Final-5-2077-press dynamics

DYNAMIC

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
&

COMPOSITION

5

Author
Krishna Prasad Regmi

Edited by
Balaram Sharma

TU Topper in English Education (M.ED)
M.Phil with scholarship award (UGC)

Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Kathmandu, Nepal

Published by:

Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal
URL: www.shubharambhapublication.com
E-mail: [email protected]

www.facebook.com/shubharambhapublication

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-5

Author: Krishna Prasad Regmi
Layout Design: Ram Malakar
Copyright ©: Publisher
New Edition : 2077

© : Publisher

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by means (electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission from the
publisher. Any breach of this condition will entail legal action and prosecution.

Printed in Nepal

Preface

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition has been designed according to the
new English Curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Centre. The
series comprises of ten textbooks from grade one to grade ten. The present book is
an amalgamation of survey of rules, structures and forms presented in lucid modern
English and illustrated with numerous examples.
The aim of this book is to bring about a change in teaching and learning English
grammar and composition-a change that will enable the learners to use grammar in
context using both inductive and deductive approaches to develop four language skills
immensely. Practice in composition tasks will help to develop the learner’s writing skills.
It will encourage to writing their own thoughts, ideas and feelings.
This new edition contains huge examples and their application to communicative
approach that will increase the quality learning of English grammar. It is thought that
this change will improve the standard and acceptability of the book and I will consider
the attempts fruitful if students find the book fruitful.
I have left no stone unturned for the meaningful presentation of subject matter to
make it reader friendly. Detailed description of grammatical structures and adequate
exercises on them, plenty of guided and free writing composition with enough practice
questions, an adequate amount of vocabulary related sections and as much as necessary
self study materials have been presented in the following chapters.
I am thankful to Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd. for their encouragement,
co-operation and help in preparing this book.
At last, I would like to assure all the concerned teachers, students and readers that
constructive comments and suggestions shall be tremendously appreciated and
incorporated in the upcoming edition.

The Author

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PARTS OF SPEECH...................................................................................6-15
2. NOUNS.....................................................................................................16-34
3. PRONOUNS.............................................................................................35-49
4. ARTICLES................................................................................................50-62
5. ADJECTIVES...........................................................................................63-77
6. ADVERBS................................................................................................78-88
7. SENTENCES..........................................................................................89-101
8. VERBS .................................................................................................102-118
9. QUESTION TAGS................................................................................119-127
10. TENSE.................................................................................................128-151
11. VOICE.................................................................................................152-159
12. REPORTED SPEECH........................................................................160-168
13. PREPOSITIONS.................................................................................169-184
14. CONJUNCTIONS..............................................................................185-194
15. STORY WRITING..............................................................................195-198
16. PARAGRAPH WRITING...................................................................199-201
17. ESSAY WRITING..............................................................................202-210
18. LETTER WRITING............................................................................211-214
19. READING COMPREHENSION........................................................215-220
20. IRREGULAR VERBS........................................................................221-223
21. REGULAR VERBS............................................................................224-228
22. ANTONYMS......................................................................................229-230
23. SYNONYMS......................................................................................231-232

Phonetic Symbols

Consonant Sounds Vowel Sounds

Symbols Words Symbols Initial Medial Final Spelling

/k/ s king, pick, cat /i: / O{ eat meat see ee, ea, ie, eo, e, ei
/I/ O
/g/ u gate, ghost /e/ P it sit city i, u, o, e, y, a
/æ/ of
/ŋ/ ª sing, sink /a: / cf egg pen - e, ie, ea, ue
/ə/ c
/tƒ/ r chair, match /ʌ/ c act man - a

/dʒ/ h jug, judge /ʒ: / cM arm large car a, ear, ar
/ɒ/ cf]
/z/ h is, zoo, balls /ɔ: / cfM] ago perfect the a
/ʊ / p
/ʒ/ h genre, /u: / pm up but - o, u, ou, u, oe
pleasure,
Symbols
garage
/eI/ PO
/t/ 6 tree, mat earth bird sir ir, ur, er, ear
/aI / cfO{ on o, a, ow
/d/ 8 do, middle / ɔI/ cfO] { all hot - a, aw, au
/ Iə/ Oc -
/ø/ y thank, with /ʊə/ pc ball saw u, ou, o, oo
/eə/ Pc ooze o, oo, wo, ue, ou
/ð/ b those, breathe book -
Initial Spelling
/n/ g nose, man eight move two a, ay

/p/ k pot, map Diphthongs

/f/ km fan, potato, Medial Final
laugh same say
/b/ a
/v/ e bag, bulb ice might sky uy, igh, ie, y, eye
/m/ d van, save oil voice boy
/j/ o man, same ear real here oy, oi
/r/ / - influence poor
yak area chair rare ear, eer, ere
red, carry
out our, ocr, ure
/l/ n late, sell /aʊ / cfp old loud cow
home go air, ear, ere, eir,
/w/ j walk / əʊ/ cp are

o, ow, ew

ou, ow

/ʃ/ z shoes, sugar,

wish, chef

/s/ ; sun, miss

/h/ x house, yahoo

GE T STARTED 1

PARTS OF SPEECH Chapter

Read the following text.

Charlie Chaplin was one of the greatest actors in the world. His
entertaining silent movies are still popular today. His amusing
character “Little Tramp” is well known to people throughout the
world. Chaplin had an amazing life. His idea for this poor character
in worn-out shoes, round hat, and cane probably came from his
childhood experiences.

Born in poverty in London in 1889, Chaplin was abandoned by his father and
left in an orphanage by his mother. He became interested in acting at the age of
five. At ten, he left school to travel with a British acting company. In 1910, he
made his first trip to America. He was talented, athletic, and hardworking, and
by 1916 he was earning $10,000.

Do In the given text, the coloured words represent different parts of
you speech. Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions,
Know? prepositions and interjections are eight parts of speech in English.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given text.
a. Who is the greatest actor in the world?
b. How was he?
c. What is the word class of the word ‘greatest’?
d. What is the word class of the word ‘come’ and ‘still’.
e. What is the word class of the word ‘in’ and ‘and’?

Quick Tip

Each word in the text has different function. A noun is a naming word. A pronoun
is used instead of noun to avoid repetition of nouns. An adjective qualifies or
describes nouns and pronoun. A verb states an action. All the words in English
are divided into mainly eight types of classes. They are called parts of speech.

6
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Grammar Focus: Parts of Speech

Nouns Verbs
Adverbs

Interjections Pronouns

Conjunctions Adjectives

Prepositions

Look at the following table.

Parts of Speech

Noun Adverb Adjective Verb

A noun is a word that An adverb is a word An adjective is a A verb is a word that
names a person, that describes a verb, word that describes shows action or state
place, thing, or idea. adjective, or another a noun or a pronoun. of being. The action
Examples: adverb. Adjectives tell how may be physical or
Person: girl Examples: many, what kind, or mental.
Place: school How: prefectly which one.
Thing: toy When: yesterday State of being:
Idea: joy Where: here Examples: am are was
To what extent: happy five Action:
strong this run think dream
completely more green

Pronoun Conjunction Interjection Preposition
A pronoun
that takes is a word owArogrcdrootnuhjpaustnjcootfiinowsnowrdiossr.dsa fewAemeonlroidntiingott.hnearjteocertxiopnrsetrsiossnegsa saaAennnopottrehuenenpcrooeswrsit.poiorrnodnroienulanttheteos
of a noun. the place Examples: Examples: Examples:
and so Uh-oh! Ow! about beside
Examples: but while Whew! Oh no! during in
I me for or Wow! Yuck! across over
us they neither yet Hey! Yeah! from with
we he either because
you that
them who

7

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Noun
Diya is an ugly woman who has five children.
On Tuesdays, Mary likes to go to the museum to see the exhibits.
I can hear the wind blowing outside my window.
Shankar is a boy who plays the piano and guitar very well.
Nepal is an Asian country.
Can you see the ice forming on the windows because of the cold?
I bought a car of white colour.
Birth and death are universal for us.

Quick Tip

The coloured words in the given sentences are nouns. They name person,
place, thing and abstract ideas.

Pronoun
I am a regular customer of my best food drumstick.
We have painted our house blue.
He has trimmed his hair.
She called her sister for breakfast.
It has a long history.
They have their own house in Kathmandu.
You like your father, don’t you?

Quick Tip

The coloured words in the given sentences are pronouns. They are used
instead of nouns to avoid repetition.

8
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Adjective
He is a tall, handsome and clever boy.
I have a beautiful tiffin box.
In a big mountain lived a giant frog.
The brave soldiers fought the fierce battle.
He has got ten books, eight copies and two pencils.
Sunday is the first and Saturday is the last day of a week.
My sister has an oval face and blue eyes.
Red and purple are my best colour.

Quick Tip

The coloured words in the given sentences are adjectives. They are
describing or qualifying words about nouns or pronouns.

Verb
Last year I bought a new watch but I lost it.
There was a lot of noise at the disco last night.
How many students were there in your class last year?
The weather was not very nice last month, but it will be good next month.
The students are writing a composition.
He is not working because it is saturday today.
What do you do after dinner every evening?
He speaks Chinese but he does not speak Japanese.

Quick Tip

The coloured words in the given sentences are verbs. They are action
words. They indicate actions, events or state of affairs.

9

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Adverb
Where do you usually spend your summer vacation?
You always eat more slowly.
You listen to the story carefully.
This isn´t the dictionary that we generally use in class!
He works well and speaks to everyone politely.
I really must do it today.
I parked my car in the garage.

Quick Tip

The coloured words in the given sentences are adverbs. They add more
information about place, time, manner, cause or degree to a verb, an
adjective or another adverb.

Preposition
I mistook that woman for an assistant.
You have to translate the article into English.
The soldier was excused from duty.
We congratulated her on passing test.
We have a day off on Saturday.
Many people were killed in an earthquake in 2072.
My school starts at 9:30 am.
Divide this cake between you two.
The rich man distributed the sweets among the poor children.

Quick Tip

The coloured words in the given sentences are prepositions. They are
words used before nouns or pronouns to show place, position, time or
method.
10

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Conjunction
The football match was cancelled because it was raining.
I didn’t enjoy the film as it was about ghost.
My father went to hospital since he had a bad headache.
She scored highest mark because of her hard work.
I don’t have enough money therefore/ so I can’t afford this product.
I went to market to/ in order to buy some books.
He chooses biology so that he can become a doctor.
He went to China for business exhibition.
When she pressed the button, the machine started working,
I met the boy while he was walking along the road.
We have to wait him until/ till he comes here.
As soon as he came to house, he went to bathroom.
As long as we were in the bus, we slept.

Quick Tip

The coloured words in the given sentences are conjunctions. They are
words that join words, phrases, clauses and sentences.

Interjection 11
Great! Let´s do that.
Hello! Fancy being here! What a surprise!
Good, news! I feel great.
Hurry up! I don’t want to risk missing the train.
Wow! That was a great job!
Bravo! We have won the match.
Alas! His father died.
Oh! Look out.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Ouch! That must have hurt.
Hurray! We won!
Hey! I said enough!

Quick Tip

The coloured words in the given sentences are interjections. They are
words or phrases used to express an emotion.

Listening Practice

Reproduce these words after your teacher.

Types Examples
Noun
Pronoun woman, mountain, city, ocean, country, building, dog, airline,
Adjective house, ocean, bird, photograph, banana, eyes, light, sun, dog,
suitcase, flowers, bed, cat, movie, train, country, book, phone,
Adverb match, speaker, clock, pen

I, we, you, she, he, it, they, me, us, you, her, him, it, them,
my, our, your, her, his, its, their, mine, ours, yours, hers, his
its, theirs, myself, ourselves, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
themselves

happy, sad, old, young, adult, hard, soft, lonely, strong, dull,
intelligent, easy, difficult, good, bad, honest, obedient, silly,
friendly, brave, angry, smart, handsome, stupid, foolish, empty,
few, full, heavy, many, numerous, abundant

abnormally, absentmindedly, accidentally, actually,
adventurously, afterwards, almost, always, annually, anxiously,
arrogantly, awkwardly, bashfully, beautifully, bitterly, bleakly,
blindly, blissfully, boastfully, boldly, bravely, briefly, brightly,
briskly, broadly, busily, calmly, carefully, carelessly, certainly,
cheerfully, clearly, cleverly, closely, commonly, continually,
correctly

12
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Verb is, are, was, were, has, have, had, used to, could, would, must,
Preposition do, does, did, can, may, gaze, started, prepared, climb, hurt,
Conjunction went, climbed, made, pulled, let, eat, play, go, sing, dance, cry,
Interjection copy, swell, smear, pollute, complete, arrive, wrote, jumped,
brought

on, in, through, behind, for, beneath, against, beside, over,
during, without, abroad, across, among, against, around, at,
between, behind, below, by , inside , into, after , to , about , at,
since ,while, under, over

for, and, but, after, before, than, until, although, how, though,
when, as if, till, while, because, since, unless, why, either…
or.., neither..nor…, so, but, so that, so..that…, despite, in spite
of, as…as.., yet, as long as, if, however, because of, whenever,
nor, or

Ah!, Alas!, Dear!, Eh!, Er!, Hello!, Hey!, Hi!, Hmm!, Oh!,
Ouch!, Uh!, Well!

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Write the parts of speech of the following underlined words. 13
1. Do it now.
2. I always do my homework
3. I will see you then.
4. We sometimes get confused.
5. They will be here soon.
6. The perfume smells sweet.
7. I feel bad about what happened.
8. The sweet smell of roses has no match.
9. He will be back on the tenth.
10. Take your plate off the table.
11. Cut the pie into six slices.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

12. We talked to him.
13. She invited him to be her guide.
14. The teacher tried to elicit a discussion about the novel.
15. Yesterday, Binisa laid my jacket on the hood of the car.
16. The sheep had a baby lamb.
17. When I tripped over the rock, I bruised my left knee.
18. I intended to call you yesterday but I forgot.
19. I am saving money because I am planning to visit the USA.
20. We visit the temple so that we can worship there.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Write the parts of speech of the following underlined words.
1. He usually gets good grades.
2. She rarely eats a big breakfast.
3. They told me yesterday.
4. My waiter brought a bottle of cold water.
5. The blind dog was found near the wooden bridge.
6. Large tigers and powerful cats are found in Asia.
7. I saw a fox with a long bushy tail.
8. The weather was windy but pleasant.
9. Our football team wore blue shirts.
10. “Do not walk on the wet floor!” shouted the grumpy caretaker.
11. Madhu played with his plastic train.
12. The generals were working in the conference room.
13. I was getting dressed when you called me up this morning.
14. He sent some candy to his sister.
15. He bought some flowers for his wife

14
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose any fifteen words from the following text and write their parts of
speech.

Antelopes are mammals with hooves and hollow horns.
There are about 100 species of antelopes. They live in
Africa and Asia. Antelopes range in size from the tiny
royal antelope, which stands about 25 cm, to the giant
eland, which weighs as much as a car!

Most antelopes live in herds. Some live in forests, and
others live on open plains. They nibble on plants for food. Some graze on grass.
Others eat leaves and fruit from bushes and trees.

Almost all antelopes are shy. They rely on speed for safety. When they spot
danger, they run away. Many antelopes use their speed and jumping ability to
avoid hungry predators, like lions and hyenas.

Vocabulary in Use
Complete the following sentences with ‘effect’ and ‘affect’.
1. The _____of the antibiotic on her infection was surprising.
2. I did not know that antibiotics could _____ people so quickly.
3. His sickness has _____ many people in the company.
4. Losing her hair did not _____ her as much as her friends had expected.
5. What was the _____ of his promotion?
6. His decision _____ everyone here.
7. We had to _____ a reduction in costs.
8. The critics greatly _____ his thinking.
9. How were you able to _____ such radical changes?

10. That book had a major _____ on his philosophy.

15

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

GE T STARTED

NOUNS 2

Chapter

Read the following story.

The Golden Egg

There lived a farmer named Thakur in a village in Nepal.
He was very dedicated to his house, farm and advertising
work. He had tamed, cow, buffalo, goat, sheep, dog and a
cat. He also had a horse and a parrot. Whatever he earned
was enough to fulfill his needs. He had many servants to
look after all those animals. Ram, Roman, Humakanta,
Laxman, Dikshya, Rachana, Binod and Sabina were his
servants. All those boys and girls were hard working, too.

Every month, he used to travel to different villages and cities to sell his products
like ghee, butter, curd, milk, cheese, etc. He also used to sell paddy, wheat,
rice, millet, corn and other grains. He generally sent his products in Pokhara,
Biratnagar, Manang, Mustang, Nepalgunj and even in Kathmandu. He made
a lot of money.

One evening, after returning from work, Thakur was hungry. He heard a hen
clucking outside. He asked one of the servants to catch the hen. With a little effort
the servant was able to catch the hen. Before he killed the hen, it squeaked, “Please
do not kill me.” If you spare my life, I will lay a golden egg everyday for you.
Thakur nodded in agreement.

The next morning, he found a golden egg lying outside his house and the hen
sitting beside it. He did not reveal this incident to any of his servants and friends,
fearing that others would catch the hen.

From that day onwards, Thakur took good care of the hen. Very soon, Thakur
became very rich. He sold all his animals and advised the servants to find new jobs
as he did not require them anymore.

One day, his greed made him think “If I cut the hen’s stomach, I can get out all
the golden eggs at once. I do not have to wait for the hen to lay the golden eggs
one by one.”

That night, he brought the hen to kitchen and killed it with a stick. But to his

16
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

dismay, he found no golden eggs. Not even one. “What have I done? My greed had
made me kill the hen,” he wailed. But it was too late.

Moral: Greed ruins us.

Do In the story given above, the coloured words are nouns. They
you are naming words. They are words denoting a person, place,
Know? animal, thing, group, quality or action.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given story.
a. What was the name of the farmer?
b. What animals had the farmer tamed?
c. Who were his servants?
d. What products did he use to sell?
e. What grains did he use to sell?
f. Where did he send his products?
g. What was clucking outside?
h. How many golden eggs did he find?

Listening Practice

Reproduce these words after your teacher.

Name of Animals and Birds: cow, buffalo, goat, sheep, dog, cat, horse, parrot,
hen

Name of Persons: farmer, Thakur, Ram, Roman, Humakanta, Laxman, Dikshya,
Rachana, Binod, Sabina, servants, boys, girls, friends

Name of Things: ghee, butter, curd, milk, cheese, paddy, wheat, rice, millet, corn,
grains, stick

Name of Places: Pokhara, Biratnagar, Manang, Mustang, Nepalgunj, Kathmandu,
kitchen, house, villages, cities, Nepal, house, farm

Abstract Things: greed, life, need, night, work, day, evening, incident, job, money,
month, morning

17

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Grammar Focus: Types of Nouns

Noun Type Examples

Common Nouns name people, places woman, mountain, city, ocean, country,

or things that are not specific. building, dog, airline

Proper Nouns name specific people, Laxmi Prasad, Mount Everest, North

places, or things. Sea, Nepal, Kathmandu, City Mall

Abstract Nouns name nouns that you love, wealth, happiness, pride, fear,

can’t perceive with your five senses. religion, belief, history, communication

Concrete Nouns name nouns that you house, ocean, Uncle Mohan, bird,
can perceive with your five senses. photograph, banana, eyes, light, sun,
dog, suitcase, flowers

Countable Nouns name nouns that you bed, cat, movie, train, country, book,
can count. phone, match, speaker, clock, pen,
David, violin

Uncountable Nouns name nouns that milk, rice, snow, rain, water, food,

you can’t count. music

Compound Nouns are made up of two tablecloth, eyeglasses, New York,
or more words. photograph, daughter-in-law, pigtails,
sunlight, snowflake

Collective Nouns refer to things or bunch, audience, flock, team, group,

people as a unit. family, band, village

Singular Nouns name one person, cat, sock, ship, hero, monkey, baby,

place, thing, or idea. match

Plural Nouns name more than one cats, socks, ships, heroes, monkeys,

person, place, thing, or idea. babies, matches

Grammar Focus: Common and Proper Nouns

Read the following sentences.

My name is Kamal. I am a boy.

I live in Pokhara. It is a city.

My house is nearby Talbarahi. It is a temple.

Sonia lives with me. She is a girl.

18
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

George also lives with me. It is a dog.
I was born in March. It is a month.
My favourite poet is Laxmi Prasad Devkota.
My favourite colour is red.
My best friend is Krishna.
I like to read The Himalayan Times. It is a newspaper.
I speak Nepali fluently. It is a language.

Do In the above sentences, boy, city, temple, girl, dog, month,
you poet, colour, friend, newspaper and language are common
Know? nouns. The words like Kamal, Pokhara, Talbarahi, Sonia,
George, March, Laxmi Prasad Devkota, Red, Krishna, The
Himalayan Times and Nepali are proper nouns.

Now let’s read the following list of common and proper nouns.

Common Noun Proper Noun

animals dog, cat, horse, cow, ox, George, Tony, Rani, Gajuwa, Kali,

and buffalo, tiger, parrot Apsara

birds

days day Sunday, Monday, Tuesday,

Wednesday

languages language English, Chinese, Dutch, Hebrew,

Japanese

months month January, February, March, April,

June

newspapers newspaper The Himalayan Times, The

Kathmandu Post

people man, woman, teacher, doctor, Kamal, Kamana, Mr. Rai,

boy, girl, actor, actress Mr. Regmi, Dr. Sharma, Hem, Diya,

Rajesh Hamal, Karisma Manandhar

places city, village, district, river Kathmandu, Barpak, Gorkha,

Budhigandaki

19

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Quick Tip

Common Nouns name people, places or things that are not specific.
They begin with capital letter only if they are used as the subject in a
sentence. Proper Nouns name specific people, places, or things. They
are always written in capital letter.

Instant Practice

Underline the nouns in the following sentences and write P for proper and C
for common nouns.

PC
1. Bhaktapur is a holy City.
2. French is a difficult language.
3. January is the first month of year.
4. Sunday is the first day of a week.
5. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
6. Mr. K. P. Oli is an honourable man.
7. Orville and Wilbur Wright of the USA invented the airplane.
8. Rabindranath Tagore was given the Nobel Prize for his Gitanjali.
9. Saleem asked me whether I could drive the car.
10. The coach asked Rehan if he could swim.
11. Mercedes is my favourite car.
12. Bir Hospital is the oldest hospital in Nepal.
13. Tribhuwan University is the oldest university in Nepal.
14. Mango is one of my favourite fruits.
15. December is the last month of a year.
16. Peacock is a beautiful bird.

20
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

17. George is our favourite dog. Common Noun
city
18. Mr. Regmi is our English teacher.

19. Nikhil Upreti is an actor.

20. Lumbini is a holy temple.

Instant Practice

Write a common noun for these groups of words.

Proper Noun
Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar, Lalitpur,
Birgunj
Shakespeare, Devkota, Bhanubhakta, Moti Ram
Sony, Sabina, Diya, Nima, Bina, Monika
Tony, Tsring, Dinesh, Bikash, Nirmal
Honda, Yamaha, Shine, Pulsar, Apache
Dashain, Tihar, Chhath, Id, Teej, Holi
Red, Blue, White, Yellow, Green, Purple
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Saturday
Veda, Geeta, Bible, Quran
Whale, Shark, Dolphin, Rohu
Mahendra Highway, Araniko Rajmarga, Prithvi
Highway
China, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Japan, Bhutan
Rasuwa, Dhading, Gorkha, Nuwakot, Bhaktapur
Mt. Everest, Mt. Annapurna, Mt. Dhaulagiri,

Mt. Kanchanjunga
Nepali, Urdu, Hindi, French, Dutch, Newari,

Bhojpuri
Cancer, Tuberculosis, Diabetes, Gonorrhea, AIDS

21

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Nepali, English, Science, Social, Computer,
Mathematics
2070, 2071, 2072, 2073, 2074, 2075

Christmas, Mother’s Day, April Fool’s Day, Labour
Day,
Bahubali, Padmawat, 3 Idiots, Gajini

Grammar Focus: Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns

Countable nouns are those which can be counted. It can be both singular and
plural.

speaker room bench thermometer table chair

We can use article ‘a’ or ‘an’ with singular countable nouns.

an orange a boy an elephant a watch an ant a banana

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are those which cannot be counted. They do not take any
articles.

water bread juice tea coffee beer

Uncountable nouns are always singular.

Water is our life. Coffee is my favourite drink. Beer is a drink.

Here are some more countable nouns:

Uncountable Nouns Examples

Food and Drinks milk, rice, bread, pasta, beef, pork, fruit, sugar, salt, flour,

cheese, butter, tea, honey, jam, oil, juice, water, wine, tea,

coffee, etc.

Thinking or Feeling knowledge, faith, freedom, beauty, courage, help, advice,

knowledge, information, humour, guilt, grief, love, fun,

curiosity, aggression, etc.

Everyday Things education, mail, sand, hair, oxygen, oil, sugar, water,

heat, time, business, equipment, dirt, homework, dust,

garbage, etc.

22
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Diseases Cancer, AIDS, syphilis, cholera, gastritis, leukemia,
measles, mumps, polio, swine flu, tuberculosis, etc.
Gases
Free time Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, air, phosphorous, etc.

Instant Practice nature, leisure, travel, chess, art, poetry, literature, yoga,
applause, etc.

Write C for countable and U for uncountable for the following underlined
nouns.

1. Water is drawn from this well by the villagers.

2. Tea bushes are grown on mountain slopes.

3. Silk worms are reared on mulberry trees.

4. Salt is mined in the Khewra salt mines.

5. The referee showed him the yellow card.

6. The painter made a large portrait of the captain.

7. A cold wind was blowing.

8. The fire was burning brightly.

9. Typhoid can be quite dangerous.

10. There is crimson in the cupboard.

Write whether the following nouns are countable or uncountable in the
correct column.

wood, smoke, air, water, furniture, homework, student, accommodation, luggage,
monkey, love, hate, beauty, intelligence, mumps, paralysis, desk, hair, fire,
cupboard, book, hand, soap, toothpaste, toast, jar, kettle, paper, pepper, salt, ghee,
gas, gas stove, window, thread, calculator, sand, ink, ice-cream, kerosene

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

23

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Grammar Focus: Singular and Plural Nouns

Singular nouns

Nouns can be singular or plural. When we are talking about just one thing or person,
we use a singular noun. For example:

Singular Nouns apple, cat, dog, watch, book, mobile, ball, door, knife, bed, ox,
country, chair, bike

When we are talking about more than one thing or person, we use a plural noun.
For example:

Plural Nouns apples, cats, dogs, watches, books, mobiles, balls, doors,
knives, beds, oxen, countries, chairs, bikes

Quick Tip

Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns. For
example: a palace, a river, an easy chair, an idea, two books, three trees,
some water, etc.

Formation of Plural Nouns
We add-es to nouns ending in-ch, -s, -sh, -ss, and-x.

Add Words Example
ending

-es ch beach-beaches inch-inches match-matches watch-
watches

s bus-buses octopus- syllabus- virus-

octopuses syllabuses viruses

sh dish-dishes brush-brushes thrush-thrushes bush-bushes

ss boss-bosses dress-dresses glass-glasses kiss-kisses

x six-sixes box-boxes fox-foxes tax-taxes

24
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

-s/es -o dynamo- studio-studios photo-photos tattoo-
dynamos tattoos
-ies -y potato- echo-echoes
-s -y buffalo- potatoes tomato-
-ves -f buffaloes mosquito- tomatoes
-s -f/fe hero-heroes tornado- mosquitoes
-s/ -f tornadoes cherry-cherries torso-
ves beauty- torsos
beauties fairy-fairies family-
curry-curries families
chimney- diary-diaries spy-spies duty-duties
chimneys monkey-
guys-guys kidney-kid- donkey- monkeys
neys donkeys
calf-calves key-keys
half-halves toys-toys jersy-jerseys
leaf-leaves loaf-loaves
chef-chefs life-lives elf-elves thief-thieves
roof-roofs
sheaf-sheaves knife-knives gulf-gulfs
dwarf- cliff-cliffs
dwarves wife-wives reef-reefs
scarf-scarfs/ chief-chiefs safe-safes
ves giraffe-
giraffes

handkerchief- hoof-hooves
handkerchiefs

turf-turfs/ wharf-wharfs/
turves wharves

 We change the vowels of some nouns to make them plural.

axis-axes goose-geese cactus-cacti louse-lice crisis-crises
mouse-mice oasis-oases fungus-fungi tooth-teeth

 We add –en or –ren. child-children
ox-oxen

25

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

 Some nouns have same singular and plural forms.

advice, knowledge, aircraft, music, baggage, news, cattle, offspring, cod,
scenery, deer, series, fish, sheep, furniture, species, information

Instant Practice

Fill in the following table with correct singular and plural nouns.

Singular Plural Singular Plural
boy girls fly buffaloes
child oxen bushes
cow brushes family
copy tables bus knives
chair palaces life thieves
bull dresses half wolves
wife calves scarf leaves
shelf loaves man
geese room feet
mouse tooth women
louse workmen
statesman

26
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Instant Practice

Change the following underlined nouns from plural to singular.

Their lives were being made unbearable by black swarms of mosquitoes from
the grove of mangoes/mangos – not to mention the pack of gaunt wolves and the
gang of elves that attacked through the roofs of the derelict buildings. The pack
brought with it terrible strains of bacteria that came from several inland zoos.
Still, throughout these crises, the survivors clung to hope.

Grammar Focus: Abstract Noun

Read the following sentences.

I do not have the strength to walk any further.

Humans have intelligence.

Always speak the truth.

Honesty is the best policy.

Knowledge is power.

Happiness is the ultimate goal of life.

Quick Tip

The words like strength, intelligence, truth, honesty, knowledge,
happiness and life are abstract nouns. Abstract noun is a noun that
refers to an idea or general quality. It does not talk about physical
object. If we cannot see or touch things, the nouns are abstract. They
name our emotion or idea.

Some abstract nouns in English

cruelty bravery strength courage life death
poverty youth happiness sadness illness love
justice truth education knowledge peace friendship
hate anger sympathy music freedom fright

Instant Practice

27

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Use the following words in your own sentences.
a. peace
b. success

c. love

d. failure

e. death

f. life

Grammar Focus:Collective Noun

Collective nouns are words for groups of people, animals or things. These are
nouns for groups of people. Many collective nouns can be used with a singular or
plural verb.

Here are more collective nouns that are used for groups of people, animals or
things.

a band of musicians a brood of chickens a flight of steps

a school of fish a team of players a bunch of keys

a class of pupils a collection of books a deck of cards

a fleet of ships a flock of sheep a gaggle of geese

a gang of robbers a herd of cattle a litter of cubs

a pod of whales a pack of wolves a pride of lions

a set of stamps a swarm of bees a troupe of actors

a band of robbers an army of soldiers a blush of boys

28
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Instant Practice

Use the following words in your own sentences.
g. a flock of sheep
h. a hive of bees
i. a colony of ants
j. a flight of birds
k. a board of directors

Grammar Focus: Gender Nouns

Masculine nouns are words for men and boys, and male animals. Feminine nouns
are words for women and girls, and female animals.

Masculine Feminine

boy girl

man woman

prince princess

steward stewardess

waiter waitress

bride bridegroom

hen rooster

king queen

Instant Practice

Write the missing gender of the following gender nouns.

1. king ______________ (feminine)

2. daughter ______________ (masculine)

3. aunt ______________ (masculine)

4. bull ______________ (feminine)

29

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

5. lady ______________ (masculine)
6. uncle ______________ (feminine)
7. son ______________ (feminine)
8. madam ______________ (masculine)
9. fox ______________ (feminine)
10. hostess ______________ (masculine)

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Write down the plural form of the following nouns.
animal _________ book _________
boy _________ buffalo _________
bull _________ child _________
church _________ city _________
copy _________ doctor _________
dress _________ family _________
farmer _________ fly _________
half _________ king _________
knife _________ lion _________
loaf _________ louse _________
man _________ mobile _________
mouse _________ ox _________
scarf _________ singer _________
statesman _________ student _________
tooth _________ wife _________
workmen _________ scissors _________

30
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with the correct feminine pair you can find in the box.

duck bee tigress vixen peahen lioness
ewe hen cow goose mare deer

1. fox __________________________

2. peacock ______________________

3. bull __________________________

4. lion __________________________

5. deer _________________________

6. drone ________________________

7. gander _______________________

8. stallion _______________________

9. cock _________________________

10. drake ________________________

11. tiger _________________________

12. ram __________________________

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following words into abstract nouns.
kind _________ able _________
child _________ born _________
die _________ happy _________
friend _________ honest _________
sad _________ brave _________
intelligent _________ loyal _________
angry _________ beautiful _________

31

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Look at the given pictures and write them in proper column.
Mother Cat College

Laxmi Prasad Devkota Birds Ramayana

Parrot Lord Krishna Man

Teacher Samsung Mobile Jesus Christ
Market
Ratna Park Bishal Bazaar
Sita Doctor Farmer

32
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Common Noun Proper

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Read the following text and complete the table given below.

An amphibian lives on land or in the water.
Amphibians are vertebrates, or animals
with backbones. Amphibians were the
first vertebrates to appear on land. The
early amphibians were the ancestors of all
reptiles, birds and mammals. Frogs and
toads characterize the first while salamanders
and newts represent the second group of
amphibians. Caecilians make the third group.

Some adult amphibians live only on land. Other species live only in the water.
Most amphibians, however, spend at least part of the time on land and part in the
water. They live in the areas between fresh water and dry land or in regions that
have plenty of dew and moisture.

Amphibians do not have hair or feathers. The skin absorbs water and oxygen.
The skin of most amphibians is moist. In most species, if the skin dries up, the
animal soon dies. The skin’s protective properties include the ability to change
colour. This can help the animal hide from enemies by appearing to be a part of its
surroundings. At other times, parts of the amphibian’s skin may become brightly
coloured as a warning for enemies to keep away.

33

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Amphibians usually have flat, wide skulls. Although amphibians have teeth, the
frogs, toads and salamanders do not chew their food. They use their long, flexible
tongues to capture their prey, which they then swallow whole.

Singular Countable Noun Plural Countable Noun Uncountable Noun

amphibian amphibians water

Vocabulary in Use
Complete the following sentences with ‘there’ and ‘their’.
1. _____ is a mouse in my closet!
2. I can’t wait to see the looks on _____ faces when I tell them the truth.
3. I wonder if they’re planning to go shopping _____with us.
4. The children went upstairs to play after clearing _____ plates at dinner.
5. It’s _____ decision, so I’ll just stay out of it.
6. I’m concerned about _____ being out so late at night.
7. I believe Alisa left her glasses over _____.
8. You should have seen the shock in _____ eyes when I won the award.
9. _____ is a telephone down the hall.
10. It’s _____truck; I’m just borrowing it for the day.

34
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

GE T STARTED 3

PRONOUNS Chapter

Read the following description.

Alisha tapped her foot impatiently while she waited for her mother to decide. Her
mother seemed to be taking an age. First she had to turn the oven on and then she
decided the sink needed cleaning.

Alisha waited patiently, but she could not help drumming her fingers upon the
table. Alisha stopped after one sharp glance from her mother.

Just when it looked as if her mother might decide, Alisha’s brother Arun
wandered in, with his friend Tej. The two boys got the fridge straightened. They
didn’t even glance at Mrs. Rai. It seemed as if they had not even seen her.

“Who said you could help yourselves?” snapped Mrs. Rai. The boys grinned
shamefacedly.

“But we are starving,” moaned Arun. Tej looked embarrassed. He hadn’t
bargained to mingle with an irritated mother on the stalk.

She fixed the children with one of her famous looks and, with a sharp intake
of breath, launched into what turned out to be a force eight blast of irritation
that had brewed over the last few weeks. They deserved it and they knew it.
Alisha stared at her shoe caps and toed the carpet.

Do The words in bold letters are pronouns. They are used in place
you of nouns. They are used to avoid for unnecessary repetition of
Know? noun in writing.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description. 35
a. Who is speaking in the description?
b. Why is ‘she’ and ‘her’ used instead of Alisha?

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

c. Who does ‘her’ refer to in the description?
d. Who does ‘his’ refer to in the description?
e. Who does ‘she’ refer to in the description?
f. Who does ‘it’ refer to in the description?
g. Who does ‘they’ refer to in the description?
h. Who does ‘yourselves’ refer to in the description?

Quick Tip

A pronoun is an identifying word used instead of a noun and inflected in
the same way nouns are. It is a word that takes the place of a common
noun or a proper noun. There are different kinds of pronouns.

Listening Practice

Repeat these pronouns after your teacher.

1st PERSON SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE
PRONOUS PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS PRONOUNS
2nd PERSON
I me my mine myself
3rd PERSON you you your yours yourself
(MALE) himself
3rd PERSON he him his his
(FEMALE) herself
3rd PERSON she her her hers itself
it it its its ourselves
1st PERSON we us our ours
(PLURAL) yourselves
2nd PERSON you you your yours
(PLURAL) themeselves
3rd PERSON they them their theirs
(PLURAL)

36
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Instant Practice

Underline pronouns in the following sentences.
1. I have lost my umbrella.
2. He’s my son Krishal. He studies in grade one.
3. We’ve lost our car.
4. I am on my way to home.
5. You have to do your work yourself.
6. I don’t want to wait you any longer.
7. I might be late. You can go yourself.
8. It is nice I saw you again.
9. We should work hard for ourselves.
10. He cut his finger himself.

Grammar Focus: Different types of Pronouns

Personal

Demonstrative Possessive

Pronoun

Indefinite Interrogative

Reflexive

37

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

1. Personal Pronouns: (I, me, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, them)-refer to
specific persons or things
Krishala ate pizza. She was hungry.
The word “she” is a personal pronoun that refers to “Krishala.”
2. Possessive Pronoun: (my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their,
theirs)- show ownership, but they never have an apostrophe.
Those are his pencils.
The word “his” is a possessive pronoun showing that he owns the pencils.
3. Reflexive Pronouns: (myself, himself, herself, itself, themselves)-personal
pronouns that have “-self” or “selves” added to the end.
Krishna finished the homework himself.
The reflexive pronoun is “himself” referring to Krishna.
4. IndefinitePronouns:(someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,each,either,none,
both, many, few, several, one, everyone, no one, either, neither, each)-pronouns
that do not refer to a specific person or thing.
Someone stole my wallet.
The word “someone” is the indefinite pronoun taking the place of the name of
the person who stole the wallet.
5. Demonstrative Pronouns: (this, that, these, those) distinguish one or more
nouns referred to in the sentence.
These lemons are bitter.
The word “these” is a demonstrative pronoun.
6. Interrogative Pronoun: (who, whom, what, which, whose)- used to ask a
question
Which caps are mine?
The word “which” is an interrogative pronoun.

38
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Instant Practice

Underline pronouns in the following sentences.
1. She said that she was looking forward to seeing him and me at the airport.
2. He and I have been good friends since second grade.
3. If you don’t mind my asking, why are you so angry?
4. My friend, unlike me, is very artistic.
5. Please talk to Durga or me next time if you have a concern.
6. Do you want to ask her or me?
7. None of the doctors have been able to figure out what is wrong with her or
me.
8. She is as stubborn as he is, but they are sister and brother.
9. I weigh more than he.
10. I would rather work with Rajan than with her.
11. It is us who deserve credit for this company’s third quarter profits.
12. It’s shameful that he killed his father himself.
13. His complain just made everyone else more frustrated.
14. My friend and I will stop by on our way to the bakery.
15. You can help him or me but probably not both of us.
16. We regret to inform you that your son is dead.
17. My boss and I will pick up where they left off.
18. When the horse kicked its legs, the rider bounced off and landed in the lake.
19. Your friend told his friend that my friend is sick.
20. The argument he gave had its merits.

39

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Grammar Focus: Use of Pronouns

Personal pronouns are those that refer to person or thing. Personal pronouns are
of three types. They are subjective, objective and possessive pronouns. Let’s
see the following table:

Person Subjective Objective Possessive Examples
First P1 P2
Person First persons are the person
I me my mine speaking.
Second we us our ours
Person
My name is Lal. I am a boy.
Third We live in Kathmandu. Our
Person city is polluted.

you you your yours Second persons are the persons
we are speaking to.

What are you eating? What is

your name?

she her her hers Third persons are the persons

he him his his being spoken to.

it it it its She is Farina. Her sister is a

they them their theirs doctor.

He is Kaman. His brother is a
teacher.

It is a key. Do you need it?

They are refugees. Their life
is miserable.

Subject Pronouns: I, we, you, she, he, it, they

My name is Krishna. I am a teacher.

Bhrikuti is a smart girl. She lives in the village.

Krishal is an intelligent boy. He lives in Kathmandu.

Bhrikuti and Krishal are students. They are junior students.

40
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Quick Tip

Subject pronouns are used as the subject of the sentences before a verb.

Object Pronouns: me, us, you, him, her, it, them
I telephoned Dina last week. I conveyed her message.
Kabindra came here yesterday. I gave him some money.
I met Jubal and Urban on the way. I gave them invitation card.
A fox killed a cat. A tiger killed it.

Quick Tip

Object pronouns are used as the object after a verb and preposition.

Possessive Pronouns: my, mine, our, ours, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, their,
theirs
This is my book and that is yours.
His house is in the village and hers is in Kathmandu.
Their school is far but our school is near.
They are doing their work and we are doing our work.

Quick Tip

Possessive pronouns are used as the belongingness of something. They
come with or without noun. They give us information on ‘whose’:

41

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Reflexive Pronouns: myself, himself, herself, itself, themselves
I stitched this fabric myself.
She called herself a liar.
He painted the wall by himself.
The wall broke down itself.
Tony, do these exercises yourself.

Quick Tip

Reflexive pronouns indicate the reflection of the action to the subjects.
The actions done by the subjects reflect upon the subjects. They are also
called self pronouns.

Interrogative Pronouns: who, whom, what, which, whose, when
Who is your best friend?
Whom do you live with?
What is she doing now?
Which is the best way to solve this problem?

Quick Tip

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question.

Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those
This is my classroom.
That is our school canteen.
These are my books.
Those are oranges.

42
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Quick Tip

Demonstrative pronouns are used to distinguish one or more nouns
referred to in the sentence.

Indefinite Pronouns: someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, each, either, none,
both, many, few, several, one, everyone, no one, either, neither, each.
Someone has stolen my pen.
Either of the boys is noisy.
Both of them are lazy persons.
Everyone enjoys the nature.
Each door is of different paint.

Quick Tip

Indefinite pronouns are used to give general information about the
subject. They do not refer to a specific person or thing.

Grammar Focus: Replacing Nouns with Pronouns

Alina studies in grade five. Alina lives in Kathmandu. I like Alina very much.

Alina studies in grade five. She lives in Kathmandu. I like her very much.

Aman is a boy. Aman plays football. I saw Aman in the park yesterday.

Aman is a boy. He plays football. I saw him in the park yesterday.

Mina and Sarita are sisters. Mina and Sarita love travelling. I took Mina and
Sarita Pokhara.

Mina and Sarita are my sisters. They love travelling. I took them Pokhara.

I bought a pen yesterday. The pen writes well. I lost the pen in school.

I bought a pen yesterday. It writes well. I lost it in school. 43
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Instant Practice

Replace the underlined parts with suitable pronouns.

1. Sonam is a student. Sonam is a naughty boy. Sonam’s sister is better than
Sonam.

2. Binod and Abiral are walking. Binod and Abiral have carried bags.

3. Dinesh has lost Dinesh’s pen. Dinesh had kept Dinesh’s pen on the table.

4. This gorgeous grand piano is tuned to piano’s perfection. Do you want the
piano?

5. Manoj thinks before Manoj speaks and Manoj will be glad for the things Manoj
never said.

6. Kamal needed a pity party after Kamal lost Kamal’s job.

7. I opened the door with a key. The key is in the drawer.

8. The cats you have are well behaved. The cats love fish very much.

9. Labish is a boy. Labish has a brother. Labish lives in Kathmandu. Labish’s
father is a teacher.

10. Sarmila is a pretty girl. Sarmila’s father is a farmer. Sarmila’s father has a farm
house.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with correct personal pronouns.

Anil : If _____ said to _____now, ‘What does Mahib look like?’ _____
probably wouldn’t be able to give as good description as _____
could.

Pramod : Oh yes, _____ could.

Anil : All right then. What does _____look like?

Pramod : No, _____ describe _____ to _____ and _____’ll tell _____ if
_____’re right.

Anil : Well, _____’s quite tall, over six feet. And _____’s thin.

44
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Pramod : Well, yes, _____ suppose so.
Anil : Well, in proportion with his height, and _____’s got fairly short
black hair,
Pramod : Not very short.
Anil : Well, perhaps _____’s grown since I saw _____.
Pramod : _____’s short as opposed to long.
Aniil : _____couldn’t tell _____ what colour his eyes were.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with correct pronouns.
1. Ram asked ______what ____name was. (his, me, our)
2. Dina and Mina are best friends. _____help each other. (We, They)
3. _____are going on vacation. (I, We)
4. Don’t tell _____ that _____ can’t go with _____. (me, you, us, him, I)
5. _____who says _____ won’t be fun has no clue what _____are talking about.
(He, it, we)
6. _____are terribly steep stairs. (This, These)
7. _____ran into each other at the mall. (You, We)
8. _____ is one of the nicest Italian restaurants in town. (It, These)
9. I have a friend in Kathmandu. _____is very tall. (He, It)
10. As soon as____ reached there, ____ sent a message to ____. (he, us, they, it)
11. They asked _____ and _____ to join the staff. (he, him, I, me)
12. _____ call was for _____, not _____. (I, me, he, him, This, That)
13. You didn’t tell _____ that _____ were here first. (they, them, we, us)

14. _____wonder what _____ could have said to _____. (I, me, she, her, he, him)

15. A message arrived for _____ and _____. (he, him, she, her)

45

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with correct relative pronouns.
1. The festival, ______ lasted all day, ended with a banquet.
2. I am looking for someone ______ can watch my dog while I go on vacation.
3. The police needed details______ could help identify the robber.
4. I’d like to take you to a café ______ serves excellent coffee.
5. The clubhouse, in ______ the dance was held, housed about 200 people.
6. You can choose one person, ______ you like, to share the tour with you.
7. I saw the shoes ______ you bought last week on sale for less this week.
8. The winners, ______ are known, will receive money and other prizes.
9. This is the place ______ we met.
10. The baby, ______ nap had been interrupted, wailed loudly.
11. The lady ______ made your dress is waiting outside.
12. I saw the dog ______ ate the cake.
13. We did not know the tune ______ had been playing.
14. Mrs. Gurung ______owns a pie shop, is waiting outside.
15. I rode my bike______ now had two flat tyres, back home.

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline indefinite pronouns in the following sentences.
1. Does anybody have the time?
2. All are welcome to our house for thanksgiving.

46
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

3. Tom doesn’t have any money. 47
4. Michael passed his card to another.
5. Each brought a dessert to share.
6. Anyone can see what’s going on here.
7. Alice couldn’t hear anything at the concert.
8. Everything is going as planned
9. Everyone clapped when the movie ended.
10. Many missed the bus.
11. No one admitted to knocking over the base.
12. One could see the tornado forming from miles away.
13. Several turned out for the concert.
14. Somebody rang the doorbell.
15. Hema gave her ticket to someone.

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with this, that, these and those.
1. ______was my mother’s ring.
2. ______looks like the car I used to drive.
3. ______ are nice shoes, but they look uncomfortable.
4. ______ look like riper than the apples on my tree.
5. ______ was such an interesting experience.
6. Are ______our shoes?
7. You’ll have to get your own pen. ______ is mine.
8. There is no end to ______.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

9. Is ______ yours?
10. Please give me one of ______.
11. ______ are nice-looking cars.
12. ______is me speaking from the USA.

6ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with correct reflexive pronouns.
1. I _______ am tired of all this rain.
2. You _______ are to blame for this confusion.
3. The president _______wrote me a letter.
4. We _______cooked the cake.
5. The dog _______opened her fridge raider.
6. The boys_______ led the entire team to victory.
7. Janak decided to reward _______ with a dinner out.
8. Sabina pours a cup of tea for _______ every morning.
9. I _______ will conduct today’s meeting.
10. The roof fell _______ in the morning.

7ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with correct pronouns.
Niraj is a reckless young man. In _____mission to make money, _____changes
many people, including the employees of _____ own company. There is no
excuse for _____ rude behaviour on _____ part. Most people are really annoyed
with _____ while other people think that _____ is a mad person. _____ target

48
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

is to sell goods worth one million a month. Some employees feel that _____
is an impossible task. The main reason is much dissatisfaction among
the employees. All ____workers wanted to go on strike and on two occasions
_____ nearly succeeded. The workers like get _____ problems solved. _____
want an increase in ______ salary and allowances. ______ also want to decrease
____ working hours so that _____ can spend some time with _____ family and
friends. But ____ is impossible thing to happen. _____company is going through
_____ worst phase because of _____ factors. What is the solution of _____problem?
Do _____know?

Vocabulary in Use

Complete the following sentences with ‘advice’ and ‘advise’.
1. Aman is always happy to offer ____ if you ask him for it.
2. The lawyer _____ him to plead guilty.
3. I would strongly_____ you to start saving your money.
4. They are impressed with the level of _____ they received from you.
5. Sara always takes my ____ to heart.
6. We ____ the city council that the deadline was uncertain.
7. Lorin knows she can always go to her best friend for ____.
8. Don’t give ____ that you’re not willing to follow yourself.
9. Rajesh has a bad habit of offering natural _____.
10. I ______you to meet her once.

49

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

GE T STARTED 4

ARTICLES Chapter

Read the following story.

There was a dog that lived near a river. One
day, the dog was feeling very hungry. So,
he stole a bone from a butcher’s shop. The
butcher chased the dog but he could not catch
the dog. The dog held the bone firmly in its
mouth. He came to a bridge near the river. He
began to cross the bridge with the bone, very
carefully. When he reached the middle of the
bridge, he saw his own reflection in the water. He thought that it was an old enemy.
Surprisingly he noticed a bone in the enemy’s mouth. On seeing it, the dog wished
to get that bone as well. Quite annoyed at the other dog, he barked at the reflection.
Alas! The bone fell into the water. What an idiot the dog was!

Do The coloured words a, an and the in the above given
you story are articles. They are demonstrative adjectives. There are
Know? two types of articles in English. They are indefinite ‘a’ ‘an’ and
definite ‘the’.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given story.
a. What are the words that are countable?
b. What are the words that are uncountable?
c. Does the word ‘bridge’ start with vowel or consonant?
d. Does the word ‘idiot’ start with vowel or consonant?
e. Is the word ‘bone’ singular or plural?
f. What is the difference between ‘a dog’ and ‘the dog’?

50
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5