Final-5-2077-press dynamics

Vocabulary in Use

Write the sentences and complete them by choosing the best option
below.

1. Can I borrow your . . .

a. elbow? b. ruler? c. waiter? d. time?

2. Jemmy stole my . . .

a. achieves. b. age. c. make up. d. disliked.

3. My leg . . .

a. ends. b. goes. c. hurts. d. changes.

4. School is the best time of . .

a. his life. b. their lives. c. your life. d. owns’ life.

5. That’s the last . . .

a. one. b. isn’t it? c. times. d. gone.

6. The concert starts at . . .

a. one. b. thirteen. c. time. d. in the evening.

7. The policeman told me to . .

a. calm down. b. accident. c. cried. d. replied.

8. This film is really . . .

a. good. b. greater. c. open. d. enjoyed.

9. This problem is . . .

a. often. b. grey. c. early. d. serious.

10. When shall I come . . .

a. with? b. round? c. under? d. go on?

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GE T STARTED 11

VOICE Chapter

Read the following description.

It is not known exactly when gunpowder was invented. It is
known for a fact that rockets and fireworks were made by the
Chinese long before gunpowder was used in Europe, which
occurred at about the beginning of the thirteenth century. It is
generally believed that the ‘Age of Chivalry’ was brought to
an end by gunpowder, since a mounted knight could be brought down by anyone
with a firearm. In fact, efficient firearms were not developed until the sixteenth
century.

When it was first introduced, gunpowder was used mainly in siege cannon. Later
it was used in engineering work and mining, but it was found to be extremely
dangerous. Gunpowder has now been replaced by modern explosives, but it is
still used for making fireworks, just as it was by the Chinese.

Do The coloured words in the above given description are in
you passive voice. If the object is affected by the action of the verb,
Know? that is active voice and if the subject is affected by the action
of the verb, that is in passive voice.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. What is voice?
b. What is active voice?
c. What is passive voice?
d. What are the subjects in the given sentences?
e. What are the objects in the given sentences?
f. Who does an action in the active voice?
g. Who does an action in the passive voice?

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Listening Practice

Reproduce these sentences after your teacher.

Active Voice Passive Voice
You type a letter. A letter is typed by you.
You are typing a letter. A letter is being typed by you.
You have typed a letter. A letter has been typed by you.
You typed a letter. A letter was typed by you.
You were typing a letter. A letter was being typed by you.
You had typed a letter. A letter had been typed by you.
You will type a letter. A letter will be typed by you.
You have to type a letter. A letter has to be typed by you.
You had to type a letter. A letter had to be typed by you.
You can type a letter. A letter can be typed by you.

Quick Tip

Both active and passive sentences have same meaning. An action is
acted upon in the passive voice but an active voice is different types
of simple sentences. Subject does action in active voice whereas object
does action in passive voice.

Grammar Focus: Active and Passive Voice

Active: I write a poem.
Passive: A poem is written by me.

Changes in Passive
a. Object becomes subject in passive voice
b. Main verb is changed into V3
c. Be verbs are changed into is, am, are, was, were +V3
d. ‘By’ is used before the changed object
e. subject pronoun changes into object pronoun

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Pronoun Change

Active voice Passive voice
I Me
We Us
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
They Them

Active Voice Passive Voice

I revise the lesson. The lesson is revised by me.

We revise the lesson. The lesson is revised by us.

You revise the lesson. The lesson is revised by you.

He revises the lesson. The lesson is revised by him.

She revises the lesson. The lesson is revised by her.

They revise the lesson. The lesson is revised by them.

It revises the lesson. The lesson is revised by it.

Passive of different Tenses

Tense Active Passive

Simple He plays a game. A game is played by him.

present Sub + v1/v5 + obj Obj + is/am/are + v3+ by + sub

Present He is playing a game. A game is being played by him.

continuous (S + is/am/are + v4 +obj) (Obj +is/am/are + being + v3 + by +

sub)

Present He has played a game. A game has been played by him.

perfect (S + have/has+ v3+obj) (Obj + have/has + been + v3 + by +

sub)

Simple He played a game. A game was played by him.

past (S + v2 + obj) (Obj + was/were + v3 + by + sub)

Past He was playing a game. A game was being played by him.
continuous (S + was/were + v4 + (Obj + was/were + being + v3 + sub)

obj)

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Past He had played a game. A game had been played by him.
perfect
(S + had + v3 + obj) (Obj + had + been + v3 + by + sub)
Simple
future He will play a game. A game will be played by him.
(S + will/shall +v1 + obj) (Obj + will/shall + be + v3 + by + sub)
Future
Perfect He would have played a A game would have been played by

game. him.

(S + will/shall + have + (Obj + will/shall +have + been + v3 +

v3 + obj) by + sub)

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into passive.
1. He sings a song.
2. He is singing a song.
3. He has sung a song.
4. He sang a song.
5. He was singing a song.
6. He had sung a song.
7. He will sing a song.
8. He has to sing a song.
9. We have to sing a song.
10. I must sing a song.

Passive of Modal Verbs

Active Passive
(S + modal + v1 + obj) (Obj + modal + be + v3 + sub)
I can sing a song. A song can be sung by me.
We may draw a picture. A picture may be drawn by us.
She will write a letter. A letter will be written by her.
He could type an essay. An essay could be typed by him.
We would tell a story. A story would be told by us.
I might clean the room. The room might be cleaned by me.

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Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into passive.
1. He can clean the room.
2. She could clean the room.
3. She may clean the room.
4. She might clean the room.
5. She should clean the room.
6. I can climb this tree.
7. I could climb that tree.
8. I may climb this tree.
9. I might climb that tree.
10. I should climb that tree.
11. They must write this.
12. We ought to sing a song.
13. You used to scold Ram.
14. It might trouble you.
15. Ram has to trim his hair.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into passive.
1. She writes poems.
2. He read a biography.
3. We will visit the park.
4. I am painting a picture.
5. We were cleaning the room.
6. He has washed his clothes.
7. She had visited the temple.
8. He beats the dog.
9. I fry the fish.
10. Ram plants a tree.

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11. You ate pizza. 157
12. I can type an article.
13. They could wash dishes.
14. I buy a computer.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into passive.
1. Sarita speaks English.
2. Dinesh sells vegetable.
3. He fixes the parts.
4. She cooks food.
5. We broke that stick.
6. You called a taxi.
7. He bought a bag.
8. I will clean the box.
9. I was brushing my teeth.
10. We are visiting the park.
11. They were publishing the cartoons.
12. We had seen the man.
13. I have torn my book.
14. He has lost his bag.
15. We study rammar.

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into passive.
1. We will open the box.
2. They would drive a car.
3. Maya may post the letter.
4. They might help me.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

5. You are helping me.
6. The farmers are harvesting plants.
7. He was buying a phone.
8. I am repairing the wall.
9. I dug a well.
10. They made a house.
11. He should exchange it.
12. We could colour the room.
13. The rain washed the colour.
14. The dog chews bones.
15. The car hit a boy.

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into passive.
1. You can change the cover.
2. I could rub my finger.
3. I may throw the stone.
4. We might exchange books.
5. He must decorate it.
6. I ought to call Ram.
7. We shall help him.
8. They should contact Hemanta.
9. We will harvest crops.
10. She would speak Chinese.
11. She is feeding the dog.
12. I have not torn this paper.
13. The boys have cleaned the ground.
14. He broke the window.
15. I help children.

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Vocabulary in Use

Write the sentences and complete them by choosing the best option
below.

1. How many children have you . . .

a. came? b. own? c. got? d. took?

2. I bought some flowers at the . . .

a. optician’s. b. market. c. carrier bag. d. bakery.

3. I feel tired after that . . .

a. go swimming. b. walk. c. go out. d. exercised.

4. I love reading a good . . .

a. phone call. b. receipt. c. gas bill. d. novel.

5. My uncle and aunt are . . .

a. people. b. divorced. c. mixed. d. into.

6. Nima watched his brother . . .

a. come home. b. came home. c. lived. d. hear.

7. Once upon a . . ., there lived a boy.

a. time. b. who. c. story. d. time.

8. Their future will be . . .

a. afraid. b. bright. c. interested. d. waited.

9. The man left his . . .

a. future. b. in it. c. keys. d. addressed.

10. Your dog is so well- . . .

a. travelled. b. meant. c. done. d. behaved.

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GE T STARTED 12

REPORTED SPEECH Chapter

Read the following sentences. “I am twelve years old.”
Ganesh said,
“I study in grade five.”
“My name is Ganesh.” “My father works in an army.”
“I like travelling very much.”
“I am a student.”
“I live in Kathmandu.”

“My mother is a house wife.”

Now read what Ganesh said.
Ganesh said that his name was Ganesh.
Ganesh said that he was twelve years old.
Ganesh said that he was a student.
Ganesh said that he studied in grade five.
Ganesh said that he lived in Kathmandu.
Ganesh said that his father worked in an army.
Ganesh said that his mother was a house wife.
Ganesh said that he liked travelling very much.

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Do There are two ways of expressing meaning what
you somebody has said. They are direct and indirect speech. The
Know? speaker at first is using direct speech but the speaker is using
indirect speech afterwards. Direct speech is the speech the
speakers themselves use in conversation but indirect speech is
the speech reported by other speakers.

Speaking Practice

Answer the following questions.
a. Who is the speaker?
b. What does he say?
c. What is the difference between the first and second texts?
d. What is direct speech?
e. What is indirect speech?
f. What is the difference between ‘Ganesh said’ and ‘Ganesh said that’?
When actual words spoken by person is used within inverted commas that is
direct speech.
Ganesh said, “My name is Ganesh.”
Ganesh said, “I am a student.”
Ganesh said, “I am twelve years old.”
If the actual words spoken is said by other person, that is indirect speech.
Sentences are not written within inverted commas in indirect speech.
Ganesh said that his name was Ganesh.
Ganesh said that he was a student.
Ganesh said that he was twelve years old.

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Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Maya said, “I am a girl.” Maya said that she was a girl.
Hari said, “I am from Kathmandu.” Hari said that he was from Kathmandu.
They said to me, “We are leaving.” They told me that they were leaving.
We said to them, “We have a car.” We told them that we had a car.
He said, “Are you singing?” He asked if I was singing.
She said, “What is your name?” She asked what my name was.
The teacher said, “Work hard.” The teacher advised me to work hard.

Grammar Focus: Direct and Indirect Speech

Changes in indirect speech.

Direct Speech: Maya said to me, “I am working now.”

Indirect Speech: Maya told me that she was working then.

a. Change in reporting verb: said to-told

b. Use of connective: that

c. Change in pronoun: Maya- she

d. Change in tense: am-was

e. Change in adverbial: now-then

f. Change in punctuation: inverted comma and comma-full stop

Adverbial Change

Direct Indirect

this that
these those
here there
today that day

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now/just then
thus so
hence thence
tomorrow the following day/the next day
yesterday the previous day/the day before
next day/week/month the following day/week/month
the day before yesterday two days ago
last week/month/year the week/month/year before
ago before
hither thither
tonight that night
come go

Person Change

Person Subjective Objective Possessive Self-forms
case case P1 P2
myself
1st I me my mine ourselves
we us our ours yourself/
you your yours yourselves
2nd you herself
himself
3rd she her her hers itself
themselves
he him his his

it it it its

they them their theirs

Tense Change

Direct Indirect Examples
V1/V5 V2 Direct: She said, “I play a game.”

is, am, are was, were Indirect: She said that she played a game.
Direct: She said, “I am playing a game.”

Indirect: She said that she was playing a
game.”

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has, have had Direct: She said, “I have played a game.”

Indirect: She said that she had played a game.

has to, have had to Direct: She said, “I have to play a game.”
to Indirect: She said that she had to play a game.

was, were had been Direct: She said, “I was playing a game.”

Indirect: She said that she had been playing a
game.

will, shall would, should Direct: She said, “I will play a game.”

Indirect: She said that she would play a game.

can, may could, might Direct: She said, “I can play a game.”

Indirect: She said that she could play a game.

do not, does did not Direct: She said, “I do not play a game.”

not Indirect: She said that she did not play a
game.

did not had not Direct: She said, “I did not play a game.”

Indirect: She said that she had not played a
game.

would, should no change Direct: She said, “I would play a game.”

Indirect: She said that she would play a game.

could, might no change Direct: She said, “I could play a game.”

Indirect: She said that she could play a game.

universal no change Direct: She said, “Water flows down.”

truth Indirect: She said that water flows down.

Instant Practice

Write these sentences using the verb in brackets + said.

1. You study English every day. He said, “You study English every day.”

2. Binod studies English every day. [He]

3. You have dinner at work. [They]

4. Bikas has dinner at work. [She]

5. You do the exercises well. [We]

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6. Amar does the exercises well. [I]
7. You don´t work here. [They]
8. Bill doesn´t work here. [Sabina]
9. You don´t watch TV. [Diya]
10. Aman doesn´t watch TV. [He]

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. He said he (will, would) be there soon.
2. He thinks he (can, could) do it easily.
3. He asked me where I (live, lived).
4. I didn’t know what the word (means, meant).
5. The newspaper says it (will, would) rain.
6. She said she (was going, is going) away.
7. I told him that I (cannot, could not) go.
8. He said he (has been, had been) a soldier.
9. She said she (does not, did not) feel well.
10. I don’t know what his name (is, was).
11. I didn’t know what he (is, was) trying to do.
12. She said she (may, might) be late.
13. John said he (will, would) be here soon.
14. Mary told me that she (can, could) not come.
15. He said he (may, might) be late.

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2ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. I said to them, “I am busy now.”
2. We said to them, “We are playing football.”
3. You said to me, “I have got a bike.”
4. She said, “I bought a car yesterday.”
5. He said, “I was singing last Saturday.”
6. They said, “We had seen you.”
7. Rita said, “I will you call you tomorrow.”
8. Sabin said, “You may win.”
9. She said, “I have a cap.”
10. He said to us, “I am sorry.”
11. My father said, “I will buy a cycle.”
12. The teacher said, “You have to work hard.”
13. The coach said, “We are taking rest today.”
14. Dad said to me, “You are careless.”
15. Mom said to me, “You are my best son.”

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. Sister said, “I chop the onions.”
2. Brother said, “You are very late.”

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3. Teacher said to us, “I will tell you a story.” 167
4. He said, “I can sing songs.”
5. The boy said, “I sang a song yesterday.”
6. She said, “Ram will be dancing.”
7. We said to them, “We try to help you.”
8. We said, “We have to invite you.”
9. She said, “I cannot carry it.”
10. He said to me, “I came home last week.”
11. Jitu said, “You are my best friend.”
12. Sanu said to me, “It may rain today.”
13. Dinesh said, “We might sing.”
14. Diya said to me, “We used to smoke.”
15. My brother said, “I have done it.”

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. Paru said, “I have got a toothache.”
2. Pratik said, “I am very busy now.”
3. Kamal said, “I am going to college.”
4. She said to me, “I will help you”
5. Sarita said, “Ash must go tomorrow.”
6. Eman said, “My father is a teacher.”
7. She said, “This is his first attempt.”
8. He said, “My friends will be here before 12.”

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

9. The boy said, “The program will be interesting.”
10. They said, “There´s a telephone in the room.”
11. We said, “There are 30 days in February.”
12. You said, “There´s some more money in my pocket. “
13. I said, “He watches TV after dinner.”
14. You said to us, “We watch TV after dinner.”
15. I said to him, “Bikal goes to the movies.”

Vocabulary in Use

Choose the correct words from the brackets to complete the following
sentences.
1. A small forest is called a ................. (would, wood)
2. Are you going .................? (their, there)
3. He does not eat ................. (meet, meat)
4. This .................leads to capital city. (rode, road)
5. Did she.................the report? (right, write)
6. All I want is .................and prosperity. (piece, peace)
7. The thief ran .................the forest. (through, thorough)
8. The boss scolded his .................very bitterly. (maid, made)
9. Tell me who is the .................of your school. (principal, principle)
10. It takes an .................to reach there. (hour, our)

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GE T STARTED 13

PREPOSITIONS Chapter

Read the following description.

Versailles is a city in France. It is about 22 kilometers
south-west of Paris. Versailles is famous for a palace
built in the 1600s under the guidance of King Louis
XIV. The Palace of Versailles was one of the most
costly buildings in the world. French kings lived there
for more than 100 years.

Versailles was not even a town when King Louis XIII built a hunting lodge there
in the 1630s. The expansion of the lodge into the palace began in the 1660s.
Construction went on through the next century. When the building was completed,
about 5,000 people lived there. Other buildings on the palace grounds include the
Grand Trianon and the Petit Trianon.

The town of Versailles grew around the palace. It was founded in 1671. Many of
the first residents were people who had come to work on the palace. When Louis
XIV died in 1715, after 72 years as king, the town of Versailles had a population
of 30,000.

The Palace of Versailles was used as the royal residence until the French
Revolution started in 1789. After the revolution, the palace was nearly destroyed.
In 1837 King Louis-Philippe restored it and turned it into a museum.

Do In the above given description, the coloured words are
you prepositions. They are used before a noun or pronoun to
Know? show, time, place, position or method.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description. 169
a. Where is Versailles?
b. How far is it from Paris?

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

c. When was the town of Versailles founded?
d. When was the palace nearly destroyed?
e. How long did the construction go on?
f. How many people lived there when the building was completed?

Quick Tip

Words that combine with a noun or pronoun to form a phrase are termed
as prepositions. They show relationship.
Look at the following pictures.

The car is behind the bus.

The bucket is beside the television.

The hen is standing in front of the door.

The helicopter is flying above the house.

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Listening Practice

Repeat these prepositions after your teacher.

on, in, through, for, beneath, against, beside, over, during, without, abroad,
across, among, against, around, at, between, behind, below, by, inside, into, after,
to, about, at, since ,while, under, over

Instant Practice

Underline preposition in the following sentences.
1. You must stay in bed until you get better.
2. They felt lonely after their children left home.
3. We must walk home before it gets too dark.
4. We arrived at the house in the afternoon.
5. The tiger jumped onto my face.
6. I went to the store today.
7. A light appeared in the window.
8. Three hockey players are on the ice.
9. The cowboy rode into the setting sun.
10. Three boxers are in the ring.
11. I visited my grandparents during the summer.
12. You must finish the work by Friday.
13. I’ll do my homework before dinner.
14. The boys chased after each other.

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15. The football rolled down the hill.

16. A man was walking his dog along the riverbank.

17. The play ran from September to November.

18. Dad was angry with us.

19. We were afraid of the big dog.

20. She’s not very interested in sports.

Grammar Focus: Preposition of Time

AT I wake up at 7 o’ clock
specific time She returned home at midnight.
Everyone seems happy at Christmas.
holiday period
ON We will visit you on Wednesday.
days of the week I return to my country on the 27th May.
date We get together on Christmas Day.
occassion
IN My birthday is in January.
months America was discovered in 1492.
years I always go to the beach in summer.
seasons It will be ready in 20 minutes.
length of time Life was different in the 15th century.
centuries
Parts of the Day I go to the gym in the morning
in the morning I often feel tired in the afternoon
in the afternoon I study English in the evening.
in the evening I like to read in bed at night.
at night
ON+Day+Part of the day
We will have a party on Friday night.
Our flight leaves on Monday morning.

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Other Time Prepositions

Preposition Usage Example

AGO a certain time in the past 2 years ago, 1 month ago, etc.

BEFORE earlier than a certain point before 2004, before school, before I
of time came here, before his marriage, before
10 am, etc.

BY at the latest, up to a certain I will be back by 6 o’clock.
time By 11 o’clock, I had read five pages.

FOR over a certain period of for 2 years, for a day, month, year,
time decade, for a long time, for a few
minutes, for an hour, for 10 days, etc.

PAST telling the time ten past six, seven past ten, etc.

SINCE from a certain point of since my birthday, since Sunday, since
time in past till now 1980, since January, since morning,
since childhood, etc.

TO telling the time ten to six, five to ten, etc.

UNTIL beginning and end of a He is on holiday until Friday.

period of time I waited until he arrived.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences with correct time prepositions.

1. Many shops close _____Saturdays. [on, in, at]

2. The trees lose their leaves ____ winter. [at, during, on]

3. We always wash our hands _____ meals. [before, during, at]

4. We get up _____ the morning. [on, in, at]

5. We go to bed ____ night. [on, in, at]

6. It’s always hot ____ summer. [at, in, on]

7. The movie starts _____ two ____ the afternoon. [at, on, in]

8. Autumn begins ____ September. [on, in, at]

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9. They were married ____ 1990. [on, in, at]

10. My father arrived ____ me. [after, than, then]

11. It has not rained at all ____ two weeks. [since, for, on]

12. Breakfast is served ____ seven o’clock. [at, on, in]

13. We have been in the same class ____ first grade. [for, since, during]

14. Dad gets home ____six ____ the evening. [about, on, at, in]

15. School starts _____nine o’clock. [in, on, at]

16. We’re going to the zoo ____Labourer’s Day. [on, in, at]

17. The video is _____ your bedtime already. [past, across, at]

18. I visited my grandparents ____ summer. [in, during, at]

19. I’ll do my homework _____ dinner. [before, in, at]

20. We watched the World Cup game ____2:00 A.M. [until, during, at]

Grammar Focus: Preposition of Place

Preposition Usage Example
ABOVE
ACROSS higher than something else, but a path above the lake

AT not directly over it flying above the clouds

getting to the other side walk across the bridge
swim across the lake

meaning next to, by an object at the door, at the station

for table at the table

for events at a concert, at the party

place where somebody does at the cinema, at school, at work,
something-watch a film, study, at cinema, at the theatre, etc.

work, etc.

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BELOW lower than something else but The fish are below the surface.
FROM
above ground Skirts are worn below the knee.
IN
in the sense of where from a flower from the garden

room, building, street, town, in the kitchen, in London, in the

country, book, paper, car, taxi, book, in the car, in a taxi, in the

picture, world picture, in the world

INTO enter a room , a building go into the kitchen , the house

NEXT TO left or right of somebody or She is standing next to the car.
something

attached the picture on the wall

for a place with a river London lies on the Thames.

ON being on a surface, floor on the table, on the first floor

for a certain side [left, right] on the left, on the right

for public transport on a plane, on the bus

for television, radio on TV, on the radio

ONTO movement to the top of jump onto the table
something

covered by something else put a jacket over your shirt

OVER meaning more than over 16 years of age
getting to the other side walk over the bridge

overcoming an obstacle climb over the wall

THROUGH something with limits on top, drive through the tunnel

bottom and the sides river flowing through the village

movement to person or building go to the cinema

TO movement to a place or country go to London , go to Kathmandu

for bed go to bed

TOWARDS movement in the direction of go 5 steps towards the house
something but not directly to head towards the city
it

UNDER lower than or covered by The bag is under the table.

something else The cat is sitting under the car.

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Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the box.
near on by at beside over between inside
in underneath around into up behind under

1. The bus arrived ________ 8:30 A.M.
2. The children are swimming ________ the pool.
3. There’s a picture ________ the wall.
4. There is a fence ________ the house.
5. Granny is sitting ________ fire.
6. Harold is hiding ________ the chair.
7. Jack climbed ________ the beanstalk.
8. We divided the candy ________ us.
9. I dived ______ the river.
10. Don’t go too ________ the edge.
11. Tom was sitting ____ a tree.
12. There’s a wooden floor ______ the carpet.
13. Some geese flew ____ their house.
14. John and Sarah were hiding ____ the wardrobe.
15. There was a tree _____ the river.

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Grammar Focus: Preposition of Movement and Direction

up down across

up the stairs down the stairs across the road
over under along

over the bridge under the bridge along the street
into out of through

into the house out of the house through the town
past round/around from...to...

past the house round the tree from A to B

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A girl went past them on a bike.
A man was walking his dog along the riverbank.
The boys chased after each other.
The football rolled down the hill.
The freeway goes right through the city.
They watched the train pull out of the station.
This road leads away from the stadium.
We were travelling towards Mustang.

Grammar Focus: Other Prepositions

Of I bought a bag of rice and a quart of milk.

I need three pieces of paper.

For I made this bread for my sister.

What’s this board for?

With He pounds nails in with a hammer.

Mix the flour with water.

Cross the busy street with care.

Except I like all kinds of food except pasta.

Everyone likes chocolate except Sabina.

We go to school every day except Saturday.

Instead of You should eat fruit instead of candy.

Dad is coming to the theater with us instead of mom.

We could watch TV instead of reading our books.

Like Simran looks like her dad.

Aman smiles like his mother.
Preeti sings like a professional singer.

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As As I came in, she flew.
He sleeps as the rain falls.
Than My backpack is bigger than his.
Dad is taller than all of us.
This painting is more beautiful than that one.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions given in
brackets.
1. The water spilled _____ the floor. [into, in]
2. School starts ___ nine o’clock. [in, at]
3. We’re going to the zoo ____Saturday. [in, on]
4. I need three pieces ___ paper. [off, of]
5. You must finish the work ____ Friday. [on, by]
6. I brush my teeth ___ the morning and ___ night. [in, on, at]
7. I have a friend who lives ____Humla. [on, in]
8. A big truck is parked _____ their car. [in, in front of]
9. The cat jumped ____top of the cupboard. [in, on]
10. She ran ___the hill. [down, through]
11. The children are ____the classroom. [on, in]
12. There is a bird_____ the cage. [in, on]
13. I saw a mouse ____the box. [in, on]
14. The air is blowing ____the twigs. [in, at]
15. The carpet is ____the floor. [on, at]

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2ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions given in
brackets.
1. My birthday is ___ 14th of Chaitra. [in, on]
2. There is a bridge____ the river. [under, over]
3. He lives ____the village. [in, at]
4. Unisha cut fruits ____the knife. [by, with]
5. Children fly kites_____ Dashain. [in, at]
6. I saw her _____the airport. [in, at]
7. The book is ____that table. [on, in]
8. The thieves were hiding _____the cave. [in, on]
9. The bulb is hanging____ the table. [over, under]
10. I am satisfied ____his work. [by, with]
11. Is she fond____ your books? [of, off]
12. I saw her happy ____the show. [during, on]
13. I worked there ____ five years. [for, since]
14. The cap is ___his head. [in, on]
15. The dog is moving____ the temple. [round, between]

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions given in
brackets.
1. The boys are hiding _____the bush. [behind, into]
2. My house is ____the river. [at, by]
3. There is a dog ____the table. [under, beneath]
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4. The boy is standing _____two boys. [between, among]
5. I once fell_____ my bike. [of, off]
6. It has been raining _____ morning. [since, for]
7. Divide this apple ____ the boys. [between, among]
8. I am good ____ English. [in, at]
9. I was born ____ September. [in, on]
10. Where are you _____? [from, by]
11. I like to thank ____your suggestions. [to, for]
12. These children are going ____school. [to, for]
13. He prefers tea ____coffee. [to, too]
14. He ran ____the busy street. [along, across]
15. The poor man is walking ____the road. [along, across]
16. I bought colour____ Holi. [in, at]
17. I donot take food____the evening.[on, in]
18. He goes to school ____foot.[in, on]

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions given in
brackets.
1. The students are fond___ reading poetry. (to, of, as, about)
2. The players went to Arughat___ (by, from, on) bus.
3. Krishal went to market ____ foot. (on, by, in)
4. Shreekrishna will go to Japan ___the end of this month. (on, at, in)
5. Pemba lives__ Parbat. It is very cold ___spring there. (on, by, in, to)

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6. Can you show the Nile ___ the map? (in, on, at)
7. I believe ___the strength of my own mind. (on, to, in, of)
8. Sujata is famous ______ her dance skill. (in, for, to)
9. Kunti was suspicious ___ theft. (for, in, of)
10. Our teachers write ___ Red ink.(on, in, at)
11. Rohit left school ____ the age of nine. (in, on, at)
12. Welcome___ (to, in, on) our new school.
13. What are you doing ____ the weekend?(in, at, by)
14. Our school bell always rings ______ 10. o’clock. (at, on, in)
15. This whiteboard is ___the table. (around, over, above, at)
16. The cap I bought yesterday is ___the table. (in, to, on, over)
17. My pens are lying___ the table. (to, by, in, on)
18. They took out the sweets___ (in, into, out of, from) their pocket.
19. The bridge ___the Nile River is very nice. (up, over, above)
20. The cat jumped ___the table. (of, by, off, in)

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions given in
brackets.
1. These school going children remind me ___my childhood. (of, about, on)
2. My son has been missing ____ yesterday. (since, from, during)
3. These boys are afraid _____ the cat. (with, of, at)
4. The fan is hanging___ (on, under, below) the ceiling.
5. The green field reminds me ___my village. (of, about, on)
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6. The firemen are going to put___ (of, off, out, up) the fire.
7. Manu is clever ____ finding answer. (in, to, for)
8. The hotel is ____ the middle of the city. (in, at, on)
9. The hunter killed a bird ____ a stone. (by, with, from)
10. The ball rolled ____ the ground. (at, on, off, onto)
11. Mr. Bhusal warned us___ (for, about, to) the danger.
12. We talked a lot ___ politics today. (of, about, on)
13. We waited___ her ____ half an hour but she didn’t come. (till, to, for, at)
14. We were supplied___ good stationeries. (in, with, of)
15. You can apply ___the post. (for, to, at)
16. You should sketch ___pencil at first. (in, by, on, with)
17. The price of petrol has increased ___five per cent. (to, by, in)
18. The quality ___ this photo is not different ____that one. (to, of, on, form)
19. The Manager is preparing___ the meeting. (of, about, on, for)
20. A stream flows___ the bridge ___my village. (in, over, under, through)

6ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions given in
brackets.

1. I was asleep __________the phone woke me up. [when, until]

2. I carried on looking for my ring __________ I found it. [until, unless]
3. Who’s going to wash the dishes __________ dinner? [during, after]
4. I felt very tired __________ staying awake all night. [at, after]
5. We always have a good breakfast __________we go to work. [before,
during]

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6. There are several ways __________cooking meat. [of, on]
7. Is there room __________ me __________this house? [for, to, at, on]
8. I’m afraid __________ snakes. [of, off]
9. Go and apologize __________ her. [for, to]
10. The tiger jumped __________ the trap. [into, onto]
11. I’ll do my homework __________dinner. [before, in]
12. Kabindra is known __________ his writing skills. [in, for, to]
13. Herman is true __________ his name. [on, to, by]
14. I always meet her __________ the way to work. [in, on, at]
15. They are looking_______ a good house. [for, to, of]

Vocabulary in Use

Fill in the blanks with who or which.
1. The girl _____is with him is his sister.
2. The book_____ I want is on the table.
3. The man _____ is driving the car is my father.
4. Is this the camera_____ you are planning to buy?
5. Is that the bus _____goes to the airport?
6. The chair on_____ I am sitting is very comfortable.
7. John is the student_____ speaks English well.
8. The books_____ are listed in that catalogue are in English.
9. Is it Mr. Anurag_____ wants to see the manager?
10. The magazine _____ is on the sofa is a sports magazine.

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GE T STARTED 14

CONJUNCTIONS Chapter

Read the following description.

My name is Binod. I live in Kathmandu. I have a
sister and a brother, too. My sister studies in grade
six but my brother is in grade three. I read in grade
five. I always get up early in the morning because
waking up early is a good habit. I do some exercise
in the morning so that I can be healthy. I also go to temple to worship god on
Saturdays.

Though my sister is elder than me, she is not as active as I am. She is so lazy that
she sleeps till seven. She does not wake up unless mother asks her to wake up. My
little brother is neither active nor lazy. He is rather playful. As playing football is
his favourite hobby, he plays chess, too. If there is a football match, he wakes up
early. He sleeps until seven like sister on Saturdays.

Sister does not like cats nor does brother. However, both of them like dogs very
much. Both play with our family dog and make it walk around with them. Mother
scolds them because of their dirty clothes playing with the dog. My brother comes
to me when mother scolds him. I give him sweets and he becomes happy.

Do In the given description, the coloured words are conjunctions.
you They are also called connectors. They connect two different
Know? ideas.

Speaking Practice

Say what words are connectives in the following sentences. 185
a. Mohan wanted an ice cream but he had no money.
b. Sony fell down and she hurt her toe.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

c. Lal was in bed because he was sick.
d. He sold his old car so that he could buy a new one.
e. You cannot pass exam unless you work well.
f. I am worried since no message has come so far.
g. India is big but Nepal is small.
h. I went to school to learn.
i. She called me in order to pass an urgent message.

Quick Tip

Conjunctions are the words that connect sentences, clauses, phrases,
or words, and sometimes paragraphs. They can also be used to avoid
repetition of grammatical phrases.

Listening Practice

Repeat these words after your teacher.

for and but after before than until
as if till to
although how though when either…or.. neither..nor… so

because since unless why in spite of as…as.. yet

but so so….... despite whenever in order to nor
that that…

as long as if however because of

Instant Practice

Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences.

1. I wanted to buy chocolate but the store did not have any.

2. She swims really well and her diving is impressive too.

3. I bought an enormous cake and Manu and I shared it.

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4. We went to the toy shop but the shop was closed.
5. Mr. Tim sat on his armchair and he fell fast asleep.
6. Madhu wanted an ice cream but he had no money.
7. Suraj fell down and he hurt his toe.
8. They built an adobe house because they decided never to move again.

9. They cancelled the match because of bad weather.
10. The team won the match despite weakness.
11. He has worked for our company since 1989.
12. They have been waiting for a taxi for about 15 minutes.
13. It was a nice day, so we decided to go for a walk.
14. The economic policies have been changed in order to control inflation.

15. We expect our lesson to finish at ten o’clock.

Grammar Focus: Use of Conjunctions

CONJUNCTIONS MEANINGS EXAMPLES

For COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
And
Nor because I have to find a new job, for I am
But unemployed.
Or
Yet in addition to Please calm down. Let’s wait and
So see.

and not Neither my parents nor my
teachers supported me.

however I have a nice house but I don’t
have a car.

either Do you have any brothers or
sisters?

but He is good person, yet you don’t
trust him.

therefore My brother is very smart, so
everybody likes him.

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SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

As reason I did not go to school as I was
Since sick.
Because
Therefore because; as I will not write to you since you
Though
Although write to me.
Despite
In spite of for the reason I walked slowly because my leg
So that
To was fractured.
In order to
If logical result I am sixteen therefore I am not
Unless eligible to vote.
However
While despite the fact Though he is poor, he is honest.
After that

despite the fact Although it was very hot, they
that continued walking.

unexpected result He failed the exam despite hard
labour.

unexpected result They climbed up hills in spite of

bad weather.

the reason for sth I went to market so that I could
buy some fruits.

for the purpose of I bought a computer to learn to
type.

for the purpose of He went to the zoo in order to see
wild animals.

in that condition If you work hard, you can pass
the exam.

if not You won’t succeed unless you
labour hard.

to whatever He is a good boy. However, a few

degree friends like him.

shows time order Father watches television

[same time] while I do my homework.

shows time order I take a bath after I come from

[first action] office.

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When shows time order I go out when I finish my work.

[first action]

Before shows time order Before taking bath, I walk for an

[second action] hour.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Both …and not only...but also Both father and mother are

equally important.

Either…or choice of two I like to play either shirt or

t-shirt.

Neither…nor true negative Neither I played nor did I enjoy

statement the game.

Whether…or choice Whether you do it yourself or let

me do.

Not only...but also sth else is also I not only wrote poem but also

true recited it in class.

Instant Practice

Underline conjunctions in the following sentences. 189
1. John smokes but his brother doesn’t.
2. Neither Arati nor Nilam has come.
3. She speaks English as well as Spanish.
4. I like him because he is very sincere.
5. Though he worked hard, he did not win.
6. She is ill but she is cheerful.
7. Though it was raining we decided to go out.
8. The piper played and the children danced.
9. James works hard whereas his brother is lazy.
10. I went to the shop and bought some vegetables.
11. You must start at once; otherwise you will be late.
12. He must be tired because he has been working since morning.
13. He does not speak, neither does he drink.
14. You must apologize, otherwise you will be finished.
15. He must be asleep for there is no light in his room.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

16. He has been working hard, so he will pass.
17. We will promote him because he is efficient.
18. I can’t help you unless you tell me the truth.
19. I have such regard for him that I will do anything for him.
20. He climbed up a tree so as to get a good view of the procession.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose suitable conjunction and complete the following sentences.
1. It looks _____ it might rain. [as if, if]
2. _____she is poor, she is always neatly dressed. [Since, Though]
3. He is not ______ clever as his brother. [so, so that]
4. He must be punished ______ he is guilty. [because, because of]
5. A fool ____his money are soon parted. [and, as well as]
6. He was not punished ___he was guilty. [as though, though]
7. He worked hard ______ he might pass the examination.[that, than]
8. I waited for him _____the clock struck seven. [unless, until]
9. You will not get the prize ______ you deserve it.[if, unless]
10. It has been a year ______ I saw him. [as, since]
11. Hardly had he reached the platform ______the train arrived. [then, when]
12. No sooner did he see the tiger ______ he fainted. [than, then]
13. The book_____ is on the table is about beauty of Nepal. [where, which,
who]
14. The city____ we can see many temples is Kathmandu. [which, where, what]
15. The time____ I usually get up is 4:30 a. m. [what, which, when]
16. _____ I want to know is about her success. [ What, Who, Whom]
17. You will be punished for____ you have done.[what, when , while]
18. I went to library_____ read some story books.[because, for , to]
19. My friend was lazy,_____ he failed the exams.[ however, despite, therefore]
20. I never play volleyball____ my left hand is weak.[but , although, since]

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2ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose suitable conjunction and complete the following sentences.
1. She was afraid ——— she had seen the accident. [because, so]
2. I worked hard ——— I might win the first prize. [for, so that]
3. She spoke in such a low voice ——- few could hear her.[for, that]
4. She was ——– weak that she could hardly stand. [too, so]
5. That is Peter, ——– I am mistaken. [if, unless]
6. We will have plenty to eat ——- that no uninvited guests turn up. [unless,
provided]
7. I will forgive you ——– you don’t repeat the offence. [on condition that, as
if]
8. They were disappointed ——- you weren’t in.[that, such that]
9. There will be no trouble ———- you keep your mouth shut.[whether, as long
as]
10. ——– were his words and gestures that the listeners were hypnotized. [So,
Such]
11. She was not only a farmer_____ an electrician. [but also, as well as , along
with]
12. He eats egg, _____he never eats meat. [ but, however, therefore]
13. I went to market_____ buy a grammar book.[ for, to , because of]
14. ______ he was late, he missed his school bus.[ Before, As, Until]
15. Ravi often goes to river_____ fetch water.[ so that, in order to, because]
16. They are happy_____ they go.[where, wherever, which]
17. We go to bank_____ deposit our money.[in order to, for, because of]
18. The school was closed____ severe cold.[ because of, in spite of, in order to]
19. Our flight was cancelled____ poor visibility.[in spite of, because , because
of]
20. God helps those_____ help other people.[which, what, who]

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3ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose suitable conjunction and complete the following sentences.
1. ____he is rich, he walks bare feet. [Though, Because]
2. He failed the exam ____ his laziness. [because, because of]
3. I cannot attend the meeting today _____ I am sick now. [because, because of]
4. You have only two options: do ___die. [and, or]
5. He can dance ___ he cannot sing. [and, but]
6. She is very active ____ she is old. [although, despite]
7. I love travelling ____ dancing. [as well as, also]
8. ____ I knew the answer, I would tell you. [If, Unless]
9. She goes to market ___she can buy vegetables. [so that, and]
10. He is ____intelligent ____ honest. [so... that, neither-or]
11. I couldn’t attend class____ my brother’s wedding.[ because of, therefore, in
spite of]
12. _____bad weather, they climbed the mountain.[ Because, Because of , In
spite of]
13. The boy____ I like very much is good at football. [ whom, whose, what]
14. I met him yesterday,____ he didn’t say anything to me.[ though, therefore,
however]
15. Yesterday, I met the man ____was singing a song. [who, whose, whom]
16. She got up early____ she could go to temple.[so, however, so that]
17. He lost his way____ his weak eyesight. [so that, however, due to]
18. She is happy_____ she has lost her money bag.[ however, though, even]
19. _____her cleverness, she couldn’t present smartly. [Despite, In order to,
Because of]

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20. My brother tried hard,______ he couldn’t finish the task in time.[ though,
however, so]
21. The girl____ hair is curly is running a restaurant. [who, whose, whom]
22. I was born in Pokhara____ is a very beautiful city. [which, where, who]
23. ______ you do not apologize, I shall punish you. [If, Unless]

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with until, when, as soon as, as long as, while, before.
1. We will not leave the hotel_____ you are ready to go, too.
2. I´ll write to you____ I get to Kathmandu next Friday evening.
3. Don´t start moving. You must wait ____ the light changes to green.
4. They will stay in Kathmandu ___ the war lasts.
5. We will wait here ____you telephone this afternoon.
6. You can stay here ____we go to the movie this evening.
7. You will know him ___you see him at the meeting tomorrow.
8. We’ll come to see you next week ___you leave on your vacation.
9. The doctor will arrive within a few minutes. Please, wait here ____he
arrives.
10. I´ll believe it _____ I see it.

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Join these short sentences together using the conjunction ‘and’ or ‘but’.
1. I wanted to buy chocolate. The store did not have any.
2. Janak swims really well. His diving is impressive too.

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3. I bought an enormous cake. Mohan and I shared it.
4. John has a brother. He does not have a sister.
5. We went to the toy shop. The shop was closed.
6. Mr. Sharma sat on his armchair. He fell fast asleep.
7. I read a story book. I read a poem.
8. He likes apples. He does not like lemon.
9. My father is a teacher. His father is a mason.
10. I play football. I play chess.

Vocabulary in Use

Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive adjectives.
1. I walk to _____chair.
2. John walks to _____desk.
3. You walk to _____school every morning.
4. Rabina goes to _____office every day.
5. They went back to _____seats and began to write.
6. The teacher writes with _____pen.
7. We moved to _____new house last month.
8. They take _____children to the park on Sunday.
9. The dog wags ______ tail.
10. My brother drives ______ car every day.

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GE T STARTED 15

STORY WRITING Chapter

According to Abrams, “A short story is a brief work of prose fiction, and most of
the terms for analyzing the component elements, the types and the various narrative
techniques of the novel are applicable to the short stories as well.”

Remember a good story has a beginning, a problem, a solution to the problem,
and an ending. Follow these tips to write a story:
 Decide who the characters are.
 Who is going to be in the story?
 What sort of characters are they?
 Where and when your story is going to take place. This is called the setting.
 What is going to happen in your story?
 What is the main event?
 What type of story is it?
 A summary of what happens in the story.
 The events in the story which is known as the plot.
 How it all ends and how the problem is solved.
 What type of ending? Happy or sad?

Read the following sample story.

The Goose That Laid Golden Eggs

There was once a very poor farmer and his wife. He lived in
an old broken house. He had one goose. It did not lay eggs
for some time. The farmer was worried about the goose. He
was planning to sell it. With that thought he went to sleep.

The next morning, the poor couple woke up to a glittering

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dawn. It was so bright that they had to cover their eyes. But it was not the sunlight
shining. They could hardly believe what they saw; it was a gigantic, glorious,
golden egg! ‘You clever girl! Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha! We will be rich! Rich beyond our
dreams!, said the poor man to his wife.

So off he went to market pushing the egg in an old wheel barrow and back he
came with a barrowful of meat to cook, chicken fed for his goose and a huge bag
of coins. Every day, the same thing happened and they continued their money and
wished more and more. Soon the farmer and his wife became very rich but as they
grew rich, they grew greedier and still they wanted more. And then the farmer had
an idea.

The farmer said to his wife, “Our goose has all those golden eggs inside her, why
not to get them all at once?” he grabbed the goose and killed her instantly. To his
surprise there were no eggs inside her. “Why did I kill her,” the man cried. Now he
realized that there will be no more golden eggs.

Moral: Greed ruins us.

The Rabbit and the Tortoise

Once upon a time there lived a rabbit and a tortoise in a
forest. They were good friend for many years. They used
to meet and play together every day. The rabbit always
boasted that he could run faster than the tortoise.

Quite raged with the rabbit, the tortoise planned to take
part in the race. They chose a starting and finishing point
of the race. The rabbit ran really fast and soon left the tortoise far behind. He
thought that the tortoise is too slow and he can rest for a while.

So the rabbit stopped under a tree nearby and decided to sleep for some time.
Meanwhile, the tortoise kept walking the whole time and reached the wining point.
When the rabbit woke up, he saw that the tortoise had already won the race.

Moral: Slow and steady wins the race.

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The Greedy Dog

Once there lived a dog. He always wandered in search of
food. One day the dog was very hungry. He searched the
food everywhere and at last found a bone. He picked the
bone with his mouth and started going back to his home.
There was a bridge on the way to his home.

When he started crossing it, he saw his own reflection in
the water. He wanted to get that other bone too as he was very hungry thinking that
two bones could satisfy his hunger.

Therefore, he started barking at his own reflection. His bone fell in water as soon
as he opened his mouth. The greedy dog lost his bone this way.

Moral: Do not be greedy.

ASSESS YOURSELF

1. Read the following story and give a suitable title and moral for the story.

___________________________________________

Once there was a young man who called himself Icarus. His father always wanted
his children to look after themselves and do what they wanted. The trouble was
that Icarus always wanted to put himself into danger. His father said again and
again, if we don’t take care, we’d hurt ourselves.

Icarus shocked his father with an idea that he was going to try out on himself. He
had watched birds flying throwing themselves into the air. His sister she would like
to push herself into the air and fly but she was too frightened. Icarus said he would
try and he promised his father: I will not injure myself. The last words his father
said before Icarus left were: look after yourself.

Unfortunately, Icarus went too near the sun and the wax on his wings melted and
the feathers worked themselves free and he fell on the ground and died.

Moral: _____________________________.

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2. Rearrange the paragraphs to make a complete story.

The Wily Lion

However, presently compelled him to do something; and as the use of force did
not promise success he determined to resort to lie going up to the bull in friendly
way.

A lion watched a fat bull feeding in a meadow and his mouth watered when he
thought of the royal make but he did not dare to attack him for he was afraid of his
sharp horns.

The bull was foolish enough to be persuaded by this flattery to have his horns cut
off; and having now lost his only means of defense fell an easy prey to the lion.

He said to him, “I cannot help saying how much I admire your magnificent figure,
what a fine head! What powerful shoulders and thighs! But my dear friend, what
in the world makes you wear those ugly horns! You must find them as awkward as
they are unsightly. Believe me; you would do much better without them.

Moral: Don’t trust anyone without reason.

3. Read the following story and give a suitable title and moral for the
story.

___________________________________________

Once, a small bee was searching nectar on its way. It fell in a tank and tried its
way to come out but it failed in a couple of times. A generous dove came to see
that miserable condition of the bee. The dove felt pity on the little bee who was
struggling hard to save its life.

The dove flew on the tree and picked up a large leaf with its beak and dropped into
the water. The bee was able to climb on the tree leaf and the dove took the leaf out
of water. Ultimately, the bee was saved. The bee thanked the dove for help and the
dove flew away.

A couple of days later, the bee saw a hunter aiming at shooting the dove in order
to kill it. The bee thought that it was the best time to repay the debt and instantly
went to the hunter. It bit the hunter before he fired his gun. The hunter cried in pain.
Hearing the sound, the dove flew away. The little bee walked towards its home
being proud of itself for repaying the debt. The dove was also thankful to the bee
who saved its life.

Moral:

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GE T STARTED 16

PARAGRAPH WRITING Chapter

Paragraph is a group of connected sentences that is generally made up of one
main idea and a group of supporting sentences. Paragraphs are the basic unit
for building longer pieces of writing, like essays, reports, assignments, etc. A
paragraph contains three main parts:

a. A topic sentence - contains the main idea of the paragraph. It’s often but not
always the first sentence of the paragraph.

b. Supporting sentences - these sentences develop or give details about the topic
sentence. They can: expand on the main point, offer explanations, give
examples and give additional details.

c. A concluding sentence which summarizes the paragraph or may provide a link
to the next paragraph. This sentence is not always necessary in a paragraph.

Read the following sample paragraphs.

PHYSICAL EXERCISE

Physical exercise invigorates us. It maintains physical and mental balance. Students
require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class. In fact,
studies have shown that students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes
repeatedly score better on tests immediately following the recess period. Clinical
analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the ability to
focus on academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly required to allow
students the best possible chances of success in their studies. Clearly, physical
exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on
standardized tests.

HUMAN RIGHTS

Human rights are the rights that belong to an individual or group of individuals as
a consequence of being human. They refer to a wide range of values or capabilities
thought to enhance human society and declared to be universal in character, in
some sense equally claimed for all human beings. It is a common observation that
human beings everywhere demand the realization of diverse values or capabilities

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to ensure their individual and collective well-being. It also is a common study
that this demand is often painfully frustrated by social as well as natural forces,
resulting in exploitation, domination, discrimination, and other forms of
deprivation.

FOOTBALL

Football is one of the most watched sports in the world. It is a popular game
that uses a ball. Football is played by two teams. Each team tries to score points
by getting the ball over the other team’s goal line, into the end zone. They try to
pass, kick, or carry the ball across each other’s goal line to score points. Football
players use moves such as blocking and tackling to prevent their opponents
from advancing the ball. Almost all students like to play football. Many schools
have included football as their sport events. Additionally, to be a good football
player is the pleasant hobby of many students.

MUSIC

Everybody loves music. Many people feel that music makes life worth living.
We can hear music on CDs and on radio or television. Music gives us pleasure.
It can cheer us up, excite us, or calm us. Music can be happy, sad, romantic and
sleepy. Music, like language, is a uniquely human form of communication. People
listen to jazz, rock, classical, folk, country, and many other kinds of music. We
dance to music. We sing songs at school. Many of us exercise to music. We hear
music in cars and stores. Music has always been important to religious ceremonies.
Thus, music is necessary for all of us.

MY SCHOOL

I like my school because teachers are very helpful and affectionate. We talk
about different issues in our classroom. They ask us interesting questions
and we use our experiences to answer them. They give us handouts and other
reference materials. We work in groups and pairs. They encourage us to do things
on our own. We are always active in class. Education is based on practice and
relevancy to our real life. We take part in different extra and co-curricular activities.
We do a lot of project works. I am always busy doing so many things and learning
a lot of things every day. Well experienced teachers, its infrastructures and
other facilities make our school a perfect place for learning and getting education.

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