Final-5-2077-press dynamics

Vocabulary in Use
Write the sentences and complete them by choosing the best option
below.
1. Friday is my favourite day of the . . .
a. month. b. week. c. afternoon. d. year.
2. How do I get to the post office from . . .
a. everywhere? b. left? c. here? d. there?
3. I like listening to the . . .
a. cupboard. b. heater. c. radio. d. pictures.
4. I start my new job next . . .
a. monthly. b. month’s time. c. months. d. month.
5. I wish I could go on . . .
a. break. b. weekend away. c. holiday. d. travelling.
6. My exam results are . . .
a. glad. b. surprised. c. disappointing. d. pleased.
7. Nobody knows where the book . . .
a. gone. b. said. c. were. d. is.
8. The coach is waiting for . . .
a. some. b. us. c. student. d. driver.
9. The film was really . . .
a. badly. b. good. c. lonely. d. especially.
10. There’s something wrong with the . . .
a. cleaned. b. dust. c. hoovered. d. dishwasher.

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GE T STARTED 8

VERBS Chapter

Read the following text.

Child-rearing should be the
responsibility of both parents but the
roles within that partnership may
be different; they are nevertheless
equal in importance. In some
societies, it has been made easier
over the years for single parents
to raise children on their own.
However, this does not mean that the
traditional family, with both parents
providing emotional support and
role-models for their children, is not
the most satisfactory way of bringing
up children.

Child-rearing is to be ‘responsible for bringing the children up’. At its
simplest, it could mean giving the financial support necessary to provide a
home, food and clothes and making sure the child is safe and receives an
adequate education. This would be the basic definition.

People would say it is not just the father’s responsibility to provide his
children with basic needs, while his wife involves herself in the everyday
activity of bringing them up. Rather, he should share those daily duties,
spend as much time as his job allows with his children, play with them,
read to them, help directly with their education, participate very fully in
their lives and encourage them to share their aspirations.

I am in the opinion that the economic and employment situation in many
countries means that jobs are getting more, not less, stressful, requiring long
hours and perhaps long journeys to work as well. Therefore it may remain for
many a desirable ideal rather than an achievable reality.

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Do In the above given text, the coloured words are verbs. The words
you like should, may, are, has, does, is, could, would and am are
Know? auxiliary verbs. They are also called helping verbs. These verbs
are used in different tenses for making sentences. Words like
be, made, raise, mean, bringing up, provide, making sure,
receives, say, involves, share, spend, allows, play, read, help,
participate, encourage, means, work and remain are main
verbs. They perform different actions in sentences.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given text.
a. Do all sentences have main verbs?
b. Do all sentences have auxiliary verbs?
c. What is the difference between main verb and auxiliary verb?
d. How many auxiliary verbs are there in English?
e. What are the forms of the main verbs used in the description?
f. What are primary auxiliary verbs?
g. What are modal auxiliary verbs?

Quick Tip

Words that express some form of action are called verbs. Most verbs are
action words. They tell you what people, animals or things are doing.

Look at the following sentences.

My father works in a bank. works: main verb

She has got a new car. has got: auxiliary verb + main verb

We visited temple yesterday. visited: main verb

Do you like apples? Do: auxiliary verb

Is she visiting the park? Is visiting: auxiliary verb + main verb

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Instant Practice

Circle the auxiliary and underline the main verbs.
1. Pratik said that he had got a toothache.
2. Arunima said that she was very busy then.
3. She asked me to give her a cup of tea.
4. Dina said that she was going to college.
5. She would have to go the following day.
6. Elisa says that her father is a teacher.
7. The letter was torn into pieces.
8. The stranger was seen by the neighbours.
9. The stranger was questioned by the officer.
10. A new travelogue has been published.
11. The men were pacified by the chief.
12. I was allowed to use their car.
13. They were told to write a letter of apology.
14. The new car was driven by my brother.
15. His old car has already been sold.
16. The ball was caught easily by the captain.
17. Slogans were shouted by the workers.
18. The floor was swept by the servant.
19. The prizes will be given away by the officer.
20. The letter is being typed by the clerk.

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Grammar Focus: Auxiliary Verbs

Primary Auxiliary Verbs
Be Verb: is, am, are, was, were
Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal.
I am a social activist.
The sheep are grazing in the field.
She was crying when I reached there.
None of them were enjoying the show.

Quick Tip

The words is, am, are, was and were are the form of be verbs, but they
are not action words. They are the simple present tense (is, am, are)
and simple past tense (was, were) of the verb be. We use am with the
pronoun I, and is, was with the pronouns he, she and it. We use are,
were with the pronouns you, we and they.

Have Verb: has, have, had
He has got a new bike today.
We have seen that film twice.
They had invited us too.

Quick Tip

We use have and has to make sentences in present perfect tense.
Has is used with he, she, it, Ram, Riya, etc. which is singular. Have
is used with I, we, you, they and Ram and Riya which are plural
subjects. Had is the past of ‘have’ used in past perfect tense.

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Do Verbs: do, does, did
They do amazing tricks.
He does his work by himself.
I did poorly on my exam.

Quick Tip

We use do, does and did to talk about actions. We use do with the
pronouns I, you, we and they, and with plural nouns. We use does with
the pronouns he, she and it, and singular nouns. Did is the simple past
tense of do and does.

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with do, does or did.
1. Whose address _____you need?
2. My brother likes it but I _______not.
3. Whom ______you see?
4. I wake up early but he _____not.
5. What _____you take photographs with?
6. What ____Binisa look like?
7. How long _____ the program last?
8. We ____not have enough time to visit the park.
9. At what time ____ you get up?
10. He _____not go because he was tired.
11. Buna ______ the same exercise three times.
12. I ____ my exercise in one hour.
13. He ____not know you were studying.
14. We _____ not know he was outside.
15. You ____not have any solution to this problem.
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Instant Practice 107

Fill in the blanks with is, am, are, was or were.
1. The papers ____ prepared by the officers last year.
2. The work ____ done last year by the contractor.
3. A new road ____ being made by the labourers.
4. The structure ____being demolished by the workers.
5. By whom ____ the final decision taken?
6. The tower ____ built in 1903.
7. I ____ planning to buy a small apartment soon.
8. The lights ____ red but the car didn’t stop.
9. This ____my gift to you.
10. I ____ sure you will get another chance very soon.
11. Police ____ looking into the murder case.
12. There ____ a few mangoes in the basket.
13. They ____ celebrating their twenty-fifth anniversary in a grand way.
14. I ____ thinking of buying a new car.
15. If he ____ here, he would take part in the game.

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with have, has or had.
1. Bipul_____ a brother but he does not ____ a sister.
2. It _____ been announced that tomorrow will be a holiday.
3. My shoe lace _______ a knot.
4. The sheep _______ a baby lamb.
5. You ______ won the prize.
6. He ____ to return yesterday.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

7. The engineer ____ graduated from TU in 1945.
8. A decision _____ already been taken by the authorities.
9. It _____ been reported that they will cancel this visa.
10. I _____ only pleasant memories about it.
11. You don’t ______ to buy any fruits now.
12. Many days ______ passed since the incident.
13. You _____ to wait a few minutes.
14. He will _____ to wait a few minutes.
15. Paul ____ sold his house the previous year.
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
He can run very fast.
I could type 100 words a minute.
I may call you tonight.
They might play basketball.
She will invite you tomorrow.
They would live in a small house.
What shall we do for you?
I think I should help you.
You must improve your hand writing.
She ought to change her room.

Quick Tip

A model auxiliary verb is a verb used to express the mood or tensed of
another verb.

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Function of Model Verbs

Modal Functions Examples
Verb ability
I can sing a song.
can He can lift that load.
Could you help her?
could permission/ability I could climb that tree.
May I come in, sir?
may possibility/permission It may rain today.
I realized that the dog might bite us.
might past possibility I knew my teacher might find out.
I will visit the park tomorrow.
will future actions We will call you later.
Would you help us?
would request Would you mind singing songs?
What shall I do for you?
shall offers Shall we go there?
You should help me.
should suggestion Everyone should consider this seriously.
You must help the poor.
must obligation The letter must be written by now.
You ought to reach there by 10 o’clock.
ought to obligation The house ought to have proper drainage.

Instant Practice

Underline modal verbs in the following sentences.

1. Can I show you any other thing, Mrs. Smith?

2. You cannot throw rubbish here.

3. They might not have expected such a reaction.

4. Amjad might have left the message at the door.

5. The bread could have been stale.

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6. The function will not be started till the minister arrives.
7. The circular may be read aloud.
8. They may use Room Number 200.
9. I might have caught cold if I had played in the rain.
10. Would you like some sugar?
11. You may write on either side of the sheet.
12. All students should contribute to this noble cause.
13. You may need one and a half meters of cloth.
14. He will come back in an hour.
15. I wouldn’t dream of criticizing you.
16. You shall borrow an umbrella right now.
17. Can I exchange this bag with yours?
18. You ought to insure your luggage against theft.
19. We should invest money in new industries.

20. We must prevent the dog from getting out.

Grammar Focus: Main Verbs

If the verb can stand alone in a sentence, it is called the main verb.
I sing a song.
He plays a game.
He kicked the ball.
Auxiliary verbs are required to make sentences in different tenses.
I am playing the flute.
He has trimmed his hair.
We have been waiting for you.
She was singing songs then.
I had seen you at the party.

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Main verbs have five different forms. They are as follows.

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
accepts
accept accepted accepted accepting acts
act acted acted acting achieves
achieve achieved achieved achieving admires
admire admired admired admiring advises
advise advised advised advising affects
affect affected affected affecting agrees
agree agreed agreed agreeing amazes
amaze amazed amazed amazing plays
play played played playing eats
eat ate eaten eating sings
sing sang sung singing
V5
Instant Practice

Complete the following table.

V1 V2 V3 V4
dig
be
drink
drive
arise
chew
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fly
forget

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

forgive
freeze
become
begin
steal
drive
find

Grammar Focus: Subject and Main Verbs

Singular verb (V5) with singular subjects
He eats an apple.
She sings beautifully.
It has some meaning.
The river runs through this village.
Plural verb (V1) with plural subjects
We play volleyball.
They go for morning walk every day.
Rita and Sita like singing.
The teacher and the accountant always work actively.
V2, V3 and V4 with any subject
I played a game yesterday.
He has invited us.
They are waiting for the train.
I and You always takes V1
I buy a unique pen.
You like to visit new places, don’t you?

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Instant Practice

Complete the sentences below using one of these verbs.

went laughed made was left did had tried wanted cooked

1. I a really nice meal for my mum’s birthday.

2. My brother to come too, but he wasn’t allowed.

3. We all when Tina fell off her chair!

4. I think that we were for each other.

5. Kim and Gems the party.

6. He to call you but couldn’t get through.

7. I thinking of going to the coast next weekend.

8. you know that Sarita is getting married?

9. I went home after the concert finished.

10. My friends all to see the new exhibition in town.

Instant Practice

Complete the sentences below using one of these verbs.

went ate watched was came did had drank heard walked

1. I missed the bus so I home.

2. I some cereal and toast for my breakfast.

3. Last week I to London for the weekend.

4. I you talking about my friend yesterday.

5. Last night I a film about space travel.

6. I didn’t go alone. My friend with me.

7. you enjoy the concert?

8. It raining this morning so I didn’t go out.

9. I two glasses of water before going to bed.

10. I went to the shop to see if they any postcards.

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1ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with suitable auxiliary verbs.
1. Amit _____ taking his brother to the airport.
2. If he _____not arrive on time, he’ll have to take a later flight.
3. Unfortunately, our dinner ______ been eaten by the dog.
4. I _____ bought a new phone as my old one was lost.
5. We hope you ____not have an accident on your way to school.
6. She _____ baking a pie for dessert.
7. Dad _____ been working hard all day.
8. The bed _____ made as soon as I got up.
9. She _____not like being criticized.
10. ____he bring coffee?
11. Mahesh ____ got a large coffee stain on his shirt.
12. He ____ bought a new shirt that old one ____ ruined.
13. You _____ been more careful!
14. She ____ her homework every day.
15. He ____ not play football nowadays.
16. We ____ played many football games.
17. He _____ fifteen years old.
18. Prajwol _____ taking you to the museum.
19. They _____ at the party yesterday.
20. My brother _____ been singing songs since 2012.

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2ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences with is, am, are, was or were.
1. There _______ some students absent today.
2. There _______ a great deal of confusion here.
3. A tired traveller _______ walking along the road.
4. It _______ a harsh winter.
5. Our house _______ being whitewashed.
6. There _______ no entry here. It is a one–way lane.
7. There _______ some more meat in the fridge.
8. Sabin _______ a naughty boy.
9. The results _______ declared by the board in time
10. The students _______ trained by the master.
11. The thief _______ caught.
12. I _______ a good boy.
13. There _______ a lot of students absent.
14. There _______ some extra chairs in the room.
15. I _______ from Kathmandu.
16. There _______ a lot of water in the pond.
17. They _______ performing some religious rites on the banks of the river.
18. This _______ a beautiful courtyard.
19. This _______ an untold story.
20. When she _______ a child, she lived in a small town.

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3ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following table.
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5

agree
eat
do
tell
weep
work
play
sweep
travel
admire
write
sleep
keep
hit
cut
put
read
run
spend
sing

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4ASSESS YOURSELF

List out the following verbs in the related column.

see, is, land, am, arrive, are, join, was, marry, were, cross, do, stay, does, bear, did,
meet, have, leave, has, bury, had, work, can, become, may, return, will, promote,
shall, murder, could, depart, would, hit, might, put, should, sing, must, cry, worship,
collect, repair

Main Verbs Auxiliary Verbs

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline verbs in the following sentences.
1. When he felt extremely cold, he closed the window.

2. The students have done the same exercise three times.
3. She cannot buy a calculator as she has not got enough money.

4. He noticed a bonfire in the distance while he was returning from school.
5. We went closer to see what they were doing on that cold night.

6. Yaman found a few holy men sitting there.
7. He stood there and watched the sacred ceremony.

8. Kamala cleaned her cupboard and put her things there.

9. She always goes to temple and spends an hour there.
10. Alan collects old clothes for the poor.
11. A reasonable time limit has been set.
12. I’ve never heard of The Thames. Where is it?
13. The boys have done nothing today.
14. We´ve waited for them for more than two hours.

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15. She has looked after her parents very well.
16. No clerk has come. It is too early.
17. Has the election result been announced?
18. Has the servant come yet?
19. The house has got a garden.
20. My friends have got a telephone.

Vocabulary in Use

Write the sentences and complete them by choosing the best option
below.

1. A giraffe has got a long . . .

a. head. b. neck. c. arms. d. shoulder.

2. Can you pass me my folder . . .

a. thanks? b. please? c. excuse me? d. hi?

3. Her sink is blocked. She needs a . .

a. baker. b. dentist. c. plumber. d. doctor.

4. Hussein can’t play the . . .

a. lamp. b. football. c. guitarist. d. piano.

5. I washed my hair this . . .

a. later. b. never. c. morning. d. time.

6. I’m taking my sister to see a . . .

a. theatre. b. play. c. poster. d. screen.

7. In the winter we leave the heating . . .

a. under. b. in. c. on. d. near.

8. It’s her birthday on the . . .

a. fiftieth. b. day. c. eleventh. d. fourteen.

9. My boss was really . . .

a. pink. b. busy. c. entertain. d. into.

10. The concert started on . . .

a. hour. b. arrived. c. time. d. month.

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GE T STARTED 9

QUESTION TAGS Chapter

Act out the following dialogue.

Dip: Hello friend, you are Diya, aren’t you?

Diya: Yes, I am. How do you know?

Dip: We have already met before, haven’t we?

Diya: I think so. Oh yes! How forgetful person I am! You are from Shakti
School, aren’t you?

Dip: Yes, you are right. We met during Lhosar, didn’t we?

Diya: Certainly. It was quite exciting Lhosar programme, wasn’t it?

Dip: Yes, it was. Anyway, nice meeting you. Bye.

Diya: Bye. See you later.

Do In the given dialogue, the coloured words in each sentence are
you question tags.
Know?

Speaking Practice 119

Answer these questions based on the given dialogue.
a. What are question tags?
b. Why are question tags used?
c. What are tags in the given dialogue?
d. Do sentences end in full stop or question mark in tags?
e. Do you see main verbs used in tags?
f. Why are only auxiliary verbs used in tags?
g. Why is there comma instead of full stop in sentence in tags?

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Quick Tip

Tag is an addition of a short question to a statement to turn it into
question. It is added to a sentence after a comma. It always starts with
small letters and has an auxiliary verb and a pronoun. It always ends
with question mark.

Look at the following sentences.
I am a boy, aren’t I?
He is an engineer, isn’t he?
We are working now, aren’t we?

Listening Practice

Repeat these contractions after your teacher.

is not=isn’t am not= aren’t are not=aren’t

was not=wasn’t were not=weren’t have not=haven’t

has not=hasn’t had not=hadn’t do not=don’t

does not=doesn’t did not=didn’t cannot=can’t

could not=couldn’t will not=won’t would not=wouldn’t

my not=mayn’t might not=mightn’t shall not=shan’t

should not=shouldn’t must not=mustn’t ought not=oughtn’t

Grammar Focus: Formation of Question Tags

 Positive statements take negative tags and negative statements take
positive tags.

Positive statements take negative negative statements take positive

tags tags

We sing songs, don’t we? We do not sing songs, do we?

She plays the piano well, doesn’t she? She does not play the piano well, does
she?

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Kaman is a smart boy, isn’t he? Kaman is not a smart boy, is he?
He will invite us, won’t he? He will not invite us, will he?

 We use auxiliary verbs in the tags.

I am a student, aren’t I?

He is a farmer, isn’t he?

We are from Kathmandu, aren’t we?

She was from the USA, wasn’t she?

They were dancing, weren’t they?

I have got a new car, haven’t I?

He has got a new house, hasn’t he?

They had got many problems, hadn’t they?

I do it very well, don’t I?

He does his work on time, doesn’t he?

She did it properly, didn’t she?

I can sing songs, can’t I?

He could type fast, couldn’t he?

We shall help them, shan’t we?

They should obey us, shouldn’t they?

I will call you tonight, won’t I?

She would dance, wouldn’t she?

It may rain today, mayn’t it?

She might scold us, mightn’t she?

We must hurry up, mustn’t we?

You ought to write it, oughtn’t you?

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 Do, does and did is used for V1, V5 and V2 if there is no auxiliary verb in
a sentence.
I write a poem, don’t I?
He composes a song, doesn’t he?
We invited them, didn’t we?
 ‘Have’ as main verb takes do, does and did.
He has a new bike, doesn’t he?
We have a new American friend, don’t I?
I had a Toyota car, didn’t I?
 Appropriate pronouns are used according to the subjects of the tag.
Aman is coming here, isn’t he?
Rita likes singing, doesn’t she?
Aman and Rita are good students, aren’t they?
These dogs are infected, aren’t they?
Beer is a drink, isn’t it?
This is a reputed school, isn’t it?
That is my house, isn’t it?
My teachers were there too, weren’t they?
You have seen the venue, haven’t you?
We must hurry up, mustn’t we?
 Imperative sentences take ‘will you?’ in tags.
Listen to you teacher, will you?
Never be rude, will you?
Don’t hit the dog, will you?
Please help us, will you?
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Let us play here, will you?
Let her make a call, will you?
 Sentences starting with ‘let’s’ take ‘shall we?’ in tags.
Let’s have a party, shall we?
Let’s enjoy the party, shall we?

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. My waiter brought a bottle of cold water, ___________?

2. The blind dog was found near the bridge, ___________?

3. Large tigers are found in Asia, ___________?

4. I saw a fox with a long bushy tail, ___________?

5. The weather was windy but pleasant, ___________?

6. You have got a house near the wooden bridge, ___________?

7. Cats and dogs live with us, ___________?

8. Our football team wore blue shirts, ___________?

9. Do not walk on the wet floor, ___________?

10. Maya played with her plastic train, ___________?

11. The store did not have any goods, ___________?

12. He swims really well, ___________?

13. I have beautiful hand writing, ___________?

14. She does not have a sister, ___________?

15. The shop has been closed, ___________?

16. She fell fast asleep, ___________?

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17. Mark wanted an ice cream, ___________?
18. He had no money, ___________?
19. Salina ran down, ___________?
20. She hurt her toe, ___________?

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.
1. I couldn’t think of the man’s name, ___________?
2. We’re thinking about taking a holiday, ___________?
3. Last night I dreamt about something, ___________?
4. People admire the man for his courage, ___________?
5. She was annoyed with the travel agent, ___________?
6. I’m anxious for the results of the tests, ___________?
7. I’m sorry about the delay, ___________?
8. I’m nearly ready, ___________?
9. I felt sorry for Dharma, ___________?
10. He had a miserable time, ___________?
11. Tsring had to share a bedroom with Evan, ___________?
12. There were no pencils in the drawer, ___________?
13. I found my mistake in a few minutes, ___________?
14. I do my homework every night, ___________?
15. You know a lot of people, ___________?
16. There’s a lot of fruit in the basket, ___________?
17. That man isn´t a teacher, ___________?
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18. This boy isn´t a new student, ___________?
19. She spoke to me about it, ___________?
20. I want no more, ___________?

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. They used to repair cars in those days, ___________?

2. Let’s do some other thing tonight, ___________?

3. I didn’t tell any other person about it, ___________?

4. She has no other friends, ___________?

5. The other boys laughed at him, ___________?

6. I like the other music better, ___________?

7. There wasn’t any space in the cupboard, ___________?

8. That boy´s my brother, ___________?

9. The books are on the table, ___________?

10. The children are tired, ___________?

11. The students will be in the lab this afternoon, ___________?

12. They will be here at ten-thirty, ___________?

13. They watch TV after dinner, ___________?

14. You go to the movies every Saturdays, ___________?

15. Let me go now, ___________?

16. Let her sing songs, ___________?

17. Let’s watch TV, ___________?

18. Let’s help them, ___________?

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19. Don’t shout at us, ___________?
20. Pay attention to your teacher, ___________?

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. They came here by taxi, ___________?

2. The boy wanted to play, ___________?

3. You will come here tomorrow morning, ___________?

4. You call me up after 9 o´clock, ___________?

5. You have another cup of coffee, ___________?

6. The train will arrive soon, ___________?

7. John will accept the offer, ___________?

8. They´ll get married in May, ___________?

9. Mary has to come with him, ___________?

10. They have to write many letters, ___________?

11. It may be sunny today, ___________?

12. They might be defeated, ___________?

13. You shall follow these rules, ___________?

14. Labia should play well, ___________?

15. We could drive fast, ___________?

16. She would go there quite often, ___________?

17. We were at the party yesterday, ___________?

18. He had been waiting for the bus, ___________?

19. I do not know about it, ___________?

20. He has not done his work, ___________?

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Vocabulary in Use

Write the sentences and complete them by choosing the best option
below.

1. Do you like crossword . . .

a. please? b. puzzles? c. game? d. written?

2. Do you mind if I have a . . .

a. washing? b. watch TV? c. show? d. shower?

3. My car won’t . . .

a. drive. b. start. c. gone. d. broken.

4. My mother lives in . . .

a. a field. b. Kapan c. wherever. d. road.

5. The only one who knows me is..

a. Manu Thapa. b. cat. c. the computer. d. everybody.

6. They are just good . . .

a. of you. b. sense. c. friends. d. advice.

7. We are saving up to get . . .

a. buying. b. shopping. c. married. d. expensive.

8. We aren’t going to make . . .

a. us. b. it. c. in. d. if.

9. We live in a semi-detached . .

a. bank. b. garden. c. estate. d. house.

10. What’s your sister’s . . .

a. neighbour? b. friends? c. name? d. aged?

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GE T STARTED 10

TENSE Chapter

Read the following texts.

Oh, my goodness! How did I lose my expensive watch? It was such a priceless gift.
Awaiting for so long I finally got it as a birthday gift. How could I be so careless?
I’m sure I took it to class today. I distinctly remember wearing it before breakfast.
It must have got lost in school. Maybe it was lost during basketball practice. I had
taken it off so it wouldn’t break. It was the only sports watch of its kind in the
whole class, my beautiful blue watch!

My parents are great. They are very fair and they always discuss things with me.
Dad worries about his little girls but Mum likes to give us enough freedom to learn
from our mistakes. The only rule is that I must tell them where I’m going and who
I am with. I think my parents have got it right: they have deep interest in us but
they don’t want to control us. They have been providing us with all our basic and
additional needs since our childhood.

On Saturday, Mr. Gurung is going to meet his friend in the morning. He will stay
there for two hours. He will talk to him about his new business. After that, he
will meet her secretary at 10:30. They will type some letters. He will sign letters
at 11:00. He will take his lunch in Green Day Restaurant. In the evening, he will
attend a party. He will be singing and dancing, too. He will have met many friends
there. He will have returned Kathmandu by Sunday.

Do The given texts represent past, present and future tenses.
you
Know?

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given texts.
a. What are different tenses in English?
b. Which tense is used in the first text?
c. Which tense is used in the second text?
d. Which tense is used in the third text?

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e. Which one of the given texts tells us about today and present?
f. Which one of the given texts tells us about yesterday and past?
g. Which one of the given texts tells us about tomorrow and future?

Quick Tip

Tenses are any of the forms of a verb that is used to show time of the
action or state expressed by the verb. Tense is divided into three types
namely present, past and future. Each of them is further divided into
simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous aspects.

Listening Practice

Repeat these structures and sentences after your teacher.

TENSES STRUCTURES EXAMPLES

Simple Present Sub + V1/V5 + obj She eats an apple.

Present Sub + is/am/are + V4 + obj She is eating an apple.

Continuous

Present Perfect Sub + has/have + V3 + obj She has eaten an apple.

Present Perfect Sub + has/have + been +V4 + She has been eating an

Continuous obj apple.

Simple Past Sub + V2 + obj She ate an apple.

Past Continuous Sub + was/were + V4 + obj She was eating an apple.

Past Perfect Sub + had + V3 + obj She had eaten an apple.

Past Perfect Sub + had + been + V4 + obj She had been eating an

Continuous apple.

Simple Future Sub + will/shall +V1 + obj She will eat an apple.

Future Continuous Sub + will/shall +be + V4 + She will be eating an

obj apple.

Future Perfect Sub + will/shall +have + V3 She will have eaten an

+ obj apple.

Future Perfect Sub + will/shall +have + been She will have been eating

Continuous + V4 + obj an apple.

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Grammar Focus: Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense is the tense that explains about our everyday activities. It
describes facts, habits and regular actions. Look at the following table:

It rains a lot in winter. facts THE SIMPLE always I always brush my teeth.
He eats an apple every day. habits usually She usually drinks
routines Used PRESENT Adverbs of
I go to school every day. scheduled for frequency often a glass of milk.
The bus leaves actions
at eight o’clock. We often play football.
with state
I am a student. verbs TENSE sometimes My parents sometimes
I love you. never go to the cinema.

I understand. I never eat meat.

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.

Afirmative Negative Interrogative
I work. I do not work. Do I work?
We work. We do not work. Do we work?
You work. You do not work. Do you work?
He works. He does not work. Does he work?
She works. She does not work. Does she work?
It works. It does not work. Does it work?
They work. They do not work. Do they work?

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences using the correct form of verbs in simple
present tense.

1. I often______ out in the evening. [go]

2. We always _____ him on the way to school. [meet]

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3. You_____ my best friend, aren’t you? [be] 131
4. She_____ beautifully. [sing]
5. It _____some meaning. [have]
6. They_____ us every Saturday. [visit]
7. The cat_____ fish. [love]
8. My mother_____ red sari. [wear]
9. His sister_____ fast. [type]
10. Tony _____to us quite often. [write]
11. Sarita_____ her clothes herself. [wash]
12. Dina and Hem _____ smart in new uniform. [look]
13. We always _____our seniors. [respect]
14. The teacher_____ us English. [teach]
15. The sun_____ bright. [shine]
16. Water _____down. [flow]
17. I never _____at night. [work]
18. They sometimes _____their house. [clean]
19. Do you _____cricket? [play]
20. Does she_____ here? [work]

Instant Practice

Complete the sentences below using a present simple verb.
1. I_________ a shower at 7:30 am.
2. I _________breakfast at 7:45 am.
3. I_________ the newspaper at 8:00 am.
4. I_________ a bus to work at 8:30 am.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

5. I _________work at 9:00 am.

6. I _________ a coffee break at 10:30 am.

7. I _________ lunch at 1:00 pm.

8. I _________ to my friend on the phone at 2:30 pm.

9. I _________ an email at 2:40 pm.

10. I _________ home at 5:00 pm.

11. I _________ dinner at 6:00 pm.

12. I _________ the dishes at 6:30 pm.

13. I _________ football at 7:00 pm.

14. I _________ TV at 8:30 pm.

15. I _________ my guitar at 9:00 pm.

16. I _________ a book at 10:00 pm.

17. I _________ to the radio at 10:40 pm.

18. I _________ to bed at 11:10 pm.

19. I _________ to sleep at about 11:20 pm.

20. I _________ up at 7:05 am.

Instant Practice

Complete the following verb tables using present simple tense.

be verb go verb
I am busy now. I
We We
You You
He He
She She
It It
They They go to office on time.

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do verb have verb
I I
We We
You You
He He
She does her work properly. She
It It has a garden.
They They

Grammar Focus: Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense is used to talk about the actions happening at the time of
speaking. It talks about the recent time. Look at the following table:

Present now, still, at I am reading now.
Continuous present, at They are still playing.
the moment, He is reading at present.
Tense at this time,
this morning, What are you doing at this moment?
afternoon, I think she is singing at this time.
evening, next We are going to party this evening.
day, week
month, year,

soon

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.

Afirmative Negative Interrogative
I am working. I am not working. Am I working?
We are working. We are not working. Are we worrking?
You are working. You are not working. Are you working?
He is working. He is not working. Is he working?
She is working. She is not working. Is she working?
It is working. It is not working. Is it working?
They are working. They are not working. Are they working?

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Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into present continuous tense.
1. He plays the flute well.
2. She teaches us stories.
3. It works well.
4. They go to Kathmandu.
5. You sing classical songs.
6. I live in Canada.
7. We cut trees.
8. Ganesh scolds us.
9. Gita sings folk songs.
10. Hira and Hem wear spectacles.

Instant Practice

Look at the following pictures and say what they are doing.

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Instant Practice

Look at the following pictures and write 5 sentences to each using present
continuous tense.

I II III

First Picture Second Picture
1. _________________________ 1. _________________________
2. _________________________ 2. _________________________
3. _________________________ 3. _________________________
4. _________________________ 4. _________________________
5. _________________________ 5. _________________________
Third Picture
1. _________________________ 2. _________________________
3. _________________________ 4. _________________________
5. _________________________

Instant Practice

Complete these sentences with the present continuous tense.
1. I _____ well today. [not feel]
2. We _____ in a flat. [live]
3. You _____an essay. [write]
4. She_____ the wall. [paint]

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5. It_____ heavily outside. [rain]

6. They _____rest. [take]

7. The man_____ here. [come]

8. My sister_____ computer these days. [learn]
9. The children_____ in the garden. [play]
10. Biplab _____ to his mother right now. [speak]

Grammar Focus: Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense is used to refer to a completed action that has connection
with the present or that has a result in the present. Look at the following table:

Present already I have already finished it.
Perfect recently He has recently visited us.
Tense always She has always invited us.

ever Have you ever tasted this food?
lately I have not seen her yet.
not+yet He has written us lately.
just I have worked here since May.
since

for

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.

Afirmative Negative Interrogative
I have worked. I have not worked. Have I worked?
We have worked. We have not worked. Have we worked?
You have worked. You have not worked. Have you worked?
He has worked. He has not worked. Has he worked?
She has worked. She has not worked. Has she worked?
It has worked. It has not worked. Has it worked?
They have worked. They have not worked. Have they worked?

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Instant Practice

Complete these sentences with the present perfect tense.
1. He [has, have] fallen off bicycle.
2. He [has, have] just gone out.
3. It [has, have] not rained since October.
4. It [has rained, have rained] heavily.
5. It [has struck, have struck] ten.
6. I [have written, has written] an essay.
7. I [have, has] finished my work.
8. She [has written, have written] a poem.
9. She [has sung, have sung] a song.
10. She [has planted, have planted] the beans.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences using the present perfect continuous tense.
1. Tom _________here for several months. [live]
2. They ________ in the office for several hours. [work]
3. That man _________ there for about 2 hours. [sit]
4. The cadets ________ at attention for about 15 minutes. [stand]
5. I _______ for the bus for more than 10 minutes. [wait]
6. Jack and Mary ________ in the park for nearly an hour. [run]
7. The commander _______ the report all evening. [read]
8. Miss Black ________ her new novel since April. [write]
9. The officers ________in the gym for about 45 minutes. [work out]
10. The generals ______the situation all morning. [discuss]

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Grammar Focus: Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense refers to the past, completed actions. It is an action occurred at a
specific time in the past. Look at the following table.

Simple yesterday I visited a park yesterday.
Past ago His father died a year ago.
Tense She called me last week.
last week
month, year My sister married last year.
in+past time He cried when I pushed him.
They built the house in three months.
when The principal came as soon as I reached school.
as soon as He did not come until we were there.

until

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.

Afirmative Negative Interrogative
I worked. I did not work. Did I work?
We worked. We did not work. Did we work?
You worked. You did not work. Did you work?
He worked. He did not work. Did he work?
She worked. She did not work. Did she work?
It worked. It did not work. Did it work?
They worked. They did not work. Did they work?

Instant Practice

Change these sentences into simple past tense.

1. There´s a lot of work in the office today.

2. There are two books missing from the shelf.

3. How much milk is there in the fridge?

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4. There aren´t many hotels in this town.
5. Is there enough money for the trip?
6. How many people are there on board?
7. There isn´t much time to talk.
8. There are very few people in the pub.
9. Are there many errors in the bill?
10. There´s very little whisky left.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences using the simple past tense.
1. The shop ______ last week. [open]
2. I _____ some gloves yesterday. [buy]
3. The earthquake _______ in 1905. [occur]
4. I ____ badly the whole day. [sleep]
5. When did the first Winter Olympics ____ place? [take]
6. Once upon a time a Princess ____ into a wood and ____down by a stream. [go,
sit]
7. I ______some stories yesterday. [read]
8. I ____ to a shop yesterday. It___ really good. I ___ some gloves. [go, be,
buy]
9. I didn’t ___ any breakfast. [eat]
10. My sister ____ this photo. [take]
11. I ____ that film two days ago. [see]
12. The children always___ in the garden. [play]
13. I ___ younger then. The Romans ____ a huge Empire. [be, have]

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14. We ____at a hotel for several weeks. [stay]
15. We _____ go to Mustang quite often. [use to]
16. The children ____ always play in the garden. [will]

Grammar Focus: Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense is used to describe an action that was in progress at a
particular time in the past. Look at the following table.

Past all day I was sleeping all day yesterday.
Continuous yesterday,all
He was reading all last night.
Tense last night,
She was visiting us on Sunday.
Sunday,
week, We were attending meeting at
this time yesterday.
month, year,
at this time What were you doing at this
moment yesterday?
yesterday, at
this moment,

yesterday

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.

Afirmative Negative Interrogative
I was working. I was not working. Was I working?
We were working. We were not working. Were we worrking?
You were working. You were not working. Were you working?
He was working. He was not working. Was he working?
She was working. She was not working. Was she working?
It was working. It was not working. Was it working?
They were working. They were not working. Were they working?

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Instant Practice 141

Change these sentences into past continuous tense.
1. I am singing now.
2. We are playing a game.
3. She is writing an essay.
4. He is learning to type.
5. You are painting the wall.
6. They are playing football.
7. It is raining now.
8. The ball is rolling onto the ground.
9. The sheep are grazing in the field.
10. The painters are painting the wall.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences using the past continuous tense.
1. Her books ____ about on the floor. [lay]
2. He ____ to music and had an abstracted expression. [listen]
3. I _____to home when you called me. [go]
4. I _____ right next to her.[stand]
5. It _____ with rain so I accepted his offer of a lift. [pour]
6. Everywhere people _____ about their daily business.[go]
7. People ____ about in the road. [stand]
8. They ____ their lips at the thought of clinching the deal. [lick]
9. We ____ to capsize the boat. [go]
10. They____ there with increased curiosity. [stand]
11. We ____ above the clouds. [fly]
12. They ____ against the current. [row]

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Grammar Focus: Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense is used before an action that was finished before a certain action
in the past. It is used in the first action of two past actions. Look at the following
table.

I had written a letter.

Past We had played football.
Perfect He had typed a letter.
Tense The patient had died before the doctor came.

They had attended the party.

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.

Afirmative Negative Interrogative
I had worked. I had not worked. Had I worked?
We had worked. We had not worked. Had we worked?
You had worked. You had not worked. Had you worked?
He had worked. He had not worked. Had he worked?
She had worked. She has not worked. Had she worked?
It had worked. It had not worked. Had it worked?
They had worked. They had not worked. Had they worked?

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into past perfect tense.
1. I have seen you.
2. I have played the flute.
3. They have gone out.
4. Riya has bought a bike.
5. It rained last week.
6. She won the tournament.
7. I sang a song.

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8. He invited us.
9. She married in February.
10. They missed the train.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences using the past perfect tense.

1. They _____ him many times. [abuse]

2. He _____ himself from the office for the day. [absent]

3. He ____ something wrong. [do]

4. Our plans _____ badly adrift. [go]

5. She _____ herself by the cold. [suffer]

6. The boy _____ sexually ____ her. [abuse]

7. They _____ three people. [already fire]

8. They ____ a verbal agreement to sell the school property. [make]

9. The visitors ____ late. [arrive]

10. I ____ these skis for years. [have]

Grammar Focus: Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense is action that will take place in near future. It is time after the
time of speaking. Look at the following table.

Simple soon, I will be there soon.
Future tomorrow, He will come here tomorrow.
Tense She will give us party tonight.
tonight,
shortly, next I will come there shortly.
They will come next week.
time, day, The class will start in a few minutes
week, month,

year, in a
few minutes,
days, week,

months,
years

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Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.

Afirmative Negative Interrogative
I will work. I will not work. Will I work?
We will work. We will not work. Will we work?
You will work. You will not work. Will you work?
He will work. He will not work. Will he work?
She will work. She will not work. Will she work?
It will work. It will not work. Will it work?
They will work. They will not work. Will they work?

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into simple future tense.
1. I sing songs.
2. He plays the flute.
3. She writes an essay.
4. He composes a song.
5. They invite us.
6. We read a story.
7. The manager scolds us.
8. I go to school.
9. Oman visits temple.
10. They are at home.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences with the simple future tense.

1. I ____to Biratnagar tomorrow. [go]

2. She ____this letter tonight. [type]

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3. We ____you later. [call]
4. You ____ to me next day. [write]
5. He _____us next Saturday [meet]
6. She ____us with her finger. [point]
7. She _____ to school tomorrow. [not go]
8. They ____ a poem. [write]
9. We ____next week. [arrive]
10. She ____me next month. [phone]

Grammar Focus: Future Continuous Tense

 Future continuous tense is used with an action that will be going on in
future time.
I will be coming there in May.
We will be visiting the park tomorrow.
 At this time tomorrow, at this moment tomorrow+ future time.
I will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.
He will be playing at this moment tomorrow.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences using the future continuous tense.
1. At 10 o´clock tomorrow morning, I ______ here. (work)
2. At this time next month, we ______ in the USA. (travel)
3. I ______ to work at this time tomorrow morning. (drive)
4. We ______ some friends at 9 this evening (entertain)
5. Mr. Sabin and his friends ______Kathmandu next weekend. (visit)
6. Janak ______ the shopping at midday today. (do)

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7. We______ soccer at this time next Saturday. (play)
8. The students ______ in the gym after 7 this evening. (work out)
9. I ______ television when you come home tonight. (watch)
10. What ______ you ______ at this time tomorrow? (do)

Grammar Focus: Future Perfect Tense

• Future perfect tense is used with an action that will have happened in
future time.
I will have finished my work by Sunday.
They will have arrived in Kathmandu in May.
Our class will have finished by Friday.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences using the verbs provided in the future
perfect tense.
1. When you arrive at midday tomorrow, the coach ______ already. (leave)
2. By the end of March, the weather___ considerably. (change)
3. If you come at noon tomorrow, we_____ the work. (finish)
4. If he gets here at 6 o´clock, they____ home. (go)
5. If he doesn´t hurry, they____ dinner when he gets there. (have)
6. By December, the students____ their first course. (complete)
7. I______ in this country two years next October. (be)
8. By tomorrow, I______ all these grammar rules. (forget)
9. When he becomes a man, he______ many things. (learn)
10. By this time next month, you_____ from your illness. (recover)
11. They______ the most important places of interest by tomorrow. (visit)
12. By two o´clock, they ______ and ______. (come - go)
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1ASSESS YOURSELF

Use the proper verb tense of the verbs provided to complete the following
sentences.
1. Listen! Mary ______ the piano now. [play]
2. We ______ our vacation in Mustang next year. [spend]
3. At 10:30 last night, we ______ television. [watch]
4. John usually ______ here on Tuesday. [come]
5. Mr. Hom ______ a very good movie last night. [see]
6. They ______ not ______ English very often. [practise]
7. What ______ you ______ at this time yesterday? [do]
8. They ______ not ______ the story at the moment. [read]
9. What ______ the Duras ______ last Saturday? [do]
10. What______ Mira ______ at this time tomorrow? [do]
11. ______ not you ______ the newspaper this morning? [buy]
12. Juna ______ not ______ to see me every day. [come]
13. ______ you always ______ home at midday? [phone]
14. Where ______ they ______ when World War II started? [live]
15. How often ______ your friend ______to you? [write]
16. What time ______ you ______ this morning? [get up]
17. What time ______ you ______here tomorrow? [be]
18. They ______not ______ out tonight because it´s too cold. [go]
19. When ______the Johnsons______, today or tomorrow? [arrive]
20. Walter never ______ in bed, as a rule. [smoke]

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2ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into past tense.
1. He says he will be here at noon.
2. He believes he can do it.
3. The weather man predicts it will rain.
4. He says he has to work hard every day.
5. I know where she lives.
6. Bire wants to know how many people there are.
7. I think I can meet you.
8. He hopes he can be there early.
9. I think it may rain this evening.
10. He wants to know where she is.
11. He says he is very sorry.
12. The young man tells us he is married.
13. I think it will be very hot this afternoon.
14. I think he will be there by ten o´clock.
15. The boy says he has seen the movie.
16. The girl says she is studying for a test.
17. I think Mr. Jitu may be in his office.
18. I think there´ll be a lot of work to do.
19. I don´t know where Binita is.
20. I don´t think Binod will like the new job.

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3ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences using correct tenses.

1. I ______ very well last night. [sleep]

2. I ______ soundly when you ______ last night. [sleep/arrive]

3. They ______ to the office when I ______them this morning. [go/see]

4. Pratik ______ his wife Lina when he ______ in Kathmandu. [meet/live]

5. We ______ golf when it ______ to rain yesterday. [play / begin]

6. Bill ______ not ____ in the office when the boss ____ into the room. [work/
walk]

7. When Kris______ us last night, we ______ for dinner. [call on/go]

8. Rita ______ the accident while she ______ home. [have/drive]

9. What ______ you ______ last Saturday afternoon? [do]

10. What ______ you ______ at this time yesterday? [do]

11. He ______ in New York when he ______ chairman of the company. [work/
become]

12. He ______ the newspaper while he ______ on the bus to work. [read/ride]

13. Janet ______ tea very often. [not drink]

14. What time do banks ______in Kathmandu? [close]

15. A: Where ______from? [Martin come] B: He’s Dutch.

16. A: What______? [you do] B: I’m an electrical engineer.

17. It ______me an hour to get to work. [take] How long ____ to you? [it take]

18. I ______the piano [play] but I ______ it very well [not play].

19. I don’t understand this sentence. What _____ [this word mean]?

20. I always ____early in the morning. [wake up]

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into the future tense.
1. There is a lot of free time in the evening.
2. There are some women at the meeting.
3. There isn´t any food left in the fridge.
4. How many people are there at the reception?
5. How much money is there in the box?
6. Is there any more work?
7. Are there more than ten students in your class?
8. They play basketball.
9. We write an essay.
10. We eat Chinese food.
11. She forgets my name.
12. These boys go out.
13. I watch television.
14. He is free now.
15. I phoned to Ram.
16. He sweeps his room.
17. I call her.
18. We visit the zoo.
19. Mina writes a story.
20. Kamal enjoys the fast food.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5