WRITING Chapter

A Paragraph is a group of connected sentences that is generally made up of one
main idea and a group of supporting sentences. Paragraphs are the basic unit for
building longer pieces of writing, like essays, reports, assignments etc. A paragraph
contains three main parts:

a. A topic sentence - contains the main idea of the paragraph. It’s often but not
always the first sentence of the paragraph.

b. Supporting sentences - these sentences develop or give details about the topic
sentence. They can: expand on the main point, offer explanations, give
examples and give additional details.

c. A concluding sentence which summarizes the paragraph or may provide a link
to the next paragraph. This sentence is not always necessary in a paragraph.

Read the following sample paragraphs.

EDUCATION

Education is one of the most important things for all human beings. It is an entrance
for all individuals to reach to their destinations. Without education people would
not be able to get good jobs and that people will be unemployed and because
of that the country will also be undeveloped. Education is also important for the
development of the country. Education is the key to success. It leads us from
darkness to brightness. Education makes us a complete person. It is said that a
person without education is just like an animal without tail. So, there is a very
important role of education in our life.

WHALES
Whales are the largest animals that live in water. Whales are mammals that spend
their entire life in water. They breathe air, give birth to live young and nurse their
young like humans do. Some whales, such as the blue whale are larger than a bus.
Whales are usually black, grey, black or white. Unlike fish, which breathe using
gills, whales breathe through a blowhole located on top of the head. Air from the
blowhole travels to the lungs. Some whales can stay underwater for an hour or
more. But all whales need to come to the surface at some point to breathe air before
going underwater again.

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PARROTS

Parrots are beautiful birds. They are liked by all. They are brightly coloured birds
that live in the tropical rainforest. A group of the parrots are known for their bright
colours. Most of the birds in the parrot family eat seeds, nuts and fruits. Many also
eat insects. Parrots have excellent hearing and vision, and they are well known
for being able to imitate human speech and other sounds. Parrot pairs often make
displays of affection and known as lovebirds. Most kinds of parrots nest in holes
in trees. They build large nests of sticks that hold many pairs of birds. Parrots are
among the world’s most popular cage birds in different parts of the world including
Nepal.

MY FAMILY

My name is Amit Acharya. I am nine years old. I study in grade four. I have
five members in my family. We live at Swoyambhu. My father’s name is Kamal
Acharya. He is a teacher. My mother’s name is Karuna Acharya. She works in
Himalayan Bank as a receptionist. My sister’s name is Aruna Acharya. She studies
in grade six. My brother is the youngest member in my family. He is just five years
old. He studies in grade UKG. My best pet is dog. My best friend is Arun Shrestha.
He also studies in grade four. My best food is omelets. I love to play football very
much.

PHYSICAL EXERCISE

Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in
class. In fact, studies have shown that students who enjoy a recess of more than
45 minutes always score better on tests immediately following the recess period.
Clinical analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the ability
to focus on academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly required to
allow students the best possible chances of success in their studies. Clearly, physical
exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on
standardized tests.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 191

ASSESS YOURSELF

1. Look at the following information about Manish and write a paragraph
about manish’s family.

Family Relationship Age Job they do Place they Work Years
Members they
worked
Bibas Father 40 Doctor Teaching Hospital, 5
Binisha Mother years
years Maharajgunj 4
years
36 Accountant Century
3
years Development years

Bank, Putalisadak 10
months
Anurag Uncle 30 Computer All Solutions

years Designer Graphic Design,

Anamnagar

Arati Aunt 25 Receptionist Nepal

years Kasthamandap

College, Kalanki

2. Look at the following information and write a paragraph about MY
HOUSE.

small-beautiful-three floors-each floor has four rooms-furniture in every
room-walls white colour-six bedrooms-two living rooms, a kitchen- a dining room-
a study room- a guest room-TV in living room-a small garden outside-peaceful-
like very much

3. Look at the following information and write a paragraph about THE
HORSE.

large land mammal---run fast----social animal---- transportation and farming-----
black, grey, white and brown in colour-----carry people and goods ---- long strong
legs---- run long distances-- hard hoofs which protect their feet---like eating grass
and grams---very useful animals for us

4. Write a short paragraph on the following topics.

a. The Cow b. My Best Friend c. My School

d. My Father e. My Village

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GET ESSAY WRITING 16
STARTED
Chapter

An Essay is a regular and connected writing about any subject. It may be narration
of some individual, description of some substance, some creature, building,
plant or some topic of abstract qualities, such as ‘Youth’, ‘Friendship’, ‘Truth’,
‘Discipline’, ‘Love,’ etc.

Parts of an essay:
Introduction
Supporting Paragraphs
Summary Paragraphs

Read the following essays.

MY SCHOOL LIBRARY

Library is storehouse of books. It is collection of books and other informational
materials made available to people for reading, study, or reference. Materials such
as manuscripts, books, newspapers, and magazines, art reproductions, films, sound
and video recordings, maps, photographs, software and other media are found
there.

My school library has great role for my learning. It is peaceful and well-maintained.
I can read books on various subjects. These books help a lot to my understanding
of academic subjects. Also, my habit of reading has increased.

I can find books on biology, chemistry, algebra, history, geography, literature,
language, etc. there. It also has a good collection of famous magazines, newspapers
and several other reading materials. These reading items help me to do project
work, extracurricular and creative activities.

When we finish a lesson in our classroom, our subject teacher provides a list of
books that we need to go through for deeper and better understanding. After school
I visit the library and read the books and magazines of my interests.

Everybody should develop reading habit for good learning. Also, a good book can
change our life, too. Over all, my school library is a good place for information
and knowledge.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 193

THE TELEVISION

The television is one of the most common household appliances. It is a system
of sending and receiving pictures and sound by electronic signals transmitted
through wires. It is the cheapest way of providing us with news, information and
entertainment.

Television is the developed form of radio. In radio, we can only listen but on
television we can see pictures and videos too. Television begins with a video
camera. The camera records the pictures and sound of a television programmed
changing the pictures and sound into electric signals. A television set receives the
signals it works.

Television, black and white in colour, is operated through electricity. It provides the
viewer with different programs through the cable network. We can see cartoons,
dance shows, news, talks, games, and many other shows of our interest, here.

As a student, we should watch good shows only. It is source of knowledge. We can
gain knowledge related to our family, society, country and the whole world from
this. We should not watch television for long time. It might create great problem
in our eyesight.

As an electronic device, television has many advantages than disadvantages.
Therefore, right use of television is good for all students.

AN ELEPHANT

An elephant is the biggest living animal on land. It is quite huge in size. Male
elephants live alone but female elephants live together in families. The oldest
female heads the family. When a baby elephant is born, other females in the family
help raise it.

Elephants are usually black or grey in colour. They have four legs, a long trunk and
two white tusks near their trunk. An elephant uses its trunk to break off branches
from trees and shrubs like a hand. It brings food to its mouth with its trunk. They
have two big ears and a short tail.

Elephants are vegetarian. They eat leaves; twigs, flowers, grass, and other plants.
They eat all kinds of plants especially bananas. They are quite social, intelligent
and useful animals. They are used to carry logs of wood from one place to another.
They are good swimmers.

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Elephants move trees cut down for timber. In Nepal, they are found in Chitwan
and Bardiya National Park. Many tourists use elephants to go for jungle safari on
them.

Deforestation has reduced the number of elephants. Hunters kill them to sell their
ivory tusks. Laws should be made to stop poaching. Their preservation is necessary
as our own.

WATER

Water is our life. Water is essential for our survival. It is tasteless and colourless
liquid. It is a chemical combination of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. An atom is a
tiny bit of matter much too small to see. Water is made of one atom of oxygen and
two atoms of hydrogen

Water can be a liquid, a solid, or a gas. Liquid water flows. Solid water is ice. Water
in the form of a gas is called water vapor. Liquid water fills the ocean, lakes, ponds
and rivers.

Not all water is safe to drink. Water in lakes and rivers can be polluted. It can have
harmful chemicals or germs that cause disease. Many poor people still do not have
pure drinking water in Nepal. Boiling and adding certain chemicals in water can
kill germs.

We need water for drinking, washing clothes, irrigating land, running industries
and so on. People need fresh water for drinking and for growing food on farms.
But due to pollution, water resources are being polluted in Nepal.

Water provides us with minerals. It also provides routes for transportation. It is
also the shelter of many fish, alligators, crocodiles and many other marine animals.
Thus, protection of water resources is necessary by all of us.

DISCIPLINE

Discipline is an inner beauty of a person. It is one of the best ways of getting
success in one’s life. To do everything according to set standard is discipline. A
good person is always discipline. Thus, it an excellence of a good person.

Discipline is necessary for all persons and in all places. It is needed in school, at
home, at workplaces, in the playground, in offices and everywhere where we live,
study or work. Lack of discipline at home, schools and offices create problems in
those places.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 195

Discipline is important for a student, too. A student has to do everything on time.
He has to wake up, sleep, go to school, return from school and submit works and
assignments on time. Lack of discipline in students makes them unsuccessful.

All successful people of the world were discipline in their early life. Lack of
discipline in a farmer might create problem of food in family. Lack of discipline in
citizen might slow down the pace of development. Similarly, offices and industries
shut down in case of undisciplined workers.

All natural forces are working in their own turn. This is the best example of
discipline. Thus, discipline is equally important for all of us.

THE VALUE OF TIME

“Time and tide waits for none” is a popular saying. It means that time never waits
for anyone. It runs continuously. Everything must be done on time. Otherwise, we
have to only repent in the future.

As a student, it is our duty to follow time. All our works must be completed on
time. A missed lesson cannot be learnt tomorrow. A lost person or thing cannot be
obtained again. Everything turns good itself if we follow time. Hence, a beggar can
become the king and the king can become a beggar in course of time.

Farmers must plant and harvest crops on time. Vehicles must be repaired, roads
must be managed and skills have to be gained before it is too late. Otherwise, there
will be great loss. Wasting time in unimportant things pushes us towards the path
of laziness gradually. Thus, time must be followed.

Late in understanding the value of a class, a chapter, a programme, a friend and a
book can turn us into a useless person. Thus, unpunctuality, laziness, carelessness
and disobedience of any kind must be wiped out from us soon to be a good
person.

Past is already gone, present is with you and future is uncertain. Thus, learn from
past, work hard following the basics of time and prepare for the better future.

IMPORTANCE OF EXERCISE

Exercise is one of the best ways to be healthy. People exercise to keep healthy, to
lose weight or to stay fit, to make their muscles bigger and stronger. Doing exercise
can be fun and can make us feel good.

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Exercise is a big part of staying physically fit. People who are physically fit
are alert and full of energy. Exercise can also help people handle stress. Exercise
is especially good for children, teens, and older persons.

Aerobic exercise makes our muscles use oxygen faster than usual. It makes our
heart and lungs work harder to supply our muscles with oxygen. Running, walking,
jogging, and swimming are kinds of aerobic exercise. Anaerobic exercise works
just a few muscles at a time. Weightlifting is a kind of anaerobic exercise.

Doctors say jogging, walking, riding a bicycle, and other aerobic exercises
lower the risk of heart disease. It also makes the heart and lungs stronger. Daly
exercise for an hour is essential for all.

Stretching exercises can make our body more flexible. There are stretches for
your arms, legs, neck, and chest. Many people do slow exercises called yoga to
make their bodies more flexible. Thus, exercise is necessary for all of us.

SARASWATI PUJA

Saraswati Puja or Shree Panchami is a day to celebrate the birthday of Saraswati
– the Goddess of learning. This is a day when people from school students to
scholars worship their pens and books to please the Goddess and expect her favour
in their studies so they become wise and knowledgeable.

Students take part in the holy puja organized at their school premises. They pray
and recite saraswati bandana on this day. Small children are taught to read and
write on the same day. Different schools organize grand saraswati puja programme
intending to enroll new students.

People also crowd around the idol of Goddess Saraswati, especially in
Swayambhunath and offer flowers, sweets, fruits, etc. On this day, small children
are taught to read and write and people write on the stones and slabs with chalks
and pencils.

This day which falls between January/February is regarded as a very auspicious
day for marriages too as it is believed that Goddess Saraswati herself blesses
the couples. Normally it is the astrologers who fix the marriage date and time in
Nepal.

As saraswati is regarded as the pioneer of knowledge and wisdom, all people
have faith on her. We should always have faith on her and impart knowledge by
her grace.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 197

HEALTHY FOOD
Eating healthy food is one of the best ways of being healthy in life. There are
many ways to eat healthy food that can help us. Healthy food provides a sportsman
with strength and stamina. A healthy lunch is a refresher that makes us feel
better in many ways.
Eating healthy food provides us with stamina, endurance and power. Exercise
and balanced diets are the best ways to gain fitness in our body. The food that
you eat should be healthy in order to store right amount of energy in body.
Eating healthy food like green vegetables, fruits, pure and clean water, milk,
egg, cereal, etc is important to fulfill the daily needs of minirals carbohydrate,
protein, fats and vitamins in our body.
Drinking plenty of water, exercising ad eating healthy food can make our
life enjoyable, happy and healthy. Thus, it is the time to eat right and stay fit
always. Aren’t you ready for this?

ASSESS YOURSELF

Write an essay on the following topics.
The cow My Visit to the Zoo
My Best Friend My Classroom
The Horse My Village
My Birthday The Dog

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GET LETTER WRITING 17
STARTED
Chapter

Read the following letters.
A letter to your father asking for more money

Address Jwalamukhi-5, Dhading
Date
Greeting August 24, 2020

Body Dear Papa,

Ending I am pretty well here by the grace of god and hope you along
Postscript with all family members are in good health. I got the money
and your daring letter yesterday. Thank you very much for
missing me so much. I am missing you all, too.

Father, I am not troubling you. But also, I must say that the
money you sent me is not sufficient to fulfill all me additional
hostel requirements. Could you send me two thousands more
along with your next letter? My hostel expenses are getting
increased. I am spending much on stationery because of a
lot of project work. I let you know that I am spending only
in decent things.

I am looking forward to getting your letter soon. Convey
my Namaste to mother, grand pa and grand ma.

Yours loving son,

Rajiv

P.S: Please send me some dry vegetables.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 199

I am sorry to miss your birthday.

Dallu, Kathmandu
December 30, 2020

Subject: Sorry to miss your birthday

Dear Krishal,

Happy birthday from Kathmandu! I promised you I wouldn’t forget your
birthday even though I am away with my family. I hope you have a wonderful day,
I wish I was there to celebrate with you, it is cold here in Kathmandu and I am
busy at my own work. I would prefer to be at home celebrating with you!

I have bought you a special gift for your birthday here in Kathmandu, so you
will have to wait until I get back to find out what it is, it’s a surprise gift. I
really miss you and I hope I will return home soon.

So, I, hope you have a wonderful day, and when I return you can tell me all about
your day and your party.

With lots of love,
Gautam

An application to your class teacher for sick leave

Dhadingbeshi, Dhading
20th January, 2020

The Class Teacher
Tripura Sundari Secondary School
Jwalamukhi-5, Dhading

Sub: An application for sick leave.

Dear Sir,

Most respectfully, I beg to state that I am unable to attend my regular classes
today because I have been suffering from continuous fever since yesterday.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4