Final-5-2077-press dynamics

Listening Practice

Repeat after your teacher.

A AN THE NO ARTICLE

a book an onion the moon some water

a cap an igloo the sun some money

a bag an elf the bible five liter milk

a student an ice pad the flute two spoonful salt

a chair an angry man the first last Saturday

a cat an inkstand the Himalayan Times black hair

a mouse an inkpot the sky white colour

Grammar Focus: Indefinite Article: A/An

 A/AN is used before singular countable nouns. It gives general
information about a noun.

I have bought a pencil today.

He is a boy.

She is a girl.

He is a teacher.

He eats an egg every day.

He gave me an orange.

My father bought me an umbrella.

 A/AN is used before consonant and vowel sound not the letter.
Give me a unique pen.
My brother is in a unified team.
Have you seen a ewe?

51

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

They have formed a union.
Mr. Regmi is an honourable person.
I spent an hour there in the meeting.
Son is an heir of father.

Look at the following table.

Vowel Vowel Sounds Consonant Sounds

A an apple, an applicant, an application,

an astronaut, an airplane, an aimless

person, an ant, an ATM machine

E an elephant, an emperor, an engine, an a ewe, a euro, a European, a

enemy, an exercise, an entrepreneur, Eurasian

an elf, an eagle

I an ink pot, an intelligent person, an

interview, an inn, an illusion, an

inkstand, an idea

O an onion, an orange, an open space, an a one rupee note, a one eyed

obedient student, an owl, an omelet, man, a one legged man, a one

an old man, an original document handed girl, a one way ticket

U an umpire, an ugly person, an auniquepen,auniversity student,

unhappy boy, an unseen passage, an a uniform, a user manual, a

unimportant person, an unnecessary useful room, a unanimous plan

talk

 Some letters like ‘H’ takes both ‘a’ and ‘an’.

H is not silent H is silent

a habitat an heir

a haft an heiress

a hairbrush an heirloom

a hairdresser an honest broker

a hairdryer an honour

a half hourly bus an honourable person

a hamstring injury an hour

52
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Instant Practice

Fill in the gaps with ‘a’ or ‘an’.

_____ abhorrence feeling _____ eagle _____ story

_____ octopus _____ ball _____ hall

_____ doll _____ island _____ note

_____ letter _____ bank _____ car

_____ able bodied man _____ earring _____ iron

_____ orange _____ flute _____ uniform

_____ lovely flower _____ irritant _____ guitar

_____ abortive military coup _____ glass ____ bamboo chair

_____ good film _____ easy chair _____ vulture

_____ couple _____ urn _____ U-Boat

 A/AN is not used before plural and uncountable nouns.

Milk is good for our health.

Beer is a drink.

Water flows down.

Do you like to drink juice?

Fire and water do not agree.

Bread and butter is my best food.

Snow melts when the temperature is increased.

Cows are domestic animals.

53

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Quick Tip

Articles are used if uncountable nouns are measured in quantity.

a glass of water a cup of tea a pouch of oil a pail of water

a sack of rice a bottle of wine a can of juice a packet of salt

a kilogram sugar a pouch of milk a jar of water a bottle of ghee

Instant Practice

Fill in the gaps with ‘a’ or ‘an’ where necessary.

_____ ugly girl _____ icebox _____ illustrator

_____ beautiful house _____ good person _____ image

_____ organization _____ ice dancer _____ early riser

_____ new flat _____ ideal person _____ earthworm

_____ ultimatum _____ smart boy _____ easy chair

_____ ultrasound scan _____ comfortable room _____ editor

_____ unanimous vote _____ idiot _____ educationist

_____ unused car _____ unique person _____ lecturer

_____ unasked question _____ idol _____ carpenter

_____ unaware person _____ ignorant person _____ mason

Grammar Focus: Definite Article: THE

THE is used before:

 the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be
unique.

the earth the sea the sky the equator the stars

54
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

 a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second
time.

I bought a pen yesterday. The pen writes well.

He gave me a watch. The watch is made in Japan.

There is a car. The car is red.
 a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause.

the girl in blue the man with the banner

the boy that I met the place where I met him

 superlatives and first, second etc. used as adjectives or pronouns, and
only.

the first the best day the only way the worst boy the most exciting scene
 parts of the house: the kitchen, the bedroom, the restroom, the guestroom,
the living room, etc.
 adjectives: the poor, the young, the rich, the deaf, etc
 daybreaks: the evening, the morning, the afternoon.
 name of inventions: He invented the Television. Who invented the mobile?
 ordinal numbers: the first, the third, the fifth, etc.

THE is used before the names of:
 family names and castes: the Limbus, the Magars, the Chhetries, etc.
 groups of islands: the British Isle , the West Indies, etc.

 historical buildings: the Taj Mahal, the Kathmandu Mall, the Buddha
Mall, etc.

 hotels, theaters: the Soaltee, the Barahai Movies, etc.

 mountain ranges: the Churia range, the Himalayas, theAnnapurna
range

55

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

 museums and libraries: the Chhauni museum, the national museum,
the British library, etc.

 musical instruments: the flute, the piano, the harmonium, the guitar,

the madal, the drum, etc.

 canals: the Gandak Canal, the Panama Canal, etc.

 deserts: the Saraha, the Thar, etc.

 directions: the east, the north, the west, the south, etc.

 organs of human body: the heart, the head, the nose, the ear, etc.

 plural names of countries: the UK, the USA, the Philippines, etc.

 political parties: the UML, the Republican, the R.P.P, etc.

 religious books/groups: the Ramayana, the Bible, the Quran, the Hindus,
the Muslims, the Christians, etc.

 repeated nouns: There is a dog in my house. The dog is very

faithful. She bought a pencil yesterday. She lost

the pencil.

 rivers, seas, oceans: the Gandaki, the Nile, the Red sea, the Indian
Ocean, etc.

Grammar Focus: No Article

THE is not used before.
 academic subjects: I am good at English. She likes science very much.
 colours: I like red most. Blue is his favourite colour.
 days and months: My son was born on Sunday. He died on Wednesday.
 festivals: Hindus celebrate Dashain. Christians enjoy Christmas.
 games and sports: I play football every day. Does he know how to play
basketball?
 languages: He speaks English fluently. Can you speak Dutch?

 material nouns: Gold is an expensive metal.

56
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

 meals: I have my breakfast at 8. He eats his lunch in school canteen.

 plural nouns: Horses are animals. Cats mew.

 possessive + noun: This is my house. That is his car.

 proper nouns: He lives in Kathmandu. They saw Mahindra at the bus
station.

 school, church, temple, market and college if they are used for primary
purpose: She goes to hospital every day. He has gone to school to study.

 uncountable nouns: Milk is white. Beer is a drink.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Use ‘a’ ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary. 57
1. _____honest man speaks_______ truth.
2. I found ______book that I had lost.
3. I took ______one-rupee note.
4. I want ______glass of milk.
5. We have ______urgent message for him.
6. It was ______proudest moment of my life.
7. Let’s draw ______map of Nepal.
8. ______moon appears in ____sky.
9. Only ______best quality is sold by us.
10. ______pen is ______useful object.
11. ______rich are not always happy.
12. She returned after ______hour.
13. Digamber plays ______flute well.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

14. ______brave soldier lost ______arm in battle.
15. ______children found ______egg in the nest.
16. ______guide knows ______way.
17. ______Himalayas are ______highest Mountain.
18. ______sun is in ______sky.
19. ______water in this glass is dirty.
20. Yesterday ______European came at my office.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Use ‘a’ ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary.
1. He has to see ______ doctor.
2. He is eating ______ apple now.
3. I am answering ______ letter.
4. He had to leave ______ tip for ______ waiter.
5. How many days are there in ______week?
6. What are ______seasons of the year?
7. Water is good for health. ______water in this glass is not clean.
8. Gold is ______ important metal. ______gold in this ring is of good quality.
9. Books are expensive in Chile. ______books on that shelf are very expensive
10. Girls work harder than boys. ______girls in this group work very hard.
11. There is ______man in ______ lobby. ______man wants to speak with you.
12. They contacted ______ man. ______man lost his wallet in ______street.
13. We plan to hire ______ assistant who is ______ good proofreader.
14. She is ______ famous writer. She should win ______ award.

58
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

15. I left the party ______ hour ago.
16. He became ______ environmental advocate and ______ bird lover.
17. Mr. Sharma is ______ angry man.
18. The changes had ______enormous effect on production.
19. I’d like to ask ______ engineer to advise us on ______ design.
20. According to ______ old legend, there is ______ treasure box.

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Use ‘a’ ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary.

1. He gave _____ ring to his girlfriend.

2. They sent _____ invitation to us.

3. They should take ____taxi.

4. We all have to write _____short story.

5. I met _____woman yesterday. Her husband died in____ car accident.

6. Peter came to ____ party with ____ young woman. This is ____ young
woman.

7. I need ____ few items at ____ store: clothespins, ____ bottle opener, and
napkins.

8. I wanted ____ cup of coffee, not _____ glass of milk.

9. I answered ____ phone, but no one seemed to be on ____ other end of ____
line.

10. ____man who is wearing dark glasses is ____ FBI undercover agent.

11. Pilgrims burn incense at ____ altar as ____ form of prayer.

12. There’s ____ open market outside of town.

13. This is _____iron.

59

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

14. Have you ever seen _____island?
15. Cow is _____useful animal.
16. The rose is ____lovely flower.
17. My father reads ____Geeta every day.
18. She is ______ most intelligent girl in our class.
19. I have seen _____ATM machine.
20. She is ____untidy girl.

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Use ‘a’ ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary.
1. This is _____ interesting novel.
2. Is that woman ______ nurse?
3. Is that man _____ engineer?
4. She has got _____ new uniform.
5. Have you got ____ dog or ____ cat?
6. That is ____ picture
7. This is ____car.
8. Is this ____ envelope?
9. There´s _____ yellow flower in _____ garden.
10. Is that _____ apple tree or _____ pear tree?
11. I haven´t got _____ cigarette.
12. They´ve got ____horse on ____ farm.
13. They´ll go to ____ north in _____ summer.
14. I will give _____ answer next week.

60
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

15. I saw _____lion in ____zoo.
16. I have _____expensive guitar.
17. Which is ______highest Mountain in ______world?
18. Mina is _____best student of her class.
19. He gave me _____euro.
20. Gold is _____useful metal.

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with correct articles.

_____ River Indus flows from north to south. It is ______
main water source for Pakistan. Originating in _____ Tibetan
Plateau, _____ Indus has five main tributaries _____ Jhelum,
____ Sutlej, the Beas, ____ Ravi, and _____ Chenab. It is
____ most important and _____ longest river of Pakistan. It
flows along ____entire length of _____ country, merging
into _____ Arabian Sea. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro ____ major cities of _____
Indus Valley Civilization flourished on _____ banks of _____ River Indus.

_____spider has eight legs instead of six, and it doesn’t have
wings. _____spider also has eight eyes, instead of two like
_____insect. In fact, insects are _____ spider’s favourite
food! Many spiders spin amazing webs of silk as _____ way
to catch food. _____spider waits in _____middle until _____
insect flies into _____ web and gets trapped in _____ sticky
threads. Then _____ spider rushes out to give it _____poisonous bite. Some
spiders catch their food without using _____ web. They wait for _____ creature
to come close and then pounce. This jumping spider is about to catch _____ bee.
Tarantulas are _____ largest of all spiders. Like other spiders, they eat_____ lot
of insects. But they can also kill lizards, frogs, and even _____small bird.
However, tarantulas aren’t dangerous to people.

61

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Kwanzaa is ____ holiday celebrated by many African
Americans from December 26th through January 1st. It pays
tribute to ____ rich cultural roots of Americans of African
ancestry, and celebrates family, community, and culture,
Kwanzaa means ____ first or ___first fruits of ____ harvest
and is based on ____ ancient African first-fruit harvest celebrations. ____
modern holiday of Kwanzaa was founded in 1966 by Dr. Maulana
Karenga, ____ professor at California State University in California. ____seven-
day celebration encourages people to think about their African roots as well as
their life in _____present day America.
Vocabulary in Use

Match each word to make a compound word.

1. water clip _______

2. match ache _______

3. egg hole _______

4. head stick _______

5. dish plant _______

6. tooth melon _______

7. bed washer _______

8. paper room _______

9. key ball _______

10. foot ground _______

11. air get _______

12. grand plane _______

13. for mother _______

14. under paste _______

62
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

GE T STARTED 5

ADJECTIVES Chapter

Read the following text.

Mina and Manish are brother and sister. Mina is slim, tall
and has white complexion but Manish is fat, short and has
black complexion. Mina is a very beautiful girl. She has
very attractive body. Her smile is incredible. Manish is
also a handsome boy. He is very good at singing songs.
Both of them are obedient, disciplined, hard working and
polite persons.

As they do not live in town, they have a small farmhouse in remote part of
Dhading. Their father built the farmhouse himself twenty years ago. The farm
house is flat and made up of wooden planks. They have many sheep in their
farm. It is very cold there in winter. It is often dark, wet and least visited place by
people. Things are very expensive because it is very difficult to carry goods there.
They hardly have enough food for winter.

Mina and Manish are always busy. They go for grazing sheep. They feel happy
with the lamb of sheep. Their father makes woolen clothes and sells them in the
market. Many Chinese and Nepalese people buy woolen cloths for winter. Their
father has recently bought a house in Kathmandu. He has made a lot of profit. He
has planned to admit them in a good school in Kathmandu. Both of the children
are excited.

Do In the above given text, the coloured words are adjectives. They
you describe a person or thing. They qualify nouns or pronouns.
Know?

Speaking Practice 63

Answer these questions based on the given text.
a. How is Mina?
b. How is Manish?

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

c. How is her smile?
d. How is their farmhouse?
e. Who buys what type of clothes in winter?
f. How is Mina’s body?

Quick Tip

An adjective is a word that modifies, or qualifies, a noun or pronoun,
in one of three forms of comparative degree: positive strong, beautiful,
comparative stronger, more beautiful, or superlative strongest, most
beautiful.

Read the following sentences.

Manish has black complexion. It is an adjective of colour.

Mina is a very beautiful girl. It is an adjective of quality.

They have a small farmhouse. It is an adjective of size.

Their father built the farmhouse himself twenty years ago. It is an adjective of number.

The farmhouse is made up of wooden planks. It is an adjective of material.

They have many sheep in their farm. It is an adjective of quantity.

It is very cold there in winter. It is an adjective of weather.

Both of the children are excited. It is an adjective of distribution.

Many Chinese and Nepalese people buy clothes for winter. It is an adjective of origin.

Their father has recently bought a house in Kathmandu. It is an adjective of possession.

Read the above given text again and list the adjectives of the following types.

Quality
Quantity
Colour

64

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Size
Number
Material
Weather
Origin
Possession

Listening Practice

Repeat these words after your teacher.

Types of Adjectives

Quality: happy, sad, old, young, adult, hard, soft, lonely, strong, dull,
intelligent, easy, difficult, good, bad, honest, obedient, silly,
friendly, brave, angry, smart, handsome, stupid, foolish, etc.

Quantity: empty, few, full, heavy, many, numerous, abundant, etc.

Number: one, two, three, four, two hundred, five thousands, ten lakhs,

etc.

Size: small, long, short, thin, tall, fat, etc.

Possessive: my, your, his, their, our, her, its, etc.

Material: leather, cotton, woolen, plastic, golden, etc.

Interrogative: what, which, when, etc.

Demonstrative: this, that, these, those, etc.

Distributive: all, every, each, both, either, neither, etc.

Instant Practice

Underline the adjectives in the following sentences and write their types.

1. My father is an intelligent person. quality

2. I have a dog. The dog runs very fast.

3. Junk food is bad for our health.

65

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

4. I have some marbles in my pocket.
5. Twenty soldiers are heading towards the accident site.
6. Can I see your golden ring?
7. My classroom is very small.
8. Mr. Sonam is a wise person.
9. What a dangerous road it is!
10. Are these books yours?
11. That is my house.
12. Is this your pen?
13. Every person has their way of living.
14. Many students failed in the exam.
15. I have a red and a yellow basketball.
16. An egg is of oval shape.
17. My house has got a rectangle playground.
18. A Chinese gave me some money yesterday.
19. Plastic is not eco-friendly.
20. This exercise is very difficult.

Grammar Focus: Degrees of Adjectives

Adjectives can express degrees of modification.
My brother is tall.
My brother is taller than me.
My brother is the tallest person in my family.

Quick Tip

The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative,
and the superlative.

66
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Positive Degree: We use positive degree if there is no comparison in quality.

This is a big ground.

Sony is a good girl.

He is an intelligent person.

Comparative Degree: We use the comparative degree for comparing two
things. The word ‘than’ frequently accompanies the comparative. The inflected
suffixes-‘er’, -‘ier’ and ‘more’ are used in comparison.

This ground is bigger than the one that we have.

Sony is better than other girls in class.

He is more intelligent than other person.

Superlative Degree: We use the superlative for comparing three or more things.
The word ‘the’ precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes-‘est’, -‘iest’ and
‘most’ are used in comparison.

This is the biggest ground in town.

Sony is the best girl in class.

He is the most intelligent person.

Instant Practice

Write the Comparative and superlative form of the coloured adjectives.

Positive Comparative Superlative
a happy child
a smart watch
a cheap car
an expensive camera
a tall girl
an intelligent boy
a beautiful picture
a dirty boy
a fat man

67

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

a long rope
a large ship
an attractive gift
a busy street
a careful person
a thin boy
a heavy load
a narrow road
a funny girl
a quiet place
a bad weather

Grammar Focus: Formation of Comparative and Superlative

1. Adjective + -er / -est: Adjective of one syllable adds-er in the comparative
form and -est in superlative form.

Positive Comparative Superlative

cheap cheaper cheapest

cold colder coldest

hard harder hardest

sharp sharper sharpest

old older oldest

2. Adjective + -r/-st: One syllable adjectives ending in -e add -r in the
comparative form and -st in the superlative form.

Positive Comparative Superlative

large larger largest

nice nicer nicest

brave braver bravest

68
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

true truer truest

fine finer finest

3. Double Consonant + -er\-est.

Positive Comparative Superlative

slim slimmer slimmest

wet wetter wettest

hot hotter hottest

big bigger biggest

sad sadder saddest

4. i + -er/-est: If a one- syllable adjective ends in consonant + -y,- y is changed
into -i when -er/ -est is added.

Positive Comparative Superlative

happy happier happiest

dry drier driest

pretty prettier prettiest

heavy heavier heaviest

ugly uglier ugliest

5. Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Positive Comparative Superlative

bad worse worst

far further farthest

good better best

little less least

much more most

69

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

6. Adjectives of more than two syllables form their comparative/superlative
by adding ‘more’ to the comparative form and ‘most’ in the superlative.

Positive Comparative Superlative

expensive more expensive most expensive

exciting more exciting most exciting

valuable more valuable most valuable

useful more useful most useful

cheerful more cheerful most cheerful

Instant Practice

Write the appropriate comparative and superlative form of these adjectives.

Positive Comparative Superlative
hot
cold
clean
noisy
true
sharp
shiny
low
high
healthy
busy
proud
remote
near
happy
interesting
rich
poor

70
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

weak
wet
slow
smart
early
wide
dark
late
pretty
ugly
great
new

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Read the following text and underline the adjectives.

Elephants, the largest living land animals, belong
to the scientific family Elephantidae. Elephants
live in thorny scrub jungles, evergreen forests,
swampy areas, grasslands, and both dry and moist
forests. Elephants are known for several distinctive
characteristics. The most notable is no doubt the
trunk, which is an elongation of the nose and upper
lip. The trunk is flexible but muscular and is used
as an aid in eating and drinking as well as for breathing.

An elephant walks on its thick feet with amazing silence. The animal sets its hind
feet in the tracks made by the front feet. The animal’s feet do not stick in swampy
areas because they spread out as they go down and contract as they come up.
Elephants generally move at lesser than 15 miles an hour. They stride and cannot
trot, gallop, or jump. The knee joint is free, which makes them one of the few
animals able to kneel.

71

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences with correct form of adjectives.
1. My father is the _____person for me. (good)
2. She is one of the _____ girls in class. (ugly)
3. I live in the _____part of the country. (remote)
4. Today’s food is _____than yesterday’s. (delicious)
5. Mosquitoes are _____than flies. (harmful)
6. He is the _____man I have ever seen. (rude)
7. This street is _____than the one nearby the supermarket. (narrow)
8. Dogs are _____than the cats. (wise)
9. My house is _____ than yours. (filthy)
10. He is one of the _____men to survive in plane accident. (lucky)
11. One of the _____features of pandas is they eat only bamboo shoots.
(remarkable)
12. He is one of the _____boys in class. (bad)
13. The road in Kathmandu is _____than here in the village. (wide)
14. Go and post this letter in the _____post office. (near)
15. This house is _____than that one. (close)
16. Daily exercise is one of the _____habits. (healthy)
17. The _____part of the city is very populated. (in)
18. The _____girl in this class is Himani. (lazy)
19. This is the _____computer in our school. (new)
20. Iron is _____than wood. (strong)

72
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

3ASSESS YOURSELF 73

Complete the following sentences with correct form of adjectives.
1. India is _____than Nepal. (hot)
2. The Himalayan region is _____than the Terai region. (cold)
3. He told me the _____joke I have ever heard. (funny)
4. I think my bags are _____than yours. (heavy)
5. Mt. Everest is the _____mountain in the world. (high)
6. My father is _____than yours. (old)
7. I am the _____among all my friends in class. (young)
8. She one of the _____students of our school. (bright)
9. This is the _____moment of my life. (sad)
10. Rara Lake is _____than Phewa Lake. (deep)
11. This river has the _____water I have ever tasted. (salty)
12. The days in winter are _____ than the days in summer. (cold)
13. A car is ____than a bike. (expensive)
14. Travelling is _______than working in the field. (enjoyable)
15. The tiger is ______than a cat. (fierce)
16. Snake is ______ than lizard. (long)
17. Blood is ______ than water. (thick)
18. This is the ______house in this area. (big)
19. Riya is the ______ girl in our school. (smart)
20. Dogs are more ______than cats. (intelligent)

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences with correct comparatives.

big, small, long, short
The alligator is ______than the cobra.
The cobra is _____than the alligator.
The cobra is ______than the alligator.
The alligator is _____than the cobra.

ugly, smart, attractive, handsome, slim, big, long, short, fat
The first man is________ than the second man.
The second man is________ than the first man.
The second man is________ than the first man.
The second man is________ than the first man.

74
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

The second man is________ than the first man.
The head of the first man is ___than the second man.
The hair of second man is _____than the first man.
The hair of the first man is_____ than the second man.
The first man is______ than the second man.
Look at the following pictures and describe these people using given
adjectives.

William Shakespeare Mona Lisa

English, greatest, popular, many, beautiful, small, famous, mysterious, beautiful,
best, good, leading, most, admired pleasing, attractive, alive, original, smooth,
expensive

75

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the gaps with correct form of comparatives.

A consumer is a person who buys things, and a consumer society is a society
that encourages people to buy and use goods. Some people think that a consumer
society provides people with (good) lives. People in consumer societies tend to live
(comfortably). They eat a (wide) variety of food. They go to restaurants (often).

They also buy a lot of products, maybe (much) than they need. Products such as
TVs, cell phones, and computers used to be luxuries. Today people can buy these
things (easy) than ever before. The market for these goods is growing (fast) all the
time. Consumer societies encourage people to buy (big) and (good) products. For
example, “(smart)” phones come out every year. In a consumer society, people are
often buying (new) and (advanced) products. This creates a lot of waste. Nowadays,
many people are thinking (seriously) about the effects of consumer societies on
the environment, and they are trying to become (responsible) consumers.

Fill in the gaps with correct form of superlatives.

Most people know that Mount Everest is the (high) mountain in the world.
However, there is another fact that many people don’t know: it has become one
of the (dirty) mountains in the world. Mount Everest is one of the (tough) and
(exciting) mountains to climb on Earth. It is not the (cold) or the (wind) place
on Earth, but it comes close! These challenges make it one of the (attractive)
mountains for serious climbers. Since 1952, over 3500 climbers have reached the
top. Unfortunately, most of them have left equipment and trash on the mountain. In
fact, trash is now one of the (big) threats to the environment on Mount Everest.

Local organizations have brought tons of trash down from the mountain. One of
the (interesting) projects handed over more than a ton of tin cans, glass bottles,
and old climbing tools to artists in Nepal. The artists used the trash to create works
of art. Then, they sold the art to raise money for local charities, the (less expensive)
work of art cost $17, and the (more expensive) one cost $2400.

76
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

6ASSESS YOURSELF

Match the words with their meaning.

adieu untrue

chores a group of singers

chorus regular tasks.

falsehood always busy

packhorse good bye

Vocabulary in Use

Supply the gerund form of the verb in brackets.
1. Would you mind [wait] a few minutes?
2. They´ve stopped [speak] to each other.
3. Have you finished [read] the book yet?
4. We’re considering [take] a new course.
5. The boy’s finished [eat] his supper.
6. I dislike [ride] on the subway.
7. They can’t risk [be] seen.
8. The driver couldn’t avoid [hit] the pedestrian.
9. I don’t mind [have] to work till late on Fridays.
10. I always enjoy [visit] new places.

77

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

GE T STARTED 5

ADVERBS Chapter

Read the following text.

There are quite many types of office works. Some
are very easy while some are extremely difficult. All
people want to have rather an easy work. There are
some tips about your office work discussed here.

If your office job involves telephone work, then
your telephone manners have to be flawless. Always
answer the phone promptly, on the first or second
ring immediately, if possible. Speak directly into the
phone, neither too loudly nor too softly, in a pleasant, cheerful voice.

Additionally, there should not be any disturbance both inside and outside of
the office. You need to vary the pitch of your voice significantly and be sure to
articulate clearly. After a short, friendly greeting, state your company or boss’s
name obviously, then your own name. Always take messages carefully. Fill out
all pertinent blanks on the message pad sheet carefully while you are still on the
phone. Always let the caller hang up first.

Do not depend on your memory for the spelling of a name or the last digit of a
phone number, and be sure to write legibly. When it is time to close a conversation,
do so pleasantly and never hang up without saying good-bye. While it is not an
absolute rule, generally closing with Goodbye is more professional than bye-bye.
Verify the information by reading it back to the caller appropriately.

Do In the above given text, the coloured words are adverbs. They
you are modifiers.
Know?

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given text.
a. How are office works?
b. How should the phone be answered?

78
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

c. How do you need to pitch your voice?
d. How should you take messages?
e. How should you write the phone number?
f. Where should not be any disturbance?

Quick Tip

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another
adverb. Adverbs may indicate place or direction, time, degree, manner,
and belief or doubt. Like adjectives, they too may be comparative.

Grammar Focus: Types of Adverb

How Where When What Extent How Often
(Manner) (Place)
quitely above (Time) (Degree) (Frequency)
peacefully abroad
carefully far now quite always
slowly away
badly back yesterday fairly sometimes
closely here
easily outside soon too often
well backwards
fast behind later enormously frequently
quickly below
cheerfully down tomorrow entirely normally
efficiently indoors
painfully downstairs yet very generally
secretly inside
sadly nearby already extremely usually
safely there
warmly towards tonight rather occasionally
well inside
today almost seldom

then absolutely rarely

last month just hardly ever

last year barely never

late completely daily

still enough monthly

early deeply weekly

before fully rightly

first hugely regularly

next far ever

79

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Look at the following sentences.

He sings beautifully. It tells us more about a verb.

Have you ever been to the USA? It modifies the verb.

The dog is a very useful pet. It adds to the meaning of an adjective.

He listened to my lecture very patiently. It adds to the meaning of an adverb.

She frequently asks her parents for money. It tells us to what extent.

He selfishly refused to share his toys. It tells us in what way.

I will call you tomorrow. It tells us about when.

Quick Tip

An adverb tells us more about a verb. It describes or modifies the verb
in some way. Many adverbs end with the suffix –ly but not all. Adverbs
often tell us how something happened.

Listening Practice

Repeat these adverbs after your teacher.

accidentally exactly madly sharply
angrily faithfully morally shyly
anxiously fast mysteriously silently
awkwardly fatally neatly sleepily
badly fiercely nervously slowly
beautifully fondly noisily smoothly
blindly foolishly obediently so
boldly fortunately openly softly
bravely frankly painfully solemnly
brightly frantically patiently speedily
busily generously perfectly stealthily
calmly gently politely strernly

80
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

carefully gladly poorly straightly
carelessly gracefully powerfully stupidly
cautiously greedily promptly successfully
cheerfully happily punctually suddenly
clearly hardly quickly suspiciously
closely hastily quietly swifly
correctly healthily rapidly tenderly
courageously honestly rarely tensely
cruelly hungrily really thoughtfully
daringly hurriedly recklessly tightly
deliberately inadequately regularly truthfully
doubtfully innocently reluctantly unexpectedly
eagerly inquisitively repeatedly victoriously
easily irritatingly rightfully violently
elegantly joyously roughly vivaciously
enormously justly loudly warmly
enthusiastically lazily eventually widly
equally loosely rudely wisely

Grammar Focus: Formation of Adverbs

1. Many adverbs are formed by adding –ly to an adjective.
beautiful beautifully normal normally
clear clearly hard hardly
wise wisely glad gladly
sudden suddenly quick quickly
proper properly bold boldly

2. Some adverbs are formed by adding –ly to an adjective ending in –le.

simple simply ample amply

3. Some adverbs are formed by adding –y to an adjective ending in –ily.

easy easily busy busily

crazy crazily hungry hungrily

81

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

4. Some adverbs are formed by adding –ically to an adjective ending in –ic.

basic basically economic economically

5. Some adverbs are formed by adding –ically to an adjective ending in
–ical.

typical typically economical economically

6. Some adverbs are formed by adding –fully to an adjective ending in –ful.

useful usefully helpful helpfully

7. Some adverbs do not use the –ly ending. These adverbs do not have a
particular form.

already, also, always, here, never, not, now, often, quite, seldom, soon, still,
then, there, too, very well

Adverb Placement

At the beginning of a sentence or a clause Clearly, Amit has a problem
arriving to work on time.

At the end of a sentence or a clause Dina and Rita attend the opera
frequently.

After the verb Jitu and Biru have always
participated in the sports.

Between the subject and the verb Sunita rarely forgets to call home
when she is out late.

Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives, e.g. early, fast, likely,
straight.

Adjective Adverb

He is an early riser. He gets up early.

He is a fast driver. He likes to drive fast.

Draw a straight line. The pen is on the desk straight in front of you.

It is the most likely cause of the problem. I´d very likely do the same thing.

82
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Form adverbs from the following adjectives.

angry _______ anxious_______ bad _______

calm _______ careful _______ careless_______

certain _______ correct _______ curious_______

eager _______ easy _______ excited_______

extreme _______ fast _______ fortunate_______

furious _______ generous_______ gentle _______

good _______ happy _______ hard _______

honest _______ hungry _______ wrong _______

wise _______ violent _______ terrible_______

sudden _______ slow _______ serious_______

immediate_______ jealous _______ kind _______

lazy _______ loud _______ nervous _______

natural_______ painful _______ perfect _______

playful_______ polite _______ quick _______

quiet _______ rude _______ safe _______

selfish _______ serious _______ slow _______

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Circle adverbs in the following sentences. 83
1. My father beat me badly.
2. Do not run on the road carelessly.
3. The streets were brightly lit.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

4. He was adequately talented.
5. The teacher treats us fairly.
6. The wounded boy cried bitterly.
7. He opened the window gently.
8. He hardly believes in us.
9. She rarely does her homework.
10. We nearly got an accident.
11. She speaks English fluently.
12. The dog ate the bone quickly.
13. The customer was terribly upset.
14. Kamal never goes school on foot.
15. It is very cold outside.
16. The rain is stopping gradually.
17. The soldiers fought bravely.
18. I think you are completely wrong.
19. I sometimes go the movies.
20. He often sends us gifts.

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply the adverb form of the adjective in parentheses.
1. John left the office ______that afternoon. (quick)
2. She speaks English_____. (fluent)
3. He always drives _____. (careful)
4. I hit the dog ______. (hard)

84
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

5. We arrived home______ that evening. (early) 85
6. He did the work______, as usual. (easy)
7. We walked very ______. (quick)
8. I am feeling very______ today. (good)
9. He always does his work______. (good)
10. He speaks very_____. (fast)
11. She prepares her lessons______. (careless)
12. They acted______ in that matter. (bad)

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply the proper form: adjective or adverb.
1. He is a very ______student. (careful)
2. He always does his work ______. (careful)
3. He learns his lesson ______. (quick)
4. This is an _____exercise. (easy)
5. I can do this exercise _____. (easy)
6. Mary is a ______girl. (beautiful)
8. She also sings and plays the guitar ______. (beautiful)
9. John was very______. (foolish)
10. He certainly acted______. (foolish)
11. It is always ______ to prepare for the future. (wise)
12. They acted ______ in doing that. (wise)
13. We drove to the hospital very______. (slow)

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Look at the following pictures and make any 10 sentences using suitable
adverbs.

86
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

6ASSESS YOURSELF

Write the adverb forms of the following adjectives given in the following
texts.

1. The sun shone (fierce) onto the golden sand, burning my feet as I ran (slow)
down the water. I plunged into the (adequate) sparkling water. I was (eager)
waiting for the refreshing coolness. (Initial), there was not a cloud in the sky and
even the birds were not singing (beautiful) in the trees. The waves were lapping
(gentle) onto the beach with a (pleasant) relaxing sound and I (anxious) floated
on my back gazing up at the clear sky above. I could feel the warmth of the sun on
my skin (sufficient) as I closed my eyes.

2. A light rain was falling (continuous). He (usual) drove home by this route.
It was a drive he had taken (regular) a thousand times; still, he did not know
(exact) why, as he passed the park near their home, he should so (sudden) and
(vivid) picture the small pond that lay at the center of it. In winter, this pond was
(complete) frozen over, and he had (unusual) taken his daughter there when she
was small and tried to teach her how to skate. She hadn’t been able to catch on
(proper), and so after two or three lessons, he had (absolute) given up that idea.

7ASSESS YOURSELF

Match the words with their meanings.

ab initio mock

in liu of in relation to

sneer morally bad

vis-a-vis instead of

wickedly from the beginning

87

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Vocabulary in Use

Write the sentences and complete them by choosing the best option
below.

1. Are you coming home . . .

a. yesterday? b. tomorrow? c. last week? d. a week ago?

2. How much is a . . .

a. price? b. tickets? c. ticket? d. pay?

3. I don’t like taking . . .

a. exam. b. exam paper. c. exams. d. exam preparation.

4. I go shopping twice a . . .

a. hour. b. week. c. sometimes. d. never.

5. My dad is a . . .

a. fireman. b. fireplace. c. fire brigade. d. fire engine.

6. My sister is twelve years . . .

a. older. b. old. c. young. d. aged.

7. On Friday night I go to the . .

a. pubs. b. visit. c. cafes. d. pub.

8. That clock on the wall is . . .

a. young. b. fast. c. heavy. d. slowed.

9. These questions are . . .

a. easier. b. hardest. c. easy. d. easiest.

10. When do you want to go . . .

a. homework? b. home? c. house? d. walk?

88
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

GE T STARTED 7

SENTENCES Chapter

Act out the following dialogue.

Anand: Hello Maya. How’re you?

Maya: I’m fine, thank you.

Anand: I haven’t seen you for a long time.
Where have you been?

Maya: Several places, virtually all over the country.

Anand: Oh really? That sounds very interesting. Tell me which places
you’ve visited.

Maya: I visited Ilam first. I spent three days there. It’s a small hilly town
surrounded by tea gardens. The weather is cool, the town is clean
and people are friendly. I went to Biratnagar from there.

Anand: I’ve never been to Biratnagar. Can you tell me about it?

Maya: Well, it’s the second largest town in the country. It has more
industries than any other town in the country and it’s hot. I only
stayed there for a couple of days. I went to see the Koshi Tappu
National Park, which is 40 km north-west from Biratnagar. It’s famous
for its birds, particularly water birds. What a paradise place for
birdwatchers!
Anand: Where did you go after Biratnagar?

Maya: After Biratnagar, I went to Jomsom. Jomsom is entirely different
from other towns in the country. The people, houses, weather,
vegetation, almost everything is different. It’s surrounded by the
snowy peaks of the Himalayas. How cold and windy place it is! The
small town is packed with tourists. I spent a whole week there.

Anand: You enjoyed your journey, didn’t you? I’d like to hear more about it,
but I have to rush. Bye Maya.

Maya: Bye Anand. 89
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Do In the above given dialogue, different types of sentences are
you used to complete the dialogue. Different punctuation marks are
Know? used in different sentences.

Speaking Practice

Answer the given questions based on the above given dialogue.

a. How many different sentences are there in the dialogue?

b. How many sentences have full stop at the end?

c. How many sentences have question mark at the end?

d. How many sentences have exclamatory mark at the end?

e. How many sentences start with verb?

f. How many sentences start with auxiliary verbs?

g. How many sentences start with WH words?

Now look at the following sets of sentences.

First set Second set
sing I song a I sing a song.
a man wise was he He was a wise man.
you today are fine Are you fine today?

Answer these questions.

a. What are the differences between the two sets of sentences?

b. Why are not there punctuation marks in the first set of sentences?

c. Are the words arranged in the first set of sentences?

d. Which set of the sentence makes sense?

e. Why is punctuation mark different in the second set of sentences?

f. Which set has sentences and which set does not?

90
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Do In the above given sets of sentences, the first set does not give any
you sense and thus, they are not sentences. The second set gives us
Know? the meaning and thus they are sentences.

Instant Practice

Tick the group of words that give complete sense.
1. He gave the money to me.
2. brought She the me book to
3. sent a He letter me to
4. He told the story to us.
5. us gave some dictation The teacher to
6. We have to go to the hospital this afternoon.
7. were They at midday walking in the park
8. Mary was eating a sandwich in her room.
9. detective stories I met a man yesterday He wrote
10. The boys realized their mistake.
11. is bins collected Garbage in large
12. The birthday girl distributed sweets.
13. important An posted letter was
14. is song singing Manoj a beautiful
15. The president of the United States yields much power.

Quick Tip

A group of words that give complete meaning or make sense is called
a sentence. It starts with capital letter, ends with punctuation and the
words are arranged in proper order.

91

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Instant Practice

Rewrite the following sentences with correct punctuation marks.
1. this is my car
2. this is our home
3. is she your sister
4. he told his father about it
5. i met her brother
6. nobody knows its history
7. there is not much rice left
8. were there any people in the hall
9. he has a little influence over her
10. do you have any news about him
11. most girls liked the idea
12. fifty paisa is equal to half a rupee
13. more money is needed for relief work
14. one boy and two girls are representing the school
15. two houses are for sale in this locality

Grammar Focus: Types of Sentences

Based on their function, sentences are mainly of four types.
1. An assertive sentence makes a statement.
Subject (noun, pronoun) + verb +object (noun, pronoun) + full stop
 There are some more books in cupboard.
 He had to buy several new books.
 He sent his mother several letters.
 They brought us many presents from abroad.

92
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Quick Tip

An assertive sentence starts with noun or pronoun and ends with a full
stop. It asserts yes or no.

2. An interrogative sentence asks a question.

Auxiliary / WH + (noun, pronoun) + verb + question mark
 Are the students in class?
 Is he a good boy?
 What is she like?
 How did you come to school?

Quick Tip

An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark (?) instead of a full
stop. It starts with auxiliary verb or WH words.

3. An imperative sentence gives an order.

Verb / Don’t / Please / Never / Let+ object
 Please help me.
 Never go there alone.
 Don’t park your bike here!
 Let him sing a song.
 Get out!

Quick Tip

An imperative sentence starts with a verb. It also starts with don’t, please,
never, etc. and ends with a full stop. It can also end with an exclamation
point (!) if the order is very firm.

93

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

4. An exclamatory sentence makes a very strong statement called an
exclamation. It shows strong feeling such as surprise or anger.
How / What + exclamatory mark
 How tired we were after the walk!
 How well she plays the piano!
 What a beautiful day it is today!
 What a handsome fellow he is!

Quick Tip

An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation point (!) instead of
a full stop.

Listening Practice

Repeat these assertive sentences after your teacher.

The tiger is the largest of the mammals.
Tigers are strong and ferocious meat-eater animals.
Tigers are large, powerful, striped cats found in
Asia.
Tigers live in damp, thickly overgrown places.
The tiger’s striped coat blends well with the colours of the grasslands.
The tiger stalks its prey to make a kill.
Tigers normally live alone, except during the short breeding season.
Tigers are good swimmers.
They may climb trees when under stress.

94
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

Instant Practice 95

State the type of the following sentences.
1. What romantic music this is!
2. Is this a modern plane?
3. I blame the government on our problems.
4. Take a taxi.
5. Was there much work to do in the office last Monday?
6. The manager presented Harry with a watch.
7. How stupid I was!
8. I’m anxious about my health.
9. Will there be another meeting this week?
10. I was thinking about that problem.
11. I heard about your recent success.
12. What a beautiful dress she is wearing!
13. How romantic this music is!
14. What a beautiful new car you have!
15. Say that again, please.
16. Are the manuals updated?
17. How many days are there in a week?
18. Come again this afternoon, please
19. Never drive too fast please.
20. Always drink black coffee.

Instant Practice

State the type of the following sentences.
1. Speak slowly, please.
2. Nepal is a small country.
3. Will they go any other place after the concert?

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

4. English language is easy to use.
5. Europe is a large continent.
6. Don´t speak so slowly please.
7. Eat my bread and butter, please.
8. What a stupid person I was!
9. What a tall man he is!
10. Always work hard.
11. We have to study tonight.
12. What did you think of the hotel?
13. How pretty she is!
14. Work slowly please.
15. What a cold day it is today!
16. I have to work today.
17. Listen to him please.
18. What are the names of those men?
19. Give Mary my new address, please
20. How much free time is there next time?

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following imperative sentences choosing one of the words/
phrases given below.
1. Be ________.
2. Come _______this afternoon.
3. Follow the _______ carefully.
4. Help me open the _______.
5. Get out of _______!
6. Open the _______.

96
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

7. Pay _______to your teacher. 97
8. Repeat your ________.
9. Sign your ____ here.
10. Sit on _____ chair.
11. Speak _____ slowly.
12. Take off your ____.
13. Turn ____ down.
14. Use the ______ elevator.
15. Never _____ the poor.
16. Wait for me in the _____.
17. Please______ me your pencil for a few minutes.
18. Please _____ me that book.
19. Don’t _____ your coat.

20. Always ____ on time.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply How, What, or What a / an to make exclamatory sentences.
1. _________ pretty girl!
2. _________ pretty she is!
3. _________ strange remark to make!
4. _________ well she swims!
5. _________ hot it is today!
6. _________ hard sentences these are!
7. _________ beautiful eyes she has!
8. _________ beautifully she sings!
9. _________ foolish thing to say!

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

10. _________ hot weather we are having!
11. _________ hot day it is today!
12. _________ quickly the time passes!
13. _________ well she speaks English!
14. _________ excellent student he is!
15. _________ fascinating city Kathmandu is!
16. _________ fast train it was!
17. _________interesting this trip is!
18. _________pleasant Mr. Johnson is!
19. _________friendly person Mary is!
20. _________generous woman Ann was!

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following interrogatives with correct auxiliary verbs.
1. ________ I borrow a hundred–rupee note?
2. ________you see any other thing that you liked?
3. ________those cigarettes on the small table?
4. ________you have any other thing to tell us about him?
5. ________you live near your father?
6. ________your brother live in London?
7. ________you met Dibash before?
8. ________he looking at you?
9. ________the bank open?
10. ________you hungry?
11. ________your parents´ house got a garden?

98
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

12. ________you got a big library at home?
13. ________Ann play tennis?
14. ________we play tennis?
15. ________you go there?
16. ________ I help you?
17. ________you sing a song?
18. ________you like to have a cup of tea?
19. ________you please be quiet?
20. ________they invited us?

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following questions with appropriate WH question words.
1. _____ is your math teacher? Mr. Dinesh.
2. _____ is his cat? The blue one.
3. _____ is my backpack? In the living room.
4. _____ is Himani doing? She is watching TV.
5. _____ is an engineer? Netra.
6. _____ colour is the new bus? Red.
7. _____ is that? That is an old coin.
8. _____ are my shoes? In front of the door.
9. _____ is the captain of the team? Janak.
10. _____ is the captain? She is at the gym.
11. _____is your name? Kamal.
12. _____is your class teacher? Himal Sir.
13. _____is your desk? That one.
14. _____are those people? Football players.
15. _____is Messi? Football player.
16. _____book is cheaper? This
17. _____ is the librarian? In library.

99

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5

18. _____ is the key? On the table.
19. _____is today? Friday.
20. _____pen is this? Ram’s.

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Put the following words into correct order to make suitable sentences.

1. do you stamps have any attention

2. English do think boring you is back

3. finished have you magazine that with be

4. finished have your meal you hand

5. free do in time do you your what hat
6. hard does Louis work here
7. have had you your tea instructions
8. have my you friend seen insult
9. have you why come class this to lend
10. haven’t why tidied you up lobby
11. he why hasn’t painting finished bathroom the more
12. holiday where have been on they name
13. how you there get do other
14. I’m leaving has he told you that put off
15. looked have every you in cupboard question
16. money have you any got quiet
17. newspapers which you do read suitcase
18. one best do which like you the radio
19. photos has he done what my with

20. she who has talking been to this

window

100
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5