[Φυσική Α´ Λυκείου] Σχολικό βιβλίο - Δαπόντες & Κασσέτας

vq Y€vtKvd6Forrls guotK4s.
E6c6cogor1;.rep(oq6dv(qndlu'ro pr16dvr)rporeiverqrrl KCI-

rrilrepq oprorrlOspporpooio,q orroio -o6prcpcovpoerq Oep-
po6u,yoprr<prn1o-pei vo undp€,eprdouorq <p6oq.

Av ouppol(oouprpereT ror 0 rrg ev6ei{srrstrlv 6uorfuprdrorv
Kelvinrqr Keloiourrou qvrrororxorlvorqv i6ro0epprorpooio
0o roXdeTr : 273,15+e.Oo Oeoporiprr<eardnpoofyyrorTl :
273+0.

lro rrg0ep;.ror<pooropredrgopotri,r;oXdeAr T : A0.

O.plrrrqroopponio

A u'r6 rrou <6ei1v er>iv q 0 e p p 6 p e rp oeiv q r 1 10 e p p o rp o o io
(rou). Mrropef dF<rlsvo prerpder Kcrr rl Oepprorpooiqdllov
oopdrov. H 0eppopdrpnoqpoof(e-rororqv e6troyrn1apo6o-
1q 6rr tg6oov 66o o<itparq €A)ouv <teenagrl Oa arroxrrToouv
xotvr19epporcpctoiaK. r our6 yrur(, <t^ropdrpo rrou prropodpe
vq €Ffiroreuro6;rerqv ocprlpro5,61,r ro ovrrreipevoyivovtot
e{ ioou (co'rd eg6oov 6rcrrqpq0o6vo' errocpqyro oproprivo
lpovrr6 6rdorrl;.roA. v cpovroo'rodpet,rorrr6v,ro 0epp6perp6
l-rGSvCIipleror oe errogrl pe rdrrc,rooc6proq, 0epporpooio
nou 0q Eropdooupre0,o eivor 0epporpoo(s xo; rou Oeppopd-
Tpou r(0,rou oc6pro'ro5.

Ira 0eppdp€rps nou poo((ovrcc orrl 6roorolq rcovu-
ypc6vXpnorHonoreiroor uvr1Ocou56pdpyuposerrer6( no-
pouord(er notrld rrtreoverr(Frsrrr, oe oXdorlpe dltrc u-
ypd. E(vol'notr6rol6g crl,<oy6rsrlg 0eppr6rrlros,epcpovG
(er oqpov'rrr<(6roorolrl, 6ev 6ral3pf1ero yuoli gc(ve-
Tor erjrcotroKor a16proprnopei\'o XprlorForrorrl0eyiro
oXerrrd peydlq neproXq0eppoxpoorr6v6, e6oprfvou6'rr
iler lcxpqld orlpreiorrrl€eroS( -3,3,8'C) ror rg111o6rlpe(o
p p o o p o r j( 3 5 7 " C ) .

H ENEPiEIAAIATHPEITKAAi IYTIOBAOMIZETAI

XprlorponorodrrprrlvedworaOep-
ptxr1rcopponfa yro 66o o6pora
nou ppiorovrc(or e Oepprrqenorprl
Xorpfsvo erc6rlTrcirverroaprio aMq-
yi orq 0epporpooiqrou. H ro6rq-
rs 66oOepprorlroorc66rvornoTcbve-
rqr F€ro 0ep;r6p€rpoA.urd 6FrS
rp6perprionop'o6oX(,rrou 6oo ror
vo gaiveror etiloyrl,6eveivqrqu-
rovdqr4. Orr 6qlo6r16rov 66o rl
rreproo6repooc6prorcppiorovror
oe 0epprrrlrooppon(ope ocirpoO
(yranapd6eryprdovo0eppdperpo)
0o ppiorovrqro€ Oepprrqrooppo-
niq rqr pero{ti rous. H np6rooq
ourrl eivorrqruordlqypo rls Kd-
0rlpeprv(ngeipogror ouXvd ovo<pipercr ,DSp46€vx6q, v61to9
rqq 0eppo6uvapxrlc.

h

e-

H ENEPII:IAAIATHPEITKAAIIYTIOBAOMIZETAI

@epyoKpuotu

ilsr Otpy$r4ru

EivorolrlOerq6rr orqv fiopsio rqg errorrlprlgrripcoe fvq e-
vruntoorcrdpeydtrolpovr166rdorrlpropriXpvro qnooqqqvr-
oref 116rdrproqavdpreoo rr5 ivvoregOepprorpooiroor Oep-
pr6rr1roE. (vqrer(oqgol(Oero6rr yrcrrrlv rrsprypocprral r rq
prelfrrlrov 0ep;rrr<r6gvorvoprfvroovr 6uo our6g 6woregeivor
KqrqvqyKCIier5or srr'6rr cpoiverapr rdlproqpepoqvqvrrKo-
rdororeg. Mdlprge6r6ovogep0qruprpe6vooe perprloerg
OepporpoorcbNvs. 6odperr yiverorK(r F€rq Oeppdrrpa.

l-lpogro nopdv qSqpK€oro6peoro 6'11Oepprirqraeivor<uu-
rd> nou peroBrpri(erqrorrd dvo otirpaq' dva rillo, e{ or-
riog r4g 6rogoptigrrou nqpouord,(ouvor 0epporpooie5
rous. 'Oooyro rrg ouvineregourrlgrqg ou06ppnrnsperop(-
PoonS(ponSel ivor11o6(qoq orq Oepporpooiorou opXrrd
r.l,rulpdrepooucOproroxgar q eldrroorl oTrl 0epporpooio'rou
opprd 0epp6repouT. q rrpdyprcxr}oorrrdve€elfooovrsrosv
qrr<jro Oeppdperpoc6prvocxpercprfi1(eranoro rqulp6repo
xdn, rroo0q ro trfpe0eptrr6rrlrCI.

Tonordvrrlg 0o FqSqrrCIcrxolqorerrpy6repo.Oo errrlerpq-
ooup€fipos ro rropdvvq rrl prelerrlooupfsiooorrKd.Aeveivqr
nopdloyo vo 6epo6pe 6rr q 0eppr6r-r1rrrsou rrpoogiper11
gl<iyo ev6gtr61voueivqrovdloyq rrf)osrov Xpdvo,ecp6oov
rorovotr<irv€TporomcOeprlnoodrrlr u rcuofpouorq povd6o
rou 1p6vou.

I

e

H FNEPIEIAAIATHPEITKAAI IYNOBAOMIZETAI

Or yv<oo'rie5pnerp(eFsdSev0app6vouvvo uroOer(ooupe
prarfroro nopo6oX(.Av dloupetrorrr6vpronqyq oroOepqg
Oepprxqngopolq5 0c prroporil.vr€q ovdyoupertg perprloerg
rrooc6v0epporrlrogoe perprloer1gpdvcc,vfr.q ro'nood Oep-
prdrqrog0o XpqorprorrororrioprsenrKpqriorspoodppotroe' i-
vorro Q.

H Bepehcir6relE[iocoorl

r n sB . p p r 6 o p e r p i o s

To epcOrqpoeivor:Ano n efaprdrar q adfqory rrlc )eppoxpa-
oiaq evdqod.tyaroq;

H rcoOqpreprevpqrrerpicpdg 6r6dorer6-rr
i) ro vep6, ro0c6grrepvd Qcopo,(eoroive'rar 6trorqr rreproo6-

repo rdOeqopd nou ro pd(oupe vo (eoroOeioro pdrr tqg
rou(ivo5
ii) av ou(qooul.r€rqv troo6rqrCI rou vsprlri0a Xperoo'rei ne -
proo6repogXp6vogyrc vq ro (eordvoupe
iii) dvo orroro6rlrrorepre'rolfurdovrrre iprr'vo(eoroiverct rrto
edrotrooe o1ior1pevep6i6roupdpoug,

H rrerpapurrx{ dpeuvo

H xaOqpeprvqeprnerp(o6ev eivor piporo, oprerrl yra va o611-
yq0odpeo€ FrCoI rdvrrlorl F€XcxpcrKrqpgcur orrof v6pou. Ei-
vor <oo16ooro0o6qyqrrrr1.

Mdoo o116rrerpoporrrrlipeuvo - nopdporo ;reourrlv rrou
qvqn, 6oo€rsr orov €pydorrlprax6o6qyci- rorol(youp€ oro
ouprripooprodrr
H o6{11o1r1rlg 0epporpooiog rrou rrqpqrrpeiror o' ivq oc6po
a) eivsr avdAoyryTpoq ro noo6 Oeppdrryraqnou perap$6(e-
rxr oro o<bya
p) {vat avnorpSguq avdAoyryTpoC rr1ya(a (m) roo o<bpa-

TOq.

y) e€apraratan6 rrl E6orl rou uhxo6.
H releurqio ourq e{dprrloqneprypdcperqHrsdvqvouvre-

leorq - p6ye0o5o, orroioglfyeror e6xq )qpdrrya rou uAr-

:-e

H ENFFTEAIIAATHPEIKTAAIYI NOBAOMIZETAI

KoriKCIoruppotri(erstF€ro Ypdppqc. Anorelef6volopcrrq-
prorrr6 piye0ogrou ultrcod6r-qvro rrc6poe(vqtoe orepedq
uypqrotdorCIorl.
v<oMperrroqpXotpivnvoqnr6croqvrruqrrlcdol Olotrr<ipvorveoTuqp)rpeSyt6rcpre6lvvls0qerpqerhrccx6p6o€nnqdi'--
ooorl rqg 0eppr6operpiq6s6 : Q/mcq

Q = mcAl)

Ie napdpotqoupfi€pdoprororaro,\qyoup€KqlYlCrIrlv fiq-
porrlpofpevqeldrr<rlor10epporpaoio'r;ou otriproroso€ nepi-
rrr<oorrl rou rl 0epp6tqro peroprpd(eroran6 ro ocbporrpos
ro neprpdMov.

Q = mc(O,.r-Oopx)
Eg6oov 0,o)0oor 0q eivqr ror Q>0 t:vc6qv O',r(Oopx0q ef-
var Q<0. To odppotro6r1lc6qQ on'orelei pro noo6'rqro
Oerrrrlecp6oovnaprordver 0epp6r11rCqIrroppocpo6pevq'
Avri0ero, cv wa<giptrql o€ 0ep;'r6rr1rorrou rropcrXopei-
rqt qrr6 ivo ocir;rae, ivotl.ttoTroo6rrlrcopvrlrrrcq.

Av poororofpe orrl 0epefuc66eq{iotuoqtq5 Oeppr6opetpioS
prropofpe vc opiooul.t€Kql Hld povd6cxperp(oe<ogYlo rq rro-
od 0epp6rrlros. H prro0ep;ri6o-calorie- eivor q provd6ctrou
yro rroltrd 1p6vraunqp{,en srrlKpsriorepq. fts'rov oproprd
rns Xpnorpotorq0qrero vepd.1 cal ovoFrd4erorro noo6 0ep-
p6rqtog, fiou qfiqtte irot Ylc vq qei;4Oefq Oepprorpqo(s1
ypappcrpiouvepo6 rord 1 poep6 Ketroiou*.H povd6o rrou
rrpordrrreryrc rrlv er6rrrl0epp6tqrcxeivqt'ro 1 callg'C. I(pe-
pq rrou 6tregor Fopqis evipyerog;rerprcSvro;r eJoule,povd6o
yrCITq rrood 0ep;r6rr1tcg0eopeitor ro 1 Joule,KdtYls rrlv €l-
6rrr10epp6rrlrq ro 1 J kg'K-'.

To yrv6pevorrls pd(qS ev65ocirprarrregrri rqv e161101e1pp5-
rrlrq rou utrrrod}iyeror 1eppoyutprlnr.frrlrarou ocbporosKql

* H er6rrr0l epp6r4rarov oto;ldrov6eve(vqtoroOepqoMd .reropdMeropl €rrl OepporpooioA'u'
16rovercvcryroivoa oprmeqi 0eppi6oaeopropivqyrxprni eproXO( eppoxpooiolugyrerprpdvo-
n6 14,5'C <r.r155,5"C.Epei0go0eopo6;:derroter6rxd05ep;r6rrpeegivoot ro0epi5'

I

e

ouppoli(erqrFEro ypdHpqr. H 0epretrrc66eq{igo<rrorqrlg Oep-
pr6oprerpiopgnopeftrorrr6vq ypogeiFIrrqv e{iocooqQ = xAO

Ie qvri0eonFrsrrlv erErrq0ep;rdrqroq onoio ovocpdperor
oe rdrroroutrrr6,q Oeppolcoprrlrrr6rrlraovagiperqr oe dvs
ouyrerprp6voc6poror dXe<r og;.rovd6operprloeogro 1 JK-'.
Afprey, ronopd6€rypq1, 1er6lrrl0epp6rqt,rrou vepo6,rou 1ol-
rori q rou nsrp€lqfou evc6qvri0ero liprr:11Oeppolcrlprlrx6rq-
ra 2 kgvepo6r1q eeppolcopqrrx6r4reov6goprop6vo6uo1eiou.

E16rrBrlepp6rqro

'EXouperc6porrrq 6vovrp6no vo perpdpenood 0epp6rqrog
rrou ovrqMdooovrqr ovdpreoooto 6rdrpopaoc6porq.Mrro-
potlpeor6po vo prerpdpK€ qrrrs er6rrdgOeppr6rrlrerrgovufu-
r<cbGv,vpoororo6p€orrl loyrrrl nopo6oXr5l rt o'dvo Oepprrd
qrropovcopdvoodorrlpqro rroo60eppdrqrcxfsiou onoppocpd
ro t1,ru1p6repoocSpaeivqrrqrd orrdtrurrlrrprriloo H€ro rroo6
0ep;r6rqrosrrourrqpox<op€irqrnd'ro OeppdrepoX.perc(6-
Hoor€p6poropro6rdro{rlnou vc 6qprroupynepi oOnoOioel5
Oepprrddnopovop6vououo'rrlporogr,irorou 611lo61n1ou
6evqvrqlldooe r 0epp6rrlroF€To rrep,rpdltrorvou. Tfrolo
6rdro{r1eivqrro 0eppl6riperpor,rou qrrorelefrqrqtr6 6o1eio
prer<clr1Oepprrrpl 6vrooqr,d'n osv ro 1ruroor60epp6g.

'Evqorrtr60ep;.rr66prervpeopodqfiorr,treiroro'nd 6o1e(ope
vep6rrou rorroOerqprivpoioo o'6vq pelahlrepo 6o1eioo, rrl-
pQerd rdvco oe pdoergon6 <petrl6T. o pero[6 roug 6rdrevo,

I

e

H EN:PlElAAIATHPEITKAAI IYIIOBAOMIZEIAI

ro yspi'(oup€ps KdrroroulrKd6uo0epprayoly'E6v. or<opprduror -
lopdpporopnopevf a noi{errKovorrorrlrrrrod p6lo our6.'Evq
0epp6perporcdvagova6eurqpo5ouprrtrqpc6vorurv16rdro{q.

Mnoporiprec6povo perprloouprsrlver6rrr0l epp6rrlracxrou
utrrro6ev6goc6porosn,ou 6evovrr6pdlqprrd pero vep6.Err6g
urr6ro 0ep;r6prerpeoivoronopoitqrogr<6r va5(uy6SZ. oyi(oope
lorn6vnpororopohrdr-ovep6(m,)Kurro oc6po(m,).Oeppoi-
voup€ro ociprooe rdnoro yvrrlorrlOeprprorpoo0i,qrqr ro puOi-
(oupeoro vep6rdeivovrogrold ro Oeppr66prerApuor.6nou 6ei-
1ver -0.,-oplrrd ro 0epp6p€rpoei/vorqr opXrrq0epporpooio
rou, dpo KqrI opxrKrOl epporpooio'rovre.rpo6A. vcpliooup€vo
XprlorFonoro6rporveovo6eurrlpop,tri'nouyieo 0epp6p€rpvoo
<ovepoivepr>flpr nou 0a cprdoeore rinorq Oepporpaofooro-
Oepr(l0a),prlvupodrr iler enil0erOep;rrrrrol opponiol.iprporvo
Hsrqv napo6olqnou avocpipopnspcqyoupdv<rorgr pepdoq
rov 0epehr66vrd1prorqg0eppr6operpi0oor;roX6er*:

lm,c,(00,..^,:)-llmrc"(o0,.rn)dl-prr.:, ft ffi .,,

H oX6or1;rdgerrrrpirr€rvo perprloou;r€rrlv er6rrc0rlepp6rrlro
rou utrtrco6rrou Xprlorporrorrloop{reer<rvc6v'rogrrd rqv er6rrcr1
0eppd,rqr-o-C,-tou vepo6,q orrofc eivore{ opro;rorj1 callg
'C. To 1 cal roo6uvopei 6n<ogeq 6o(rpsrruporcdr<1V, E4,186
Joule.Mnoporjpe,lorrrdv vo rro6pe,)'prlorHofiorc6vrar5o 6re-
0vdgorjorqpra;rovd6<odvrr 11rrpq rr15er6rrqgOeppdrqrosrou
veporletuor4186J/kg'K.Eivorpro peydlq rrpq. To vepdepcpovi-
(er pra o116rrg peyoldrepegrrprd5er6rrqgOepprd'rqroogv, dpre-
oq oro 6rdcpopoufurd. E(vsrewrd rregrirrouqopds nro <66oro-
lo> vu (eoraOefpro pd(o vepo6oe q4doqHsprs ioq pd(o or-
6qpou. To yeyovd,s6ev proge(vordyvororo. (Drdvervo oKr-
groripe rr6oo 66orolo e(vorvo (eoroOef ro vep6 rrdvcooro
pdrr rqg rcou(ivogo, e oXforl pe ro ufur<6rrls Koroop6}cxgpiocx
orqv orroio pp(oreror.To {fpoupe rrrr qrrd'rrg rcctroxorprvdg
prog6ror<orrigI.e q1doq ps rnv dppo, ro rrpcrlf11Odtroooor<o-
Ouo,epef vo (ecrroOe( evc6ra arroyipcrro cpyei vc rpu<6oer.

*Oeclporiptdrrro 6oXe(orou Oepprr66perpioXuerOeppoX<opqrrr<6roqoroqpcvrrl

I

e

F]ENEPTAEAIATHPEITKAAIY|IOBAOMIZETA

Ie dvsOepprrdqrropovcrrpdovorjo'rqpqeivorIQ : O.
Egdoovyiverorovrctrtroyq0ep;r6tqrogovdpreoooe

6tiooc6porofiou av(rouv oro o6orqyo,0a undpler o)
ivq rroo60epp6rqrosQo<0rrouorro66ersro116ro Oep-
p6perporor p)ivq nood0epprdrqroQslu>0rrouqlroppo-
gd'rurorrd ro rpulpdrepoO. a roX6elrorrr6vQo*Q, : 0
4 Qo: -Q' dPolQ; : lQ'1.

E r 6 r r d0gep p d r q r e go p r o p r d v <uof uv r c c iorevi k g - ' K - '

Y6poydv(oundoro0.nieoq) 14.250 Alouyfvro 900
Torpdvro 880
Nepd 4.186 Mdpprpo 840
Todplo 840
Av0pc6nrvooripo 3.470 A H to S 820
fuqlf 620-800
Orvdnveu;.ro 2.420 Ii6qpr4 460
Xok69 390
f 1 er p i t r o r o 2.100 M6lul)6og 130
/ oellds 2.100

I-ldyo5 2.090

Kqouroo6x 1.880

Bev(ivr1 1.700

H ;reydtrqer6rrcgr1eppdrrlra rou vepo6iler ouv6rrereg
or1provrTrc6gT. o vep6 perprd(errq 0elrporpooio ndvcrr

orq fq rqr rdver rrs fi€proo6repe5neproldg rororrqor-

pregA. v rrdpoupreurr' dq.rqprogdrr rq rlli'otiropro nepG
fiou rqs errrcpdvercsTou nlovqrq or<e'nd(ovrqrqrrd ve-

p6 0o prnopdoouprieocrrgvo ro roratrdpoupe. Kolooorai-
eg rroo6'rrlregqfuorqg 0eppr6rqrCISqroppogc6vrorro

roloroipra orrd rr5 Odloooeg,rrg lipveg Korrous rroro-
po6gyra vo qrro6o0orivoryd oryd, rorrg ler;rc6ve5o, rrlv
orpr6ogcrpa.

I
h

e

H ENE'tEIAA ATt]PEITKAAI IYIIOBAOM]ZEIAI

MroBepporrlrtorovBdvouoo

Or pdlpr rcirpoepnerpfe5FCISoro 0rpprrd gorv5pevo pdS i-
Xouv,ioog, xdvervq rrrorirpoupre6115oo npoocpdpoupeo'i-
vo oc6pro0epp6rqro q Oeppor<pooiroou 0o ou{dveI ouv€-

I X6S. Aur6, 6p.S, 6ev roXrieros rdO: nepirrrcrroq.YndpXouv
golvdpevo <qrd rq onois q 0epp6r1rq qnoppogdror Xopis
vo avepd(erro 0eppdp€rpoe' ivoror peropold5 gdortov*.

Av {ovopdloupe vepd o' fva 6oXeio -6ncog Kornprv- Kcl

enrprefvou;ro€rq Oippovoq rou triyoneproo6repo,0o ilOer

Kdrrorqorrypq rcordtqv orroio ro €teppr6perp0oo rrdr.,urevo

, ovEPqivenr op6lo nou rl npoogopir 0epp6rqrog0o ouveX(-

' (eror.
Iro prercr{r1e,drola 0o 6rorcpivouposro vep6 rrg yvoorig

rre ivegguoclf6eg fiou ofioretro6vrr oupnrc6porc rou ppo-

opo6. B pro 1 6 ; ro o r€F n f )o o rd o t p ro p ero p o t rq
rordorooq g . A p X ro eo r F rq o p ro p d v qO e p p o r< p o -
oia, q onoiq yro 6e6opfvqe{coreprrqrrieoq,eivor

rrdvrore 11f6ro,npdypo rrou 6ev rolle r p6vo yro

'rovep6slld ror yro rdt)e uyp6.H Oepporpooio

aurr1,ecp6oovovocpipe'roro€ nieorl prog orp6-

ogolpCI sX s p o K rrlp ((e ra rt rrsK o v o v rx rio q p eio
ppaopo6. f ro ro v ep d ,ef v o r 1 0 0 ' C e { o p ro p o 6 .

MdXprrq orry;r11rrou o16rtrnpnrl rroo6'rqro ve-

po6 0o iler prerorporref ot arg6, crrore trei rq

0epporpo o is ro u o u o rrlp o ro g u y p 6 -a r; t 6 c ,< a r

6 r o r q p e i r o ro r o 0 e p r 1 .

H Oeppdrqrc,Iorn6v, fiou onoppocpdrqrrqrd

ro ppoop6 e(vorpro 0epp6rq'ronou

r 1 l 0" c !00"c 6ev ovurgcrivreOeppror<poogi,eprro

0epp6rqro rrou F€rdrpinet ro uyp6
lkg oe ar;r6.'E;1eer rrrrporqoervo Xopo-

rrq pi(eror )\av)dv ouos.

fro vq psrCIrpCIlreoie orp6 1 kg

veporirdr-<rrond nfeoq 1 Atm ofior-

*f1ollf5 gopis Xpqorporrorsiroro SpogpteralloAtgxqrcxordoetuv.

H E N E P IEAIAIA T HPEITKAAIIYUOBAOM IZ ET AT

Yfuri Kovour<oiqpeioppoopod'C tlepF<irrFoe€,odp<rrr;g
oe10'J/kg
Nep6 100
Orv<inveupo 78 2,25
Bev(ivr'1 80 0,90
Y6pdpyupog 357 0,40
Ar0dpog 24 0,27
Approvic -33 0,37
Y6poydvo 152,8
O{uyrivo -182,9 14?
A(alro -195,8
Atroupivro 2,300 0,45
Xok<iq 2.500 0,21
Ii64pog 2.500 0,20
10,50
3,10
6,36

rofvror 2,25x 106Joule(539.0000eppi6egn)ou 6€vqv€pd-
(ouv rq 0epporpooiqrou ouorrlporos.fr(rnieorl1 Atm rl no-

odrrlro 2,25- 10'JlkBs(vqrXqpqrrrlprorrrrlyroro HrOror li-
y€rqr0ep;r6r4roe{odpar4g nop6lo rrou 6eveivor0eppr6rq-
rq/ qlld nqliro 0eppr6rqrorsrpos Vo'1oi.[.evrr6'repovdpeoo
o'rorroo6Oeppd,rqro-sQ- Kqrrrlv cr;lorrorodF€vr(l€qcrr(og
rrls) Fd4ouypodugiororor ovotroyiorng Fopg{SQ : L"em,
6rrou1.,q 0epp6r4rae{oipoorls* rou o6poros.

Kdrrqvdtroyol.r'qurd fiou ouppqiverqrd rov
ppoop6ouprpoiverrqr rqrd rqv rrl{r1ev6gorepe-
o6, 6rrcrr5y,ra rropd6€ryFqo, rdyo5. Kdrorqrr6 o-

proprdvrqrieorlo,py((evt q hc6'veor rrlv i6rarrdvrs

Oepprorpoorfqqr o' 61114 6rdprerqrng r4€nSn
0epporpoo(qrou ouor{Foro5 uyp6-oreped6rorq-
peirororoOeprl.H npoolcpp,uv6pev40epp6rrpo

eivqrrcre6<6lqvOdvouoq6;everrrcpfpe6rqtro6ro1-

v6rqcoor4rlg Oepporpaoiooglld nporolef rr1<pe-

rdpaorl> o116rq orepedorqv uyprlrordcrraoq. 79 kcal4 330

kJonorro6vrqryrq rqv rrl{p4 r(€q 1 kgrrdyou.H rroo6rrpo

79 kcallkgn 330 kJlkgorrorelei rr10ep;.r6'r4rrc{€nS rou rrd-
you. Kd0eor€p€6oc6po,wdpeoo orq (o1'orxeiqrqurdrrlrds)

* E[odparrleivorro yeurdrepoqurvtipevorqg perdpooqgcrn6trlv rr1prm1 qv odpro<pdorl.
Ex6qk6veroerfreu4 ppcopr5egireog e[trrpror1.

I

H ENEIIEIAAIATHPEITKAAI IYIIOBAOMIZETAI

Ytrrrd Ksvovrr<odqpeio rr1{r1o5e "(i O e p p d r q r o1 4 { q g( L r )

fldyog 0 o e 10 ' J / k g
Orv6nvuepro -114
Y6poydvo -?qq? 3,30
Oluy6vo :218,8 1 na )
A(orro
Aloupivro -)10 1 0,58
Xcxk6q 0 , 13
Ii6rlpog 658,7 0,25
Apyupo5 1.083 3,98
1.s30 1,34
Mdtrup6o5 2.212
327 )7)

1,05
n)4

Tou 6rc(0dT€drvCKI cvovrK6oq-
Fsio r{qnS K0rHr0oproFdvrl
Oepptirqror{€nS.To rrpc6roei-
vdr rl x0p0KrqprorrKrl€K€i'vrl
Oepporpooioorqv orrofo opxf-
1€rndvror€ n r4{n rou, drqv rl
ni€orl eivor pfo Grp6ogotpo. To 6erjr-epo(l-) efvorro rrrl^i'Ko
'rou rrooorj rr150eppdrrlrCIs(Q) nou rrporcolefrrlv rr1{q opr-
opdvr;gpd(cxS(m),npog 'rqp&(a cxurrl,rdr<o orrd nieoq 1 Atm.
Xpqorponorc6vroog6ppolo, ypdgoupr. l- : Q/m n Q : l-m.
Iro prerafri,r<a0c6fguc6verro or€cr6, o d,yrogrou uypo6
fiou fipoK6rrrer€ivor,orq yevrrc(rrepirrrcoorl,pelofuj'r€pos.
Or e{orpfoergeivor e}dXroreg.Avdpeod rous rl rrepfrrrcooq
rrdyou-vepo6eivorrbroirepolrurrqrli. O ndyog eivcl qrr6 rcx
fuyo oreped ocSproror,o orroio, oe o;;ioq p€ ro uyp6 rous, €f-
vor rrro elogprd, ilouv 6qlo6r1prrrpdrepqnurvdrrpo. To gor-
v6pevo,pdporo,pog eivorno^6 yvtlro'r6.O ndyo5 6ev poufud,
(eroro vep6'errrrrlier.
Ira pilpr rc6po ogiOrlxe vo urrovorlOti6rr 11e{<oreprrrl
rrfeorlenqped(err6oo'ro oq;reioppoopoti doo ror ro orlpeio
r(€nS. To neipopropds ldsr drr 11o6{qor1rqg ouvo6edercxor-
n6 ov6t,troorrlou oqp€i'ouppoopoti.).rqv nepirrroorl rou orl-
;..reioru{€qS or peropolds rqs nieorlg dlouv prKp6rspssouvd-
rrsrss.4116rrg fi€rpqporrrcigev6e({trg Erc'nrorcirverodrrr 11
orj{qoq rqg e{<oreprKnnSieoqg rrpor<olei (o) ov6gcooqrou

h

-e

H EI'IFPiAE AIAIHPElTAKAiYTIOBAOMZTIA

Mdooon66vodrriypolrpo
Oeppoxpoo- ilolpgrivou
nopoxolou0odge
o l 6 K t r 1Tl pnl v
(neptn6re€tqvDds
ropporrnod{ yo-u20'C
orooroionpoog6p04re
OeppdrqUroeoroOept|
nopoyxriorKdroond
oroOepnfieoq.

oqHsi'our{€qS os o(6pCIrq,6ncogo pdlu[]6os, rq orroi'd Kord
rrlv r{qn nqpouord(ouv o6{qorl rou 6y<ourous KGr(F) rs-
reivcooq rou orlp€i'ournEqs o€ oc6Fqrq, 6nog o ndyos/ rtov
ofiof<rlvo dyrog rcTd rqv rq{r1 e}orr<irversr.

Ie olioq Hsrov ppoop6 rl uyponofrlorl (ou;rrr6rv<rroqr)cov
orprc6veivor cporvdprevoovriorpo<po.Kdrcrro1166e6opivq e-
flolreprrrlnfeoq rl uyponofqoq oplf(er orrlv i6rq ndvrore 0ep-
prorpooio,fiou sivor i6ro pe rrl e€ppoKpCI(rip'opcoporJ.Kdr o-
vdloyo ouFpofvsrKorFs rrlv nq{q r<ovuyp6v, 'rq prerdpoorl,
6qtro6r1o, 116rrlv uypq orrlv or€psd rcardoroorl.

h

e-

H ENEPIEAIAIATHPEIKTAAIYI NOBAOMIZETAI

H SepF6rnra

eivst F€rtrGrBq{PP.\rrl
€v€pY€t(|

Ta yeyovriro.
o Koorirso ropvo66po5r6perro pi1-otrlo{6pernotr6rold 6rr
ou{dverq Oepporpoofq'r<ouvtrrr<6vT.o utrrrd,6qtro6r1O,ep-
l.roivovroXt coPi0SeP;r6rqtc.
o Av oupnriooupeptcrnoo6rqro oellioupioo oe 6oXeio(pe
roryipora nou 6everrrrpinouvrq pcrlOeppdrrlroSro) odpto
e0eelpqpocoxuipververo1oorcpp(o5u0oerpciplo6orqurli.cvl€'oKdldro-rc'rrrv1dolpo€yroorluvprpp6apivneo6r nroov-
6qldtou.

o Ie ivq rleror6 ocolqvc i'loupe pdtreror&ytq 500
ypoppropicovA. v ovsorpirpoupe ro o<olqvo roprrd
treutlutop'd<popi5pnopo6;revo avrXve6ooup0eep-
FoKpCIorqKcqrri{qoqslcx ofrriYto.
. I'dvq qrr6 ro rrro rcpiorp<rrerpdpcro ornv loro-

orqOeipeipYo.

H Oeopqrrx{ nPoodYYror;.
To rorvd orolXeio oe 6trq <rurd ra yeyov6ro pnopef
roveigv0 ro 6rorP(vet

cx)oTo anor€Aeopo:Kqt crrl5riooeprg neprrrrcO-
oergurrdpler 6vo ot6pr<(xodpo5,vep6,ordyto,
piroMo) rou orroiou ou{dver 110eppro<poo(c'

p) orqv crtria:Korortg rf<roeprg'nepttrrcio€lsPs-

-e

HrNEpfEAtA,ATHpEKtTAAyr fTtoBAoMtzETAl
g

rcprpd(eror evipyeroFs (HrlxcvroFr6d>p1,su.
Mnoporipe6qlo6q vo no6pe d'rr 11orropp6qrlon 0eppdrq-

rog 6eveivsr o povo6r165rpdno5 o6{1o119rqg Oepporpooiog.
H Ofpprovoqev6go<6parogprrropevf o yiver KqrFs peroprpoorl
evipyerogun6 popgq dpyou."Orsv exreAeiru tpyo ro snor€-
Aeopcpt nope( va eivsr nap6poro pe exeit,onou npoKGA{ r7a-
nopp6gr1oq 0eppdrqraq.

An6 rqv dltrq peprd,q epnerpiortov srpoHqlovc6vpdS i-
1er6r6dler6rr oe rci0erirorou eibougpr11crvprleroprpd(eror
0epprdrqroon6re Kor rl Hrlxqvrlperoprpd(erevdpyetourrd
popq4 dpyou.

H r6da
Kqrd roug orcilvssfiou nporlyqeqKov,'ro epc6rqpo<rt eivqt
Oeppdrrlro)€rX€pooavioerroug Oecopqrrro6r5or erle fipoKo-
lioer rrorrrnegorrovrqoerg.

H rrro rrqfud o116ou'rig ov, rperc6rrriierq 0ep;r6rr1rooov
prraodpoTq rpcrlrrdT. ov 1Bo qrc6vqfrove rqv eprcpdvrorqrlg
prroOeopia o6;r<pcrrvlo-r€rrlv orro(q q 0ellp6rqro eivor6vo od-
poro p€uor6 nou perog6per-oron6 dvrr0epp6oc6pooe 6vo
trry6repo0epp6evc6ndvrore nopopiv€r rrooortr<doperdplrl-

TO.

H r6do6114 0epp6rqroeivor;rerafhpu(6pevre1vdpyero
(d,rrclgKorro ipyo) eprcpoviorqrrcoe'rd ru pdoorou 19ouqrc6-
vo, ouyKpodorqreps rnv npoqyodp€vrKl qrrefur<derrrrpdrq-
oe.H e6poicoorrql g oXeriorrlKp€erqv eprrsrpiorqg CIrpoprl-
Xov4Sror o6(yr1osrrlv ov0pr6nrvqori.1.rqoe ivqv o116r-oug
0e;relrco66or€povu6spou5rrlgcpuorr(9r,q ley6p*qapyq rrTs
8nrrlpqoqq rr1qu, tpyt lo'q.

h

e

F']ENEPTAE A ATI-IPEITAKAIYNOBAOMIZETAI

H r6do6rr 11Oeppdrqroeivorpre'roprfio(6peevvqipyero6n<rrg
Korro dpyo,o6qyrloeorrlv enioqgro,\pqpqr66ayro rq 6rorq-
pnonrr15evdpyreog.O nupqvogrqg rlrov o e{r1gK: ard rrlve-
{ifr{4 orou\qnor€, gdrvolr(,vouundpyu xdnon noo6rqra
nou E4gavi(eratpe 6d,EoparrpSourrc, aAAd\nrqpei ndvra
rr1vnpryrnq.'Erot6evpnopefo6Te vo 6qproupyq0i eorrd ro
pq6ivo6revq yiverpq6dvH. 0epp6rrl'ror,o goS, rl 6uvar6rq-
rc ytCIpqlovrrd,ipyo, ro qtrertprr6peuor6,11<66vaprrl<ov
plprrr6vovrr6pdoeurv6>eveivorrropd opropdvepgopcpigou-
r4StnSovr6rrlrog,rrounqpero 6vopoevipyero.

Ac66recqrouldXrorovdv0pconoro,vdpeoqoro 1832ror
o'rq 1854,(.<praooovrrlv qpx4 rrls t,rqr{pqorlsrrls evdpyre-
ag ove{dprrlro rcqrqnd 6pdpoug6rcrgoperTro69.AtrlorCIn'
aurori56rdoXroolv.rovorrdrrroo0opcrcprlooogrrdd, llor r<a-
eo6qyrlerlrovorrd'ro ev6rocp6porovug yrd rrpcKrrrrlyvcSoq
rcovFqxovc6ve, vc6dltror ndfu dcprcroapvdooon6 fpeuvcx
epyoorrlprorq.

A vd p e o dro u s/ o Mdyr epor q fe6r pavioo, T( doutror qv
Ayylio r<aor XftrpXolr5rrdh orrl fepprrviop, rnopotipveo no6-
pre6rr urrqp{ovorfiro oqprov'rrrof.

Mayer.O 6p6pogrou oroxoopod. r\rriXovragouoroorrrd
: cxrr6fisrpcxporrr<rdrp5oorrdOereogM, ayer- yrorpdgro errdy-

yelpo - orprepc60rloKr€o o'ro1ooprr6or o{rorror<6vrorgrg
nopotqprlo€rSKorro 6rq0dorproo'ror'qioe fcprooeorrlv apXq
rqg 6rorqpnons.'HrqpvoOrd6rorrorropdvogn6 rr1ley6pe-
vq tDrlooogiorqg Orioqg(NaturPhilosophiper)anveuprorrrrl
rivqoq11onoio ruproplorio€orrl lsp;rovioror npiopeue6rr
6lcxro cporv6pevrorou ficpc'rrlporirrrcrorrl O6orl ofiorr-
I lofv r6roirepeegx6q}<6oeer5v6gevr<xioruor ;rovo6rr<ortdi-
rrou<66vc;rqg>.

Or ouorrlprorrrcndogporqpqo€rsrou ndvcoorq trerr-oupyio

I

e

rtov cv0pc6nrvcrolvpyovrol-rorvov o64yrlciqovrrl Oeripqoq6rr
q Oepporpooiorsr q 0epprrqevdpyerroou ov0pcrrrrivoouc6-
poros drrpenevo oXeri(ovrorH€'rqvevdpyred rtrlvrporpc6v.

JULIURSOBEMRTAYER JAMEPSRESCOTTJOULEHERMAVN(N)NHELMOLTZ
(1814-1878)
(1818-1889) (1818-1889)

EnrlpecoprdvoKsoron6 rq Orlooocpiarqg O6oqg r<ordtrr1(e
vo urroorrlpi{er(1842)5"nq pqXovrrrlevfcyero,q plprrr<er1vdp-

y€ro Korq 0eppr6rq'rafrrperrevc eivqr popg65 roo66vcpe5.

Apy6repo, urol6yroe Oecoprlrrr<rrdlv noodrrlro 0eppdrrlrqs

rrou irrpene vo eivorroo66voprprls ptq pcvd6c dpyou.

foule. O 6pdpo5rou ntrptipqros. H rrrrpopro'rrrcdq;,r<o5d,-
p€uvqq onoio Oepeli<oorerlv oppl rrlg 6rorrlpqorlgrqg evdp-
yErCIdSyrveorqv Ayylio. O JamesPrescottJoule,propqXovog
prnipogKqrspoorriXunsepeuvqr(5,npo<rf1"yrorso i6ro(qrr1-

HClI-rsivov rpdno or6<proyotrrtrorrr<A6c.pd0qreorrg ouoreuig
Kororo rrerpdproravG rov o6qyrloouvrfpos rqv i6ro rcore6-

Ouvor1fipos rrlv orroio er1errpoltrlprloer rar o Mayer rupf<rr5
pioo orrd,noporrlpqo€rs Kqroroloopd. 'H'rov rr our6g rrer-

oprdvog6rr q evipy€rospqdvr(5rav pre6rdgope5popcpigXco-
pig vcr;rnopeivo Kqroorpocpefror, oyvoc,ivrosrrl grtrooocprrq
npooiyyroq, ocpoorc60rlreo'ro va ovarpfver rq grioq p€ rrl

yvcoorqyl<iooo rcov perprlotov Korro)v opr0pc6v.Eni pro 6e-

rotrio, rrepirrou,6oule6ovrqsouorrlFo'rrxd,rrpoorrd0rlorvo
perpqoerro rrood 6rocpdpcrlpvopg 6v e'ripyerog11onoio 0o

pnopo6oevo psrorpone i oe pro dltrr1Hopq4.
To rcpiorponeipcrpo6yrveoro 1847 p€ rnv nepfcpqpqou-

oreurl orqv orroio 66o pdprlnfgrovog d0erovoEfisprorpo-
<prrrr1<ivqoqnrepdyro pu0ropdvooe vep6.Or prerpororvieg'r,o

t
o

0epp6peroKqror (uyoprdgi6erprcxcvirtavdpreoorrl 0epp6-
rrlrd Kororo dpYoufi4px€HrqorCIe€Fr,qrooorrrcnoxiotl.

To orrorelioporo rtrlv €p€uv(6tvc,u o€ orlHsprvigpovd6e5
pirpqoqg66erpov5rr oe rd0enepinl-crlo1q1peropipooq4lT
Jouleevipyeragurr6popqrldpyourootiuvcpe(fnporotr(eoro i-
6rooc6parrlv i6raa6{qoq 0epprorpcxoiopge)onoppd,qnon
0epp6rqrosHrcsOeppi6og.

To orroreldoporo ppiorovrorrrohi xovrd o'our6 fiou fir-
orefoupreorlpepoH. noo6rrlra 4,186Joule/caqlrroreleiro
ley6pevopr7yawrcr6co66vaporr1c0eppi6aq.

H 6ror{pnon rn s e v d p y e ro g .T d t ro g ,o rd 18 4 7 , o
Helmholtz0o 6rqturrc6oercqOspdrqv r6ds5rr dtregor
popgdsevdpyero5eivqrroo66v,rp€Srqt 6l dva oproprd-
vo nood prCISHopg(g 6ev ;rnopei vo e{ocpavroreXi crr-
pig vo €Fgsvror€i orrl 0doq rou ivq roo6rivoprorrood
evipyerogprerdrroro dMo <np5ocrlfio).Krsrr6 rqv dl-
Iq, r<dOepnxqv( rrou pGSn;roocpdpeer vdpyero 6ev
Houoreufnou : pnope( vq rdverrirroro ov 6ev rrdpt:revipyero orrd rdrrotcx
oJouleXo,perylroproUPoollroiipqoo:l edl\ nqyq. A'yo 1p6vrap*6, o€ prC6I rdtre{q,OC6I rsrurrc6oer
Tnesnoxnq: .rqv oppl rqg 6rorqpqoqgordps nro r:oOapd.
Mnopo1pe va no6ye 6'n ro oipnant ntptytr yn noo6rrlrct
evtpyeruqrou 6evyropei g rcsv€vsvrpdno odre vs au{r70{
o6re vs,yiverfuy6repq.H noo6rrlra et,ipyenc,rou o6ynavrog
eivat arci:vrdKa;aperapAryrry6n<nq rcat11Std(a rou. M' sord
ra A6yn od.qavayy€AAu ivc yrydAo v6yo rr.,9E6or79,rqv dp-
X4 rrlq \nrrlpqoqc rqq ev(.pyeruq.
H qpX{ rqg 6ror(prloqs urroorqp((u rdrr oncoo6rlnore
rolpqpd. Mog }ie r 6116o11evipyero urrdpler oqpepo ro o-
rrdyeu;ro, unqple Kqr rrlv eno1r1fi()u o dvOpcrrrrogordprcx
6ev eiXeovorcotrrjpsrrl qcrlrrd. flc6gprnopo6pe6p<oSvo 6e-
Xro6;reprotiroro 6rllooq d'rqv 6ev eipoore oe 0dor1vCIp€-
rprlooupeo6re 'ro rroo6 rou rr€rp€),o(ouq rou rdppouvou
rrou urrdpxsrorq fr1;To pr6vorrou pnopo6pe vo orrovrrl-
ooup€ eivsr drr to pqvriporo fiou dpXovrorqrr' dlo ro rr€r-
pdporo rcovreleuroicrrvercs'rderc6v6erlvouv drr os Hrops-
ydlq norrrlicx 6repyoorc6rvrdv<oorrl yl, rcd0ee{ogdvroq e-
vdpyerog ouvo6e6erqr cxrrdpro rcurdxpovrl eprcpdvroerlvip-

j

h

e

H ENEPTEAIAIATHPIITAKAIYI]OBAOMZETA

ysrqsdltrqg Fopqns Kqrnooortrd roo6rjrrqpqs.
Av po(f p€ rrl 6rorrlpqorlrqg evdpyerqr;(ovrrKpiooupe>rol

roug dMoug ncryr6oplous v6;rougrrou u'Iroorrlpi(ouv rr1 6rc-
r{pnon qg pd(og, rrls oppqs Ksrrou r1trrerprrorl goptiou, 0c
iloupe prrpoord progivo o6votrovSporvrrou ppiorovrql orrlv
i6roloyrrrl: Kqtd tq 6Iriprelq ru)v rrotrfiltov olloyiv untip'
lvoqurvHrxodlorryorrrerlgorruopocrpirr4lTic€oSorqroogvud6preuorqopooed6lrroolrrlqpvnsotrrllKoiCtoIqtlelnSc.qE'{(' -
Oeppo8uvoplr{. H prelirq rtov p€rqrporrc6vevdpyero5ond'
pio propcpo( e pio dllq ror rcrrvcvrollal'rilv evipyero5ovdpe-
oo oro 6rdcpopoouorrlproroiler fiopo€'oolordenrrporqoet
vo triyerar 0eppo6uva;nrcrT7o. 6vopd rrls 1'o1p<rro'rdteorrlv Ko-
rcr),61ynrqg. Iro {er(vqpo nepropl(6rcxv(t€npoorrdQelssvq €-
{rlyqoerKurvo rrooortKonorqoerr1oXdoqpqlcxvrrqgevfpyerag
<orOeppdrrlrcs.I(pepo ro qv'rtreipevd'rqgiler 6reupuv0ef'
Anor-etriefvq onou6oio epyotreioyro tq prefu{trr1qg cn66oor15
rdOerfrrou pqXovqgtvc5,ofi'rr1v dtrIq, pog poqOd€vl q KGro-
voqoouperts €v€pystorfg6repyoofegrrou yi'vovrcxolrq 6ldrpo-
po protroytKdtcstyeottroyrrdouorqporcr. I-lepriXre6rio r6de5
(ouprrovrrrig>. H npc6tq cxrr'ouri5 po,; trder 6rr q ev6pyelu
6rorrlptirar evc6q 6e6tepq6rr 11evdpyelounopaOpf(eral.

I

o
H ENEPIEIAAIATHPTEAIKA YT]OBAOMIZETAI

Mnopotiprer<6porrrc vd ouv06oouprrt-rg6rdcpoperg6iegrrou
epcpoviorqKovo/ qurd ro recpdloro6ror c6orevo cprdooupre
o€ pro po0rlporrrq 6rarrjTrc'-royrlq r116rorrlpnonrnS evfp-
y€ros, pro 6ror6rroorl rl o'no(s d1er errrrpo'rqoerva Oe<oprf-
rql rrrso npdtroq v6poq,rrlq )€plro\twapxrls. Oo arotrouOq-
oouH€ro nopordrol npdypoppo:

o. Ie prronp<6rqqdon 0q qnooogqviooupe rrr,[rgyivov'ror
or svspy€rCIrigov'rolloydg rd0e ouorrlprcros-Frro neprpdtr-
lov rou. Kordlrl{r1 0q eivor vo 6o6pr:rr1 0eppo6uvoprrrldrprl
r-ov evvorc6vdpyo rcorOepprir4ru.

P. :tn ouv6lero 0o ovop<rr-rrlOoripoeXerrr<dps ro n nept€,-
Xsro'ro' ivq o6orqpo. O npoplqprorrop650o pog o6qyqoer
orqv iwora ofuxr1evtpyen u6q ouorqparoq (evdpyelo eoo-
reprr{ ror evdpyeropq;gavrr{).

y. Tdtrog0, o etrrlerprlooupevo oupn€prldpoupeo' dvovrvr-
oio vd,prroq crXioqovdpeoc oro €vsp'f€rorcnieprel6pevordOe
ouorrlporos KCrrrq rrood evdpyerog rrou qvrolldooe r ps ro
rreprpdllov rou.

Or6uo(Hqxovropo(rivDrotrtroynS
€v€PY€ros

Or prrllovropofperopipooqgev6py€rcseivor66o. O dvogoXe-
ti(tran Hsrrlv dvvorsOepprirrpc.H €repp6rqroeivorevdpyero
q orro(o 6evovrlrceor e rdrroro o6o111l.rooltrd pr6vo;reroprpd-
(eror o116ivo odorqpq o' dvo dtrlo scp6oovor Oeppoxpcoie5
r<rrv66o ouorrlprdrcoveivor6rocpopertrdg.

O dMog pqlovrop6g perop(pooqgevdpyeragoXerf(erorps
rqv dvvorodpyo.Avocpdperoor e 6le<;rrg 6repyooisgprerocpo-
pdg evipyerogerrd5 sn6 ereivasnou ocpeilovraroe 6rorpopd

I

e

H E N E P T EAIAIA T HPEITKAAIIYT IOBAOM IZ ET AI

,'- 0epporpoorc6v.
--\ <I6orqpo>pnopeivc eivot dvor1trerp6vtoefref-
I
Oepp6rrpo vo rptro66orn6 noooripno, proqlerrprrrlyewrl-
-+> rpro, rdnorosfiou 6ropd(t:trnv €qrlpspi6orou,
eirero vep6;rrogtrfpvr15iL,rrtDpgnopeivo eivcrr
I rcr q MeydtrqAprro5 otr6dtr1pqM. nopeivo eivot
\ orr6rlrroreI.e rd0e rrepirrrrrlorrlo urr6trotrro 6-
prrov0o orrorelefro neprpdtrlovrou. To evep-
yerorc<dndpe-6c6ored>OeouorqporosH€ro fis-
prpdhtrov'r-yoivuovroraryerpc6vroFrsipyo rorpe0epp<irqro.
On<rlgKoryrCrIq Oeppdrqrq6,tv prropotipvt o lipe 6rt ro rd-
6eorimrlpon€prix€irpyo,oMd 6rTo rd6riodorqpoperoprpd-
(erev6pyeroo'ivo d}tropiorrldpyouM. ero ipyo ror rr10epp6rq-
ro errppd(oupetr,orn6vr,ous66oprllovlopori5F€rous orroioug
dvooriorrlpqcxvroMdooervipyeroprero nr,prpdMorvou.

ntt €v,€PYernooun€Pr€x€rcll

of, €voouorrlpo

Milpr r<6po'rovioope6rt to dpyo rcxr11€tepp6rrlrq6ev (CIv4-
Kouv)oe rdrroro o6orrlpro.Tr eivor,dpto,;,our6 rrou ovqr<er;
floro eivor,yrq rrqpd6sryHq1, 1evipyeronou rreptix€rct oe ivq
orfvqro rroprordh;

'Eloupepd0erva tripe6'rrrs ouorqproroiXouv rrvrlrtrq r<or
6uvaprrrrel vipyera.Eivar6p<ogourd opre16 vo pog ntrqpocpo-
prloeryr'our6 nou r<p6peroor ' ivo oxivrprorop;rdrr rdppou-
vo ( oe ivo nopror<dfurrou ppioreror oro rogdot rou povd-
prrou; Mnopei vo pGSneprypdqerourd 'nou rreprdleroto' 6-
vo gfur(dvr pe (eord Kqgd;

Eivorgavepd,drr q evipyerorivqoqg ror q evipyerorov e{,<o-
reprxc6vo}trrllenr6pdoecov-qur6 6r1tro6rr'r1ou ouFq<r-lvoqope
vo tripe pqlovrrq evfpyero-6everroprorj,r.Xperd(erorvo errt-
voqoouperdrroro pdyeOopgre6roordoergeripyerosfiou vo fi€pr-
ypdcperS €otrrreprrd5evepyerorig6repyc,riegrrou ouppoivouv
o'ro 6rdcpopoouorrlpqrq. Aurd 6qlo6q nou yivovTor nipa orrd
rr5 <povepder6qtroripev€HS€rqpold5tr15pqlovrrqg evipyercg.

To pdyeOodgler enrvoq0e(T. o ldpe evrpyelu eooreplr{.

frs vq ro r<aruvorlooup€o,Sqsvrqoro6pe rdnoreg6tepyaoieg

ro, d rrg orroieg11pqlcxvlrrlevfpyeto0u 6rorqpeirormoOepq.
'Evq rq}6 nopd6erypq eivqr q Oip;rovorlprcs rroo6'rqtog

oepiou urr6 orqOepqnieorl. Ag rrlv rroporotrou0rlooupe.

(0, ^e/pp6tqro7 - u --\
crro g^oYql
Q - AEplo \. w (6pyonou exrelei
o a6promo 6p6olo)

"'.*.i:' \
\\ \.

1eoarreprxr]g

ev6pyero5rou oepiou

Itiorrlpa 0o eivotro odpto.floipverevipyeroFse€pp6rnro
rsr 6iver evdpyeroro dppotroFs ipyo. H prllcxvrrqevdpyreo
' r o uo e p i o u6 e vp r e r o p d l l e ' r oAr .u r 6 ' n o up e r o p d M e r o lei v c x1r 1

eooreprrqrou evdpyero.
'Evs6edreponopd6eryproO. rrdlog qvrqlldooer evdpyreo

pero neprpdllovXcopiv'So preropdMersqr prllovrrrlrou evdp-
yero.Adperce6r66rr percpdlll€rot rl eooreprrqrou evdpyero.

nll t

YevrK€uorl

Er<r6gdprs on6 6repyaoieg<eocoreprr<i-grr>ou 0o rrg lipe pr-

rpooxorrrrig- eivor6uvqr6v vo €;lqovrorodvrcqroryvorrdg pog

<e{rrrrerp<dS-HqKpooKorr<r igpnopo6pe vo trfpe- peropotrig.

flpdrerraryro rS peropolig orrlv tcvrlrtrrlrardoraoq q orq

6rdrcr{qrcovprepcbevv65ouorqHoros, ot onoiegneprypd<povror
<rlgperopolfg orqv rrvqrrr<q(K)r<o6r uvoprrq(U)evipyero6, r1trc6r1
orrl prlxcvrrceqvdpyero(Eu: K * U) rou oum(poro5. Av Oitroupre,
Iorrr6v,ivo yevrK6v6porrou vo rreprlo;.rpdverdr ,oo'rrgeo<oreprrig
(orrd,prrrpooronrr<drn1opq) 6oo rqr l5 e{orreplrig (ond,poKpo-

oront rq dnor{r1)petapolig, eipooreurroXpeoprdvovor ypdcpoupre

W+Q:AU+4E,, 4 Wf Q:A(U+EF)

Aev preivenropd vo oupqovqooupe lo d0poropou + E,vc'r-o

e-

I E N E P IEAIAIA T I]PF ITKAAIIYIIOBAOMZ ET AI

trdpeohx{ evdpyerarou ouor{Foros Kolvq ro ouppotri(ou-
pepeE. Tetrrrd0, o ypdcpoup:e .:a!:s!

npdrrogvripo5r4g 0eppo6uvoprr{g

o>o 0eptrr6rqrc Q<O

o0mqpc I
I
I

,,I

EPYO

Av q 0epg6rrlro erodpX€rcoxro o6orrlpo 0o eivorQ>0, evc6ov a-
rro6i6erqrorrd ro o6orqpra,Q<0.
Og dpyo (W) ewoeiror ro dpyorrov 6uvdpeo\/ fiou ooxodvror orrd
ro neprpdtrtrovoTo odorqpro.Av W>0 oqproi're6l rr ro neprpdltrov
errrlei dpyo oro oliorqpro, peroprpd(er 6qltr6( evdpyero oro o6-
orrlpo. Av W<0 oq;roiverdrr ro o6orq;ra eKrr:tredipyo,;reroprpd(er
6qlo6q evdpyerooro neprpdtrlov.

Tr oXdoqd1er,dprlg, ourrl q e{iocooqFs rrlv oppl rqg 6ro-
r4pnons; Eivargovep6 6rr rqv nepriXer. Ie nepin'rolorl nou
Q:0 rqr W:0 0o eivqrAE : 0 4 E : oroOepq.'Evqriroro o6-
orqpq, 'ro orroio 6ev ovrolldooer ev6pyerop€ To rreprpdllov
rou o6re p€ ipyo odre ;.re0epp6rqra Ocxro }ipre rkror6 r<or
0o ;rnopotip€vq rcrxuprorodFs6rr 11otrrrr1evdpyeroev6gou-
otrlprorogEro'rqpeirororoOepr1T. rld're r-rfrpoyrCIro orjprrruv;
To dOporopoEu* U eivororo0epdyro 6va6coprdvo6or-qpacxvor
eoorreprrigcxtrlayd65evenqped(ouvncxpdp,5voro i6roro o6orq-
pc KordXrro e{cortpr16rreprpdTr}oOv.eorpod-ryero nopd6ery;-rad,-
va ercrpeprrdrgouororpeirqor rov oipo. Eivoryrrrrord6rr q Eurou €K-
r<pepo6eglorrc6verore{orriogrrls fiopouoi61rol u oipo. To €KKp€-
pdgxcxor adpa5oro xlerordo6or4pro(,eoroivovrcrelocppd.

-€)

H E N E P 'E IAAA TI]P E ITKAA IY lIOB A OMZE IA

E4prr6oerg
1. Or pqlovrrof rrporrpo6vvo Oe<rrpod0revrr<5ro ipyo
rrou erre.lei ro oipro. 'Eror ypdcpouvrov rrptrrro0ep-
po6uv0prKv6d,poH€rl popq4 AU : Q - W
2. Exrdgqnd ro ipyo ror rq Oeppdrqrodvogar6po pq-
lovro;rdg ovrolloyqg evdpyero5, o orro(o5d,pcoq6ev
OcrFoSCInCIoxotrr1oee6rc6,eiv,rrq orcrvopotr(q(R).t-e-
vrxdrepalorrr6v q e{iooroqr,lu fipd)rou vd;rouprro-
pefvo ypogei:Q + W * R = ,\E.

3. Ie opropiv€Sf i€prf irrio erg 0 o lp rlo rl. ro n o ro 6 p ero v d p o
9epprxqevtpyen yro vCIexgpdooup€ ro pdpoSereivr15rqg
eocoreprr<q5evdpyerosr,rou or percxpoldgrou ovrsvcrxtr<rr-
vror orrs 0epproxpoorcxxpdrgeropok.g.
Ie ovri0eorlUsrq 0epp6rqro, 11orroio iXer vdqpo pr6voco5e-

vdpyero peroprpo(6;revr01c, pnopoti;revu lfpe 6rr dvooc6po<d-
1er>Oepprrqevfpyero, q onoio preropd,\lercxer<pdooov'ro oorpo
ncxporqpeirordnoro Oeppor<pooroarqltrcryrl.Orcrvopqvoupe
r<orrr, pipovro5 nollr; ripo rq yopotrciorrxorrdv<ror ro rerpd-
6ro,q yopoldorrXo(eoroiveror.I6;rgcDVops rq 0eppo6uvoprrr<q
6evpnoporjyevo rrorj;redrr preroprpdrr0qr0eepp6tqro. H Oep-
prcirqropreroprpd(eropr dvoelarricg xdnorog0cpproxpoorcxrrl5
6rcxrpopircgrrrdroro 6rocpopdEevundpler. Mnoporipe6polgvo
no6;redrr ro dpyorrou erreAforrp<enpor<dleoeori{qoq orrl
Oepprrrel vdpyreo rou ouorrlporos.'Olov rl rprp4 npor<otrfeori-
€r1oqrqg Oepprorcpooiroogu oroporog,pnopori;.rveo liye 6rr
rrpoxolei rcx orj{r1oqorq 0epprr<qevdp'yreo r-ouorirporog.

t€| :NiPli /

;Kurprxp6Kospog

Atyo perd ro pioo rou fi€pqopr6vouorcirvd,q r6io d,rrq Oep-
p6rrlrc eivorpropgrlevdpyerogroo66vopnps lS dtrtregFopgis
dXeraplioer vo y(verornlqrrd ono6er<rq.Mrq qrr6 rrg ouvd-
fi€r€Sourrlg rq5 orro6olqg eivor ror 11ovrr(<orr6pcrtorqou €v-
Erogdpovrosyro ;.ro notrrd ovriXqq,'qq orroio yro orc6vegerrr-
picovepdvo rreprOolprordKqr unoor1,pr(.e5^nr71eppdrqra
oyeri(erat HE rrlv xivqoq r@v yrKpooxontr:<itv6opx<itv ouord-
nx<bv rrlq.jAqS.Mioq orrd ourrlv rnv o:vrinqrq-orrr1guorroi
dplroov vo ovo(qrorjv our6 rrou dlerrre.Tov ev<orr16r<piro
rrou rrioreuqv 6rr irrperre vq ouv6ier rr5 6rdgopegpopcpige-
vdpyerog.
: Mro e6porcopdvrqrenoi0rlorlyto rrg 6rrvor6rrlr€Srqs v€u-
I rcrlvrrqgror pio oxdpo nol6 rrotrr6reprl3ecopior,rou gorv6-
1 rov vo iXer qvoveo0ei Erlprofpyqoovrelrrd ro r<ordllrllo
I rrloioro. H neroiOqorl qrov d,rr6ls ro gorv6prevo0o prrro-
: po6oovvo e{rlyqOorivpreroug v6pougrrl_(;vsurtovrr<6qugvoprr-
| *4S, ev<6q ncxtrrdOecr:piarlruv q Aroplrrl Oecrlpiorou Aqp6-
i rprrou, 11oroio arr6 rrg opxis rou srcirvcdr pXroeva ecpop;r6-
i (ercr pe peydlq errrrulfo o116rov Dalton (Nrdl'rov), orrlv €p-
I pqveforcDVXrlHrK6v6repyoorc6vI'. quri, ro rrlsforo, noltrof
r guorrof enrle(prloovvq €goppr6oouvror)Syvrrlororjgveurcrr-
r vtro6g v6pou5rou parp6Kooyouoro peldlo rrlr10o5ro)v Kr-
I voupdv<rrovcrlprorr6icrtrvc,xoro(o erlov 611rei 6rr ouyrporo6v
1rqv 6111O. o'r51ogrlrov vo epprrlvedoou6vtrq ro cpcrv6pevo,
, 'rq orroiq nepriypage 11Oeppo6uvaprrrTrlo. roiplo epolrqpo-
i ro qTov:

o flriS 0o drrperrevCIouFfisprqdpovr-orro rrvo6pevqo<rl-
;rori6ro c6orevo 6rrsloloyeiror q ner0op;1iorcovouorrlpd'ralv
orous lrsrpopsrrKori5v6yougrqg 0eppo6uvoprrr<r;g;

o flord oxdorl0o pnopofo€ vo urrdp'1eor vdpeoo o' qu'rd
rrou 6ropd(oupeoro 0eppr6p€rpCKIqrro prov6pe-rpKo ororrs

-o

I] E N IP IE IA IA TI.]P E /KTA I]Y [-IOB A OM]ZE TA

Ktvrlo€rsT<rlvqdporcrlv ooporr6icov;

To npdplqpo f6erXve5rr prnopo6oevo rrpoo€yyrorei euro-

tr5repo orrd rqv nleupd rov oepirrrv.Kor ourd iyrve. H rqr-
voripra Oe<rrpiovoprdorrlrt xtvrynxq(leupia. H rrpc6rq oopo-

pq dpeuvo {e riv qoe o ro 18 5 7 c n 5 ro l€ p p c v 6 ro O rly q rq
RudolfClausius(PorjviotrcKp lood(rou;, 1822-1888)A. iyo Xp6-
vro opy6repa, 66o on6 roug peyotr6repousguorKorigrou or-

c6voepgovio'rrlrov oro fipooKrlvrorcrrrrdruXav vc eprrrAou'ri-
oouv rnv rorvo6pro0eolpio.'Hrov o }<corod(ogJamesClerk
Maxwell(T(drpgKlopr Md{youel, 1831-1879)ror o AuoTpro-

169LudwigBoltzmann(Aotlvrprl Mrrc,lropov, 1844-1906).

Aropo KorHopro

Irlpepo nrore6ouped'rroe ivo preydlontrqOogcporvopivcoqv
6trqouprrreprgiperoor ov vGorrorelsrrqr qrr6 dropo.

To dropo eivur noltrd xor prxpri.T6<roprrpd ror 16oo notrld
rrou 6,023 . 10" <X<opdveo>e rdOey6rcppopdproprogouoiog.

10" rrepirroudroprcroe r-pioypoppdprovepo6. Apxef vo oK€-

rpro6pe6rr o oprOpdgrcrrvrc6rucr-rlrvlg dppou rrou urrdpXouv

o€ pro pey<ilqnopolio 20m x 50m pe orpc6pondloug ev6g

pirpou e(vor<prdvo)'10'O0r. r6rror 6r[o6( 1.000.000.00r0ro-

poh<6veivor rodpr0porF€ro droprorlrrriv ypoppopirlrvvepo6.

Tc riro;ru rrvodvrqr utirtixorro. And,rqv enolq
rou Aqprdrprrou'ro dropc 6eveivqrprdvod-ro-
pro(o6rofpero),eivorrcrur6lpovo rqr q6rdKofiq

rrvotipevoo<opo,i6ro. ll npc6rq oXerrrd dpeoq

poprupio yrCIrrlv o6rdronq rcivrlorrltrlv ocopo-
rt6i<rrvrrpiner va unrlp{e qn6 ro L<crrrod(opo-
rovotr6yo Robert Brori''rn(Pdpnepr Mrrpdouv,

Ie fvorourni ouqori(eroorndro 1 7 7 3 - 1 8 5 8o)r o 1 8 2 7 .

nI6re, rodycrornvdogndroryripo. To riro;ra 6ev eivqr d-r,oFq.Aev eivor6qlc6q o-
ToprxpoordnoronoroAdnrderrrxd0e

x6rrogronvorUpoivervoorxrveiror Erofpero.Iro povrilo lrou XprlorHofiori eo erro-
o'rdgorcirvosro droproqrroretreiroro116fiuprl-
orovdvrsMroo. r6(peerxivqo4
pndlonqo6oorpoinpoouuTnv

xAorrofovedpornoor irreqfl.orog vo Kqrr1trerr-pd,vrOo.nupqvqs, orov orro(oou-
euOUveyrlo'olurdroooropdr4ro
yrev'rpc6veror6trq o1e,Sdvrl pd(o rou ordpou
(ryr-(oyx;

H ENEPTAEA ATIPETA KA 'IIOBAOM ZEI-A

Mrc oivor1drorrrl rivr1or1Z.rs1B27 o Brorvn,e{erd(ovrog ro-

ro orrd ro prKpooK6nrordrrous ydpns prloa oe pro oroydvo
vepd,'ncporqprloe6rr or rdrror erretrofoov Fro dTqKrq rivq-
orl, ivov rrepinoro dorono. H rivrlorl iporo(e prsrrrpndrrl;ro
peOuoprdvouIr.qv oprl rrioreq.re6rr or rdr<or erlov (tlr1. 'Orov

dp<rrgnoporrlpqoe pro ovdtroyr; rivrloq prloo os pro oroy6vo
v€porr,noyr6eupivrl eroro;r;rriproXpdvro,J' dvo rcoppdrropu-
rro61otro(in, xordlope drr ro <porv6prev6oevdXeroXdoqprerrl
(crlq.Or ov6pyavor xdrror <rreprroro6oov))Ktouro( prerov i6ro

rpdrro. To gorvopevo ovopdorqxt xivryorltJrown.fro ox-r<irre-

p(nou 6eroerieq iprerveove{r1yr1roI.rq 19105o Einsteind6<rroe
pro e{qyr1oqT. o rorontrqrcrrx6orrlv undOeorlourr1,ypdcpero f-

6ro9o Einsteine, ivqro c|tdxonog Xoporrrjpo5 rqg rivqoq5. H
loorrrq rivqoq rcov r6rrotv ogeiXercroro''ro6rdrono poprpop-
6ropdroug orl' dtre5rrg nAeupd5ond yuprd6egoopdrro -p6-

pro rou vepori- rrou eivor rroki prrp<irepcro116rov rdrro. To

ouprrepdoprorceivor 6oo. Ilpturo. To vepd doo ror vo <poiveror
ouvelfg qrrorelefror and ocopori6ro-pd,prAcet.1repo.'Io p6pra
ppiorovror oe o6rdrorr4, drcrrrl, ruloio rivqoq. Aurd or<pr-
pc65rrou 6ratratrorjoovor 0rcoc6r€Srrls xrvqrrx(5 0eotpio5rov
19o ouiSvq'.Hrov 11npc6rrl ror dpeorlerrrfiepcirrlornl S cropr-

rr15xor rqg rrvqrrrqgOeopic5.

ouyKpor€i'Tsr qrrd rrporrdvro Kql v€Tp6vrcxrc orroiq ps rrl o€r-

pd rous ouyKporo6vror on6 r<oudpr. To xoudpr Oeopotivror

o(;repo ororlerc66qo<rlp0ri6r0.

To oopari6rc uNt4lenr6po6vT. o ei6ogr,o ;riye0ogrns ol-
lqleni6poorlsKorq eppilerorrlS,rl onciorooq6r1lo6qorqv
orroioerbqtrc6verorr,orrfiouvp€ro si$6r;rcovoopCIrfov.KCI-
rd rrg ollrllenr6pdoerg11evdpyer6ororrlpeiror, ro i6rorcorq

opHn.

Or altrqtrenr6pdoergordp<ovp€ dropq o6rlyo6vrrotrtr6gcpo-
pdgoro crxrlporrop6oriv0ercovouyKporqprdr<orvrou }fyovror
p6pra.'Evop6pro;rrropevf o €fvorr6oo o'nl6 6oo ror ro p6pro
rou u6poy6vour, rou ofioreleiror on6 6Uop6vo5;rorodropo,
qtrtrdKor16oo o6v0ero 6oo q 6rnlr1dtrrrr rou 6eoo{uprpo(o-
vourle rvrrorio{iog, rou fi€pigqpou DN,\, fiou ouyKpor€fror

T

e

H E N i :P tAE A A TU PIEA I K A Y IIOB A OMZE TA

ond 1fud6egdroprorqr qrroretrerfo 13oo1166oprrr<o6uororr-
16r49 1c,riS.

EoarreprKenvdpyero

K o rF r K P o K o o F o s

Irov npc6'rov6prorqg Oeppo6uvoprrqagvayvcopioqpsrlv o-

vdyKrlyro dvo rorvo6propdyeOoqT. o'nerpdpCIrqHdSerrirpe-
q;ovvo ro erodyoul.lKs CIvta ercgpd(oupep' our6 rrg socr>r€pt-

rdg 6repyooie5r,rou ouppoivouv oro lirdcpopoouorrlporo. To

ovoprdoopeeoutrepxrl evi,pyeru.
Ag 6o6perc6po rrlv roor€prrrl evdpyerqqrrd rr1ororrrd rou

prrrp6rooprouH. errciyqrqg rilqg, arr6 tq ororrrd ourq, nepld-
Xerxfvqorl ror oll4leni6pooq. Kd0errriorqFo qnor€treirqr o-
nd pr6prorrou rrvofvrdr KcrrollrllenrSporjv. Kd0e ;,rd,proorlo-
releirqr o116dropo rrou rrvodrvrorK(xoltrqlenr6podv. Kd0e
dropro qrroretreirqr qrrd nupqvo r<orrlle<rp6vro rrou ollqtre-

rrr6po6v.Ee rdOeoMrplerribpoorlovrtororlei pio oproprivq6u-
voprrq ev6pyeroKoro€ rdOe rivrloq ocrlporr6iou;rraopropr6vry
rrvqrrrq evdpyeroA. g govroororipe ro riOpolopo dltov qur(iv
Turvevtpyert6v.Or rrpooOerdor ou 0rr eivqr6leg ol 6uvoprrrdg
evipyere5oMqleni6pCIonsr<ovocopro-rr6i<rr<-lovrdleg ot Ktvrlrr-
rdg evdpyerss<oSnpos ro rdvrpo pd(orgrou ouorqpCIros.

H <puorrrlprdgrrporefvervcxo'no6r:Xrorjpe6rr our6 ro ri-

0poropruarrorelei rnv soorsplr{ evdpy€tCrIou ouor{po-

rog. flp6rerror yro ro i6ropdyeOogq, ,reropolq'rou orrofouo-
p((c:rar(AU : q + W q'n6 rov npc6ro vd,porrlg 0eppo6uvo-

prKr1s.Aurodqpraive5rrr ecpdooov e rdnoro odorrlpo peropr-
pd(eror evdpyeroXtopfsvq qno6i6ercrrevipyaq oro neprpdl-
lov ro yeyovd5neprypdcperor:

crr6 14 orornd rou purpdxoopou urrd rr1sxorrrd rou grxpdroo;rou

percBrpd(eror ev6pyera qu€dvr.lro d0porqlc r<ovr<rvqr-rrc6v

cog6pyo q ror co50epp6rqro. Kqtro)'r'6uvoprrcc6evvepyercov

rcov oopcrr6icrlv rrou ouyrporo6v

ro o6orr1pa.

H ENEPTEIAIATHPEITAK]AIYTIOBAOM]ZETAI

KrvqrrrqBecopio

1. l6cvrxriadpro.

An6 rq Fro o poKpdr<ooprorc5llv rrsrpqprdrc,rKvorrcrrvH€rp4-
o€<ovrqr qrr6 rqv dMq o prrrp6rooposps ro q6rdrorrq rrvo6-
F€vqocrlpori6rs.H rrvqrrrrl Oecrlpio'rov aepiov errrlsrpefva
ouv66oerrou 66o rd,opougrrporeivovrcr; ivo provrdtroro o-

noio ovoprd(tran6avrrc5atpro.

An6 rq ororrrd r-ou;rrrp6rooFouro r6cxvrro6ipro eivqrivo
o6volo rrvoupdv<rrovoporr6irovpe opropri,verg6rarrep6rrlreg:

o O ouvoh<dg 6yrog rcrrvooFcx'rr6irrr0ve<opeiror-oe oXd-
orl p€ rov 6yxotou 6oXeiou-opetrrlrdog.

o T6oo or prero{6rcov ;.ropicrrovuyrpo[roerg6oo ror ere(veg
r<ovpopicovp€ ro rorl<6poro rou 6oleiou Oecopodv'raorTro16-
rog eloorrrig.

o Tq oarHorf6rourrorodouv orous vruro)vrKorjgvdpoug
rqg rivqoq5

o Aev cxoro6vrqrEuvdpergpero[6 rcov prop(<onvopd prd,vo
rca'rd'rr16rdprero rcrlvouyKpoiioecov.

Aurd,or1;roive6r rr 11pero{6 66o ouyrcpodoeovrivqoq rdOe

popioueivoreu06ypoppnopolq rcxrdr-r6r:vundpler 6uvoprrq
evdpyeraH. eotoreprr{ rvdpyero rou r6ovrxod oepiou eivcr,
ouverrtfg, ri0poropa rrv4rrrriv evepyerdrv.

2. flieor1ror prrpriroc'Fos.

'Evq qrr6 ru rrpc6ro ep<orqprorqeivcr our6 yro rqv uieoq e-
vdg oepiou. O o6poro5 oipog rrlg oXohrqg oiOouoogcorei
nieoq oro r(dpr rou rropo0ripou,orqv rupdrtro rou r<oOqyr1-
'r(, oroug roryoug ror q rrpq 'rq5eivorcrrrrqrrou 6rapd(oupe
oro rordtrtrqlo 6pycvo. Trlv i6ro orryprl,orrlv nporerv6pevrl
uxdvs roo lttxp6xoopou,errrdrcrgrrepirrou eroroppripro oerri-
vqro pdpror<upi'cog{uydvou ror cr(<irrourrurrodv ot t(d1tw,
oe roiXou5,oe ovOp<inrvcor c6porcr.

flon eivcxq oy€oq rrlg nieoqc y€.rs nvodyevc aord p6pn;
Baor(6pevoor ro irovrilo r-our6qvrro(raspiou ror ecpoppr6-
(ov'rogrous v€urtovrrotlgv6poug'rqgr<ivrloqqg 0ep;ro6uvcpr-

I

e

r( o6r1ye(rqor ' ivo ovoprevdpevoupnipcoFrCI.Orr 11nieoq
ev6goepioo oyrr((*or 16oo o) pe rov ovd povd6o dyrou o-
pr0p6 rcrrvKrvouHivrrrvpropicrldvoo rorrp) p€ rqv rivqorl rous.
Iuyrerprpdvo, <crolqy€r o€ prroe{iocrroq11onoio ercppd(erd-

TI:

H nfeo4 efvurqvdloyn rTposrnrr nuxvdrqro Kornpos
rov pdoov6po rcrv rerpuyrilvc)vro)u'rq6ur{rtrv rrou dXouv
ra xrvodpevopriproereivq14 orryprl.

3.Orp;rorpooicror prrp6roopos
TrouprpoivreSprrlgperq 0epproxpooifolo; rooXioqurrdplera-
vdpreoo' our6 fiou FdS6eilverdvo0epp6p€rpKo oroe6oq e-
rcievrlrq orrypqouppoivouvorov prrrpdr<ooepvo6goepiou;

H ondvrqoq o'our6 ro ep<irqpqeivsrfuy6repoovoprev6-
pevqond rrlv rrporlyofpevrHl. 0eppoEuvoprrrolTolqyeroro
ou;rripoopro6114 0epporpooiooXe'r((trapn6voprerqv rivq-
orl rcovpopi<ovKqrouyK€Kprpriveoivrrrqvdloyrl rrpos ro pd-
oov tipo rorv Krvqrrrr6vevepyertfvrilov rrov ;ropitrlvxqrd
rr1anyp{ exeiv4.

It dvc r6qvrrdcdpro

(orrri rr1 oronld rou prlrpriroopou)
H eooreptxrievdpyeroe:ivor(oqperrt d0poroprrorr>vKrvql-

r<6vevepyer<66vtrorvr<ovo<opoTr6i<rrv
H Oeppoxpoofa:eivorovdloyrl rpos rov ;rrioo6po rcovxrvq-

rtrc6vevepyer6vdtr<rrrvcrlvo<oporr6i<rrv.

F]ENEPTEAIAATF']PEITKAAIYNOBAOMZEIA

pos \n,spffi

poffiu\rffiWffi

H orpoprllovq arro6erl0qr<epro notr6 r<crtr6r1oordtro rrlg ov-
0pcrrn6rqrog.Mag ipc0e 6rr notrId npdyporo eivat6uvsr6v
vo yivouv ror 5'rrnohj rreproo6repoeivo' a66varov vo fipcry-
;rc'rorrorrl0orjvM. ro orrd rr5 eprrrrepiegrrou qfioKrr10r1rovcrrd
rr1lerroupyio rrlg o6rlyqoerr1Oeolprlrrrqor<dr.poqrrlv I6doyro

rrlv unopd0;rror1rrlg evipyeros,rl orroicreprrreprdleror orov

6e6repovdyo rqc )eppo\uvapxqs.

To dpyo sfvqr rrotrurrp6rtpo onri rq Oop;rdrqro

'Evq ond ro 6r6dyporq rrls e;.rnerpfof5iou ofioKrqoope orrd,

rrs orpopqXavd5eivorro 6rt rord rr1trerroupy(oprragofioroo-
6qnore prlxov4se(vqrq66vdrov vo percrprpd(ou;reevdpyero
100, trd,youXdprv,povd6ov cog0cppr6rrl-roKorvcxpCISqrro6f
6er100 provd6ei5pyou. Ardpo Korov urrqpXepnxcxv4rrou vG

le rroupyefXopi'Srprpdgpro moodrqro 0rpprdrrlros0o ono6i-
6e'rqrovarr6<peuKTKo qrour6 6Xryro l6youg'relvrr<orig.

H epnerpiopog 6r6dorer6rr q preroprf]o(6pevr<1rrgipyo e-

vdpyeropnopef e{o}orlrlpou vq Fr€rorpCIrreofe 0ep;rrrr1evdp-

Yfl0.

fevrrefovrCIsro 6i6oyprosur-5 o ldp6,rg Kelvin6rqrdn<ooe

pe oocprlvercrdrr fiou n q6on cpoiverorvo HcxSorroyope6er
v0 ro fi pcrYF0Torrorlrooupre.

Efvcrc6rivoro vq KqrqoKturiooupe ;-rioOepprx4pttXou{
rrou vo prropef vo Fsrqrpdrrar dvq rrocr60epprirqrcg o)\6-
xl4po o€ FqXnvrK6dpyo.

H np6'roor1orro'relefprroarrd rrg 6ror-urrc6oerogu 6edre-

poo v61tourqCAcppo6uvapxrlg.

To rropcxnrivo;rago6qyouvorqv r6do6rr q preruptpo(dpe-
vrl crlsdpyo svipyero tivqr rro,\urrrprorepcrrlnd rodrrooqev6p-

yero peroprpo(6pevqcog0epp6rqrc.

a

b-1

e

H ENEPfEIAAiATHPEIIAKIAIYIIOBAOI'AIZiAEl

Oepprirqronolurr ;rdreprlqrrd rodno,oqe€pFdrqrc

o. Eivqryvoror66rr q 0ep;r6rqroeivcrer vdpyaofiou peropr-
pd(ararou06ppqrasrr6 dvoor6poI npogivo dtrlo I op<ei
11Oepporpooiroou I vq eivorlaprql6r'epqT.o6rr q prelopipo-
oq yiverorou06pprlrcKorrrposouyKsKptHivrqoreriOuvoq
oqproive6rTr ouvTeleiror 1<rrpivgo 1perd(e'rolrourdlpovCIvo
ouvretrei'rqrrdrrorodllo cporv6psvoo'rovr6opo.

p. H eprrerpfopog Eyu,tr'fur1g6, r6d{et6rt ro ov'ri0e,o
cporvdpevqo,ou0dpprqr6q11lo61p1er<rpipoo0qepp6rrlroso-
n6 ro r.,uu1p6teop<o6pofiposro Oeppdrepeoivqro66vorovq
ouppei. O p6vogrpdnogyrs vCIrrpcrylrororrorqOeeivfotvo pe-
roprpd(erarrour6Xpovoevdpyeruorr,iHopq{6pyouE. fvarq-
66vqrovvo Kqrooxeudooup€Frq pr11av{or4v orroiuvo
peraprpri(ouFsOep;rrirqruunri 1op4l{ Oeppoxpooioxar
vo qrro6i6er0ep;r6r4rqurrd uqql{ (fep;roxpaoic;ltrrpigro-
ravdtrooqfpyou urroorrlpr{eo RudolCf laussiursor q np6ro-
oq orrorelei'prodllrl 6rordncooqrou 6erirepouv6;rourqg
0ep;.ro6uvoFrK4S.

H 6rcrnjr<ooHrl cSo6rlyeoi rqv r6io 6rr q <(eorq>Oeppdrrl-
rq eivqrrlolurrpdreprol rrd ro6rrooq<rp6c>O>eppdrqro.

H pq;1ovrxe{ vdpyerosivurnolurrpri:repqund 14 0epprxri

'EvogPpdXoSrorporulder qrr6 ro pouvd.Ie triyoiXeriprdoer
lopqld. Erei oroprcrderrqr yv<opi(c'up6err 11Oepporcpooia
rou ou{r10qr<e.

frq ro oJorqproppdlog-fq:
o q ohx{ evdpyeru6rorqpq0qreo'roOeprl
o rl Fnxqvrrrievdpyeloelcxrrc60qre<vec6ou{r|0rl<etodno-
oq rl €otoreprxrei vfpyeru
TogorvdprevXoopqKrrlp(eroal o06ptpqroM. ronoodrrlro pl-
lcvrrqgevdpyerapgerorpdnqreotr6rl1pqoeevfpyerOo epprrr1.
Mnopo6pveqXprlorFonorqooouup-rre(rq Oepprreqvdpyeyroro
vo {avondpoul-r€rl pqxcvrKerlvipyerorrouerlopreM; nopeiSqtro-
5qo ppuXogvo {ovondtrltdvoqrouo'rco, qpreisorr66rrou{erivq-
oe;fv<opi(oupneotr6rcotr6drr r<drrrdroro6ev;rnopeivcouprpei.
MrlncogOcxprrropo6ov€o yiverpe x.orroroprlXov{;Na rpo-

e

go6orrlooupr6eqla6qpropq1av4lr. tn €epprrqevdpyernuou
6ro0d'roupKr qrvo ndpoupepqlovrrrlevrlpyerrooo66voprrHl;
eprnerpiorlls CIrpo;rqxCIvp4osg6i6o{e6'n qur6 6eveivor6u-
vqr6vvo npcryporonorrl0eio6rqer pertiovrrrHl nxqv4.

Eivarsvqn6<peurrvoo o6rlyrlOotiporeeKdnotqo6yxproqovd-
F€oqorrl prllcrvrrqKorrrl Oepprrcervlipyer<Axt.qntor<6voup6rret

1 1p r r l l o v r r rel v i p y e r ou n e p ' r e p er ri l g O e p p r r q ge,i v o rn r o

notrJrp4:

o) H 96o11errttpinetrrlv F€rorporrnrrls FqxCIvt-
r<qgevdpyeroeg{ olor}qpou oe0tpprrrrel vc6e;rno6((er

rq Oepprrvqo rdverro ovriOe'ro.
p) H pqlavrrq evdpyerFs qS6i',rre<rlgdtrrp6opyorre-

proo6repoo116prroroo8tivo;rnqoo6rqro Oepptrrleg-
vdpyrecg.

O rrpcirrogv6pogrq5 0eppo6uvoprrrqpgip, oro, u-
noorqpf(erd'rror drrigopegFopgdsevdpyerogeivot
rrooorrrd roo6rivo;reSO. 6e6'r€poosuprrtrqpc6rv. e
l-looorrxdroo6rivo;re5vor, otrlti rip ro (6ronol6rr-

Fts.
I'qur6 rrououvdprFl €ro ppdxo,olld rqr oe rd-

0ecuOdppqro<porv6p€vrol ,cpuorrqunc,orqpf(edt 'rtq otrrr{
evdpyera6rar4peirorollri ror unopoo;ri(eror.Ie o1ior1pe
rrl HrlxovrKerlv6pyeroq Oepprr<Oqecopilecxrevdpyerorqrc6re-
Prl,fuY6repoXprlor;rqe,vipyercunopoOprropivAnu. r-6ro;6el
Kqror crxionpeSlegrrg dlle5 popqds€']orsprK4gevdpyerog,
dncogl,6you1dprv,n XnHrKer1vipyero.

No ouvorlrfoou;ref.leprypdgovrqsro: gorv6prevo116'rr1
oroTrrdrou por<pd,KooHqo0ue, ppo6uvoprx6rlo<piverrl H€-
roprpo(6pevqo' ivo o6ollpc evipyero(fpyo,Oeppd,rqroa)-
rrd'rqv evdpyerorqv orroio €yer€vao6orqpa oe rdrroro1po-
vrrrlorryp( Kcrunoorqpf(er:

o) Avocpoprrdperq peropi'pooqevipyercrg
r)6rr ro dpyoeivorrrolun;r6repo o116rorirroo40ep;rrirrpo
rr)drr { <(eor4p0epp6rrpoe"i'vonro,lurrp6repqqrr6 rod-

fiooq <rpdo>Oep;rrirrpo

p) Avcrpoprrdperrlv evipyeraev6gouor(prarog

l:

f!

(i

H ENEPTAEA ATHPEITKAA YIIOBAOMIZETAI

drr q eooreprrri Oepprrrievdpyeroeivorhyrirepo nohirr-
Fn o€ q16or1pe ro6rrooqpqxovrK{ evdpyercqltrd KtIrot
oadonperille5 Fopgdseotoreprxrigr:vdpyerorginaryeivcl q
XqFrKrrivdpyero.

AA' no TrloKonro

rou prKPoKoopou

Eoorreprrricvdpytra

'EXouperrer 6'rr--qrrd rq ororrrd rou prrr<pdroopoue-oorreprrq
evipyeroeivorro d0poroprarcov KrvrlrrrcilvevepyerrivrcxtT<rrv
6uvcx;rrrc6evvepyerr6vdlolv rc,lvocDporr6icorvou ouorqporos.

Av neproproro6;reoe gorv6preva6n<ogr; Oippovorl,or F€-
rapolig rcqroordor<rrv,rl ouprrrieoq,1 errdvcoorl Kqror Xrlpr-
xig ovrr6pdoergr, 6re or rrpoo0eriorrls sooreprrrl5 evfpyer-
og eivor:

r) Aul-offiou fioprordvouv xrvqrrxdgtvdpytreg.Avrtorot-
Xo6voe rrvqoergruloieg rsr d'rorrss Ksroleri(ov'ror ps ro
poKpooKonrrdp, iye0og0epporpqoio. flp6xerroryro rrpoo0e-
rdou5 fiou orrorrlo6v ro ley6prevoovopyrivtoro rprlpo rrls e-
ocr;reprrrlgevdpyerogT. o dOporoprdroug eivqrqu'rd rrou lipre
Oepprrrel vfpyeroI.'dvq r6qvr16odproundplouv pdvoornpo-
oOeriorfiou fioptordvouv xrvqrrrig e'rdpyere5.

rr)Auro( rrou rroprordvouv6uvoplrdg evdpyeregA. vrroror-
loriv orrg ollrltrenr6pdoergpopicrlvpr:p6pro ro0org r<orpe d-
ropo oro eo<oreprrdevdgpopiou.l-lpcixerroyrro rrpooOeriou5
fiou Gfiorelodv ro leydpevoopyovopdvo rpqpo rrls €oor€-
prK4SevipyerogT. o d0poropdrou5 ei,rorqu,d rrou ,\dpeplpr-
xr1evdpyero.

M4;1ovrx{evfpyero

H rivqorl ev6govrrrerprdvooun6 rq or<orrrdrou prorpdKoopou
neprypdgeror Korp€ ro piyeOogrrvq'rrrqevdpyeroK. o0c6gro
ovrrreipevoerrelei yro nopd6srypo, p€rCIqoprKrlivqorl, ro

I-.. H EI.]EPIAEA ATHPETA KA Yt'IOBAO^,1IZETA

I-e-

-I

oopqri'6rofiou ro ouyKporofvdxouvoEKdesorrYp{ Kotv{
'roXtirrlroKqrrl Krvrlrrrqroug evipyerog-o€ ovrrfiopd0eoqpe
erce(vfqiou ovrovorld rrlv ruXoio rar drorrq Oepprr<riqvrl-
oq- 0errlpe(roorpyovtopdvq.

An6 r4v opyrivtoo4mrlv oru(ic

1. Ko06givo ptrqpopeydlqgrcX6'rqrcr5evocprlvc6v€oro€t
rdnororory<opoKcrrl Fqxqvrrqrou evdpyeruonopo0pi(eror,
perorpendp€vrol € ro6rrooqOepprrrrpln, opo6pevs rropqrq-
p(oouped,r q opyavolpivqr<rvq'nrer1vdplrglrqcrlvocDporT6icrrv
TouH€rqrpdrreroor e r<rvrlrrrerlvdpyerao'vopydv<o'rq.

tl r

\ty'.rl

;+ Brt+G; 3> fI l
<-. t ar
r9.+* > ..r ia
r+
+t +J

Ft ]i:

€r++) tft

-lt t

2. Ko0<69r<orpor<uldeor ppdXoS,I opyovco;rdvrqcvq-
rrr<qevipy€roro)v 6oprrc6voorprolrr6icrrovu -€v fipo-

xerpivcorcov propicorvou- prerorpdrreroror evdpyero

Oepprrrln, ou oq;roiver rdtrrrcrvqrrrqevipyeroocrlporr-

6fcrrvo, ltrd rcSpo rrro ovopydvorr-q.Ev<6q evipyera

rrooorrrd 6ro111pq0r1rd€r, r dtrlor{e.H <a'ro{io>F€yd-

looe . H g6oq xord rrg ou0dpprlr€SErepyooiegrrlg

Aurd0opnopo0oveoooqouppei -rrou orror-elofv Korrrl ouvrprfil-rKqrrlerorl.rqcpiroorv

ovioluepdvoo np6rogv6pog
rnS0eppoduvoUrxytiqe.yovdr<rrvrou Irlprrrcvros- rpoiverorvo 6ei1ver prro

nporipqoq. 'Ooo yro ro Fpdxo, o 6e6repogvd,pogrqg

0eppo6uvoprK 4pSo g O u p i(er < irrr rro u ro ld p o u p e.

Mnopei vo ro {fpoupe atrtrdpo5 ro €rnorlpCIivr.eMog tr6e}ror-

rr6v 6rr eivqro66vorov rq 6oprr<do<o;rori6rorou ppdlou vo

opyovco0o6vp6vo rous/ vo orrorrqoouv rrs i6regrccreu06v-

oer5'ro1jrlrCIS, iror rrou o ppdlog v' opXioervo rpdle r p6vo5

T

h

e

H E N E P TEAIAA TH P E ITKAAI IY I]OB A OM1ZE TA

rou Kqrd rrlv qvrlgoprd. Idpcpcovol.r{;rov npc6ro v6proou'r6
6eveivqrrdrr r-roudfiqyop€feror. Oo erlope prq €nrrp€n6pe-
vq o6{qoq rns Hnxqvrrrlgevdpyerdso{: PdpoSrqg OepprrcrlHg.
0eppor<pooiq'rouppdlou 0q elqrrcrlv6rov, qltrd o ppdXogeo
aviporve pr6vogrou. Oq qrov prroopydvoorl rr15evipyerog,
pro ou06pprlrq6ro6rrqoiqon6 rqv crro{io orqv opydvoon.
H grioq dF,<rl6se cpoiverorvo ouyKrvr;i'rqqrrr6T€rote5 opyCI-
vc6oergou06ppqreg.Or Xrovoorrpd6e<p;d5 nofpvouv qrr6 rri-
o<orord rqv ovop066o{q rqre60uvcrqpr6vooe Xoprrcopivo
Krvrlpqroypocprrdfpyo, oe oriroq r1ori doXrlpo 6verpo.

To{i6ro Xtopi5srnorpog{. Ie nollf,; 6ro6rrooiegoTq g6on
urdpler priopr6vorqreriOuvoq. 'Evo orrfpro nou rdqre 6ev
urrdpXerrp6ro5 vo {ovoyiver orripro. To dropo fiou ro ou-
yrpo'rodoov ppiorovrov or FrCoI pyc(vcopdv6qop4. 'YoTepo
orrd,rrl <ouvdvrqorl))p€ rq dropo rou o{uy6vou rl ofurr1pd-
(o rropdperveorcxOepq-6n<oglier o Lavoisier-ror 4 e{d}r{r1
rqg evdpyerog ner0dpxnos oTov rrp<riTo v6prorqg 0eppo6u-
voprrrrlg.Kdrr 6pog dler otrtrd{eroperdrlqro. H vdo 6rdro-
tr1 eivor fuyd,reporoKronorrlprivq an6 nporlyotipevo,lfe r o
6erlrepogvdyo5 rqg Oeppo6uvoprrr(,A;.n6 FrCoI x€rrKdop-
yovcopdvq6oprr1nepdooH€ o€ prrp6r-epr1opydvcooq.Ar6po
rr ov po(iqrouF€ 6tro rq utrrrd rrou rrpoiKur.lrcvKqr ro rpo-
9o6o, qooup€ Fs rq 0epp6rrlrq rrou eile orreleu0epo0ef
6ev urrdpler 6p6pogyro errrorpogn. H q6on 6ev errrrpdrrer
rdrorou ef6oug€nrorpoqfg. To orrfpro 6e 0o {ovoyfver
orrfpro rrord. To ouy6 nou 6ppcroe6ev prropei vo {avcryiver
qu'rd rrou qrov rrprv.Alld Krqv or ;glprroi rarogdpouv o€
opropiveg rreprmrciro€rsvq {ovordvouv ro rrpdypdrCI drr<o5
qrov rrprv, rl (€firorpoq{) 0o dler onoro6rlrrore cvdyr<qo-
116rqrqvdlcooq errrrrliov evfpyerog ror pdho'ro popqns
<no}6'rrpqg>.

Evrponio

H lp4orprirqrq KCI4r opyrivtlo4.'Orrv rdqre ro onfpro 6vo
noo6 Xp{orpns- opywco;liv4gevfpyerc(Sp€rqrpdnqxe oe evfp-

F']ENEPTEAIAIATNPTEA KA YTIOBAOMIZETAI

y€rqhy6rspoXp4orpnKqrrqurdxpovoovrrpydvcrlrAq.gnpooi-
{oupencogou;rpo6rZouovr66oiworeg.Ie oXiorlpsrr10epp6rq-
rCI,rl XrlFrKerlvdpyerru<ov6eop<6evivqtneltrood'rep1opr1or;rrqot
neprood,repoopywtrlpivq.

H lprlorpr6rnroHrosevipyerogpo0poTroyeiroo6rpcptovpo€
'ro rroo6rou 6pyourrou l-rfiopsvi o rrdpou;leorr' au'rqv.H Xq-
prrrlevipy€rorrou ppiorerorano0qreuprivrol roug 6eopo6g
rou oxrcrviourrls pev(ivr1gp,rropevf a 6r6rrenreptoo6repo6pyo
on6 iorlrroo6rrlroOepprrqegvdpyerurgrounepriXerotoro (e-
o16ne(o6pdproq oro vep6rcov<rrreovc6Hv.ot parpooKortt.
16 enfne6oytqorp6rqrd trvrqvqd\ri 14 llKpooKorTrr{elx6vo
r4g opyrivoorls.H prraiwotq ev6rogiperous Fnxovtt<o6rogt
roug prelerqrigprogFdKpooKorrrrrOlSecirprlorlISd, llq ev6ro-

6P

H rvrponio. Irq 1865o RudolfClausiusnp6rervepro rotvo0-
pro 6woro, I onoio 0o pnopo6ot vo po3poloyrlo€trrl Xprlol-
pdrqro rrlg evfpyerc5. To 6vopd rrlg qrcw evrporria (yeppovt-
rd entropie).Arlproupyrl0qrearrd rqv el,\r1vrrrpl i(o evrpirrco.
To Xp6vrorrourqrotrodOqoovp, € Trlvi6roriwotq, iytve 6uvq'r6
vo rr€prypqgeir<orq rd[q-orofio rrlg 6]119on6 dnorprlFrKpo-
oronrr(. Ooo prrp6r€pn€vrponio i1e ivo oc6prordoo rrto
Xp4orpnevfpyero6ro0dter-o€ HqKpoorontrden(ne6o- olld

I1EI\EPTAE A ATHPEITKAAIYI-IOBAOMIZETA

Kor1600rrro F€yd^rel ivor11rd€rl, r-r1vonoio epgovi(ero€ Fr-
KpooKo'rKnderrirre6o.

M6vorrg pe'ropoligrr15evrponiogpnopodpevo yerpqoou-
pe.Ko0c6gror-parulder o ppdlos orrlv nloyrd 11ror ro0c6g
roryerorro orrip'roq evrponiaou{dvrir,peyalcoveqroro{io,
unoprpd(erCrIlrXprlorp6rqro.

Ag6orjperc6pcouvofuxdrr HqS6r6<ior<oe6re6repogvdpo5
rrlg 0eppo6uvoprrrlMg.oSlderdrr orcrau06pprrlryaeyovdro
undpXerndv'rCIprooproprivqrare60u\/orl.Eivqrivo 6popol6-
yrolcopfgerrrorpogrl.

H guorrq po{ rns Oeppd,rqroegivorp6voond rc 0epp6re-
pq fipos rc rpulpd,repoocirporo.Or d'rOponorpo6i(ouvqv€-
rriotperrrorrposrrg puribegKqrrq yqporerdo, r ordX're56ev
prrroporvjvo {ovoyivouvr<odrooupofe.vrrdrepo,'16o6o11lo611
oro ouOdpprlrod,ooKGrorq 61 ou06llpqroyeyovdrc,11(Dri-
oq 6erlverproouvotrrr<nrp1oriprlorlorr'lyia <are69uvor14.116
rq lpqorprlevdpyeraorrl trryd,repxopqrrrp,qoTt6Tqv opydv<o-
orl orrlv oro{io. E(vor11nopeionpos'rqvo6{r1onrrls svrpo-
rrio5tou I6prrrovro5.

Togorv6prev(ocof

'Evonaprigovo (;) proli orn oupgro'uiurqg unopriO;ror15.
4116To Xcopi'oSpydv<rrord1ropro oro il<rrvrovdpd,prorr o'n6
K€rorq (ov'rovd r6rtopo, orrg oprd6egru,rdpcov rr qrrd rel
orq oroutrqrra, oro oTrov6ul<o'r6o, ru Orlloo'rrrd, orov dv-
Opcono.Mro rope io fipos rrlv opydvrooq.Kdrr oqv (nopo-
gorvio> orq yevrrrl ori[qoq evrponio<;rou ldprnovrog. Mlu
nopeio orrd ro rrr0qvd fipos ro qrriOs',ro.Bdporoorq 6roeKo-
roppfpro 1p6vrorrou XperdorrlKovyro vo yiverourd, rpoHo-
rrrrig noodrrlreg rlho rrlg e v f p y e rc ; < p o p p d p 6 ro G Vr)o v
rrlov1rq pog.
'Hrsv evipyerorrou 6qprroupyrlOqor<ne6'rq prercpotrrrlrls op-
yovcoprdvrl65op4Srtrlv nuprlvrrc6vo<rl1.ro'rr6i<or€tvprC6I oprl o-
nolo6rlnore prr<pdreprlogpydvoorls. lt o6{r1oq,p' d}Ao trd,-
yrcx/rqs evrporrirrgrrou ouvdprlorov'Hho eivqr rrotr6p€yc-
tr6repqo116orroro6qnorerourdlpovrl etrdrrcoorlevrporriag

-e

H tNEPtEIAAIATHPEITKAAI IYNOBAONAIZETAI

ouvipn orov rrlov4rq l.,oSI.ro pe'ro{6,ro0c6gn (<o4rutrder
prioooro orroouorrlForo,preydlegnoodrqregurropoOpro;.ri-
v<ov€vspyrec6vqrreleuOep<6vovrcrpr osro neprpdllov.

Anrioncoprq qrr6 dvq vrorou;rdvro rqg UNESCO
OproprivorerrrorqpovegouvqOr(ovvo ordcprov'ror5rr q
epcpdvroqr,l CIvqrropcry<oyrorlr q ovdnru{n prqs opyCIvo-
itdvqsrsrdorqorls oro (crrvrovdouorrlporo, orroreloU-
oov e{orpiosrsrou 6erirepouvdprourr150eppo6uvoprrrlg.
Irlpepo 6evrrrorefoupre6rr rdrr riroro eivorolr10rv6.To
o<oo16eivqrd'rrdvc (<rrvrov6odorqproprrropevf o rrepdoer
orrrl prroopycvcoprivqrordoroorl o€ pro dtrtrr1or6po rrro
opyovotrrivq, olld our6 ouvo6e6eror on<oo6r1rro'rserr6
xdnorq ond6ooq evipyerogoro rreprpdllov rou. H evdp-
yeroourrl npoipXercr ond ro Fr€rooxrlporroprd,rolrvro16-
rrlor<rrvpopirov(ylurr6icov,hnr6i<r:v)r.rovr-pocpc6ove p6-
pra orrlorior€pq 6rr<o5ro HrO rqr ro C.O,.

lro vq 6rorqprloerivcxovOp<irrrrvov oro0ep6 pdpo5
orq 6rdpreraev6glp6vou orrarrei yrrrrropd6€rypq,rrlv
unopdO;.rro5q00 Xrfuoypd;rp<rrlpvocprlsKdrrn 6rd1uor1
oro neprpdltrovevdpyero52 6roerqroppupfov Joules.H
opydvooq rou ov0pcOfirvou6vrog pnopef vo rropopfver 11
i6ro r1vo yfveror peyotrdreprl,q^Id 11opydvcrlorrl ou rrspr-
pdltrovro5 errrirrrer rrotrdrreproodrepo.

Aev 0a prroporiooF€vCIxo'roldpoupe rirrors yro rqv
orroloyio Kcr yrq rq ;.rd'truvorrol u rreprpdltrovros ov
npc6ro 6e oultro;rBdvoprreqv 166od,r-qr 6rcrrlpqontqs
(cor15eivor (oe o1ior1 Hr rrlv nopaycoyrloro{io5) prro6ro-
6rrooio 6onovqprl.

e

H ENEPtEiAAIATHPETTAKIAIYl TOBAOMIZETAI

;Xnpn*{evdpy€rs

H lqpeio ;;o5trierd-rroro eocrrreprrr<di0e popiouro dr-o;to
ouyrporodvrqro' ourd e{ orriog opt(Jpdvropvrero(6toug ctr-
lqlenr6pdorov.Epredi5loup€nrq ;rdt)evro neprypdqoupr€rs
ollrllenr6pdoergo) pe6uvdp€rsKqr13p) e6uvoprrreqvdpyero.
E6ridl p<ogq ytrr6ooorqg evfpyerogefi,or rroonor€leoprorrr<r1.
H otrlqtreni6pooqovdpreoool-o dropo lrou ouyKporofvro
prdprouvq0f(erorvq qrro6i6srqrp€rq ley6prevtqvipyen Xq-
pxoti 6eopoti.

Kd0eXq;rrr<oqvri6pooqeivorprro{iro6rrooior,ord rrlv o-
noio pio oproprdv6qrdro{q rcovor6;l<r-l(vrov r6vrcovrgrov
popirovp) eropdlleror Ksrnpor6nrerprio6rdro€q6ragoperr-

rr1.Mnopotiprveo peracppdoou;lrdeyovro55rr peropdtr-
Iovtsr orr;rdg 6uvoprrqgevdpl,erorgroUneprypdgouv
rrg 6rdcpopeogllqtrenr6pdoer5.flpdrerror lorn6v yro F€-
ropol{ rn5 so<lrrsprK{sevdpyerog,11onoioer<gpd(e'ror
preowollcry( evdpyerogcxvdpreoorrro o6orrlpd Kqrro €-

(oreprrd neprpdllov rou. H rc6or1,yro napd6erypo,eivor
prroplprrry cvri6poorl, q onoic loporrqpi(€rqt tos e{c60eppq,
yrcri rcrd rrlv efdtrr{qrr15ono6i6eror evdpysto-trls Oepprdrrl-
tq- srr6 ro odorqps npos ro neprpdtr\ovrou.

Me rrg yvroorig Oeppr6operprrc6irgord{ergpnopo6pevc pe-
rpdpe Korro nood 0epprdrqrosfiou qno6i6ovrqrqrr6 ro 6rd-
qopCIro6orpo. To rorjorpo 6evdlouv 6lo trg i6leg6uvor6rr1-
reg.'Evo 1116trryvirrlrord rq rorjoq rou ono6i6ernotr6 trry6re-
pq 0epp6rqrq qrrd dvo rctr6rre,piloro.

H Oeppavrtxqtrcav6rqra ev6c,xauoltou eivqr ivs piye0og
fiou fiooo'rrror-rorerirg 6rocpoprerri,; ou'rig 6uvordrrlr-eg.
Ergpd(er to nood 0eppr6rqrcsrrou urro6i6erq ra6or1FlsS o-
propdvq5Fd(qS rouofpou, opi(sror olrvenc6scrrgnqlirco rou
nooo6 0epprdrqrosrrou qrro6i6ersrq'n6 opro;.rfvq;;d(o rou
uhrori rrpos rq prd(oourq. Ie povd6egkcal/kgq Oeppovrrrrrl -
rcov6rqrarou rrsrp€Ioiou eivqr 11.30(1r,qg pev(ivqg10.500,
rou trr0dvOpdKo7.500evr6rou fuyvirr; e(vcn3.000-5.000rqr
rou [6]ou 3.000-4.000T. q Osppovrrrcrqrov6rrp-crxcovcepi<ov

I

e

rrl F€rpdFrKoro€ kcal/lit.
Bpo6eiara6oq ou;rpoiveKr CIorrrs $lfrpopsgrpocpdgnou a-

oiplovror orov opyqvroprp6qg Kqrpog nopilsr rrlv evipyero
rrlv qvcryKqiyorovo (odpreKsrvo erreloripenipyoo.Avrdnor-

og6evcpdeyrro 6uoprdpeg1,1evipyeroe{uocpoli(eroron6 rqv

rcxforloorcXdpcorvor oprflou rrou e(vqrcxrroOrlreuprrofvea6rd-
gopo dpywa, 6rrorgro ourcirrr.Av qur6 nopo'roOeio, opywr-

op6gapX(a vq Kqrqge6yemr rg ecpe6peirc:gurroprro6l(nou5.

O ov0pc6nrvoospyovrop6ge(vorl,onirdv,6vogevepyerar6g
(FsrqcrxrFlorrorrl5>.l-lpooloppdver p1prrr1evdpyreo peev6dr -
l-rsoorrs rporpig.Aurrlv,rrlv p€rqoxqpcrri(eor e lqprrq evip-
ysrqqfiqpoirqrrl yro rrl odvOeoqrcDVoLrororrr<ivrou oc6po-

ToSKqroe qlerrprr4 evdpyerocvayroio yrCvI d evepyorrorrlroe

r-oveuprr6o6orrlpoKqro€ pqXovrrrel vfpyerof,iou rou €fir-
'r-p6rrerqr v er<ritreoprlqxovrKodpyou;.rdocrrclovpru6vrou. O
HsrooxrlForropr6rcgovrpogc6voe evdpyero uvrordqurd
rrou lipe evepyenrcp6eropoholt6.

rpfogapvro6 i t.o+o
po6lv-Q
i 75o
l/\rl lorprvd
Ila rrouAeorr6 I 1.250
: .. -.-._ l...-__-.---.--. | 625
94O
lrj r6vog 1
s00
i ;
I rdpoupog

it

I
V

H ENEPIEIAAIATHPEITKAAI IYIOBAOMIZ

Oo pnopo6oopevo rro6;,re6rr o'Hlrog eivorrdrr oqv prlr6po

HoSKorrrardpa5 po5 po(f. t-t1o4 trproipXerorqnd rrlv qKrr-

vopolio rou'Hfuou, olld ror 6lorqpr:irorldplg o'ou.rr1v.Fro
vo prrlrloouF€y r' s urd ro (q rq p o ; ip ero (6 p ro o ren d t rr rr1
ylc6ooo'rr1gevdpyerog.

An6 ro r1fuordqtus fiou oxrrvopoTreiroro.ro 6rdorrlpo ivo

etrdlroro rroooor6 -rdrrou prro6or<l eroropprripro- cprdver

' o'rqv errrcpdverroou nlavrlrn fn. To:gurd rpororiv ro dvo

rrepirrou eroroo'r6 on6 rq orcry6vo txurrl5 rr15evdpyerqsKol

ro Xprlorporrorodyvrq vq rroi{ouv ro p6lo rous oro rrolXvi6r
rns (o4S. H evipyerorou'Hhou H€rrl peootrdpqoqgurrrcOv
ror (orr<6v rurrdp<ov yiveror n4o4r. ).rr1yvcrlor4pqS€vspyst-

orq 6rdlerro rl oKrrvopdlogevipyerorou'Htrtou prerarpirre-

ror o€ evipyeroXrlFtK{,q orroio orq ouviXero pnopef vo orrr-
Ieu0epcr-rveraerrrrrpifiovrqs oro 16rrqpo vq qvorrrdooersr

, ror vo noAlorrtrsor6(e"rano,rrg opuySolrig va ovOf(ouv,ortg
, rrdorpocp€SvG r<rvodvq, r oto vep6 Kqrorous ovOprirroug vo
, <epyd(ovror>.

To rrorXvi6r r;g (corlgrroi(eror pioo on6 66o enrplqrrrdg

rcqrrrotrrjrrloreg6ro6rrqoieg.H picxyivr:ror p6vo oro gu.rd ror
trfyeror g<nroo6v0rcr7.H dllq epgov((etan 16oo ors gurd
6oo rqt oro (c6o ror liyeror avanvorl.

Kqrd rrl qoroo6v0eoq ro <pu.rrrdrfr-ropo <arXprokori-

, (ouv> ro qfuor<6q<rlsKCIrro XprlorporrorodyvtCIvq prerorpd-
rrouv ro 6ro{ei6rorou dvOpor<cKsrro vep6oe oqpavrrrd 0pe-

1 rrrrrd ouorqrrrd, 6rr<11e9ivor r1ylur6Z,q, cxnopdtrIovrqsrou-
'r51povo rcoro{uy6vo. Me ro plprrd rr6ppotroprrroporj;.rveo

; ]pdpoupe:
i 6CO, + 6H,O * evipyero-+ C6H120+G60,

; Kord rrlv ovofivor; 16oo ra cpurrxd5oo ror ro (crrrxdrrir-
Topo npootroppdvouvo(uy6vo Korro Xprlotpolrororivyru vc

j p€TorpdT-ouvro odrXopo rcrrvrporpc6r,oeevipyero. Mrropori-

I Fsvq ypdqoupre:

hl

€- )

E N E P I EA]AiA II]P EiTKAA] ]YIlOBAOM IZ ET AI

C6H,2O+6 60, -+ 6CO, + 6HrO + €vdl)y€to.

Ta urrorrpolSvro rrls ovqrrvorlg CO, <orO, {ovoyupi(ouv
orqv orprd,oqCIrpyct0 vCI{ovolpqorporrorq0o6vorq qoro-
o6v0eoq.O r6rlog rnS (co(SouveXf(erororordnouorq.

l-f po 6prs ond r-o p6tronou 6ro6p<xpror((eotrov xrjr<Io
rns (o4S, o 'Hhog qrrorelei rqv <nqyr1)ro)v rrro orlpovrrrc6v
evepyetorcciFrvsrooxrlparropcilv,rrou ouppoivouv rrdvor orov
nlovrlrrl pog.

f l o p d o r o or o4u ' H f u o u ,
n6vtooetrr0dorptoro.
Atirpo0grlondnnou,
A0ivo.

I

o

FEi NFAFA'AE'HPIAEKIA...I.BA ,'A
ry

Iro rooreprx<riq5 * 8lS, -.t Ot rupqvrridgovrr6priorrg
I4qyivowor nou yivovrororov'Htrro
ropdlouv rvdpyero
nupqvrxdgovrr6p<ioerg ac ptpuOpr54x10"W.
nou ncpdyouvevdpyero t\

F€puopd3x10"W

H 146d;1ercorn<irov'Hfuoevdpycropr puOptIi x 10''W,
ra 5/8rqq onoioq,xord dvopeyriloptpog,svoKl(ivror ond ro odwego
xcr rou5orxeovodg.
An<ri 4v noodrr;rcnou 6rv ovsxldror...

-)c

...7x10'uW ...3x101'W ...2x10"W ...4x10'oW ...5x10"W
Orpuoivouv 0cPPoivouv rov TPoK'
to'y4'uo cfpa xar 6r1;rrouploriv rqv ei
d6ogo5. rous uvliFous. roD v

t/
Topeyatrdrrpo;rdpogrr15evfplerc5
nou anopporpdro vep6ro lcvoppioxoupr h notrordrrpcpgoxprvdr5noldgq Tanpdorva
rcOrirg64proupyo6vrorrc odwrgo, clki unoofv0eoqrov rdronpdontov rpurdxcrcvc.
rpurdr6vqprodpl4oprlooroOrlxq ltivovrcr yrc
oexri0e6rurrprilenro,perrg ppo1d5

nou nd<prouvc,ntleu0rpdrvovror10".loules tvdpyerc5gx lff'loulespr pop<pri r4 6rorpotpri

nrpinou perq poprplci ldrrrooq5r45 nerprlaiou,rpuorxdovepiovxul rov (riov xol

$wtltxnstuipltro* l. \ dv0poKo. rov avOpti.
H ono0qxer;rr'vo4urrjnoorirqro n<r;vnpoogd.
\\ x.crovaldvercprt puOpr4ix 10" povrc5drott'
'Evcg6po5ourr.i'g w' vdPYetPoe
,q5.ndpy.,og

1pr1o,1roro,.itoy,,o uo - PuoPti
3x1o"w.
Topoxeofv3xto,ow ./ l\\ \
->)
u6poqiexrprxor1is6o5. / + >)

10"W yp4orpo. 10"W yprgorpo. 3x10"W 1 0 "w
norodvrcrmoug
nororiwuryrc vo Krvnrqp€s xP4orForor. xp4olForor-
rorioeog. odvrcryo rr; o6vraryro rqv
TapoXooiv To 3/4cur'{gr45 odpFdvon, ncpoyroyti
rvdpleragldvo- ooictg mtrumrxdrv
3x10"W vTur rToo0rqr€S, rar tillov
pt 14pop,pri
qlerrprxrlg YroorKr(IK4 lqprrtirv
0eppdrqrrrg lprioq xorrq npoirivrov.
o'.Ifiilours >) rq16o5. xor)\ry<irepo propqlluvio
and3xl(l"W
nupqvrxdgavrr6pricrr5

ncpriyouv3x10'W 3xl0"w

qlexrprx{s,*:".V ,v/ I, \

qtrrxrpoyqprxri

IoXUS g<rr5 F€T(Iap0Tr)vTor
rnrxorvrrlvie5 p411cvrr<orjc orpdhpq
"ffi-€
q,e,roXfS pqlcvrxri ropi.

t) -

A

E-'2 Jt&
uq6e

I

€

H ENEPTAEAIAIHPE]IA(AJYNOBAOMZETA

(Avoe<dnoronp6plqpa Xperoorefrreo repe5rrpig er6rrr(O5 ep;.rtlrr1roavgdpeoa
pirpo rr15popurrrrlgenrrdXuvorlvgc ro oro 6rdgopoulrrd. llors eivar11ouvinero
0eorpqoerlevorord rcr ioo pe10 m/s,.TrS ouroOrou yryrtv6rosyto rr1(or1orov
e16rr<06e5pp6rr1ren5ou 0o Xperooriere vo nlcv4rrl;
rr5ovo(qrr1o€ror rousoXertro65nivore5
rou prpliou). 5.9.Ti oqpoivouvol 6poro) Kavovrl<6-oq-
peioppoo'podB)0eppdrqrae{odpcuoqy5)
xovovrxdorlpefc rr1{r16g) 0epp6rqrorrl-

€qs.

5.10.An6 rr e{oprdrorr)ro orlpeio ppa-
o1.tordr)ro oqpeiirr4€nS;

5.11. l-lepryp<ir.,tr-prriro: gcrvd;.revorord rq

onoio fvo oropoOeppoivero4lrtpigcnop-
5.1.To npcbro0eppdperproorooreud- pdgnon0eppdr4ro5.

orrlr<eorrdrov lo]rloio. l-loupoor(drov4 5.12. fioroeivcrro rorvdororXeio vdpeoo
le rroupyicrou; TrXpero(drovvo €firvol.l- orrgiwolegipyo ror OeppdrrlroI;e rr 6ra-

0ef or<dpoyrovq 6qproupyrlOreofOeppd- <pipouv;

p€rpo; 5.13. Nq neptypriq,reorur vorrrrxdc) no5

5.2. l-loroqrov 11oplrr<rn1pdroorl rou o roritrq{e o Mayerorqv op1r16rcrr1pr1-
Keloiouyrq pro0epporpooror4rliporo; orlsrns evdpyerop,); nog rorilq{e o Joule
flora np6rooq ererpdrqoeevvrdXpdvro orrlv i6rocpXr;.
opy6repo;
5.14.H e{iocoorAl E: Q * W ovogiperor

5.3.frcrf Xprlorponor€fruo6rpdpyupo5 orov npc6rov<ipcr4g 0ep;ro6uvo;rrr4Tgr.
yrqrrlv rcrooreurlOeppopdrpov; noprordverdOeorjppolo;

5.4.H ro6rqro rcovOeppoxpoorc6ir6vo 5.15.fkirgopi(elar q eooreprrqevripyero
otrlpdrolvpnopefvq 6rcrrrortrl0fepeivo ev65oroporo5a'ndrq oronrd rou prr<pti-
0eppdperpoIe. rroronopo6o1rpl ooi(eror KOOFOU;

q brorriorcooo4urq; 5.16.florqeivorq o1ior1rqg 0epporpo-

5.5.floro eivor11oXioq r<rlvev6ei{eovrarv ofogev<igr6cvr111o6epiou1rsrlv rivqoq
0eppror<pcororxahlvpdr<rlvKeloiouror rcov;.ropfcorovu;

Kelvin;florq eivqrn crxionrcrrvOep;ror<po-5.17,Ttliyeror rtiqvlrdodptoand rrl oKo-
orqrc6vperopol<irv;
rrrdrou prr<pdroopou;

5.6.fioroeivorq orrio rqg po4g0epprdr4- 5.18.flo6 pooi(r,rcr110eppo6uvoprr6c-rl
rog; floroeivor4 xo're60uvorqrls pois;
rcrvulToorlp((et6rt ipyo 100r(doutrei-
5.7.l-k6g6rorunc6veroor0epelrot6qvgd- vor nolurrpdre1toal6 Oeppdrqro.l00
r(rioul;
p o Sr r l S0 ep p r 6 o p e r p i o 5 ;

5.8.Tovepde;rcpovi(reproond l5 peyofui- 5.19.Ynd rrorodvvoro0rpprdrrlra100

-e

F']ENEPi'EAiAATFIPEITKAAlYTIOBAOMZETA

r(doul peroprBo(r5pevuqn6 opropivrl ]) iXer prrpcirepr1Oeppor<poosinod dvo

Otpporpooioeivornolurrpdrepqond Oep- o<opoOeppor<poo2ia050K

pdrrlrc 100r(doul q onoic peroBrBd(e- Merroroarrciourd 6rarpcove;ire
ror und Xopqtr6rep04epporpcoio;
5.20.fleprypdqre6rio<porvdpevrdarorc 5.25.No oupntrrlpoioeroe revdrou K€r-
<rroreoro ivq qnd ourd proroo6rqro pdvouenrtrdyovroogrrdro e{r15:
. EIAIKOHEPMTOHTA. OEPMOTH.T4A1860..IJK8.'K
pqXovrrrle5vfpyerogunopoOpf(eroore (e- r J k g -r' 4 1 8 6oJ o t P , \ 4 o x o P H T l K o r H T A . 4 5 8 6 J K '
ocoreprxq0)epprrrel vipyeroror oro dllo o 4 5 8 6 0 l KI' O I : P M O K P Ao IJIKA' r 4 5 8 6 J
pronoo6rqro (eoorreprrrllsq)prrqgevip-
y€rosvo unopoOpf(eroor€ (eo<orperrq) H ....,,..,.............evdg6oXefotuivsr 400
0 e p p r r qe v d p yreo ;
To6oXenioeprfXrveeprlouonoiou

q ..............r.i.v.o.4.r.1..8. 6..............H..p.d..(.o......
5.21. Ka0o5ivc plqproevo<pqv<.rrvoeeror rouvepo6eivor1 kg.H0eppoXcr-rpqrtrdrrolruo
xdnorororXcopqo pqlovrxrrl ou rvipyero
rrnopaO;.ri(erTorro. uppoiveqrrrdrn oKo- o u o r r l p o reoiql q .r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.o. , .v.c. .o. u. .l.q 0 e f

nrdrou ;rrrp6roopou; rl,......... .......r.o. uouorqpororo5rd1'C

r p d n r rv oo n o r p o r p r ] o t r . . . . . . . . i.-. . .
5.22.Trorprp<iqatrld(er, o116rr1oronrd ol p€...............
tou prorpdr<ooprro<uc0r6p5rrorroodr4ro t-

vdpyerou5nopcOpf(erarT;rotrld(er and 5.26.Ie 1 kgvepodperoprpd(ero0reppd-

rr1oronrdrou prrpdroopou; rqra 4186ri,doutrr<aqr Oep;ror<pooroiou

vepo6ou{dvr:r ord 1 K.H nieorleivoriorl

peproorp6ogorpo.Ttcrrr6ro rropordro,l

6eveivorbuvrxrdvo ouppofver;

H oplrrrl 0r6rpor<pcorfoau vepodpnopef

va rlrov

Nc cvcptoo1So0pe... o) 0" C p)101"Cy)20"C
5,27.Bpioxrre6rr o rocpdgoc5 eivqrnold

5.23.Io5 4qrodpevo pdlerero nopord- (torogyrc v((rov rrreire. AroOirererrcryd-

r c uy e y o v d r oo e X p o v o l o y r r rol e r p d . rro orrd ro qruyieo. fro vo rpuoloao Ko-

o) O Avrep5Kilorougnportiverrrlv €Ko- gdgrr 0o rlrrrvxolUrepo,vo npooOioere

rovropd0prorlfporo 0epporpoorcov. ivo rraydrr q vep<oi nd ro ncrydr<r;

p) O fchloiog rarooreud(er ro nprL5ro 5.28.No oupnlqpcooerreo revdrou Ka-

0 ep p r o o r o n r o .
y) O trdp6oqKilprvnporeiverrqv on6lu- pivouenrliyr)vrogcfid ra e{qg:
. OEPMOKPA.IIAVYXOI. OEPMOTHTAI
rq xlfpoxoOepporpoorcrlv.

6) O OopevdrXr pnorponofrue6pdpyupo . AY:HIH. IH:HI. BPA:MOY

yr0rrlv roroor<euOqeppo;rirpou. H onoppdrprlo.n............. ond dva

5.24.'Eva0ep;rdperp6oeilver27" C orepe6ooipa pnopeivo nporotrioer
a) 27' C eivor11Oeppoxpoorioou
P\ 27" C eivorq 0epporpcoicrou otopo- rrls................M..n..o.pe6i -
ros ps ro onofo ppforeroroe 0ep;rrr(r-
Ftrlsvo prlvrrporotrdoerriroro peropotrrl
ecpdoorvo orepedoc6;roppfox€rororrl

oopponio 0ep;ror<pooic

I

e

ENEPAIEAAfIP! -A KAYIOBAOIZ'/Er TA

5.29.Menoro crr6 ru nopordro oupgto- rrgnpoonc0€r€rScr.lvr<uvrlyrrrqvg oevoqg

veire; r<ivr1oeqi5vsrr<o1r 16rdrolq rou o;r1porog.

c) H 0ip;rcrvoqevdgocrrporo;grnopef vo O peydlo5;royvqrrlgA ih<ovro5rq or6e-
yiver;.rdvo;reonoppdqqoq0tppr6rqrog pdvroprrifuor,qv ovepd(eor ro xerhprivo
p) H Oep;rdrrlreaivorperoprpo(dpeverl-
tnine6o.H ;rnfi o grdvtr orqv rp6no ror
vfpyera priooorr'ourqv nigrer oro dloopo,KU-
y) H cnopp6rprlorOl eppdrqrosqnd 6vo trderp, yaiveqr nri ro dvoryporar 11rivrloq

oor;-riuXer ndvrore togonorileopo rnv ouveXf(eroqr6rdKonoH. orillrlqq rpoive-

oL1{qorqrlgOeppor<pooriuo5u. ror loyrxq.Mnolreire vo rreire yrori dprcog

6) H 0eppdrrlrorvdqori;.rorogpnoprfvo 6evnpcrypororrci,rr0€r;

ou{q0ef

e) H 0dppovoqev65orrrporogpnopeivo

yiveror ;t ipyo
or) H 0eppdrqroperoprpd(erooru0dpprrl-

ro qnd ivo oo3;ronpog ivcr irllo rou o-

noiouq 0eppor<pooiecivxor;rrxp6rpe11
() Tofpyo r<o1r 10epprirrlroiXouvrqv i6ro

povd6operprloeco5.

5.30.Eivorocrrordvo lipe drr ro Jouleei-

voro) povd6oOrppdrlrosP)povd6or- 5.33.Yrrdplouvnpdruno yrcrro Xpdvo,
oXrjo5y) povd6cervipyero56) ;rovd6oOep- ro pry<ox5orrq ;"rd(cfrr.o rrlv evipyero6ev
iXoupeovdyr<oqnd np6runo. flop6lo
HoKp0oiqS.
ourd,og unoedooupderr rdrtorogoosh-
5.31.I' qur6v rder vcxlrpooqdl)€r€evdpyereov65Joule.
rov rivoro, o tleprypdqrencrr,;0opnopor-ioorveo ro-

lorypdqos vererdrr rdroro.
M.C.Esch6eer f-
xv€rv0 quqr-
opqref rq 6ro-

r4 p n o nr n Ss- o5u. 3p4n.iKeoo rr ldgrrdqr t[c,,rrdopurr6eroov,rlrS<.oi, 0.

v e p y e r o 5A;r r o r -

otroyrlorerrlv oepiouq eocoreprrt<oru1evdp-''

crrovrqoqoo5. yercxbrorqpeirorrro0ep4evot

oro odproperol3rpd(ercexr-

vipyerocrr5dpyo.10J. 4,
Me rroto orro rct rrcrpor<rir<rr 1,

5.32.H opx{ rns 6rorr1pqorr1rlqgevipyer- olrpcproivre; ( u\
oSHoS6roppeorcovr e6rr eivorpdrorovo
grdXvoupyerctUrotl1xcrv4nou 0o pog o) Toodproperorprpdr(Oeep- I
npoocpipreevdpyreoneproodrrprol n<iqu- prdrqrooro neprl3dltrorvou i- l
rrlv nou rr15npoocpfpoupY€.nrlp{ovpd-
poronotrlofdvOpornorr ou eire opopori- o4pe20J. oepfou ,
p) H 0eppoxpqoirroru

peyotrc6voeurveXri5.
orlKov eirexorbor<ipooovvcirqroorceud- y) Toipyo rou ocSporopge'rcrpritrleror.
oouv Hr qr f r orq pr11ov1r1o, oerri vqro
npolrouei6ouq6nroq}dyeror.Mrq qn6 5.35Y. rro0drou;6.reos prq'nerpoporrrq

I

L!

()

6ro6rr<croHirorn ouoKsurlou Joulerorri PIZEIIE. MIKPOKOIMO.YKINHTIKHENEP-
rqv nrc6orlrov popr6urirvl6uvoprr<e(vip- IEIA. KATHOOPIZAENIO. ENTPON.IA

y€rorou ouorqporo5popi6ro-fqelorrr6- AY:ANET.AOI EPMOTHTEAN. TPOIIA

verorrord 3J. Ko0rrdr5vc5PpoXo..S. .., propouvonlo-

florrgond rrqrropaxdr<r6lroruncito1e50e- yrd116uvcprr<e(vdpyerououorqporoSppaXoS-

opeire ooto^r€g; f4 6roprcierq),crroveroqr,pqXovrxervldpyrae

o) Iro nrlp6yrc ;reroprpd(eroervipyero ....I. €oorsprK0erlpprrervl dplero
pr Hopgrd1pyou3J. .....K. o.r.......,,. ou€civtror.
p) Toipyo rov nrepuyicovpreydlorore<urd
Andrr1oronr(r{ou.............,. I opyovo-
3). pivq...............p..r.r.o..r.p..drr€orcr rlrvrlrrre<-r1

y) H eocoreprr0<er1pprrrel vdpyreo rou vr- vipyeroavopy(ffcDKrorlr1clro[io

podqu€dver r<ord3J. 5.40.H evipyeronou cyopd(oupsyroro

5.36.floroo<'tporor61er preyotrrjrepnoo- ocilpropog,yto ro orrirr po5,yto ro ouro-
od Oepprrr1e5vipyerog,ivo noydpouvo11
ivc cptrrr(dvpre(eor<irocpi;Arrorotroyr]- xtvq16pog11ro prlXovdx;r1o5e,ivor<u-
or€rqvonovrqoq. picogevfpyero eire 1qprrr'e1ireqlerrprrcq.
fleprypdqren,5oe5qopis rqr xdr<llond

rrore5pop<pd<;cryopdooree>vipyerorord

5.37.Mro poOrlrpraoqxcrtvreqqtrdro Xd- rr16rdprerolrrogqpdpogM. nopeirevGou-

prorqs rudorepora [ovogipv€rorrlv op- yxpivererqr o{ia evdgJoulenou oyopd-
(ouproend rl AEHr<oerv6gJounleou cryo-
X r r qr o u 50 i o r 1 .
o) H oplr<qprllovrr<er1vipyerorrlg pa0r1- pd(oupeorgpev(ivqqn6 ro nporqpro;H

rprogeivoriorl;rerqv refu<q. 0ep;.rovrrrr(rovdrrlrorrlg pev(ivqgeivor

p) H Oeppdrqrorrls pa0qrpro5peydltrro.e 30.300kt/|.

y) Mranoodrqro evdpyerau5noprpdorrl-

Kt. ilt,(onAoY BCYAA 5t trJ
arfl.ErPrrrr loy \E
6) Mrqnoodrqro (eoorreprrqlgq)prr<qe5- 176 75 XAA/Ie€A
vdpyero;5.rererpdnorel (eooreprrqO) eppr- A.o h. 517:345t 500
rrl evipyero. I
ro:er@
f l o r o a r r d r r 5 r r o p o r r d v <6or s r - u r r o i o e6r qe v
0e<rlpeioreomi5; o1to2/91 06/O6t9a 11

ENAEI:FrI v{i,s @rwF l!,s

l0 0ll7a? o!51 tt 5?5

5.38.Ko0c6rgoryerordvo6iv6po nartA xPEoIt{ o.x,! APx/nx0 609
q) Mrqnoodrq'roevipyerougnopoOpi(e- 62l x 20'16. 12.9!5
-ffi

TqI ftEloil l:IA PEtftAtOt ENAilIt AFX -t.5!4
nolo ITPOrr. |IFoilroyttEiloy Aor/tioy
9) MronoodrqroXlUrK{Sevipyero5peru- IT Po| T YAOIOII{IIJnAH pOr Eoynol oY -2
20

r p i n e r o r o eO e p p r re<v4f p y e r o 5.41. l-1perypril,Urr rq evepyerorig perclpo-
y) H evroorrioelorrr6veror
lig nou nopouord(ovrqt o€ xq0ivq o116
6) Mrq opro;rivr61rdro{qcxrdpcopvero- ro rroporor<rryeyov6ra.
c) 'Evogodr<og ge d;r;rorpepoopivog pe
Bdlleror.
Me-noroqrrdqurd oup<p<.iurev;e oxorvion6 rrl rla6f ev656dv6pou,rivor o-

5.39.No enrtrd€eraen6 rrgnopcrdrcoli- <fvqro5.Ie rdnorc orrypq ivo plrlpcx<i-

[er5q rppdoasKsrvo oupntrqpciroerreo rrlou evorpqvorverqorro €oortprK6 rou rr

revd: o odrcrogapl1f(er vc rolovre6eror.

. YNOBAOMIZETMAEI.TMON.EAI NHOO- p) To vepd tr'6verorp€ opp11rrdvor oro

-
- ENEPAIEA ATIIPE.K-AAYI]OBAOZMETA

nr€pdyrorou u6pompoBilouA. ur6gouv- 5.45.To nclr6fiXer (rplovrorvvrdror fvo>
6ieror preqlerrprrrl yevv4rpro,11onoio nuperd.fro vq nioer o nuperdgro pd-
r p o g o 6 o r e ir l k r r p r x o d gl o p n r r l p e 5n u - (oupeorq pnovrdpoper<p6voepd.fldoq
pcxrooeoS. 0epp6rqronpiner vc onopdller ro oropo
y) H (orl ndvo orq fr16rorrlpeiror Xdpq rou c6o're11Oepporpooicrou vo rorriper
o r r s r T U p r l v r Kc6r5v r r 6 p d o €rrrSo uy i v o v r o r orou537"C;H prd(orou tivcr30 kg.frcr
orov'Htrro. rrlv er6rrc0qepp5rqro rou ovOprrinrvou
6)'Yorepaan6 ivo rold yedpru6,riogilor oriprorogo, vorpri{reoro oXerrrdnivqrq.
noi(ouv ;.rcnopri6o'rTrvyKo-f\iyK.
5.46.fl6oo r(aotit 0epp6r4ro5rrpinervo
5.42.Kcprddllrl dwororrlg<puorrrl65evd- peroprpdooupoe' ivo ovrrr<fepevo 200
Xerrdoo peyd\ oXioqprerqv orrovopio6oo ypoppopicry;vrovo ou{r1Of eq 0eppor<po-
11evipyercxE. lqyrlorerqv noporcdror6do: oio rou and 25"Cor 40"Cov ro ovrrrei-
Oo pnopotioopv€o dXoupoergpovd6oe- u e v oe i v o r :
vdpyero5cvri yraro fvo r(doul 14 ;rfo c) ond rorpivro F)ond oi6rlpoy) ond pr6-
lup6o
6poxpn. Avo(qrrlmerr5 e16rrd0gepp6rrlre5rtllv u-
furr6von6 rov cjlerrr6nivqKo.
5.a3.E{qyrlorerr16rcr6ncoorlI:o hovrd,pt
rp(.Eeru and ro Euq roo r1Arou.

5.47.M(,oso' dv,:Oeppr6Speroplo u;rrvi
ou, ;rd(o5B0g, 'neprdXovr2a0r 0g vepo6
20'C.Irrl ouvilrrropuOi(ovro8r0g o1611-

pou50"Cror 10[rg1atrro670"C.floroOcx
eivor11Oepporprroirooopponio5B; peire
'rr5er6rrigOeppd4-regrov perdMorvand
rous crxsrKofgnivorce5.

mz= 20(g

[c lt0ooupenpop]rilpctc or0ov6,\r1

5 . 4 4 . H0 e p p o r < p o eo vi od gp c r O q re4i v q r3 1 0 ml=2009
K.fl6ooSrrlvero 0epp6perpfo1;6ore1ivor dr = 15,0"C
q Oepporpooriou aipo (oeK)6rovro Oep-
;r6;rerp6oeilver6 po0potigrdrorond,ro;rr1- I
6dv;Kordn6oo (oeK)Herqpdllerorq Oep- t!
;ror<poor(oou veporoj v0ep;rovOsc'itTo22C"
o e4 0 ' C ; e
F.]ENEPTAE A ATF]PETA KA YNOBAOM ZEIA

5.48.Iro ox{po ncprordverorprro6ro6r- 60'C. H pdi,orou ndyou r<orrou vepod

r<ooioyrcxrr1;rdrprlorlrrlg er6rr<qO5epp<irq- nou npoiru'.ps4rov mr : 90 g. H e161111
ros rns or0ov6lr1gA.rorunc6orero npd- Oeppr6rrlro'rouufu<o6Tou Soleiou4rov
ptrqpor<our noloyiorerrlv er6rr<0rr1ppr6rq- c, : 460J/kgK.

r0 rns or0av6lqg. Iog (rlroriprrvo uroloyioererq 0eppdrrl-

5.49.Mdooo'ivo 0epprEd'perOpeop;ro1or-ro rq(qgrotr ndyou.

prlrrr<drrlrakg= 100JK' nepriXovra3r 00g 5.54.O Jouleer1eriroro ((lo yrorqv d-
vepoJoe 20' C. Bu0f(o;roero vepd dvo peuvorrroreor<dpoKqroro yopqfuoro{i6r

xo;-r;rdrprrirotrlopa(ag34,7g r<o0r eppo- rou ornv Etrf]erioerXendperpo(f rou 6vc

rpooicx1500' C,rou orroiouOitroupveo u- 0epp6perpo.

noloyioouprreq Oeppolcopqrrxdrqkro'. H

0 ep p o r p o o f or o o p p o n i o 5ei v o r2 1, 8 " C .

florq0o eivorq rrpqk';

5.50.Ynoloyiorerqv rehr<q0epporpcoio

evdgoc6;rorog500ypoprpapic,orv o-rTop-

pocprloOerep;rdrqr3o000J,erp6ooov) eivar
ldtrrrvop) eivarndyog0ep;.ror<poo0ic"5C
y) €rvqnr oodrrlrovrpodOeppoxpooio9g9'

C 6) eivqrnoo6rrlrovepotOi eppoxpooiog

20'c.

5.51. 'Evonoydrc2r 0ypo;rpopicoevnrnlier

oe 100ypoppdprovepo6.Iro oLlorq;.r;ore-
roprpd(ero0r epp6rqrol.-lorq0o eivorq re-

trrrcOr1ep;ror<pqoroiqu ouorrlprorogqv rl p€-

roprpo(dpevqOtppdrqroeivoro) 6000J p) O tr6p6o5Kelvin6rqyeiror drr xcrd r11
6rdpreroqurcrrvr<lv 6rqrcorrc6rov,v pprlre
10000J;

5.52.'Evqo<rlpoppiorc€roorro rqvovrx6 vo pe'rpder rq 0eppo<pooio'rouvepori
orlpeio rq{qg rcoor nopporpd2000J.lloro
rtoodrqro0q roxeiov ro GvrrKripeveof- orlv Kopuqrxl ororq pdoqevd5;reydlou
r<oroppdr<rpre1rd rqv npSor<pouorrol u
vqrivo xoprpdror) Xofu<opd) pohjp6ouy) oro i6a<pogI.og (qroLi;revo unotroyioere
ndyou;Ava(qrrlorerqv rrp4rq5 Oeppd- r110eppor<pcroro6rrcorrl popdTrourTopou-
rqrog rq{r1grcd0eu}rrotioro prplio.
oio(e ro vepd0eorpc6vrod5rr o roroppd-

5.53.I-l(po;rero 6oXeio rou Orppr6opd- rrqgerye6qrg 50pirpcov.
rpou,ro (uyiooped6eroxorppqxope6rr q (Iqpefrrloq:Orov q eocoreprreqvdpyreo

;rd(n rou eivorm : 1,1kg.Bdlc;re;rdoo peropdllerrxrun6 oroOepd6yxoror ou-
oro 6o1eiodvoropprd'rnrdyou Oep;ror<po-{dver11Oep;rorpooiroou oc6pcrr-o1S1o, 6-

oiog0" C, r<orrono0erqoopero oriorqpro €nontnS eo:lreprrrlgevdpyerae5ivorioq
ndvo oenqyq oro0epq50epprrqgnopo- perq Oeppdrnronou Ocdx nperrevo o-
noppocprloreot o<rlpoororevq rropouord-
X(S.M' dvoXpovdprerpnocporrlp(ooped- osrrrlv i6rocr6{r1orqqg 0eppor<paoiog).
rr osXpdvotr=200serletrrcoor edlo5 o nci-
yog,evcior ro un6trorrro6min(t, = 3UOtn, 5.55.'Evopopdpdroolo pd(og 700ypop-

Oeppor<pcoroiou vepoderXecp0doerroug ;ropicoovgqveloron6 6qo52 St(tpuonv,€-

T

h

e

H ENEPTEIA ATT]PETAIKALYTIOBAOMIZETA

qr€r ornv dppoxorarrvrlrorroreiroKr.ord ytrord'<xdorog>rrrouiXcrenrv6u0iei) oe

ndoo ou{dv€rorn socoreprrOq ep;rrrr-l 100g r<ordnouloii) oc 100g roloprndrr,
roipvov,cg un6qr1o) pdvorr5 ovovec6or-
vipyerorou ouorq;roro5;

5 . 5 6 .K o r d 1 4 o u p n i e o qe v d 5r 6 o v r x oa6e - pssuopgis evfpryreo5p) dlegrr5 popgig
evdpyercgE.{qyrloreyrori ororr<oldyo0re-
piouperoprpd(eroor'our6 evipyercund
olpoUvnopdlol,rlrqv urrspKorovdlo:or1
Hopq{dpyou600J ror ro odproonoSf6er
Oeppdrqro350J. No unoloyfotrerq pe- rpdoro5orr5ntroJoreXs opss.

roBolrlrrls €oorsprKq0gepprr<lq,igpyer- 5.60.'Evo;rrxpd:urorivrlro pd(og 750kg
xoisr1 lirpo per(ivr1oro 14 km,6rov xr-
0Srouoepfou.

5.57.Kord rq 0ippovorlev65r6ovrro6or- vtfror os opr(6vlro6pdpopeoro0eprlro-
piouun6 oraOeprn1itoq - pioo oe6oXeio
Xdrrlro65 km/h.Mroor6pq6orrpq66er{e
6rr, drcv pdloupe<verp6l, ro curor<ivrlro
pei;rpolo - preroprpd(ero0reppdrqro enrppa66verqrrxn680 km/hcre50 km/h
500J, q eo<orperxqevfpyero rou oepiou pioo oe 15 6eu'rep6lenro. Ynotroyiore
ou{dverorxord 300J evri ro oipro oorei rrlv or<pdlrprqo;J6r<orrlv ond6oorlrou
oro ippotrooro0rprl 66vo;rq2000N. Ko- ourorrvrl'rouH. €teppovrrrr<rqov6r4rarrlg
rd n6oo preroroni(erorro 6;rpolo;
pev(ivr1eigvor3,C8'10' )ll.

5.58. Orov 116rurporprel v6gav0pc6nou
rou npoo6i6er trryd'repeqvfpyeroqnd ou-
rrl nou xqrqvqld)vero, opyqvrop6n5po-

ogerjyer oro onoOi;rqroKurrqprroJlf-
nou5.H rorjoqevdgypappopioulinou5
ono6i6er 9,5peydleq0eppi6e(g9.500calr1
4 0 . 0 0 0n e p i n o uJ o u l e ) .
Aguro0iooupre6rr peivo rovovrr<6drqr-
rold'yro4.000peydlorv0ep;.ri6croqvv qpi-
po, ro pdpoqoognopoprdveorro0ep6.Av
elorruroere ro cpayqrdcoorevo rtoipvere
3.000peydtre0geppi6er5rlv qpipo,6ro'rq-
poivrogrqv i6ro6poorqpr6rrlroo, endoo
Xpdvo0o Xdoere2 xrtrd;

5.59.fro vo ncpdyoupeivo r6vo xolo-
prn6rr Xper d(ercor):EvipyercEr= 10nJ

yrornv nopayoy4 xorrr1lerroupyiorrrlv
ye<rrpyrr<p<q6Xvovrovp.) Evipyera Ez: 5 .

10'0Jyroropuyoyrl KorH€rqqopdtrrno-
opdrcovro0o5 Koryrq rr1ouyropr6rxl or

perocpopdrou npoi6vrosorov Kqrovo-
trorqy) EvipyerEo z= 2 .10'1Jrrlv onoio

vnoopipovterriorog'E.guvor6rournd6no;ruolpor,porqnl fdurorr1rylgiowrrrlr--

or1rou pilpr vo yiver 1 kg,6Xerorovolor-

oer5 kg rotropn6rr.Ynoloyiore ro €vsp-

I

h

e

H E N EIFE IAA IA T]IP E ITAKIA IY N OB A OMIZE TA I