Grammar-4-2077-press pdf

GET 8
STARTED
YES/NO QUESTIONS Chapter

Read the following sentences.

A: Is it a mobile phone?

B: No, it isn’t. It is a camera.

A: Is it a camera?

B: Yes, it is a camera.

A: Is he a doctor?
B: No, he isn’t. He is a footballer.
A: Is he a footballer?
B: Yes, he is a footballer.

A: Is he a teacher?

B: No, he isn’t. He is a scientist.

A: Is he a scientist?

B: Yes, he is a scientist.

A: Is it a belt ?

B: No isn’t. It is a watch.

A: Is it a watch?

B: Yes it is a watch.

Do Yes/No questions are questions used to get answer whether
you YES or No.
Know?

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 101

Speaking Practice

Act out in pair.
A: Can you swim?
B: Yes, I can swim.
A: Are they coming?
B: No, they are not coming.
A: Is it raining?
B: No, it’s not raining.
A: May I come in?
B: Yes, you may.
A: Do you eat fish?
B: Yes, I do.
A: Does he work hard?
B: Yes, he does.
A: Was she at school?
B: No, she wasn’t.

Quick You ask a yes or no question to get yes or no as the answer. Use the
Tip verbs be, have or do, or any of the helping verbs, to ask yes or no
questions. In questions, the helping or auxiliary verbs come before the
subject of the sentence. When be and have are used as ordinary verbs,
they come before the subjects, too.

102
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Listening Practice

Repeat after your teacher.

Statement Questions

It will rain tomorrow. Will it rain tomorrow?

Jitu is ill today. Is Jitu ill today?

Karan can ride a bike. Can Karan ride a bike?

She has an older brother Does she have an older brother?

The cats want to be fed. Do the cats want to be fed?

We should go now. Should we go now?

You may use my computer. May I use your computer?

We were at the party? Were we at the party?

He has called them. Has he called them?

We have moved to a new house. Have we moved to a new house?

Grammar Focus: Formation of Yes/No Questions

We use the auxiliary verbs is, am, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did,
can, may, will, shall, could, might, would, should, must, ought to, dare to, need
to and used to before the subjects while forming yes/no questions.

Statement Yes/No Questions

He is a teacher. Is he a teacher?

I am a boy. Am I a boy?

We are from Kathmandu. Are we from Kathmandu?

He was a spy. Was he a spy?

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 103

They were playing. Were they playing?

I have trimmed my hair. Have I trimmed my hair?

He has helped us. Has he helped us?

We had seen her. Had we seen her?

We use ‘do’ verb if there is no auxiliary verb in a sentence. ‘Do’ is used for V1,
‘Did’ is used for V2 and ‘Does’ is used for V5.

Statement Yes/No Questions

We work hard. Do we work hard?

He visited us. Did he visit us?

She sings a song. Does she sing a song?

Instant Practice

Change these statements into yes/no questions.

1. Kamala is a student.

2. I am a farmer.

3. We are from the village.

4. He was in the field yesterday.

5. They were at the concert last Sunday.

6. I have got a new car.

7. She has called us.

8. It had got a meaning too.

9. You will call us.

10. He would sing songs.

104
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

11. I should take medicine on time.
12. You shall go there.
13. It may hurt you.
14. We might defeat them.
15. Hemanta can dance well.
16. Raman could play long hours.

Instant Practice

Write short answers to the following questions.
Example: Is he tall? Yes, he is.
1. Do you know the answer? Yes, ___________.
2. Is Sarala at home? No, ___________.
3. Did they know any grammar? Yes, ___________.
4. Are all of you coming to my house this evening? Yes, ___________.
5. Is Mrs. Basnet your English teacher? No, __________.
6. Can you dance? No, ___________.
7. Does he help you? Yes, ___________.
8. Would you sing songs? No, ___________.
9. May I come in? Yes, ___________.
10. Has he gone to school? No, ___________.
11. Are they happy there? Yes, ___________.
12. Do you live here? No, ___________.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 105

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Match the following questions with their statements.

Am I a student? He is a teacher.
Are they happy? I am a student.
Can I call you later? They are happy.
Had we seen her? He was at the concert.
Has she visited the temple? They were planting crops.
Have you tasted this food? You have tasted this food.
Is he a teacher? She has visited the temple.
Was he at the concert? We had seen her.
Were they planting crops? I can call you later.
Will you help me? You will help me.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Match the following questions with their statements.

Does he work hard? We believe in god.
Did she call me? We have a test today.
Do we believe in god? He has a house.
Do we have a test today? He works hard.
Does he have a house? She called me.
Did we have test that day. He cuts mangoes.
Does he cut mangoes? We had test that day.
Does the dog bark at night? He attended the party.
Did he attend the party? We play a game.
Do we play a game? The dog barks at night.

106
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Vocabulary in Use

Choose the correct word to complete the following sentences.

1. How ______ people are coming?

a. much b. many c. a lot of

2. How ______does the book cost?

a. much b. many c. lots

3. Do you need ______milk for this recipe?

a. much of b. many c. much

4. I need to practice piano______ before the concert.

a. much b. many c. a lot

5. How ______water do you drink every day?

a. much b. many c. a lot

6. If you are not taller, you are ______.

a. short b. shorter c. shortest

7. The car is not ______, it is slow.

a. speed b. fast c. powerful

8. I do not get up ______, I get up early.

a. first b. late c. early

9. He is the heaviest and I am the______.

a. light b . lighter c. lightest

10. I don’t have ______to do today.

a. nothing b. anything c. any

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 107

GET WH-QUESTIONS 9
STARTED
Chapter

Read and act out the following conversation.

A: What is your name?

B: My name is Naina.

A: How old are you?

B: I am eight years old.

A: Where do you live?

B: I live in Kathmandu.

A: How long have you lived here?

B: I have lived here for 10 years.

A: Who do you live with?

B: I live with my parents.

A: How many people are there in your family?

B: There are seven people in my family.

A: Whom do you like most?

B: I like my mother most.

A: Whose pen is this?

B: This is my pen.

Do The words like what, where, how long, who, how many, whom
you and whose are WH Words. These words are used while making
Know? WH Questions.

108
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Read the following WH questions.

Who is that woman? What time is it? What is it?
What does it do?
Whose car is it?

Why is he happy? How often.../How much.../
How many.../How old...?

Where is she from? How many children have you got?

How is he?

Where do you live? When do you
usualy get up?
Which language
does he speak

better?

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions asking your friends.
1. What is your hobby?
2. Why do you go to school?
3. Who is your best teacher?
4. Whom do you like most?
5. Whose house is that?
6. Where does he live?
7. When does your vacation start?
8. How long is the rope?
9. How many students are there in your class?
10. How often do you go to the movies?

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 109

Listening Practice

Repeat the following sentences after your teacher.

WHO A: Who is that boy?
B: That boy is my brother Kaman.

WHEN A: When is your birthday?
B: It is on Friday.

WHAT A: What is there on the table?
B: There is a pencil on the table.

WHY A: Why is he late?
B: He is late because he missed the bus.

WHERE A: Where is your book?
B: It is in my bag.

WHICH A: Which is your marble?
B: That green one.

WHOSE A: Whose house it that?
B: That is my uncle’s house.

HOW A: How do you go to school?
B: I go to school on foot.

HOW OLD A: How old is your sister?
B: She is ten years old.

HOW MANY A: How many members are there in your house?
B: There are nine members in my house.

HOW A: How often do you go for shopping?
OFTEN B: I go for shopping once a month.

If the WH- question word is the subject of the question, it comes
Quick before the verb. WH- questions usually include the verbs be, have,

Tip do, or any of the helping verbs.

110
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Instant Practice 111

Use correct WH words to complete the following WH questions.
1. ______ am I going to finish all this work?
2. ______ are you doing now?
3. ______ colour do you prefer?
4. ______ dictionary is this?
5. ______ did you get up here?
6. ______ have you done to my computer?
7. ______ is David saying?
8. ______ is she going to invite to her party?
9. ______ are you going now?
10. ______ is your problem?
11. ______ made you change your mind?
12. ______ shall I put this box?

Instant Practice

Use correct WH words to complete the following WH questions.
1. ______ told you that?
2. ______ was the girl crying?
3. ______ would you like for dinner?
4. ______ are you always late?
5. ______ is Bharat going to get a haircut?
6. ______ is your house?
7. ______ of the two boys is smarter?
8. ______old is he?
9. ______size do you wear?
10. ______wallet is this?
11. ______wrote this book?
12. ______do the stores open in the morning?

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Write correct WH questions for the following answers.
1. ____________________________________
Drawing is my hobby.
2. ____________________________________
I lived in the USA last year.
3. ____________________________________
I have missed my homework.
4. ____________________________________
It has six lessons in the book.
5. ____________________________________
That is my uncle at the door.
6. ____________________________________
I go to school at 9:00 am.
7. ____________________________________
I felt bad yesterday.
8. ____________________________________
My brother is ten years old.
9. ___________________________________
I lost my keys.
10. ____________________________________
I will return in two days.
11. ___________________________________
I have bought ten copies.
12. ____________________________________
The concert will start at seven.

112
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

2ASSESS YOURSELF 113

Complete the following dialogue with correct WH-words.
A: Hi, ______are you?
B: Not bad. ____was your holiday?
A: Fantastic!
B: Oh! _____did you do?
A: I went home during holiday.
B: _____is your home?
A: Dhading.
B: _____long did you spend there?
A: I spent three wonderful weeks there.
B: _____did you leave?
A: I left on December 20th.
B: ______did you do in Dhading?
A: I saw my family and friends and visited all my best places.
B: _______far is it from Kathmandu?
A: It is about 150 km from Kathmandu.
B: _____bus did you take?
A: I took Gramin Yatayat.
B: ______didn’t you take Dhading Yatyat?
A: Because Gramin Yatayat is better than Dhading Yatyat.
B: ____did you get back to Kathmandu?
A: I got back yesterday?
B: ______met you at the bust stop?
A: My brother met me at the bus stop.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Vocabulary in Use

Choose the correct word to complete the following sentences.

1. This is __________ speaking.

a. John b. he c. is d. am

2. Greg is as smart as __________ is.

a. I b. me c. she d. we

3. The dog chewed on __________ favourite toy.

a. it’s b. it is c. its’ d. its

4. It could have been __________ .

a. jerry b. anyone c. better d. more difficult

5. Terry is taller than __________ am.

a. I b. me c. she d. we

6. The festival, _____________ lasted all day, ended with a banquet.

a. that b. who c. which d. what

7. I am looking for someone ________ can watch my dog while I go on
vacation.

a. which b. who c. whom d. whoever

8. The police needed details _____________ could help identify the robber.

a. who b. whatever c. that d. what

9. I’d like to take you to a café _______________ serves excellent coffee.

a. what b. whatever c. which d. whichever

10. The clubhouse, in ________ the dance was held, housed about 200 people.

a. which b. where c. that d. whom

114
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

GET VERBS 10
STARTED
Chapter

Read the following text.

(large
carnivores)

Secondary
consumers

(small
carnivores)

Primary
consumers
(herbivores)

Producers
(plant)

An ecosystem is a group of animals and plants living in a specific region.
Ecosystems include physical and chemical components that support the
organisms living there. The organisms in environment may range from large
animals to microscopic bacteria. Ecosystems also can be thought of as the
interactions among all organisms in a given habitat. People are part of the
ecosystems where they live and work.

Human activities can harm or destroy local ecosystems unless actions such
as land development for housing or businesses are carefully planned to
conserve and sustain the ecology of the area. An important part of ecosystem
management involves finding ways to protect and enhance economic and
social wellbeing while protecting local ecosystems.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 115

Do In the above given text, the coloured words are verbs. They
you perform different actions in sentence.
Know?

Speaking Practice

:

Answer these questions based on the given text.
a. Tell any two auxiliary verbs.
b. Tell any five main verbs.
c. What is auxiliary verb?
d. What is main verb?
e. Tell one difference between auxiliary and main verbs.

Quick Words that express some form of action are called verbs. Most verbs
Tip are action words. They tell you what people, animals or things are
doing. Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs. They are used to make
sentences in different tenses.

Grammar Focus: Types of Verbs

Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs Main/Action Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs. They come with different nouns and pronouns.
They are used to make sentences in different tenses. They also have different
functions in sentence.

Is, am, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, can, may, will, shall, could,
might, would, should, must, ought to, dare to, need to and used to are auxiliary
verbs.

116
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Primary Auxiliary Verbs

Be verbs: is, am, are, was, were
He is a doctor.
I am a good student.
We are hardworking persons.
It was holiday yesterday.
They were at the party last Saturday.

Quick The words am, is, are, was and were are the form of be verbs, but
Tip they are not action words. They are the simple present tense is, am,
are and simple past tense was, were of the verb be.

We use am with the pronoun I, and is, was with the pronouns he, she and it. We
use are, were with the pronouns you, we and they.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences with is, am, are, was or were.
1. Date trees _____ cultivated in Pakistan.
2. I _____ in Kathmandu now.
3. Paper _____ made by the Chinese around 105 A.D.
4. Sports goods _____ manufactured in Sialkot.
5. The concert _____ a great success.
6. How cold it _____ last night!
7. I _____ all right.
8. The farmers _____ working in the field when I reached there.
9. There _____ a lot of noise in this room now.
10. This _____ the third meeting in a month.
11. We _____ all at the party on Saturday.
12. What _____ you doing at this time yesterday?
13. I _____ sure he will come.
14. Oak trees _____ found in the Himalayas.
15. Who _____ that man?

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 117

Have verbs: have, has, had
I have got a new cap.
He has got a little brother.
We had had a very good time there.

Quick We use have and has to make sentences in present perfect tense.
Tip Has is used with he, she, it, Ram, Riya, etc. which is singular. Have
is used with I, we, you, they and Ram and Riya which are plural
subjects. Had is the past of have used in past perfect tense.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences with have, has or had.
1. The thief could _____ sneaked in at night.
2. They _____ a European guest for dinner.
3. _____ it stopped raining?
4. _____ you done your homework?
5. They _____ no house before they arrived in Tokyo.
6. You _____ dinner at work.
7. Ann _____ got a new bag.
8. Bill _____ dinner at work.
9. Bipul_____ made the same mistake three times.
10. He _____ lost weight.

11. Joyal_____ eaten three sandwiches that evening.
12. Kumar_____ visited them that evening.
13. She _____ something to do.
14. The girl _____ studied French at school.
15. You _____ to look up the information in the library to complete the project.

118
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Do verbs: do, does, did
We do it at once.
He does everything honestly.
You did it very well.

Quick We use do, does and did to talk about actions. We use do with the
Tip pronouns I, you, we and they, and with plural nouns. Use does with
the pronouns he, she and it, and singular nouns. Did is the simple
past tense of do and does.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences with do, does or did.
1. To whom _____ this car belong?
2. We _____the washing all by ourselves.
3. _____ you understand this exercise?
4. Mary _____ not prepare her lessons.
5. What ______ you want to eat?
6. ______ you buy the car?
7. Bill _____ the exercises well.
8. We _____the work given to us.
9. I _____ the opposite of what she asked me to do
10. When _____ a person go to see a doctor?
11. What _____ he do last summer?
12. He ____ not have driving license.
13. How much _____ it cost?
14. I _____ all my work by myself.
15. Which car ______ you like best?

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 119

Modal Auxiliary Verbs
can, may, will, shall, could, might, would, should, must, ought to, dare to, need to,
used to
You can sing well. We may invite them.
It will hurt you. What shall I do for you?
He could do it well? She might scold us tonight.
We would often tease her. Fatima should take medicine.
We must follow school rules. I ought to stay calm.
We dare to do it. you need to be honest.
She used to visit us.

Quick A model verbs is a verb used to express the mood or tense of another
Tip verb.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences with can or could.
1. Bob ______speak three languages.
2. A: The phone is ringing. Who do you think it is?’ B: It ____be Tsering.
3. I’m really hungry. I _____eat a horse!
4. If you’re very hungry, we _____have dinner now.
5. It’s so nice here. I _____stay here all day but unfortunately I have to go.
6. ‘I can’t find my bag. Have you seen it?’ ‘No, but it _____be in the car.’
7. Peter is a keen musician. He plays the flute and he _____also play the piano.
8. ‘What shall we do?’ ‘There’s a film on television. We _____watch that’.
9. The weather is nice now but it _____change later.
10. We ____do it because it was too easy to do.

120
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Instant Practice

Write these sentences in a different way using may or might.

1. Perhaps Manish is in his office. He might be in his office.

2. Perhaps Bibek is busy. _____________________

3. Perhaps she is working. _____________________
4. Perhaps he wants to be alone. _____________________
5. Perhaps they were ill yesterday. _____________________
6. Perhaps she went home early. _____________________
7. Perhaps he had to go home early. _____________________
8. Perhaps she was working yesterday. _____________________
9. Perhaps he goes there. _____________________
10. Perhaps she writes you later. _____________________

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences with must or can’t.

1. That restaurant______ be very good. It’s always full of people.

2. They go away on holiday very often, so they______be short of money.

3. You got here very quickly. You ______have walked very fast.

4. Congratulations on passing your exam. You ______be very pleased.

5. It rained every day during their holiday, so they ______have had a very nice
time.

6. That restaurant ______be very good. It’s always empty.

7. You’re going on holiday next week. You______be looking forward to it.

8. It _____be three o’ clock already.

9. You’ve been travelling all day. You ______be very tired.

10. I ______ do it as it is very difficult work.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 121

Main/Action Verbs
Read the following action words.

crawl drag
run
march
push

walk tiptoe

skip

jump leap hop lift

stretch put down

crouch hit

dive lean squat pick up

bend hold carry

sit

slap/hit punch kick catch throw pull

Quick The words like march, walk, run, crawl, tiptoe, drag, push, jump,
Tip leap, hop, couch, skip, hit, stretch, lift, put down, dive, lean, sit,
squat, bend, pick up, hold, carry, slap/hit, punch, kick, catch,
throw and pull are verbs. They are action words. They express
different actions and tell what the subject of a sentence does.

122
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Listening Practice

Repeat after your teacher.

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
be was/were been being is/am/are
clean cleaned cleaned cleaning cleans
eat ate eaten eating eats
go went gone going goes
have had had having has
play played played playing plays
sing sang sung singing sings
speak spoke spoken speaking speaks
take took taken taking takes
write wrote written writing writes

Grammar Focus: Different Forms of Main Verbs

Krishal sings a song. Krishala plays a game.
Krishala is playing a
Krishal is singing a song. game.
Krishala has played a
game.
Krishal has sung a song. Krishala played a game.
Does Krishala play a
game?
Krishal sang a song.

Does Krishal sing a song?

Do The words like sings, singing, sung, sang, sing, plays, playing,
you played and play are the different forms of the verbs sing and
Know? play. Sing and play are main verbs here.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 123

Read the following sentences.

I eat rice. He eats rice. She eats rice.

Sabina is eating rice. They have eaten rice. You eat rice.

They eat rice. We ate rice. Rita and Mona eat rice.

The verb ‘eat’ as main verb has different uses in different tenses as below:

Present singular V5 eats

Present plural V1 eat

Past V2 ate

Past participle V3 eaten

Present participle V4 eating

Instant Practice

Underline main verbs in the following sentences.

1. He has a bike.

2. Padam found his shoes.

3. Mr. Rai is marking the pupil’s papers.

4. They are playing on the children’s playground.

5. Don’t make so much noise!

6. Doctors take care of people’s health.

7. They always play a game of tennis.

8. Krishna looks well.

9. They called me a liar.

10. We have moved to a new house.

124
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Instant Practice

Underline main verbs in the following sentences.
1. My school starts at nine o’clock.
2. I brush my teeth in the morning and at night.
3. We’re going to the zoo on Saturday.
4. The boys chased after each other.
5. The football rolled down the hill.
6. Kalyan looks like her dad.
7. Ananda smiles like his mother.
8. They waited for about an hour.
9. He arrived at about ten.
10. He walked off.

Grammar Focus: Regular and Irregular Verbs

Regular Verbs

Present Past Past Participle
accept accepted accepted
bake baked baked
curse cursed cursed
dry dried dried
hand handed handed
jump jumped jumped
mark marked marked
save saved saved
try tried tried
work worked worked

Quick Regular verbs are formed by adding –d/-ed to change them into their
Tip past and past participle forms.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 125

Irregular Verbs Past Past Participle
bought bought
Present caught caught
buy dug dug
catch ate eaten
dig fell fallen
eat got gotten
fall kept kept
get made made
keep sold sold
make took taken
sell
take

Quick Irregular verbs do not take –d/-ed to change them into their past
Tip and past participle forms. It doesnot follow the normal rules for its
conjugation.

Instant Practice

Complete the following table.

Present Past Past Participle
check
damage
end
enjoy
fry
greet
hunt
identify
push
rain

126
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Instant Practice

Complete the following table.

Present Past Past Participle

do

fly

go

hear

keep

lose

pay

read

run

see

Grammar Focus: Present Participle

Read the following sentences.

I am writing a letter.

He is singing a song.

We are working in the field.

The bus was heading towards Kathmandu.

They were carrying baskets of fruits.

The farmers have been planting crops since morning.

My father has been sleeping for 2 hours.

Quick Present participle form of the verb is used after auxiliary verbs is, am,
Tip are, was, were, have been and has been. Present participle forms of
the verb shows that actions are going on at the time of speaking.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 127

Formation of Present Participle
 Remove –e and add –ing in the verbs ending in –e.

come-coming name-naming tame-taming save-saving

write-writing make-making hope-hoping provide-providing

include-including invite-inviting live-living manage-managing
 Add –ing and double the last consonant.

cut-cutting hit-hitting sit-sitting stop-stopping

run-running put-putting hop-hopping knit-knitting
 Add only –ing.

eat-eating go-going sing-singing know-knowing

call-calling fly-flying cry-crying buy-buying

wink-winking twist-twisting read-reading listen-listening

Instant Practice

Complete the following table.

Verb Present Participle Verb Present Participle
climb talk
fly paint
graze ring
hit cultivate
notify drop
slay push
speak take
spray jump
swim swing
weep bring

128
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct word to complete the following sentences.
1. Roman ______a black dog. (have/has)
2. He _____his work himself. (do/does)
3. We ____in grade three last year. (was/were)
4. Why ___she very cruel? (is/are)
5. ____you sure you saw him? (Are/Is)
6. I _____ very busy today. (is/am)
7. We ____ hard working persons. (is, are)
8. It ____some sense. (has/have)
9. The school ___a swimming pool. (have/has)
10. The milk in that glass___ hot. (is/are)

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Read the following sentences and put the verbs in right column. 129
1. She can play the flute well.
2. It may rain today.
3. You should help the poor.
4. I was sleeping at this time yesterday.
5. We have been living here since childhood.
6. He must go there.
7. I have already finished my work.
8. We have not seen her yet.
9. You will play football tomorrow.
10. I will have surely called you on my birthday.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Auxiliary Verbs Main Verbs
can play

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following table.

Present Past Verb Past Present Future Verb
Verbs
V1 Participle Participle
walk
jump V5 V2 V3 V4 w ill + V1
cook
work
help
drive
come
bring
learn
Drink

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Circle auxiliary verbs and underline main verbs.
add is allow am
bake are bang were
imagine itch jog jump

130
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

call chase damage drop

have escape has fasten

had can may will

end could fix gather

grab hang hug would

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Write the singular and present participle form of the following verbs.
knit land lock march
mix name notice obey
open pass promise question
reach stay talk turn
unite use vanish visit
walk work yawn yell

6ASSESS YOURSELF

Write the past participle of the following verbs.

1. break _______________ 6. buy _______________

2. cut _______________ 7. draw _______________

3. do _______________ 8. hear _______________

4. drink _______________ 9. find _______________

5. sing _______________ 10. know _______________

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 131

Vocabulary in Use
Choose the right word for the given pictures.
wait weight
wear where
whole hole
witch which
urn earn
tide tied
soot suit
stair stare
son sun

tear tier

132
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

GET TENSE 11
STARTED
Chapter

Read the following texts.

Milk does not just come from a shop. It mainly comes from cows. Cows eat
grass in summer and silage or hay in the winter. Cows go on making milk for
quite a long time. We milk cows twice a day by a machine. The machine is run by
electricity and has four tubes which attach to the cow’s udder. The machine sucks
the milk from the cow. This goes along pipes into a large container which cools
it down. A refrigerated tanker collects the milk from the farm usually twice a day
and takes the milk to a processing-plant where it is put into bottles or cartons. Still,
refrigerated, it is taken to shops and supermarkets to be sold.

Mr. Wolf soon found Grandma’s cottage. He opened the wooden door and
peeked inside. There was Grandma in her cozy bed. She was wearing her best
nightcap and her new spectacles, too. Poor Grandma was terrified. “Help!” she
cried, but no one heard her. The wolf grinned his most wicked grin. Then he pounded
into the cottage and ate poor Grandma all up. He was so greedy that he swallowed
her whole. Nasty Mr. Wolf licked his lips. Then he put on Grandma’s best nightcap
and her new spectacles. He hadn’t eaten those. He slipped into Grandma’s bed. It
was still warm. He pulled up Grandma’s covers, right up to his wicked chin. Then
he waited. He just waited, grinning his wicked grin.

My sister will celebrate her tenth birthday tomorrow. She will be throwing a
birthday party at this time tomorrow. According to her, her friends and some
teachers will come to the party. But I don’t think that her school teachers will be
coming. I will buy her a guitar as the birthday gift as she likes it very much. She
will have been surprised getting her best gift forever.

Do The given texts represent present, past and future tenses.
you
Know?

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 133

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given texts.
a. What are different tenses in English?
b. Which tense is used in the first text?
c. Which tense is used in the second text?
d. Which tense is used in the third text?
e. Which one of the given texts tells us about today and present?
f. Which one of the given texts tells us about yesterday and past?
g. Which one of the given texts tells us about tomorrow and future?

Quick Tenses are any of the forms of a verb that is used to show time of the
Tip action or state expressed by the verb. Tense is divided into three types
namely present, past and future. Each of them is further divided into
simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous aspects.

Listening Practice

Repeat these verbs after your teacher.

Present verbs: does not come, comes, eat, go, milk, is, has, attach, sucks, goes,
cools, collects, takes

Past verbs: found, opened, peeked, was, was wearing, cried, heard, grinned,
pounded, ate, swallowed, licked, put on, hadn’t eaten, slipped into, pulled up,
waited

Future verbs: will celebrate, will be throwing, will come, will be coming, will
buy, will have been surprised

134
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Grammar Focus: Kinds of Tense

Verbs

Present Past Future

I eat. I ate. I will eat.
We are playing. We were playing. We will be playing.
You have sung. You will have sung.
He has been crying. You had sung. He will have been crying.
He had been crying.

Instant Practice

Complete the following table with correct tenses.

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future
I will eat an apple.
I eat an apple. I ate an apple.

We play cricket.

You do your homework.

She helps us.

He goes to school.

It has different colour.

They dance well.

Raj drives a car.

Prem acts in the film.

Dip and Tej study well.

He is a doctor.

She has a toy.

Mina works very hard.

People enjoy the nature.

Farmers plant crops.

We visit the park.

I type a letter.

This machine works fast.

They threaten us.

Teachers teach students.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 135

Grammar Focus: Simple Present Tense

Read the following sentences.
Blood is red.
Fruits give us energy. .
I know him very well.
Water flows down.
Monika works hard.
They go to school on foot.
Cats love milk.
The sun rises in the east.

Quick The verbs like is, flows, works, go, give, love, know and rises show
Tip the present time. The root verbs are either in V1 or in V5 forms. Thus,
they are in the simple present tense.

Read the following sentences.

Singular Subject: V5 Plural Subject: V1

Nima rides bicycle. We ride bicycle.

She runs very fast. You run very fast.

He sings songs. They sing songs.

This is a marker. These are markers.

The barber trims hair. Barbers trim hair.

A boy wears shorts. Boys wear shorts.

Quick Singular subjects take V5 whereas plural subjects take V1. The
Tip structure of simple present tense is Sub + V1/V5 + Obj.

136
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Listening Practice

Repeat after your teacher. We own a house.
I own a house. He owns a house.
They own a house.
You own a house. Rina owns a house.
Water is tasteless.
She owns a house. The sun gives us light.
A teacher teaches his students.
Ritesh owns a house. Snakes crawl.

Ritesh and Rina own a house. have a car.

Blood is thicker than water. has a car.

Everyone has to die.

Dogs guard our house.
Have or Has

I
We
You
They
Ganesh and Heman
The girls
These students
He
She
It
Ganesh
Heman
A girl
That student

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 137

Instant Practice

Make sentences from the table given below.

I

We

You

They work hard.

Mina and Hema

The girls

These students
He

She

It

Gupta works hard.

Hari

A boy

The farmer

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with have or has.

1. We ________ a new science teacher.

2. He ________ a bad temper.

3. I often ________ fruit for dessert.

4. You ________ a good chance of winning the prize.

5. She always ________ oatmeal for breakfast.

6. The broom ________ a blue handle.

138
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

7. They never ________ any problem with tests. 139
8. The girl________ golden hair.
9. An insect ________ six legs.
10. Dad ________ his cell phone with him.
11. The children ________ a new swing set.
12. Many poor people ________ nothing to eat.
13. Chicago ________ a very big airport.
14. A triangle ________ three sides.
15. The man ________ two daughters.
Use of Simple Present Tense
 Regular actions
She visits her uncle twice.
They go to doctor once a year.
We play football on Saturdays.
 Habitual actions
I always get up early in the morning.
My father drinks a lot of water.
She goes to market to sell fruits.
 Truths
Man is mortal.
Snow is white.
Cows eat grass.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

 Proverbs

Slow and steady wins the race.

Practice makes a man perfect.

An apple a day keeps doctors away.
 State verbs: seem, know, hear, own, need

He seems happy today.

He knows me well.

We need a house soon.

Instant Practice

Make sentences from the table given below.

I wake up at 6:00 am.
We wakes up
You
They
Binod and Nabaraj
The players
These workers
He
She
It
Kamal
Harish
The coach
That man

140
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Instant Practice

Look at the following table and write what each of them does every
morning.

Dhurba go for dance practice

Dinesh do meditation

Diya go for morning walk

Dinesh help parents in the kitchen

Dibakar assist his brother to do homework

Dikshya complete her homework

Dhiraj read mathematics formulae

Dina go to temple with her mother

Dip play games in the computer

Dipesh iron his clothes

G Frammar ocus: Present Continuous Tense

Read the following sentences.

The children are going to school.

The horse is running.

They are listening to radio. 141
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

They are singing a song on the stage.
The child is thinking about calculations.
The student is responding to the teacher.
The boys are taking photograph.
She is drawing a picture.

Quick The verbs like are going, is running, are listening, are singing,
Tip is thinking, is responding, are taking and is drawing say about
something that is happening at the time of speaking. They are in
present continuous tense. The present continuous tense uses – ing
forms of the verbs in a sentence. It has the structure Sub + Is/Am/Are
+ V4 + Obj

142
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given pictures below.

A: What are they doing?
B: ____________________.

A: What are the students doing? 143
B: ____________________.

A: What is the boy doing?
B: ____________________.

A: What are they doing?
B: ____________________.

A: What are the boys doing?
B: ____________________.


Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.

Raj and Naina are going to market.
They are walking slowly.
They are talking about buying things.

Kamal and Rita are going to school.
Kamal is looking at somewhere else.
They are walking very fast.
They are catching hands of each other

The students are reading books in the library.
They are sitting on a chair.
They are keeping silence in the library.

Use of present Continuous Tense
Present continuous tense is used to refer to an action that is happening/
going on at the time of speaking.

The boys are Joe is sweeping
shaking hands. the road.

144
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

The teacher is The heater is
telling a story. burning.

Mina is taking The rhino is
the dog outside of
house. grazing in the
field.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences using correct form of the verb in
present continuous tense.
1. John and his friends_____ TV. (watch)
2. They _____in Budhathum at present. (live)
3. Biro _____ the new sweater. (wear)
4. I _____ because I´m happy. (sing)
5. The men _____ now. (run)
6. I_____ to open the window. (try)
7. They _____ at the horses. (look)
8. Mr. Sharma _____on the bench. (sit)
9. _____you _____your father? (help)
10. The boys _______cricket. (play)
11. My sister _____a story book. (read)
12. ____they _____to each other? (talk)
13. The boys_____ their class. (decorate)

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 145

14. The dogs _____continuously. (bark)

15. Why _____you ______at me? (shout)

16. It _____outside. (rain)

Instant Practice

Complete the dialogues using the verbs provided in the present
continuous tense.

1. Hans : Hello, Bob! Where ______ you? (go)

Bob : To the post office.

Hans : I ______ (go) there, too. Why ______not you ______ (drive)

your car?

Bob : It´s in the garage. They ______ (fix) the brakes.

2. Jane : Where´s Billy?

Peter : He´s in his room.

Jane : What ______ he______ (do)? I don´t think he ______ (sleep).

Peter : No, he isn´t. He ______ (study) for a test.

Jane : He ______ always______ (study). That´s why he______(do) so
well at school this year.

Peter : Well, he______ (plan) to study engineering, you know.

3. Robert : Where are the children?

Mary : Billy______ (watch) TV in the living-room and Betty´s in the
kitchen. I think she______ (cook) dinner. And Jim´s in his room.
He______ (sleep), of course!

Robert : Well, let´s go for a walk, then.

Mary : Great! Let´s do that.

146
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into present continuous tense.
1. I play football.
2. He sings a song.
3. She dances.
4. They plant crops.
5. Cows eat grass.
6. Sheep graze in the field.
7. These boys play in the ground.
8. The couple lives together.
9. She works hard.
10. Tony catches fish.
11. Sheetal runs fast.
12. Photographers take photos.
13. Farmers plough the field.
14. He draws a picture.
15. Jubal eats an apple.

Grammar Focus: Present Perfect Tense

Read the following sentences.

I have written a I have cleaned
letter. I am going the toilet. It looks
to post it. pretty now.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 147

My brother has I have bought a
broken his leg. cycle.
He is going to I am using it now.
hospital.
I have purchased
She has cooked a t-shirt. It is blue.
food. It is ready to
eat.

Quick The verbs like have written, has broken, has cooked, have
Tip cleaned, have bought and have purchased show that the action
has been completed in the present time. They are in present perfect
tense. The present perfect tense has the structure Sub + Has/Have
+ V3 + Obj.

Grammar Focus: Have or Has

Look at the following table.

I have finished the work.
We has finished
You
They
Bir and Nil
The farmers
These labourers
He
She
It
Kiran
Hem
The student
That woman

148
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.
I have already visited that place.
She hasn’t come yet.
He has bought a car.
The principal has announced three days’ holiday.
I have cut my finger. It is bleeding.
She has written a story. Do you like to read it?
We have tasted sea food.
The coach has resigned from his post.

Instant Practice

Make sentences in present perfect tense using the following words.
1. I/eat/mangoes
2. She/paint/the wall
3. He/compose/a song
4. The school/declare/holiday
5. They/go/to Kathmandu
6. We/migrate/to cities
7. Ganesh/drink/milk
8. My mother/work/in the field
9. I/finish/my work
10. Dip/play/basketball

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4 149

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with the present perfect tense of the verbs in
parentheses.
1. Dad ______________ his car key. (lose)
2. All the guests ______________. (arrive)
3. Tony ______________ a goal. (score)
4. Peter _____________ in the tent several times. (sleep)
5. It ____________ not ____________ for two months. (rain)
6. Some prisoners ______________ from the prison. (escape)
7. The plane ______________ at the airport. (land)
8. John ______________ a puppet. (make)
9. Dad and I ______________ a big fish. (catch)
10. I ______________ this movie twice. (see)

Instant Practice

Write the present participle of these verbs on the blanks.
1. climb ______ 7. bring ______ 13. scold ______
2. come ______ 8. go ______ 14. deliver ______
3. fall ______ 9. write ______ 15. snatch ______
4. jump ______ 10. drop ______ 16. paint ______
5. run ______ 11. ask ______ 17. change ______
6. sleep ______ 12. catch ______ 18. buy ______

150
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-4